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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR.

BULLETIN
OF THE

BUREAU OF LABOR.

NO. 66-SEPTEMBER, 1906.




ISSUED EVERY OTHER MONTH.

W A SH IN G T O N :
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1906.




OO^TTEiTTS.
Third report of the Commissioner of Labor on Hawaii:
Pagc
Orientalization of laboring population and its results.............................. . 366-416
Dominance of the sugar industry........................................................ 366,367
Asiatic character of labor in sugar industry....................................... . 367,368
Increasing proportion of Asiatic population....................................... 368-377
Competition of local and Pacific coast industries with sugar industry
for Asiatic labor.............................................................................. .. 378-380
Control of’ plantation labor situation by Asiatics............................... 380-383
Invasion of trade and skilled occupations by Asiatics....................... 383-394
Asiatics in small farming....................................................................... . 394-397
Efforts to control plantation la b or...................................................... . 397-402
Efforts of merchants and mechanics to resist Oriental competition. 402-404‘
Proposed admission of Chinese as plantation laborers....................... 404-406
Property interests of Asiatics................ •-............................................ 406-409
Oriental population andpolitical control.............................................. 409-413
Effect of Orientalization of population upon character of citizenship. 413,414
- Effect of Asiatic pupils upon school system....................................... 414-416
The Chinese question.................................................................................... 416-421
The board of immigration............................................................................. 421-425
Resident la b o r ............................................................................................... 425-437*
Land and settlement........................................................ ............................. 437-440
Small farming................................................................................................... 441-447
The field of employment.............................................................................. 447-467
The sugar industry................................................................................ 447-456
Stock raising............................................................................................. 456,457
Rice cultivation...................................................................................... - 458-460
C offee............‘ ......................................................................................... *. 460,461
F ruits................... - ................................................................................. 461,462
Miscellaneous rural industries.............................................................
462
Transportation........................................................................................ 462,463
Other nonurban employments.............................................................. 463,464
Urban employments................................................................................ 464-467
The cost of living............................................................................................ 467-476
Health and sanitation.................................................................................. 476-480
E ducation.............................. ................... ..... : ............................................ 480-483
Benefit societies.............................................................................................. 483-487
Trade unions................................................................................................... 487-492
Strikes................................................................................................................ 493-501
Japanese immigration.................................................................................... . 502-511
General tables—
Analysis of tables......................................................................
512-515
Table I.—Occupations, wages, hours of labor, and nationality of
employees in each industry, 1905.........................*............ ................ 516-591
Table II.—Occupations, average wages and hours of labor, and
nationality of employees in each industry, 1900-1901, 1902, and
1905...............................................................
592-662
Table III.—Retail prices of commodities, 1890 to 1905 ................... . 663-671
Laws relating to la b o r ..................................................................................... 672-679




m




B U L L E T IN
OF TIIE

BUREAU
No.

66.

OF L A B O R .

WASHINGTON.

Septem ber,

1906.

TH IRD REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

This report upon the commercial, industrial, social, educational, and
sanitary condition o f the laboring classes of the Territory of Hawaii
was prepared in accordance with the provisions o f “ An act to provide
a government fo r the Territory o f Hawaii,” and was transmitted to
the House o f Representatives on March 2,1906.

The detailed pro­

visions o f the act directing this report are contained in section 76
thereof, as amended A pril 8,1901, and are as follows:
It shall be the duty o f the United States Commissioner o f Labor to
collect, assort, arrange, and present in reports in nineteen hundred
and five, and every five years thereafter, statistical details relating to
all departments o f labor in the Territory of Hawaii, especially in rela­
tion-to the commercial, industrial, social, educational, and sanitary
condition o f the laboring classes, and to all such other subjects as Con­
gress may by law direct. The said Commissioner is especially charged
to ascertain the highest, lowest, and average number o f employees
engaged in the various industries in the Territory, to be classified as
to nativity, sex, hours o f labor, and conditions o f employment, and to
report the same to Congress.
This is the third report of this office relating to labor in Hawaii.
The first report was transmitted to the Senate under date of February
4, 1902, and was printed as a Senate document, the edition being
limited to a small number of copies.

The second report was trans­

mitted to the Senate February 26, 1903, and no provision having been
made for the printing of an edition large enough to supply public




365

366

BULLETIN OE THE BUEEAU OF LABOE.

demands, it was printed in Bulletin No. 47 of this Bureau, in order
that the many calls for it might be satisfied and that it might receive
more general circulation. The present report is printed here fo r '
the same reason.
ORIENT ALIZATION OP LABO RIN G POPULATION AND ITS
RESULTS.
DOM LNAirCE OF T H E STTG-AE IN D U S T R Y .

The Territory o f Hawaii is unique among our'insular'dependencies'
in- the labor problem which i f presents. Unlike Porto Rico and thePhilippines, it has no native population large enough to supply the
demand for workers which the developed resources of the islands have
created. Unlike them, also, it is wholly dependent upon a single
industry, not only for its economic prosperity, but even for the sub­
sistence o f its population. While most other tropical countries have
diversified their forms of agriculture, Hawaii has specialized until
now the Territory is- practically one.vast sugar plantation. The total
value o f all the crops taken from the soil of. the Territory in 1899,, as
shown by the Twelfth Census, was' $21,292,422. O f - this total the
products o f the sugar-cane fields represent $18,762,996, leaving only
$2*529,426- to represent the entire value o f all other crops taken
together—and o f these crops the products of the- rice fields repre­
sented $1,562,051. The-entire value o f the product c^ live stock, for
the year 1899 was only $623,215, and the- total value of all the live
stock on farms in the islands was $2,570,142. The figures strikingly
illustrate the dominant position- o f the- sugar industiy in: the agri­
culture o f the islands.
Agriculture, furthermore, represents the only resource of Hawaii.
Owing to their' volcanic- origin, the' islands are without mineral
resources, and their geographical-isolation cuts them off from any
development o f manufacturing, leaving them dependent fo r economic
prosperity upon agriculture alone. The census o f 1900 gives' the
entire capital invested- in mechanical and' manufacturing industries in
Hawaii as-$ll,541,655.' O f this amount $7,991,642 represents capital
invested in sugar factories, leaving. $3*550,013 to represent the entire
capital invested in manufacturing and mechanical industries other than
the manufacture o f sugar. These other industries-are, moreover, in
very large part subsidiary to the sugar industry. Thus under the
classifications “ Fertilizers” and “ Foundry and machine-shop prod­
ucts” — both of which are-almost entirely adjuncts to the-sugar planta­
tions—the capital' represented- is $915,304 and $607,883} respectively,
or:a total o f $ l,523,187.- Aside from- sugar; therefox-e; and two Indus­




REPORT OR THE; COMMISSIONER OF LABOR' ON H A W A II.

367

tries maintained- altaost. entirely by sugar,-, a capital of approximately
$2,000, 000-represente-the entire- manufacturing-industry of the: islands.
The: dominance- of. the sugar- industry in the- economic-structure-of
the. islands: is equally indicated- by tlieir export statistics. For- the-,
fiscal1year, ending. June:30;.1905,.the: total- value-of the export products
o f the.Territory was.$.36;123j867. O f thiB amount sugar-alone repre­
sented- $35,113*409..
Directly or indirectly all industries- in the.- Territory of- Hawaii
are ultimately dependent upon the sugar industry— the social-,, theeconomic, and the political structure o f the islands alike are built
upon a foundation of'sugar..
The production o f sugar cane is carried on- upon-a larger scale than
on- the mainland. A single- plantation- often contains thousands o f
acres,, stretches for- several miles along the seacoast, numbers its
employees by the hundreds and sometimes b y the thousand's, produces
in- a single year up-to 40,000itons o f sugar, and- represents-a capitaliza­
tion o f millions-of dollbrs.
A S IA T IC C H A R A C T E R ' OF IiA B O R IN S H G A R IN DTJSTRY.

The-growth o f the: sugar industry-in- Hawaii has been conditioned
by. the importation o f cheap* labor.. Although, the. earliest plantations
were-worked by natives, the'native Hawaiian population has decreased
to such an-extent, and the area under cultivation in cane has so
increased, that all’ the workers o f that race- in the islands would not
now provide- more than- one-seventh- o f the men- needed in the- cane
fields.. During- the- continuance-of the Hawaiian monarchy and, to a
certain, extent,, up to the time o f annexation, plantation interests con­
trolled the p olicy o f: the local government toward- immigration* and
the convenient and. inexhaustible cheap-labor markets- o f Asia- were
left open: to the island employers..
Thus stimulated, the sugar industry becain e- abnormally profitable:
and. expanded: ini responso-to- expectations based upon legislative and
political rather than upon natural advantages, and the labor markets
o f Asia were drawn upon- without stint. For nearly forty years prior
to annexation coolies from China and Japan, were imported for the
Hawaiian plantations under a form of contract which prescribed the
condition o f workers under a penal- sanction-. The-term o f ’ these con­
tracts; however; was- fixed and comparatively brief. The laborers
were free to return to their native land, at the expiration o f their,
period o f service, and so great a proportion availed themselves of this
privilege that-these imported workers did not, like the West Indian
slaves; leave a resident population behind them.. Consequently,
Hawaii' is- to-day a country with a demand fo r labor such as usually
follows a period when development and' settlement have gone hand in.
hand;: but partly because employing interests' have followed a p olicy




368

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

which gave large immediate profits without forecasting possible future
embarrassments, and partly from other causes, settlement of the Ter­
ritory has been retarded rather than furthered by industrial expansion,
and the planters are still largely dependent upon imported laborers.
The following tables, giving the number and nationality and thepercentage o f each nationality o f sugar plantation employees in speci­
fied years from 1892 to 1905, show the Asiatic character o f .that body..
o f workers, together with the very large preponderance of a single
nationality:
NUMBER .OF EMPLOYEES OP EACH NATIONALITY ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS IN
SPECIFIED YEARS. 1892-1906.
[Figures for 1892 to 1902 from Hawaiian Annual.]
1892.

Nationality.

Japanese.................................................. 13,009
Chinese..................................................... 2,617
K orea n ................................ ...................
Portuguese............................................... 2,526
1,717
Hawaiian and Part-Haiyaiian —
Porto Ricftn______________ __________
516
Caucasian (a ).........................................
Negro, South Sea Islander, and
141
other..............- ......................................

1894.

1896.

1898.

1901.

1902.

1904.

13,884
2,786

12,893
6,289

16,786
7,200

27,537
4,976

31,029
-3,937

2,177
1,903

2,268
1,615

2,064
1,482
979

2,417
1,470
2,095
991

2,669
1,493
2,036
1,032

31,841
3,677
2,666
2,805
1,207
2,101
1,015

1905.
31,735
4,409
4,683
3,005
1,452
1,907
1,006

563

600

181

115

68

101

46

44

32

Total............................................... 620,526 c21,494

23,780

28,579

39,587

42,242

45,856

48,229

a Excepting Portuguese and Porto Rican.
&Given in the Hawaiian Annual as 20,536.
c Given in the Hawaiian Annual as 21,294.
PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYEES OF EACH NATIONALITY ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS IN
SPECIFIED YEARS, 1892-1906.
1892.

1894.

1896.

1898.

1901.

1902.

1904.

Japanese.................................................
Chinese.....................................................

63.88
12.75

64.60
12.96

54.22
26.45

58.73
25.19

69.56
12.57

73.46
9.32

Portuguese...... ................................. - - - Hawaiian and Part-Hawaiian..........

12.31
8.36'

10.13
8.85

9.54
6.79

7.22
5.19

Caucasian ( « ) ......................................-Negro, South Sea Islander, and
other......................................................

2.51

2.62

2.52

3.43

6.11
3.71
5.29
2.50-

6.32
3.53
4.82
2.44

70.20
8.11
5.88
6.18
2.66
4.63
2.24

.69

.84

.48

.24

.26

.11

.10

.07

100.00 100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Nationality.

Total............................................... 100.00

1906.
65.80
9.14
9.71
6.23
3.01
3.95
2.09

a Excepting Portuguese and Porto Rican.

IN C R E A S IN G PR O PO RTIO N OP A S IA T IC PO PU LA TIO N .

Not only is the plantation working force overwhelmingly Asiatic,
but a secondary Asiatic population, living largely on the first'and sup­
plying- its needs, has come into the islands, has invaded all lines of
industry, and the two combined now form the largest element in the
total population. From a total Asiatic population o f less than 6,000 in
1878, forming only 10.2 per cent o f the population o f the islands, the
number o f Asiatics had increased to 18,000 in 1881, and formed over
22 per cent o f the total population. By 1890 the foreign-born Asiatics
had increased to 27,000, and constituted over 30 per cent" o f the popu­
lation.' “ During the next six years their numbers had increased to1over
41,000, and they formed oyer 38 per cent o f the population. In June,



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W AII.

369

1900, the month in which the organic act creating Hawaii a Territory
went into effect, the number of foreign-born Asiatics had increased to
over 77,000, and formed more than 50 per cent of- the entire popula­
tion. The gradual, growth of the Asiatic population to its present
numerical preponderance's given in the follow ing table, showing the
population at the census'periods from 1853 to 1900, together with the
racial elements composing it:
POPULATION A T CENSUS PERIODS PROM 1853 TO 1900, B Y COLOR OR RACE.
[The data for population from 1853 to 1896, inclusive, have been taken from the Hawaiian Annual
for 1901, and those for 1900 from the records of the Twelfth Census.]
18G6.

1872.

1S78.

Hawaiian................................................. 70,036
Part-Hawaiian.......................................
983
Foreign-born Chinese...........................
364
Foreign-born JaDuncse.......................
A ll other............. . ................................... 1,755

57,125
1,640
1,206

49,044
1,487
1,938

44,088
3,420
6,916

Total............................................... 73,138

62,959

1853.

Color or race.

2,988 « 4,428
56,897

1884.

1890.

1896.

43,014 34,436
4,218
6,186
17,937 15,301
116 12,360
4,561 ol8,293 a21,707

57,985

80,578

1900.

31,019
8,485
19,382
22,329
27,805

29,799
7,857
21,746
56,230
38,369

89,990 109,020

154,001

a These figures arc necessary to make the totals given, but they do not agree with details as found
in the Hawaiian Annual.
PER CENT OP EACH SPECIFIED COLOR OR RACE OF TOTAL POPULATION FOR EACH
CENSUS YEAR, 1853-1900.
Color or race.

1853.

1866.

1872.

1878.

1884.

1890.

1896.

Hawaiian.................................................
Part-Hawaiian........................................
Foreign-born Chinese..........................
Foreign-born JananpRc_____________
a ii o t W . . .

95.76
1.34
.50

90.73
2.60
1.92

86.20
2.61
3.41

76.03
5.90
10.20

2.40

4.75

7.78

7.87

49.66
5.24
22.26
.14
22.70

38.27
6.87
17.00
13.74
24.12

28.45
7.78
17.78
20.48
25.51

19.35
5.10
14.12
36.61
24.92

Total...............................................

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

1900.

The preponderance of Asiatics is even more marked in the census
figures showing sex. As will be seen from the following table, out o f
a population o f 106,369 males, the native and foreign-bdrn Asiatic
element taken together represent 69,804, or 65.6 per cent of the total
male population:
POPULATION IN 1900, B Y SE X AND COLOR OR RACE.
[The data included in this table have been taken from the records of the Twelfth Census.]
Color or race.

Hales.

Females.

Total.

Hawaiian
................. ....................................................................................
Part-Hawaiian_____________________________. . . . . . . . . . _________. . . . . . . . . .
Caucasian___________ ____________________ ______________________ _
gouth Sea Islander............... - T______________ . . . . . . . . . . . ____. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Negro
.............................. .............. .......................... .................... .
Chinese________________________________________ i ................................. .
Japanese........................ ..................................... ............................................. .

15,642
3,971
16,531
263
158
■22,296
47;508

14,157
3,886
12,288
152
75
3,471
13,603

29,799
•7,857
28,819
415
233
25,767
61,111

T otal..................................................................................................................

106,369

47,632

154,001

The Asiatic preponderance in the population o f Hawaii appears still
more significantly in the figures giving adult males alone. In 1900
the total male population 18 years o f age or over was 85,136, of-which
number Chinese and Japanese made up 63,444, or 74.52 t>er cent o f



BfrO

BULLETIN OF- THE BUREAU OF LABOR,,

the. total;. The. following table shows the* male population.18 years of
age or over by races:
NUM BER'AND PERI CENT‘ OF MALES 18: YEARS OP AGE ORI OVER IN 1900, BY. RACES.'
[The data included-inthis table-have been compiled from the records of-tlie Twelfth Census.]!
Color ornice.

Number: Percent.

Hawaiian. . . . ...............................................................................................................................
Part-Hawaiian..............................................................................................................................
Caucasian........................................................................................................................................
South Sea Islander............. .................. . .....
........ ............ ............................ .............
Chinese__________
____________ _____ ____ ___ _______________________ ________
Japanese_______ ____________ _____ ____________________. . ___________________________

9,856
1,497*
9,991
2371
103
19, G91
43,753

11.57
1.76
11.74
.28
.13
23.13
51.39

Total*.___ *............................................................................................................................

85,136*

100.00

This abnormally Targe proportion of Asiatic nationalities among the
adult,male population is-due* to the.fact that Asiaticshave.been brought
over as laborers’, and that able-bodied* men. have consequently, until
very recently, formed almost the- entire, body of' immigrants, the
immigration o f women and children having been discouraged'.
It is n ot possible to- determine with any approach to- exactness: the
present population of the Hawaiian Islands, but sufficient data have
been secured to form an approximate: idea, as to whether any consid­
erable changes have taken place in the relative numbers of different
nationalities in the.-population-as the result of immigration;, The fol­
lowing table-shows the additions* to the-population* other than Hawaiian
and Asiatic due to* the immigration of foreigners to* Hawaii* since, the
census, o f 1900:.
ALIENS. ADMITTED. TO- H AW AII, 1901. TO. 1905,. B.Y RACES OR PEOPLES (EXCEPTING
CHINESE, JAPANESE, AND KOREANS).
[From- reports-of the*Bureau*oHmmigration*.]
During year ending June 30—
Race or people..
1901.

Tlnhominn nnd ATnrnvin.n-_____________ ____. . . . . . . . . . __________
11
2
Bulgarian Servian, and Montenegrin.............................................
1
Croatian and Slavonian.......................................................................
Dutch and Flemish. _______ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _______
2
1
1
2
East Indian............... —— .......... - —- .......... — .......... .......... ...........
283 ‘ 1 9 ?
E nglish...................................................................................................... " 7>19
•
P
F ilip in o ...__________________________ _______ ________________—
Finn ish tltT.rfI_____ TT.....................................j .................................
1G
•~T
4
French _______________ . . . . . . .......................... .............................. * 6*
7
German___________________ ___ ______________ ________________ . 22
20
43
Greek............... ............................. ............................................................
3
Irish ............................ ........................ . ................................................. • l i ‘
1
10*
Italian (north)................. ...................................................................
3
4
Italian (south)'.......... ............... ............................................................
N e g r o .......... .............................................................................................
r * 4*
Pacific islander.'........................ ............... ........................................... : *7: * 6*
r
P olish...........................- ...........................................................................
1*
2
35 • 12*
Portuguese............................................................................. .................. * 85"
Russian. . . . ...... .......... ............................................................................
5*
r * 23’
Scandinavian (Norwegians, Danes, aud Swedes)........................ * IV
4* ' 65*
Scotch_____ ____ . . . . . __ _____________________________________
14
c
25
Spanish................................................................................... ................ * 2*
1
ppanlsh-American-._____________________ _____________ __________
• 13»
Turkish................... .............. .................................................... ..............
W elsh. . . . . . •••...#•• . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• ...........
* 3*
West In d ia n _______ ________________ _________ . . . . . . . . . . ___
* 4'
115*
All other peoples..---------------------- --------- -------------------------- -. . . . —
16'
Grand: total------------------- ---------- --------------------------------------- . 390 * 480 * 448




Total..

1902. 1903. 1904. 1905.

i

1
3

*****

6
5

6

109

9
2
896
1
17.
28
139

92

6*
26
2*
2
’

6
28
2
6
o
2

3

2.

12
2
7
37

3*

5

30
11
2
5
1ft
3
147
31
96
118
3
13
1

9*
36.

1
1

r

5
4
ia r

I........
219 :

ih 9.

.

r,72fl

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF' LABOR ON H AW AII.

371

The above table does not; o f course, include a n y Americans who
have come from the mainland’ to settle in Hawaii, as the immigration
records show only the admission- of. aliens.. The white immigration
into the Territory has been comparatively slight, and since 1902 has
been* steadily diminishing in numbers.’
The total increase in the Caucasian population, through immigration*,
as shown above; has* been comparatively small at the best, but the
figures o f arrivals are, to a-considerable extent; offset by the steady
departure of'whites-, which has been going on since* the* cessation of
the excitement attending annexation. No figures are available.show­
ing the extent o f the loss to the white population through this emi­
gration; but the departure in considerable numbers has been a. very
noticeable fact..
The principal’ movement of population by* immigration and emigra­
tion has,-however, been-among the. Asiatic elements. The records of
the immigration service give-complete andiaccurate data-as to.arrivals
o f Asiatics; but, unfortunately, no record*of departures to the Orient
is kept by the immigration service, and as Hawaii and the mainland
are integral parts of the United States there is still less occasion for
keeping any record of travel between these points. Figures have
been secured^ however; from several sources showing the departures
o f ’ Asiatics from Hawaii, both to the Orient and to the Coast*, and are
believed to be-approximately* correct: It was not possible-to-secure
these figures for departures, cither-for the same divisions of time or
under the same sex classifications as the official figures for arrivals;
but the form in which, they have-been secured permits of some general
comparisons with the table o f arrivals. The statistics of departures
o f Orientals begin with June 14, 1900, while those for arrivals begin
with the date of July 1* 1900.. With this exception;.the arrivals and
departures are comparable for the period from the date o f the*census
up to December 31, 1905..
ARRIVALS OF* CHINESE, JAPANESE, AND* KOREANS IN 'T H E TERRITORY OF IIA W A U
FROM-JULY 1, 1900, TO DECEMBER 31, 1905.
[From the records of the Bureau of Immigration.].,
Chinese.
Period..
M.
Year ending—
Juno 30,1901. i ; ogo ■
June 30,1902. 2G2
Junc30,1903. 514
June 30,1901. 402
June30,1905'. 198

F.

Korean.

Japanese.

Un­
To; der
tal. 14.

34 1,091
35 297
29 573
10 412 “ 7
4 202
4

M.

F.

To­
tal.

Un­
der M.
14.

115 2.GG3




Total.
M.

F.

To­
tal.

Un­
der
14.

4
338
22G 112
. 4
1,290 146 I , 436
12
6,553 3.572 9,125
12
5,827 3.607 9,434
9,835 3,210 13,045
454 ■ "c i 515
10 833 3 300 14,133
5,f>2G 9G1 6,587 *76 1,700 183 1.883 'l*33 7,728 1.151 8,882 *216
5,979 708 6,G87 59 4,471 411 4,882 314 10,648 1,123 I I ,
377 771

. Total.......... *2,4GG 112 2,578 11 27,219 8,563 35,782 135 6,641
2G2
71
214
7
48
July, 1905.'______
9
8
3
August, 1905.___
308
5
2G3
45
1
20
19
142
22
1
2
120
September. 1905.
1G
1G . . . . .
171
October, 1905___
4 . 1
143
28
19 ” ‘ 2
18
659 10
553 10G
November;l905..
14
14
01
705
4 • 2
December, 1905.-.
G14
7
7 ” ‘i
Total (July
1,1900-Dec.
31,1905).... 2,548

F.

To­ Un­
tal. der
14.

14 29,15G8,873 38,029 ICGG,717

G55 7,296 447 36,326 9,330 45,656 693
21
92 17
293
363 24
70
282
46
328
5
1
3
1
138
23
161 ’ 2
3
162
29 • 191
6
567 106
673 * 10
2
653
61 .714
5

677 7,394 465 38,421 9,665 48,086 645

•

372

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

DEPARTURES OF CHINESE, JAPANESE, AND KOREANS FROM H AW AII TO THE ORIENT
AND THE COAST FROM JUNE 14,1900, TO DECEMBER 31.1905/
Chinese.
Period.
M.

Chil­ To­
F.
dren tal.

Japanese.
M.-

F.

Chil­
dren Total. M.

June 14,1900, to.
June 30,1902.. 3,734 491 («) 4,225 6,627 1,442 (a) 8,069
July 1, 1902, to
Sept. 30,1902... 489 22
*68 579 1,410 253 177 1,840
Ocfc. 1, 1902, to.
Sept. 30,1903... 1,333 101 196 1,630 5,000 1,140 804 6,944
Oct. 1, 1903, to
June30,1904... 952 57 129 1,138 4,769 869 708 6,346
6
July 1, 1904, to
June 30,1905.. 1,019 71 186 1,276 11,233 1,693 1,328 14,254 350
July, 1905....
71
7
19 ■ 97 . 723 111
927 79
93
August, 1905.
41
1
7
49 • 665 131 139
935 51
September, 1905. . 84
98
636 162 192
3 * 11
990 74
October, 1905___
136 12
26 174
446
98
90
634 40
75
8
33
25 108
278
24
335 33
97
2
99
257
39
321 20
25
718
(«)
(<*) («)

e
Total.

.8,031 773

c

Korean.
F.

Total.

Chil­ To­
dren tal.

M.

F.

10,3611,933

1.8

275

Chil­
dren Total.

<«)

12,294

245 2,419

6,3331,241 1,000 8,574
1

1

8 5,727

927

7,492

23
3
3
5
4
1

13 386 12,6021,7871,527
117 15,916
5 87
873 121
1,111
2 56
757 135 148 1,040
3 82
794 170 206 1,170
4 48
622 114 120
856
.34
386
477
42 .49
20
374
3!
440
27
718
(«) («) («)

40

28 721 40,728 6,784 4,277 52,507

c

669 9,473 32,014 5,971 3,580 42,313 G53

a Not reported separately.
b Figures are for 1903, 1904, and to June 30,1905; figures for each year and for age and sex not sepa-,
rately reported.
c Not including data for 718 Japanese, age and sex not reported.

The tables given above show that from the date o f the census up to
December 31,-1905, the total arrivals o f Chinese were 2,663, as against
9,473 departures for th6 period embraced in the table of departures, a
loss in the Chinese population o f 6,810. (°) The total arrivals o f Japr
anese to December 31,1905, were 38,029, as against42,313 departures, (a)
a decrease in the Japanese population of 4,284. The Koreans dur­
ing this period show 7,394 arrivals, as against 721 departures, (a) an
increase in that nationality of 6,673. The net result, considering the
three' Asiatic nationalities, is a decrease o f population through emi­
gration o f 4,421 during this period of five and’ one-half years. It is
worthy o f note that in the six months from July to December, 1905,
there "was an excess of departures -over arrivals o f 3,382, or over
three-fourths o f the total decrease for the whole period shown in the
tables. O f this latter number 540 were Chinese, 2,613 were Japanese,
and 229 were Koreans.
Although there are no figures available upon which to base an esti­
mate as to the absolute growth o f population in Hawaii during the
period under consideration through natural increase, it is possible to
arrive at a general idea of the probable relative changes among the
various elements of the population due to the different ratios o f births
and deaths.
The Hawaiians are a rapidly vanishing race, having diminished
steadily from 70,036 in 1853 to 29,799 in 1900, a disappearance o f
a This table of departures, as noted in the text, embraced the period from June 14 ■
to June 30, 1900, which is not included' in the period for which arrivals are given.




REPORT OF THE- COMMISSIONER OF LABOR’ O N 'H A W A II.

87&

57.45 per cent of that’ nationality in a period of less than fifty years.
This diminution is due to the excess of the death rate oyer the birth
rate, a condition still continuing, with no prospect o f cessation. This
element in the population of the Territory is therefore steadily growing
smaller.
As for the" Caucasians, the birth rate in general is probably higher
than it is in this country, as the climate of Hawaii, like that of all
tropical countries, is conducive to fecundity. The Portuguese, element
o f the white population in particular, have unusually large families.
This higher birth rate, as compared with the United States, is, how­
ever, slightly modified by the lower proportion of married females to
the total white population. The table below gives the proportion of
married females to total population for the principal elements in the
Hawaiian population:
MARRIED FEMALES AND TOTAL POPULATION OF H AW AII, B Y NATIONALITIES.
[These figures are compiled from the records of the Twelfth Census.]

Nationality.

T T n i v n i f A T ! _______________________________________________ ____________ _

Part-Hawaiian
_________ *______________________ _________ : ..............
P a 11 p a r i a n ___________________________________ ______ . . . _____ ___ -._______________
C h i n e s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. ..................................... .......................
Japanese____________ i .........1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Married
females.

Total
popula­
tion.

Per cent of
married
females of
total population.

6,590
1,001
4,730
1,409
• 10,232

29,799
7; 857
28,819
25,767
61,111

22.1
12.7
16.4
5.5
16.7

N ote .—The per cent or marnca xcmaies to total population in tue united States is 18.1.

The distribution of the population in Hawaii by certain age groups
is also given, in the following table, and as the distribution of Cau­
casians differs very slightly from the corresponding age groups in the
United States as a whole, the death rate among the Caucasian element
o f the population would probabty not differ greatly from the death
rate of a similarly, situated population in the United States. The
white element of the population in Hawaii is probabty increasing, by
the excess o f births over deaths a little more rapidly than would be
the case with a.similar population on the mainland.
PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION UNDER EACH AGE GROUP. Hawaii.
Age groups.

PartCaucasian.
Hawaiian. Hawaiian.

Chinese.

Japanese.

United
States.

Under 10 years..........................
10 to 20 years.......................... .
21 to 44 years..............................
45 to 54 years............: ................
55 to 64 years..............................
65 years or over.........................
Age unknow n..........................

21.52
22.42
34.16
8.98
5.98
6.13
.81

40.17
28.89
26.17
2.99
1.14
.42
.22

27.49
21.92
35.40
8.59
4.36
1.96
“ .28

11.36,
11.25
61.26
9.79
5.14
.84
.36

9.35
7.14
80.95
2.22
.21
.02
.11

.23.69
22.56
35.76
' 8.41
5.25
4.04
.29

Total..................................

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

■ 100.00

100.00




37/4

BUIsLETUT OP THE BUKEAU OP LABOR..

The-very small percentage o f married females-in the Chinese popu­
lation indicates that the increase of this population through births'
irill be comparatively slight.. Although.7,394Koreans:had;come into the.islands from 'July 1,1900,’ to-December 31,19Q5j only 677-females were-,
included in this number. The addition to the Korean population through
native birth.s:will therefore, probably be: insignificant.- On- the' other
hand,.thepercentage ofincrease in the Japanese population through theexcessof births-over deaths-Trill, probably be higher than the percent­
age- o f increase in' the Caucasian population. The birth-rate among,
the Japanese is-high: On one plantation: -with a Japanese population
of- 436 there Trere-120 children,.and.of.these 45 were less than 6 yearsold- The percentage o f married, females in. the total-Japanese popu­
lation is-very slightly, higher'than itis-intheCaucasian-population, sothat with a higher birth rate and an equal death rate the Japanesepopulation would increase more rapidly proportionately than the
whites; but the death rate among the Japanese is probably far lower
than among any- o f the other* nationalities in' the islands. Normally
thedeath rate- of- those-be low 10-yearsofage andthose above 45 would*
be-higher than for any*corresponding period between these limits.
As will be-seen by tHe table above, the proportion o f the Japanese
population- undfer 10 is- far below the-proportion o f the-Caucasian
population under.10, and the* same-is-true o f the-numbers over 45Over 80 per cent-of the Japanese population *is- included in the age
period from 21 to 44!, and-since-the sick and disabled Japanese return
home and' their places are supplfed'by strong and able-bodied men, the
death rate among this population in Hawaii would be abnormally
low. Therefore, with a little larger per. cent o f married females in
the-Japanese- population; with a higher birth rate, and* a- very much
lower* death rate,, the growth- o f' tlie Japanese population through
natural increase would be far higher than that o f any other nationality
in the islands. Moreover,- the figures fo r immigration and emigration*
show the-addition- o f over 2,900'female Japanese to the Japanese
population since the date- o f the census; thus' increasing- largely the
per cent o f married females among that element of population.
This complete Orientalization o f the islands and the resulting char­
acter o f the working population has created an acute-labor problem in .
Hawaii-that-presents-three-phases, according as it is- considered fromdifferent view- points- For the- employer, represented chiefly by the
sugar planter, tlie problem-is one of' securing a sufficient and a stable
labor force; for the white and native wage-earners and small'merchants
the;problem is one-of.'survival in the-.face.of an increasing, irresisti-ble,-and disastrous competition o f Asiatics-.with their lower, standard!
of'living;: and from, the view point o f the citizens o f the Territory—




REPORT OE THE COMMISSIONER* OF LABOR ON H A W AII.

375

a n d ' of the people of' the- United1States— the-problem is .one-of* secur­
ing a' working population' with* the* civic capacity necessary to* the
upbuilding o f a*self-governing American? commonwealth;
The- labor' problem* Has been* increasingly perplexing since- Hawaii*
became a*portion-of'theUnited'States; Pluvious-* to that time, viewed^
purelyf romitheemplbyersrstandpoiht!, the planters were in anideal sit­
uation; With* inexhaustible* markets-from-wliick ho* draw cheap labor,.
and1with* penal^contracts-which gave-thenr many o f *the advantages o f
slavery without its disadvantages, they were free-from the-perplexi­
ties' of the labor* problem as- employers know it in* a free* country.
Annexation changed1these- conditibnSi While it assured-a* protected-'
market- to the planters; it cut off'entirely tlie1supply of (Dhinese coolies
and* revolutionized the relations* o f' employer and'; employee b y abol­
ishing the penal1contract. As an- integral though- somewhat isolated
part of the*United1States; the Territory o f Hawaii- necessarily* became
subject to- legislation and* to- policies- not primarily destined for* thesupport o f ’ its special industries;* and* it is beginning-to-feel- strongly
the influence of that subtle but insistent impulse toward- homogeneity
o f ' institutions and1o f sentiments-with* the mainland* which constitutes
the essence o f national1assimilation. E very separate element o f *this,
change, however desirable from a* civic viewpoint, is more or less a
disturbing factor ib business.» It creates1uncertainties, and the plant­
ers no longer control' their own* destiny.. The soil and the. climate
remain- essentially* unchanged, the material conditions of production
are better than1ever' before; transportation- facilities are increasing,
and the- cost of marketing* their product is1decreasing. A ll-of the
purely economic conditions- of cane planting and’ sugar making areimproving; *even in* the administration’ of labor there is progress, andit is doubtful* if. increased1wages Have generally resulted- in* an-equally
increased- cost of production. But' the problem o f plantation manage­
ment as a whole, and especially the problem of a labor supply, is-moreexigent than ever before;
In spite o f the* large Asiatic population, there is frequently a- very
real’ and a- keenly felt sliortage-of labor on*the sugar plantations. The
labor demand for plantation work has been a rapidly growing-one, the
number of plantation* laborers having risen from 24,653- in 1897 to
48,229*in the year 1905. A t the* time of the report on Hawaii in.1902
there was a-marked’ shortage o f labor on the*plantatibns* amounting to^
about 5;500; men; or 1-2* per cent of- the total* force employed. Thisshortage seemed to have* disappeared1in 1905'; as the only cases in
which complaint was heard of lack of laborers were upon a few of the
plantations in the immediate vicinit}” o f Hilo. The increase o f about
6,000 employees since 1902 has been largely in response to a demand
existing at that time, and is due only slightly to an expansion o f the




376

BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

sugar industry.- The restored equilibrium in the' plantation labor
force has been due to several causes. There -was less development
work going on in 1905 than in 1902, and the ravages of the leaf hopper
had affected the crops on some plantations to an extent that appreciably
diminished the demandior laborers. On the other hand, the widespread
depression in the rice industry—which is almost exclusively carried on
by the Chinese—had sent some of this race back to work in the cane
fields, and the importation of Koreans had also added to the available
labor supply. So far as the plantations are concerned the arrival o f
any number o f Koreans at a given period will more than offset the
departure o f an equal number of Japanese. Not all o f the Japanese
leaving are adult males, nor do all the adult males represent losses to
the plantations, because a proportion of the men leaving are from
the Asiatics not engaged in plantation labor. On the other hand, the
Koreans repi*esent almost entirely adult males, and practically the
whole number go at once to work on plantations. The Korean immi­
gration has thus been the principal factor in easing the.labor situation
fo r the-planters.
But while the actual scarcity of labor complained of in 1902 has been
remedied, the instability and the aggressiveness of the Asiatic labor
force have increased, and in the minds of the planters have become a
serious menace to the continued prosperity o f the sugar industry. The
instability in the labor supply is due to a double competition which the
planters have to face. There is competition between them and the
other industries in Hawaii, and competition with the industries o f
the mainland. Although in 1900 the Asiatic male population o f -18
years or over numbered 63,444, there were employed on the planta­
tions only 32,513 Asiatics; and as numbers o f women and also o f males
under 18 are at work on the sugar plantations, it is apparent that not
quite 50 per cent of the male Asiatic labor supply was available for the
planters.
The small proportion of Chinese population employed on the sugar
plantations is still more noticeable. There were only 4,976 o f that
nationality on the plantations in 1900, although there were 19,691
Chinese males 18 years o f age or over in the islands.'
Not only have the various trades and mercantile pursuits absorbed
a large per cent o f the Oriental population, but the census figures show
further that Asiatics are also among the owners and tenants in agri­
culture. Seven hundred and fourteen Chinese and 530 Japanese were
owners or tenants in 1900, holding 24,4.66 acres.




REPORT OF TH E COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

377

The table of occupations of males given below, taken from the
census of 1900, will show the various trades and occupations in com­
petition with the plantations for the services of Orientals:
NUMBER OF MALES 10 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER ENGAGED IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS,
1900.

Occupation.

White, (a)

Chinese
.and
Negro.
Japanese.

Total.

Per cent
of
Chinese
and
Japanese
of total.

AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS.

1

4-4,370
3,654
531
69
72
48

45,887
6,260
615
125
413
80

96.69
58.37
86.34
55.20
17.43
60.00

20

48,744-

53,380

91.32

1
22

35
1
5
12
29
71

167
137
170
185
201
434

20.96
0.73
2.91
6.49
14.43
16.86

1,118

23

153

1,294

11.82

Barbers and hairdressers.....................................
Laborers (not specified) .....................................
Launderers............................................................
Restaurant and saloon keepers..................... ......
Servants and waiters.......................... .......... .
Soldiers, sailors, and marines (United States) ..
Stewards...............................................................
Watchmen, policemen, firemen, e t c ..................
Other occupations.................................................

35
5,875
16
30
147
241
26
419
114

2
28

163
3,493
572
113
2,611

81.50
37.18
97.28
79.02
94.50

1

102
63
131

200
9,396
588
143
2,763
245
128
513
245

Total............................................................

6,936

37

7,24S

14,221

50.97

153'
395
1,068
796
85
35
339
60
164
86
239

1
5

34
70
645
460
162
165
1,122
74
397
76
41

188
470
1,713
1,261
247
200
1,462
124
561
162
280

18.09
14.89
87.65
36.48
65.59
82.50
76.74
59.68
70.77
46.91
14.64

3,246

6,668

18.68

139
125
89
119
9S3
195
461
5
21
107
47
130
17
508
530
693

88.54
31.67
70.63
57.21
50.28
30.52
43.61
2.91
14.91
48.64
20.43
32.34
12.59
83.01
93.31
47.93

Agricultural laborers..........................
Farmers, planters, and overseers........
Gardeners, florists, .nurserymen, e tc ...
Lumbermen, wood choppers, e tc ..___
Stock raisers, herders, and drovers___
Other occupations...............................

1,603
2,602
83
56
'-341
31

14
4
1

Total...................................................

4,610

PROFESSIONAL SERVICE.

Clergymen..........................................
Engineers (civil, etc.) arid surveyors
Law yera.....'.......................... ............
Officials (government).......... ............
Teachers and professors in colleges..
Other occupations...............................
Total..........................................

132
13G
166.
172
172
341

DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL-SERVICE.

5
1

79.69
12.28
53.47

TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION.

Bankers, brokers, officials of banks, etc............
Boatmen and sailors .’......................................... .
Bookkeepers, clerks, stenographers, e tc.............
Draymen, liackmen, teamsters, etc
...............
Hostlers..................
Hucksters and peddlers......................................
Merchants and dealers.........................................
Messengers, packers, porters, etc.........................
Salesmen...............................................................
Steam railroad employees....................................
Other occupations........ 1......................................
Total..........................................................

3,410

6
i

12

MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL PURSUITS.

Bakers...................................................................
Blacksmiths..........................................................
Boot and shoe makers and repairers..................
Butchers............................................................... .
Carpenters and ioinera.........................................
Engineers and firemen (not locomotive)— . . . .
Fishermen and oystermen...................................
Iron and steel workers.........................................
Machinists............................................................
Manufacturers and officials, etc.......................... .
Masons (brick and stone)....................................
Painters, glaziers, and varmshers.......................
Printers, lithographers, and pressmen..................
Sugar makers and refiners...................................
Tailors...................................................................
Other occupations.................................................
Total............................................................
Grand total..................................................

18
271
37
89
972
442
596
167
137
113
182
270
117
102
38
753
4,804
20,381

8

4,172

157
396
126
208
1,955
639
1,057
172
161
220
230
402
135
612
568
1,446
8,484

100

63,563

81,047

2

1
2
1
2

49.17
75.63

a The word “ white,” as used in this table, includes not only Cauca&aus but also Hawaiians, Part*
Hawaiians, and South Sea Islanders,

25—No. G6—06-----2



378

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OP LABOR.

C OM PETITION OP LO C AL A N D P A C IF IC COAST IN D U S T R IE S W IT H
SU G A R IN D U S T R Y F O R A S IA T IC L A B O R .

The competition with local. industries, however, is permanent and
more or less uniform. It does not, therefore, constitute the same
kind o f a menace to the planters as does the competition which has
recently developed on the mainland, and which has rendered the plan­
tation labor force peculiarly unstable and insecure. The Asiatics are
no longer attached to the. plantations by any legal bonds, and there
are no natural ties that bind them to the islands. Their migration to
Hawaii itself is an uprooting, and a breaking o f the -ties that attach
them to their place of birth and their home land. They come to Hawaii
impelled by a purely economic motive, expecting to return to their
native land. They are a body o f industrial excursionists, and form
consequently, ah unusually mobile population, peculiarly responsive to
any economic stimulus to further migration. They move freely to any
new labor market offering more favorable terms'than Hawaii, and the
planters o f the Territory now find themselves obliged to compete
actively fo r workers with the orchardists and farmers o f California
and with the railway builders and other large contractors of the West
and Northwest. Therefore the planters not only must offer higher
wages than formerly, but they must adapt their methods o f control­
ling and disciplining their employees, to the freer standards o f the
mainland States. Conditions o f employment for a mobile popula­
tion—like that which the labor policy o f the planters has encouraged
in the Territory—-tend to .reach a state of equilibrium over a much
broader area than the Territory itself. Hawaii has been industrially
as well as politically annexed; and , in response to laws more potent
than legislative enactments a uniform status of labor is being created
throughout all our western country, even to these islands in the midPacific. This effect of annexation is as permanent as it is revolution­
ary. Henceforth the Hawaiian planters must bid against the Pacific
Coast fo r their immigrant labor not only in money but in manner of
treatment. The tables on pages 371 and372,showing arrivals and depart­
ures during a period o f five and one-half years, show how transient and
unstable is the Japanese element in the population o f Hawaii. The fol­
lowing table gives departures from Hawaii to the mainland, and shows
how this mainland competition is growing and becoming a more and
more serious menace to the plantation interests:
DEPARTURES OF ORIENTALS FROM H A W A II TO TH E MAINLAND.
Period.

Number.

January 1,1902, to September 80,1902.......................
October 1,1902, to September 30,1903........ ..............
October 1, 1903, to June 30, 1904..................................
July 1,1904, to June 30,1905.........................................
July 1, 1905. to September 30.1906............... ..............
October 1,1905, to December 31,1905.........................

1,054
2,119
8,665
11,132
1,798
873




REPORT OF THE' COMMISSIONER'OF LABOR ON H AW AII:

'61

Since the figures in the foregoing table include perhaps 300 Koreans
and less than 75 Chinese, it may be taken practically to represent the
migration of Japanese from Hawaii to the Coast. It shows the rapid
increase in the number of Japanese leaving Hawaii up to June 30,.
1905, and explains the uneasy and apprehensive state of mind in which
the planters were in the first half o f that yean While the entire num­
ber o f Asiatics leaving for the mainland for the two years and a half
ending June 30, 1904:, had been less than 7,000, the number increased
in the following year alone to over 11,000. In Juty, 1905, the hyimbcr
of departures was 697; but during the months of August and SepT
tember the number dropped to 660 and 441, respectively, while in the
last three months o f the year 1905 there was a still further decrease.
This migration to the Coast is due chiefly to economic causes. The
Japanese have learned that they can earn more money in California
than in Hawaii; but it is partly due to social causes. The conditions
o f labor are freer in the Pacific States than on the large plantations of
Hawaii, where the traditions of penal contract days have not entirely
disappeared. To a large extent this movement has been prompted by'
immigrant agents, analogous to the Italian padrones in New York,
who have business connections in San Francisco and Seattle and work
in the interest of contractors and other large employers on the Coast. (")
a The following translations of advertisements calling for laborers to go to the
mainland, published in Japanese papers, printed in Honolulu in the spring of 1905,
show the positive inducements offered to laborers in the islands by Japanese labor
bureaus in America:
RECRUITING LABORERS TO AMERICA.

JFor the S. P. R. R, Co., 800 men; for Alaska, 200 men\ Advance $20 for passage
to San Francisco. Applications for Alaska close 28th inst. Egi. Kyujiro, Prop.
Shiranui Hotel, San Francisco. Apply to the below mentioned hotels in Honolulu
(followed by the names of 11 Japanese hotels).— F rom H awaHan-Japanese Chronicle
o f M arch 22, 1905.
GREAT RECRUITING TO AMERICA.

Through an arrangement made with Yasuzawa, of San Francisco, we are.able t o .
recruit laborers to the mainland, and offer them work. The laborers will be subjected
to no delay upon arriving in San Francisco, but can get work immediately through
Yasuzawa. Employment offered in picking strawberries and tomatoes, planting
beets, mining, and domestic service. N ow is the time to g o ! ■W ages $1.50 a day. ’
Tokujiro Inaya—Niigata Kenjin—Care of Nishimura Hotel. Apply to the Honolulu
agency fpr further particulars, giving the name of your plantation.— From H aw aiian Japanese Chronicle o f M arch 22, 1905.

The undersigned has appointed Harutada Yasumura agent for recruiting laborers
for the mainland. Any laborer will be given work upon presentation of a letter of
introduction from the above agent. W e guarantee that the laborers receive work
from only responsible parties. Tooyo Boycki Kwaisha (Oriental Trading Company),
Seattle. Honolulu agency at Hong Song Hotel.— F rom H aw aiian-Japanese Chronicle
o f M arch 22, 1905.
' SPECIAL NOTICE.-

In the next three months we shall recruit 1,000 laborers of Niigata Province, Japan,
for the mainland. Apply to the hotel below. D on 't m iss a good chance! The Indus


380

BULLETIN .OF; THE \BUREAU OF LABOR.

But once started this migration is.-.likely to continue without artifi­
cial stimulation.. Plantation .employees in Hawaii reported that they
arid their friends were constantly receiving letters from Japanese who
had gone to California, telling them of the high wages and generally
favorable conditions in that country, and. advising them to come over
and share these advantages.
The increasing emigration to the Coast is a source of worry ancl
apprehension to' the planters.. Up to the present time they have been
able to supply.the places of those departing for the mainland by.fresh
importations from Japan and Korea, but’ changed conditions in Japan
arid Korea1restricting emigration, or the beginning of any unusually
large development work on the Coast may at any time so check the tide
o f irnmigrants or stimulate the flow to the mainland as seriously to
interfere with the carrying on of plantation work.
CONTROL OF P L A N T A T IO N L A B O R SIT U A T IO N B Y A S IA T IC S .

Another aspect of the labor situation as it affects the planters arises
out o f a preponderance among their laborers, o f a single nationality.
As a result of the exclusion of Chinese since annexation, the supply of
imported labor for the plantations was confined entirely to the Japanese,
until the beginning o f Korean immigration was brought about in 1903.
The Japanese have secured a preponderance among the plantation
.workers which creates serious difficulties o f administration, renders the
plantations liable to great loss by strikes, and to a certain extent takes
trial Corporation of Japaneseof Niigata Province have sent a representative to Hawaii
to encourage their countrymen to go to America. This representative, Mr. Scisaku
Kuroishi, assists, applicants in every way. Yamaichi Hotel. Feb. l; 1905. (Pro.
Fuse Totazo. ) — From H aw aiian-Japanese Chronicle o f M arch 2 2 ,1 9 0 5 .
Arrangements have been made with the Japanese-American Industrial Corpora­
tion of San Francisco, whereby any one leaving Hawaii for the mainland through
us can find work. Naigwai Benyelci' Shosha.— From H aw aiian-Japanese Chronicle
o f M arch 2 2 ,1 9 0 5 .
NEW STEAMSHIP LINE OPENED.

With the S. S. Centennial we shall inaugurate a new line between San Francisco
arid Hawaii,*arid will take freight and passengers. For the convenience of Japanese
we have appointed two agents, one at Honolulu and the other at Hilo. - This is a
large steamer , of .3,000 tons, weil built ,and perfectly safe for carrying passengers,
making monthly voyages and passage within a week. Passage is cheap. N o deposit
o f $50 required. Cooks and waiters Japanese, and Japanese food furnished. First
sailing'March 25. Applications received until day before sailing. S. N. S. S. Co.
Agents, Honolulu, Yukinosuki Shibata; Hilo, Yasikichi Toda. —F rom H aw aii Shinpo
o f F ebruary 27, 1905.
SPECIAL STEAMER FOR AMERICA— SAILING DIRECT FOR SEATTLE.

S. S. Oltjmpia. Accommodates 500 passengers. Fare, including commissions, $28.
Sails April 18, 1905. Applications for passage received up to April 10, 1905. All
wishing to go to America apply to the undersigned, or to the following hotels (list
of 16 Japanese hotels in Honolulu). Seattle Occidental Steamship Company, office
Han Sang Hotel, Honolulu .— From H aw aii Shinpo o f February 2 7 ,1 9 0 5 .




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER'OF LABOR O N 'H A W A II.

*381

out of.the hands of: overseers and managers the.control of administra­
tion. .As:shown-.ih:thc table below and on page’368, the. Japanese in
the plantation labor force represent nearly double the number o f other
nationalities combined. ' The following table shows the distribution of
labor on the. Hawaiian plantations by groups of occupations and by
nationalities in 1002 and 1905:
DISTRIBUTION OF LABOR ON H AW AIIAN SUGAR PLANTATIONS,.BY GROUPS OF OCCU­
PATIONS AND NATIONALITY, 1002 AND 1905.’

Nationality.

uuucHHian: iui
1 9 0 2 ..::..
....
1905.....................................
Portuguese:
1902.....................................
1 9 0 5 .-.....-.............w.........
Porto Ricans:
1902................. ....................
Hawuiians and Part-IIawaiians:
1 9 0 2 ...................... ............
1905.;............: .............
South ■Sea Islanders and
Negroes: ■
100^ (?>)..............................
1905 (c)................
Chinese:
1902.. ..
.....................
1 9 0 5 . . : . . : . ......................
Japanese:
1902 (<!)..............................
1 9 0 5 ...;............................
Koreans:
IQflo
1905......................................
Totals: .
1902..........................
1905..........................

Me­
Admin­
SupcrCulti- Irriga­ Manu­ chan­ intend- Trans­ Unclas­ Total.
istra­
porta­ sified.
vation.
t
i
o
n
.
ical
facture.
tion.
.
trades. cnee.1 tion:

173
195

107

43

2,011
: 2,070

143

90 ■

1,902
1,722.

•1
4

30
'994
89 • -SGI

■51.38

■146
14G

129
114

54
f49.

G3
: Su-

148
154

1

io
70

18
4

51
.36

82
39

87
.84-

1
1

*

33
22

353
328
-

1,032
1,006

50
42

23
47

117
171

31
.161.
...

• 2,009
• 3,005

11
7

29
79

1
.21

2 ,03G
1,907

103
114

154
■ 193

42
-86

1,493
1,452

202
2GG

■

5
2

....

2
4

G
3

-46
-32

31
31

. 3,881
4,409

.11
5

3,294
3 ,9G2

-131
G9

-286
2G9

33
11

28
23

Cl
39

121
132

25,849
23,4G1

809
G0S

1,6-10
2,830.

'751
■590

129
121

1.G27
3,709

.1 .0

. 4,38-1

. 1

19

........

4

243

17

- 4,G83

1,100
.382 '31,250
428 3G, 58-1 :
801

2,177
3,458

1,171
959

2,043
82G
8G-1 -4,485

233
G50

42,242
48,229

99
31,085
281 - 31,735

:«.Not including Porto Ricans and Portuguese.'
Including 7 Filipinos.
^Including 4 Filipinos.
<i Including 445 Chinese and Japanese employed in cultivating; mostly Japanese.

The relatively larger number employed in transportation and manu­
facturing in 1905 is.duo to the. fact that the information was taken in
that year during the height of the grinding season, .while, in . 1902 the
figures were compiled at a time when many o f the mills were not run­
ning. The gains; therefore, of the Japanese in these two fields of
employment probably represent laborers transferred from the group
of cultivators, but the figures show that the Japanese are still in such
large preponderance in several o f . the most important operations as to
practically control the labor situation on the plantations. Thus in
cultivation they represent 23,461 out of 36,584, or nearly 65 per cent
of. the total force employed in that branch of work. In this group,
owing to the inllux of Koreans, the Japanese have lost slightly in their
preponderance, but in the increase in the force in manufacture and
transportation due to the grinding season they have made more than




382

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

compensatory gains, and in 1905 represented 2,830 out o f a total of
3,458 employees in the sugar mills, ’and 3,709 out o f 4,485 in the work
o f transportation. They now represent over 50 per cent of those
employed in the mechanical trades on the plantations. Taking all occu­
pations together, the Japanese in the plantation force increased only
650 between 1902 and 1905, while the total working force arose from
42,242 to 48,229. By far the greater part of this increase was made
up of Koreans, so that the actual numerical preponderance of Japanese
in the plantation labor force was slightly less in 1905 than it was in
1902, but on the other hand the preponderance o f Japanese is becom­
ing more and more a conscious preponderance. W hile no distinctively
labor organizations could be found among the laborers on the planta­
tions, the blood unionism of the Japanese has -shown .itself even a
stronger bond than the trade unionism o f American and European
workmen. What might properly be termed sympathetic strikes have
.already occurred on many plantations where a grievance of a small
group of Japanese or sometimes o f a single worker has resulted in a
cessation of work by all the Japanese workers on the plantations, and
even the Japanese domestics in the house of the manager have with­
drawn and remained away until the settlement o f the strike. Sporadic
efforts to induce sympathetic strikes on plantations adjoining those on
which the Japanese had gone on strike have alreadjr been made, and,
while not successful to any extent, it is more than probable that
sympathetic strikes of Japanese will-soon begin to ignore plantation
boundaries.
With the growth of a more or less permanent Japanese population
in Hawaii, not directly dependent upon the plantations, and with the
changes that are taking place in the system of immigration since the
abolition o f penal contracts (fl) a different class of Japanese is migrating
to the Territory. Among these are to be found men with education
and a capacity for leadership hitherto exceptional among the immi­
grants. There is also a strong probability that some Japanese work­
men who have resided on the mainland for a time and absorbed more
or less knowledge o f the trade-union movement from American sources
will ultimately disseminate these ideas among their fellow-countrymen
in the islands, either personally or through the active correspondence
already existing between laborers o f that nationality in both places.
At least, all these evils—from the employer’s standpoint—are antici­
pated bjr the more thoughtful plantation people; and during the
study o f labor conditions in the Territory instances were found of
Japanese, not connected with the plantations, engaging actively in the
stimulation and direction o f plantation strikes. It is everywhere con­
ceded in Hawaii that the present preponderance of Japanese among
« Sec section on Japanese immigration, pp. 502-511.




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER - OF LABOR ON. H A W AII.

383

plantation workers' constitutes a source of increasing embarrassment
for the sugar interests. Evidence both direct and indirect presented
itself in 1905 to show that plantation employers were beginning to
fear thd power o f their' Japanese employees, and to placate them by
concessions not dictated primarily by regard for efficient service. It
is generally predicted that difficulties in plantation management on'
this score are in future more likely to be accentuated than alleviated:
IN V A S IO N OF T R A D E A N D SK ID D ED OCCUPATIONS B Y A S IA T IC S .

Embarrassing as it has become in many ways for the planters, the
Oricntalization o f the islands is reacting still more disastrously on the
white and the native wage-earners, merchants, and even farmers, than
it is on the planters.. As has been shown, the adult male Asiatic pop­
ulation employed on the plantations was, in 1900, scarcely 50 per cent
o f the available workers of those races; ■ The remaining thousands^ as
shown by the census of occupations,.given on page 377, are in active
competition with the whites in almost every form of industry for
which the islands offer facilities. The first effect o f the incoming of
the Asiatics was the taking over of unskilled labor of every sort,
but the competition has now extended until it has become active in
nearly every line o f trade and in nearly all the skilled occupations.
Most of the competition in the skilled trades comes from the Japanese,
and it is insisted everywhere throughout the islands that this compe­
tition is growing rapidly, and that the number of Japanese in skilled
trades is larger now than it was in 1900.
It is probable that part of the distress attributed by white traders
and white artisans to an increase in Japanese competition is in reality
the result o f the depression that Hawaii is feeling on account of the
reaction from the “ boom ” that marked the early period following
annexation. This depression in any event adds to the acuteness of the
competition. Increasingly successful competition on the part o f the
Asiatics, if it corresponded with an increasing demand for labor, would
not be so severely felt nor so quickly observed, but with trade and
work falling off the competition is more keenly felt and more quickly
resented. It is probable that in some lines the Japanese are actually
displacing white labor and that in other lines they are merely holding
their own,, while diminishing business is driving the whites out o f the
occupation and sending them back to the mainland. In either event
the percentage o f Japanese in the various trades might be increasing,
even if their absolute number wore stationary or even diminishing.
In some lines o f work the Asiatic competition is o f very early date,
and not only is an increasing control of these trades evident, but new
trades are being invaded. The clothing trades are almost entirely
in the hands o f Asiatics. A few white tailors are engaged in business
in Honolulu, and there are several white tailoring firms in the town o f
Hilo, but all of these, with the exception of one firm, are reported to



384

BULLETIN.-OF T H E ■BUREAU OF’ 1LABOR.

employ: Chinese or Japancsc workmen. There are practically no 'white
.wage-earners engaged in making men’s garments or boots, and-shoes,
although a few whites find employment independently in repairing and
cobbling. The preparation o f food and drink affords employment to
a number of workers, who are mostly Asiatic. The Chinese take maturalljr to-culinary vocations,1often graduating from 'domestic service
into the S37stcmatic manufacture of food products.1 Most of -the baker­
ies, confectionery shops; and hotels- and:-restaurants ■empkty Chinese
help, oiyas a second choice,'Japanese. Practically all domestic ser­
vants are Asiatics.*
On account o f the restricted field o f employment, plumbing and tin­
ning arc usually -carried-on in conjunction as a single* trade: The
Japanese have for some.time been'steadily invading this field. They
are now strong competitpra in' the plumbing trade, and ini some places
they have practically monopolized the work o f making tinware for
sale at plantation stores1and elsewhere among the working people.
This latter has been a profitable field of industry for the whites, but
they, are being driven from it rapidly.
The building trades have, also been invaded aggressively by Asiatic
workmen: The effect of. Asiatic competition in this^field hasattracted
particular attention on account o f the fact that white .mechanics in' the
various building lines have been steadily giving up the field in Hawaii
and forming a procession back to the Coast. When the Territory was
annexed a decided building boom occurred at Honolulu,* accompanied
by. a considerable influx o f■mechanics from the Pacific Coast. It took
only a few seasons, however, to supply- the city with about all the
business structures it was likely, to need for a number o f years to come.
The construction o f cottages and small residences has continued since
that time, but this is a-field o f -work where the Asiatics-compete-most
successfully with white workers, and in which they arc gaining con­
trol. As a result o f failing employment large numbers of working­
men have left the islands and returned to California, and the popula­
tion o f white mechanics lias fallen off considerably. Part of this
movement undoubtedly represents merely a reaction from the abnormal
condition produced by the excitement attending annexation. But the
fact remains that building is still going on in the Territory to a con­
siderable extent, and that Asiatic workmen are successfully competing
for the work with white mechanics. The procession o f uneinplo3'cd
back to the Coast, therefore, represents to some extent the displacement
o f whites by Asiatics. Not only arc they successful competitors in the
construction o f cottages and small residences, but they arc making their
competition strongly felt on larger and more important building work.
A wThite contractor in the islands, who used white and native‘labor
only,’ reported that ho had. not had a contract o f any importance for
nearly a year and a half because he had been ruinously underbid either




REPORT OP THE'-:COMMISSIONER OP LABOR . ON HAW AII.

: 385

by Japanese contractors or by. white contractors using- A siaticlabor
exclusively. He called attention to a largo ^building-being constructed
upon which about 35 workmen .were employed. Although there wore
white and: native workers idle in: the town not a;singlc workman was
found .on the ibuilding except Asiatics. It was stated that the masonry,
carpentering, plastering,: plumbing, and-painting-^in- a word, every
detail o f the building—was to- be -done by Asiatic labor.
It. was not possible to secure exact and complete statistical data deal­
ing ;with this displacement :of white and native labor in skilled trades
by Orientals, but some data wore secured indicating the extent: to
which white .mechanics are abandoning the field in Hawaii. -The .pay
rolls for 1881 o f one of .the largest building firms in Honolulu showed
44 white carpenters and -I white laborers employed in that year. • •This
is;l7 morc.thaii all those employed in' 1905 by 7 of.the largest building
establishments in Honolulu. - In :1881 •the same firm referred to above
employed 0 white bricklayers and 1-whito laborer, while the 7 estab­
lishments reported- in-1905 on ly-3 white bricklaj’ors. Even, allowing
for the fact that the number of-employing builders was smaller in
1881 than in 1905, and that the pay roll of-a single-firm was, therefore,
probably-somewhat larger at. the earlier.date, :still an absolute decrease
in’ the employment of white mechanics,.or the•“ displacement” of white
by Oriental labor, is clearly indicated.. -The establishment whose pay­
roll was taken fo r 1881 was one of the -7 establishments reported for
1905. :-The.continued falling-off in employment since annexation is
given in the following table, showing the number employed by 7 firms
in 1900t1901, 1902, and 1905:
W HITE MECHANICS' (INCLUDING FOREMEN) EMPLOYED IN SEVEN IDENTICAL ESTAB­
LISHMENTS IN THE BUILDING TRADES, HONOLULU, 1900-1S01, 1902, AND 1905.
Occupation.
Hrickl avers................................................................................................................
Carpenters...............................................................................................................
Foremen, bricklayers . . : ......................................... 1........................■..................
Foremen, carpenters...............................................................................................
Foremen, masons, stone. .V............... ; ..................... ........................................
Foremen, painters, house................................ .................................„ ................
Foremen, plasterers...................................1..-...................................... . . . I .........
Vorninnn TilIll'll llPTH . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . . . __ ___________________ ___________
Paintors......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plasterers . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plumbers. ...............................................................................................................
T otal...................................................- ......................... ..................................

1900-1901.
11
53
1
0
2
2
1
2
37
1 16
9
10159

1902.

. 1905.

32

3
27

1-

■3

2
2
U
2
- 5

i
2
1
2
4

53

43

..

The relatively largo number of employees in 1901 is to be ascribed
largely to tlic boom in the building trades at that time. But the fall­
ing off in employment between 1902 and 1905 appeared to bo fairly
representative o f the general condition of trade in-the latter year as
compared with the former, according* to the testimony of. em ployersA
and mechanics in Honolulu..



386

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

. The only urban occupations not subject to Asiatic competition are the
English.printing trades and some forms of employment in machinery
and metalworking. Some forms of furniture are made in Asiatic
shops in Honolulu, and Asiatics compete with whites in carriage mak­
ing and repairing, wheelwright work, and in millwork and joinery.
In the passenger carrying or hack business, both in Honolulu and
throughout the islands, , the Japanese arc rapidly” gaining complete
control. Oriental blacksmiths and.horseshoers have shops in Hono­
lulu, and the Japanese compete with boiler makers in making the largo
tanks used as receivers for the fuel oil now employed for steam
making in the islands. Although the language difficulty as yet forms
an insurmountable obstacle to the employment of Asiatics in English
printing offices, there are several Japanese and Chinese newspaper
and job printing establishments in the Territory, catering chiefly to
the needs of the Oriental population, that occasionally do English
work. . The manufacture o f sugar-mill machinery,'skilled electrical
work, brewing, and a fraction of the building trades where the most
highly-skilled workmen are employed, are the main branches of
industry not invaded by Asiatic working people.
The following views upon Asiatic competition are from memoranda
of conversations with both employers and employees in Hawaii.
They arc fragmentary, but they present some interesting aspects of the
problem as seen by those most directly interested.
An American carpenter in Honolulu stated: “ When I was a t --------plantation, twenty-five years ago, 50 of us white employees used to
sit down together at the boarding-house table, and there was quite a
village of white and other citizen employees who were married.
There were several hundred white carpenters in Honolulu and the
other towns at that time. As late as fifteen years ago about all the
carpenters were whites, and received $4 a day. Now we have a lot of
Kanaka and Portuguese helpers at lower wages. In our carpenters’
union we have only about 40 members, of whom not a dozen arc able
to earn the standard union wage.”
Another American carpenter said: “ The Japanese can compete
against us and underfigure us at carpentering, because people will
accept work from Japanese that they would not . accept from white
carpenters.”
Several instances of very poor construction, in residences occupied
by whites, but built by Japanese labor, were observed in Honolulu.
Defective roofs and window joinery, cheap devices in framing, and
the use of poor materials were all noticed. The Japanese can under­
bid whites at frame construction, however, even where they are held
strictly down to specifications. One gentleman, intending to erect a
frame tenement and store building in Honolulu, allowed a margin of




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H AW AII.

387

$800 to contractors omplojung only white labor. In spite of iliis
handicap the Asiatics s e c u r e d the contract.
An American builder, employing all Japanese labor, said: “ The
cost of construction in Honolulu with Japanese labor is less than it
is on the Coast with white labor. I erected 21 houses last year with
Japanese workmen. Six of them are now occupied by white carpen­
ters, who arc paying $20 a month rent, where they wxmld have had to
pay $30 or $10 a month if wrhitc labor had been used. The carpenter
wFork and painting of a five-room house, with Japanese labor, costs
$300, which includes making doors and window frames from* long
stock, cloth covering, papering, and interior painting. The cost of
the same house in California would be: Carpenter work, $300; millwork, $185 to $200; plastering, $150; painting, $150. So, in Hono­
lulu, allowing for the fact that one house has cloth and the other plas-’
ter under the paper, w.e can do for $300 what would cost $800 or
thereabouts in California. My Japanese arc steady and reliable, and
can make anything. They arc now making the furniture for a house
I am building.”
A white contractor mentioned a case where the bids for erecting a
residence in Honolulu stood as follows: “ White builder employing
only Japanese,. $0,050; Japanese builder, $6,100; Chinese builder,
$G,150; Japanese, builder, $0,300; wThito builder employing citizen
labor, $8,000; white builder employing citizen labor, $8,200.”
An American builder in the same city said: “ Orientals get all cot­
tage work and small jobbing.
W c can stand off the Chinese and
Japanese when they arc left to themselves, but when they are directed
by white builders, wc can’t compete.”
The same employer who uses only white labor said: “ Some Japanese
carpenters do very fair work, and more work than many white car­
penters.” This does not accord with the statement of a white carpen­
ter already quoted, but there arc degrees of skill among the Asiatic
mechanics, and they do not turn out uniform work; so that a person
is apt to form a general opinion of their-craftsmanship from examples
that are not representative of their highest skill. In fact, a good deal
of the work done by Japanese under white builders is undertaken by
“ artels” at contract rates; and the builder has no interest in econo­
mizing time or allowing short cuts in construction or finishing.
A prominent builder and official of an emploj'ers’ organization in
Honolulu said: “ White men have left the country by- hundreds on
account of the competition of Asiatics.”
The Japanese do not always bid intelligently, and they have a sys­
tem of subletting contracts that often leads to getting the work into
the hands o f sweated workmen or laborers who do not make a living
wage out of the job; all of which is prejudicial to the interest of the
person having the work done. On the other hand, the efficiency and



388

J
JU
X
iJ
jJ
fi'l'llN \>X

T
ilJU.JJU
W
U
iA
U
- U
J
J
- IjAiiUli.

skill of - the Japanese in. Hawaii is probably increasing, and they are
becoming better prepared to compete with white men for. all grades
of- work: They, are very ambitious to learn. Fathers bring their sons
to builders and employing mechanics, soliciting instruction for-them;
and offering to let them work for nothing in return'for what they can
learn; • Many large employers aredecidedly opposed- to haying a
Japanese on their force for the very reason that they realize that -they
arc training up future competitors in their business. ■“ I won’t teach
men to cut my throat^” was a typical expression from a large employer;
when asked "why. he had no Oriental labor on.his payroll. A. plumber
said:-“ When I was doing work on the Sanitary Laundry, a Jap offered
riie $50 to teach him to wipe a joint. Some white plumbers who came
down here in 1900 and 1901 made a good deal o f money teaching their
trade to Japs.” ■A mechanic in Honolulu said: “ This country is really
a sort of kindergarten for Japanese mechanics.” . This remark was a
very apt* one; and cxactlydescribcs the: opportunity which- plantatior
life,1with its large employment of semiskilled workers and mechanics'
helpers, affords for the Asiatic workman. An American mechanic whe
had been employed on a number ,of plantations , said: “ The white
mechanics on the plantations have an . easy job. I never did a real
day’s work myself when I was out o n .the plantations- W e get usee
to sitting around and seeing Japs work, and so get lazy. A gooc
many men get too lazy elven to lay out work, and leave it to the Japs.
So by and by they find* they have trained up mechanics just as gooc
as themselves.”
The Japanese in Hawaii are alert to seize every ppportunity tc
advance themselves in the knowledge of the skilled trades and median
lical industries. Both on and off the plantations.wherever a Japanese
is given a position as assistant to a skilled worker or in a mechanica
position he becomes a marvel of industry, disregarding hours, working
.carty and late, "and displaying a peculiarly farsighted willingness to be
imposed upon and do the work which properly belongs to the work
.’.man he is assisting.
The competition between Asiatics and white and native workingmci
has been felt in some degree ever since the Asiatics first began t<
come" into the islands, but not onl}Tis this competition now felt througl
all grades of labor, but it has also spread out into commercial lines
White merchants are now complaining of the effect of Oriental com
petition as vigorously as are the white mechanics and white laborers
In the end the competition will be more disastrous to the mcrchan
than to the mechanic. The mechanic can gather up his tools—hi:
working capital—and return to the mainland, suffering, it is truc,fron
the time lost and from the fact' of having practically to start anev
■where once he may have had a patronage established, and embittera
by the’feeling that in an American territory there was no room fo:




RKl’OitX 01-’ THJS COMMISSIONER' OF LABOR ON H A W AII.

385)

him, an'American citizen, on account of the economic dominance of
aliens. But the while 'merchant can not so'easily withdraw from trade
without sucli a sacrifice o f his stock as nuiy represent ruin to his small
fortune.-•Man}' small .merchants are now feeling the effects both of
the depression and o f cnci'oacliing Asiatic competition, and are dog­
gedly carrying on a struggle which they believe to bo hopeless, but
still unable to bring themselves to the point o f sacrificing their slock
and withdrawing from business. A number o f merchants .were inter-,
viewed, outside o f Honolulu, who felt that they had held on too long
already and had allowcd.to pass the favorable moment for retirement.
The Territory licenses-several, kinds o f business, and the license
statistics afford some measure o f Asiatic mercantile activity in Hawaii.
But. these figures do;not represent the exact amount o f competition
encountered by citizen merchants, hackmcii, aiid other license holders.
In some cases, like hotels-and lodging .houses, there .-is no real compe­
tition between' the two races for.the same trade; iu other lines, as in
steam laundries, there is competition not (riven in the following table:
NATIONALITY OF LICENSE HOLDERS.
1835.
Kind of business.

1859.

.

1898.

3899.

All Chi­ Japa­ ■All Chi­ Japa­ All Chi­ Japa­ All
All
Chi-' oth­
Chi- oth­
oth­
oth­
oth­
neve. ers. IICKC. ers. nese. nese. ers. nese. nese. ers. nese. nese. ers.

A u ction .............. T T
32
o
............1.............
o
0
Hunting.....................
............1.............
o
1
2
30
3
Hilliurds.....................
jj
01
2
Hout............................
1
90
Houtm cn...................
2
•
Howling nllov
.
mamm * .......... .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... ..........
Hrewing, mult..........
38
3
50
1
77
Hotelier, beef........... ".” 5 5" ” go ’
20
20
o
00
31
lhiteller, pork..........
3
40
35
2
68
9
l ) r u y ...................................
33
52
301
20
21
23
45
.10
7
IJriver.........................
115
82
270
50
72
157
■10 ‘ 332
95
H a ck ...... ...................
83
. 57
93
G3- 320
75
29 . 110 . 30
Hotel and restaurant
187
5G
30
31
109
](M
0
Livery (« i)- .................
;;i
21
13.
IiOdging house........
35
IK)
7
28
57
M erchandise........
3'Jl
40r,i1 272 ■ 509
300
301
32G .270
593
ii
1
M ilk .......................
2
38
89
3G
Kotarv public..........
91
Peddling cake..........
7
29
21
29
26
30
r>
Poison, drug.............
11 1
12
Salmon.......................
25
1
jStenm laundrv
4
3
1
4
1
3
3
:>
g
Spirit, wholesale. . .
1
1
S p i r i t d o i i l o r _________
7
1
19
2
......
Spirit, retail.............
355
537 " i i o "
87
401
Tobacco and viguib. ......
O
9
2
1
............

...... ......
......
...... ...... ......

T otal...............

390-1..

571

973

019

970 1.4G8

452 1,491 1,789

000

30
7
9
3G
53

......

7
5
9
21
20

3
5

o

1

.......... . . . . . . .
29
78
3
39
45
112
322
58
218
1G8
8G

42
31
357
323
148
39
13
54'
71 ' 45
300 ■ (*)■ ■( * )
■1
45
98
1
3
195
19
87
f>
G
115
29
'87
1
3
7
1
7
8
23
1
303
550 “ i i o
•>
37
8
1,722 1,288 1,211

1
53
11
3-19
319
151
'

:w

11
02

(*»)

■

100
185
2
r .|

122
1

4
33

*>■)«
"53

f 1,029

. u ln 18S5uiid 1889 "H orse hiring.”
ft Merchandise license abolished.
cSix e.-tnblc-hmenus (counted in total); two establishments hud refused to take out licenses iu
order to test validity oNuw.
<i Including "M ultliq uor, retail " licenses issued in 1901.
* See note*.

This table records number o f establishments rather than volume o f
business or capital invested. For instance, there arc a half dozen
Caucasian firms, iu Honolulu tho value of whose stock aggregates more




390

BULLETIN OF TUB BUREAU O f LABOR.

than all the stock carried by Japanese stores in the Territory. Some
o f the.Oriental establishments arc really distributing-agencies for cen­
tral firms owned by white merchants. The number of Caucasian and
Hawaiian license holders grew very rapidly between 180S and 1899.
The absolute decrease in their number in 1901 is accounted for by the
abolition o f the merchandise license. In 1899 the number of licenses
of the latter kind issued to Caucasians and llawaiians was equal to 25.2
per cent o f all other licenses issued. I f this proportion held good in
1901, the whole number of license holders would have been 2,029, upon
the 1899 basis. The number of Chinese license holders has fallen off
somewhat, for the same reason, though estimated upon the 1’8!)9 basis
there has been a slight increase, despite the decrease in the Chinese
population o f the Territory. The number of Japanese license holders
shows a remarkable growth, quite out of proportion to the increase in
numbers o f residents of that nationality, which the .immigration statis­
tics show to have been.very slight since 1900. However, this incrcaso
is due to exceptional conditions not likely to be permanent. Prior to
1900 a largo number o f the Japanese in Hawaii were contract laborers,
who had no opportunity to engage in outside occupations. This was
not equally true of the Chinese, who had been established in the Ter­
ritory for a longer period. With the change in the condition of the
working classes and the character of Japanese immigration following
annexation, there has been a rapid expansion o f miscellaneous activities
and petty trading among them. Unless there is some future increase
in the Japanese population not predicted in present immigration
statistics, the field o f employment and business opportunity represented
in the table docs not promise to expand, or to afford a chance for the
successful establishment of many new enterprises.
' Certain licensed occupations, like driving, draying, and hack driv­
ing, arc subject to Oriental competition, though even in these cases
each nationality deals largely with persons o f its own race. Retail
stores conducted by Orientals do a good deal of business with I-Iawaiians, Portuguese, and the lower-paid classes o f white workers. White
mechanics receiving good wages, and men who inveighed violently
against the Oriental in Hawaii, were observed on some occasions
patronizing these stores. In most country districts the retail trade is
almost wholly in the hands of Chinese merchants. But it must be
remembered always—and the fact should be considered in reviewing’
the table given above—that many persons rated as “ Chinese” arc
American citizens, and some of them have Hawaiian blood in their
veins. In Hawaiian statistics the race classification is often made upon
a basis o f proper names, and Chinese names arc now borne by many
natives o f the islands having but a fraction of Asiatic blood. The
Chinese, or those classed as Chinese, also control the food-purveying




REPORT OF T1IE COMMISSIONER OK LABOR ON H A W AII.

891

business in man}' sections, entering to botli whites and Orientals. The
Japanese retail dealers, except those selling curios and specialties
imported from Japan for the white trade, find their custom almost
entirely among people of their own nationality.
It was the general testimony of both white merchants and the edu­
cated Japanese residents of Honolulu that the belter class Japanese
patronized Caucasian stores. This is due to the fact that the while
establishments import a rather bettor line of goods, have a greater
variety, and in such matters as clothing and furnishings keep up with
the styles more closely than their Oriental rivals. A leading drug
merchant in Honolulu said: “ The better class Japanese trade generally
with white firms. The responsible Japanese physicians patronize us,
but those to whom we don’ t care to give credit go to stores kept by
people o f their own nationality. The coolies, when they have a small
prescription to be filled, go to stores kept by their own people. These
Japanese drug stores buy some of their goods from us and import
some from Japan. Japanese goods arc put up just like American
goods, and their druggists employ the same remedies and chemicals as
ourselves. The Chinese, however, have their own pharmacopoeia.”
It is significant, however, of the growing aggressiveness of the Japa­
nese competition that at the time of the investigation in the islands pre­
paratory to this report a Japanese druggist was preparing to open
several stores in the white sections of Honolulu with the avowed pur­
pose, of securing white patronage.
Oriental competition in mercantile lines is undoubtedly growing
keener and more pressing, and the white merchants of Hawaii are
growing more concerned as to the possible outcome for them. They
have recently very emphatically voiced their growing dissatisfaction
with'present and prospective conditions in the islands. Even assum­
ing that the white residents continue to trade with merchants of their
own race, this docs not relieve the situation if the white population is
stationary or decreasing while tho Oriental population is increasing.
The Honolulu Merchants’ Association, in a recent correspondence
with the Planters’ Association, thus expressed their views upon the
immigration and competition of Asiatics:
This country has been inundated with an influx o f Asiatic popula­
tion that threatens to undermino its political security, so far as tho
ascendency and control of the white race is concerned.' For the. pur­
pose o f obtaining cheap labor there have been introduced hero twice as
many Asiatic laborers as have been necessary for working the planta­
tions, and this has resulted disastrously to all but immediate sugar
interests. The surplus labor, which numbers in tho neighborhood o f
50,000, is engaged in professional, mechanical, and mercantile pursuits
that in a Territory of the United States or in any country legitimately
belongs to' its citizens.




392

BULLETIN OK THE BUREAU - OF LABOR.

The predominance of Asiatics in the population of Hawaii lias thus
come to be regarded not only as a peril to immediate trade interests,
through the .competition already existing, but as creating, a grave
menace to business security for the future.
Industries conducted on a small scale afford the best opening for the
Japanese arid the Chinese.' The corporate organization: the large capi­
tal, and the extensive scope of sugar planting have kept its control
wholly in the. hands of Caucasians. The same rule holds generally
true in.mercantile pursuits. Oriental competition is soonest felt in
t hose pursuits that are conducted on a small scale. Petty traffic goes to
the. Asiatic^ The wholesaler and the large department store owner do
not as yet seriously feel, his presence. In conversing with Honolulu
merchants upon the question, of Oriental competition it .was noticeable
that the hostility of the speaker''was.usually.in.about inverse.ratio to
the extent of his business. Thus while the Caucasian working class
has bceii reduced to a.minimun, even in.'skilled occupations, and has
lost ground in administrative positions; and while, the smaller mer­
chants and traders arc struggling doggedly in a. doubtful effort to
maintain their own, the Caucasian cmp!ojrcrs who. employ labor on a
large scale have maintained their position almost unimpaired, owing to
strong corporate organization and an exceedingly close community of
interest—-a community o f interest whose solidarity has been strength­
ened by interwoven family tics and hy the close association which long
years of residence in a small and isolated, community produce. It
docs not necessarily follow that this condition will bo permanent; tlie
growing. Asiatic mercantile community supported by the patronage
and cooperation of the greater part of the producing population may
ultimately develop an employing class of considerable wealth and
influence, and may reproduce in this island Territory of.the United
States conditions, now prevailing in! the Straits Settlements, where
Chinese merchants are commercially dominant.
It is.not easy to give an adequate idea o f the resentment and the
bitterness felt by the white mechanic and the while merchant who see
themselves being steadily forced to the wall, and even driven out of
the Territory, by Asiatic competition. Thc}r feel that they arc being
defeated in the struggle, not because of .superior mechanical skill or
superior business instinct on the part of their successful competitors,
but because of a lower standard of living, in the face o f which they
are helpless. They feel, furthermore, that the white citizen who goes
into new American territory to cast his lot with a new community and
to join in its upbuilding on American lines is entitled, if hot to favored
treatment, at least to protection against the kind of competition that
the Asiatic alien represents.




■REPORT OF T1TK COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H AW AII.

393

In an interview one evening with a white plumber and tinner and
with a while tailor, (hey both spoke with bitterness of how (heir trades
were steadily being taken from them. The plumber and tinner said
that he was still holding his own to some extent in plumbing, but (hat
this branch alone could not maintain him, and that the tinning work—
the manufacture of small tinware—had been taken from him entirely
by Japanese. He said that lie had let go most of his white workers
and had little trade left. That day had been an idle one in his shop,
but, although it was then past 10 o’clock in the evening, Japanese tin­
smiths with (heir helpers were found still working busily trying to.
fill orders, and early in the morning nearly every stage leaving that
village was found carrying bags of tinware from these same Japanese'
shops to white plantation stores in the island. The tailor told a simiHar
story. He laid manfully made his struggle and refused to employ
Asiatic help, but he said his business was a dwindling one; that many
of the well-to-do whiles patronized Asiatic or while employers of
Asiatic labor, and (hat his only custom was from a few whites who
were trying to maintain white artisans, and who patronized him even
though they paid more for his goods. The day had been a dull one
for him, but in the street below' at that late hour were several Asiatic
tailoring shops in which the working force was still busy making
clothing.
There was a fine sense of patriotism that rose above the considera­
tion of profits shown in more than one case on the part of whites who
bad come from the mainland about the time of annexation. One large
contractor, who used only white and Hawaiian labor and wTho was
steadily losing ground before the double competition of Japanese
bidders and white contractors using Japanese labor, said that lie w'ould
continue the struggle a little longer, but that he would face ruin and
go back to the mainland to start over again rather than succeed in
Hawaii by abandoning the use of citizen labor and employing the
cheaper Asiatic. He was unwilling, he said, to contribute to the success
of the Asiatic alien in wresting from the citizen his birthright.
In discussing the question of Asiatic competition, attention was
called to the aid that the Federal Government might render in the
struggle o f the white and native population. Large sums of money
will probably be needed in the hear future for improving the harbors
at Honolulu and Ililo and at the naval station in Pearl Harbor, while
considerable sums will be expended upon fortifications, military posts,
and oilier defenses. A number of public buildings will probably bo
creeled in time, and already some arc under contract. There is "con­
siderable current employment at the quarantine and immigration sta­
tions and upon the naval and military reservations and upon the docks
where the transports arc coaled. Those who presented this matter
were not alone laboring men, but contractors employing American
25— No. ()G—00


a

394

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

labor and merchants who looked for their custom to the white popula­
tion of the islands. They argued with considerable reason that the
Government should, as far as possible, employ onljr citizens or persons
eligible to become citizens upon Federal works— first, because the
Federal Government should be especially interested in maintaining
and strengthening in Hawaii a community politically competent and
as nearly as possible homogeneous in race and tradition with the citi­
zens o f the mainland; second, because the strategic value o f the islands
is lessened by having its military and harbor works constructed by
aliens and dependent upon an alien labor supply for maintenance
cither in time of war or of peace; third, because the market for
American goods in Hawaii is decreased in the same proportion that
Oriental labor is employed in preference to white labor. It was slated
by reputable contractors in Honolulu that all of the mill work on the
new immigration station was done by a Chinese firm and that Orientals
were employed otherwise in its construction. Several of the improve­
ments about the naval station were done entirely by Asiatics. Laborers
o f that race also coal the Army transports and some ten of them arc
employed as boatmen and fumigalors at the quarantine station. Atten­
tion was called to stage lines canwing the United States mail that
utilize the services of Asiatics as drivers. The field of employment
of which citizen labor is deprived in these instances may seem insig­
nificant and the matter a petty and trivial one from a national point of
view, but in a small and isolated community where there is a desperate
and pathetic struggle of a few thousand Caucasian working people to
maintain their standards and to build up a typical American democracy
in the face of almost overwhelming Asiatic competition, the disheart­
ening effect of an apparently unsympathetic attitude on the part of
the Federal Government is a matter worthy of serious consideration.
A S IA T IC S IN S M A L L F A R M IN G .

The invasion of the mechanical trades and mercantile pursuits by the
Asiatics and the consequent displacement of whites finds its counter­
part in the domain of small farming. Throughout the islands many
experiments in small farming undertaken by whites have failed and
have been abandoned by the farmers. On the other hand, Chinese
and Japanese are steadily taking up small patches of land and are suc'Ceeding in their fanning undertakings. On the island of Maui an
effort was made to establish a white community of small farmers on
the uplands. This community was visited during the preparation of
this report, and it was found that where whites had failed their places
had been taken by Asiatics. One unusually intelligent Japanese, an
educated professional man, whose ill health had led him to take up
farming, expressed himself that the effort must fail on the part o f the
whites, because the returns were too small to support white families



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON IIAWAIT.

395

in the standard of comfort that they demanded, but that the Asiatics,
with their cheaper standard of living, could maintain themselves satis­
factorily on the holdings given up by the whites, and that in the end
the experiment must inevitably develop a fanning community almost
exclusively Oriental. The same thing lias been alrcad}' strikingly illus­
trated in the codec industry. Atone time this was a promising industry,
and coffee trees were set out everywhere in the parts of the island of
Hawaii where conditions were favorable. The industry practically
failed on account of the low price of coffee, and at the present time
many acres of what were once nourishing coffee farms have been
abandoned and given over to weeds. A few successful coffee farms
remain, but, with probably one marked exception, the}'arc Japanese
successes. The brief history of the coffee industry in Hawaii is sig­
nificant. Coffee planting was first promoted there as a white man’s
industry. In one sense it is so, since there is no. work necessary in
connection with raising coffee that a white man can not perform with­
out difficulty iii Hawaii, especially at the altitudes where the trees
flourish best; but so far as actual conditions existing in Hawaii at the
present time are concerned, coffee is cultivated with Asiatic labor to the
same extent as sugarcane. On none of the larger and really successful
coffee plantations are whites employed as field hands in actual cultiva­
tion. Even the picking is now done for the most part by Asiatics;'
and, so far as actual, control is concerned, the Japanese have a securer
hold upon coffee planting than they have upon cane cultivation.
Although the plantation system, involving large investments of capital
under a central administration, corporate organization, and specialized
industrial methods applied to agriculture, is responsible largely for the
present dominance of Asiatic labor in Hawaii, the same system sets
more or less of a limit to the extent of alien control. So far, at least, the
employing side of the industry has remained intact from Oriental influ­
ence; but small farming, on the other hand, is an occupation in which
the Asiatic is apt to displace the employer as well as the laborer. This
is what happened at the outset in the rice industry, which fell entirely
into the hands of the Chinese, and it appears to be what is occurring
at the present time in coffee planting.
Some of the largest producers have leased all their lands, and in one
instance even the coffee mill,Bto Japanese contracting companies.
These companies take over the plantation and plant, cultivate, harvest,
and prepare for market the crop, selling to the owner and former man­
ager, who thus becomes merely a merchant, interested in the exchange
but not directly concerned in the production of coffee.
Another
planter has an arrangement by which Japanese laborers plant, culti­
vate, and pick coffee upon his land, delivering it to him at a fixed
price, which is said to average about 88 cents a hundredweight of
berry. These contracts run for ten years, and at the end of that




390

UULLKTIN OF THE HUHEAU OF

LAliOlt.

time tlic planter may resume the ground and acquiro ownership of tho
trees.
The banana industry was also urged as a profitable field for small
homesteaders, and the eultivation o f the fruit was taken up chiefly by
Portuguese and Japanese homesteaders, lmt this industry, equally
with other minor rural industries, appears to bo falling into the hands
o f Asiatics. Should the Japanese in California develop the same
commercial instincts and perfect the methods of the Chinese mer­
chants in Australia, and enter the retail fruit business upon the Pacific
Coast, patronizing their own countrymen in Hawaii, they might estab­
lish a pretty effective monopoly of this form of fruit exchange in
California and the Northwest, at the same time placing this industry
upon a secure basis within their own control in Hawaii. It seems to
be the general opinion that, with equal facilities for marketing, the
Hawaiian growers can compete upon more than equal terms with the
fruit companies o f the mainland.
As in the case of coffee, the cultivation of pineapples is beginning
to fall into the hands of Japanese companies, and one of the larger
tracts in the Wahiawa colony, which has made a specialty o f pineapple
raising, is now leased to a Japanese planter. The pineapple canneries
arc owned ns yet by the, whites.
The census figures for 1900 showed over 1,200 Asiatics engaged in
small farming in Hawaii, and there is every evidence that their num­
bers have increased since then. The breaking up o f the land into very
small holdings has given opportunity to the Asiatic, but has not suc­
ceeded in building up a while farming community.
Tho most recent developments in this line seem to indicate that the
Asiatics arc going into agriculture on a still larger scale. Since the
report for 1902 was written, a Japanese cultivation company o f some
So members has taken a five-year contract to raise all the cane upon
one o f the smaller plantations. They thus gain control of all field
operations, including administration, subject to the general supervi­
sion o f the plantation manager. I f this system should extend—and it
has proved more profitable than the old in the case in question— the
control of cane growing would be as fully in their hands as is cofree
raising. In a Japanese pai>cr published in Honolulu, under date of
January 8 o f the present year (1900), it is reported that a company
has been organized in Tokyo for the purpose o f leasing lands belong­
ing to one o f the large plantations and cultivaling'cane to be sold to
the mill. The company has a capital of $250,000, and is reported to
have secured 1,600 acres o f land from this plantation, under a twentyyears’ lease, and to have begun to clear it. The announcement contin­
ues: ‘ ’ The Japanese concern will furnish their own labor, build their
own bouses, furnish their own implements of. agriculture, food, etc.”




11KJ’.011T OF Till? COM MISS IONER OF LABOR ON HAW AII.

397

Thus, in mercantile linos, in the field of bund labor, and in small
fanning alike, (.he experience is (he same. Between depression and
Asiatic competition the whites are being driven out, and the Asiatics
are succeeding. It is a struggle for survival, with the white element
slowly and steadily losing ground.
EFFORTS TO CONTROL P L A N T A T IO N L A B O R .

The overwhelming influx of Orientals into Hawaii has created a
situation menacing alike to the interests of the planter, the small
farmer, the citizen merchant, and the citizen artisan. All these
groups now agree as to the extent and the seriousness of the evil, but
their grievances are not identical, and the remedies that would be wel­
comed by each class are different.
The problem of the planter is to keep a suflicicnt labor supply, to
insure stability in his working force, and at the same time find relief
from administrative embarrassments due to the present labor monopoly
o f the Japanese. But until some method of escape from this last, pre­
dicament, can be devised, it is essential to the prosperity o f the planta­
tion interests to retain the Japanese laborers in the islands in order to
maintain an adequate labor supply. Efforts to check the emigration
of Japanese to the mainland have been made by increasing wages,
giving better living conditions, and in general endeavoring to give
better treatment to the Japanese on the plantations. In Majr of the
present year the wages of all (ield hands were increased §2 per month,
an increase on the whole of something over 10 per cent.
The planters had the support, of the Territorial government in their
efforts to stop the emigration of Japanese that threatened to deplete
their labor force. The following act licensing emigrant agents was
passed by the Territorial legislature, in the hope of lessening the
activities o f those stimulating emigration to the coast: (")
A

ct

N

o

. 5 7 . — E m ig r a n t ag en t* .

S e c t i o n 1. The annual fee for a license for each emigrant agent, or employer or
employee of such agent, doing business in this Territory, shall be five hundred
dollars.
S ec. 2. The said license shall bo issued in the same manner as is provided for the
issuance of other licenses by chapter 102 of the Revised Laws of Hawaii, 1005.
Sr.c. 3. Any person who shall engage in business as an emigrant agent without first
obtaining a license, issued in conformity with the provisions hereof, and of said
chapter 102, or who shall violate or fail to observe any of the provisions hereof, or of
said chapter, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall he lined in
a.sum not loss Ilian the annual fee, and not more than twice the annual fee herein
provided for the carrying on of such business.
S ec. L The emigrant agent, as used in this act, shall be held to mean a person
engaged in hiring laborers in the Territory of Hawaii, to be employed beyond the
limits of the Territory, or engaged in inducing laborers in the Territory of Hawaii to
go bevoml the limibfoL the Territory of Hawaii for the purpose of being employed;
Approved this 25th day of April, A. ]). 3005.

(l Sec advertisements given on pages 370 and 380.




398

BULLETIN OF T1IE BUREAU OF LABOR.

Further efforts, both in the direction of lessening the departures of
Japanese to the Coast and of tempering their growing aggressiveness,
were made through an organization established in the latter part of the
year 1903 and known as the Central Japanese League. (a) The Japanese
consul-general was made president of the league and thus staled its
principal purposes:
1. In conjunction with the representatives of the Japanese Govern­
ment l o prevent the emigration of .the Japanese to the States:
2. To instill into the laborers an attachment to the localities where
they are working.
3- To promote a feeling of mutual obligation and regard between
employer and employee.
4. To secure a speedy adjustment of any difference that may arise
between the members o f the league and outsiders and among the mem­
bers themselves.
5. To give advice in all cases when called upon by members o f the
league, and render financial assistance to such members as deserve it.
0. To establish and maintain Japanese schools wherever needed.
The convention assembled to organize the league discussed the ques­
tion of Japanese emigration, and appointed a committee, consisting of
15 delegates, to suggest and devise ways and means of preventing
the Japanese exodus, from the islands. The president of the league
gives the report-of the committee as follows: “ That they will request
the’ Imperial Japanese consul-general to issue, advice to the Japanese
laborers, setting forth in plain language the many advantages of their
remaining in the islands; that thcjr will take all necessary measures to
induce the Japanese boarding-house keepers and others to refrain from
giving assistance to those intending to sail for the American coast;
that the principal officials of the branches of the league be instructed
^to use their influence over the laborers in order to prevent the emi­
gration; and that they will make some arrangement with the local
steamship companies whereby to diminish the Japanese laborers going
to the States.”
The assistance of the Japanese consul-general was also brought
directly into play to stem the migration of his fellow-countrymen to
the Coast and at the same time to temper their aggressiveness. In May
and June a notice^) from the Japanese consul-general urging his
countrymen not to leave Hawaii for the mainland was found con­
spicuously posted throughout the islands, in l>oth English and Japanese.
" See also page 485.
&Notice.—-Despite the suspension by the Japanese Government of the emigration
of Japanese lal>orers to the United States, * * * there is a large number going to
California or other Pacific States immediately after their arrival in Honolulu, thus
deceiving the home authorities and being false to their declaration to coine to and
to remain in Hawaii.
Although, as a matter of course, it is natural for the laborers to bo inclined to go
to places where they can get higher wages, yet they ought to have great considera-




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LAliOR ON H AW AII.

399

The Central League was organized in the latter part of the year 1903,
and whatever efforts it made to restrain the Japanese from leaving
Hawaii for the Coast were apparently unsuccessful, since departures
on an increasing scale continued through the year 1901- and the first
half of 1905. Neither did the effort of the consul-general through his
circular of April, 1905, nor the increase in wages granted on May 1,
operate immediately to check the departure of Japanese. The follow­
ing figures show Japanese departures for the Coast from May, 1905,
fo the close of the year:
May................... L..............................................................................................
Juno..................................................................................................................
July ..................................................................................................................
August...................................... 1.......................................................................
September..........................................................................................................
October...............................................................................................................
November..........................................................................................................
D ecem ber...................................................................................................................

1,109
' m

0-12
028
*309
383
233
211

The number leaving in May was greater than that for any month
previous to April, 1905. The months of April and May mark the
high tide of this migration. The figures show a decided diminution
in the travel o f Japanese from Hawaii to the Coast since May, 1905,
but it is too early to say whether this is a temporary cessation due to
labor demand ceasing after summer contracts let in California, or
whether it marks the end of the migration that has been going on
increasing]}' since 1902. However, it is evident that the contractors
on the mainland are not going to leave the planters in peaceful posses­
sion of their labor force. A notice appearing in a Washington paper
under date of January 23, 1900, states that a special steamer has been
chartered for a period of three months to make trips to Honolulu
“ for the purpose of bringing into this country Japanese laborers.”
The notice further adds, “ The fact that Hawaii is American territory
will enable contractors to bring in alien laborers without infringing
the immigration law against contract laborers.”
tion for the policy of their own Government. It is, probably, no exaggeration lo
atlirm tlmt most of tbo.se who emigrate to the mainland arc beguiled by the honied
words of interested and irresponsible employment agencies.

]n view of the present slate of affairs. Ilis Imperial Majesty’s consulate-general
lias held conferences with the Hawaiian Planters’ Association with the result that it
has finally come to the conclusion to increase wages of the Japanese laborers on the
plantations through the Hawaiian Islands from the 1st of May 1905.
I hereby request with all the earnestness in my power that the Japanese laborers
may he diligent and faithful lo their various lines of work on the plantations and not
lo act contrary to the policy of the Japanese Government by going to the mainland,
thus violating their tacit promise to the home Government and violating good faith
to their employers.

April 20, 1905.
II. I. M. Japanese Consulatk-G enekal,




H o n o lu lu , H a w a ii.

400

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

Another function of the league was indicated l>y its president, at
the time of its organization, as follows: “ The officials of the league
will act as a conciliation board in all matters of dispute between labor­
ers and their employers, so that their ac(s may not be in conflict with
the laws and regulations of the Hawaiian Islands, and in any conflict
with the legitimate interests of their employers.” Some six months
after its organization the league endeavored to emphasize this concil­
iation feature, and a Idler sent under date of June 2, by the president
o f the league to each of the branches reads, in part,"as follows:
H o n o l u l u , H a w a i i , June 2, IDOJf.
To the..--------- Branch of the Central Japanese L eagu e---------- .
G i:ntlumen : We view with profound regret the late unhappy occur­
rences akin in nature and appearance to “ strikes” among the mem­
bers o f tlie Central Japanese League on some of the plantations.
This is especially to be regretted at the very moment when the organi­
zation o f the league lias barely been perfected, and stands on the
threshold o f its new life, ready for the execution and the improvement
of its high moral purpose. W e beg to call vour attention to the fact
that such occurrences can not fail to injure the reputation of the
organization in the eyes of the public, particularly of the employers
of"the Japanese laborers, with whom we earnestly wish to maintain
just and cordial relations.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Strikes and all other violent acts, especially for trivial causes, arc,
in their nature, like the doings of unruly chiidrcn or like tho acts of
barbarians, rather than o f civilized men" W o arc absolutely opposed
to them.
■ *' '
*
*
*
*
*
*
W ith the foregoing spirit in view, the board o f officers of .the Cen­
tral Japanese League, assembled on the 2d of June, 190-t, made the
following declarations in respect of strikes and measures o f such
nature, which we herewith transmit to you with tho view of provid­
ing a guide to your conduct and ours.
First. “ In case there should arise any difficulty or misunderstand­
ing between the employers and the employees, the branch having juris­
diction over the district, shall ascertain the grievances of the laborers
and pass upon the reasonableness thereof, and to eliminate therefrom
all and every frivolous, unreasonable and imaginary grievance; and
to acquaint the employers with those grievances only of a reasonable
and substantial nature; with the suggestion for the peaceful settle­
ment thereof; and to endeavor with all the means at its disposal to
remove the causes of the difficulties and to establish cordial relations
between them.
“ Should it find the matter too difficult for the branch to settle,
after all the means at its disposal have been exhausted, it shall submit
to the central office of the Central Japanese League a categorical state­
ment o f all the grievances which, in its sound judgment it shall deem
reasonable, with the concise statements of facts explaining and
supporting them.
bccond. “ Confident that the measures above suggested will prove
equal to all. emergencies and settle all troubles that may arise, wo




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W AII.

401

hereby declare that there is no occasion for the recurrence o f strikes
or of any other ads of a like nature.
Third! “ Should laborers strike or resort to anything of a like nature,
■without first invoking the assistance of the measures herein suggested^
the Central Japanese League shall absolutely refuse to'lend any assist­
ance to them.”
-------------------- ,
Yours, respectfully,
Central Japanese League.

The efforts of the league to temper the “ aggressiveness” of the
Japanese on the plantations seems to have been as unsuccessful as were
its efforts to check emigration. The abolition of penal contracts
resulted in a good deal of friction.during the process of readjustment
of relations between employers and employees, and there wore accord­
ingly 18 strikes reported on the sugar plantations after June 14, in
1900. Only two strikes were reported during the years 1901 and 1902.
Two strikes were reported during the year 1908. The league was
organized during the last two months of 1903, and in spite of its
design to bring about harmonious relations between employers and
employees, 5 strikes were reported in 1904 and 5 during the first five
months o f .1905. In May. 1905, a Japanese paper of Honolulu deplored
the fact that the Central League had “ departed from its original path
and become a power for evil,” and that it had “ become an organiza­
tion in which actual trouble makers are in power.”
The efforts o f the Japanese consul-general to lessen the friction
between the planters and their Japanese plantation workers have like­
wise met with only partial success. The consul-general was made the
object o f bitter and persistent attack by the Japanese paper in Hono­
lulu, and the plantation laborers in many cases showed a disposition to
act with unexpected freedom and independence. They very flatly pro­
claimed their right to do as they pleased in this country and resented
what they considered the interference of the representative o f their
own Government. In one instance an attache o f the Japanese consu­
late, in addressing a meeting of strikers and urging them to return to
work, had a narrow escape from rough handling by the strikers.
The official assistance thus rendered in the attempt to relieve the plant­
ers from administrative embarrassments has not been more successful
than the efforts to prevent the plantation laborers from leaving the
islands.
In order to replace their losses in the cane fields, the planters have
recruited their forces bj' means of further immigration from the
’ Orient, and at the same time an effort was made to break up the
solidarity of the Japanese by stimulating Korean immigration. The
success of this effort is seen by reference to page 37l, where the table
of immigrants shows the arrival of 7,394 Koreans from July 1, 1900,
to December 81, 1905; and the table on page 3G8, giving plantation




402

BULLETIN OF THE:BUBKAU OF LA BOB.

labor force, shows 4,083 Koreans in the employ of the plantations in
April and May, 1905.' If the immigration of Koreans continues at
the same rate, the planters will have succeeded before long to a con­
siderable extent in breaking up the solidarity of the plantation-labor
force and the consequent economic control now held by the Japanese
on the plantations.
But all these efforts to restrict. Japanese departures and to temper
Japanese aggressiveness have been mere palliatives and temporary
expedients in the minds of the planters. Their great remedy, the one
which would at one stroke solve their labor problem in its various
aspects, consists in such modification o f the Chincse-exclusion law as
would permit the admission of Chinese coolies to the Territory of
Hawaii. It is urged by the planters that the bringing in o f Chinese
would at once break up the race solidarity of the present plantationlabor supply, destroy the monopoly now held by the Japanese, temper
their aggressiveness, and very much simplify the problem of planta­
tion discipline and plantation management. The Chinese, it was
everywhere asserted by the planters, aj-o far more reliable and more
docile laborers than the Japanese, and their exclusion from the main­
land would give a stability to the labor of that nationality which would
be o f great importance from the planters’ viewpoint. It was further
insisted that the Chinese laborers were less ambitious and less aggres­
sive than the Japanese, and that they would not prove the same menace
to the other interests in the islands. On most o f the plantations the
managers were insistent on the necessity for the admission of Chinese
and eloquent in their encomiums o f the characteristics of the coolie o f
that race as a laborer.
Undoubtedly the Chinese are cheaper .labor than the Japanese.
They arc more docile and" lend themselves with less friction to the
older methods o f plantation administration. They make less demand
for housing accommodation, because they herd together, while the
Japanese prefer private rooms. Probably a plantation manager could
sum up his view o f the subject by the statement that the Chinese are
cheaper, more reliable, and in cvciy way less troublesome than .other
workers.
E FF O R T S OF M E RC H AN TS A N D M E CH A N IC S TO R E S IS T O R IE N T A L
COM PETITIO N .

Like the planters, the merchants and mechanics o f the Territory
have been invoking every means to protect themselves against theaggressiveness o f the Japanese. Efforts have been made through the
machinery o f the Government to secure protection for white and
native laborers against the competition of Orientals. In 1903 a law
was passed providing that “ no person shall be employed as a mechanic




RIOPOUT OF TIIK COMMISSIONER OF LA JliOR ON HAW AII.

408

or a laborer upon any public work carried on by ibis Territory, or«by
an}7 political subdivision thereof, whether the work is done by con­
tract or otherwise, unless such person is a citizen of the United States,
or eligible to become a citizen: * * * ” This leaves the field open
to all whites and natives, excluding practically only the Orientals. (")
Numerous efforts at further legislation intended directly or indi­
rectly to favor white and citizen labor in the contest with the Orientals
were evident during the legislative session of 1905. Acts providing
for stringent tenement house and building regulations were intro­
duced. These looked primarily to the general welfare, but they never­
theless received the main part of their support in Hawaii from those
whose first object was to limit the field of employment of unskilled
Orientals and incompetent Asiatic contractors in the building trades,
and to compel conditions of living in Honolulu and other towns that
would make the price of house accommodations for'the Japanese and
Chinese approach the cost of such homes as are demanded by white
workmen.
Efforts at still more drastric legislation were made in a bill intro­
duced in the Territorial house of representatives in April, 1905, and
entitled “ An act to regulate the following trades, namely, black­
smith, carpenter, electrician, engineer, harness maker and saddler,
machinist, mason, painter, plumber, and tailor, and to license persons
to carry on the same so as to secure greater efficiency in said trades
and protect the public from imposition by reason of the inefficiency of
persons engaged therein.” 'Flic act created a board of 10 citizen jour­
neymen to act as a board of examiners for applicants for license in
each of the above-named trades. The board was authorized to'p re­
scribe the regulations for carrying on each of the trades, and an
annual license fee was fixed at $2 for a journeyman and Si for an
apprentice, with the further provision that “ if the applicant be an
alien ineligible for citizenship the license fee for a journeyman shall
be S>20 and for an apprentice $10.” This bill failed of passage.
Another bill introduced on the same day provided a double license
fee, and in some cases more than double the regular license fee, for
persons ineligible to citizenship engaged in any of the following
pursuits: Sale of methylated spirits and alcohol, conducting billiard
hall or bowling alley, plying boats for hire, keeping livery stable, sale
of poisonous drugs, acting as boatman, sale of tobacco and cigarettes,
for freight vehicles, and for driving licensed vehicles. This bill, also
failed.
« Under date of August 7, 1905, a Japanese paper of Honolulu published a signed
the United Slates district attorney that this act is unconstitutional, being
in contravention both of the Constitution of the United States and of the treaty of
1895 between the United Slates and Japan.

opinion b y




404

JMJTjTjT'TTN

OV TITE BUREAU o r

LABOR.

A bill introduced earlier in the same session forbade the purchase
o f material and supplies by the government of the Territory from any
person not a citizen of the United States. This bill also failed of
passage.
Those bills, although they were not enacted into law, indicate
strongly one phase of the feeling in the Territory on the subject of
Asiatic competition.
Another method of resistance to the Asiatic competition is repre­
sented by the Federation of Allied Trades of the town o f ITilo.(") Hilo
is the next largest town in the islands after Honolulu, ami is the port
for the large island of Hawaii. This Federation o f Trades had a mem­
bership of f){)-.l. Its membership was restricted to whites and natives,
and although i t was called a “ Federation of Allied Trades,'’ it embraced
not only every class of skilled and unskilled laborers, but also clerks,
plantation overseers, policemen, farmers, farm hands, independent
barbers, and a few small merchants. The federation was not a trades
organization as it is understood in this country. It was an association
whose main purpose was to resist the encroachments of Orientals in
any form o f labor or mercantile pursuit, and its method was to urge
discriminatory legislation and also to withhold the patronage o f its
members from those employing Asiatics or trading with Asiatics or
with the employers of Asiatics. ^ The organization, however, did not
maintain itself, and met with little practical success in its endeavors
to check Asiatic competition.
All of these efforts at discriminatory legislation and at protective''
organizations were regarded by .merchants and artisans as only tem­
porary and palliative, and they, like the planters, were anxious for
some remedy which might jn-ove permanent and effectual. In the
minds o f the merchants and artisans alike, the best remedy for the
evils that the Orienlalizalion of the Territory had brought upon them
was the stimulation o f white immigration, the development of diver­
sified agriculture, and the supplanting of the Asiatic by the building
up o f a community of small farmers similar to what we know on the
mainland.
PRO PO SES A D M ISSIO N OF C H IN ESE A S P L A N T A T IO N L A B O R E R S .

It was everywhere admitted that a white population, with a higher
standard o f living and a consequent greater consuming power, was
desirable alike from the viewpoint of the merchant, the mechanic, and
even the unskilled laborer, and offered the only promise of a largo
citizenship suitable for the development of a self-governing Amci’ican
commonwealth. But until recently such a remedy for the ills of the




"See page 488.

UK POUT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON TIA WATI.

405

merchants and workingmen has been spoken o f by them only as an
ideal condition to which they considered it impracticable for Hawaii
ever to attain. Sugar is the one source of the wealth and strength o f
the Territory, and not only nothing is considered practicable which
appears to strike a blow at the prosperity of the sugar industry, but
it seems also to have been prol-ty generally conceded that the present
S3Tstcm o f sugar production— the'largo corporate plantation—is to
be accepted as inevitable. Assuming the present system in the sugar
industry as final, some form of cheap Oriental labor is the necessary
consequence, and many in Hawaii outside the plantation interests seem
to have conceded that a modification of the Chinesc-cxclusion act and
the admission o f Chinese coolies to Hawaii is possibly the best prac­
tical means o f escape from the present evils of Japanese competition
and economic domination.
In discussing the admission of Chinese as an offset to the Japancso,
many white merchants, and even some white mechanics, agreed with
the planters as to the docility and the lack of aggressiveness of the
Chinese coolie as compared with the aggressive attitude o f the Japa­
nese, which had made them competitors in nearly every line of industry. It seems to have been forgotten that the earlier experience of
Hawaii with the Chinese had not been altogether without friction.
In 1887 and 1888 restrictions had been placed by the native Govern­
ment o f Hawaii on the immigration of Chinese, and in 1889 a petition
was presented by citizens o f Honolulu asking for the removal of the
restrictions on the admission of Chinese laborers. In reply to the
petition, the King’s cabinet, consisting o f John Austin, L.' A . Thurs­
ton, S. M. Damon, and C. W . Ashford, slated:.
There can be no competition between a Chinese and a white mechanic.
It is ’simply a process of substitution o f the former for the latter.
* * .* The result in this country, especially in the towns and in
Honolulu, has been that by the gradual process o f substitution Chi­
nese have taken the places and are d o i n g tne work which but for their
presence would be filled and performed by whites and natives. It is
true that the number of white and of native mechanics has decreased
but little, but the increase of Chinese has taken up all and more than
the increase in business. And but for the GOO Chinese mechanics in
Honolulu there would beat least 400 or 500 white and native mechanics.
Unless protective measures arc taken, this process will continue in
increasing ratio. W e arc on the highway which the footsteps o f Singa­
pore have trodden, and a like policy will produce like results so far
as Chinese ascendency is concerned.
An excellent opportunity has been afforded in Hawaii of observing
workers o f the two nationalities under similar conditions, and it is the
universal testimony that the Japanese’ arc more ambitious and more
enterprising than the Chinese. The Japanese diffuse themselves more
widely in a competitive sense, not only with different classes o f work­
ingmen, but with employers as well. ■ They appear in the field as



40G

UUIjIjKTIN OK 'J’lIK 1HJUUAU OK LAHOli.

manufacturers and contractors, at first in a small way, but with grow­
ing capital and influence. They enter the skilled trades, trying every
occupation that .odors instead of confining themselves to unskilled
labor and a comparatively limited range of cmplo 3'incnts. Further,
the. Japanese know how to take systematic advantage o f emergencies
to extend their economic control of an industry. As illustrating this
disposition two instances were reported where Japanese orchard
laborers in California, upon finding that they controlled the labor situ­
ation in the vicinity, forced the orchard owners to sell them the crops
at a very low price under the llircut of letting the fruit spoil on the
trees if this demand was not conceded. The Japanese arc not content
to remain in an inferior status as arc Chinese coolies, nor are they
willing to remain wage-earners permanently. They arc enterprising,
alert, keen, intelligent—shrewder in many instances than their Cauca­
sian overseers or employers.
During the controversy in regard to the commercial and industrial
encroachments o f the Japanese and the recent agitation'for the admis­
sion o f Chinese much apprehension was expressed and considerable
capital was made of the possibilities of the Asiatics acquiring a com­
mercial and a political control equal to the control they now exercise
over the labor field. It is more than probable that in some quarters
this fear o f political and commercial control is partly assumed, and
that the possible danger was exaggerated in order to win favor for the
proposal to admit Chinese, since the limited stay allowed the Chinese
coolies, their restriction to the field of unskilled labor, and the impor­
tation of men alone, would eliminate the possibility o f either com­
mercial or political control by Chinese. But there is no doubt also
that a large part o f the apprehension expressed is honest, and is due
to the increased activity of the Japanese in all lines of trades and
industry, and to the growing number of native-born Japanese. But
in order to acquirq this apprehended control o f Hawaii, the Asiatic
population will have to become the dominant element in more than
mere numbers.' It will have to secure possession of a proportionate
share o f the wealth of the Territory, and the natural increase of the
Asiatics will have to represent a permanent population in the islands.
P R O P E R T Y IN T E R E S T S OF A S IA T IC S .

The extent to which the Orientals in Hawaii have acquired control
o f the wealth of the Territory is very slight in comparison to their
numbers. By far the greater portion of the property held by Asi­
atics is owned by Chinese’, who arc in most cases permanent residents,
and in many instances American citizens. An accurate statement of
the valuation and distribution of property is given in the taxation
•figures. For taxation purposes property in Hawaii is assessed for its




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H AW AII.

407

full value, and its appraisement isjsaid to be very complete and exact.
The taxation rate is 1 per cent upon both real and personal property.
The personal and real property of corporations is assessed directly
against the companies. The following tables show the number of
payers of personal tax and property tax, by nationality, for the years
JD01 and 1904, the valuation of personal and real property for the
same years, and also the payers of poll tax for the year 1904:
NUMBER OF PAYERS OF PERSONAL T A X AND OF PROPERTY T A X , BY NATIONALITY,
1901 AND 3901.

Number of payers of
personal lax. («)

Nationality.

1901.

lift

1901.

Number of payers of
properly tax.
1901.

1901.

Corporations..................................................................
Caucasians.....................................................................
Ilawaiians.....................................................................

7,251
3,079

0,001
5,375

19*
3,305
5,980

■1,801

Total.....................................................................

11,083

11,979

9. M3

19,159

Chinese..........................................................................
Jupane.so................................ .......................................

12,920
20,500

7,715
33.370

1,115
870

2,207
1,955

Tot ill Oriental .................................................................
(ini.!id (o tn l.......................................................................

39,480

41,191

,">0, 509.

53,100

1. 9S5 |
11,593

585

0,713

4,922
10,381

«Tho classification of taxpayers in lliis column is apparently not the same for the two years; in 1901
payers of taxes upon personal properly and in 1901 payers of personal taxes, i. e., poll, road, and
school taxes, being entered.
VALUATION OF REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY, RY NATIONALITY, 1901 AN1) 1901.

Real properly.
Nationality.

1901.

Personal property.

3901.

1901.

1901.

Corporations.................................................................. *21, 777,913 *29, 092,293 * 19, 430,320 .S51, 021,900
3, 051,931
Caucasians..................................................................... 19, 890,011 20, 8-10,022 5, 370, 08-1
ilawaiians..................................................................... 12, 817,978 10, 093, MS
1, 290,201
959,333
Total.....................................................................
Chinese........................................ ■................................
Japanese.......................................: ................................

00, 030,853
1, 320,081
128,103

1, 705,011
108, 5-15

55, 700,338
287,1 S>'
1, 208,180

Total Oriental..................................................... 1,-118,217
1, 871, ISO 4, 555,982
Grand total.......................................................... 55, 933,419 07, 911,039 GO, 322,380

50, 573,101
4, 090,501
1, 591,125

ft. 081,029
02, 25-1,733

PAYERS OF POLL T A X , BY NATIONALITY, 1904.

Island.

Caucasian. Hawaiian.

Chinese.

Jupunesc.

Total.

Hawaii..........................................................
Kauai............................................................
Lanai.............................................................
M aui.............................................................
Molokai.........................................................
Niihau............................................................
Oahu.............................................................

2,070
581
2
070
8
1
3,200

1,912
1,019
12,550
855
1,285
5,091
29 ..................
519
095 ........ 5, 798"
91
20
19
91
1,912

18,193
8,415
31
7, OSH

Total....................................................
Honolulu o n ly .............................................

0, 00-1
2,785

5,375
1,428

53,198
9,032

7,715
2,131

33,474
2,088

III

25
18,705

The figures indicate a wider distribution of property among Asiatics
than there was four years ago, though with a comparatively slight




408

BULLETIN OF TIHS BUREAU OF LABOR.

increase in the aggregate amount of such property. In 1901 ono
payer of property taxes in every six was an Oriental, while in 1904
one payer in every four—or less than that -number—was of that
race. The personal property owned by Asiatics had increased from
8-1,555,982 to §5,081,029, or §1,125,047 during the period, and the
value o f real property owned by them lias risen from $1,448,247 to
$1,874,180, or $425,989. The amount of real property owned by
Japanese is still insignificant-, being assessed‘at but §108,545, or less
than one-fourth o f 1 per cent of the total real estate in the islands.
They own less than one-tenth the amount held by Chinese residents.
Asiatics o f all nationalities own 2.77 per cent, of the real properly and
9.18 per cent o f the personal property reported. The transient char­
acter o f the Japanese as compared with the Chinese population now
in Hawaii is indicated by the fact that while the latter own $2.39 worth
of personal property for every dollars worth of real property that
they hold, the Japanese own $9.44 worth o f personal property for
every dollar they have invested in lands or buildings. But this con­
dition is partly accounted for also by the fact that Chinese have been
in the islands for a much longer period, and have bought property,
while the Japanese came- in at a later period, and a large part of their
holdings represent property leased rather than owned.
While the number o f Caucasians and Iiawaiians paying a property
tax almost equals the number paying personal taxes, the proportion of
property to personal taxpayers among the Asiatics is but a trifle over
1 to 10. The valuation of the personal property owned by Caucasians
has decreased .remarkably during tho four years reported. This is
probably duo in part'to the practice of incorporating private business
firms and personal estates, which transfers such property to the cor­
poration schedules. Most of the increase in the valuation o f personal
property occurring during the period, however, is among Asiatics.
This may bo accounted for by the great depreciation in sugar stocks
since 1901. But the chief addition to the wealth of the Territory has
resulted from the growing value o f real property, and this has been
almost entirely to the advantage o f corporations and citizen residents.
While the real property owned by Orientals has increased in value by
the amount o f $-425,939, that owned by Caucasians, Hawaiians, and
corpoiiitions has increased $L1,551,651. Among personal owners, the
.Hawaiians have benefited most from this increase. While the number
o f Oriental property taxpayers has grown, the average amount of
property owned by them has fallen from $3,025 in 1.901, to §1,790 in
190-4. The portion of the total property of the Territory owned by
Orientals rose from 5.10 per cent in 1901 to 5.8 per cent in 1904; but
a large part of this increase was due to the growing estates o f tho
Chinese, many o f whom are American citizens. Still, the proportion
o f the whole assessment owned by Jupanesc alone rose from 1.21 per




REPORT OF Till*: COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

409

cent to 1.35 per cent during the same period. These figures show that
while there ahas recently been a very slow relative increase in the
amount of properly held-by Asiatics as compared with that held by
other races and nationalities in Hawaii, the question of direct economic
control of wealth and wealth-producing resources by Orientals is not
yet a pressing one in the Territory.
O R IE N T A L P O PU LA TIO N A N D P O L IT IC A L CONTROL.

The danger o f political control, however, by native born of Asiatic
descent has been emphasized more than the clanger of Asiatics acquir­
ing a commercial'supremacy. The statistics showing the increase of
the various nationalities in the schools of the Territory have caused
a growing apprehension, and are frequently pointed to as an evidence
o f the danger o f this future political domination.
From 1902 to 1905 the increase in the number of Hawaiian pupils in
the schools of the Territory was less than 2 per cent, and the increase
in the number of Part-Hawaiians was only 14 per cent. The increase
in all the other nationalities in the islands, exclusive of Asiatics, was
only 3 per cent, while the increase in Chinese pupils in 1905, as against
1902, was 42 per cent, and the increase of Japanese pupils 81 per cent. (")
In spite of this rapid increase, however, the Japanese pupils in the
schools in 1905 numbered only 3,(509 and the Chinese 1,985, out of a
total school attendance of 20,40(5. In 1900 the number of Japanese chil­
dren in the schools of Hawaii was 1,352, while the number of nativeborn Japanese in the islands, as reported by the census, was 4,881.
There were, therefore, in the schools 27.7 per cent o f the total number
of native-born Japanese, i f the same proportion held good for 1905,
the number o f native-born Japanese in the Territory would bo over
13,000, but it is not safe to assume that this isthccasc. A large number
■of Japanese children have left the islands, and it is more than likely
that the proportion of all the Japanese children in the Territory who
are of school age is larger than it was five years ago, and that the per■ccntage of Japanese children of school ago who are attending school is
also larger than it was then.
The study- of such data as arc available docs not entirely warrant the
apprehension that the electorate in Hawaii will be dominated by citi­
zens of Asiatic descent in the near future. As was pointed out in discuss­
ing the probable increase in the various elements in the population,^)
the rate of increase in the Chinese population through native births
will probably be a diminishing one, and as there were only- (577 females
in the Korean arrivals up to the end of the year 1905, that nationality
is not an appreciable factor at the present time. On the other hand
« A table showing the number and nationality of pupils in the public schools w ill.
be found on page 482.




410

BU LLETIN OF TIIK BUREAU OF LABOR.

there can be no doubt that t here has been a considerable increase in the
Japanese population through the birth in the islands of Japanese chil­
dren, who in the course of time will be entitled to suffrage; and it is
this race especially that is in the minds of those who point out the fear
o f political control by Asiatic citizens.
But this native-born population does not give evidence of becoming
a permanent population. The figures giving the departures o f Japa­
nese, both to Japan and to the mainland, show a large percentage of
women and children among the departures, thus indicating that the
■Japanese families in the Territory are as mobile and as transient as arc
the unmarried Japanese. I f the prospect of citizenship for their chil­
dren were at all important in the eyes of the Japanese, it is plain that
the departures would be almost entirely made up of single men, and
would include few women and fewer children. Another feature of
significance is that the departures o f Japanese women and children,
particularly the latter, for the Orient are far larger than similar
departures for the Coast. Thus during the period from July 1,1902, to
December 31,1905, a period for which separate and comparable figures
were obtained, 4,529 Japanese women and 3,580 children left Hawaii.
O f these, 3,033 women and 3,101 children returned to the Orient,
while only 1,496 women and 479 children migrated to the Coast.(a)
This very large preponderance of children being taken back to the
Orient indicates that the prospectof citizenship for their children docs
not at all tend to lessen the desire of the Japanese immigrants to return
to their home land when they have accumulated something in Hawaii.
As very few children are included in the Japanese immigrants enter­
ing Hawaii, only 135 having arrived in the five years ending June 30,
1905, the greater part of tho children going to the Orient or the Coast
must represent Japanese born in Hawaii.
Again, the statistics of
registered births strengthen the conclusions suggested by these figures
of departures. The following figures of registered births in the city
of Honolulu for the years 1901, 1902,1903, and 1904 arc given as pos­
sessing some interest and as bearing upon the point under discussion:
REGISTERED BIRTIIS IN HONOLULU, BY RACE OR NATIONALITY, 1901 TO 1904.

Race or nationality.
Caucasian, male......
Caucasian, lemale.... .................................................................................
Hawaiian, male .
................................................................................
Hawaiian, temale
................................................................................
Pari-IIawaimn, male ... ........................................................................... l
Part-Hawaiian, female..."............................................................................
Chinese, male.............
...........................................................................
Chinese, lemale...... ......................................................................................
Japanese, male......... ...................................................................................
Japanese, lemale...... ...................................................................................
A s ia tic s ..........................

...............................................................................................

All others.................. II................................................................................

1901.

1902.

1903.

2?
72

93
107
02
30
43
02
131
33
&*>
30
299
423

92
71
33
31
31
31
123
08
23
23
211
■139

33
30

42
24
131
70
1*0
23
273
283

1904.
81
71
40
43
40
49
93
80
37
17
207
827

"T h ese,figures do not include any of the 718 Japanese who left for the Coast by
the Matson Line, age and sex not separately re[>ortcd.




REPORT OF TH E COMMISSIONER OF LA B O R OH H A W A II.

411

The preponderance of Chinese births in the table above is due to the
fact that inpractically all cases the Chinese register their children and
take birth certificates in order to assure the child the rights o f a citi­
zen o f the Territory and the privilege of entering and leaving the coun­
try and o f visiting the mainland o f America without hindrance. The
Japanese population of Honolulu is as large as the Chinese popula­
tion, and the registration of only 54 Japanese children as against 153
Chinese indicates that only a small portion of the Japanese births have
been' registered. In these cases it is possible that the parents intend
their children to claim— or to have the right to claim—American citi­
zenship upon reaching maturity, but the figures on the whole indicate
no evidence o f a growing desire on the part o f Japanese residents to
havq their children qualified to become citizens o f the United States.
On the other hand, it must be remembered that heretofore most of the
Japanese have been hired laborers, anxious to return to their native
land as soon as they had ‘saved a small competence. A t the present
time wherever possible the Japanese are securing land through pur­
chase or lease. . Many o f the leases are for ten or even twenty years,
and it is probable that in nearly all cases where land is owned .or held
under long leases by Japanese they will remain in the islands and rear
families, and that this native-born population will be one day added
to the voting population.
The electorate in Hawaii is small, there being only 12,550 voters in
1902. This number is made up almost entirely of Hawaiians and Cau­
casians. The Hawaiian element is steadily becoming smaller, since
the losses to the electorate through deaths are larger than the addi­
tions through youths attaining voting age. The increase in the Cau­
casian voting population will probably be slow, as the number o f those
attaining a voting age will be partly offset by the deaths o f those now
included in the voting population. On the other hand, not only are
the native-born Japanese probably increasing more rapidly than any
other nationality, but as there are practically no Japanese included in
the electorate, additions to the voting population due to the nativeborn Japanese attaining a voting age would not be in any degree offset
by deaths o f men o f that nationality now exercising the franchise. A
native-born Japanese element may be added to the electorate very
rapidly after a comparatively short period, and i f the Japanese born
in the islands become a permanent population eager to claim its-citi­
zenship, the fear of future political domination by a single nationality
will become a reality.
But there are aspects of the question o f Oriental control other than
appear in a statistical presentation o f the subject, and which go far to
justify the growing dissatisfaction with existing conditions and the
increasing fear o f the Orientals now so widespread in the.Territory
o f Hawaii. There are purely competitive factors in the problem that




412.

BULLETIN- .O F TH E .BUREAU.•OE L A B O R .,

do not depend upon; the movement of the Asiatic population or the
extent to which the latter has engrossed the wealth of. .the Territory.
A s >one persistent undercutter may lower conditions o f trade over a
wide area, exerting an influence out o f all proportion to his business
standing or the capital invested in his enterprise, so an alien laboring
population with a lower standard o f wages and o f living than-other
residents o f a country may disturb all. conditions o f labor and mercanT
tile competition. The influence that such a population exerts may
become so. great as to enable it to exercise many o f the functions o f
property owners without possessing property, and to determine the
sociological conditions that.are to .prevail in a country over the laws
and institutions o f which it has no direct control. Although the Asi­
atic population o f Hawaii is not being reenforced to any alarming extent
from the Orient, yet its power and influence are growing more rapidly
than its numbers. Prior to annexation a large fraction o f the Asiatic
laborers were subject to penal contracts, and were in consequence under
absolute control by their employers. To-day they are free workers,
and can employ their race solidarity to dictate where they formerly
obeyed.- TLip aspect o f the change in.conditions is the one that most
forcibly impresses plantation managers and others immediately inter­
ested in'plantations. -Since annexation the Japanese have established
themselves in Hawaii upon a more permanent basis. Availing them­
selves o f their greater economic freedom they have engaged in a
variety o f pursuits which their growing familiarity with the country
rendered -possible, and so rapid and radical have been the changes in
their status that uneasiness as to the future is rapidly spreading among
whites and natives.
But <juite apart from surmises as to future political contingencies,
even to-day the question o f self-government is greatly complicated by
the racial elements in Hawaii. The present government, although
based upon universal suffrage o f the citizen classes, is none the less a gov­
ernment by a small minority o f the total population, as the migratory
Japanese.can not become citizens and their children born in the islands
have not-yet reached the age when they must decide under which flag
they are to cast.their lot. Nominal popular government with a large
unfranchised majority is in itself an evil the practical effects o f which
are clearly to be.seen in Hawaii. Moreover, unless.conditions change
decidedly within a fe w . years the native-born Asiatics undoubtedly
could, if they..wished, exercise considerable .influence, if not complete
control, over the government o f the T erritory .. While there is no
reason to. assume.that they would prove less intelligent citizens than
descendants o f other races, they would, nevertheless, from lack o f
common traditions and-lack o f opportunity to familiarize themselves
with our institutions and national.sentiments—due to their isolated
position and consequent inability to “ rub up 9’, against the nation at




REPORT OF TH E COMMISSIONER OF LA B O R ON H A W A II.

413

large— necessarily be less American than any other class o f citizens
and more' affiliated in race and -sympathy with their nearest Asiatic
neighbor. There is n o'in d ica tion ^ yet that they will amalgamate
with the Caucasians. In religion as'well' as -in race they'will differ
totally and permanently from ourselves and retain their kinship with
another country. The contingency here- suggested* offers a serious
problem to the citizens of Hawaii, and one in-which the whole nation
is interested. The industrial and the political problems o f Hawaii are
at present inseparable and interwoven, and on this account the labor
difficulties with* which the planters, merchants, and artisans o f Hawaii
are wrestling—and their remedies for relief—become a matter of con­
cern for the American people at large.
E FFE C T OF O R IE N T A L IZ A T IO N OF P O P U L A TIO N U PON C H A R A C ­
T E R OF C IT IZE N S H IP .

Although the Asiatics have up to the present slight control o f the
wealth o f the Territory, and although they exercise no appreciable
control through suffrage, the Orientalization o f the population o f the
islands has already proved a serious detriment to their civic interests.
It makes Hawaii a place to.be exploited by a working population who
endeavor to maintain the lowest standard o f living in order to have
the largest amount of saving with which to return home at as early a
date as possible. The earnings and savings of this population do not
enter into the industry o f the islands, do not go to the building up of
homes, or in any way enter into the development o f the community.
As* a further consequence o f this Orientalization there is practically
in the Territory of Hawaii nothing corresponding to that-element of
citizenship*which forms the backbone of our commonwealths on the
mainland. An agricultural community in America ordinarily repre­
sents a very large'proportion of independent, self-reliant farmers. In
no other part of the community is the proportion of men working for
wages so small and the proportion of independent producers so large.
But in Hawaii, although a preponderatingly agricultural community,
the citizens represent largely two:classes—a small group o f employers
and an overwhelmingly large preponderance o f wage-earners. •There
are no successive gradations from ’ one economic class to another, as
there is on the mainland, where the higher-paid wage-earner and the
smaller (employer approach each *other in economic importance. In
Hawaii there is a wide gap between employer and wage-earner, and
it was neither an exaggeration 'n o r a figurative expression when a
Hawaiian* editor spoke o f the Territor 3r as composed o f feudal barons
and predial serfs. In American communities, however great may
be the diversity or opposition-of economic interests between employer
and wage-earner, they, have common social and political interests that
draw them together and amalgamate them into the common body of




414

BU LLETIN OP TH E BU REA U OP .LABOR.

citizens. But in Hawaii, with its Oriental labor population excluded
from citizenship by law and apparently indifferent to citizenship as a
matter o f fact, there is no common tie whatever, and the gap between
employer and wage-earner is at once an economic gap, a social gap, and'
a political gap. There is no community o f thought, nor o f feeling, nor
o f sympathy. The character o f an Oriental coolie population degrades
the idea o f labor, as did slave labor in the South. The Asiatic laborers
are looked upon with contempt by their white employers, but they in
turn reciprocate thoroughly the race contempt which the white class
feels fo r them. Even the second generation o f Orientals will develop
a less desirable citizen class in Hawaii than would be the case on the
mainland. The process o f amalgamation and assimilation which might
to some degree go on in a mainland community, with its American ideals
and conditions fixed, settled, and dominant, and in which the' popula­
tion is overwhelmingly American, can not be expected in a community
in which only a very small percentage of the population are even
descendants o f people who have known- representative government and
have long had traditions o f free institutions.
But even if the white population o f Hawaii were larger, more
homogeneous, and more thoroughly imbued with American ideals and
traditions, it could still exert but little influence on the Asiatics o f the
second generation. The two nationalities, though living side by side,
are separated from one another b y every possible bar. They differ in
race, and their history and traditions have nothing in common. They
differ widely in their experience o f political institutions. They differ
radically in their spiritual ideals and their religious beliefs. They
differ wholly in their moral and social-conventions, in their philosophy.
o f life, and their habit o f thought. They therefore live apart, each
maintaining separate and distinct its conventions and ideals, The
second generation o f Asiatics, therefore, however much in" such a
community they may conform .to American business customs, remain
alien in thought and sympathy.
E FF E C T OF A S IA T IC P U P IL S UPON SCHOOL SY ST E M .

The public school system o f the islands can not be expected to cope
satisfactorily with such a situation, for the influence of the school
under these conditions must necessarily be slight upon children who
live apart among their own people, where all the customs and tradi­
tions o f their home land are maintained. Further than this, the
children o f the Asiatic wage-earner will remain at school far too short
a time to have any considerable American impress made upon them—
certainly not a sufficient impress to overcome the persistent influence
o f their home environment. Moreover, the Japanese have beep care­
ful, wherever possible, to maintain Japanese schools side by side with
the public schools; and indeed it is an open question whether the final



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

415

result in the schools will be the Americanizing of the Oriental or the
Orientalizing of the schools.
A t present the Asiatic pupils in the schools outnumber those of any
other race, and if the present rate of increase of Asiatic pupils should
continue they would within a very short period outnumber the pupils
of all other races combined. How far such a swamping of the schools
with Orientals will be compatible with the maintenance of an Ameri­
can school system and the exclusive use of the English language in
the schools is a question that can be answered only by experience.
But there are some indications that the same process of displacement
will occur in educational institutions that has already been observed
in wage-earning and mercantile pursuits, and that white pupils, at
least, will be sent by their parents elsewhere than to the public schools
to receive instruction. The motive for segregating pupils of such
different racial and lingual antecedents extends beyond mere color
prejudice.
The American pupil .brought up among children of all races and
attending school in a district where a majority o f his schoolmates are
Japanese never acquires a perfect mastery of his own language and
speaks “ pigeon English,” often with a foreign accent. His progress
in all studies has to be regulated by the progress o f classes composed
in great part of young people whose knowledge of English is imper­
fect and where purely linguistic training necessarily supersedes instruc­
tion in the essentials of the science or other subject taught. In other
than purely pedagogic ways he is at a disadvantage. In personal
habits and customs and social and ethical ideals he is apt to grow like
those with whom he is associated in school life. There is no analogy
between the situation in Hawaii in these respects and that in an Ameri­
can city having a large foreign school population. All European
immigrants have a certain basis of Christian culture, taken as an ele­
ment of civilization, which is a powerful aid in assimilation, and they
are for the most part permanent settlers, ambitious to become like their
neighbors. In Hawaii the material to be Americanized is much more
intractable, and the assimilative forces are far weaker than upon the
mainland. Hitherto the school system has been able to deal with the
foreign element among the pupils successfully, but it is working at an
increasing disadvantage. The chief danger lies in the possibility that
a situation will be created where Americanization by association will
become impossible through the practical exclusion of American pupils
from the schools. Naturally, too, such exclusion would disincline
American parents to remain in the islands, especially in isolated locali­
ties. The rapid increase of Asiatic children in a country school on
Oahu was given as a reason why one or two families of American
settlers had left the neighborhood. Many parents referred to the
unpleasant features of these Orientalized schools and spoke of the




416

BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

educational question as one of increasing seriousness in their vicinity.
No doubt there is a tendency—how completely realized it is hard to
say as yet— for Asiatic pupils to displace American pupils in the public
schools in something like the same way that their parents displace
white workers in many adult occupations.
THE CHINESE QUESTION.
The question of the admission of Chinese has been a vital is$ue in
Hawaii ever since annexation. In 1901, 1902, 1903, and 1904 succes­
sive governors have urged in their annual reports a modification of
the Chinese exclusion act which would permit the immigration of
Chinese coolies to Hawaii under a legislative restriction confining
them to agricultural pursuits, and thus preventing them from enter­
ing into competition with citizens in mercantile and mechanical pur­
suits.^) The proposal has been stated in detail as follows:
It would be of great advantage to the agricultural interests o f these
islands * * * if there could be a modification of the Chinese
exclusion act permitting the immigration to these islands of a limited
number of Chinese agricultural laborers, such laborers to be restricted
to agricultural labor and domestic service, and strictly prohibited from
engaging in mechanical and mercantile pursuits; such immigration to
be so regulated that the identity of each laborer may be ascertained
and a record kept thereof, and that he may be required at the end of
from three to five years from the date of his arrival in these islands to
depart therefrom, and that such laborer be not permitted to go from
these islands to the mainland. The organic act takes care o f this now.
No Chinese can go to the mainland from Hawaii. (b)
The proposal to admit Chinese, with legislation forbidding them
from engaging in any form of trade or labor other than domestic
service or field labor, appealed alike to the plantation interests and to
the mercantile classes. Not only would the coming of the Chinese
destroy the present solidarity of the working force on the plantations,
but the restriction on the Chinese laborers would render the plantation
« “ That Congress b e requested to authorize the immigration of a limited number
of Chinese laborers, conditioned upon their engaging in agricultural pursuits Only,
during their residence in the Territory, and that upon their ceasing to do so, that
they shall return to their own country.” (From the report of the acting governor
of the Territory of Hawaii for 1901, pp. 88 and 89.)
“ That a limited immigration of Chinese laborers be permitted, conditioned upon
their engaging in agricultural work for hire only during their stay in the Territory
and subject to deportation at their own expense upon their ceasing to do so.” ( From
the report of the governor of the Territory of Hawaii for 1902, p. 61.)
“ That a limited immigration of Chinese laborers to the Territory be permitted,
conditioned upon their engaging only in agricultural, mill, and domestic work for
hire during their stay, and subject to deportation at their own expense upon their
ceasing to do so.” (From the report of the governor of the Territory of Hawaii for
1903, pp. 83 and 84.)
&From report of governor for 1904, p. 11.




REPORT OF TH E COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

417

labor supply more stable by cutting off avenues of escape to other
occupations in the islands; and since the mainland is closed to the Chi­
nese, both the local and the coast competition for labor that now men­
aces the plantations would at one stroke be eliminated. At the same
time, the proposal appealed to the mercantile classes as a means of
escape from their present Asiatic competition. It acquired some
slight support among the mechanics, but on the whole the working­
men have always been opposed to any proposition looking to the fur­
ther admission of Asiatics into the islands. In the latter part of the
year 1902 the Merchants’ Association of Honolulu asked the local
trade unions to indorse the proposition of the planters for the admis­
sion of Chinese laborers to engage in agricultural pursuits only, with
deportation as the penalty for violating this provision. At a mass
meeting of white mechanics and workingmen held in December of that
year resolutions were adopted vigorously protesting against “ any and
all legislation tending to import any more Asiatics into the Hawaiian
Islands.”
A t the time of annexation it was believed by the plantation interests
that a modification of the exclusion act to admit Chinese to Hawaii
could be secured with ease at Washington. After several years of
ineffectual effort and after the difficulties in the way had been clearly
pointed out by those most keenly appreciative of the American spirit,
the expectation of securing Chinese began to wane, but in the second
half of the year 1904 the hope of securing Chinese coolies revived and
was strengthened from some cause or another, and a new and impor­
tant chapter in the history of the agitation for Chinese was begun.
In the summer of 1904 the governor of the Territory directed the
creation o f a commission consisting of representatives selected by
the workingmen’s organizations of Honolulu and by the Builders and
Traders’ Exchange for the purpose of making a thorough investiga­
tion of the industrial situation of the Territory, and especially to
report upon the question of labor, with a view to bringing facts
before Congress in such a way as to secure the admission of Chinese
to the Territory. The commission as constituted consisted of six
members, three of whom were chosen by the Honolulu Trades and
Labor Council and three by the Builders and Traders’ Exchange. Mr.
L. E. Pinkham, the president of the Territorial board of health, who
was one of the representatives chosen by the Builders and Traders’
Exchange, was designated as chairman of the commission, and the
commission is usually referred to as the “ Pinkham commission.”
The status of the commission was somewhat anomalous. Though
appointed at the suggestion of the governor, the commission took the
position that it was not an official body, and the compensation of its
members, together with the general expenses of the commission, was
defrayed from private sources. Some mystery was thrown about the




418

BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

source from which its financial support came, but it was generally
understood at the time, and it is now frankly admitted, that the
planters supplied the funds.
During the latter part of the year 1904 the members of the commis­
sion visited all of the larger islands and practically everj' large planta­
tion of importance, besides several small farming districts. Their
report emphasized the fact of Japanese domination, and pointed out
the possibility of its growing day by day into “ a force that may
become commercially irresistible;” and concluded that the only relief
from the menace now hanging over the Territory was to permit the
importation of Chinese for a period of not over ten years, with the
provision “ that the period of residence of individuals should be further
limited to a term of five years, or a maximum of ten years, if after
five years he should select to remain longer.” One of the representa­
tives of the labor organizations on the commission refused to sign a
report recommending the admission of Chinese. The matter was
referred back to the Trades and Labor Council, to have that organiza­
tion, if possible, indorse the report and direct its representatives to
sign it. A bitter fight inside the organizations resulted, and charges of
corruption, intimidation by employers, and other similar charges were
made. The Trades and Labor Council declined to indorse the report,
whereupon two of the labor members of the committee signed it on
their own responsibility. The report brought out with much emphasis
the disastrous failures that had followed most attempts at small farm­
ing in the Territory. During the controversy in regard to the signing
o f the report, the nature of its recommendations was made known to
the leading daily paper of Honolulu, which at once took direct issue
with the findings of the commission concerning small farming and
fiercely attacked both the conclusions of the report and tho methods of
the commission. The advocates of the encouragement of small farming
and the consequent building up of a white population in Hawaii, many of
whom were in favor of the recommendation of the commission for the
admission of Chinese, at once lined up against that feature of the
report which seemed to aim a blow at the small-farming industry. As
a result of the refusal of the labor organizations to indorse the report
and of the bitter attack made upon it by the advocates of small farm­
ing, the report was transmitted to the governor as a private report
rather than as a public one; it was not published by the Territorial.
Government or formally placed before the authorities at Washington,
as had been originally intended.
Quite apart from the fundamental conclusions and the recommenda
tions which it presents, the report contains undoubtedly the most
comprehensive description and statistical account of the sugar indus­
try of Hawaii that has ever been compiled. The maps, the charts, and
the photographs accompanying it give a graphic view of the most




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

419

important producing sections of the islands. In these respects it is a
document of great potential value, but rendered of little moment by
the fact that it deals primarily with conditions and questions so involved
in controversy at the present time that the wisest solution must be
determined by time and experience rather than by even the most
unbiased investigation, and by the further fact that some of the con­
ditions surrounding the investigation and the efforts to secure the
indorsement of the report tended to discredit it.
Many working people were found in Hawaii, both inside and outside
of labor organizations, who were candidly of the opinion that only
through some such arrangement as that proposed in the Pinkham report
was it practicable to overcome successfully the rapidly increasing
encroachment of the Japanese upon all kinds of employment. Most
o f those holding this view, however, are workingmen who have become
resigned to Oriental competition in some form, and believe they could
easier hold their own against the plodding Chinese coolie than against
the ambitious and energetic Japanese. Unquestionably, however,
a majority of the white workers not actually employed on the planta­
tions are bitterly opposed to such a remedy, which they believe would
only accentuate the present evil. They urge that the severer the com­
petition for plantation employment encountered by the Japanese from
the incoming Chinese, the severer will be the competition into which the
former will enter with the white man, for they do not believe that
the Japanese will give up their economic hold upon the islands with­
out a struggle. The general sentiment of citizen labor in Hawaii is
decidedly not in favor of admitting Chinese.
There is also opposition in other quarters to the proposal to admit
Chinese. Even on some of the plantations the proposal is regarded with
but lukewarm favor. Some of the planters realize that the protective
tariff on sugar of $34 per ton which they enjoy is part of a system justified
in the eyes of a great mass of American voters chiefly on the ground that
it protects them from thp competition of workers in countries where
wages and the standard of living are lower than in America, and they
understand fully that the tariff system does not contemplate that the
producer shall have the advantage on the one hand of a protected
home market, and on the other of cheap labor imported from abroad
for his special benefit. They have deprecated any agitation of the
proposal for Chinese, fearing that a public controversy might be
started that would focus attention upon Hawaiian conditions and lead
to possible legislation obstructing the present labor supply from the
Orient. These planters have urged that the sooner the Chinese ques­
tion is dropped and the full attention o f the plantation interests turned
to some solution of their labor difficulties more practicable politically,
even if somewhat less desirable economically, than that previously




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BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

attempted, the brighter will be the prospect for a successful outcome.
More than this, there are a few men largely interested in the sugar
business in Hawaii—men whose entire fortune is directly or indirectly
involved in plantation enterprises—who are emphatically opposed to
the admission o f Chinese coolies, and who would even view without
disfavor some limitation—if not too radical—of the present Oriental
immigration. These men are of deep-rooted American stock, and
long residence in these islands, where commercial interests and com­
mercial ideals have long dominated governmental policies, has not
destroyed their American instincts. They look at the question of a
labor supply from a civic as well as from a financial viewpoint, and
are willing to sacrifice profits in an effort to develop a representative
American community in the Territory of Hawaii. They are advo­
cates, therefore, of a policy looking toward a resident labor supply.
They are far-sighted enough to realize that any measures likely to
increase the present dependence of the Territory upon imported labor
only postpones the crisis to a day of more serious reckoning, and that
the sugar business will never rest upon an assured basis until it can
obtain at home the labor needed for its maintenance. The impression
prevails outside of Hawaii, and even among some of the residents of
the islands, that the planters are so knit together by the identity o f
their commercial interests that they are in practical agreement upon
every question relating to labor. As a matter of fact, this is not
and never has been true. Prior to annexation there was always a dif­
ference of opinion among then^ as to the advisability of continuing
the contract system, and u free labor’5 had some advocates in the
ranks o f the planters long before the penal contracts were abolished
by Congress. Likewise at the present time the same diversity of
opinion manifests itself in regard to newer phases o f the labor prob­
lem. Some o f the sugar men stated that the insistent demand for
Chinese cheap labor came principally from planters who were not
Americans and whose interests in the islands were purely commercial,
and who were indifferent as to its civic development and the permanent
prosperity o f its whole population.
It must be remembered that the Planters5 Association includes a
very strong element composed of men who are citizens o f other coun­
tries than America, who regard tropical countries as colonial posses­
sions to be exploited for the benefit of citizens of the home country.
They have little appreciation of the American spirit and little sympa­
thy with any effort to develop a democratic commonwealth in Hawaii—
if such development interferes with the present system o f sugar plant­
ing. There are others interested in plantation development who are
o f American descent and even of American birth, but whose long resi­
dence in the islands has blunted their appreciation of fundamental




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

421

American political conceptions. Their one demand is for legislation
that will assure them Chinese labor, and at one stroke simplify plan­
tation administration and increase profits. They are impatient of any
viewpoint that would sacrifice in any degree commercial interests to
civic ideals. Both these groups regard such a viewpoint as sentimen­
tal and consequently indefensible. So insistent have been the repre­
sentatives o f this element of the plantation interests for the admission
of Chinese, that they have seriously discussed the proposition that the
Territory ask Congress to diminish its status as a political community
and change the islands from a Territory of the United States to a colo­
nial dependency, in order that its special industry might more easily
secure -special legislation permitting importation of Asiatic labor, and
the reestablishment of some form of contract system. They do not
appreciate the full force of the obstacles in the way of such a proposal,
nor realize that an agitation looking to the disestablishment of an
existing Territory of the United States in favor of a form of govern­
ment receiving no recognition in our organic law, might rouse the
popular democratic spirit of the nation, not only in opposition to this
specific proposal, but to an extent that might insist upon changes in
Hawaii quite the reverse of those sought by existing industries.
There are now very few in the islands who seriously entertain the
hope of securing the admission of Chinese coolies to the Territory of
Hawaii. Any proposal to admit Chinese without restricting them to
agricultural labor and domestic service would arouse the united oppo­
sition of all the interests in the islands other than the plantation inter­
ests; and the only basis on which plantation interests could hope to
secure the support of the mercantile and the labor interests o f the
islands was the plan to admit Chinese coolies, restricting them by law
to field labor and domestic service, and making expulsion from the
islands the penalty for any attempt to go into other lines of work than
these. For a long time a large element of the plantation interests
seriously believed that this provision to create what was practically a
servile status for the Chinese would commend the proposal to the
opposition, both in the islands and on the mainland. But within the
past year very direct and forceful expressions of views with regard to
this proposition from authoritative sources have forced upon Hawaii
a realization of the futility of any hope that an American Congress
could be induced to pass a law creating on American territory a status
of legalized servility.
THE BOARD OF IM MIGRATION.
As a result, all the elements of the plantation interests have agreed
to cooperate with the other interests of the islands in a strong effort to
induce white immigration into the Territory. The Federal immigra­
tion laws against assisted immigration have heretofore seemed to stand



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BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

in the way of successful efforts by individuals or corporations to stimu­
late white immigration to Hawaii. To obviate this difficulty, the leg­
islature in April, 1905, passed an act creating an official board of
immigration for the Territory. The board consists of five members
appointed by the governor, and it is given power “ to make contracts
with railroads, steamboat lines, and other transportation companies,
either for securing a low rate of fare to immigrants or for paying the pas­
sage money of desirable immigrants, and to make the necessary prepara­
tion for their reception and temporary accommodation.” One section
of the law requires the board to open books and solicit subscriptions of
money and other material aid from persons and corporations, to be used
in promoting immigration to the Territory, and provides that any
money so received shall be spent before drawing upon the appropria­
tions made by the legislature. Under this act a board has recently
been organized and has been assured both of the moral and financial
support o f the Planters’ Association in its efforts to secure a white
population for the Territory. It is yet too early to judge what policy
the board will adopt in carrying out its objects, or how successful it
will be in accomplishing them.
The ostensible and doubtless the primary purpose of the immigration
board is to promote white settlement in the Territory, especially from
the Azores and those countries of southern Europe likely to supply
labor that can compete successfully with the Japanese. So far as pro­
moting Japanese or even Korean immigration is concerned, it would
appear to be a superfluous organization at present. The growing need
of a diversified labor supply has so impressed itself upon employing
interests that they are likely to regard with sympathy every effort to
further white immigration of the proper kind to Hawaii. It would
be a disaster of the first magnitude, both to the immigrants themselves
and to the community, for the board to bring into the Territory a lot
of people of the soft-handed class, or even to encourage at present a
movement o f laborers from any country where the working people
were not accustomed to an extremely simple and frugal scale of living.
Only such frugal laborers can survive under the conditions of economic
competition now existing in Hawaii. In the same way that in forest­
ing an area already in the possession of hardy but less desirable growths,
it is necessary to select seedlings of an unusually sturdy and aggressive
stock, so in creating a resident supply of citizen labor in Hawaii it
will be necessary to introduce workers of those nationalities best fitted
not only to thrive under the climatic conditions prevailing in the
Territory, but also to meet the competition of labor already in the field.
The creation of this board of immigration, and the united support of
which it seems assured, mark an epoch in the development of Hawaii
alike with respect to its labor conditions and to its civic growth. The




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

423

new experiment has aroused enthusiasm, and high hopes are enter­
tained of its success; but the problem of securing immigrants of the
most desirable class for Hawaii is a very complex one, and there are
very serious considerations involved in this movement which can not
be overlooked. Difficulties will arise, and serious ones, and unless the
support behind the immigration board is sincere, persistent, stout­
hearted, and, above all, unanimous, the effort will fail. It has been
suggested by some long familiar with the history of the islands that
there is still an element of importance in the Territory which would
not regret to see it fail, since in that case the need for Chinese coolies
could again be insisted upon and be urged as the one salvation for the
sugar industry of Hawaii.
Although the act creating the board provides that it shall u solicit
subscriptions of money and other material aid from persons and cor­
porations,” it is of course plain that the only persons and corporations
that can either supply the money to assist immigrants to the Territory
or offer the means of earning a livelihood are the plantation owners.
At present there seems to be a complete harmony among all the inter­
ests of the Territory in the effort to encourage the upbuilding of the
Territory through white immigration, but there has always been a
very clear-cut antagonism between the commercial interests of the
planters and the civic needs of the Territory, and the present experi­
ment through the immigration board will not have gone far before
this antagonism of interest will again obtrude itself. The prime need
of the planters under the present system of cultivation is a class of
immigrants who will furnish cheap labor for the cane fields; but the
mere substitution of a Caucasian wage-earning population for a body
of Asiatic wage-earners will only advance the civic interests of the
Territory by a short step. What the Territory needs is not a small
employing class and an overwhelmingly large proportion of day labor­
ers, but a body of independent land owning farmers, together with the
mechanic and mercantile community that such a population would
maintain.
Even if the first immigrants are satisfied with a homestead and a
garden patch and steady employment in the cane fields, their descend­
ants, under the influence of a public educational system and the stimu­
lating influence of American institutions, will not be satisfied to accept
the permanent status of field hands. This has already been demon­
strated by an earlier experiment. The Portuguese were brought in
for the purpose of supplying plantation laborers, but most of these are
engaged in skilled or semiskilled occupations, and even when the
demand for field labor was most pressing the second generation of
Portuguese were leaving the islands, seeking employment on the main­
land. I f a Caucasian people can be found with the humility of ambi­
tion that will permit them and their descendants to remain satisfied




424

BULLETIN OE THE BUREAU OP LABOR.

with the permanent status of field hands, they will prove sorry stuff
out of which to build up a self-governing American commonwealth.
As Hawaii is and must remain preponderatingly agricultural, the only
direction for the ambition of most of the white population will lie in
securing the land to enable them to become independent farmers. If
they can not secure this a steady outflow toward the mainland of the
United States will draw away from the Territory the best material for
its citizenship. A population clamoring for land is the last thing the
plantation interests could desire. Considerable of their present hold­
ings represent public lands held under lease, but even if these were
gradually withdrawn to meet the demand of a growing white popula­
tion it would stay the demand only temporarily. There could be no
permanent peace in the affairs of the Territory so long as a few indi­
viduals held immense tracts of arable land under cane cultivation, while
at the same time ambitious and desirable citizens were steadily leaving
the Territory to seek openings elsewhere; such a loss to the Territo­
rial population must inevitably lead to political agitation looking to
the breaking up of the large plantations. The planters naturally have
no desire to see such a condition brought about, and it would be only
natural for them to grow lukewarm in their financial support of an
immigration board the efforts of which, if successful, must inevitably
lead to such a situation.
The attitude o f the planters toward such an outcome of white immi­
gration is based not alone upon a selfish care for their own interests,
but is likewise due to a feeling on their part that they have rights in
the matter based upon a sense of justice. Much of the present sugar
land of Hawaii was made productive at enormous expense and great
risk by those who undertook the development. Millions of dollars
have been spent in great irrigation works to gather the rainfall from
the mountains, in sinking wells, and in the building o f pumping plants
sufficient in some cases to supply the water for a large American city.
The planters therefore naturally resent any proposition that looks to
the breaking up o f the plantations that they have thus developed. It
is further insisted by them, and seems to be nearly an accepted dogma
throughout Hawaii, that in the climate of Hawaii white men can not
do the work in the cane fields, and that any proposition looking to an
increase of white settlers and the breaking up o f the plantations must
prove futile. It is needless to discuss this proposition here. It is
unquestionable that under the present system of cane raising white
men \yill not work in the cane fields of Hawaii, but the reasons for this
are social and psychological as much as they are physical. The experi­
ment was tried several years ago on the Ewa plantation of bringing
farmers from California and giving them holdings on that plantation.
The experiment proved a failure, and is cited everywhere by the
planters to-day as a proof of the utter futility of any hope that any




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

425

considerable white laboring or white farming population could be built
up in the Territory of Hawaii. The only thing that the experiment did
prove was that white men can not fit into the present plantation regime.
If it is seriously maintained that this experiment is conclusive, not only
as concerns the problem of a stable labor supply for the planters, but
also as to the further problem of building up a self-reliant population
of independent farmers, it can only be said that never before has a
large and vital problem in state building been dismissed as settled by
so trivial an experiment. That such evidence should be cited as conclu­
sive is still more surprising when it is recalled that there are now men
in Hawaii who saw the pioneer days of California and the great West,
and who know, therefore, what is possible for a determined people.
If the board of immigration, therefore, has a large measure of success
in meeting the civic needs of the Territory, just to that degree will it
hasten the time wh^n civic interests and commercial interests come
into conflict. The labor problem and the civic problem of Hawaii are
in reality only two aspects of a single problem. Its settlement will
not be reached without both struggle and sacrifice, and will be brought
about by forces which have not yet been seen in operation in Hawaii.
RESIDENT LABOR.
The natives have nearly vanished from field occupations, forfhing a
constantly decreasing portion of the semiskilled and skilled workers
in the sugar industry, and all the labor in Hawaii comes from immi­
grant sources. Many of the white wage-earners were originally con­
tract laborers or are descendants of men brought into the country to
work on the plantations. This applies to Germans and Scandinavians
as well as to Portuguese. The Porto Ricans are the most recent arrivals
of this class. Nearly all of these workers were, therefore, in the first
instance, imported labor. On the other hand, many of the alien Chinese
and practically all the Hawaiian-born Chinese, as well as a smaller
number of Japanese, intend to make their home in Hawaii. Some of
these Orientals are American citizens by nativity or because they were
citizens of the Hawaiian kingdom prior to annexation, and enjoy full
political rights in the Territory. Nevertheless in a broad way Oriental
labor may be classed as imported labor, and plantation workers of all
other nationalities as resident labor in Hawaii. The Asiatics come
over as temporary visitors, incapable of acquiring citizenship, and not
disposed to settle permanently in the country. The immigrants of
other races either come with the intention of making Hawaii their
permanent abiding place, or acquire that intention after a few years’
residence; they can become citizens, and they or their children
exercise this right. One population is migratory, the other settled;
one remains unassimilated and alien, the other becomes assimilated
25—No. 66—06--- 5



426

BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

and American. Considered under a civic aspect, then, one is alien,
and the other is citizen; but considered from the purely economic
point of view of labor supply, one is imported and the other is resident
labor.
The supply of workers more or less permanently attached to the
islands consists of Porto Rican, Hawaiian, and Portuguese field hands,
with a slight sprinkling of other Europeans; and of both Hawaiians
and white men of various nationalities in skilled occupations. On
account of their numbers and their adaptability to plantation work,
the Portuguese are by far the most important element among resident
laborers.
The Portuguese were originally brought from the Azore Islands,
excepting a few recruits from the mainland of Portugal, who proved far
less satisfactory than their island countrymen. The number of residents
in Hawaii who reported their birthplace as Portugal at the time the
census of 1900 was taken was 6,512. Practically all of these came to
Hawaii prior to 1886, and as the total importation of Portuguese was
less than 11,000, it is evident—after allowing for the deaths occurring
during an average residence of more than fifteen years—that compara­
tively few of the original immigrants have left Hawaii for other
countries. The birth rate among the Portuguese is very high and the
population of Portuguese descent probably exceeds the number who were
born in Portugal. In 1900 there were 3,809 “ Portuguese” children
attending school in the Territory. This number had increased to 4,448
in 1904. Evidently, therefore, this element of the population is not
only permanent but it is increasing.
The same inducements have existed to attract the Portuguese to the
Pacific coast that have recency influenced such large numbers of
Japanese to migrate to that country, but they have never had the same
effect upon the Portuguese population. Occasionally a temporary
movement toward California has been started among them, but home
ties and habits have checked this tendency before it assumed important
proportions. In the report of the president of the bureau of immigra­
tion for 1894, it is stated: “A large number of Portuguese have left
for the States, thinking to better themselves, but with no such result.”
A somewhat similar state of affairs existed eleven years later, in 1905,
due partly to increasing Japanese competition, and partly perhaps to
a sympathetic movement started by the example of the Japanese labor­
ers going to California. But so large a portion of the adult Portuguese
workmen now employed on the plantation occupy positions above those
of ordinary field laborers, and the advantage to men with families, as
they for the most part are, of having a free home and an assured posi­
tion throughout the year is so great, that few of them could better
themselves as unskilled laborers upon the Coast. As skilled workmen
they have hardly the training and mechanical alertness needed in order



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

427

to compete with American mechanics at an equal wage, and they
encounter difficulties in entering the trade unions. Therefore, as soon
as a few dissatisfied persons have left, reports of their hardships in
their new home usually discourage other intending emigrants. Several
instances were reported where Portuguese, who had left for California
with a considerable sum of savings, had been obliged to write back to
friends at home for money to return to Hawaii. One locomotive
engineer who had left a position paying $60 a month to go to California,
came back in a few months and gladly accepted a position at $30 a
month on the same plantation.
The Portuguese have strong home ties and family affections. The
children go to work as soon as they have left school and are often
employed in the lighter forms of field labor during school vacations.
Neatly clad little girls were observed irrigating cane about the edges
of the fields and children often cut the cane used for planting. Even
after the sons and daughters are full grown, and sometimes after they
are 21, they give their wages to their parents, becoming their own
masters in this respect only after marriage. Possibly this affords an
additional reason, if one is needed, to account for the popularity of
the institution of matrimony among them. It has been the policy at
Lihue plantation for many years to give a present of $5 to every
young mother among the white working people; but motherhood,
likewise, hardly needs encouragement. The Portuguese consul at
Honolulu related an instance that had recently come to his knowledge,
in a family where he visited, of an old Portuguese woman, still residing
on the plantation where she had formerly been employed, who could
count 64 descendants on that and. the neighboring plantations.
Therefore the Portuguese are home makers. Their quarters in the
plantation camps afford a marked contrast to those of other nationali­
ties, on account of their neatness and well-ordered surroundings and
homelike atmosphere. The people are not migratory from one planta­
tion to another, and statistics show that they are the steadiest workers—
in the sense of working every day—now employed in cane cultivation.
While many Portuguese remain on plantations until old age, they
do not care to remain field laborers all their life. In this respect they
do not differ in the least from Asiatics, who are no more permanent
than the same class of white labor in plantation occupations. In com­
paring whites and Asiatics, or rather resident and imported labor, one
important fact is often overlooked. Imported labor is temporary
labor. It does not live in the country until the age of retirement. Its
economic and social ambitions usually receive their satisfaction in
another country. The average Japanese or Chinaman who came to
Hawaii in former days seldom worked in the cane fields more than five
or seven years. After that time he usually either returned to his
home country with the competence he had earned, or remained and




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BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

entered other forms of employment. He contributed, if he was com­
petent, to the secondary population of small traders, semiskilled
mechanics, and persons engaged in personal service, which grew up
in part because people tired of plantation life and being unable or
indisposed to return to Asia had to be employed. It was not necessa­
rily any racial peculiarity or physiological advantage of the Oriental
that adapted him to cane cultivation. We have no proof that he would
not break down as quickly—even more quickly—than a white man
under the severe labor of the Tropics. The Japanese, like the Portu­
guese, come from the temperate zone, and the Koreans now immigrat­
ing are from a country possessing considerable rigor of climate. Like
the Asiatics, the Portuguese—let it be repeated—tire of field labor in
time, or become physically incapacitated for it, and manjr of them for
that reason flock into Honolulu and the smaller towns. They do not
return to Portugal with their savings. Some of them, failing to find
employment for which they are qualified, and forced to compete with
Japanese and Chinese unskilled laborers, suffer considerable distress,
especially in Honolulu. This misfortune is not so great as it might
be, for the children usually support their parents loyally, and the cli­
mate of Hawaii prevents even acute poverty from becoming unbeara­
ble. It is an evil that hardly would exist at all if it were not for
Asiatic competition and the limited opportunity for obtaining rural
homes.
Porto Rican immigration, which was due entirely to the solicitation
and aid of the planters, had ceased before publication of the preced­
ing report in 1902. The Porto Rican population appears to be
decreasing, and the number employed on the plantations has fallen
from 2,036 in 1902 to 1,907 in 1905. The men who remain are
reported to be fairly good workers. They are more backward in mat­
ters relating to sanitation and personal cleanliness than any other class
of labor employed on the plantations, and the women are not home
makers. Still they are reported to be improving even in these mat­
ters, and those who remain on the plantations are certainly in better
physical condition—better nourished and clothed—than they were in
1902. They are better off in these respects than was any similar class
of labor in Porto Rico in 1899 or 1900. Most of them are restless,
and they move aimlessly from one part of the islands to another. How­
ever, they are gradually congregating in certain localities where they
seem to find conditions most suitable or agreeable, and they will prob­
ably be assimilated in time by the Portuguese and the native popula­
tion. The experiment of importing Porto Ricans, or any kindred
labor from the West Indies, is not likely to be repeated; and those
who are at present in Hawaii will doubtless continue to constitute a
decreasing fraction of the plantation force, until they finally disappear
as a separate nationality from the plantation pay rolls.



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A n .

429

The Hawaiians, like the Porto Ricans, are decreasing upon the plan­
tations. The Part-Hawaiian population of the Territory, which con­
tains a large admixture of Chinese blood, is growing, but these people
do not take to unskilled labor as wage-earners. Many of them pos­
sess small homesteads which they cultivate, and a great number of
those having Chinese blood in their veins are engaged in petty traffic
or even in more ambitious commercial enterprises. The Hawaiians
as a whole do not afford much promise as a ’future source of resident
labor.
The white population of the Territory, apart from the Portuguese, is
not available for field occupations. This may be partly because cane
cultivation is more arduous work than white men care to engage in in
the Tropics, but it is also due to the economic conditions and social
atmosphere prevailing in the sugar industry. It is a waste of time to
discuss the question whether an American or North European can or
can not hoe, strip, and cut cane, for whatever the conclusion reached,
the white labor question is not affected thereby. Under existing condi­
tions white men of this class will not do field work in Hawaii, even
though it should prove as easy and as profitable as harvesting wheat in
Minnesota, for no considerable body of such white men will work side
by side with Asiatics in the same occupation, especially if it be a some­
what menial one, and only by so doing could a transition from the pres­
ent system of employing Orientals exclusively to one where white labor
only was employed be effected. Furthermore, the planters are quite
justified in maintaining that with their plantations solely dependent
upon one or two thousand unskilled European laborers, such as are
usually found doing the ruder work of America, plantation operations
would become so precarious that no one would be willing to invest
money in the industry. The profits of a season on a cane plantation
can be lost through a comparatively short delay in handling the crop
at the critical period of its development. A lawless strike at such a
time might wipe out the profits of several years. There are crops of
standing cane in Hawaii that represent an investment—not a specula­
tive value, but an actual expenditure—of more than $800,000. The
only incendiary cane fire reported in Hawaii in 1905 was started by a
disgruntled white man. The success of the plantation system is there­
fore conditioned to a great extent not only by cheap labor but also by
docile and law-abiding labor. The “ white” labor—in the sense of the
word here used—that Hawaiian plantations could substitute for Asi­
atics under their present system of administration would be either too
expensive or too unreliable for profitable operation.
The most competent observers hold that the complete displacement
of Asiatics in cane cultivation could be effected, if at all, only by a
complete revolution in the method of producing cane, attended by the
breaking up of the large plantations and the substitution in their place



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BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

of a small farming system of cane planting. This is a change that can
occur only gradually, and that unless dictated by almost calamitous
necessities will be certain to meet with powerful and organized
opposition from the great corporate interests now engaged in sugar
production. There is nothing in existing conditions in Hawaiijo sug­
gest that such a change is likely to occur immediately. Present
indications are that it would extend rather than limit Asiatic control
of the industry. The question has been referred to in another con­
nection in this report. The practical problem in Hawaii is not so
much white versus Asiatic labor as it is resident versus imported labor.
Resident and imported labor stand in a competitive relation to each
other different from that existing among various sections of a perma­
nent laboring community. This difference, considered in detail, rests
chiefly upon the following conditions:
1. Imported labor must always represent a lower standard of living
and of wages than that prevailing among resident labor of the country
to which it migrates. This is particularly true of labor imported for a
limited period, for the profit of the laborer comes from obtaining a
higher wage in the country to which he migrates, so that in a short
time he may accumulate enough to support himself thereafter in his
own country.
2. Imported labor has a special incentive to retain its low standard
of living in the country to which it has moved, because this in most
instances constitutes its special advantage over resident labor, which
otherwise could compete successfully with it.
3. Laborers working in their home country usually possess the
advantage of greater familiarity with the country and its industries,
with the language and system of employment, and with domestic mar­
keting facilities. They are acclimatized, and often they have homes
and family connections that afford them cooperative support in labor
competition not enjoyed by the immigrant.
Labor has hitherto been imported into Hawaii for three principal
reasons: The industries of the country expanded so rapidly that they
outgrew the resident labor supply; there was an accessible and abun­
dant supply of cheap labor, having a very low standard of living, in
neighboring Asiatic countries; and the resident labor domiciled in
Hawaii has not possessed the natural advantages which resident labor
in other countries enjoys, especially ample opportunity to acquire
small land holdings and build up independent homes.
Expressed in a word, imported labor has hitherto been employed in
Hawaii because there was no choice between resident and imported
labor, and because when imported labor was tried it was found to be
cheaper to continue importing than to establish a resident labor supply.
It should not be forgotten that Hawaii possesses the exceptional con­
dition, as compared with most other countries, that the resident labor



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

431

supply had to be created. The question remains whether changing
conditions in the Territory, chiefly occasioned by annexation, have not
made it cheaper in the long run to adopt a policy intended specifically
to encourage and foster a resident supply of labor than to continue in
sole dependence upon imported workers. In considering this question
the following premises may be considered as probably true:
1. Special Federal legislation for the benefit of Hawaiian planters is
too unlikely to constitute a conservative business risk.
2. On the other hand, the present tendency of American legislation
is toward laws restricting immigration. While the time for extending
absolute exclusion to nationalities not at present so treated has passed,
there is no probability that any relaxation in existing laws applying
to the entire Union will benefit the employing interests of the Hawaiian
Islands, while any session of Congress may see legislation enacted that
will make it illegal to subsidize emigration companies in other coun­
tries or to extend assistance to immigrant labor through Korean banks.
There is no object to be gained in evading these facts. The interests
of the sugar industry in Hawaii demand that they be faced squarely.
Furthermore, immigration restriction based upon educational and
financial tests may be made more rigid. Altogether, the balance of
probability points toward increasing difficulty in securing imported
labor and rapidly growing expense to the planter from this source.
3. Japan appears to have the only large supply of export labor—in
the sense of transient labor—likely to prove constant. But the pre­
dominance of one nationality of alien laborers upon the plantations
constitutes a growing danger to the business interests of Hawaii. If
the immigration companies of Japan are abolished, this labor will
become quite free, under no obligation to the planters, and less respon­
sible and more independent than at present.
4.
* Any student of labor conditions in the Orient knows that the
standard of living and of wages in that part of the world is rising.
The demand for labor for development with the close of the war with
Russia, and the industrial expansion that will probably continue with
increased rapidity in Japan now that peace has been concluded, are
influences quite likely to make Japanese labor more expensive than
formerly.
5. Imported labor is migratory labor. Japanese immigrants to
Hawaii are perfectly free to move to any new and more lucrative field
of employment than that afforded by the plantations. They have no
home or other social ties to hold them in Hawaii. A very slight mar­
gin of wages will attract them to California, even if the freer indus­
trial atmosphere of the Pacific States, the broader opportunities of a
continent, and the mere love of travel and of seeing new lands do not
form inducements sufficiently great to carry them farther eastward.




432

BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

All of these considerations—and probably others could be added—
are practically new ones for the Hawaiian planters. Hardly one of
them was of weight prior to annexation. And these new conditions
are permanent. If they change at all, it is not likely to be in a direc­
tion favorable to plantation interests. Only experience can tell whether
or not they are as yet of enough importance to constitute a motive for
adopting a policy looking for the substitution of resident for imported
labor. This is a matter for discussion and experiment rather than for
immediate legislative action. Political influences may modify the con­
ditions mentioned, thereby increasing or reversing the motive for fos­
tering resident labor, but with each change the planters themselves
must judge which of the two policies suggested will pay them better.
But the more farsighted will grasp the tendency of legislation as well
as the present status of the law and discount coming conditions as well
as those they are actually encountering, shaping their action by issues
which they are likely to meet in the future and averting rather than
awaiting a crisis, the constant fear of which will always be a disturb­
ing factor in their enterprises.
A clear understanding of the measures required to establish a resi­
dent labor supply is important. Probably most planters agree that it
would be necessary—
1. That the supply be an abundant one without creating a problem
of unemployment leading to emigration elsewhere. This point would
soon be attained, because the resources of Hawaii not absorbed by
cane culture are very limited. At present there is enough resident
labor to supply part of the demand for plantation workers; but not
only is it displaced by the temporarily cheaper imported labor, but it
finds employment more agreeable than cultivating cane in catering to
the needs of those immigrant workers.
2. Resident labor must have an opportunity of gratifying ambitions
that rise above mere subsistence. It must be able to provide for old
age and even for retirement at some lighter occupation after a physical
prime spent in the cane fields. Practically all imported workers are
in the flower of their youth. In order to have an equal force of resi­
dent laborers of the same age, the total resident population must bear
some such relation to the whole number of field hands employed as the
inhabitants of a well-settled country do to the men between 20 and 35
years of age or thereabouts. An occupation for this unemployed
margin must be discovered.
_3. The labor must be attached to the country by other than purely
economic ties. It must be bound to a land—beautiful enough to inspire
the love of any resident—by sentimental associations. It must be a
home-owning, family-raising, loyal, citizen population, whatever its
original race, color, or origin. Otherwise it will imitate the Japanese
and migrate to the mainland.



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

433

The example of the Portuguese shows that such a population can be
obtained—at least in moderate numbers. The seeds of a future labor
supply already exist in Hawaii, and they simply need fostering and
adding to in order to settle the question for themselves; but there is
danger of their being choked out and smothered under the debris of
all races heaped upon them. Despite a decrease in the Hawaiians from
over 70,000 to less than 30,000 during the last forty-seven years, the
resident population of the islands has increased from 72,774 to 76,025—
or, in other words, the growing elements of the resident population
have increased from 2,738 to 46,226. And this has been in the face of
the competition of cheap labor imported under penal contracts for the
whole period in question—that is, from 1853 to 1900. With sys­
tematic importation and settlement of potential citizen labor in Hawaii,
such as the Territorial government is attempting under the act passed
by the last legislature, establishing an immigration commission, this
population unquestionably could be increased more rapidly than in the
past, though naturally the same percentage rate of growth could not
be maintained.
But it is hardly possible that the mere bringing of immigrants to
the country and offering them employment at monthly wages will
solve the labor problem permanently. If that is all that is done, they
will remain in the status of imported labor and will be simply a new
complication of the present situation, for they will migrate elsewhere
in search of higher wages, and will prove more expensive than Asiatics
without being of greater value to the country or to the sugar industry.
They would make one more failure in the history of labor importa­
tio n from other than Asiatic countries, and that is all. The question
of resident labor is not so much a question of the source from which
it comes—so long as it forms permanent ties in the country—as it is
of its treatment after arrival.
In the first place, the immigrants must have the opportunity and
the desire to become citizens, or at least to see their children citizens,
of Hawaii. They must adopt the country; otherwise they will not make
permanent homes there. In this respect many of the Chinese have
proved as good material as the Portuguese, except that the second
generation, of Chinese is not so ready to engage in manual labor as
the second generation of Europeans. Immigrants can have this desire
to become citizens only if they are treated as future citizens. Their
civil dignity must be respected as well as their legal rights. Planta­
tion discipline, so far as they are concerned, must be firm without
being arbitrary.
In the second place, the immigrants must have the opportunity to
acquire homes—not a paper opportunity, set forth in prospectuses
and official reports, but a real opportunity that produces results in
actual settlement. It 'is not suggested that they be given a quarter



434

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

section of land, but that they be given a sufficient holding for their
partial support. The interest of the plantations demands that these
homes should be so far as possible in their immediate vicinity, for
thus the labor of the growing generation is the sooner at the disposal
of plantations, and the attachments of habit and ties of family would
operate to retain the children in the employment followed by their
fathers. These homes, if they include small holdings granted exclu­
sively for residential and agricultural purposes, would afford occupa­
tion for the older folk in their declining years, after they were no
longer capable or disposed to engage in the more arduous forms of
field labor, and the products of their tillage would help to cheapen the
cost of living and better the condition of labor, and to increase the
incentive to remain upon the land for the coming generation.
A home is an object of ambition for most workingmen, especially
those residing in rural districts. Home ownership makes laborers
steady and reliable and more apt to recognize the community of inter­
est between themselves and neighboring employers. A laborer’s
homestead is a place where he can invest his savings, and therefore
gives him a motive for accumulation by steady work. Since the abo­
lition of the postal savings bank by the Federal Government, at the
time of annexation (a most unfortunate occurrence for the Hawaiian
wage-earners), the plantation laborers have had no place to invest their
savings. This is especially true of citizen workers, for the Japanese
have sent their money home through the banks of their own country
which have branches in Hawaii. Sometimes men have left their money
in their employer’s safe for want of some opportunity to make it pro­
ductive. This need would be satisfied in part by a system of providing
small independent homes for working people.
Of course all these suggestions appear very revolutionary to a plan­
tation manager accustomed to having the full control of his employees
in their camps, regulating their hours of rising and retiring, and it
would be impossible to carry them out successfully where the planta­
tion discipline of ten years ago still prevails. ( a ) A fundamental change
in the attitude of managers toward labor must accompany a change in
the character of the labor employed. Something of paternal discipline,
inherited from the chief-like relation of the earliest planters to their
a On the other hand, some plantation managers, with the active support of their
employers, are adopting almost the very measures here suggested to supplement and
diversify their present plantation force. Kahuku plantation, on Oahu, has recently
acquired control of large tracts of land adjacent to its cane fields for the pur­
pose of settling Portuguese laborers upon them as independent homesteaders; and the
Baldwin plantations on Maui, having the largest output of any in the islands, are
considering a similar policy. It should be added that large irrigated plantations
wholly upon leased lands, like Ewa and Oahu, could not directly provide themselves
with a homesteading plantation force, because they control no lands suitable for this
purpose.




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

435

Hawaiian workmen, and perpetuated by the conditions caused by the
penal contracts after Orientals were introduced, still characterizes
the methods of plantation administration. This attitude is changing,
especially among the younger managers, and the Japanese are assert­
ing themselves in a way to make it no longer politic or practicable
where they control the situation. But with resident citizen labor a
franker recognition of the individuality and personal dignity of the
unskilled worker would be necessary. This might not manifest itself
so much in the concrete relations of the employer with his men, as in
the attitude of mind that lay behind these relations.
Among the advantages that resident labor offers over imported labor
are the following:
1. The supply when once established would be a reasonably certain
one. The solution of the labor problem which it affords would be,
from the point of view of labor supply, a final solution. The worry
and expensive insecurity of the present situation would be done away
with.
2. The supply of labor would be more flexible throughout the year
than at present. It would not be necessary to carry hands through
the dull season at unprofitable work in order to have them on hand
during the busy season. This consideration would not affect' equally
all plantations. But such instances as the case where a plantation
manager recently offered to build a stone wall for a neighboring ranch
at less than cost in order to keep his hands employed throughout the
year show its importance to some planters.
3. The cost of supervision would be less, for labor brought up on
or near the plantation would need little instruction. Costly misun­
derstandings would be avoided.
4. The great expense of importing labor, advancing fares, and admin­
istering a central labor agency would be eliminated. The waste of
money in costly immigration experiments, like that of the Porto Ricans,
would ultimately cease.
5. The necessity for a rigid regulation of wages by a central body
would be done away with, and planters would be freer to grade their
men according to efficiency, increasing the effectiveness of their labor
by the very measures taken to economize its cost.
6. The cost of living would probably fall through the more exten­
sive production of food supplies upon the homesteads.
7. Against a possible higher wage would be counted the lessened
cost of plantation quarters, fuel, water, and medical attendance.
8. Resident labor would ultimately become much more intelligent
labor than any class of workers likely to be imported. Although their
standard of living should also rise, nevertheless the law of rising wages
and lowering labor cost of production would, according to the analogy
of other industries, in the long run prove true of cane cultivation.



436

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

All these considerations are intended to be suggested rather than
dogmatically stated, but they rest upon observations made in many
tropical countries and after comparing different conditions of sugar
production. Only by experiments, not radical and sudden, but gradual
and progressive, can their truth be thoroughly tested.
The practical planter will probably ask: Where shall we look for
such labor? Certainly not in the United States, where wages and the
standard of living are higher than in Hawaii. Not even in the South,
which has a race problem that ought never to be added to the multi­
tude of perplexities already embarrassing Hawaii. Probably in the
Azores, whose people already know something of Hawaii, whose emi­
grants would find friends of their own language and nationality in their
new home, and whose labor has already proved so satisfactory on the
plantations. As a second choice, Spanish Galicia, whose Gallego emi­
grants have proved the best field workers in Cuba. -Possibly in Sicily,
whose peasantry possess many excellent qualities as laborers, but also
undesirable qualities that might be remedied by considerate treatment
and improved manner of living. Even Finland, though a northern
country, might contribute thrifty workmen to Hawaii. The fair­
haired Portuguese of the Azores, whose descendants are now growing
up in the Territory, are said to have been originally of Saxon stock.
There is nothing conclusive in the failure of many attempts in the
past to bring immigrant labor from Europe. These attempts were
made in the days when Hawaii was ruled as an autonomous state, with
laws enacted in the special interest of the planters, and when this immi­
grant labor competed with docile Asiatics under penal contracts. These
conditions have changed, and they never will recur. In none of these
attempts was a sincere and systematic effort made to give the laborers
homes. If south European laborers knew that they could acquire homes
in a genial climate and a beautiful country, have their children edu­
cated in good public schools, and be assured of employment sufficient
to support them from the start, many settlers would be attracted to
Hawaii. Those who did not flock directly to the plantations would
ultimately assist in creating a population dependent upon plantation
employment for a living.
The exceptional position of the Territory in regard to resident labor
is indicated by the following figures showing the population per square
mile of Hawaii and of some of the principal sugar-producing islands;
also of the islands from which white labor might migrate to the
Territory:
Population per
square mile.

British West Indies..................................................................................................113.05
C uba.......................................................................................................................... 36.58
H aiti.......................................................................................................................... 126.81
Porto R ico................................................................................................ - .............. 264.35
Santo Domingo................................................................................... ..................... 33.80



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

437

Population per
square mile.

J a v a ...........................................................................................................................
Philippine Islands.....................................................................................................
Azores.........................................................................................................................
Canary Islands...........................................................................................................
M adeira......................................................................................................................
Mauritius ( « ) .............................................................................................................
Hawaii ( « ) ....................................................................................................................

591.
66.
277.9
127.5
479.5
525.6
23.8

The great sugar-producing islands have the people at home to pro­
duce their cane, and if Hawaii is to compete with them she also must
have a home population. Otherwise at some time in the future a crisis
may arise disastrous to her great industry.
LAND AND SETTLEMENT.
The public lands of the Territory of Hawaii comprise about 1,720,000
acres, of which about 500,000 acres are barren and inaccessible moun­
tain tracts of no value for either tillage or grazing, and approximately
1,000,000 acres are forest or grazing lands, of which possibly 10 per
cent may ultimately be brought under cultivation. The remaining
land—some 220,000 acres in extent—is mostly available for cultiva­
tion, though portions of it are dependent upon water supplied from
adjacent tracts. A large share of the best lands is now under lease to
plantation companies and already under cane. Public lands sold to
homesteaders bring an average price of from $10 to $15 an acre, while
grazing lands are sold for as low as $1.25 an acre. Private sugar lands
are held at from $25 to $65 an acre, and fruit lands planted in pine­
apples, within marketing distance of Honolulu, have sold for as much
as $250 an acre.
The public lands are vested in the Territory of Hawaii, which enjoys
the revenue derived from their rental and sale; but the land laws can
be amended only by act of Congress. The present land laws were
passed in 1895 and confirmed by the Federal Government at the time
of annexation. Under these laws the land is classed as agricultural,
pastoral, pastoral-agricultural, forest, and waste land, of different
grades. The act provides three principal methods of acquiring public
lands—the homestead lease, the right-of-purchase lease, and the cash
freehold. Lands can be acquired only by citizens or holders of a cer­
tificate of declaration of intention who are over 18 years of age, who
are under no civil disability for any offense, and are not delinquent in
the payment of taxes.
The homestead lease permits any qualified person who is not already
the owner of land in the Territory other than “ wet ” (taro or rice) land,
and is not an applicant for other land under the act, to acquire home­
steads not exceeding in extent 16 acres of agricultural or 60 acres of




# Labor partly imported.

438

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

pastoral land upon paying an application fee of $2 and a certificate fee,
upon issuance of the lease, of $5. The lease runs for nine hundred
and ninety-nine years, but is subject to a number of conditions, among
which are the following: The holder must make the land his home,
building a house thereon within two years, and having not less than 10
per cent of the area under cultivation within six years. The holding
is liable to taxation, the same as a fee-simple estate. It can not be
devised, but descends to the natural heirs of the holder; neither can it
be mortgaged or attached under any process of law. Neither can it
be sublet either in whole or part. No rental is charged by the gov­
ernment for the land, and it is subject to no other obligations than the
original fees, amounting to $7 in all, and the taxes assessed against it
in common with other agricultural holdings. The land may be sur­
rendered to the government by the occupier, who receives the value of
his improvements when the same is received by the government from
a new tenant.
This method of quasi alienation was devised for the benefit of the
natives, and in theory it is difficult to see how the law could be
improved. The holder is protected from his own imprudence in
burdening his estate with debt, and assured a home for himself and
his immediate descendants during occupancy. He can not lease his
holding to Asiatics, thus living indirectly upon the labor of another.
The number of homestead leases appears to be increasing, having
risen from 16 in 247 alienations during the eighteen months ending
with June 30, 1903, to 61 in 154 alienations during the eighteen
months ending December 31, 1904.
Eight of purchase leases are granted for twenty-one years to appli­
cants having the same qualifications as those for homestead leases,
except that a person already holding land may lease under this system
enough to bring the area of his holding up to the maximum allowed
by the law under this form of tenure. This maximum is 100 acres
of first class or 200 acres of second class agricultural land, or 600
acres of first class or 1,200 acres of second class pastoral land. Where
the land is of a mixed character an intermediate area may be assigned.
The annual rental is 8 per cent of the appraised value, payable semi­
annually. The lessee must maintain Tiis home on the leased land con­
tinuously from the end of the first year to the epd of the fifth year of
this term, and must have under cultivation 5 per cent of his holding at
the end of three years, and 10 per cent at the end of five years, and
must maintain on agricultural land an average of 10 trees to the acre.
Pastoral land must be fenced. The interest in a right of purchase
lease is not assignable except with the consent of the commissioner
of public lands. At any time after the third year of leasehold the
lessee can obtain fee simple title to his holding by paying the appraised
valuation, as set forth in the lease, providing he has reduced to culti­



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

439

vation 25 per cent of the area and has performed the other conditions of
the lease. During the eighteen months ending with December 31,
1904, 84 right of purchase leases were issued for an aggregate area of
over 5,738 acres, having an appraised valuation of $16,027.
Cash freeholds are sold at auction to the highest qualified bidder, at
the appraised value as upset price. The qualifications of purchasers
are the same as those under right of purchase leases. Twenty-five per
cent of the agricultural land must be under cultivation before the end
of the third year, and the freeholder must maintain his home on the
premises from the end of the first to the end of the third year in order
to perfect title.
Six or more qualified persons may form a “ settlement association,”
and apply for cash freehold or right of purchase leases in one block.
The principal agricultural settlement made in Hawaii by Americans
recently has been through a settlement association acquiring cash free­
holds. Public lands may also be sold in exceptional instances, with the
consent of the governor, for cash. Such sales are at public auction and
are for tracts not exceeding 1,000 acres in extent. These are called
sales under “ special agreements.” The commissioner of public lands
is also authorized to lease land under what are known as general leases,
in tracts of any extent, for a term not exceeding five years in case of
agricultural and twenty-one years in case of pastoral land. If land
leased by error as pastoral land is subsequently found to be available
for cultivation, it may be resumed by the government.
Much of the public land of the Territory is held under long leases
at very low rentals by the sugar plantations and graziers. These
leases were issued under the monarchy before the present land law
was enacted. It should be placed to the credit of the Republic, which
is sometimes called a “ planters’ government,” that it abolished this
former system, under which wealthy private enterprises were often
able to profit greatly at the expense of the public. The present reve­
nue of the Territory from these general leases is over $100,000 per
annum, and the total revenue from the public lands, exclusive of
sales, for the eighteen months ending with December 31, 1904, was
$182,366. As the land sales in the aggregate returned $43,008 the
total land revenue of the Territory was $225,374 for the period.
The amount of land held under general leases—for the most part by
sugar plantations and stock ranches—is very large. The plantations
hold an area of slightly over 421,000 acres directly from the govern­
ment and sublease from other government lessees an unknown
amount. Besides, they have water rights covering extensive tracts of
forest and mountain country. However, the arable portion of the
lands leased is comparatively small, and some of the largest tracts are
entirely forest and lava country, used only for grazing the plantation
stock, obtaining fuel, and—what is of most importance—as catchment



440

BU LLETIN O F THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

areas for the water heads. One holding of 95,000 acres has about
3,000 acres under actual cultivation. Still the return that the govern­
ment gets from this property—especially in case of leases made under
the monarchy—is quite inadequate. The tract just mentioned is
appraised at $750,000 freehold value, and is rented to a plantation for
$2,000 per annum. On the other hand, there are small tracts of rice
land leased to Chinese where the rental is forced up to the highest
point. Less than 16 acres in one case rent for $545 per annum, and
6 i acres rent for $380 per annum.
The administration of the public lands of Hawaii has improved in
recent years, and a much more liberal policy toward intending settlers
has been adopted. Still it is a matter of commbn complaint among
certain classes in the Territory that technical difficulties, the apathy of
officials, and an unsympathetic attitude on the part of the propertied
people toward an increase of small holdings, make it very difficult for
persons without influence to obtain homesteads or freeholds. It should
be borne in mind, however, that even the most fair and honest admin­
istration of the territorial land office would be subject to criticism by
people coming from the United States, where the large areas of unoc­
cupied land and the traditionally liberal land* policy have rendered
unnecessary many of the precautions and restrictions required in
Hawaii. These complaints bear a curious resemblance to those made
by land seekers in Australia, where climatic conditions, the compara­
tive scarcity of well-watered arable land in accessible localities, and
the land monopoly established by the early settlers, have occasioned a
state of affairs—though with less justification from nature—similar to
that prevailing in Hawaii. There is an inevitable and unavoidable
conflict of interests in Hawaii between the sugar planters and the small
farmers. The plantations are so largely upon leased government
land, and depend for water sources or other privileges upon the use
of public property to such an extent, that their condition would in all
probability be rendered worse by a growing population of independ­
ent freeholders and small cultivators, who would compete with them
for lands when their leases were renewed, demand the division of
large holdings^ put up rentals by competitive bidding, and use the
franchise to control local affairs in their own interest. This division
of interests creates an attitude of mutual distrust. On the one hand,
the present or prospective small settler suspects the plantation people
of systematically impeding his efforts to obtain a home and an inde-^
pendent position as a landowner, while the latter are in many cases
equally convinced that an increase of settlers will create a halfindigent, dissatisfied, and factious population, hostile to the natural
business enterprises of the Territory, and inclined to ruin the pros­
perity which they do not share.




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

441

SMALL FARMING.
Whether or not small farming is or can be made profitable in
Hawaii is a matter of controversy. No question would seem at first
glance more easily settled by experiment. Indeed, both parties point
to examples of success and failure in farming enterprises to prove
the justice of their position. But agreement is impossible, because the
controversy is dictated primarily by considerations apart from the
question itself.
The plantation system has been established in Hawaii in response to
economic conditions. With cheap Asiatic labor at the disposal of
employers, it is the most profitable method of agricultural production.
The same was true of our Southern States prior to the civil war, and
it would be true of the whole Union to-day if the people of the country
were divided into two races, of which the more numerous possessed
a lower political, civil, and industrial status than the other. For
instance, the admission of Chinese coolies to the South would check
the growing subdivision of- farm land among small holders and
reestablish the big plantations. In a word, while climatic conditions
may have a bearing upon this result, they are not the essential cause
that determines whether agriculture shall be carried on by wholesale
or retail methods. But it is easy to pass from the economic to the
climatic argument. It is not agreeable to base the justification of an
industrial system upon the inferior status of labor. We can escape
this unpleasant position by shifting the responsibility to nature,
which has established the material conditions of agriculture in these
islands. But if we base our argument that cane raising is possible
only under the plantation system upon such general grounds as
climatic necessity, consistency urges us to extend this argument to
other forms of agriculture. All crop raising depends equally upon
climate. The same wind does not blow hot upon the cane fields and
cold upon the potato patch. So, although the fact that different kinds
of agriculture are carried on under different conditions, in Hawaii is
of course recognized, there is a disposition to defend the plantation
system for cane raising by attacking small farming in principle.
This sentiment, which, though by no means universal, is widespread
among residents of Hawaii interested in sugar plantations, is reenforced
by the consideration that small farming if successful means ultimately
keener competition for land than at present (as was mentioned in a pre­
ceding paragraph) and might impair the political predominance of the
sugar interests. All these influences are at work to create an uncon­
scious sentiment among a large and important section of the white
population adverse to diversified agriculture and an increase of small
freeholds. It is claimed in Hawaii that there is an avowed and sys25—No. 66—06-----6




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BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

tematic effort to discourage American immigration. This charge was
made by implication by the Honolulu Merchants’ Association in cor­
respondence with the Planters’ Association in 1904, and was subse­
quently published in the Honolulu papers. The representative of an
American daily paper, who visited Honolulu some years ago in order
to write up the islands with a view to promoting immigration, was
informed frankly by certain business organizations in that city that
they were not prepared to encourage such a movement of Americans
to the islands. Although some prominent sugar people are quite out
of sympathy with this attitude—and the history of the anti-American
sentiment, so far as it now exists, goes back to a date prior to the
annexation of the Territory and is involved with political and inter­
national jealousies now dying out—the feeling that existing industries
might be injured by white immigration is still strong.
While the question of the practicability of small farming in Hawaii
must be judged on its own merits, yet in considering the experience of
the pioneers whose example is now quoted it is only fair to refer to
the open or covert hostility of plantation interests to such undertak­
ings. Without a doubt many planters were and still are sincere in
discouraging prospective farmers. They have seen failure after fail­
ure among those who have sought to make a living by cultivating small
holdings. Some men who are at present managing plantations
deserted small farms, in which they had sunk all their money, in order
to become field bosses or mechanics upon plantations.
Planters are to be found on all the islands who are continually experi­
menting with diversified crops, and are not deterred from making new
trials by years of successive failure. Some of the largest sugar fac­
tors have expended large sums, in fact a private fortune, in assisting
small farmers in coffee and fruit production, only losing their money
for the pains. In fact, it is only just to conclude that the plantation
interests fear not so much the small farmer as a small farmer—as the
unsuccessful settler—the man who has made a failure and becomes a
center of discontent and agitation in a community so small that every
person’s influence has exceptional value. And it is safe to say that if
small farming is ever proved an unqualified success in Hawaii, such
opposition as exists at present will cease. For the successful farmer
will be a conservative rather than a radical element in the community.
Previous mention was made of the fact that the Pinkham report was
adverse to small farming in Hawaii. The committee interviewed 161
small landowners of the 1,200 or thereabouts reported by the census
of 1900. Of this number 10 stated that they were successful, 129 had
made a failure, 22 had made a bare living, 81 partly supported them­
selves by working for others, 21 leased their lands, 8 had lost every­
thing, and 12 had lost in the aggregate $19,194.90. The committtee




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

443

found that many of the homesteaders were more or less dependent upon
the sugar plantations for support. The planters leased 16,363 acres
from 1,416 homesteaders; they employed 338 homesteaders, and they
purchased cane from 494 others. The critics of this report claimed that
the interviews were not impartially taken; that successful farmers
were passed by without being questioned and unsuccessful ones sought
out for purposes of information. One of the leading Honolulu papers
published reports from a number of successful farmers. A newspa­
per published on one of the other islands stated: 66 Kauai has not many
independent agriculturalists, but we call to mind, without mentioning
names, a few who have lived on their own little holdings and have
been able to make a respectable living through a long course of years,
and who have raised families and have educated their children in as
thorough a manner as farmers on the mainland are able to do.”
This last statement seems to the writer a very fair one. Some
farmers, favorably situated with reference to markets, with fairly
fertile holdings, who have understood the country and the conditions
of tropical or semitropical agriculture, and have persevered through
the many initial discouragements which such enterprises encounter,
have made a success of small agricultural undertakings. Although
this class is not numerous, it does exist; and it shows that it is not
impossible for farming to be made a success in Hawaii. Almost all
the recent changes in that country have been favorable to the small
freeholder. The land laws were reformed by the Republic in 1895.
Increasing facilities for marketing products place Honolulu and the
Pacific Coast nearer to his doors. It is only since the abolition of the
monarchy that wagon roads have been built through most of the agri­
cultural districts. A Federal experiment station and a Territorial
department of agriculture have been established since annexation, and
systematic experiments with crops, fertilizers, and irrigation methods,
and the scientific study of local pests and plant diseases, have been
begun. It is almost twice as easy for the second farmer in a new dis­
trict to succeed as for the first one, and with the increase of settlement
many of the difficulties that have hitherto been insurmountable for
pioneers will be obviated. Insect pests that breed chiefly in unculti­
vated lands decrease with the growth of the cultivated area. Experience
teaches how to treat the particular soils of each locality, and what
crops are best suited for the peculiar climatic or marketing conditions
of a district. Above all, the social support of the farmer is strength­
ened with every increase in his numbers. Where he is an isolated
settler of his class in a community disposed to discourage or ridicule
his endeavors, he is far less likely to succeed than where he is backed
up by the local sentiment of a number of his fellows, and encouraged
by the record of their success. A California farmer who had taken




444

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

up government land in Hawaii and appeared to be prospering, said:
“ When we came here people in the islands said that nothing would
grow on these lands. We had oiir blue times, and had to learn by
experience how to treat the soil, which is very acid. Some of our
first crops failed entirely. But now we have found out how to handle
our land and what to grow, and are doing well. It will require men
of the true pioneer spirit to settle these islands—men who are used to
failures and not discouraged when their first attempts don’t succeed.”
An account of a typical colony of American farmers settled in
Hawaii presents the possibilities of small farming under what are prob­
ably as favorable conditions as are offered in the Territory. In 1898
a tract of land was opened for settlement by the government in what
is known as the Wahiawa district, upon the central plateau of Oahu,
within less than 20 miles of Honolulu. There was at the time no cul­
tivation in the vicinity, the occupied land being used for grazing. A
settlement association was formed by 13 California families to take up
this land. *As they did not have means enough to establish themselves
in Hawaii, a company was formed to finance the association with
$15,000 capital. The land cost from $3 to $5 an acre, and was allotted
- in tracts of from 50 to 100 acres. It cost about $15 an acre to clear
and subdue thedand, and an arrangement was made by which the near­
est sugar plantation, in return for water privileges, developed sources
belonging to the colony so as to provide the members without further
expense with irrigation. The original plan of the colony was to sup­
ply the San Francisco market with fresh vegetables during the winter
season. Fair crops were raised the first year, and the members of the
association made money on some consignments, but the second year
the insects cleaned out everything planted that would have been sala­
ble in an outside market. Upon the whole, vegetable raising proved
a failure. At present the colony devotes most of its attention to rais­
ing pineapples, and a local cannery has been established. Some of the
original settlers, who were speculators, have sold out and left, and
one or two lease their land. Seven of the original settlers are still on
their holdings. Of the 22 white persons in the colony not one has
suffered from illness incurred in the islands, and there has not been a
death among the settlers. Their land now sells for as much as $250 an
acre and leases for $20 an acre per annum. Comfortable homes have
been built, groves, orchards, and shade trees planted, a school estab­
lished, and the region appears as prosperous as any of the more
favored farming localities of California. On the other hand, a good
deal of the manual labor of the colony is done by Asiatics. The school,
which for a few years was attended exclusively by white children, has
a majority of its pupils from Chinese and Japanese families. Without
the cheap labor imported by the plantations, the colony could not pro­




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

445

duce and can pineapples as profitably as at present, and possibly could
not support itself with its present crops.
In the Kona district of the island of Hawaii there is a combination
of climate, scenery, and good soil in places that is unrivalled elsewhere.
White settlement, including the Portuguese under this term, is said
to be increasing. Parts of this district, although raising no sugar cane,
have as comfortable homes and as prosperous an appearance as any
American countryside. But the Japanese do most of the hard work
here as well as at Wahiawa. Likewise upon the slopes of the great
extinct volcano of Haleakala and around its northern base there is an
abundance of good agricultural land, occupied mostly by Portuguese
and citizen Chinese settlers, with one or two American and Hawaiian
farmers. Not far from Hilo, upon the island of Hawaii, there are
considerable settlements of small farmers, including a number of
Austrians and one or two Russians. Their holdings may not prove
especially profitable, but the occupants appear to make a living not
inferior to that enjoyed by many farmers in the United States.
Mention was made of the fact that the small farm and the plantation
are in a sense competitors. They represent two different ways of con­
ducting agricultural operations that are to a degree antagonistic to
each other. The plantations try to absorb the small farmers, and the
small farmers to break up the plantations. So long as there were
coolie contracts the latter had all the advantage. Even now, with
Japanese and Korean labor abundant, they are greatly favored. But
should this labor cease or be greatly restricted, or should wages and
other conditions of employment be leveled up to those prevailing in
California, an advantage might be given to the small holder. Quite
apart from climatic considerations, it is doubtful if cane could be suc­
cessfully raised under the plantation system with white unskilled
employees. The industry might be too precarious to attract capital.
And the nearer the Asiatic approaches the white man in his demands
as a laborer, the more difficult it will be to maintain the plantation
system.
Therefore it is a matter of some interest to ascertain whether a
population of small farmers could make a living in Hawaii at raising
sugar cane. If the plantation system should at any time become
impracticable through the absence of cheap and docile labor, would
the present industry of the Territory become impossible upon a profit­
able basis? The testimony of two small farmers now raising cane is
here given, and can be compared by American farmers with the results
they obtain from other crops in the United States.
* Farmer A has a farm of about 40 acres on the island of Hawaii.
He keeps a team of horses, a yoke of oxen, about a dozen head of other
cattle, about a dozen hogs, chickens, etc., for which he raises f e e d .




446

BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

About one-fourth of his holding—or approximately 10 acres—is in
sugar cane, and the cost and receipts per acre were as follows:
COST OF PRODUCTION AND RECEIPTS PER ACRE OF SUGAR CANE FOR A TWO-YEAR
CROP IN A TEN-ACRE TRACT IN HAWAII.
Item.
Plowing and harrowing.............................................................................................
Seed..............................................................................................................................
Planting......................................................................................................................
Fertilizer and fertilizing.............................................................. •.............................
Cultivation.................................................................................................................
Taxes (two years)........................ ! .............................................................................
Interest (two years)....................................................................................................
51 tons cane at $4.53 a ton...........................................................................................
Total.............................................................. ....................................................

Expense. Receipts.
$6.00

a 36.00

5.00
15.00
50.00
2.00
25.00

139.00

$231.03
231.03

o This item was unusually large, as a new kind of cane was introduced. Ordinarily it would be
less than $20 per acre, and if the tops were planted after a second crop, still less.

This represents a clear profit of $92 per acre for two years, which
would be increased to about $150 an acre upon the rattoons. The
price paid for the cane was upon a sliding scale, based upon the price
of sugar, and the receipts were unusually low on account of the
depressed condition of the sugar market at the time the cane was sold.
Furthermore, the mill, owned by an independent corporation, made
nearly treble the profit of the farmer on every ton of cane. This
farmer works regularly in the fields, and all his cane was raised by
white labor, except that some Hawaiians were employed in clearing
land and planting.
Farmer B has a small farm about 8 miles from a’sugar mill upon
the island of Oahu. As he had his own seed (the cost of which
is not included in the estimate), and cut, loaded, and delivered his own
cane at the mill (while in case of farmer A this was done by the plan­
tation), the figures do not correspond in detail. Farmer B paid $6 an
acre for planting, $7.50 for fertilizing, $20, “ or actually a trifle
less than this,” for plowing and cultivating, and the same amount for
irrigation. As he had no roads in his field, and the cane therefore
had to be carried some distance to the wagons, the cost of cutting and
loading was 50 cents a ton. His yield was 40 tons of bamboo or 65
of Caledonia cane to the acre, or an average yield of something over
50 tons for the entire crop. He sold his cane delivered for $8 a ton.
His actual profit was more than $800 an acre on a two-year crop, or
$150 an acre per annum. The mill made a net profit of about $4 a
ton on the cane. This farmer employed Oriental labor.
No special effort was made to obtain the profits of small cane
farmers, the figures given having been secured in connection with
wage investigations or being voluntarily presented; and therefore it is
impossible to say whether or not a more exhaustive investigation of
the subject would give equally favorable results. But farmers have




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

447

raised cane profitably in New South Wales and some parts of Queens­
land, with less protection from foreign competition than that afforded
the planters of Hawaii. And it would appear that in at least some
instances small f arming might prove successful in the latter country,
even if confined to the production of the crop upon which the pros­
perity of the Territory is at present based.
THE FIELD OF EMPLOYMENT.
Although a majority of the workers in Hawaii are engaged in cane
planting, the sugar industry does not exhaust the field of employment.
Stock raising and minor agricultural pursuits, transportation, and a
few urban occupations purveying chiefly to the daily needs of the
people, engage the service, in the aggregate, of many wage-earners.
In the present section of the report these industries will be reviewed,
the sugar plantations, as is due to their greater importance, being first
considered.
TH E SU G A R IN D U S T R Y .

• The number of sugar plantations in Hawaii in 1905 was 53, of which
8 were exclusively cultivating corporations, whose cane was ground at
the mills of neighboring companies. Three plantations operated two
mills, one independent milling company was grinding the cane of a
cultivating planter, and one mill was standing idle, so that the number
of sugar factories in the Territory was 50, of which all but one were
producing sugar. One establishment refines its product in the process
of manufacture. Besides large planters and incorporated companies,
there are several hundred small planters and homesteaders who raise
cane which they sell to the mills. All the plantations are upon the
four largest islands. The total crop for 1905 is estimated at 400,000
tons of sugar. The crops for the ten years ending with October 1,
1904, are shown in the following table:
TONS OF SUGAR PRODUCED IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS FROM 1895 TO 1904.
[From the Hawaiian Annual.]
Island.
Hawaii....
Maui........
Oahu.......
Kauai.......

1895.

1896.

1897.

61,643 109,299 126,736
27,735 39,097 41,047
17,433 25,782 28,929
42,816 51,650 54,414

1898.

1899.

1900.

1901.

1902.

1903.

1904.

91,606 117,239 115,224 134,618 121,295 170,665 122,865
45,033 54,389 57.347 58,349 56,726 84,776 77,985
34,181 45,820 53,625 99,534 107,870 121,068 102,019
58,594 65,359 63.348 67,537 69,720 61,484 64,606

Total. 149,627. 225,828 251,126 229,414 282,807 289,544 360,038 355,611

437,991

367,475

Within a decade the sugar production of Hawaii has expanded from
150,000 to over 400,000 tons. The largest per cent of increase has been
on the islands of Maui and Oahu, where the large irrigated plantations
recently opened are situated. Hawaii, where cane is raised almost




448

BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

entirely in a country supplied with ample water by natural rainfall,
still remains the chief sugar-producing island by virtue of its greater
area; but the following table shows that in proportion to the acreage
cultivated it produces less than one-half the sugar raised in Oahu.
The acres of cane cut and sugar yield of plantations per acre, classi­
fied by islands and as irrigated or unirrigated, for 1902 and 1903, the
latest years for which figures are available, are given in the following
table. These returns are not absolutely complete, as they were given
by 48 plantations in 1902 and by 52 plantations in 1903, but they are
representative.
ACRES OF CANE CUT AND YIELD OF SUGAR PER ACRE, BY ISLANDS AND FOR IRRIGATED
AND UNIRRIGATED LANDS, 1902 AND 1903.
1902.

1903.

Pounds Acres of Pounds
Acres of of
sugar cane cut. of sugar
cane cut. per
acre.
per acre.

JCftiiai__________________________________. . . ____________

39,531
11,920
15,183
14,320

6,064
7,499
14,196
7,774

48,750
14,625
16,684.
13,291

7,004
11,593
14,513
9,252

Irrigated..................... ..................................... - .......................
Unirrigated......................................... .......... ..........................

38,987
41,967

11,681
6,015

42,097
51,253

12, t n
6,927

'Total_______ _________ __________ _________________

80.954

8,744

93,350

9,385

Hawaii.................-............... .
Maui.......1..................................................................................

While the expense of raising sugar cane is greatly increased by irri­
gation, the yield per acre is seen to be about double that of unirrigated
plantations. About one-half of the whole area under cultivation is cut
each year; so it is safe to conclude that, including all the plantations
in the Territory, about 185,000 acres were under cane in 1903. This
area has been increased somewhat since that year, and will probably
reach 200,000 acres when, irrigation works now being constructed are
completed.
The financial standing and the profits of the Hawaiian sugar industry
for the last three years are shown in the following table:
FINANCIAL STANDING AND PROFITS OF THE HAWAIIAN SUGAR INDUSTRY, 1902,1903,
AND 1904.
1902.
Profitable.

.Unprofit­
able.

1903.
Total.

Profitable.

Unprofit­
able.

Total.

23
25
Plantations reporting...
«48
40
12
b 52
106,982
Crop—Tons of sugar___
240,345
347,327
385,093
36,185
421,278
Capital stock.................. $26,454,755 $37,485,895 $63,940,650 854,815,275 $10,063,657 $64,878,932
$835,028 $5,051,463
Profit............................. $2,860,835
$4,556,490
$2,025,807
Loss................................
$494,973
Profit per ton
.....
$il.90
$2.40
$13.12
$10.82
Loss per ton...................
$18.93
$13.67
$8,000 $1,757,520 $1,555,653
Dividends p a id ............. $i, 749,520
$1,555,653
Dividends paid — p e r
.02
2.75
6.61
2.83
cent.............................
2.40
a Ten plantations, with a total crop of 13,699 tons, not reporting.
b Four plantations, with a total crop of 4,885 tons, not reporting.




REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

449

FINANCIAL STANDING AND PROFITS OF THE HAWAIIAN SUGAR INDUSTRY, 1902,1903,
AND 1904—Concluded.
1904.

Profitable.

Unprofit­
able.

Total.

Plantations reporting*...................................................................
9
«48
Crop—Tons of sugar......................................................................
337,391 ..........18.642
356,033
Capital stock................................................................................. $59,435,275 $5,996,298 $65,431,573
Profit........................................................ ..................................... $4,942,903
$4,595,982
Loss................................................................................................
$346,921
Profit per ton.................................................................................
$14.65
$i2.56
__ •
_________ ____________ . ................. ............................._r _____
Tjflss p«r ton
$18.61
Dividends paid.............................................................................. $1,937,490
$ i,937,490
Dividends paid—per cent.............................................................
3.26
2.96
a Five

plantations, with a total crop of 9,749 tons, not reporting.

Although during the most profitable year of the three for which
figures are given the average earnings of the plantations were less
than 3 per cent upon their capital stock for the shareholders, yet their
real earnings appear to have been double that amount. The surplus
was in many instances absorbed by development work and improve­
ments, and in some cases used to pay bonds or debts due to agents for
advances made during less profitable years. It should be remembered
that the above are average figures for all the plantations reporting.
Individual plantations may have earned as high as 30 and 40 per cent
upon their capital, while others, although not losing, barely held their
own. In fact, this wide variation in earnings, not only upon different
plantations, but upon the same plantation during successive years,
irrespective of the earnings of neighboring plantations, is characteristic
of the industry in Hawaii. Climatic conditions are so erratic, even
over the smallest areas, that one plantation may be afflicted with
drought when a neighboring plantation has abundant rainfall; and of
two adjacent places one may suffer from an incursion of insect pests
while the other remains comparatively free from them.
However, in considering all figures showing earnings in relation to
capitalization upon Hawaiian plantations, certain qualifying facts need
to be borne in mind. Some plantations are greatly overcapitalized,
their stock having been doubled or trebled during the boom immedi­
ately following annexation, without any corresponding increase in
material assets or earning capacity. On the other hand, a compensating
factor is to be found in some instances in the gradual increase of plan­
tation property, through clearing new land, developing water sources,
rebuilding houses and machinery, and constructing roads and bridges,
paid for out of operating funds or from undistributed profits, for which
no stock or bonds have been issued. The enormous dividends paid by
a very few plantations are to be explained in part by such a growth
of material assets not represented in increased capitalization. In a
word, while many of the plantations are overcapitalized, some of them
are said to be undercapitalized. Nevertheless, when a balance is struck



450

BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

between the two, and an average capitalization for the whole sugar
industry of the islands arrived at, it is probable that the paper value
of the property is considerably above the real value, and that dividend
payments can not be accepted unconditionally as a true gauge of
legitimate profits.
However, these facts do not affect the validity of the table last given,
which shows net earnings without reference to capitalization, and
indicates that when the price of sugar is low more than half the plan­
tations of Hawaii, which represent, however, less than one-third the
total tonnage, are conducted at an absolute loss. Such plantations
must recoup themselves for these unfavorable years during seasons
when the crop is large and the price of sugar high, or discontinue
business. And some plantations are known to be losing money at
present, although the price of sugar is as high as it is likely to be at any
time in the future. In 1904, which upon the whole may be considered
as an average year, although some of the largest plantations lost a
considerable portion of their crop through the leaf hopper, the 48 plan­
tations reporting earned slightly over 7 per cent upon their capitaliza­
tion. These were not representative average earnings, as profits were
partly used to repay debts incurred during the two poorer years pre­
ceding and did not go to the shareholders without this deduction.
But then this 7 per cent is upon a capitalization supposed to be inflated.
How far these two factors compensate each other, and how nearly 7
per cent represents the normal earnings of the real investment in
Hawaiian plantations, it is impossible to say. Of course fortunate
investors have made many times this rate and others have lost their
all in speculative plantations. Like every other industry the present
sugar business is found in the hands of the men who have made a
success of their undertakings while the many who have failed are
forgotten. In a small and insular country like Hawaii the history of
the fortunate is known to everyone while the unfortunate usually
insure themselves oblivion by leaving the Territory. This fact has
thrown something of a glamour over the plantation business, the
profits of which are probably overestimated rather than underesti­
mated by casual visitors and even by many residents of the islands.
Still the strenuous effort made to render productive every acre of the
country where cane can be raised indicates that the Hawaiian planta­
tions generally make generous returns to their owners.
In considering the profit which the sugar industry brings to the
community as a whole, it is necessary to look beyond the reports of
the plantations themselves. These show quite accurately what the
small shareholder and the nonresident or inactive investor may expect
as a return upon his plantation stock. But they do not show the full
profits of the men possessing in many instances the controlling inter­
est in these corporations. The supplies of the plantations are pur­



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

4£>1

chased and their sugar is marketed by sugar factors, who are organized
into a number of powerful companies in Honolulu. These companies
take a profit on nearly all the freight that passes the plantation bound­
aries in either direction. Their commissions, which are very liberal,
are collected in bad as well as in good years. Moreover, they are the
plantations’ bankers, and have the pickings of their financial transac­
tions. In addition to the plantation agencies, there are transportation
companies, both land and marine, and irrigation companies, all living
off the plantations and taking their profit in lean years as well as in
fat ones. The stock of all these companies is owned by the men who
are most heavily interested in plantation stocks. These inside invest­
ors are therefore often making a comfortable income out of the sugar
industry during years when the outside investor is receiving no return
upon his capital. They can afford to have their sugar dividends passed
so long as the dividends upon their railway, steamship, or agency stock
continue to come in regularly. Thus the compensation that capital
receives from the industry is greater than appears on the surface.
Probably there is never a year when the plantations do not pay the
running expenses of the people of the Territory.
Unlike many tropical islands, the resources of Hawaii are largely
owned by persons residing in the country. The nonresident?landlord
is not a serious evil in the Territory. An inspection of the addresses
of the shareholders in several of the largest corporations, mercantile
and manufacturing as well as sugar, showed that a large majority of
the stock was owned by residents. The attractive climate and scenery
and pleasant social conditions prevailing in Hawaii have contributed
to keep the wealthy classes at home, or at least induced them to main­
tain a legal residence in the islands.
The statistics of the Territorial treasury show that of 574 incorpo­
rated concerns, with a total capitalization of $187,637,125, registered
in the islands, 562, with a capitalization of $123,022,625, are domestic.
Most of the foreign capital is owned by five investment companies and
two fuel-oil companies, the latter alone having over $10,000,000 capi­
tal, doing business in Hawaii. One hundred mercantile corporations,
with a capital of $12,249,150, are local, as compared with five estab­
lishments, with an aggregate capital of $452,000, incorporated else­
where. Of the shipping and transportation companies, 17, with a
capital of $13,842,000, are Hawaiian, and 3, with a capital of $2,650,000,
are from outside the Territory. There are 64 purely Hawaiian com­
panies interested in raising and manufacturing sugar, whose aggregate
capital is $61,388,000. The outside sugar corporations doing business
in Hawaii number but 6, with a total capitalization of $24,500,000.
These are all Californian concerns, and a large amount of their capital
is owned in Hawaii. The sugar industry and the lines of business
directly dependent upon the sugar industry and drawing profits from



452

BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

it are therefore to a great extent under the control of residents of the
Territory. Some of these people are aliens, as is natural in a foreign
country recently incorporated in the Union, but they are in most
instances permanent residents of the Territory or of the United States,
and their social and personal as well as their business interests are
fixed in the islands.
The field of employment afforded by the sugar industry is larger in
proportion to the area under cultivation than -in most other agricul­
tural operations. Including the milling force one laborer is engaged
for about every 4 acres under crop. The rapid growth in the number
of employees is realized when we consider that it has risen from
24,653 to 48,229 since 1897, the year preceding the Spanish-American
war.
All the wage statistics for unskilled plantation labor presented in
this report give a lower rate of pay than the average for the year
1905. ( a) On May 1 of that year, after most of the figures here pre­
sented were gathered, the planters made a uniform advance of the
wages of field hands and the lower-paid classes of labor through the
Territory, amounting to $2 a month. This was an average increase
of about 12£ per cent. It places field wages somewhat above the
rate that*prevailed in Hawaii in 1902. On the other hand, there has
been a decrease in the number of contract cultivators, whose earnings
are usually above the wages of field hands. This decrease was partly
due to an easier labor market, which made it less difficult for planters
to hold their men in the plantations, and partly to the uncertainties
attending the crop during 1903 and 1904, when the ravages of the leaf
hopper and unfavorable, weather made the returns from these contracts
extremely uncertain, and therefore made the men unwilling to accept
them. For the immigrant laborer has no capital to risk, like the large
employer, in cane raising, and though he receives an advance sufficient
to pay his living expenses during the time that he is raising a crop,
unless he makes some profit he can not meet his obligations to the
immigration companies and the other debts that he incurs. Upon at
least one plantation Japanese laborers made the abolition of the culti­
vation contracts one of their demands in a strike. However, the figures
of the present report show that where these agreements have been
retained, as they have upon many of the large plantations, laborers are
earning more under them than where they work for day wages.
No important modifications have taken place in the form of the cul­
tivation and planters’ contracts since 1902. They are described in
detail in the report for that year. The amount of cane raised by home­
steaders and sold to the mills upon the island of Hawaii, where there
is natural rainfall without the necessity of much irrigation, appears to
be slightly increasing. On one representative plantation having 6,859




« For plantation wages see Table I.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

453

acres of cane tributary to its mill, 800 acres were out under cultivation
contracts and 568 acres were owned and cultivated by homesteaders.
From $3.50 to $4.50 a ton was paid for cane. Upon another planta­
tion of about the same size one-third of the cane ground at the mill
was raised by small planters, most of whom were said to be Japanese,
leasing from white and Hawaiian homesteaders. They were paid
$6.50 a ton for their cane delivered at the flfime. Upon another plan­
tation, producing in normal years nearly 20,000 tons of sugar, more
than half the cane is raised by small planters. The manager of another
plantation said: 44Our homestead cane is increasing. But the home­
steading class has little capital and has to pay interest. We advance
them fertilizers, but no money. There are 700 acres of homestead
land in the crop for 1905, and for 1906 there are 336.27 acres of plant
and 559.61 acres of rattoons. We harvest the cane, the homesteader
receiving a net price for his crop standing; but if the cost of harvest­
ing exceeds 60 cents a ton, we charge the excess to the homesteader.
Besides the homesteaders there are a number of independent planters
occupying plantation land who have an area of 434i acres in cane for
1905 and about the same amount for 1906.”
One difficulty with the homestead system is that the small cane
raisers can not work harmoniously together, and therefore have to
depend upon an independent corporation to grind their cane. The
46Portuguese Mill,” at Hilo, was started as a homesteaders5 mill,
depending entirely upon cane bought from the small farmers in the
vicinity of the village, but it was a failure so long as the original plan
was adhered to. All the homesteaders wanted their cane ground at
the same time, and it was found impossible to adjust mill operations
so as to satisfy more than a small minority of the cane raisers. A
sugar mill can not be run like a cheese factory, because it can not
handle eaclf day’s product the day it is delivered. But the sugiar mill
with land enough of its own to insure a supply of cane can use its sur­
plus grinding capacity to work up the crop of small landholders in the
vicinity. The only difficulty with this arrangement is that the home­
steader is obliged to accept such terms for his cane as the mill is
inclined to offer.
The hours of labor and general conditions of^emplovment on sugar
plantations are the same as in 1902. The rates of wages in different
occupations are shown in the general tables. A ten-hour day, begin­
ning with sunrise, is the rule.
All the employees are supplied with houses and fuel. The value of
lodgings for common laborers is ostimated at about a dollar a month.
The rentalvalue of cottages occupied by white employees is mentioned
under 44 Cost of living.”
Men are occasionally fined, but no cases were discovered where this
system has developed into a serious abuse. It came to light occasion­



454

BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

ally when a list of grievances was presented by strikers. On one of
the smaller plantations the following list of fines, for March, 1905,
was taken from the books: For breaking wagon through negligence,
$5; for refusal to do work as ordered, $0.25; for trespass, $0.50; for
cutting harness, $2; for insubordination, $1; for neglect of duty, $0.50;
for neglect of duty, $1. The two fines for injury to property, aggre­
gating $7 of the $10.25, were said to have been inflicted because of gross
or malicious neglect, where the loss to the plantation was considerably
more than the amount collected from the laborer. Fines for “ neglect
of duty” are generally imposed where irrigation workers fail to water
all the cane assigned to their care. The month’s pay roll for unskilled
labor alone was $6,350, and the total fines therefore amounted to less
than one-sixth of 1 per cent of the wages paid this class of workers.
Plantation stores are still conducted by many of the plantations, but
they have no monopoly of the business with their employees, as in the
case of nearly every plantation in the islands Oriental shops are acces­
sible to the laborers. There are 28 of these establishments, of which
14 are run by the plantation agents and are called “ closed,” in the
sense that they do not buy from Honolulu distributers, but import
directly through a single house. The other 14 are 44open, ” buying their
merchandise from commercial travelers. Some of the stores import­
ing directly from California without transshipment from Honolulu
are able to sell goods at prices lower than those prevailing in Honolulu.
The store profits, as shown in the published reports of the plantations,
are a source of considerable income. Reports from 14 of the 28 plan­
tation stores in Hawaii show the amount of stock carried to be .worth
$381,918, and the net profits for the year $109,916, or over 28 per cent
upon the capital invested. There is a single store, not included in the
above, carrying a stock valued at over $166,000. The variation in
profits is very large in different establishments. One store earned
nearly 150 per cent on the capital invested, and another less than 2 per
cent. The difference does not arise from a difference in prices charged,
but rather from market and freight advantages. As a rule the more
remote stores pay the least profit. No instances were discovered where
workmen complained of the plantation stores, or admitted that they
were urged to patronize these stores. Nothing like a truck system
was discovered.
About one-half of the operating expense of a plantation is repre­
sented by the cost of labor. The cost of operating 10 representative
plantations was $6,077,056, and the amount of this expended for labor
was $3,111,982, or 51.2 per cent of the whole. In a few cases this per
cent fell as low as 44 and 47, and in one instance it rose to 61, but the
average labor cost is about 50'jper cent of the total cost of raising a
crop.




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

455

The operating expenses per ton of sugar produced vary widely.
Upon two neighboring plantations, conducted apparently under much
the same conditions, they were in one case $35.73 and in the other
$54.70 a ton. Upon a smaller plantation they were, for the crop taken
off in 1903, $84.16 a ton. This is an exact cost, including all the expendi­
tures specifically devoted to raising the crop, from preparing the land
to harvesting and manufacturing. As the bulk of the crop was sold
in San Francisco for about $65 a ton, one plantation made a large profit,
another hardly made expenses after marketing and paid no profit on
capital, and the third lost nearly $20 on eve’ry ton produced.
Consequently it is very difficult to say how high a wage the sugar
industry as a whole can afford to pay for the bulk of its labor. A
decrease in wages of 25 per cent would not have put the last plantation
mentioned on a paying basis, and yet the first plantation might have
raised wages 50 or even 60 per cent and still have earned 50 per cent
upon operating expenses.
The price of sugar reacts upon the conditions of employees upon the
Hawaiian plantations. When planters are prosperous more money is
spent in permanent improvements, camps are rebuilt, sanitary improve­
ments made, and other measures taken to render the condition of the
workers more agreeable or healthful. The influence of the manager
and his personal ideas of what constitutes comfort and sanitary sur­
roundings also affect the condition of the plantation worker. There
is a good deal of difference in the character of the accommodations
found for laborers upon different plantations. Upon the whole the
quarters occupied by field hands are as good as those found upon the
plantations in the South, or as the camps occupied by railway con­
struction gangs, and other workmen in summer occupations of a like
character in the West. The climate, of course, does not demand as
substantial dwellings as are needed in any part of Northern America.
No serious epidemics have ever been reported among plantation work­
men since the islands have been annexed. No evidence has appeared,
in connection with the preparation of these reports, that the laborers
upon the Hawaiian plantations are not, as a rule, well treated. There
have been cases where field hands have been assaulted by overseers,
but of late years this has been contrary to plantation regulations, and
has occasioned the dismissal of the offenders when complaint was made
to the managers or to the plantation agents. Laborers are perfectly
free to leave the plantations when they desire to do so. They are not
treated just as American workmen would be treated, but their rights
as free laborers are generally respected. They are paid their full
wages, except for such fines as have been previously mentioned, which
are not collected at all on many plantations and which do not represent
an average discount of more than a small fraction of one per cent in
any case. In all their money dealings with their employers they are




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BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,

probably more justly treated than plantation workmen in the Philip­
pines, Cuba, or Porto Rico.
White employees upon the plantations are usually well paid, and are
seldom overworked. The main hardship of their lives is the isolation
and monotony that they sometimes experience, especially in remote
districts. But there is good mail service everywhere, and all plan­
tations are connected by telephone with the wireless-telegraph stations,
and through them with the cable to California. Outdoor workers do
not have to endure the inclemencies of climate, nor are they exposed
to the diseases often encountered in the Tropics. So far as the purely
physical conditions of employment are concerned, the lot of the white
plantation worker in Hawaii is a very pleasant one.
Many of the plantation districts in Hawaii have the appearance of a
prosperous countryside in the Eastern States, except for the presence
everywhere of the Asiatic. Good roads, well-tilled fields, a country
diversified by hill and woodland, and the ever-present sea afford a
varied and pleasant prospect to the resident. The pioneer period is
long past in any part of the Territory devoted to cane cultivation.
The inhabitants are law-abiding and crimes of violence are almost
unknown among the citizen population. There is nothing of the fron­
tier atmosphere. The large Asiatic laboring force is something apart
in social and political life. For the wage-earner or the man holding
a precarious position that can be filled satisfactorily by the halftrained Oriental, this population presents a threat of ever-impending
disaster. But the Caucasian working force upon the plantations has
now so nearly reached a minimum that those at present employed
hardly look upon the Asiatic as a competitor. They are as assured of
their positions as any class of workers upon the mainland. Apart
from the variety and excitement of urban life, they enjoy most of the
social compensations as well as the security of any long established
and civilized community.
STOCK R A IS IN G .

The sugar plantations are said to produce more than 96 per cent of
the wealth which Hawaii derives from the soil, but there are single
stock ranches covering nearly twice the area of all the land under cane
in the archipelago. These ranches are engaged chiefly in raising cat­
tle for beef, and the product is consumed in the Territory. The
amount of wool shipped from the Territory during the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1904, was 169,938 pounds, valued at $22,406; and the
raw hides shipped weighed 970,381 pounds, and were valued at $74,331.
Since these figures were compiled a tannery has been established at
Honolulu, tanning local hides; and both finished leather and raw hides
are now exported to California. The home consumption of leather is
confined to harness making and a few shoe manufactories. The latter




REPORT

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ON H A W A I I .

457

are conducted by Asiatics, and make coarse shoes sold to plantation
laborers.
The cowboys are mostly Hawaiians, although a few Portuguese and
an occasional Japanese are to be found in this occupation. The exi­
gencies of ranching require long hours, and work usually continues
throughout the 7 days of the week. Food is almost invariably fur­
nished to employees, the nature of their occupation, which requires
them to be absent from home or from headquarters much of the time,
Tendering it necessary to supply them with something resembling a
field ration. Abundant beef is usually given, and the second article
of food is usually prepared taro, or “ hard poi.” Japanese workmen,
who are generally employed to repair fences or clean land of noxious
weeds, are supplied with rice and with a rather smaller ration of fresh
meat than the natives. On one ranch cooked beef ad libitum was sup­
plied the men from the ranch-house kitchen, and each married man
was allowed 9 bundles and each single man 6 bundles of hard poi a
month. The value of the latter was about 75 cents a bundle of 30
pounds. On another ranch the ration was from 18 to 25 pounds of
fresh beef and 40 pounds of hard poi a week. The practice of dif­
ferent ranches varies in the matter of supplying horses to cowboys.
The older custom was for the employees to furnish their own horses,
being allowed as an incident to their employment to pasture a certain
number upon ranch land. But with the stricter administration and
closer accounting of time and labor that has come in with the systematic
organization of ranching enterprises, the graziers are beginning to
supply horses to their employees. The wages of cowboys vary con­
siderably with the location of ranches, those near towns or where the
native population is sparse usually paying a higher rate than those in
remote localities or in the vicinity of native villages. There is also a
considerable variation in wages upon the same ranch. About the
lowest pay for youths and less experienced or less competent adult
herders is $15 a month with house and rations. Men employed by the
day generally receive $1 a day and rations while on duty. Japanese
fencemen were paid in one instance 9 cents a post, including wiring.
Medicines and medical attendance are not regularly supplied, though
practice in this respect varies not only upon different ranches, but in
case of different employees upon the same ranch, at the discretion
of the manager. W ork is fairly regular and reliable, qualified men
having little difficulty in securing and retaining employment. The
ranches have never been under the necessity of importing labor.
Stock herding is an occupation that is popular with the natives, and at
which they will work more steadily than at other forms of labor.
25—No. 66—06-"— '7




458

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

B IC E C U L TIV A TIO N .

Rice is cultivated on the lowlands and coast valleys of the islands of
Kauai and Oahu, and to a less extent upon Hawaii and Maui. The
industry is almost entirely in the hands of the Chinese, many of whom
are old residents or natives of the Territory and American citizens.
The area under cultivation and the product in paddy or unhulled rice,
for the year ending June 30, 1904, were as follows:
AREA CULTIVATED IN RICE AND TONS OF RICE PRODUCED, YEAR ENDING JUNE 30,1904.
Island.
Oahu.............................................................................................................................
Kauai................................................................ ..................................... ....................
Hawaii..........................................................................................................................
Maui........................................................................ ....................................................
Total...................................................................................................................

Acres.

Tons.

5,094*
3,581
266
8*

12,897
7,759
665
21

8,950

21,342

The product in cleaned rice for the year in question was estimated
at 280,000 bags, or 14,000 short tons. At $3 a bag this crop was worth
$840,000 to the Territory, and at normal prices would have exceeded
$1,000,000. The consumption of rice in Hawaii is estimated to be about
350,000 bags per annum. But on account of the large importations
of Japanese and Louisiana rice, which have reduced prices from $5 to
as low as $2.50 a bag within a few years, the industry is very much
depressed. The Japanese rice comes into the Territory despite a tariff
of a cent a pound upon paddy, partly on account of the vigorous
efforts made by Japanese merchants to promote its sale, but more
largely, it is claimed, because it is preferred by the Japanese laborers
on account of certain distinctive qualities, such as a larger per cent of
gluten than is possessed by Hawaiian rice. Be this as it may, the
Japanese product commands from a cent to a cent and a quarter
a pound more than the native rice in the local market, and two
Japanese mills are kept busy cleaning the imported paddy. The total
importation for the year ending June 30, 1904, was 165,233 bags of
Japanese and 23,496 bags of Louisiana rice. The latter evidently does
not displace the local rice to the same extent as the Japanese, but it
indirectly competes with the native product by closing to it a possible
market upon the mainland. A slight betterment in the condition of
the industry in the summer of 1905 has been due to increasing sales in
California, said to be caused by a curtailed production in the Southern
States.
Rice can be produced m8re cheaply in Louisiana than in Hawaii, in
spite of the lower wages in the latter country, if the methods of pro­
duction and high land rentals now prevailing in the Territory are




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459

maintained. The cost of raising a 5-acre crop of rice in Hawaii has
been estimated to be as follows:
Land rent, at $25 per acre.....................................................................................$125.00
Labor, at $18 a month and board........................................................................ 300.00
Care of stock, at $90 per h ea d ................................... - ........................................
90.00
Fertilizing, at $3.75 an a cre ...................................................................... . . . . . .
18. 75
12.50
Taxes on land and improvements, at $250 per acre............. - ...........................
Taxes on leasehold................................................................................................
12.00
Taxes on paddy on hand (4J tons), at $50 a to n ..............................................
2.06
Taxes on growing crop (6J tons), at $50 a t o n ..................................................
3.12
Taxes on stock, at $25..........................................................................................
.25
Transportation, at $0.15 a bag.............................................. - .............................
24. 75
M illing 165 bags, at $0.20 a bag.......................................*..................................
33.00
Cost of crop (165 bags, or 8J ton s)...................................................................... 621.43
Cost per b a g ...........................................................................................................
3.76

This estimate was made by several rice planters and factors of
Honolulu. It is probably somewhat higher than the cost of produc­
tion in certain parts of the islands, and planters were found who
claimed that they could make ends meet when they netted $3.25 a
bag for rice. The land rentals appear exorbitant to an American,
especially when it is considered that the land used for rice cultivation
is for the most part almost worthless for any other purpose, and that
it has been made productive at the expense of a great deal of labor on
the part of the tenant* A person sometimes questions whether any­
one but a Chinaman would pay such rent. A price that not infre­
quently reaches $50 per acre per annum for the use of swamp land
dependent upon continued cultivation for its value is out of all pro­
portion to the returns derived from rice planting at present. Two
crops are raised in the course of a year.
The laborers employed on rice plantations are almost exclusively
Chinese, the only exceptions reported being one or two companies of
Japanese, said to be working unsuccessfully on the island of Kauai.
The hours of labor are from sunrise to sunset, and the men usually
work seven days a week. The pay of field hands working by the
month was reported to be $17 and $18 a month and board in the vicin­
ity of Honolulu, and $15 a month with board upon the remoter plan­
tations of some of the other islands. A large Chinese planter on
Kauai said: “ If the Chinese can’t make $18 clear a month when they
work on shares they won’t sign a contract. We have to employ on an
average one field hand for every 4 acres, from which we get 12,000
pounds of paddy or perhaps 4 tons of cleaned rice. During the cutting
season we must have a helper for each man, or one man for every 2 acres,
besides the cook and foreman who attends to the water.” The share
planters earn various rates, according to the terms of their contract
and the success of the crop. They are usually supplied with advances
or with food and lodging while the crop is being raised. In one
instance they receive $25 for the season, besides an equal share of the



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crop. Usually the cooperators share equally with the employer. Yet
in one case mentioned the owner received 30 per cent of the rice and
the laborers shared the remaining 70 per cent, less advances. No
deduction from the workers’ share was made for seed and the use of
animals supplied by the owner, which items were part of the capital­
ist’s contribution to production. In another case the arrangement
was similar, except that the owner received 40 per cent of the crop.
The varying amount of the owner’s and the laborers’ share, respectively,
depends upon the productivity of the land, the price of rice, and the
local scarcity or abundance of Chinese field hands.
Each planting company has a cook, and there is usually one man
who attends to the irrigation. He is usually more responsible or
experienced than the* others and occupies the position of foreman,
receiving from $2 to $7 a month more than ordinary hands. As
to the scale of living, one large Chinese rice planter and mill owner
said: u On the rice plantations we have tcf give the men four meals, as
they work very long hours. We give one kind of meat or fish, and
not less than three kinds of vegetables, one of which is generally cab­
bage. The men eat before they go to work in the morning, and after
they come back at night; and they also have two rests of half an hour,
at about 11 a. m. and 2 p. m. for eating. We count the cost of food
and lodging to the planter at $7 a month.”
COFFEE. («)

Coffee has been raised in some parts of Hawaii since the earlier half
of the last century and was exported in small quantities before the
sugar industry was established. It continued a relatively unimportant
crop, however, until the decade between 1890 and 1900, when the high
price of coffee throughout the world caused a sudden and, as ultimately
was proved, unwise expansion of the industry. Trees were in many
cases planted upon unsuitable lands, so that while the groves throve
for the first few years, they later ceased bearing or did not have the
vigor to resist blight and other plant diseases, and cultivation was
undertaken subject to conditions that promised a profit only so long as
the high prices then prevailing continued. When these prices dropped
the boom in the industry collapsed, and a period of depression ensued
in the coffee districts that has done much to discourage any attempt to
diversify agriculture in those parts of the islands. Nevertheless,
among the many plantations started there were a few blessed with
exceptional advantages of soil, climate, and location that have survived
and are in a degree prospering, but chiefly through a system of sub­
leases to Japanese. Several of these are located upon the North Kona
coast of Hawaii and there is one large and well-administered planta-




« See also page 395.

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CO M M ISSIO N ER OF L A B O R

ON

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461

tion upon the opposite side of the same island, in the Hamakua dis­
trict, that has managed to maintain itself in the midst of other failures.
The conditions of employment of hired workers are governed
largely by the conditions prevailing upon the neighboring sugar
plantations. Wages range from $16 to $18 a month, with free quarters,
water, and fuel. Pickers receive from 40 to 50 cents per hundredweight
of berry. Cultivators employed in keeping the ground clear under the
trees are paid 90 cents an acre a month on one plantation. One man
can keep from 15 to 20 acres in good condition, working his own time.
The cost of producing a pound of coffee is said to be about 7 i cents in
North Kona and 10 cents in the Hamakua district. Another estimate
in the latter district, based upon conservative data, would make the
cost of clean coffee, delivered at port of shipment, 8.7 cents a pound.
The coffee crop of 1903 was the largest that the Territory ever pro­
duced, exceeding 3,000,000 pounds. Ninety-five per cent of this was
raised upon the island of Hawaii. The total value of the crop exported
was $184,180. The land planted in coffee does not exceed 4,500 acres,
but important extensions were being made of the present plantations
of North Kona in 1905, and new land was also being brought under
cultivation in connection with the Hamakua plantation already
mentioned.
F R U IT S.

A trade of some importance in bananas (between the port of Hilo, on
the island of Hawaii, and San Francisco) has sprung up since the report
of 1902 was written. In 1905 this industry was suffering somewhat,
principally from the lack of regular and cheap transportation, which
enabled the American fruit companies, with their more efficient
organization and quicker deliveries, to flood the California market just
prior to the arrival of Hawaiian shipments.
The growing and canning of pineapples is an expanding industry in
Hawaii. Four canneries are now in operation—two in the vicinity of
Honolulu, on the island of Oahu, one upon the Kona coast of Hawaii,
and one undertaken by a sugar planter on the island of Maui. This
industry thus starts with a wide distribution in the Territory, and it gives
promise of being permanently profitable. The shipments of canned
fruit rose from 8,000 cases in 1903 to 20,000 eases in 1904, and it is
anticipated will approach 40,000 cases the present year. Both field
labor and the work of canning are done by Asiatics, and wages and
general conditions of employment do not differ markedly from those
prevailing upon the sugar plantations. The field work is pleasanter
and less arduous than that of raising cane. The pineapples at present
are planted mostly at an altitude of 1,000 feet or over. No form of
labor is employed in this industry that would present physical hard­
ships to white men. The canneries were not in operation when the
figures for this report were gathered, but the prevailing rate of pay



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for Japanese cannery hands was reported to be $1 a day. As in case
of coffee, the cultivation of this crop is beginning to fall into the hands
of Japanese companies, and one of the largest tracts in the Wahiawa
colony, which has made a specialty of pineapple raising, is now leased
to a Japanese planter.
An American pineapple farmer, managing his own place, employed
an American teamster at $2 a day and house; an American mechanic at
$2 a day, with board and lodging; and 15 Chinese laborers, who received
10 cents an hour and house. They worked nine hours a day. The
usual return is from 5 to 10 tons of pineapples to the acre, and the
price paid by the cannery is $30 a ton. This farmer shipped most of
his fruit fresh to the mainland market, receiving a somewhat higher
price. The owner of a neighboring farm, also an American, said:
“ From those two acres of pineapples I sold $256 worth of pines, to a
man who harvested them himself. That was my winter crop. I expect
to sell the summer crop from the same field to the cannery for $300.”
M ISCELLANEOU S R U R A L IN D U S T R IE S .

There are several plantations upon the islands where sisal is grown,
one place near Honolulu being operated successfully by a company
having $75,000 invested in the business and nearly 1,500 acres under
cultivation or in process of clearing. Two rubber plantations have
been started, one of which is already far enough along to indicate that
the natural conditions for successfully establishing this industry exist
in some parts of Hawaii. Experiments with Cuban tobacco have been
conducted by the Federal agricultural station with favorable results, and
some attention is being given to its cultivation by sugar planters on
Hawaii. There appears to be a fairly strong movement toward a
diversification of industry in the islands, though this has not passed
out of the experimental or initiatory stage as yet. The low prices of
sugar prevailing recently have helped to turn the attention of local
capitalists toward the production of other crops. But none of the new
undertakings has reached a period of development where it encounters
a labor question of its own or affects the general situation in the
Territory.
TR A N SP O R TA T IO N .

The larger cane plantations upon all of the islands have their own
railway systems, but these are not used for general transportation
purposes. Oahu, Hawaii, and Maui also have public railways, though
only upon the first of these islands does the railroad afford access to a
considerable part of the country. The railway upon Hawaii is being
extended, and will ultimately connect the series of plantations extend­
ing for nearly 90 miles along the Hilo and Hamakua coast, or wind­
ward side of the island, with a possible access to Kau, or the south­
western district, by way of the volcano of Kilauea. A franchise has



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463

been granted for a projected line along the Kona coast of Hawaii. A
very small line, which runs trains for public service but twice or three
times a week, extends along the Kohala coast of the same island, chiefly
for the purpose of carrying sugar from the plantations of the district
to the nearest shipping port of Mahukona. Maui has a single system,
affording transportation in connection with plantation railways of the
same gauge to all of the central plain, where settlement is mostly con­
centrated, although the locally important town of Lahaina and its
environs are not served by this company. The wages and hours of
labor of railway employees, which include a complete census of these
occupations so far as public roads are concerned, are given in the
general tables that form the second part of this report.
Interisland traffic is almost entirely in the hands of a single shipping
corporation* which was formed by the union of the two companies that
operated independently* but not competitively, until June, 1905. The
terms of employment for steamship employees are also given in the
general tables. There has been a partial displacement of Hawaiian
sailors by Japanese, but this has not extended to skilled positions. The
Asiatics are not considered as good boatmen as the natives, and their
entry into this occupation is to be accounted for by other than purely
economic motives on the part of the shipowners. It has been occa­
sioned largely by the fact that the Hawaiians prove unreliable in a sea­
port town like Honolulu, where they will often sacrifice a permanent
position rather than forego the pleasure of attending some festivity
among their own people or of celebrating pay day by a spree. The
Asiatics are less competent* but they are always on hand when a man
is wanted.
Honolulu has an excellent electric-railway system, extending well
into the suburbs, that employs only citizen labor, except in a very few
unskilled positions. The rate of pay of motormen and conductors is
30 cents an hour, or higher than elsewhere in the United States, with
the exception of one or two cities in Montana. The pay is the same
on all runs, and the men are employed on an average nine hours a day.
OTH ER N O N U R B A N EM PLOYM EN TS.

Forestry and mining afford practically no employment in Hawaii,
and except in remote localities the fisheries are almost entirely in the
hands of Japanese. They work either independently or for a share
of the catch, so that this industry also is not an employing one. It
has been proposed at various times to organize the fishing business
and make the islands a center for systematic food fishing by a fleet of
schooners under a single company* but this project has fallen through
before proceeding beyond the stage of discussion.
Most o f the men working in the country who are not employed in
the various agricultural industries already described or in cultivating




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small homesteads without hired service are engaged upon the large
irrigation and electric power works now being constructed, or upon the
public works. The irrigation ditches and reservoirs are built by Jap­
anese laborers, who usually work in contracting companies under
general white supervision. So much of this work is paid for on a
piecework basis that actual earnings are difficult to determine; but
general laborers expect to receive $1 a day for ditch digging and other
kinds of excavating. They are usually supplied with shelter, but not
with rations or medical attendance. Contractors sometimes earn much
more than this sum, and cases are not rare where Japanese are said to
have earned $2 a day on ditch and tunnel contracts.
Only citizen labor is employed upon public works, as a consequence
of a law passed by the Territorial legislature in 1903. The prevailing
wages and hours of labor are given in the general tables, from the pay
rolls of several of the principal contractors doing work for the Gov­
ernment. Unskilled labor is paid from $1 to $2 a day, according to
the locality where the work is performed and the amount of resident
labor in the vicinity. Bough carpenters and semiskilled mechanics
receive up to $2 and skilled mechanics up to $4 or $4.50 a day.
Public works undertaken by the Federal Government are still open
to Asiatic labor. For reasons more fully stated in another section of
this report both employers and employees in the Territory are favor­
able to a policy restricting this field of employment also to citizens or
persons eligible to become citizens.
There is no present prospect that the country population of Hawaii
will ever be employed extensively in other than agricultural pursuits.
There are no mineral resources, and the islands are without local fuel
supplies or other sources of constant power sufficient to encourage
manufacturing industries.
U R B A N EM PLOYM ENTS.

Some clothing, boots and shoes, and bamboo furniture are manu­
factured by Orientals in the small shops of Honolulu, and both there
and in Hilo there are Asiatic establishments that make tinware for
sale at plantation stores and elsewhere among the working people.
The building trades and associated occupations afford about the only
field of employment for skilled white labor where a considerable num­
ber of men are following the same trade, if we except two or three
machine shops not employing Asiatic labor.
The wages and hours of labor of white mechanics in Honolulu and
elsewhere throughout the archipelago, when considered in connection
with the cost of living and steadiness of employment, present as favor­
able conditions for workingmen as prevail elsewhere in the United
States; otherwise white mechanics would leave for California. The
high wages of skilled labor in Hawaii are due to some extent to the



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fact that much of the white labor employed in the Territory is super­
visor}7 labor, directing less skilled native and Portuguese helpers.
Although but few of these superintending workmen are needed, it is
difficult to keep even a small number in the Territory.
Many carpenters are paid as high as $4 for an 8-hour day, and brick
masons and plasterers from $5.50 to $6 a day. Plumbers receive from
$4.50 to $5.50 for an 8-hour day. Painters are paid as high as $3 and
$3.50 a day. While work is at times irregular on account of slackness
of business, there is not the same seasonal unemployment as in most
other parts of the United States.
The clothing trades are almost entirely in the hands of Asiatics. A
few white tailors are engaged in business in Honolulu, and there is
one white firm in Hilo, but they all, with the exception of the Hilo
tailor, are said to employ Chinese or Japanese workmen. There are
practically no white wage-earners engaged in making men’s garments
or boots and shoes, although a few find employment independently in
repairing and cobbling. Native and Portuguese sewing girls are
reported to earn $1 a day when constantly employed. Although these
trades are almost monopolized by Orientals, the average rate of wages
is probably not lower than in large American cities, and the economic
condition of the Chinese or Japanese worker in these occupations is
absolutely, as well as relatively to his standard of living, better than
that of the sweat-shop workers of New York and Chicago.
The preparation of food and drink, affords employment to a number
of workers, who are mostly Asiatics. Most of the bakeries, confec­
tionery shops, and hotels and restaurants employ Chinese help, or, as a
second choice, Japanese. Workers of the latter nationality are more
commonly found than the Chinese in laborious occupations, such as
operating aerated-water machinery. The Honolulu brewery, which
is the only establishment of the kind in the islands, employs only white
or native labor in its manufacturing departments and delivery service.
Bottlers and common laborers are paid from $1 to $1.75 a day, team­
sters from $54 to $75 a month, while skilled help receives from $100
to $250 a month. Asiatic bakery and confectionery hands are paid
from $20 to $40 a month, with board and lodging.
Practically all domestic servants are Asiatics, and their rate of pay
varies with their skill, reliability, and knowledge of the English lan­
guage to such an extent that it is quite impossible to estimate their
average earnings. Plantation cooks receive from $18 to $30 a month.
Similar rates are paid in the wealthier households of Honolulu. A
Part-Hawaiian stationary engineer was paying his Japanese servant,
who cooked for his family, $4.50 a week and board, while in a neigh­
boring family a Japanese boy who did not cook, but attended school
and performed’household duties out of school hours, was paid $1.50 a




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week and board. Domestic servants are organized into guilds. Japa­
nese servants are frequently under some obligations to employment
agencies kept by their countrymen, and are changed from one position
to another, to serve the convenience of the agency or as they acquire
increased skill and experience.
Caucasian mercantile establishments employ white clerks and sales­
men except for dealings with Asiatic customers. As all the better
houses have some retail trade with the Orientals, and sometimes sell
goods regularly to Chinese and Japanese merchants, they generally
have one or two clerks of those nationalities upon their pay rolls.
Few, if any, whites or natives are employed in the Oriental stores.
The salaries of white salesmen and office clerks are rather higher
than in towns of equal size in America. Bookkeepers are paid from
$100 to $250 and $300 a month, copyists and stenographers from $60
to $100, and salesmen from $40 to $100. Many retail stores have some
Part-Hawaiian and Portuguese clerks who are paid a lower rat$ than
Americans or north Europeans. Most of the mercantile establish­
ments in the American quarter close at 6 p. m., but the Oriental stores,
especially small shops and provision stands, are open evenings. Sun­
day closing is almost universal, except for places where refreshments
are sold.
The only urban occupations not subject to Asiatic competition are
the English printing trades and some forms of employment in machin­
ery and metal working. Oriental blacksmiths and horseshoers have
shops in Honolulu, and the Japanese compete with boiler makers in
making the large tanks used as receivers for the fuel oil now largely
employed for steam making in the islands. The language difficulty as
yet forms an insurmountable obstacle to the employment of Asiatics
in English printing offices, but there are several Chinese and Japanese
newspaper and job printing establishments in the Territory, catering
chiefly to the needs of the Oriental population, that occasionally do
English work.
The manufacture of sugar-mill machinery and the repair of mill and
marine machinery and dock-yard work form the largest employing
industry in Honolulu. Two principal establishments are engaged in
this business, the larger of which had about 270 men and the smaller
55 men on its pay rolls in June, 1905. This total rises to over 400 men
during busy seasons. No Asiatics are employed, either as mechanics
or laborers, by either company. Foremen receive $6 and $7 a day,
journeymen av.erage from $3.75 to $4, and helpers, who are mostly
natives and Portuguese, from $1.75 to $2. The rate varies according
to individual efficiency. The trades represented are pattern makers,
molders, machinists, blacksmiths, boiler makers, and shop laborers.
Apprentices and youths are paid from $6 to $9 a week, and a few
boys receive $3.50 to $4.50 a week.




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Skilled electrical work is also entirely in the hands of Caucasians and
Hawaiians. Wiremen receive from $2 to $3.50 and linemen $2.50 or
$2.75 a day. Some wiring in the Chinese quarter is done by Asiatics,
but the amount is small and the work of a character requiring little
skill.
Job compositors in small shops receive from $12 to $15 a week, while
hand compositors, both job and newspaper, are paid up to $20 a week
in larger establishments. Linotype men get from $20 to $34.40 a week.
Press boys receive from $1 a day up, and feeders of large presses as
high as $3 a day.
This covers in a broad way the field of employment in Hawaii.
There are many individual omissions, but the industries not mentioned
are unimportant and present no conditions requiring special descrip­
tion. In some trades, like carriage making and repairing, the estab­
lishments conducted by Asiatics are almost, if not quite, as large as
those owned by white men. The employees in the white shops are
nearly all Caucasians, and in the Asiatic shops Orientals. The same
is true of milling and steam joinery. Here the competition, which in a
degree determines the condition of labor as represented in wages and
hours of work, is among employers as well as among employees. But
the effect upon wages is not marked.
In brief, then, the labor demand of the Territory is found chiefly in
rural industries and overwhelmingly, as compared with other fields of
employment, considered either singly or in the aggregate, upon the
sugar plantations. About all the study of other occupations will do is
to show how closely the labor conditions in them conform to the con­
ditions prevailing upon the plantations in all essential respects.
THE COST OF LIVING.
In considering the cost of living of the working people three dis­
tinct classes must be regarded—white mechanics and skilled workers;
white and Hawaiian unskilled workers, the former of whom are
mostly Portuguese with a few Germans and Austrians, and Asiatics.
In case of each class of workers the cost of living is different in
Honolulu from that upon the plantations, and it is not uniform
throughout the' country districts of Hawaii.
The skilled Caucasian workers of the Territory maintain quite as
high a standard of living as any class of wage-earners in America.
Upon the plantations they are housed in comfortable cottages, fre­
quently with garden and stable. They have free water connection
and are usually supplied with fuel. Unmarried employees often
board in a plantation mess, which is partly supported by the company.
The cost of board runs from $20 to $25 a month and is usually about




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as good as hoarding-house fare costing the same amount in an
American city. On one plantation, where several employees formed
a mess and the company supplied house, fuel, water, and dishes and
utensils in the first instance, it cost the men $23 a month when 8 were
at the table and $20 a month when there were 12. On a neighboring
plantation, where the plantation furnished the same items as in the
case just mentioned, the mess expenses for food and cook’s pay were
$21 a month. On a small plantation upon another island, where
there were 4 in a mess, the cost was $25 a month. At another place
an unmarried bookkeeper, who was allowed a house and fuel and
water, besides $12 a month for a cook, by the plantation, and had one
boarder paying $30 a month for board and lodging, found his living
expenses to be $50 a month, exclusive of clothing and laundry. This
gentleman purchased the material for clothing and paid a Japanese
tailor $15 for making a suit. The tailor supplied thread only. The
total cost of a business suit was about $30. A new house occupied by
an overseer on Lihue plantation had cost $1,900 and would rent for
$20 a month. It had a large u lanai,” or veranda living room, such as
are common in Hawaii, a sitting room, dining room, two bedrooms,
and a bathroom^ besides kitchen and outhouses in the rear. Upon
another plantation two residences recently erected for white employees
had cost $1,000 and $1,076, respectively. These were neat frame cot­
tages of five rooms and a bath. Some of the smaller cottages cost $700.
Probably the expense to the plantation of erecting these buildings
was not greater than it would be in most parts of the United States.
Upon all plantations a person finds as great a variety and as excel­
lent food as he would be apt to get in any country town upon the
mainland. Practically all the vegetables raised in the Temperate Zone
are cultivated in Hawaii, besides taro, alligator pears, and breadfruit.
Strawberries are grown to perfection in several parts of the islands,
while native grapes, peaches, and apples are somewhat less abundant,
but most of the temperate zone fruits are brought from California.
Furthermore, there are several varieties of tropical fruit in season at
nearly all times of the year. Cured meats, fresh meats of different
kinds and often of excellent quality, fresh milk and cream, and in most
places fresh sea fish are obtainable. In the matter of table supplies
Hawaii resembles California much more than it does most tropical
countries. And there is probably no place in the West Indies, not
excepting Habana, where the same variety and quality of food famil­
iar to Americans is to be found as in Honolulu.
In comparing the living expenses of a white mechanic in Honolulu
with those of a wage-earner of the same class upon the mainland regard
must be had for a certain difference in the style of living demanded
by custom in the two places. An American carpenter in Honolulu




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expressed this well by saying: “ There is nowhere else so much swell­
dom among the poor as in this country.” You never see a white work. man carrying a dinner pail in Honolulu. The wives of carpenters and
painters often keep a Japanese servant. All the white people in the
city form a sort of caste, as compared with the Orientals, and strive to
maintain the dignity of their position. The wages of a skilled and
reliable white mechanic, when steadily employed, afford him an income
quite equal to that of many professional men and men employed in
clerical occupations. In the past money has come and gone easily in
the islands, and a liberal scale of expenditure was demanded by uni­
versal custom. Even to-day there is no coin smaller than the 5-cent
piece in circulation. These conditions do not invite to thrift and per­
sonal economies. They appear as a heightened cost of living that is
quite independent of the price of commodities.
A foremali plumber said: “ Clothing is about as cheap in Honolulu
as in San Francisco. It costs my wife and myself about $80 a month
to live. A single man who lives well must pay $40 a month for board,
lodging, and washing.”
An American-born carpenter, who had lived in Honolulu for twentyseven years, and who had a family of 5 children—some of whom were
in the high school—his wife being dead, said: “ It costs me $75 a month
to live. I pay $20 a month for my cottage (situated on a good resi­
dence street within walking distance of the business portion of the
city), which has 3 large and 2 very small bedrooms, a parlor, dining
room, kitchen, and bath. My grocery bill averages between $28 and
$30 a month. I pay from $12 to $14 for fresh meat, $3.50 for fresh
milk, and buy my fresh vegetables at the door from Chinese market
gardeners. So my family expenses are $75 a month, without counting
clothing and extras.”
Another American carpenter, who had moved to Hawaii from the
Middle West more recently, said: “ I own a lot and have built my own
house. I raise my own chickens and have plenty of eggs; and also
have my own fruit, including several*varieties of bananas, papayas,
guavas, and mangoes; and raise such vegetables as turnips, beets, car­
rots, and lettuce. If I kept a cow I should hardly have to work to
supply my table. Wood costs $14 a cord, but we don’t use much of
it. Elecjtric light costs $1 a light a month. My expenses for fuel,
clothing, and eatables for my family are no greater than they were
four years ago in America.”
Some workingmen’s cottages in less desirable localities rent for as
low as. $10 and $15 a month. Very pretty cottages with all modern
improvements and pleasant grounds are to be had for from $20 to $35
a month. Rents are now much lower in Honolulu than they were
three or four years ago. *




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Such quotations as the following are taken from the monthly accounts
of workingmen’s families in Honolulu: Fifty loaves of bread, $2.10; 26
quarts of milk, $2.60; 2 pounds butter, $0.60; 16 pounds potatoes,
$0.40; 6 eggs, $0.20; 1 pound “ Comet” tea, $0.65; 5 pounds roast
coffee, $1; 8 pounds rice, $0.45; 20 pounds “ Peerless” sugar, $0.80;
6f pounds ham, $1.20; 2 cans peas, $0.40; 1 can tongue, $0.30; 1 can
tomatoes, $0.15; 2 pounds salt pork, $0.40; 1 bag “ Golden Gate”
flour, $1.50; 2 pounds soda crackers, $0.25; 2 packages 6‘Force,”
$0.40; 1 sack corn meal (5 pounds), $0.25; 1 gallon vinegar, $0.25;
2 packages macaroni, $0.25. These prices are from several estab­
lishments, including some of the largest stores, carrying high-grade
stocks, and suburban groceries supplying a workingmen’s neigh­
borhood. Some whites, especially Portuguese and the lower paid
Europeans and Americans, patronize Oriental stores. One mechanic
said: “ It makes a difference of about 25 cents in a bill of*$2.50 or $3
if you buy of a Chinaman, but you get stale or inferior goods. The
goods are American in both cases, but of different grade or quality.
My boy, who works in one of the principal American provision houses,
says that when their stock gets stale on the shelves they box it up in
the original cases and sell it to Chinese and Japanese dealers.”
Since no coin of less value than a 5-cent piece is-in circulation, prices
are not usually graded down below that denomination, except where
several units are sold together. For instance, in case o f canned goods
the price-for a single can may be 15 cents, while the price of two cans
is 25 cents. Consumers in Honolulu reported that it was not the cus­
tom to allow for fractions of five cents when several units of different
commodities were purchased. Therefore, if half a pound of cheese at
25 cents a pound and one can of tomatoes at 2 cans for 25 cents were
bought, the charge would be 15 cents for the cheese and 15 cents for
the tomatoes. Consequently, the quoted retail prices bf commodities
do not in all instances represent the actual cost to a housekeeper who
neglects to consider this custom in making purchases.
The cost of good board in private families and residential hotels at
Honolulu ranges from $10 to $15 a week. Street-car fares are the
same and cab fares are lower than in the cities of the mainland. Steamlaundry prices are much lower than in California or the Eastern States.
High-grade custom-made clothing is more expensive thajn in most other
parts of the United States, but cheaper grades of custom-made clothing
and ready-made garments cost little if any more than ifi San Francisco
or New York. The last remark applies also to furnishing goods. In
fact, for all these articles, as well as for hats and boots and shoe^, con­
ventional prices prevail for the same brands and makes that are ordi­
narily found in American stores.
Unskilled Caucasian laborers, teamsters, watchmen, gang and field
bosses upon the plantations, the lower paid operatives in mills, and




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clerks in retail establishments are for the most part Portuguese,
although an increasing number of those employed in these occupations
are reported as Americans, because of the growing population of per­
sons born in Hawaii of Portuguese or Part-Hawaiian parentage who
class themselves under this designation. There are many PartHawaiians and a few workers nominally of full Hawaiian blood who
are to be classed with this division of labor in considering the cost of
living. There are 600 or 700 citizen Chinese or Chinese-Hawaiian
families who have adopted about the same scale of expenditure,
although few of these are reported in wage-earning occupations out­
side of mercantile pursuits. The Porto Ricans still working on the
plantations are, for purposes of convenience, considered in the same
division.
A representative Portuguese family of the more thrifty class,
employed upon a plantation, consisted of the father, who was a laborer,
and 2 sons working with teams, besides the mother and a younger son,
who were unemployed. The aggregate earnings of the 3 wage-earners
for a year were $742.35, besides which the family income was aug­
mented by $216 derived from the sale of milk. The plantation fur­
nished this family—in addition to wages—with a 4-room cottage, with
detached kitchen, and about 1 acre of garden land. The rental value
of the property was estimated to be about $120 a year. They owned
4 cows, 4 cajves, and a horse. A German plantation watchman, with
a family of 6 persons, earned $269 per annum, while two sons, the
eldest of whom was 17 years of age, contributed enough to the family
income to bring it up to $543.40 for the year. This family was sup­
plied by the plantation with a 5-room cottage, with detached kitchen,
a large garden, and pasture. They owned a horse, donkey, 2 cows,
and a calf. A German field boss, with a family of 7, one of whom
was a son 17 years old, working in the mill, had a family income of
$646, of which $52 was derived from other sources than wages. They
also occupied a 5-room cottage, with detached kitchen, garden, and
pasture. They owned a horse and carriage, 2 cows, and 2 calves. No
accurate account of the expenditures of these families was obtainable;
but their store accounts, which included most of their cash outgo, were
estimated at between $30 and $40 a month.
A Portuguese night watchman, with a family of five, received $360 a
year, and estimated his store account at $276 and his expenses for
clothing at $33 additional. A few other items, such as lighting, which
was considered to cost $8 a year, brought his total expenses up to
nearly his entire income. The eldest of his 3 children was 8 years
old, so none of them contributed anything to the family earnings. A
Portuguese plantation locomotive engineer, who was a young man of
26, with a family of 4, had an income of $780 per annum, and was able
to save $124 the year reported after paying all his expenses. The




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plantation cottages occupied by the Portuguese laborers and teamsters
usually contain 4 rooms and cost from $400 to $600. Most families
keep cows, pigs, and chickens, and raise at least a portion of their own
fruits and vegetables. A Spanish field boss in charge of a gang of
Porto Ricans said that the latter spent about $8 a month for board,
and paid from $1 to $2 a month for 1-room cottages. These men live
in houses away from the plantation by preference. Their total living
expenses, except for clothing, “ drink, and tobacco5’ were estimated
at $10 a month, or about the same as those of the better class of
Japanese laborers. “ Poi,” a preparation of taro root, is a staple
article of diet used by the Hawaiian employees upon the plantations.
This costs them about $3 a month in some places and as much as $4.50
in ’others. A man with a family will use about 9 bundles of hard poi,
which costs from $6 to $7. At a plantation coffeehouse patronized by
natives a cup of coffee, with sugar and bread and butter or cakes, costs
10 cents. The cost of food for a family—bought for the most part
from the Chinese coffee shops—was estimated at 30 cents a day,
exclusive of poi. Rather neat 1-room cottages with a small veranda,
occupied by Hawaiian laborers, cost the plantation $75 each.
The following store accounts for a month of Portuguese and Porto
Rican plantation laborers were taken at a place where, on account of
the isolation of the plantation camp, it appeared probable that most
of the purchases would be made at a single establishments
1. Portuguese laborer, wife, and 4 children (monthly earnings,
$25.15): 3 bags flour, $4.65; 5-gallon tin kerosene, $1.50; 50 pounds
sugar, $2.25; tobacco, $0.25; matches, $0.10; 25 pounds wheat, $0.65;
5-pound tin lard, $0.60; soap, $1.25; sewing-machine oil, $0.15; blue­
ing, $0.05; onions, $0.25; codfish, $1.50; canned salmon, $1; maca­
roni, $0.25; coffee, $0.50; tea, $0.25; cheese, $0.25; butter, $0.10;
rice, $0.50; baking powder, $0.25; salt, $0.10; honey, $0.25; bayo
beans, $0.25; cap, $0.25; comforter, $1.25. Total, $18.40.
2. Portuguese laborer, wife, and 1 child (monthly earnings, $25.25):
2 bags flour, $3.10; 5-gallon can kerosene, $1.50; 50 pounds rice, $1.90;
sugar, $1.25; canned salmon, $1; potatoes, $0.75; codfish, $0!75;
onions, $0.55; tomatoes, $0.50; canned corn beef, $0.50; canned beef,
$0.45; soap,$0.75; lard,$0.35; vermicelli,$0.25; beans, $0.10; raisins,
$0.20; biscuits, $0.50; starch, $0.10; blueing, $0.l6; coffee, $0.25; tea,
$0.25; tobacco, $0.25; hair pins, $0.05; broom, $0.35. Total, $15.75.
3. Portuguese laborer and wife (monthly earnings, $23.40): 1 bag
flour, $1.55; 5-gallon can kerosene, $1.50; 25 pounds sugar, $1.15; 5pound can lard, $0.60; condensed milk, $0.50; 25 pounds potatoes,
$0.60; beans, $0.50; codfish, $0.75; onions, $0.25; wheat, $0.25; cof­
fee, $0.50; vinegar, $0.15; salt, $0.05; soap, $0.50; starch, $0.10;
blueing, $0.05; tobacco, $0.75; 2 undershirts, $1; 2 plates, $0.25; cot­
ton sheeting, $1; 1 pair pants, $0.90; fresh beef, $1.50. Total, $14.40.




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4. Portuguese laborer, wife, and 4 children (monthly earnings—
father, $19.45; daughter, $12.25; total, $31.70): 4 bags flour, $6.20;
5-gallon can kerosene, $1.50; one-half bag sugar, $2.85; beans, $2;
macaroni, $1.25; 5-pound can lard, $0.60; 25 pounds wheat, $0.65; 50
pounds potatoes, $1.15; onions, $0.25; garlics, $0.10; codfish, $0.25;
vinegar, $0.70; coffee, $0.75; tea, $0.25; chicory, $0.10; salt, $0.15;
butter, $0.10; shrimps, $0.05; soap, $1; tobacco, $0.75; brown cotton
sheeting, $1; gingham, $1.25; fresh beef, $3. Total, $25.90.
5. Porto Rican laborer and 3 children (monthly earnings—father,
$15.75; son, $12.30; total, $28.05): Kerosene, $0.15; one-half bag rice,
$2.15; codfish, $1; wheat, $0.75; sugar, $0.75; 5-pound can lard, $0.60;
canned corn beef, $0.45; beans, $0.25; onions, $0.10; garlics, $0.10;
pepper, $0.05; cheese, $0.05; coffee, $0.25; condensed milk, $0.50; salt,
$0.05; matches, $0.05; charcoal, $0.15; soap, $0.50; starch, $0.20;
tobacco, $0.75; 1 shirt, $0.50; spoons, $0.15; fresh beef, $1.50. Total,
$ 11.
6. Porto Rican laborer and wife (monthly earnings, $16.90): 2 bags
flour, $3.10; one-half bag rice, $1.75; kerosene, $0.30; candle's, $0.25;
sugar, $1; 5-pound can lard, $0?60; onions and garlics, $0.15; pepper,
$0.05; codfish, $1; potatoes, $0.15; coffee, $1; salt, $0.05; soap, $0.50;
starch, $0.10; blueing, $0.05; tobacco, $0.50; thread, $0.25; bunting,
$1; fresh beef, $1.50; cigarette papers, $0.10. Total, $13.40.
Upon Koloa plantation it was estimated that a Portuguese man and
wife, living economically, keeping cows and chickens, and occupying
a plantation house with garden, could live with a cash expenditure
not exceeding $16 a month. A Portuguese overseer with a wife and
2 children spent $40 a month. The following prices of clothing were
secured at a plantation store: Stout leather shoes, with sewed soles,
$1.75 a pair; black canvas shoes, nailed soles, $1.50 a pair; best work­
ing shoes, American factory made, $2.25 a pair; khaki pants, made
locally, $1 a pair; denim shirts, $0.50 each; denim pants, $0.75 a pair;
drill shirts, $0.75 each. This store sold Hawaiian-made, all leather
shoes for $1.50 a pair.
The cost of living for the same class of labor is considerably higher
in Honolulu. Rent and fuel are more expensive and the facilities for
keeping stock and chickens and raising garden crops are not quite so
good. Nevertheless most of the Portuguese homes gave evidence of
thrifty management, and have chicken-yards and vegetable gardens in
their grounds. A landlord having a .number of tenements in a work­
ingmen’s quarter said: u I am renting 10 cottages of 4 rooms and
bath, with sanitary toilet in outhouse, for $9 a month. I also have 10
smaller cottages that rent for $6 a month, which have an assessed
valuation of $7,000. In addition to keeping them in repair I pay
annually $70 taxes, $39 sewer rate, and $80 water rate. Seven of these
cheaper cottages are now occupied by the following tenants: 1 German
25—No. 66—06---- 8



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laborer, 1 German widow, 2 Hawaiian laborers on government works,
1 Bart-Hawaiian working in the Honolulu Ironworks, and 2 Portu­
guese mason’s helpers.”
An American night watchman, who raised his own garden vegeta­
bles and kept chickens, estimated his grocery bill at $17 a month,
and his total expenses for himself and wife at $30 a month, aside from
clothing.
The Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans are said to spend about an
equal amount of money for food, lodging, and clothing, although the
distribution of expenditure among these three items is not the same
for all these nationalities. As a rule, the Chinese eat more expensive
food—and especially consume more meat—than the Japanese, in which
respect the Koreans also come to resemble the former after a short
stay in Hawaii, although at first they are apt to stint themselves in the
matter of provisions. But the Japanese spend more for clothing and
usually demand better living quarters than do the Chinese. The mis­
cellaneous expenses of the Japanese are also probably higher than
those of the Chinese or Koreans, although this can be stated with less
assurance, on account of the impossibility of ascertaining the channels
in which these different peoples employ their surplus money.
The Asiatics deal with merchants of their own nationality so exclu­
sively that it is difficult to secure reliable detailed information as to
their cash expenditures. The Asiatic plantation employees frequently
have small gardens and, like the Portuguese, keep pigs and chickens.
Chinese rice planters reported the cost of board and lodging for their
field hands as $6 or $7 a month. As stated elsewhere in this report,
four meals, including rice, vegetables, and fish or meat, are given
laborers in these plantations, as the work is for long hours and
involves constant exposure and employment in the water.
A Korean overseer said: “ My countrymen working here eat rice,
vegetables, and fresh beef. They spend $7 or $8 a month for board,
and are-well satisfied. Their total expenses are not more than $10 a
month. In Korea they never earn over $4 or $5 a month, and spend
$2 or $3 for living. They spend more in Hawaii, but still are able to
save more than at home.” The writer visited a Korean camp at meal­
time. The men were boarding in a mess which they conducted them­
selves, ranges and cooking utensils, as well as house and fuel, being
supplied by the plantation. Their mess expenses were said by the
cook to be $6 a month. The men were plentifully supplied with boiled
rice, a salad of fresh vegetables, and beef stew. The manager of the
plantation said that they would buy the cheaper parts of animals,
including the head and refuse meats, and that occasionally they bought
fowls, which they stew heads and all. The vegetables were purchased
from Japanese market gardeners. Upon another plantation, which
also conducts a large cattle ranch, the Koreans buy beef on the hoof,



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475

slaughtering it themselves. It was a general opinion among planta­
tion people that the Koreans spent more money the longer they
remained in Hawaii, increasing their standard of living with longer
residence. They buy American clothing and adopt American habits
to some extent, resembling the Japanese more than the Chinese in
this respect. No complaint was made of their using opium, but they'
are fond of intoxicating liquor, and occasionally have a lively time
after pay day.
Japanese plantation employees pay from $6 to $7 for board. Their
quarters are furnished by the plantation. A Japanese store clerk on
one plantation said in substance: It costs a Japanese man, wife, and
2 children about $10 a month to live, or a little more than this if they
have more than the barest necessities. They would use every month
one or two bags of rice, probably Japanese rice, which would cost $4.75
one month and $9.50 the next; besides buying soy, dried fish, a little
fresh meat, a good many beans, and some Japanese canned goods and
preserved provisions. Another Japanese store clerk, upon another
island, said: “ Japanese single men, field laborers, are charged $6.50
a month for board by Japanese boarding houses in the camps, and
mill hands are charged $7 a month. The latter work longer and have
better pay and so live a little better. These men lodge themselves.
Tea and rice are the two biggest items of expense. The cost of sup­
porting a Japanese family of 4 persons, with rent, fuel, and light free,
and not including clothing, is about $12 a month. The store account
of a Japanese laborer, who was a single man, was as follows: Onehalfjbag rice, $2.50; one-half bag flour, $0.80; kerosene, $0.25; wash­
ing and bath-house dues, $1.25; tobacco, $1; medical fee, $0.35; cloth­
ing, $3.50; meats and vegetables bought outside the store, about $2.70.,
Total, $12.35.” This would make the cost of food supplies $6, which
is less than the usual price charged for board; but the last item may
be overestimated, and the figures are evidently intended to be repre­
sentative rather than accurate in detail.
The expenses of Asiatic working people in Honolulu are somewhat
higher than on the plantations, on account of rent and other items
which have been mentioned in connection with other classes of labor.
There are numerous Japanese hotels and boarding houses in Honolulu
which charge up to 50 cents a day for accommodation. The fare is
said to be more elaborate than at plantation boarding houses. Many
of the Japanese laborers who are temporarily out of employment live
in places run by employment agents of their own nationality, and are
probably financed over a period of idleness much as American sailors
and lumbermen are at the boarding houses conducted for their bene­
fit—or the reverse—at points where they congregate. In these cases
the charge might vary with the necessities of the laborer and his
likelihood of securing immediate employment. Chinese* laborers



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lodging in a village near a plantation were allowed 50 cents a month as
compensation for rent. It is quite safe to say that many Orientals in
Honolulu do not spend more than $1 a month for lodging.
The tables showing the retail price of commodities for a series of
years indicate that the cost of food is less than it was two years ago.
According to the table upon page 515, showing the relative prices of food
for the sixteen years ending with 1905, the average price of provisions
still remains 5.5 per cent above the average price for the ten years
ending with 1899, though it is 2.9 per cent lower than in 1902. Prices
appear to have been falling prior to the Spanish-American war, which
event seems to have been coincident with the beginning of a marked
increase in the cost of all commodities to the consumer. Probably
this was in part due to the higher prices prevailing in the United
States, and partly caused by the boom attending annexation. From
other sources'we know that rents have fallen much more rapidly than
food prices during the last few years, and clothing and furnishings are
probably cheaper than ever before in Hawaii; therefore the cost
of living as a whole is presumably not higher than during the period
of low prices in the middle of the nineties. The indications are that
the trend of prices in the Territory will hereafter respond quickly to
the trend of prices upon the mainland, and probably the cost of living
in Hawaii will gradually approximate that prevailing upon the Pacific
Coast.
HEALTH AND SANITATION.
. A s Honolulu is a port of call for most steamers and many sailing
vessels plying between America and Asia and Australasia, and receives
immigrants and visitors from all quarters of the world, it is necessary
that the Territorial authorities be constantly vigilant to provide against
the introduction of contagious and infectious diseases. The presence
of a large Asiatic laboring population, outnumbering the whites several
fold, and living in many instances by preference, or at least with indif­
ference, amid insanitary surroundings, has added to the public burden
of preserving healthful conditions among the people. And the blight
of leprosy—the “ mai pake,” or Chinese disease, as it is called by the
natives from its supposed source—has so afflicted the Hawaiian race
that the government assistance rendered its unfortunate victims imposes
financial responsibilities upon the community heavier in proportion to
the population than those borne by any State or Territory of the main­
land for sanitary purposes. The expenditures of the Territorial
board of health have averaged nearly $400,000 per annum since annexa­
tion, or more than those for the support of the public schools. At the
same rate per capita the people of the United States would pay
$200,000,000 annually for health protection.




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LABOR

ON H A W A I I .

477

The board of health has charge of food, meat, and fish inspection,
plumbing permits, tenement inspection, the leper settlement, public
hospitals, and health regulations affecting all residents of the islands.
The Federal quarantine officers, of course, inspect immigrants, and
protect the Territory so far as possible from imported diseases.
Honolulu is the only population center in Hawaii where anything
approaching urban conditions prevail. Prior to the outbreak of the
bubonic plague in 1899 the Oriental quarter of this city is reported to
have been in a condition inviting a serious epidemic. Until recently
Honolulu had no sewer system, and even now many residences are not
connected with the public drainage system. A fire which practically
wiped out the Chinese quarter during the cleansing operations con­
ducted at the time of the plague has done much to improve the sanitary
condition of Honolulu, and the public improvements since completed
have made it unlikely that the former evils will ever reappear.
A tour of inspection of Chinese.and Japanese as well as native
tenements arid lodging houses failed to reveal any instances of gross
negligence or disregard of sanitary rules. Some of the better class
Chinese apartment houses were kept in as good condition and afforded
as healthful home surroundings as many similar buildings occupied by
whites in an American city; and the Japanese hotels, of which there
were a large number in Honolulu, were as a rule neat and really
cleaner and more sanitary than the lodging houses patronized by
American laborers in the States. The absence of superfluous furniture
and draperies, the clean matting floor covers, the avoidance of spitting
imposed by the domestic habits of tho Japanese, and the abundant
ventilation which the genial climate makes an Obvious luxury, all
combine to prevent the worst sanitary evils of American slums from
showing themselves in Honolulu. The tenement-house regulations,
which appear to be fairly well enforced in that city, provide that every
dwelling occupied by lodgers or contract laborers shall have a capacity
of not less than 800 cubic feet of space for each adult, or 900 cubic
feet for a man and wife and two children. All buildings must be
separated by at least 10 feet of clear space from any adjacent building,
and must have at least 20 inches of clear air space, not secured by
excavation below the street level, beneath the floor, unless the floor
is of concrete, asphaltum, or masonry, so constructed as to leave no
openings beneath. All rooms where water is used in such quantity as
to render the floor or the ground under the floor thereof damp must be
made absolutely waterproof, with proper drainage. There is a further
provision to the effect that there shall be at least 8 square feet of win­
dow space, of which at least one-half shall be movable and available
for ventilation, for every 100 square feet of floor space of any room
used for human habitation, and that such windows shall have unob­
structed access to the open air and be conveniently reached by the
occupants of the room.



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Most of the tenements in Honolulu are of frame construction, and
they seldom exceed two stories in height. The regulations for tene­
ments outside of Honolulu are practically the same as those governing
such buildings within the city. Some of the most insanitary living
places seen in Hawaii were met with in out-of-the-way villages and in
small towns near the larger plantations,, but outside the jurisdiction of
the plantation authorities. Such tenements were usually located on
small freeholds and were often the resort of the lawless and vicious
hangers-on, the gamblers and panderers, who gather about every large
body of laborers. Some of these places were so overcrowded that
there was evidently little or no attempt to enforce the law in their
case, and even the construction of the buildings betokened the entire
nonobservance of the legal requirements just cited.
Upon the whole the Hawaiian Islands are healthful. The death
rate for 1904 was 17.55 per 1,000 inhabitants. Malarial diseases
are not common, and yellow fever and Asiatic cholera are unknown.
The white population lives under conditions quite as favorable for
health as those prevailing in any tropical country or in most parts of
the American mainland.
The quarters of plantation employees are usually comfortable and
kept in good repair. The Orientals are fairly cleanly in their habits
and those now on the plantations do not appear specially addicted to
overcrowding. It used to be said formerly that the Chinese liked to
be herded together in great barracks with tiers of curtained bunks one
above the other. From motives of economy they will overcrowd in
rented tenements unless prevented by the authorities, and it is fair to
presume that they object less than many other classes of labor to lim­
ited quarters. But when they are provided with ample room they
occupy it as a rule—and, to say the least, they can be taught to live
under better sanitary conditions. The Koreans resemble the Chinese
in all these respects. The Japanese will live up to almost any standard
you enable them to set for themselves, and where provided—as they
are in some places—with tidy individual cottages will gradually build
up attractive homes. Their domestic machinery is somewhat simpler
than that of an American or European laborer, but adequate for the
demands of health and no small degree of comfort. The Portuguese
excel all other unskilled workers as home makers. With rare excep­
tions their bouses are plainly, but neatly and not inartistically, fur­
nished, scrupulously clean, and surrounded oftentimes with flowers and
well-tilled gardens. The Porto Ricans are the least conscious of filth
and squalor of any people in Hawaii, and their quarters are seldom
models for any other nationality. The Hawaiians offer examples of
almost every style of living, from the half-naked mountaineer or
remote coast dweller in a grass hut to the wealthy landowner, whose
family enjoys all the elegancies as well as comforts of a civilized home.
While as individuals they disregard many of the laws of hygiene, with



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479

disastrous results to themselves as a people, their inherited love of
fresh air and water and ample spaces is a saving grace that prevents
their degenerating into a slum population.
Camp sanitation is a matter that receives careful attention upon the
larger plantations, where the outbreak of an epidemic disease among
the laborers would be a business disaster of the first magnitude. Reg­
ular scavenger forces are employed, and the camps are cleaned daily,
or at least several times a week. On all plantations water is provided
in abundance from uncontaminated sources. Many of the plantations
support hospitals and dispensaries for their employees, and in some
instances trained nurses are iu attendance. The more important plan­
tations employ a physician whose services are at the disposal of all
unskilled employees either gratis or for a small monthly fee. During
the days of contract labor such medical attendance was required by
law, and it has been continued without modification in most places
since the contracts were abolished. Recently, however, especially
upon the island of Kauai, the custom has arisen of ‘charging employees
10 cents a month for medical and hospital attendance. This assess­
ment does not cover the whole expense to the plantation. In some
cases overseers and other salaried employees are similarly assessed 1
per cent upon their salaries for medical and hospital expenses. On
one large plantation all laborers receiving not over $20 a month pay
10 cents, those receiving from $20 to $30 pay 15 cents, and those receiv­
ing from $30 to $60 a month pay 25 cents for medical expenses, which
entitles them to free medical attendance, medicines, and hospital
accommodation for themselves and the members of their families.
The medical expenses of a plantation generally exceed $2 a year for
each employee, approaching $3 in several instances; so these assess­
ments are not intended to cover the entire cost of this department to
the employers.
Upon all the larger plantations public baths are conducted for the
use of employees. Sometimes these are partly supported by the
employers, and sometimes they are entirely private-enterprises, except
that the bath house is usually supplied by the plantation. On some
plantations hot water as well as the building is provided. Other plant­
ers supply free the fuel for heating the water. In other intances the
bath house is leased to a contractor, who supplies his own fuel and
charges the employees from 25 to 35 cents a month for bathing privileges.
The Japanese bathe daily. On some plantations the Koreans have
adopted Japanese customs in this respect. Hot water is used, and a
single large tub—in which both sexes bathe together indiscriminately—
suffices for the needs of a number of laborers. Private bath houses,
conducted in much the same manner, are common in the Oriental quar­
ters of Honolulu.




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The provisions made by public authorities and private employers to
protect the health of residents and working people in Hawaii appear
upon the whole to be adequate and quite equal to those usual in com­
munities upon the mainland.
EDUCATION.

Under the powerful and urgent influence of their rulers the Hawaiian
people rapidly acquired a knowledge of reading and writing their own
language during the early years of missionary propaganda. Between
1820 and 1830 there were some 900 schools in the islands, with an
attendance that reached a maximum of 52,000 pupils, most of whom
were adults. The earliest school laws were enacted in 1841, and for
the sixty-five years since that date public schools have been continu­
ously in existence, and attendance has been compulsory. The school
age is from 6 to 15 years. Practically all Hawaiians under 50 years
of age can read and write their native tongue, and nearly all Hawaiians
and Portuguese under 20 years of age can read and write English.
The number of children of school age attending school is 96 per cent
of the total, and in the case of Hawaiians this proportion rises to 98,
and of Part-Hawaiians to 99 per cent. There are 204 schools in the
Territory, of which 147 are public and 57 private institutions. The
public schools are absolutely free, and are open to the whole popula­
tion regardless of race or color. The number of teachers employed
in Hawaii is 646, of whom 189 are males and 457 females. The public
schools are increasing in attendance and in the teaching force much
faster than private schools, while the number of institutions of the lat­
ter character has recently been decreasing. Higher education is as yet.
furnished only by private or endowed colleges, no Territorial university
having been established; but there are several public high schools in
the islands providing secondary courses that enable their graduates to
enter American colleges and universities, and technical and agricultural
courses are given in both public and endowed schools established for
this purpose. There is also a public normal school in Honolulu.
The organization of the public schools, their programmes and
courses, the divisions of the school year, and also their material equip­
ment, such as furniture, apparatus, and text-books, are identical with
those of the mainland. Many of the teachers are graduates of Amer­
ican normal schools and colleges. The Hawaiian school system has
been since a time long prior to annexation essentially a part of the
school system of the United States. By a law recently enacted the
American flag floats over every public school building in the Territory.
Of the 400 teachers employed in the public schools 387 are Amer­
icans, the term being understood to include all persons born in Hawaii
and citizens of the Territory as well as those born on the mainland.



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ON H A W A I I .

481

One hundred and forty-eight of these have more or less Hawaiian
blood in their veins, and 4 are of Chinese parentage. The proportion
of foreign teachers in the private schools is considerably larger.
Practically all the public school teachers who are not Americans under
the definition quoted are of British birth and closely assimilated in
language, sympathy, and educational methods with their American
colleagues. The private schools, which include several missionary
institutions conducted by different denominations, employ 7 Japanese
and 19 Chinese teachers, whose services are required in instructing
pupils of their own race.
In the remoter parts of the Hawaiian Islands it is difficult for teachers
to secure comfortable board or house accommodations, and therefore
the educational department is compelled to provide teachers5residences
in such localities. One assistant teacher is employed at a salary as
low as $180 a year and one other at $240. Several country teachers
in small districts receive $300 each. These salaries are in addition to
free house rent. The larger country schools and village centers pay
from $510 to $720 per annutn to their teachers, frequently with resi­
dence. Principals and the higher-paid special teachers in Honolulu
and Hilo receive from $1,200 to $2,400 per annum. All but 64 of the
teachers in the public schools are certificated.
All the public schools are supported directly by the Territorial
treasury and under a central administration. The annual disburse­
ments for their support approximate $370,000, six-sevenths of which
is paid out in salaries to teachers and the administrative staff, while
the remainder is used for the purchase of materials and supplies, not
including text-books. Buildings are erected under special appropria­
tions. At the time the report for 1904 was rendered by the superin­
tendent of public instruction, 25 school buildings, including a new
normal school and several other large buildings in Honolulu and Hilo,
were under construction or had been completed since the previous
report. There were also 5 combined schoolhouses and residences and
6 teachers’ residences in process of erection. The appropriations for
new buildings for the subsequent biennial period were $133,350.
The principal industrial and technical school conducted by the Ter­
ritory is at Lahainaluna, on the island of Maui, at an institution founded
by the early missionaries, but recently transferred by the controlling
board to the public authorities. An endowed institution in Honolulu,
known as the “ Kamehameha Schools,” which receives only pupils of
Hawaiian or Part-Hawaiian parentage, also has an excellent technical
department and a school farm where practical and theoretical agricul­
ture are taught. The government maintains two industrial schools—
one for boys and one for girls—where wayward pupils are received,
and the regimen is of a disciplinary as well as an educational char­
acter. In the public schools proper there are pupils learning sewing,



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knife work, and mat weaving, and instruction is also given in agricul­
ture. A special lace teacher is employed in Honolulu, whose classes
enrolled 85 in 1904.
Some of the most significant figures presented by the educational
department are those relating to the nationality and race of pupils
attending school in the Territory. They are given in the following
table:
NUMBER AND NATIONALITY OF PUPILS IN SCHOOLS IN THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII IN
THE YEARS 1902-1905.
[From the reports of the governor of the Territory of Hawaii.}

Nationality.

1902.

H aw aiian..............................................................
Part-Hawaiian......................................................
Am erican..... .........................................................
B ritish...................................................................
Germ an.................................................................
Portuguese.............................................................
Scandinavian........................................................
Porto R ican...........................................................
Others (a )..............................................................
C hinese................................................... ........ . . .
Japanese................................................................

4,903
2,869
812
240
337
4,124
98 ,
596
151
1,395
1,993

a Nationalities not reported

1903.

4,893
3,018
799
217
295
4,243
194
538
143
1,554
2,521

1904.

1905.

4,877
•4,972
3,234
3,284
877
205
321
4,345 ■ <*6,556
125
556
289
1,985
1,650
3,609
2,920

Per cent of
increase
from 1902
to 1905.
1.41

14.46

3.11

42.29

81.08

in detail.

The table given shows that during the four-year period 1902 to 1905
the pupils of Hawaiian nationality attending the schools increased less
than 2 per cent. The increase in the attendance of Part-Hawaiians
was nearly 15 per cent. The figures secured for 1905 did not separate
the races other than Hawaiian and Asiatic, but the increase in all the
nationalities combined other than Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian, and Asi­
atic was only 3.11 per cent. As against this increase of Hawaiians and
Caucasians, the number of Chinese among the pupils in the schools
increased during four years over 42 per cent and the Japanese over 81
per cent. In 1905 the children of Asiatic descent formed over onefourth of the entire school attendance. The children of the Japanese
alone increased during these four years over five times as rapidly as
the Part-Hawaiians and over twenty-five times as rapidly as the chil­
dren of all the Caucasians combined. The increase of the Japanese
during the years given has been in an increasing ratio. The increase
in 1905 alone over 1904 was nearly 25 per cent.
Whether it will be possible to maintain a typical American school
system in the face of such a swamping by Orientals is a question for
serious consideration. Possibilities in this matter have already been
discussed in the section dealing with the Orientalization of the Terri­
tory and its results, ( a ) and, as was pointed out, the question is whether
the American school system can Americanize the Orientals in Hawaii,




« See page 409.

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H A W A II.

483

or whether the school system itself will not be Orientalized through
the overwhelming dominance of Asiatic children among the pupils.
In addition to availing themselves of the public schools, the planta­
tion Japanese support their own schools, which are often conducted in
the Buddhist temple by the priest or one of his assistants. Japanese
reading charts and text-books, arranged almost exactly like those used
in American schools, but published in Japan, with maps and engrav­
ings that would be like our own if they were not so very Japanese, are
employed, and the same subjects are taught, apparently, that would be
taught in a public school in America. Usually these schools are in
session only on days or at times when the public schools are closed, so
that the children may attend both. The Japanese teachers are sup­
posed to inculcate patriotism and loyalty to the Island Empire and the
Mikado as an essential part of their instruction, and the latter’s por­
trait usually hangs in the schoolroom. These schools are supported
by the voluntary offerings of the Japanese and such small fees as may
be agreed upon by the laborers in the vicinity, and one of the pur­
poses of the Central Japanese League was the support of Japanese
schools in Hawaii. (a)
BENEFIT SOCIETIES,
/

Several of the leading fraternal and benefit organizations of the
United States have branches in Honolulu, and both the Odd Fellows
and Masons own buildings and valuable property in that city. There
are comparatively few lodges outside of the metropolis. None of
these, however, is distinctively a workingmen’s society. The streetrailway employees in Honolulu have a benefit association. Upon some
of the plantations there are clubhouses and libraries for white and
Hawaiian employees, but this class of workers occupies a position
above that usually associated with the subjects of welfare undertak­
ings. One plantation conducts a day nursery for Japanese children,
where the little ones are entertained and fed during the time that their
mothers are engaged in the fields. The Orientals also have temperance
and religious associations, confined usually to a single plantation.
Among the general societies having a chief part of their member­
ship among plantation workers, the two Portuguese benefit associa­
tions are easily the most important. The oldest of these is the Benefit
Society of Saint Anthony, founded in Honolulu in 1876. Membership
is confined to Portuguese or their descendants. Its object is to assist
members incapacitated by illness, accident, or age for supporting
themselves, and to provide for funeral expenses. The society is also
pledged to support any movement looking to the moral and intellec­
tual improvement of the Portuguese in Hawaii. During sickness or
while recovering from accidents a member may receive $1.25 a day




« See page 398.

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from the society, providing his condition is not caused by immoral or
illegal acts, or due to drunkenness. It is left to the general assembly
of the society to determine what pension shall be paid to incapacitated
members who are likely to be a permanent charge upon its funds.
Upon the death of a member an assessment of $1 upon each of its sur­
viving members is made by the society, which is paid to the widow,
or children, or parents; but in case there are no near relatives, twothirds of the assessment is returned to the funds of the society, and
the remainder expended for the funeral of the deceased. An assess­
ment of 25 cents is levied for the assistance of a member upon the
death of his wife. An admission fee ranging from $2.50 for children
under 15 years of age to $10 for members between 35 and 45 years of
age, which appears to be the maximum age of admission, is charged,
and the members are liable to monthly assessments of $1, and a quar­
terly assessment of 50 cents for the invalid fund, besides a limited
number of special assessments in case of the death of members, This
society owns a building in Honolulu, costing, with site, over $12,000,
besides having over $16,000 in the bank or invested in mortgages and
other property, bringing its total assets up to $28,000 above its pres­
ent liabilities to members. Its total receipts for 1904 were $18,499.45,
and its expenses $15,139.41. Of the latter over $2,000 was paid in
pensions to invalid members, and over $8,000 for relief and medical
attendance. The membership at the close of 1904 was 1,201.
The Portuguese Mutual Benefit Society of Hawaii, known in Portu­
guese as the “ Sociedade Lusitana Beneficente de Hawaii,” was founded
in 1882, and has between 1,100 and 1,200 members. Its objects, dues,
and payments to members are with unimportant modifications the
same as those of the older society. Its receipts during 1904. were
$17,587.90, and it spent about $15,000 in assisting its members and.
orphans. Its reserve fund is about $5,000. The net assets of the
society over all liabilities are $45,012.50. It has about $20,000
invested in land and buildings and $22,000 in mortgages.
These societies are evidently formed after the same model as the
excellent benefit associations, usually organized along provincial lines,
that one encounters among the Spaniards in Cuba and Porto Rico.
They give evidence of a high degree of thrift and intelligence in
cooperative effort among these Latin peoples. It is no small accom­
plishment for a few thousand imported plantation laborers, mostly
driven to Hawaii by distress in thei.r own country and arriving in a
nearly indigent condition, to have insured themselves and their fam­
ilies against the worst economic consequences of illness and death,
and to have accumulated so large an amount of collective funds
during the two or three decades that they have been settled in the
Territory.
The Japanese in Honolulu have a benevolent society, with objects
similar to those of the Portuguese societies just described. During



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485

the six months ending with March, 1905,this society received $4,544.70,
and at the close of that period there was a balance of $672.13 in the
treasury. The number of members aided was 51, of whom 28 were
received and cared for at the Japanese charity hospital. Funeral
expenses were ppid for 7 and 7 received passage to Japan.
A number of other organizations of Japanese exist in Hawaii, some
of which are benevolent associations, while others have social, politi­
cal, and mercantile objects. One of these possesses considerable
importance from a labor standpoint. Originally started as a national
society in Hawaii, with the general welfare of Japanese residents in
view, it has developed in some places into something akin to a tradeunion organization. This society was formed as the outcome of a
convention of representative Japanese, held in Honolulu on November
30, 1903. It is known as the Central Japanese League, ( a ) and the pre­
amble of the constitution states its purposes to be: “ In order to exer­
cise beneficial control, and to elevate Japanese residents, especially in
matters affecting labor and trade of Japanese who are now or who
may hereafter become sojourners in the Territory of Hawaii, the Cen­
tral Japanese League, in a convention of delegates from all the islands
assembled at Honolulu, do proclaim the objects of such league to be
as follows: (1) To cultivate fraternal feelings between Japanese and
others; (2) to assist in stimulating industrial and other education; (3)
to elevate the moral tone in a broad and enlightened spirit; (4) to
infuse into our fellow-countrymen the knowledge of self-control, fore­
sight, prudence, and frugality. It will be the effort of the officials of
this league to instruct all Japanese to conform strictly to the laws and
regulations of the Territory of Hawaii, to encourage strict business
principles and integrhy in the business community, and to exercise
beneficial control over Japanese field laborers in particular. The
officials of the league will act as a conciliation board in all matters of
dispute between laborers and their employers, so that their acts may
not be in conflict with the laws and regulations of the Hawaiian
Islands, and not in conflict with the legitimate interests of their
employers.”
A committee of 15 members was appointed to suggest and devise
ways of preventing an exodus of Japanese from Hawaii to California,
using the influence of the Japanese consul-general at Honolulu, and if
possible of Japanese hotel keepers in that city and of the local steam­
ship companies, to diminish such emigration. It is made obligatory
upon local branches of the league to assist newly-arrived Japanese,
whether members or not, “ to endeavor to reduce to a minimum the
number of the lawless and idle element,” to give financial and other
assistance to the sick, and to render gratis clerical assistance to mem­
bers. The convention also provided for the establishment of Japanese




«S ee also page 398.

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schools, and appropriated a sum for the support of those not at pres­
ent in a position to provide for themselves. It formed a subsection,
known as the Educational Association of the Centra] Japanese League,
and made regulations to govern the qualifications of teachers and the
selection of text-books in Japanese schools.
At the time the league was formed one of the considerations leading
to its organization was stated to be: “ When the Japanese laborers
were first introduced into this country there were provided for them
several official inspectors. These inspectors played an important part
in settling trouble among the Japanese, as well as misunderstandings
between planters and laborers. This system worked admirably, but
unfortunately passed into disuse. We are cognizant of the fact that
most of these laborers are in constant need of attention and advice.
They are tractable under the guidance of a good leader, and equally
amenable to the control of an unscrupulous schemer. Slight provoca­
tions, that once would have passed unnoticed, are now sufficient to
cause a laborer to desert his plantation.” It seems to have been the
idea of the promoters of the league that its agents in the different
parts of the Territory would take the place of the corps of official
inspectors formerly employed. But they had reckoned without regard
to changed conditions in the islands and the different character of the
laborers themselves. The days of penal contracts and docile obedi­
ence were pastr and the Japanese upon the plantations entertained new
views of their rights as employees and as individuals. The district
agents were made elective, and instead of being controlled by the Jap­
anese officials at Honolulu and exerting themselves as peacemakers in
accordance with the wish of the latter, appear to have become stub­
born assertors of the rights of labor and even on occasion promoters
of discord. A Japanese newspaper in Honolulu, which is supposed to
represent labor interests, does not spare some of these local agents of
the league. “ Some of them are unprincipled grafters, who are not
above stirring up a strike for the sake of the money they may make
out of the fees collected to support it. They are idlers and troubleseekers, for these are the classes which have the most time to give to
seeking such jobs.” The Japanese consul-general, who is president
of the league, felt called upon by the increase of strikes and other
labor difficulties attributable to this organization to issue a circular
letter to the branches, deploring the appearance of strikes among the
members of the league and the fact that a “ class of ignorant, selfish,
and unreasoning persons, contrary to the principles of the Central
Japanese League, secretly and sedulously attempt to divert the organ­
ized power of the league in order to satisfy their greedy ends.”
The well-meant efforts on the part of the chief officials of the league
to prevent strikes bad about as much influence over the Japanese lab­
oring population of Hawaii as similar benevolent attempts to solve at



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487

a single stroke all the difficulties of employers and employees have
had in America. Some of the most serious strikes that have occurred
in the islands have taken place subsequent to the issue of this declara­
tion. They will be considered in a succeeding section of this report.
TRADE UNIONS.
Although some independent workingmen’s societies had existed in
Hawaii previously, the first charters granted to unions in the Territory
by national and international organizations of which there is any pres­
ent record date from about the time of annexation. In May, 1899, a
year prior to that event, a charter was issued to the boiler makers’
union, with 85 members. This union still exists at Honolulu, though
its membership has fallen to 20. The second charter was granted in
January, 1900, to the electrical workers, with 14 members. This
society has since disbanded. The following December 21 the machinists
received a charter from the international association. This union was
broken up as a result of a strike for an eight-hour day, conducted by
the general organization in 1901. The members in Honolulu now pay
dues to the San Francisco lodge. In January, 1901, the plumbers,
with some 40 members, were granted a charter. This union still sur­
vives, with 7 active members, the loss iii strength being due in great
part to the return of workingmen in this trade to California after the
close of the building boom. Charters were subsequently issued to the
following unions in Honolulu: Blacksmiths, with 14 members, in April,
1902; carpenters, in October, 1902; to the hackmen, from the Team
Drivers and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, with 8 charter
members, in July, 1903, and to the longshoremen in September of the
same year. Besides these societies the Sailors’ Union of the Pacific has
long had resident members and a station at Honolulu, and the follow­
ing local unions, some of which doubtless held charters from general
organizations, were in existence: Bricklayers, car builders, iron molders, painters, plasterers,*and typographers.
On October 11,1901, a meeting was held for the purpose of forming
a trade and labor council in Honolulu, and such an organization was
perfected the following December by 11 unions. These were the black­
smiths, boiler makers, bricklayers, carpenters, electrical workers, iron
molders, painters, plasterers, plumbers, sailors, and typographers.
This council was reorganized and received a charter from the Ameri­
can Federation of Labor in February, 1903. It now consists of dele­
gates from 6 active unions, the other organizations mentioned, except
the bricklayers who are still active but not affiliated with the coun­
cil, having become dormant or disbanded. The approximate active
membership of these 6 unions in June, 1905, was as follows: Black­
smiths, 12; boiler makers, 20; carpenters, 42; hackmen, 20; plumbers,
7, and sailors, with a varying number of resident members. The brick­



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layers have about 12 members in good standing upon their rolls.
Besides these societies there is a Masters’, Mates’, and Pilots’ Associa­
tion, and many members of unions in California keep up their dues
and remain affiliated with the home organization, although they meet
informally in Honolulu and hold no local charter. The decline in the
number and the membership of trade unions in Honolulu is to be
ascribed chiefly to the return of many of the original members to Cal­
ifornia. The influx of skilled labor during the Spanish-American war
and at the time of annexation exceeded the permanent demands of the
Territory, and such a back current of migration to the Coast was to
be anticipated. Laboring men maintain that the growing competition
of the Japanese in all classes of occupations is responsible for a part of
this movement. They are doubtless right in this contention.
An interesting quasi-labor agitation arose in the small town of Hilo
early in 1903. The special significance of the movement lies in its
having been a general organization of all classes, except large employers,
against the Oriental. An association, including a few small merchants*
farmers, and government employees, but predominantly composed of
wage-earners, was formed for the express object of opposing the entry
of Asiatics into skilled trades and mercantile pursuits. This organiza­
tion, which was known originally as the Federation of Allied Trades
of Hilo, was very successful for a time, attaining a membership of
nearly 600, and having a considerable amount of funds at its disposal.
While nominally a federation, this society was not formed of subordi­
nate bodies but was an association of individuals of many different
trades and professions. Many of the expressed objects of the society,
as enumerated in the constitution, were evidently borrowed from the
trade-union movement. Such were the nine-hour day, weekly payment
of wages, a minimum wage, labor holiday, opposition to convict labor,
and the establishment of an arbitration board. An apprentice system
was favored. The only direct reference to Asiatic labor appeared in
the preamble of the constitution, and was «as follows: “ We must
compete with Asiatic labor. There are some of the allied trades in
this federation that may have to work with Asiatics. In such case it
is our duty to prove our superiority and demonstrate that the members
of this organization may be depended upon in all circumstances.
Therefore, whatever we undertake we must perform. If we begin a
job we must complete it or secure some one to take our place.” This
admonition was probably intended especially for the Hawaiian members,
who are not always reliable workers. A chief difficulty of labor organ­
izers in Hawaii is the instability of native, and to some extent of
Portuguese, workers.
The following table was .compiled from the records of the Federation
of Allied Trades, with a view to showing the occupations, citizenship,
and literacy in the English language of the citizen labor of a repre


REPORT

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489

sentative small town of the Territory. The term Hawaiian was used
upon the rolls of this society to indicate persons born in the islands,
without reference to race. Nearly all the Hawaiians under this defini­
tion who do not read and write English are of Portuguese parentage.
Minors born in the Territory are considered citizens if they are reported
to possess the necessary educational qualifications; though there are
some possible exceptions to this in case of Hawaiian-born Portuguese
who have never exercised the right of suffrage and may be understood
to retain their allegiance to the Crown of Portugal:
OCCUPATIONS, CITIZENSHIP, AND LITERACY OP THE MEMBERS OF THE FEDERATION
OF ALLIED TRADES OF HILO.

Occupation.

Bakers................................. .
Barbers........................................
TUnotsmiths .................................

Boatman......................................
Boiler maker...... ; .......................
Bricklayer...................................
Biitcher.......................................
Cabinetmaker.............................
Carpenters...................................

Civil engineer________ ____ _ __
Clerks...........................................
Coachman....................................
Conductor ....................................
Confectioner................................
Electricians.*....................... : ___
Engineers, locomotive................
Engineers, stationary................
Farmers........................... ............

Nationality.

American............
German...............
American.......... .
Portuguese..........
American...........
Galician...............
German...............
Hawaiian...........
Portuguese..........
Russian...............
English................
American___.. . .
Australian...........
English................
Russian...............
American............
English................
German ...............
Hawaiian...........
Norwegian.......... .
Portuguese..........
Russian_______ _
Swedish...............
Russian ________
American............
English................
Hawaiian...........
Portuguese..........
.......d o ..................
Irish.....................
American...........
.......d o ....... _____
Hawaiian............
Portuguese..........
American............
. . . . . d o ........
Hawaiian...........
Portuguese. . . ___
American...........
Austrian.......... .
Hawaiian............
Russian...............
Portuguese..
Hawaiian............
Portuguese..........

Firemen.......................................
Fishermen...................................
Groceryman ................................
Guard, ja il.-................................
Hackmen..................................... Hawaiian...........
Portuguese..........
Harness makers............................ Austrian.............
Hawaiian...........
Portuguese..........
Horseshoers......................
American........
Hawaiian...........
Irish.....................
Janitors........................................ Portuguese..........
Jewelers...................................... Hawaiian...........
Portuguese.......

25—No. 66—06-----9




and Do not
and Total.
citi­ Read
Citizens. Not
write read
zens.
write
English. English.
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
2
17
1
S
1
1
1
1
18
3
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
10
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
5
2
1
2
1
1
1
1

4
1

1
1
1
1
10
1
1

1
1

1

2
1

1

1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
3
17
1
1
5 ........ *8*
2
1
i
1
1
18
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
10
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
3
1
5.
2
1
2
1
1
l
1
1

1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
3
18
1
13
2
1
.-1
1
1
18
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
10
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
3
1
5
2
1
2
1
2
1
1

490

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OF L A B O R .

OCCUPATIONS, CITIZENSHIP, AND LITERACY OF THE MEMBERS OF THE FEDERATION
OF ALLIED TRADES OF HILO—Concluded.

Occupation.

Nationality.

laborers........................ ............. American...........
Austrian........ .
Danish................
English...............
French___.*.........
Hawaiian............
Porto Rican........
Portuguese..........
Swedish...............
T.nmhf'rmnn................................ American............
Machinists... ............................... .......d o ..................
German...............
Hawaiian............
Russian...............
Manager, soda................... ......... Hollander...........
Masons, stone.............................. American............
Belgian...............
Hawaiian...........
Portuguese..........
Mill hands. . . . ........ . ............. .... Hawaiian............
Portuguese..........
Molder...................................... . Russian...............
Oiler............................................. Portuguese..........
Overseers................................. . Hawaiian........
Norwegian........
Portuguese..........
Spanish...............
American.......... .
Painters............... ................ .
Hawaiian...........
Portuguese..........
Swedish...............
Plumbers................................
American.......... .
Hawaiian........
Portuguese..........
Scotch.................
Policemen................................... American........ .
Hawaiian ______
New Zealander...
Russian...............
West Indian.. . . . .
Printers........................................ American...........
Hawaiian . . . . . . . .
Portuguese. . . . . . .
Railroad employee____ . . . . . . . . . . Hawaiian______
Restaurant keeper....................... .......d o ..................
Road superintendent.................. Portuguese..........
Saloon keepers............................. Hawaiian_____ _
Portuguese..........
German...............
Shoemaker............................. .
Portuguese.........
Hawaiian______
Singer...................................
Stableman................................
Portuguese........
Stevedores................................... Hawaiian . . . .
Portuguese..........
Tailors.......................................... German........ .... .
Portuguese..........
Teamsters...............’. .................... American...........
French................
Hawaiian............
Portuguese______
Tinsmith..................................... German________
Trimmer................ ..................... Hawaiian______
Warehouseman........................... .......d o .............
Watchmen.................................... Portuguese. ___
Unclassified..................................
Total................................

and | Do not
citi­ Read
and Total.
Citizens. Not
write read
zens.
write
English. English.
3
1
1
1
111
8
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
3
23
-1
1
1
1
2
1
1
5
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
17
2
2
2
11
5
1
1
1

360

2
6
3
120
1

6
1
1
1
1
2
2

1

1
2
1
1
21

2
203

3
1
1
1
2
108
38
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
23
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
5
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
17
1
2
2
2
1
10
18
1
1
1

423

2
29

3
1
1
1
2
117
3
128
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
7
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
23
3
1
1
1
«3
1
1
5
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
18
«3
2
2
2
1
12
26
1
1
1
«3
29

169

6 595

9
3
90

6
1
1
1

2

1
1

2
8

a Including one person whose citizenship and ability to read and write English are not reported.
b Including three persons whose citizenship and ability to read and write English are not reported.

This federation probably enrolled a majority of the nonoriental
workers of Hilo and the vicinity. Although it represented a move­
ment in favor of “ citizen labor,” more than one-third of the members




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491

were not citizens of the Territory. The great variety of occupations
and the comparatively small number engaged in any one trade are
characteristic of a small community, and indicate the futility of
attempting to form organizations on strictly trade-union lines. With
over 300 votes at its disposal this association promised to be influen­
tial, not so much in regulating the relations of employers and employ­
ees in matters usually adjusted by collective bargains between labor
organizations and employing interests as in securing legislation favor­
able to citizen labor and using trade influences to prevent the patron­
age or employment of Orientals. The passage of the law requiring
the employment of citizens upon public works undertaken by the
Territory is said to have been due in part to the agitation conducted
by this society.
About six months after the federation was organized it was pre­
vailed upon to change the constitution of the society, dividing it into
a number of trade unions similar to those upon the mainland, includ­
ing workers in single trades so far as possible, with a trades and labor
council as the central organization. The parent association was thus
divided into 6 unions, 4 of which—the carpenters, painters, longshore­
men or stevedores, and teamsters—having the required 10 members,
received charters from the American Federation of Labor. The
remaining members were formed into two composite societies, known
as Federal unions No. 1 and No. 2, which also received charters. The
preamble of the constitution of each of these 6 societies was adopted
without modification from the preamble of the constitution of the
original federation.
The division of forces resulting from the reorganization of the
workers appears to have been impolitic, however, and under the new
arrangement they never exercised effective influence either politically
or along trade-union lines. All of the unions ultimately dissolved or
became dormant except that of the carpenters, which, in the spring of
1905, still retained its charter and was nominally in existence, though
of little importance as a factor in determining terms of employment
for its members.
Any effort to organize the working people of Hawaii, whether white
or Oriental, meets with determined opposition from employers. This
is due in part to the fact that trade unions are a rather new thing in
the Territory, and their functions are but partly understood. Employ­
ers who have always dealt with unorganized labor naturally distrust
unions, the more because they are unfamiliar. Many of them maintain
that industrial conditions differ so greatly in Hawaii from those upon
the mainland that a different method of dealing with them is necessary.
Most of this hostility, so far as it is different or exceeds the general
opposition to labor organization on the part of employers, is to be




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ascribed to two causes. It is felt that trade unions are and always will
be opposed to Oriental labor, constituting local centers of hostility to
the policy of the planters; and the limited number of skilled workers
in the Territory, the difficulty of securing men promptly from other
sources in time of urgent need, and the extreme dependence of the
sugar industry upon a reliable supply of skilled and supervisory as
well as of unskilled labor, especially during the crop season, make,
employers extremely sensitive to any movement that looks toward
united action of any kind on the part of their employees. Some excep­
tions to this sentiment are to he found in Honolulu itself, especially
among builders and contractors and in other industries where the com­
petition of the Asiatic is felt equally by employers and employees. In
such cases the former look with complacency upon any movement
among their Workers that looks toward the exclusion of Orientals from
the occupations in which they are interested.
Upon the whole the trade unions of Hawaii are imported rather than
indigenous organizations. The form they have developed in the U nited
States is perhaps not that best adapted to secure the real interests of
white workers in the Territory. The primary question in the latter
country* is how to meet the growing competition of the Japanese
workingman. That might be solved more easily by an alliance of all
interests, employing and mercantile as well as wage-earning, affected
by: such competition, such as was attempted at Hilo, than by exclusive
trade organizations, which are better adapted to fight the industrial
battles of the. workingmen in the other parts of the Union. On the
other hand, however, the labor movement in Hawaii, whatever its
purpose, is likely to be associated more and more closely with that
upon the mainland., The conditions upon the Pacific Coast and in the
Territory are growing more similar. Terms of employment proper
are becoming more important in Hawaii, with its increasing transpor­
tation facilities and consequent nearness to the labor markets of the
world* Oriental competition in one form or another is forcing itself
more prominently upon the attention of workingmen in all our Western
States. Therefore the trade union in Hawaii will always have the
advantage of being a part of the greater whole—of receiving support
and exercising influence through a much more powerful national organ­
ization than the Territory by itself could ever develop. Consequently
it is practically certain that the trade-union movement in Hawaii has
come to stay; that it will in time acquire greater importance than it
has in the past, and that it must be reckoned with in forecasting future
conditions of employment in the Territory.




REPORT

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493

STRIKES.
The strikes affecting industries other than sugar plantations, recorded
since the report of 1902 was published, were of little or no importance;
but those occurring among Japanese employees upon sugar plantations
have increased in frequency and seriousness. The latter are develop­
ing features not hitherto observed in the Territory, and portend con­
siderable embarrassment in the future.
The principles underlying Japanese labor agitation in Hawaii are
different from those governing similar movements in America and
Europe. Japanese workers have develdped as yet but rudimentary
class consciousness. Few of them conceive of the labor movement as
a world-wide phenomenon. Their class sympathies are not interna­
tional. Coming to a land where their economic condition is nor­
mally much better than in their own country, the primary motive for
inaugurating a strike is not usually to secure higher wages. On account
of their intense race solidarity and the powerful influence over the
workers exercised by such organizations as they possess, the “ closed
shop ” question does not have to be fought out with their employers.
Where a difference of opinion among the laborers as to the justice or
policy of beginning or continuing a strike arises, the question is usu­
ally settled in their own ranks, and no appeal is made to employers
in the matter. Violence among themselves sometimes occurs, but is
seldom directed against workers of other nationalities or the repre­
sentatives of their employers, unless there has been some special and
acute provocation.
Partly because they are temperamentally a good-natured people and
partly because they have little sense of class antagonism, the Japanese
seldom manifest sullenness or personal ill will in their disputes with
employers. They do not feel any hostility toward employer^ or capi­
talists as a class, nor do they feel that they have economic rights to be
asserted as a principle. In fact, the Japanese as a race do not take to
generalities, and the working people who migrate to Hawaii have an
exceedingly simple and concrete view of what is to be gained from their
employers. They do assert and enforce personal fights—as men, not
as workingmen—by strikes. An unjust act to one of their number, or
personal violence on the part of an overseer toward a laborer of their
own nationality, is resented with a vigor and directness that takes no
account of economic results, either for the employer or for the strik­
ers. Poor men will sacrifice a week’s or a month’s wages, if necessary,
to secure the discharge of a brutal overseer. A few strikes have been
begun primarily for the purpose of securing a higher rate of pay or a
more equitable distribution of wages. When the relations of the
laborers upon a plantation with their employer once become unset­
tled the occasion is used to present a multitude of demands and griev­



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ances, many of which are of trivial importance. This usually protracts
these struggles through a long period of argument and compromise.
These difficulties are the greater because the Japanese have no settled
labor traditions; they are not conducting a regular campaign for
improving their class like American and European trade unionists,
and therefore they are unsettled and capricious when it comes to con­
cluding a bargain with their employers. They do not always know
just what they want. Though they limit their objects to concrete
things, like higher pay for some field operation, the discharge of an
unpopular overseer, or an additional water pipe in their camps, and
do not insist upon the recognition of their organization, the adoption
of a union wage, or any concessions to the principle of the labor
movement, the category of petty demands is sometimes as difficult to
settle as are questions of much greater intrinsic import in strikes
upon the mainland.
Among the many disputes between plantation employees and employ­
ers that have occurred during the three years since the publication of
the last report the following two are described in detail, not because
they were more important than some others, but because they are
fairly representative of the causes that lead to such disturbances and
developed most of the characteristic features which attend them.
The first of these strikes occurred on the Waialua plantation, one of
the largest establishments in the islands, employing nearly 2,000 men,
in December, 1904. This was originally a strike for a higher rate per
ton for cutting and loading cane. The Planters’ Association, which
establishes certain maximum rates, in order to prevent friction among
the managers of neighboring plantations, had allowed 82 cents a ton
for cutting and loading, which was the price prevailing the previous
year. The men insisted upon a higher rate, asserting that prices of
sugar were 1.3 cents a pound higher than the year before, that the
rate paid for cutting had been lowered in 1908 on account of the low
price of sugar at that time, and that the higher rate formerly pre­
vailing should therefore be restored. If a higher rate could not
be paid they asked that they be paid time wages, thus indicating
that in their opinion the rate paid per ton would not enable them to
earn as much as the field hands employed at daily rates. The manager
refused to accede to these requests, and after several days of parley,
during which they continued at work, the cutters and loaders struck.
However, they waited until all the cane on the tracks, which would
have been damaged by standing, had been ground before calling out
the mill hands. Finally, all the Japanese employed in any capacity
upon one of the two sections of the plantation were prevailed upon to
join the strike. Squads of men were sent out, armed with clubs and
other weapons, to force united action upon the recalcitrants. But the
men upon the other section of the plantation, which is about three miles



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H A W A II.

495

from the mill, had so far refused to join the strikers. As a result, the
Japanese of the first section marched in an armed body to the Kawailoa, or second section, the following evening, and prevailed upon their
fellow-workers there to join them. A force of police had been sum­
moned to preserve order, but their services were not required. Men
from all sections then organized a meeting and chose thirty-four del­
egates, with a chairman, to consult with the manager and present their
grievances. It took a continuous session of twenty-four hours to
select their representatives and formulate their complaints and demands.
The latter were presented the following morning, and were 32 in
number, 5 being for the discharge of employees. Three of these 5
demands related to Japanese, one to an overseer, another to the hos­
pital nurse, who was accused of accepting presents from patients, and
the last to the preacher sent out by the mission board but paid by the
plantation* The first two were ultimately dismissed. In speaking of
this the manager said: 44Those who are familiar with the Japanese
people will know and appreciate the fact that men of the class we have
here are very jealous and suspicious of any man of their own nation­
ality who, by better education or greater industry, rises to a higher
position.” The other two demands were for the discharge of a Chinese
mill watchman who favored his friends among the Japanese at the
expense of the others and an American water overseer who was
charged with improper relations with female employees in the fields.
The first demand was granted, and the American was to be discharged
if the Japanese presented evidence that substantiated their complaints
in court.
Five demands related to wages: That monthly wages be increased
from $10 to $18 a month, which was refused; that rates for cutting
and for loading be increased, which was also refused; that time and
a half be paid for Sunday work, which was granted; and that the work­
men be paid when called out at night to extinguish cane fires. The
manager granted this last demand, saying at the same time, however,
44That is the kind of thing that every man does for every other man;
no man would stand by and see property destroyed.” The delegates
reported this remark to the laborers at a subsequent meeting and they
voted unanimously to cancel this demand, 44and that they would always
be willing to turn out and put out fires, no matter what time or place,
without any pay.”
Several demands related to plantation administration, such as the
limit of distance between portable tracks in the fields when loading,
the abolition of stint work, and the time and manner of paying. All
of these were granted, with one or two unimportant exceptions. Eleven
of the demands were for better supplies of drinking water, water
tanks, water-closets, repair of leaky roofs, and replacing of broken
glass in houses. These matters were brought up simply because it



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was a convenient opportunity, and, according to the statement of the
manager, they were never refused when brought to his attention at
other times. They were all granted without discussion.
At the first meeting the manager told the strikers that they had
made a mistake in ordering out the men employed about the large
pumping stations, as serious damage and delay might arise from the
filling of the pumping pits. They agreed that this was so, and the
next morning the pump men were back in their places.
In* describing the general attitude of the men during this strike the
manager of the plantation said: “ During the three days that the strike
lasted there was no show of violence or bad feeling toward the planta­
tion itself or to any of the men on the plantation, except to men of
their own nationality who refused to join the strike, or who spoke
against it. With the exception of a day that some of the leaders
spent in the open land near the office, the strikers kept entirely away
from the office and mill, and spent all their time down on the beach.
The plantation itself was never quieter or more orderly than during
the three days of the strike. The only time that there was any show
of violence was on the night when the Waialua men, 400 or 500 in
number, marched to Kawailoa.15
The second strike of which special mention will be made occurred
upon the Lahaina plantation, on Maui, late in May, 1905. The pri­
mary cause of this disturbance was the brutal beating of a Japanese
laborer by a plantation overseer. The men at the camp where this
laborer lived were the first to go out, with a demand that the overseer
in question be discharged. There was considerable general dissatis­
faction among the men, however, who had other grievances to air, and
when the other camps took up the matter it became impossible to set­
tle the difficulty by a =concession of the first demand. In fact, the
overseer responsible for the trouble was arrested and fined $100 for
assault, besides being discharged, two or three days before the men
agreed to resume work.
This strike was accompanied by some violence. When the men
from the camp where the original trouble occurred marched down to the
mill camp in order to call out their fellow-workmen, some disorderly
spirits caused an attack to be made upon the mill where the men were
still working, and a number of windows were broken, although no
serious property damage was done. Upon a subsequent evening the
men started out to kill a Japanese contractor against whom they as a
body appeared to have some grievance. The laborers have a peculiar
idea that although they must obey the laws of the country and not molest
the citizens or people of another nationality, they have a perfect right to
take any measures they see fit with any of their own countrymen with
whom they have an account to settle. A body of Hawaiian police was
sent to protect the contractor’s house, and in the attack that followed



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497

one of the strikers was killed and two others wounded. This brought
about a crisis, and additional police and a company of militia were
summoned by steamer from Honolulu, while a posse was raised and
the local militia was called out upon the island of Maui. However,
no further violence was attempted, and there did not seem at any later
time to be as much tension between strikers and others as character­
izes comparatively mild disturbances of a similar nature in the States.
Some 800 or 900 of the laborers assembled to have a conference with
the manager of the plantation and other representatives of the em­
ployers and of the Government, without any appearance of ill-nature.
It is doubtful if a single dangerous weapon could have been found
among them.
The men brought forward a number of minor complaints, some nine
of which received consideration. The discharge of four overseers
was requested. Two of these, including the man who beat the laborer,
were dismissed. A demand for higher wages was refused. This was
not a vital point with the strikers, but presented more or less as a matter
of course, although the rate of pay of laborers had been voluntarily
increased $2 a month by the planters at the beginning of the current
month. Demands for more water and firewood, for a more conven­
ient delivery of the latter, and for a pay day earlier in the month were
all granted. One or two minor points were conceded. The Japanese
had demanded the dismissal of the head overseer, who was an Austrian,
but whom the laborers believed to be a Russian. This demand was
not granted. They had also demanded that the white o v erset of the
women’s gang be discharged upon the ground that he favored the
pretty girls in assigning work, but this demand was refused.
With reference to this growing list of grievances, presented when­
ever the friction between plantation laborers and their employers comes
to a head, it is only fair to give the Japanese side of this question as
stated in a letter from an intelligent American-educated Japanese in
one of the Honolulu papers: “ The fact is that behind a strike like
that at Lahaina, orvlike others which have recently occurred, there is
always a long list of grievances which have been ignored by managers
who usually do not take the trouble to understand them. The manage­
ment is surprised when a strike begins by a list of 15 or 20 *demands,’
and thinks they are made up for the occasion. If he had kept in touch
with the difficulties of his men, he would know that they are the accu­
mulation of months, perhaps years, of small troubles which need not
have existed if there wag any way for the laborers to make themselves
understood.”
Some strikes have been accompanied by a good deal of ill feeling on
the part of the laborers toward the white employees of the plantation.
Usually this sentiment is justified wherever it occurs, to judge from




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the opinions of those employed upon the plantations or in close touch
with plantation life. On one occasion where a series of labor difficul­
ties occurred it was discovered that laborers were forced to join raffles
conducted by overseers and their friends; that there was practically a
gambling graft upon the plantation by which the whites were profiting,
and that other abuses existed of which, the proprietors and agents were
entirely ignorant, and which they promptly remedied as soon as they
came to their knowledge.
Moreover, plantation administration in Hawaii is at present passing
through a stage of transition from the methods adopted and used suc­
cessfully when the laborers were contract coolies, without many rights
that employers were bound to respect compared with those of free
laborers at the present time, to the methods which the changed condi­
tions following annexation demand. The following quotation from a
private letter from a leading official of the Planters’ Association to a
plantation manager who had recently experienced a troublesome strike
describes the situation in more emphatic terms than an outside observer
would feel justified in using: “ In times past we got too much into the
habit of treating the Japanese and Chinese as if they were more ani­
mals than men. We can not do this now, and it is not likely that the
Japanese will stand being so treated when they themselves are an
extremely polite race. So, while you must not give way to loafers for
a moment, it would be well to be firm in a more kindly manner than
was the custom ten years ago.”
The old customs and the habit of regarding Japanese and other
Orientals as people of inferior civil status as compared with whites
still prevail in Hawaii and manifest themselves in a hundred uncon­
scious acts on the part of managers and overseers, who have never
considered that in the strict letter of the law residents of a foreign
country domiciled within our territories have the same rights to pro­
tection of person and property and to privacy and respect as ourselves.
At the time of the Lahaina strike militiamen and police went in squads
to the rented quarters of the strikers in the town of Lahaina—not upon
the plantation itself—entered without ceremony or shadow of legal
right and roused the inmates, using persuasion that came but little
short of force to get them out to a conference which the management
desired to hold with the men and which they, in the exercise of their
rights, declined to attend. One of the most liberal and progressive
managers in the islands spoke with lively resentment of the criticism
made by a judge of an act of one of his overseers, who had without
legal authority or warrant forced open the door of a house occupied
by Porto Rican laborers suspected of theft, dragged the occupants
from their bed, and discovered stolen property in their possession.
At the time of the Lahaina strike considerable fear was felt at first




REPORT

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CO M M ISSIO N ER

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ON H A W A I I .

499

by some of the white residents on account of the violence and the col­
lision between the police and the Japanese, and it was felt that in the
face of the overwhelmingly Asiatic population the whites were in some
danger. The police and the troops were kept at the plantation for
several days, and the plantation management and some of the police
officers were insistent in urging that Federal troops should be avail­
able for occasions of this kind. It was felt that these troops could
handle the situation more aggressively and more quickly overawe
strikers and bring them to submission. It was not known at that time
that the governor of the Territory of Hawaii was vested with the
power to call out the Federal troops without specific authorization for
such call from the authorities at Washington. The legislature at its
session of 1905 failed to make further provision for the maintenance
of the Territorial militia, and a good deal of apprehension was felt
over this fact until it was brought to light that the governor was
clothed with unique power as regards the calling out of the Federal
troops to guard property and suppress disturbances in time of strikes.
Such an expedient, however, should be adopted only as a last recourse.
The troops probably would overawe strikers and make them more
amenable to plantation discipline, but this is not their function. More­
over, the use of Federal troops in an actual conflict between, employers
and strikers might prove very prejudicial to the interests of the plan­
tations. It has been intimated that if such a necessity ever arose Japan
might at once prohibit further emigration of laborers to Hawaii, a
contingency that the business interests of the Territory do not desire
at present to face.
It is perhaps inevitable that for a time the technical rights of laborers
under American law will be disregarded. Perhaps it would be very
difficult at first to administer a plantation without occasionally exer­
cising authority not strictly in accordance with law. It must be
remembered that our legal codes were made for a country where social
conditions prevail quite different from those in Hawaii. But these
facts do not make the present situation less undesirable or lighten the
difficulties of either employers or of workmen.
There is hardly a doubt that strikes are promoted in some instances
by Japanese hotel keepers, hackmen, gamblers, and others who are
directly interested in having the men idle and spending money. At
Lahaina the strikers had to move out of the plantation quarters and
go to the hotels in the village, and the Japanese hotel keepers were
actively agitating a continuance of the strike until some provision had
been made for the payment by the plantation of the bills incurred by
the strikers, from deductions to be made from the wages of the
laborers. Both at this place and at the plantation of Wailuku, on the
same island, where a strike occurred about the same time, the leader
of the laborers’ organization was a barber in a neighboring village not




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in the employ of the plantation. In the former instance a majority of
the strikers’ committee was composed of men not working for the
plantation.
The representatives of the Japanese consul were everywhere active
in adjusting these difficulties, and their influence was important in
preserving order. But the Japanese laborers are not quite so Subser­
vient to authority, even of their own Government, as commonly
represented, or as they used to be in Hawaii before they had become
inoculated with new ideas acquired in a foreign country. At Wailuku
they informed the secretary of the consulate that he had no authority
over them in America and no business to interfere in their disputes
with their employer. In fact, that gentleman was for a time in danger
of suffering personal violence from some of his irritated fellowcountrymen. It is commonly reported, and probably true, that the
Japanese who have resided in Hawaii for a considerable period are
less docile and tractable and more assertive of their rights than are
newcomers. The changing character of the immigration, the growing
number of persons not directly dependent upon the plantations for
support, the effect of conditions of employment upon the Pacific Coast
reacting upon Hawaiian Japanese, and the influence of the Japanese
press in Honolulu, which is rapidly instructing the laborers as to the
fullest limits of their rights, are all influences tending to make the
Japanese workman of to-day a much more difficult person to deal with
than his predecessor of ten years ago. On Maui an effort was made
to call a sympathetic strike on all the larger plantations. It has even
been proposed to quit work throughout the islands in order to enforce
demands for an increase of pay, upon the ground that these rates
were really fixed by the Planters’ Association at Honolulu, a single
organization interested in all the plantations. In fact, fear that some
such move might be attempted is said to have caused the voluntary
increase of $2 a month made in laborers’ wages in May, 1905, though
this increase was in accordance with a tacit promise made when wages
were reduced during the period when sugar was at a very low price,
in 1902 and 1903. One finds some literature among the Japanese
working people that indicates that socialistic doctrines receive some
discussion among them, though these theories have hardly taken
much hold of the mass of the laborers. Nevertheless, conditions are
favorable for an increase of class sentiment among the Japanese.
They are said to be naturally jealous of special prosperity on the part
of their own countrymen of the same station, and this feeling may
extend in time to include capitalists as a class. But this day has not
yet come. Japanese strikes are so far race or national outbreaks,
venting petty dissatisfaction, and not properly part of the great class
struggle which we in America call the labor movement.




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COM M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

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501

Fear has been expressed that serious disturbances involving large
bodies of Asiatic workmen might follow sooner or later, when the life
and property of white residents would be endangered; but there are
no tangible indications of such a calamity impending. With thousands
of acres of inflammable cane fields in their absolute power, the Orientals
have never in any disturbance reported stooped to incendiarism to vent
their spite or attain their ends.
There have been some disturbances involving Porto Rican and Korean
laborers, but these have not had industrial import, and are to be classed
as riots rather than as strikes. In the case of Koreans, these troubles
have been in nearly all cases entirely among themselves.
The following table gives a list of the strikes reported since 1902.
All of these were upon sugar plantations, and were conducted by Japa­
nese laborers. Although no establishments are reported ‘4closed” by
strikes, because under the uniform interpretation adopted by the Bureau
of Labor of that term work is not supposed to have ceased until all
employees are off duty. As a matter of fact, the mills were entirely
closed a number of times, and practically all cultivating operations
ceased; but workers of other nationalities than Japanese found employ­
ment in irrigating cane, casual cultivation, and such occupations as
could be carried on during the time when a greater part of the planta­
tion force was idle. The table should be considered rather an enu­
meration than a statistical description of the strikes that have occurred
in Hawaii since the previous report was presented.
STRIKES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS 1903 TO 1905.

Locality.

Or­
dered
by organization.

Beginnirig
of strike.

Kahuku,Oahu. No.. June 12,1903

Em­
Em­ ploy­
ees
ploy­ thrown
Dayfc
Suc­
ees
dura­ ceeded.
of
before out
tion.
strike. work
strike.
800

510

1,909
620
2,400
2,469
2,400

450
459
1,390
1,949
1,400

No........ 2,534

1,196

1

Yes.......

25,1903
4,1904
2,1904
31,1904
20,1904

2
2
4
3
.5

Partly —
Yes.......
Yes.......
No........
Partly..

Waialua,Oahu. No.. Dec. 8,1904

4

Kahuku.Oahu. N o - Apr.

3 No........

Aila,Oahu.......
Okala, Hawaii.
Waipahu,Oahu
Ewa, Oahu__
Waipahu, Oahu

N o..
N o..
No..
N oNo..

Sept.
Mar.
May
May
July

4,1905

871

166

Wailuku.Maui. Yes. Apr. 26,1905
Waipahu, Oahu (a)
May 13,1905

1 Yes....... '886
4. No........ 2,600

178
316

Lahaina,Maui. Yes. May 15,1905
Wailuku,Maui. Yes. May 15,1905

7 Partly.. 2,228
8 Partly..
898

1,589
562




a Not reported,

Cause or object.

For release of employee ar­
rested on charge of arson.
For increase of wages.
For discharge of overseer.
For discharge of overseer.
For discharge of overseers.
For discharge of Japanese team
. “ luna” (overseer).
For increase of piecework rate
sufficient to guarantee 816 per
. month.
For guarantee of 818 per month
for cane cutters.
For discharge of overseer.
For increase of wages of 2 cents
per ton and pay for overtime.
For discharge of overseers.
For increase of wages, free fuel,
medical attendance, and san­
itary improvements in camps.

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LABOR.

JAPANESE IMMIGRATION.
The question of an adequate labor supply has faced the Hawaiian
planters constantly for nearly fifty years. A brief account of the
attempts that have been made during that period to obtain workers, to
establish a resident population, to import at different periods European,
Asiatic, or Pacific island field hands, and the methods adopted to con­
trol labor after its arrival and retain it upon the plantations was given
in the report of 1902. As a result of these various policies about 66 per
cent of the present plantation force is Japanese, and nearly 85 per cent
Asiatics of various nationalities. The preponderance of Japanese
justifies a more detailed account of the immigration to Hawaii from
that country, even at the risk of repeating some matter from the pre­
vious report.
The first Japanese laborers were brought to Hawaii in 1868, appar­
ently without much attention having been given to the subject by the
Japanese Government. This importation was confined to a single
shipload, and rumors of ill treatment of these laborers having reached
the Government of Japan the authorities of that country promptly
sent over a vessel with orders to repatriate all of the subjects of the
Mikado who desired to return to their native land. A large number,
though not all, took advantage of this opportunity, and thereafter for
several years no effort was made to secure labor from the Island
Empire.
During this period Chinese laborers acquired a preponderance upon
the plantations somewhat similar to that now held by the Japanese,
though this was not so embarrassing to employers as at present, because
the laborers were at that time under penal contract. In 1871, of 3,786
laborers employed, #2,991 were Hawaiians and a large proportion of
the remainder were Europeans and Americans in skilled positions.
Eight years later the number of employees had risen to 10,213, of
whom 5,037 were Chinese and 902 South Sea Islanders imported under
contract. There were at this time but 15 Japanese upon the planta­
tions. All the skilled positions were filled by white men or Hawaiians
with the exception of 3 Chinese sugar boilers.
The large immigration of Chinese then taking place was opposed by
the Hawaiians, who saw the danger impending that their decreasing
race might be submerged by these new arrivals. It was also viewed
unfavorat)ly by many other residents of the islands, who either regarded
the question from a Hawaiian standpoint or foresaw in a continuance
of existing conditions a bar to closer commercial and political relations
with the United States. The planters also were quite willing to con­
sider any measure likely to prevent the predominance of laborers of
one nationality upon the plantations, so long as they were assured of




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503

an adequate supply of workmen. Therefore the Hawaiian Govern­
ment, practically representing the planting interests, entered into
negotiations with the Japanese authorities with a view to securing a
renewal of immigration from that country. At first Japan refused to
consider formal treaty relations regarding this question, but expressed
a willingness to tolerate the shipment of laborers to Hawaii in a tenta­
tive way. This decision was announced in April, 1884. The follow­
ing February the C i t y o f T o k i o brought 676 men, 159 women, and 108
children from Japan. These were entered as “ free immigrants,”
which probably means that they were not under formal contract to
work for the planters. Later the agent in Japan representing the
planters and the Hawaiian Government was able to ship contract labor­
ers to the islands. The sugar people paid $55 per man for these impor­
tations. For some reason the Japanese Government became dissatisfied
with this arrangement, and decided to suspend further emigration to
Hawaii; but after lengthy negotiations the authorities reconsidered
this decision, and, in response to the earnest representations of the
Hawaiian sugar interests, supported by their Government, entered
into a formal convention permitting and regulating the emigration of
laborers to the islands. This agreement was concluded in March, 1886.
Of the 14,439 persons employed on the plantations that year, 5,626
were Chinese, 1,949 Japanese, and 2,255 Hawaiians, showing that the
importation of Japanese had assumed some proportions before thus
formally regulated by treaty.
The terms of the original agreement were slightly modified in 1887,
and in 1891, in response to political agitation in Japan against the
treaty and reports that the laborers in Hawaii were subject to abuse,
Japan refused to renew this agreement. These difficulties were sub­
sequently adjusted, however, and the conditions remained substantially
unchanged until 1896, when they were modified somewhat by a general
law, enacted by the Japanese Parliament, regulating all emigration of
labor from the country. When Hawaii was annexed to the United
States all such agreements expired, as the latter Government could
not act as a labor bureau for private industry. The labor convention
between the Government of Japan and the Hawaiian Kingdom pro­
vided that contract laborers should be recruited by representatives of
the latter Government, under certain express stipulations, among which
were the following:
1. Each contract was to be signed by the laborer as one party and
the Hawaiian Government as the other, at Yokohama, for a period of
three years, at a wage of $9 a month and $6 food allowance. The
laborer was free to extend this contract for two years more at the time
of its expiration.
2. For every 100 men, 30 women were to be imported, and the
duties and wages of these were prescribed.



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8. A specified number of Japanese interpreters and physicians were
to be employed in behalf of the emigrants, originally at the expense
of the Hawaiian Government, but later at the cost of the laborers
themselves.
4. Arrests of Japanese must be made by the Hawaiian Government
and cases tried in the presence of a Japanese interpreter. The Gov­
ernment of the Kingdom was made responsible for damages due for
the cruel treatment of laborers.
5. A schedule of rates for canceling contracts, based upon the length
of time they were to run, was established.
6. Twenty-five per cent of the laborer’s wages were to be deposited
with the Hawaiian Government, to be paid to the laborer upon the
expiration of his^ contract, and to draw 5 per cent annual interest dur­
ing the intervening period.
7. The Hawaiian Government was required to return to Japan immi­
grants who, on account of permanent disability, were unable to earn
their own living, even against the will of the laborer, and also all
women found plying immoral traffic. The Government could also
return, against his will, any immigrant who proved vicious, vagrant,
or otherwise evilly disposed.
At first the Hawaiian Government met the laborer’s expense of pas­
sage, but later he was required to repay from his earnings $60 of this
amount.
The cost to the Hawaiian Government of this immigration was met
by payments by the planters, who subcontracted the laborers from the
authorities upon their arrival at Honolulu. The Government thus
became an intermediary or bureau through which the plantations were
supplied with labor. This gave the Japanese Government a respon­
sible party with whom it could deal directly in all matters relating to
the condition of its emigrant citizens in Hawaii, while the planters of
the latter country were convenienced by thus using the State as a
recruiting organization.
The farm laborers of Japan grasped eagerly at the opportunity to
improve their condition offered in Hawaii. In two provinces 1,400
presented themselves as applicants within two days, and 28,000 men
applied for passage during 1886. Many of these were rejected as
unsuitable for the work for which they were required. This possibil­
ity of selecting the best class of workers from a large available choice
has been one of the advantages offered in Japan, which the planters
have not had in many other places from which they sought labor.
The result of this convention was that Japanese soon constituted a
majority of the plantation workers. For some years a Chinese-exclusion law was in operation in Hawaii, and indeed such exclusion seems
to have been desired by the Japanese Government, for when the
authorities suspended emigration to Hawaii for a time, in 1891, a reason



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505

offered was the fear that race conflicts might occur between Japanese
and Chinese laborers upon the plantations. Of course this probability
was increased during the hostilities that later broke out between the
two countries. Shortly after the establishment of the Provisional Gov­
ernment the importation of Chinese was resumed on a large scale.
This labor was cheaper than the Japanese, as the Hongkong coolies
received but $12.50 a month, without food. Therefore the number of
Chinese plantation employees rose from 2,617 to 8,114 between 1892
and 1897, while the number of Japanese fell from 13,009 to 12,068.
From 1897 to 1904 the number of Chinese decreased steadily, though
832 more were reported upon the plantations in 1905 than for the pre­
vious year. During the same period the number of Japanese upon the
plantation pay rolls has increased more than 150 per cent.
Prior to 1896 the Japanese Government interested itself directly in
the emigration of labor. The policy of that Government with regard
to those of its citizens who seek residence in other lands is commend­
able. Japan concerns herself to keep her undesirable and needy citi­
zens under her own control, and assumes responsibility for all her
people, no matter where residing, who are unable to provide for their
own support. So far as it is possible to catch the national point of
view of the Japanese from conversation with representatives of that
people, they consider that their country is disgraced or humiliated by
the disgrace or humiliation of Japanese residing in other countries,
and their chief object in regulating emigration seems to be to insure
the return of those who through their misdeeds or misfortunes might
become unwelcome guests in foreign lands. The Government is
doubtless influenced also by humanitarian motives toward its own sub­
jects in its efforts to assure their relief when in distress abroad; much
as our own Government is in case of shipwrecked American seamen
desiring to return to a home port- With some such object as has been
suggested in view, the Parliament of Japan passed, in 1896, an 44Emi­
grants’ protection law,” for the purpose of providing that every laborer
leaving the country should have some responsible surety at home who
could be required to provide for his care if he were left in need while
abroad, on account of sickness or accident, change of climate, or the
vicissitudes of travel, and who could even be compelled to pay his pas­
sage back to his native land in extreme cases. Naturally this solicitude
for the welfare of the emigrant is due partly to the assumption that
the Japanese who leaves his country will, in practically all cases, retain
his allegiance to the Mikado and does not emigrate with the intention
6f changing his citizenship or becoming a permanent resident abroad.
The law requires, therefore, that every emigrant shall obtain twp or
more sureties, each of whom must be a person paying not less than 5
yen (about $2.50) direct national tax, and not already a surety for any
other emigrant, who shall guarantee him against distress during his
25—No. 66—06----- 10



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absence. Surety corporations, specially organized for this purpose,
are accepted by the Government in default of personal sureties.
These corporations are known as emigrant companies, and have
extended their functions far beyond the simple objects just described.
According to information received in Honolulu, 34 of these companies
have been chartered by the Japanese Government. In 1902 the emi­
grants to China and Korea were placed outside the restrictions of this
act, upon the ground that laborers migrating to those countries were
practically assured of employment, and that the local agencies already
established by Japanese in those countries were able to cope with any
cases of destitution or distress Ukely to arise among their countrymen.
Hawaii, which, next to the countries just mentioned, receives the largest
Japanese immigration, is the field of operation of 5 of the 34 com­
panies. Some private agreement is said to exist among these societies
by which they divide the business amicably and thus avoid competition.
Under existing conditions the intending emigrant to Hawaii, who is
no longer recruited by the labor agents of that country, almost
invariably has recourse to one of the emigration companies for the
sureties required by the Government before a passport is issued to
him. As the association of companies is a virtual monopoly, he is
obliged to conform to the conditions which any company imposes.
The latter is authorized by the Government to charge a fee of 50 yen
(about $25), which is practically an insurance premium guaranteeing him
against destitution while abroad. But this authorized payment, which
is presumably sufficient to cover the liabilities assumed by the com­
pany, has been made the basis of a number of unauthorized perquisites,
constantly increasing as the activities of the companies have extended
into new channels. The result, it is claimed, has been the growth of
an evil, and something of a scandal, in the methods of controlling
Japanese emigration to Hawaii. The history of the present situation
was described to the writer as follows by a Japanese gentleman in a
position to be informed upon the matter, and was corroborated in
detail from other sources:
During the early period of Japanese emigration to Hawaii the
Government looked after the migration of laborers and received from
the planters—indirectly—a certain sum for each laborer, which was
used to pay his fare to Hawaii and insure him against accident, sick­
ness, or other trouble while he was away from home. Afterward all
this work was handed over to the emigration companies, who collected
the money from the planters and used it for the same purpose as
before. At that time the emigrants were still mostly real farm
laborers—ignorant men, but used to work—who labored in their own
country from sunrise to sunset^ seven days a week, for 2 yen ($1) and
board a month. On account of the first laborers who went to Hawaii
coming back with the money they had saved, there are now a good
many people in our emigration districts who are rich, according to
their ideas, where before there were only poor people. Their good



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507

luck was an advertisement for Hawaii to all the people in Japan.
But since about the time Hawaii was made a part of the United States
the methods us
’
re changed. They found that
a great many
Hawaii, and that they could
choose those w
„
whose parents or friends had
money, who were people very different from true agricultural laborers.
Then they began to sell as a privilege the right to go to Hawaii; for
they now have got the whole thing in their own hands, and no man
can go to Hawaii without their permission if he is a laborer. And
the American Government had a law that every person coming into
the country must have $50 “ show money”. So the emigration compa­
nies began to finance the laborers on a bigger scale. They take only
men who can give good security and compel them to borrow money
for all their expenses and the cost of steamship ticket to Hawaii,
although they have already got money from the planters for this
purpose. We have sworn affidavits of laborers that the companies
nave made them pay, besides the fee of 50 yen ($25) allowed by the
Government, 20 yen ($10) agent’s commission, 5 to 10 yen ($2.50 to $5)
railway fare to port of embarkation, big hotel bills at hotels connected
with the companies while the men were waiting at the port and taking
the medical examination called for by the American Government
(where the men often suffer delays that are not necessary), their steam­
ship ticket and some extras on the steamer which a free immigrant
would not have to pay, and the $50 “ show money” for passing the
immigration inspector at Honolulu. So the whole charge against the
emigrant by the company may be $200 or $250. The laborer must
borrow this from a bank which the emigration companies have organ­
ized. Sometimes the bank has made the men borrow even when they
had some money of their own. The bank charges 12£ per cent a year
interest on these loans. They make the “ laborer” give two respon­
sible sureties in Japan for this loan. So real laborers, like those who
went to Hawaii before, are shut out, because Japanese farm laborers
can not get the cash or the security for the cash which the emigration
companies make them pay. So the kind of emigration has changed.
The laborers now emigrating to Hawaii are people who have some
property and are not used to the hardest kind of work. They are
ex-school-teachers, policemen, clerks, and similar classes of people.
They are not used to hard work in the field, and so are not satisfied
on the plantations, where they have to work very hard. They are
leaving xor California as soon as they get enough money. With a debt
of $200 on their backs, which they can not pay in two years at planta­
tion wages, they get discouraged and want to find some quicker way
to make money. Some try to get out of paying the debt, and so we
hear of lawsuits in Japan to recover the money from the sureties
there. The worst thing is that this debt to the Kei Hin Bank (The
Emigrant Companies’ Union Bank) is really an imaginary debt, because
the companies have already collected from the planters in Hawaii
money to pay all the expenses of the laborer. They put all this money
in their pockets, and it is a clear profit to them besides what they
make out of the laborer.
The emigrant’s deposit money is supplied him in the form of a cer­
tificate on the Kei Hin Bank, usually running for three years and not
collectible before the expiration of that period. These certificates pay



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4 per cent interest, while the emigrant is said to pay 12£ per cent
interest on the money he borrows from the same bank. (a)
a The following translations of K ei Hin Bank certificates were furnished through
the courtesy of the United States attorney at Honolulu:

No. 1307.

Certificate of F ixed D eposit.

Coin, 100 Yen.

(Interest, 4 per cent per annum.)
(Neither the transfer nor the use of this as collateral security is allowed.)

W e hereby certify that we hold the above-mentioned deposit with us during your
stay abroad. After your return to this country we will pay it back to you at the
Tokyo main office of this bank, in exchange for this certificate, accompanied by a
certificate of your return issued by the Emigrant Agents’ Union and also an advice
from the Hawaii branch of this bank.
Should you, however, stay abroad after three years passed from this date, the prin­
cipal or any fraction thereof that is needed by you may be paid at said branch office
of this bank.
But if you shall have been in debt to this bank during the said three years, the
counting of the date shall commence on the day when you have discharged your
obligation.
The above is, however, subject to the condition that the amount of any claim the
bank may have against you at the time of payment shall be deducted from the bal­
ance to be delivered to you.
The legal standing and also the effectiveness of this stipulation are to be subject
to the laws of the Empire of Japan.
Oktjzo Shioda [ seal],
M anager o f the H aw aii B ranch .
[ seal of the kei hin ginko.] K ei H in Ginko (Bank) (I ncorporated),
N o, 1, S Chome S u kiya M aehi, K yobashi K u , Tokyo,
*

No. 3862.

certificate of deposit.

Coin, 90 yen.

(Neither the transfer nor the use of this as collateral security is allowed.)

We hereby certify that the above-mentioned amount has been deposited by you
with us as an emergency fund in time of your illness or misforture during your stay
abroad. Should you, therefore, become sick or meet with other unforeseen misfor­
tune, any necessary amount w ill be paid to you out of the fund upon due notice
given by you, accompanied by the certificate of the Imperial Japanese consulate and
the Emigrant Agents’ Union.
It is understood, however, that the amount of any claim that this bank might hold
against you would previously be deducted and only the balance paid to you.
In case no occasion arises- for paying out from said emergency fund and you have
returned to Japan after having com pletely discharged your obligations to this bank,
the sum deposited or due you will be paid at the Tokyo main office of this bank in
exchange for this certificate, accompanied by a notice from the Hawaii branch advis­
ing us that you have completely fulfilled your obligations to this bank.
M r . U mekichi Y amachika .
Ju ly 19, 1902,
No. 2812.

certificate of fixed term deposit.

Coin, 100 yen.

(Neither the transfer nor the use of this as collateral security is allowed.)

W e hereby certify that we hold the above-mentioned sum deposited with us by you
during the term of your stay abroad. After your return to Japan we will pay the same




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509

The debts of the laborer to the Kei Hin Bank must be paid in regular
monthly installments from his wages after reaching Hawaii.
A word may be ventured with regard to the relations of the planters
with the Japanese emigration companies. The legislation in Japan
which preceded the organization of the companies had been in exist­
ence four years when annexation took place. During that interval
the Hawaiian Planters’ Association is said to have subsidized the com­
panies as recruiting agencies, paying them a certain sum for each
laborer arriving in Hawaii. At the time of annexation, fearing appar­
ently that the provisions of the Federal immigration laws might be
used against them, the planters are said to have withdrawn this bounty.
The emigration companies, however, who are said to possess powerful
political affiliations in their own country—or operating under the reg­
ular provisions of the Japanese laws—almost completely shut off emi­
gration to Hawaii, so that only 367 Japanese entered the islands the
following year. By this measure they are said to have forced the plant­
ers to subsidize them, though if the assertions of the opponents of the
companies among the Japanese themselves are true this money is not
really used to assist the laborers to reach Hawaii. Two agreements
between the Planters’ Association and the emigrant companies are said
to have been made since 1900, each covering a period of two years,
the terms of which are not a matter of public knowledge. It is
rumored that when the last agreement expired, in 1905, the Planters’
Assocation refused to enter into a further compact with the companies.
The representatives of the companies were reported to be in Honolulu
in the spring of 1905, but to have been unsuccessful in what was termed
back to you, at the Tokyo main office of' this bank, in exchange for this certificate,
accompanied by a certificate of your return issued by the Emigrant Agents’ Union
and also an advice from the Hawaii branch of this bank. In the follow ing cases,
however, a special payment of the principal or any fraction thereof may be made at
this branch:
1. In case that your illness or misfortune during your stay abroad causes the Impe­
rial Japanese consulate and also the Emigrant Agents’ Union to recognize the fact
that yoa need help and protection and they certify to that effect.
2. In case that you are still staying abroad after the expiration of three years,
counting from this date. If you shall have been in debt to this bank, however, the
counting of the period of three years will commence on the day when you shall have
discharged your obligation to this bank.
The above is subject to the condition, however, that the amount of any claim that
the bank may hold against you at the time of payment shall be deducted from the
face of this certificate and the balance only paid to you.
The legal standing and the legal effectiveness of this stipulation shall be subject to
the laws of the Empire of Japan.
Okuzo Shioda ,
Manager H aw aii B ranch ,
K ei H in Ginko (B a n k ), L td .
June 1 , 1908.
To M r . K yutaro K awamoto.




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“ holding up the planters” for a further subsidy. If this change of
policy on the part of the planters has taken place, reason for such
action is to be found in the agitation against the companies and their
methods which has recently started among the Japanese in Hawaii,
and seconded to some extent by the press of Japan; and in the further
fact that since the increased migration of Japanese laborers to California
and other parts of the Pacific Coast the planters have no hold upon the
people whom the companies send to Hawaii. Naturally they have no
interest in promoting emigration from Japan, to California by way of
Hawaii that justifies their spending money for such a purpose.
The laborers coming to Honolulu from Japan are not treated like
free immigrants upon their arrival, but are carried directly from the
steamers to the various plantations to which they have been assigned.
This custom, which appears to be a survival from the coiltract-labor
days, has called forth protest from Japanese residents of Honolulu.
In a sense, of course, it is a voluntary matter with the immigrants
whether they go to the plantations or not, as no legal compulsion can
be used to make them do so; but with ignorant laborers methods
which are not strictly illegal may be, in effect, coercion.
The opposition to the emigration companies and their methods which
has developed among the Hawaiian Japanese has led to the organi­
zation of a society known as the “ Japanese Reform Association,”
which is conducting an active agitation with the object of influencing
the Japanese Government so to amend the present laws as to allow
free emigration to Hawaii. In this effort they have the support of a
part of the press of their own country. Of course, the whole question
of the organization and their manner of doing business in their own
country is a purely domestic one with the Japanese people, and any
reforms .must come from the Japanese themselves. But the present
effects of the operations of the companies and the probable results of
a change from regulated to free emigration are a matter of some con­
cern to Americans. Undoubtedly the companies are interested in
promoting emigration to Hawaii, and as long as they are in existence
there is no reason why they should not form some connection with
large employing interests upon the mainland, similar to that said to
have been in force between them and the Hawaiian Planters’ Associa­
tion, and thereby become a factor in increasing the movement of labor
from Japan to California and other parts of the West. They make
their money out of emigration, and it must follow that they will con­
tinue to use their influence to increase emigration to any place where
laborers are assured of a wage that will enable them to repay their
debts to the companies. On the other hand, the companies, by their
charges and commissions, have increased the cost of migration for the
laborer, and it is possible that if they were out of the way free




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511

emigration might exceed the present regulated emigration. A con­
siderable part of the present migration from Hawaii to California is
voluntary and unassisted, except that the laborers go for the most
part to practically assured positions. Japanese residents of Hawaii,
who are advocating the abolition of the emigration companies, do not
anticipate that such an action will seriously interfere with the move­
ment of Japanese toward America.
So long as the planters subsidize the emigration companies they look
upon the money thus paid as part of the labor cost of production.
Considering the shifting character of the plantation population since
penal contracts were abolished, and especially since the immigrants
ceased to be preponderatingly from the agricultural classes, the cost
of importing labor is no small item of expense. If this money were
added to wages instead of being paid out in the manner in which it
was formerly, the increase might be sufficient not only to induce more
active immigration from Japan, but also to check somewhat the pres­
ent migration from Hawaii to California.
If the present methods of the companies do, as is claimed, add to
the necessary cost of reaching Hawaii, and therefore limit emigration
to classes in Japan who are socially above farm laborers, this fact
may help to explain the increasing difficulty of plantation administra­
tion. The early Japanese immigrants were almost exclusively from
the peasant class. All applicants were rejected who had not performed
full military service, all who belonged to the old military order, and
fishermen. A letter from the planters’ representative in Japan in
1891, says: 66The immigrants come exclusively from the agricultural
districts of the interior of Japan, and all are trained farming hands.”
This letter is interesting, as advocating even at that day the abolition
of contracts with the laborers, on the ground that free labor would be
cheaper. If the immigrants are no longer recruited from the same
classes as in 1891, but come from sections of the country and of the
community where social discontent is beginning to manifest itself,
then the increased labor organization and agitation upon the planta­
tions are easily explained, as is also the rapid growth of a population
of Japanese in the islands who not only are independent of the plan­
tations, but have never engaged previously to any extent in plantation
service. This population engages directly in mercantile and profes­
sional pursuits, enters the field of skilled mechanics, or engages in
rural industries other than cane planting.




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GENERAL t a b l e s .
Three very comprehensive statistical tables are presented in this
report in addition to the many short tables given in the preceding text
of the report.
The titles of these tables are as follows:
Table I.—Occupations, wages, hours of labor, and nationality of
employees in each industry, 1905.
Table II.—Occupations, average wages and hours of labor, and
nationality of employees in each industry, 1900-1901, 1902, and 1905.
Table III.—Retail prices of commodities, 1890-1905.
T a b le L —O c c u p a tio n s , w a g e s , h o u rs o f la b o r , a n d n a tio n a lity o f
e m p l o y e e s i n e a c h i n d u s t r y , 1 9 0 5 { p p . 5 1 6 t o 5 9 1 ) . —Data for this table
were secured from 103 establishments, representing 2 4 industries and
51,616 employees, as shown in the following text table:
NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND EMPLOYEES FOR WHICH WAGES AND HOURS OF
LABOR ARE GIVEN, BY INDUSTRIES.
Industries.

Bakery, confectionery, and restaurant.....................................................................
Brew ery......................................................................................................................
Building......................................................................................................................
Carriage making.........................................................................................................
Coffee plantation........................................................................................................
Electric light and ice ..................................................................................................
Fertilizer.....................................................................................................................
Foundry and machine shop......................................................................................
Harness m aking.........................................................................................................
Laundry................................................................................... ..................................
Milk, cream, and butter.............................................................................................
Planing m ill................................................................................................................
Poi flour making..........................................................................................................
Printing, jo b ................................................................................................................
Printing, newspaper.............................................................................................. ....
Rice c l e a n i n g ...................................................................................................
Rice plantation........................................................................../ ...............................
Soda water and soft drinks...................................................................................... ,
Steam railroad...................................................................... .....................................
Steamship companies, interisland......._....... _......... - ...............................................
Stock ranches............................................. ........................................ .......................
Street railw ay............................................. ..............................................................
Sugar plantations........................................................................................................
Tannery......................................................................................................................
Total........................................... ............. .................. ..................... ...............

Number
of estab­ Number
of em­
lish­
ments. ployees.
2
1

15
2
1
2
1

3
1
1
1

4
1
2
1
1

17
40
679
33
87
83
62
316
4
52
11

45
4
53
43
8

3

318

1

11

4
2

1

741
595
118
149
48,229
18

103

51,616

2
1

50

No attempt was made to cover all establishments in the Territory,
but in certain industries nearly all establishments of any importance
are included in the table.




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For the other industries, the figures presented are only representa­
tive. It is believed, however, that sufficient data were secured to fairly
and correctly represent industrial conditions in the Territory as to
wages, hours of labor, and the different nationalities employed in the
several industries. In this table the number of establishments from
which data were secured is stated in connection with the name of the
industry. All occupations found in the establishments investigated
are given for each industry, and the number and sex of the employees
of each nationality are given under each occupation. Following each
nationality appear the days of work per week, and the lowest, highest,
and average hours of work per week. On the opposite page the
employees of each nationality in each occupation are classified according
to their daily wages, the table showing the number of employees earn­
ing under 50 cents per day, the number earning over 50 cents or under
$1 per day, etc. This classification affords an opportunity to see the
range of wages for each nationality of each occupation and the predomi­
nant wage groups. The classification is followed by the average wages
per.day for each nationality in each occupation. At the close of the
occupation, a total and average are given for the occupation in which
data for the employees of all nationalities are combined. A few gen­
eral occupations are found under several industries; for example,
carpenters are found employed in the building industry, which repre­
sents firms engaged in general building, and by steam railroads, by
sugar plantations, etc. .
The occupation representing a far greater number of employees
than any other is that of field hands, which covers 20,925 persons; Ten
nationalities are represented in this occupation, but 66 per cent of all
the employees of the occupation are Japanese. A total of 2,447
employees in this occupation receive under 50 cents per day, 58 receive
$1 or under $1.50 per day, while 18,420, or 88 per cent of the total
number employed in the occupation, receive 50 cents or under $1 per
day. The average wages of all employees of this occupation are 63
cents per day.
With this short explanation it is believed the table will be readily
understood. A careful and extensive study of this table is recom­
mended for a broad knowledge concerning the nationality and the
wages and hours of labor of the employees in the several industries of
the Territory.
T a b le I I — O c c u p a tio n s , a v e r a g e w a g e s a m d h o u r s o f la b o r , a m d n a tio n ­
a l i t y o f e m p lo y e e s in e a c h in d u s tr y , 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 0 1 , 1 9 0 2 , a n d 1 9 0 5 ( p p . 5 9 2
t o 6 6 2 ) . —This table has been prepared so that a comparison may be
made between the wages and hours of labor in 1905 and the preceding
years, 1900-1901 and 1902. The data for 1900-1901 and 1902 were
secured in former investigations by the Bureau. The occupations,
nationalities, average hours per week, and the average wages per day




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for 1905, given in Table 11, are the same as shown in Table 1. A note
given in connection with the name of each industry in this table shows
the number of establishments from which data were secured for each
of the three periods. It will be seen that in some of the industries no
data were secured for one or both of the preceding periods, and it will
be further observed that although data may be presented for all three
periods in an industry certain occupations may appear in but one or
two of the periods owing to the change in the occupations employed
in the different periods, and to some extent, possibly, to a change in
the names of the occupations. Comparisons should not be made
between the number of employees in the several periods, as the num­
ber of establishments for which information was secured varies, and
even when the number is the same they are not always the same iden­
tical establishments. The number of employees is given, however, to
show the basis on which rests the average hours and wages shown.
In the building industry, for example, it is seen that the data for 19001901 are from 8 establishments; for 1902 from 9 establishments; for
1905 from 15 establishments. With so many establishments included
it may be presumed that the wages and hours of labor shown for each
occupation are fairly representative. For example, the wages of car­
penters in the building industry in 1900-1901 were $3.59£ per day; in
1902, $3.72 per day, and in 1905, $2.82^ per day. An inspection of
the nationalities shows that the employees of this occupation were
largely American in the first two periods, while in 1905 it is seen that
there were a greater number of Japanese than of any other race. The
reduction of the general average of wages in this occupation is largely
due to the increasing number of Japanese employed.
An inspection of the occupations of this table will show that con­
siderable change has been taking place within the last few years in the
nationalities employed.
T a b l e I I L — R e t a i l p r i c e s o f c o m m o d i t i e s , 1 8 9 0 - 1 9 0 5 ( j ? p . 6 6 8 t o 6 7 1 ).—
This table shows the retail prices of the principal articles of food and
a few other staple commodities from 1905 back to 1890, or as near
thereto as a record of prices could be secured for the same articles
from the same establishments. Owing to difference in price for the
same article at different stores it was not deemed proper to secure prices
for part of the period from one firm and for the remainder of the
period from another firm, and some commodities change so materially
in their character in a few years that prices for identical articles can
not be followed back for many years.
At the head of each column of quotations shown in this table the
locality for which prices are quoted is stated in the box head with the
name of the article. When the name of the town would tend to iden­
tify the firm only the name of the island is given. When two or
more quotations were secured for the same article an effort was made




REPORT

OP T H E

COM M ISSIO NER OP L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

515

to get prices as nearly as possible for the same grade and quality in
each instance. An effort was also made to have the figures fairly repre­
sent the prevailing prices throughout the Territory—some of the quota­
tions being from plantation stores, some from Oriental stores, and
others from the largest establishments in Honolulu. The prices shown
in this table are the average prices for the year. Footnotes have
been appended to show the seasonal variation in prices of a few arti­
cles that fluctuate materially during the year. The absolute relative
worth of these figures as data from which to estimate the cost of living
is affected by trade customs referred to in another part of this report.
A study of the tables in detail shows that there was a marked rise in
the price of nearly all commodities during the boom that followed
annexation.
Quotations of retail prices were secured for the two preceding
reports on Hawaii that have been made by this Bureau, and a number
of the same firms have been continued in this report.
In the second report of this Bureau, published in Bulletin No. 47,
a series of index numbers was presented showing the trend of prices
of food from 1890 to 1902. The index numbers consist of percentages
showing the per cent that the average price for each year was of the
average price for the ten-year period, 1890-1899. The index numbers
shown in the following text table from 1890 to 1900 are the same as
given in Bulletin No. 47; those for 1901 and 1902 have been revised.
The series of index numbers has been continued to include 1905, the
numbers from 1901 to 1905 being based on detail figures of Table III,
presented in this report.
RELATIVE RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1905.
Year.

Price.

1890..,..........................
1891...............................
1892...............................
1893...............................
1894...............................
1895...............................

1 0 0 .8
1 0 1 .6

101.3
100.3
99.4
98.8

Year.
1896.............................
1897.............................
1898.............................
1899.............................
1900.............................

Price.
99.2
98.9
98.3
101.4
105.3

Year.
1901.............................
1902.............................
1903.............................
1904............................
1905.............................

Price.
106.5
108.7
108.5
106.6
105.5

The above table shows that the price of food as a whole reached the
lowest point in the sixteen-year period in 1898, when it was 98.3 per
cent of the average price for the ten years from 1890 to 1899, and the
highest price in 1902, when it was 108.7 per cent of the average price
for the ten-year period nam&d. A computation made from these
figures shows that the price of food increased 10.6 per cent from 1898
to 1902. Since 1902 there has been a decline in the price of food,
the price in 1905 being 2.9 per cent lower than in 1902,




516

B U L L E T IN

OP T H E

BUREAU

OP L A B O R .

T able I __ OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
[For explanation and discussion of this table see pages 512 and 513.]
B A K E R Y , C O N F E C T IO N E R Y , A N D R E S T A U R A N T (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )•
Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

1
2

'Rakers___________ ____ _____________

1
1

M.
M.

s

T otal........................... .................

2

M.

4 Bakers’ helpers...................... .......... .
5

T M.
M.
1

Nationality.

Chinese............
Japanese..........
Chinese............
Japanese. . . . . . .

T otal.............................................

2

M.

7 Confectioners.........................................
8
Cooks................................................... .

2
2

M.
M.

Japanese ..........
Chinese . . . . . . . .

9 Drivers...................................................

1
1

M.
M.

Chinese............
Japanese...........

6

10
11

T otal.............................................

2

M.

12

Manager..................................................
Packer....................................................
Saleswomen...........................................
Stenographer..........................................
Waiters...................................................

1
1
2
1
2

M.
M.
F.
F.
M.

13
14
15
16

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

Am erican........
Japanese..........
Hawaiian
American _____
Japanese . . . . . . .

7 56
7 56

56
56

56
56

7 56

56

56

7 56
7 56

56
56

56
56

7 56

56

56

6

57
7 56

57
56

57
56

6
57
7 70

57
70

67
70

5 6 * 57

70

63.5

7 56
6
57
564 57
6
57
7 70

56
57
77
57
70

56
57
67
57
70

6
6
6
6
6

53
53
53
53
53

53
53
53
53
53

53
53
53
53
53

B R E W E R Y (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
Bottlers ............................................ .

5
1
6
1

3

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Americannegro
H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

Total.............................................

16

M.

6

53

53

53

Brewers, assistant..................................
Brewer, head....................... ......... .......

2
1

M.
M.

Am erican........
Am erican........

6
6

53
53

53
53

53
53

Brewers’ helpers....................................

1
1
1

M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
German...........
Norwegian.......

6
6
6

53
53
53

53
53
53

53
53
53

6

53

53

53 *'

6
6

7

53
53
84
84
84
53
84

53
53
84
84
84
53
84

53
53
84
84
84
53
84

6
6
6
6
6

53
53
53
53
53

53
53
53
53
53

53
53 *
53
53
53

T otal.............................................

3

M.

Clerk.................................................. ....
C ollector................................................
Engineer..................... ..........................
Engineer, assistant................................
Firemen................ ............ ....................
Foreman, bottlers..................................
Ice puller............................, ..................

1
1
1
1
2
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
American _____
Am erican........
Am erican........
Norwegian.......
German............
Portuguese.......

Laborers........................ ........................

1
1
1
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

German............
H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

T otal............................................

5

M.

O iler.......................................................
Stableman...............................................

1
1
1
1
1

Teamsters................................ : ............

T otal.............................................

3

6

6

53

53

53

M.

Am erican........
Portuguese.......

6~
6

53
53

53
53

53
53

M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Part-Hawaiian.
Norwegian.......

6
6
6

53
53
53

53
53
53

53
53
53

6

53

63

53

M .'

M.

aAlso board, valued at $3 per week.
b Average.
c l employee receives also board, valued at 33 per week,
d Also board, valued at 35 per week.




7
7
7

REPORT

OF T H E

COM M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

517

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905.
[For. explanation and discussion of this table see pages 512 and 513.J
B A K E R Y , C O N F E C T IO N E R Y , A N D R E S T A U R A N T

(2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).

Classified wages per day.

Aver­
age
wages
» per
day.

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

al
al

a 81.07
a 1.43

1
2

a2

a 1.25

3

a .50
a .57

4
5

82.50
83.00, 83.50
84.00
84.50
82.00
80.50 81.00 81.50
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
Under or
80.50 under under under under under under under under under
81.00. 81.50. 82.00. 82.50. 83.00. 83.50. 84.00. 84.50. 85.00.

85.00
or
over.

a1
al
a2
1

al
al
al

1

al
1

1

7
9
10

a. 924

11

d 1.974

12

1 .0 0

al

8

a .851

1.50
0.954

1

dl
1

al

6

1.25
a. 85*
1 .0 0

dl
1

a. 531

a .924

13
14
15
16

B R E W E R Y (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
3

y-2
/

2

81.30
1.50

2
1
1

5

1 .2 1

1.26
fir.884

1
1

4

10

22

3.544
9.584

23
24

2 .0 0
2 .0 0

2.584

25
26
27

1

2.194

28

1

2.874
4.79
4.93
3.29
2.50
4.79
1.75

29
30
31
32
S3
34
35

1.50

1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

1.50
1.50
1.75

36
37
38
39
40

4

1.45

41

2 .0 0

2.184

42
43

1

2.59
2.07
2.874

44
45
46

2

2.61

47

1
1

1 .0 0

1

1
1
1
1

1

«1 employee receives also board, valued at $5 per week.
/ Boys.
g Including 2 boys.




20
21

0 1 .194
1

2

17
18
19

518

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LA B O R ,

T a b l e I .—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
B U IL D IN G (1 5 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) .

Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.
1
2

Occupation.

Blacksmiths...........................................
"Rnnlrlreeper .......................... _...............

3 Bricklayers.............................................
4
5
6

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Nationality.

2
1

M.
M.

American . . . . . .
A m e ric a n .........

6

5

M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
English.............
Portuguese.......
Scotch...............

6

1
1
1

7

Total.............................................

8

M.

8

Bricklayers’ helpers................... ..........

12

M.

Portuguese.......

9

Carpenters................ .

26

M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
English.............
German ...........
H awaiian........
Part-Haw aiian .
Irish..................
Japanese..........
Norwegian.......
Portuguese.......
Sam oan............
Scotch...............
Swedish...........

10
11
12

2

7
22
15
2
47
3
18

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
1
M.
2 M.
2 M.

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

21

Total............. ................1 .......

147

M.

22
23
24
25

Carpenters’ helpers ...... .....................

1

M

2
1
4

m!

M.
M.

53
60

53
00

53
60

6
6
6

47
47
47
48

47
47
47
48

47
47
47
48

6

47

48

47.1

6

47

47

47

54
48
48
54
48
48
o49.5
48
48
48
48
48

48
47.5
48
48
48
48
o49.5
48
47.9
48
48
48

c54

®48.8

6 48
6
6

48
48

47
48
48
48

47
48
48
48

6
0
6

47

48

47.9

54
48

54
48

54
48

54

51

48

48

48
48

48
48

6

6 47
6
47
6 48
6 47
6 48
6 48
6 o49.5
6 48
, 6 47
6 48
6 48
6 48
5 c47

F ilip in o .........
H awaiian ........
Part-Hawaiian .
Portuguese.......

0

47

26

Total.............................................
Clerks.....................................................

8
1
1

M.

27
28
29

Total.............................................

2

M.

80

Concrete finisher................................. .

1

M.

‘English .

81 Concrete w orkers..................................
82

1
1

M.

M

Amerman
Portuguese.......

6 48
0 48
0 48
6 48
6 48
0 48

48

48

48

48

0

53
53
60

53 |
53
58.8

Hawaiian
m ! Japanese..........
M

Total.............................................

2

M.

84 Concrete workers’ helpers.....................

2

M.

Polish___

Engineers...............................................

4

M.

A m e ric a n ____
H awaiian........
Japanese..........

83

85

86

9

M.
M.

1

87

88

T otal.............................................

14

M.

39

Engineers, pile drivers..........................

1
1

M
M.

41

T otal.............................................

40

42 Foreman, bricklayers............................
43

Foremen, carpenters...........................

44

45

46
47

Total..........................................




53
6 53
6 49.5

6 49.5 60

56.8

0

48
48

48
48

6 48

48

48

0 47

47

47

2 M A m e r ic a n
1
M. English............
4
M. Japanese.........
1
M. Scotch...............

0

47
6 47
6 49.5
6 48

48
47
49.5
48

47 5
47*
49.5
48

8 M.

6 47

49.5 48.5

A m e ric a n ____
Part-Hawaiian.

2 M.
1

M.

A m e ric a n ____

a Hours reported for 23 employees only.
&Wages reported for 23 employees only.
oHours reported for 323 employees only.
d Wages reported for 123 employees only.

48
6 48

REPORT OF TH E

COM M ISSIO NER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A II.

519

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
B U IL D IN G (1 5 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) .

Classified wages per day.
$2.50
$2.00
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
Under or
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
$0.50.
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .00 . $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.
1

$5.00
or
over.

1

i

5

5
21

1

5

2

15

3

1
1

3

2

5

2
1
2

7

1
6

4

2
1

3
4
5

6 .0 0

6

8

5.87*

7

1.50

8

1

1

21

19

2
1
21

17

14

30

1

3.59*
3.00
3.14*
2.61*
2.83*
4.00
51.54*
3.66 *
2.98*
3.50
4.00
3.00

20

d 2.82*

21
22

9
10
11
12

13
14
15
16
17
18
19

1

3

2.50
1.50
2.50
2.25

3

5

2 . 12 *

26

1 .0 0

1.25

27
28

1 . 12 *

29

1
2
1

1
1
2

1
1

6 .0 0

30

1

3.06*
5.00

31
32

1

4.03*

33

2 .0 0

34
35
36
37

1
1

1

e2

«4.72
3.50
/ l . 66 *

1

e2

0 2.67

38

4.00
4.00

39
40

1
8

fl

8

f 2

1

1
1

4.00

41

1

7.50

42

2
1

5.75

1

2.43*
5.00

43
44
45
46

4

4.03

47

2

2
2

2

2

....... I.......

e l employee receives also board and lodging.
employee furnished also with house.

fl

o See notes to details.

23
24
25

1

3




1
2

6 .0 0
6 .0 0

2

1

$3.50
3.33|

5.00

1

1
10
2

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

1
1
1

12
2
1
2
6

Aver­
age
wages
per
day.

6 .0 0

B U L L E T IN
T able

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

I .—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND

JBl'IliJDiNO (15 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.

Hours per week.
arnal

Occupation.

im-

er.

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

Foreman, concrete workers
Foremen, laborers, road___

1

5

M.
M.

Am erican........
Hawaiian........

6
6

48
54

48
54

48
54

3 Foremen, painters.............
4

1
1

M.
M.

Am erican........
Japanese..........

6
6

48
49.5

48
49.5

48
49.5

48

1
2

T otal................ .

2

M.

6

Foreman, pavers........
7 Foreman, pile drivers.
8 Foreman, plumbers...
9 Foreman, stablemen..
10 Foreman, teamsters...

1
1
1
1
1

M. Am erican........
M. Am erican........
M. , Am erican........
M. Am erican........
M. Am erican........

6
6
6

3

Chinese............
Hawaiian........
Japanese..........
Porto R ican___
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6
6

Hawaiian........
Porto R ican___
Portuguese.......

5
6

11
12

Laborers................... .

16

M.
M.
M.
1
M.
45 M.

12

24

13
14
15
T otal....

17 Laborers, road.
18
19

85 M.

21

M.
M.
M.

89
13

49.5

48.8

48
48
48
70
48

48
48
48
70
48

48
47
48
48
47

48
48
49.5
48
48

48
47.9
48.2
48
47.9

6

47

49.5 48

6
6
6

48
54
48

54
54
54

52.4
54
48.9

48
48
48
7 70
6
48

Total...................

123

M.

6

48

54

52

Laborers, rock crusher.
Masons........................
23 Masons’ helpers..........
24 Mortar mixers.............

5
4
4

M.
M.
M.
M.

Portuguese.......
Portuguese.......
Portuguese.......
Am erican........

6
6
6
6

48
48
48
47

48
54
48
47

48
51
48
47

25 Painters.......................
26
27
28
29

23
7

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
E nglish............
H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6
6

48
48
48
49.5
48

48
48
48
49.5
48

48
48
48
49.5
48

30

T otal........ .

41

M.

31
32
33

Painters’ helpera.

2
1
1

M.
M.
M.

20
21
22

34

Total__

35
36
37

Paper hangers.

38

2
2
1

8

48

49.5

48.3

6
6
6

48
48
48

48
48
48

48 .
48
48

6

48

48

48

Am erican........
H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.

6
6
6

48
48
48

48
48
48

48
48
48

6

48

48

48

Am erican____
H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Irish..................

6
6
6
6

48
48
48
48

48
48
48
48

48
48
48
48

6

48

48

48

Am erican........
H awaiian........
Portuguese.......
Russian............

6
6
6
6

48
48
48
48

48
48
48
48

48
48
48
48

4 M.
1

4
1

M.
M.
M.

Total

6

M.

39 Pavers.......
40
41
42

9
4
4
1

M.
M.
M.
M.

Tdtal.

18

M.

44 Pile drivers.
45
46
47

3

M.
M.
M.
M.

43

6

H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Portuguese.......

1
2
1

Total

7

M.

6

48

48

48

49 Plasterers .

2

M.

English.............

6

48

48

48

50 Plumbers..
51

3
1

M.
M.

Am erican........
Portuguese.......

6
6

47
47

48
47

47.7
47

52

4

M.

6

47

48

47.5

48

Total




REPORT

OF T H E

COM M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

521

N A T IO N A L IT Y O F E M P L O Y E E S IN E A C H IN D U S T R Y , 1905— Continued.
B U I L D I N G (1 5 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
Classified wages per day.
$2.00
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
or
or
or
or
Under or
or
or or
or
$0.50. under under under under under under under under under
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .00 . $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.

$5.00
or
over.
1

5
1

i
1

1
1
1
1

3
4

3.25

5

6 .0 0

6

4.50

7

6 .0 0

8

9

10

47

12

1.48

16

1 . 11 *
1 . 12 *

1.26 '

17
18
19

1.14

20

2 .0 0

21
22

89
13
17

4

119

4
5
1

1

3.12*
1.50
3.00

2

4
2
1

4

9
5

1

4

14

12

8

8

8.25
3.50
2.63
1.50
2.78*

1
1

10
1
2

1

2
1
1

4

2.49

30

1.60
1.50
1.50

31
32
33

3

35
36
37

3

3

3.25

38

2 .0 0
2 .0 0
2 .0 0
2 .0 0

39
40
41
42

1
1
2
1

4

2

2

25—No. 66—06-----11

25
26
27
28
29

34

1

1

23
24

1.50

18

-2

13
14
15

3.50
3.12*
3.50

9
4
4

2

11
12

1
1
1

!




4.00
2.50

11

1

-

1
2

34

12
22

24

$5.00
1.50

1.33|
1.58|
.98*
1.50
1.73

1

2

2

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

3.00
3.00

1
1

2

Aver­
age
wages
per
day.

.

2 .0 0

43

2.33*
3.00
3.00
2.50

44
45
46
47

2.64*

' 48

2

6 .0 0

49

1
1

4.83*
5.50

50
51

2

5.00

52

522

B U L L E T IN
T

able

I .—

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND

B U I L D I N G (1 5 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Concluded.
Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

1
2

P lu m b e r s’

helpers................... .

3
4
5

8

M.

Portuguese.......

6

47

47

47

1

M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6

48
47
47
48

48
48
47
48

48
47.7
47
48

3

6

M.

6

47

48

47.7

3
2

M.
M.

Portuguese.......
Portuguese.......

6
6

48
48

48
48

48
48

1
1

M.
M.

Part-Haw aiian.
Japanese..........

6
6

48
48

48
48

48
48

Total........................ .......... ........

2

M.

6

48

48

48

Teamsters........................ .....................

9

6
6
6
6
6
6
6

48
48
48
48
48
48
48

48
48
48
48
48
48
48

48
48
48
48
48
48
48

S h e e t-m e ta l w o r k e r s ..................... ..............

Sheet-metal workers’ apprentices........

9 Shop boys..............................................
10
11

7

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

19

Total.............................................

23

M.

20
21
22

Tinsmiths ..............................................

1
1

M.
M.
M.

12

13
14
15
16
17
18

1
1
1

3
1

4

Total.............................................

6

M.

24 Tinsmiths’ helpers................................
25

2
2

M.
M.

T otal.............................................

4

M.

27 Watchmen.............................................
28 Water boys................................. . .... ...

2
2

M.
M.

23 »

26

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

1

1
1

6

7

Em­
ploy­ .Sex.
ees.

Am erican........
American negro
Danish.............
German............
Hawaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......
English.............
German............
Portuguese.......
H awaiian........
Portuguese.......
Am erican........
Portuguese.......

6

48

48

48

6
6
6

48
48
47

48
48
48

48
48
47.8

6

47

48

47.8

6
6

48
47

48
48

48
47.5

6

47

48

47.8

7 84
6
48

84
54

84
51

C A R R I A G E HEARING ( 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).

M.
M.
M.

29 Blacksmiths

80
81

Total

4

M.

33 Blacksmiths' helpers.
34

6
1

M.
M.

35

7
_

M.

82

Hawaiian .
Portuguese
Sw edish...

Portuguese.....
Swedish-............

6
6
6

53
53
53

53
53
53

53
53
53

6

53

53

53

6
6

53
53

53
53

53
53

6

53

53

53

1
1

M.
M.
M.

Irish..................
H awaiian........
Portuguese.......

6~~63
6
53
53
6

53
53
53

53
53
53

39 Horseshoer’s helpers
40

1
1

M.
M.

Am erican........
Portuguese.......

6
6

53
53

53
53

53
53

41

2

M.

6

53

53

53

1
1
2

M.
M.
M.

6
6
6

53
53
53

53
5a
53

53
53
53

4

M.

6

53

53

53

T otal................

36 Bookkeeper
37 Driver........
38 Horseshoer.

T otal...............

42 Painters
44
45

Total




°B o y .

Chinese............
Hawaiian........
Irish..................

R E P O R T OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO N ER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

523

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
B U IL D IN G (1 5 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S ) —Concluded.

$2.50
3.00
5.00

1
1

1
1

1
1
a1

2

1

2

62

2

1

2

1

1

1.441
a .50
61.31
1

al
1

1




‘

6 .0 0

a .50
4.00

1

3.00
1.331

1

2.161

1

2 .0 0

1
1

1

2.50
4.50

1

1

3.371

1

1

3.371

1

1

&Including 1 boy,

B U L L E T IN

524

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T able I . — O CC U P A TIO N S, W A G E S , H O U R S O F L A B O R , A N D
C A R R I A G E M A K IN G (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Concluded.
Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est age.

Painters’ helpers.......

2

M.

Hawaiian........

6

53

53

53

Trimmers..................

1
1

M.
M.

Am erican........
German............

6
6

53
53

53
53

53
53

T otal................

2

, M.

6

53

53

53

Trimmers’ helpers -..

1
2
1

M.
M.
M.

6
6
6

53
53
53

53
53
53

53
53
53

6

63

53

53

6
6
6

53
53
53

53
53
53

53
53
53

6

53

53

53

6

53

53

53

d
59
59
59
59

(<*)
59
59
59
59

T otal................

4

M.

Woodworkers...........

1
2
1

M.
M.
M.

T otal................

4

M.

1

M.

Wookworkers’ helper

Am erican........
Hawaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
English.............
German............
H awaiian........
Portuguese.......

C O F F E E P L A N T A T IO N (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
Cultivators..........
Dryer....................
Engineer.............
Hullers................
Mechanic.............

10
1
1
2
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Japanese..........
H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Japanese..........
Japanese..........

6
6
6
6
6

(*)
69
59
59
59

Pickers................

40

M.
F.

Japanese..........
Japanese........

6
6

(d)

6

(d)

M.
M.
M.
M.

Japanese..........
Japanese..........
Hawaiian . . . . . .
Japanese..........

20

Total...........

60

Planters, contract
Pulpers................
Stableman............
Wood choppers...

6

3

1
2

(d)

(<*)
59
7 70
6
(<*)

6
6

\d)
(d)

(d)

59
70
(<*)

(d)

(d)
{d)
(d)

59
70
(d)

E L E C T R I C L I G H T A N D IC E (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).
26 Bookkeepers
27

1
1

M.
M.

Am erican........
H awaiian........

6
6

44
48

44
48

-44
48

28

T otal..

2

M.

6

44

48

46

29

Cashier........

1

M.

Am erican........

6

48

48

48

80

Clerks..........

1
2

M.
M.

German...........
Portuguese.......

6
6

44
44

44
48

44
46

32

T ota l..

31

3

M.

6

44

48

45.3

33 Cold-storage man.

1

M.

H awaiian........

7

84

84

84

34 C ollectors.......... .

3
1

M.
M.

Chinese............
Portuguese. . . . .

6
6

44
48

44
48

44
48

4

M.

6

44

48

45

Total.

72
72
37 Drivers.............
7 M. H awaiian........
7
72
63
3 M. American . . . . . .
38 Engineers........
7
63
63
M. Am erican........
7
39 Engineer, chief.
1
&Including 1 boy.
a Boys.
d Irregular.
<*See notes to details.
e $0.90 per acre per month. 1 man cultivates from 15 to 20 acres.




72
66

63

R E P O R T OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO N ER O F L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

525

N A T IO N A L IT Y O F E M P L O Y E E S IN E A C H IN D U S T R Y , 1905— Continued.
C A R R I A G E M A K IN G (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Concluded.
Classified wages per day.
$2.00
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
$2.50
Under or
or
or
or
or
$0.50. under under under under under
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .00 . $2.50. $3.00.
al

$3.00
$4.00
$4.50
$3.50
or
or
or.
or
under under under under
$3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.

$5.00
or
over.

1
1

1

1

a2

1

2

6 .0 0

3
4

1 . 66 *
6.95*
a .50

5

2
1
1

|

1

2

1
........... 1............

6

7

c l. 02

8

3.50
4.00

9

2 .0 0

1
1

1

3.75
4.37*

1

. [ .......

6$0.87*

1

1

.1........

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

1

1

al
al

Aver­
age
wages
per
day.

10
11

3.37*

12

1.50

13

(•)
$1 .0 0
1.50
.69
1.25

14
15
16
17
18

{8

19

(/)

21

(?)
.69

22

C O F F E E .P L A N T A T IO N (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) .

1
1
2
1

1

3
1

1 .0 0

(*)

/ Receive $0.45 per cwt. of coffee in the berry. Earnings, $0.45 to $1.12* per day,
o Receive $0.88 per cwt. and house rent.
* $2 .00 per cord.




20

23
24
25

526

B U L L E T IN

OP T H E

BUREAU

OP LABOR.

Table I .—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
E L E C T R IC L I G H T A N D IC E

(2

E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Concluded.

Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

3

Firemen........ ........................................
Foreman, cold storage.........................
3 Foreman,' ice factory........................ .
4 Foreman! linemen .'...............................
& 'R'nrftmfl.n! wirpmeil................................
6
Ice pullers..............................................
7 Inspector................................................
.Tfl.ivit.nr........... '.......................................
8
9 Tiahnrers................................................
Linem en........................ ........................
10
11
M achinist..............................................
12
Machinists* h elper................................
13 Meterman.......* .....................................
14 Meterman’s helpers...............................
15 Office b o y .......T.....................................
16 Oilers......................................................
1
2

1
1
1
1
2
1
1

4
5
1
1
1
2
1
6

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Hawaiian........
Portuguese.......
Am erican........
Am erican........
Japanese..........
Am erican........
Portuguese.......
Japanese..........
H awaiian........
Am erican........
Portuguese. . . . .
Am erican........
Am erican........
Portuguese.......
Japanese..........

7
7
7

.M.
M.

Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

17 Stablemen..............................................
18

4

19

& M.

1

T otal.............................................

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

7

56
84
56
44
44
72
44
44
63
44
63
63
44
44
44
72

56
84
56
44
44
72
44
44
63
44
63
63
44
44
44
84

56
84
56
44
44
72
44
44
63
44
63
63
44
44
44
80

7
7

56
56

72
56

64
56

6
6

7
6
6

7
6

7
7
6
6
6

7

56

72 * 62.4

Stenographer..........................................
Storekeeper...........................................
Storekeepers h elper.............................
23 Superintendent electric-light plant. . . .
24 Superintendent ice factory..................
25 Switchman.............................................

1
1
1
1
1
1

F.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Portuguese.
Portuguese.......
Am erican........
Am erican........
German............

6
6
6
6
6

44
44
44
48
48
7 63

44
44
44
48
48
63

44
44
44
48
48
63

26 Tankm en..............................................
27

1
.1

M.
M.

Am erican........
H awaiian........

7 84
7 84

84
84

84
84

7 84

84

84

7
7
7
7.

56
56
56
56
56 . 56
56
56

20
21
22

28

T otal.............................................

2

M.

29 Teamsters, ice w agon...........................
30
31
32

3
2
2
1

M.
M.
M.
M.

33

Am erican........
Canadian..........
German............
Swedish............

T otal.............................................

8

M.

34 Trimmer, arc..........................................

1

M.

Portuguese.......

35 W iremen................................................
36
37
38

3
1
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
German . ..........
Hawaiian........
Portuguese.......

39

T otal............................................

6

M.

40 Wiremen’s h elper..................................

1

M.

H awaiian........

56
56
56
56

7 56

56

56

6

44

44

44

6
6
6
6

44
44
44
44

44
44
44
44

44
44
44
44

6

44

44

44

6

44

44

44

6
6
6

56
56
56
56

56
56
56
56

56
56
56
56

6
6

56
56

56
56

56
56

6

56

56

56

6
6

72
72

72
72

72
72

6

72

72

72

F E R T I L I Z E R S (1 E S T A B L IS H M E N T ).

Bag sewers............................................. "
Bookkeeper...........................................
Chemist...........................................
Chemist’s helper........................ ..........

6
1
1
1

F.
M.
M.
M.

Japanese..........
German............
German........ .
Portuguese.......

Clerks.....................................................

1
1

M.
M.

Am erican........
German............

T otal.............................................

2

M.

Engineers...............................................

1
1

M.
M.

Total........... .................................

2

M.




«Boy.

Am erican........
Part-Hawaiian.

•6

R E P O R T OP T H E

CO M M ISSIO N ER O P L A B O R ON

527

H A W A II.

N A TIO N A LITY OF EM PLOYEES IN EA CH IN D U STRY, 1905— Continued.
E L E C T R IC L I G H T A N D IC E (2 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S

(—Concluded.

Classified wages per day.
$0.50 $1.00
$2.00
$3.00 $3.50
$1.50
$2.50
$4.50
$4.00
Under or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
$0.50. under under under under under under under finder under
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .0 0 . $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.

$5.00
or
over.

3

$2,464
2.63
3.834
3.834
3.834
1.15
1.914
1.34

1
1
1
1
2
1
1

4
1

1 .0 0

4

2.55
4.11
2.50
4.60

1
1
1

i

1

1

1 .6 2 4

.834
6

i
i

Aver­ Mar­
age ginal
wages num­
per
day. ber.

1 .2 0 4

3

1 .1 1

3

3

2.35

1
1
1

al




i
1
1
1
1

1
2

3
4
5
6

7
8

9
10
11
12

13
14
15
16
17
18

1.354

19

3.834
2.30
a .834
6.71
7.67
2.30

20
21
22

23
24
25

1.974
1.974

26
27

2

1.974

28

3

1.974
1.974

2
1
1

1

2 .2 2

1.974

29
30
31
32

7

1

2.034

33

1

2.49

34

3.19
3.50
3.00
2 .0 0

35
36
37
38

3.01

39

1.50

40

3
1
1
1
1
1

4

1

528

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.
T

ab le

I .—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND

F E R T I L I Z E R S (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) —Concluded.
Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Nationality.

72
72

72
72

72
72

72

72

72

56

56

56

56
56
56

56
56
56

Firemen..................................................

1
1

M.
M.

3

Total.............................................

2

M.

6

4

Foremen, laborers..................................

6

M.

Japanese..........

6

5 Laborers.................................................

1

M.
M.
M.

Chinese............
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6

56
56
56

1
2

6

7

35
1

8

Total___T.....................................

37

M.

9

Lead burner____ _________ T________
Superintendent acid department
...

1
1
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.

10
11
12

P n p erin te n d en t. fa c to r y ..................................
W a t c h m a n .........._ ................................................

German............
Portuguese.......

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

Japanese..........
German...........
German............
German............

6
6

6

56

56

56

6
•6
6

56
56
56

56
56
56

56
56
56

84

84

84

6
50
54
6
6 54
6 54

54
54
54
54

52
54
54
54

6 50

7

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P (3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).
13
14
15
16

B la c k s m it h s ............................................... ..

2
1
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
German............
New Zealander.
Portuguese.......

T otal. . . . ..... ................ .................

5

M.

54

53.2

18 Blacksmiths^ apprentice____________

1

M.

German .................

6

54

54

54

19 Blacksmiths* helpers.........................................

5

21

1
6

M.
M.
M.

Hawaiian ............
Part-Hawaiian.
Portuguese..........

6
6
6

50
54
54

54
54
54

51.6
54
54

6

50

54

53

6
6
6
6

50
50
54
64

54
54
54
54

52.3
52
54
54

17*

20

Total.............................................

12

M.

23 ■-Boiler makers.................................................
24
25
26

7
5

M.
M.
M.
M.

Total........................................................

16

M.

28 Boiler makers’ apprentices..........................
29
30
31

6

M.
M.
M.
M.

22

27

34

2
2

13
1
1

T otal....... ................... .......... .....................

21

M.

Boiler makers* helpers....................................

20
1

M.
M.

Total...............................................................

Am erican ............
H awaiian ............
Irish .........................
Portuguese..........

6

50

54

53

Am erican........
H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6

54
54
54
50

54
54
54
50

54
54
54
50

6

50

54

53.8

H awaiian ............
Portuguese..........

6
6

50
50

54
50

52.4
50

6

50

54

52.3

6
6

50
54
54

50
54
54

21

M.

Carpenter.................................................................. t 1
4
37 Draftsmen.................................................................
1
38 Foreman, blacksmiths.......................................

M.
M.
M.

Portuguese..........
Am erican ............
New Zealander.

6

50
54
54

39 Foremen, boiler makers........................
40

1
1

M.
M.

Am erican........
Scotch...............

6
6

50
64

50
54

50
54
52

Total.............................................

2

M.

6

50

54

42 Foreman, machinists.............................

1

M.

Am erican........

6

54

54

54

43 Foremen, molders..................................
44

1
1

M.
M.

American ___
Swedish............

6

6

50
54

50
54

50
54

T otal..........................» ...............

2

M.

6

50

54

52

41

45




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

529

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
F E R T I L I Z E R S (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) —Concluded.
Classified wages per day.
82.00
80.50 81.00 81.50
82.50
or
Under or
or
or
or
80.50. under under under under rnder
81.00. 81.50. 82.00. 82.50. *13.00.

83.00
83.50
84.00
84.50
or
or
or
or
under under under under
83.50. 84.00. 84.50. 85.00.

85.00
or
over.

age
wages
per
day.
81.75
1.50

1
1

1.62*

2

5

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

1.61

1

1.25
1.25
1.25

1

35
1

1.25

37
1
1
1
1

2.49
7.67
11.50
1.97*

9

10
11

12

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P (3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).
1
1

$4. 37*

1

4.00
4.50
3.75

13
14
15
16

2

4.20

17

1.331

18

1.731
2.17
1.91*

20
21

1

1

'

1

2

1

3

2
1

1

5

4

8
1

1
1

____
1
1

3

2

1

2
11
1

4

14

1

1

1

2

2

3

4

1
1

6

5

1

3

...........

*

____ ____

14

6

14

6

____

1




1

____ _
1
1

22

24
25
26

3.76

27

1.14
1.41*
1.50
.50

28'
29
30
31

1.29*

32
33
34

1.71*

35

2.50
3.25
7.00

36
37
38

1
1

6.00

7.00

39
40

____ ____ „
1

1.8
3.85*
3.37*
4.15
2.75

"1/74
1.16*

.___

1

____

19

1
1

2

6.50

41

1

7.00

42

1
1

6.00

7.00

44

2

6.50

45

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,
T a b l e I . — OCCUPATIONS,

WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P (3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
Hours per week.
arnal
imer.

1

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Occupation.

Foremen, pattern m akers....................

1
1

M.
M.

2

Nationality.

E nglish...........
Portuguese.......

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.
6
6

50
50
54 ‘ 54

50
54
52

3

Total.............................................

2

M.

6

50

54

4

Foreman, warehouse.............................

1

M.

Part-Hawaiian.

6

54

54

54

5

Laborers................................................

2.

4

M.
M.

Hawaiian........
Portuguese.......

6
6

54
54

54
54

54
54

6

M.

31

1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

6

7

8
9

T otal.............................................
Mach inists

.........................................

1

10

5

12

1
1

11

13
14
15
16
17
•18
19

3
3

1
1

4
4

20

Total.................. ............. .

56

M.

21
22

Machinists’ apprentices........................

22
20

M.
M.

Total.............................................

6

54

54

54

Am erican........
Danish.............
E nglish............
French.............
German...........
H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Irish..................
Porto Rican —
Portuguese.......
Scotch...............
Swedish............

0
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

50
54
50
54
54
54
50
54
54
50
54
50

54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
50

5 3 .4

54
50.8
54
54
54
52.7
54
54
53
54
50

6

50

54

53.1

American .
H awaiian........

6
6

54
54

54
54

54
54

6

54

54

54

6
6
6

50
50
50

54
54
54

52 7
53.3
52.4
52.8

42

M.

........

6
6

5

M.
M.
M.

27

Total............................. ..............

17

M.

6

50

54

28

Messenger...............................................

1

M.

Am erican___

6

54

54

54

29
30
31
32
33
34

H olders................................. ...............

3

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican___
E nglish............
H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Irish..................
Scotch...............

6
6
6
6
6
6

54
50
54
50
54
54

54
50
54
54
54
54

54
50
54
52
54
54

35

T otal............................. ...............

20

M.

36 Molders’ apprentices............. ...............
37
38
39

24
14

M.
M.
M.
M.

23
24
25
26

Machinists' helpers

1
8
2
2

4

1
1

40

T otal.............................................

40

M.

41
42
43

Molders’ helpers.....................................

1
6

M.
M.
M.

44

4

American___
H awaiian........
Portuguese.......

6

50

54

53.6

Am erican___
H awaiian........
Norwegian.......
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6

54
54
50
50

54
54
50
50

54
54
50
50

6

50

54

53.8

Am erican__

6
6
6

54
50
50

54
54
54

54
51
52

H awaiian........
Portuguese.......

T otal............................................

11

M.

6

50

54

51.8

45 Office b o y ................................ .............

1

M.

American

0

54

54

54

46 Pattern makers................ ................... •
47
48
49
50

3
3

American

1
2
1

M
M.
M.
M.
M.

6
6
6
6
6

50
54
50
54
54

54
54
50
54
54

52 7
54*
50
54
54

10

M.

6

50

54

53.2

51

Totai.............................................




H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Portuguese.......
Scotch...............

531

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H AW AII.

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P (3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
Classified wages per day.
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00
or
or
or
Under or
$0.50. under under under under
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .0 0 . $2.50.'

$2.50
$3.00
$3.50. $4.00
$4.50*
or
or
or
or
or
under under under under under
$3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.

$5.00
or
over.

$6 .0 0

2

6 .0 0

3

3.50

4

2 .0 0
2 .0 0

6

2 .0 0

7

2

4
6
2

2

14

1

1

1
2

9

1
1

1
1
2

1
1

1

1
1

1
2

1

1

4

1

9
6

9
17

7
3

6

26

10

6

4

24

ii

5

2

3

3

14

6

1
1

1

3

3

4
3

19
13

5

3

32

4

2

5

8

9

10
11
12

13
14
15
16
17
18
19

3.77

20

1 .2 1 1

21
22

1.29

23

1.96
2.04
1.881

24
25
26

1.961

27

1 .0 0

28
29
30
31
32
33
34

3

1

9

1

3.761

35

1.42
1.511
.50
.661

36
37
38
39

1.41

40
41
42
43

2
2

4

2.08
1.75
1.871

4

7

1.85

44

.50

45

1

4.00
3.081
4.50
3.75
4.50

46
47
48
49
50

- 4

3.771

51

1
2

1




3.96
4.00
3.95
4.50
4.00
2 . 66 |
3.661
4.00
2.50
3.041
* 4.00
2.50

1
2

3.381
4.40
3.161
4.26
4.40
4.531

1
1
2
2
2

2
1
1
1

2

6 .0 0

1.371

1

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

1
1

1

3

Aver­
age
wages
per
day.

1

1
1

2
1
1

1

2

1

1

2

1

532

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,
T able I . — OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P (3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Concluded.

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

7

M.
M.

1
2

Pattern makers’ apprentices..... ..........

3

T otal.............................................

8

M.

4 Warehousemen.....................................
5

10
2
1

M.
M.
M.

1

6

7

Total.............................................

13

M.

8

Wiper and oiler......................................

1

M.

Nationality.

Hours per week.
Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.
54
54

‘ 54
54

Am erican........
Hawaiian........

6
6

54
54

6

54

54

54

H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Portuguese.......

6
6
6

54
54
54

54
54
54

54
54
54

6

54

54

54

American negro

6

50

50

50

Am erican........
Canadian..........
Hawaiian........

6
6
6

54
54
64

54
54
54

54
54
54

6

54

54

54

Hawaiian . . . . . .

6

54

54

54

48
48

48
48

48
48

H A R N E S S M A K IN G (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
Harness makers.....................................

1
1
1

M.
M.
M.

*Total.............................................

8

M.

Harness makers’‘helper........................

1

M.

L A U N D R Y (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
14 Bookkeepers........................
15
16

T otal.............................................

17 Drivers.................................... ...........
18
19

1
1

M.
F.

American . . . . . .
Am erican........

6
6
6

48

48

48

M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
English.............
Portuguese.......

6
.6
6

60
60
60

60
60
60

60
60
60

2

3
1
1

20

T otal.............................................

5

M.

6

60

60

60

21

Engineer................................................

1

M.

Am erican........

6

60

60

60

22

Firemen..................................................

1
1

M.
M.

Chinese...........
Japanese..........

6
6

60
60

60
60

60
60

24

23

Total.............................................

2

M.

6

60

60

60

25 Forewoman...........................................
26 Forewoman, manglers..........................

1
1

F.
F-.

Am erican........
Portuguese.......

6
6

60
60

60
60

60
60

27 Ironers...................................................
28
29

1

F.
F.
F.

Am erican.......
H awaiian........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6

60
60
60

60
60
60

60
60
60

0

60

60

60

American negro
American negro

6
6

(c)
M

W

5
5

Total.............................................

11

F.

31 Janitors.................................................
32

1
1

M.
F.

Total.............................................

2

30

33

34 Machine hands........................ ..........
35
36
37
38
39

T o ta l............................................
a Girl.




1
1

3
1
2

6

M.
M.
F.
F.
F.

German.............
Hawaiian........
Hawaiian........
Porto R ican.. . .
Portuguese.......

g
b Including

1 girl,

(°)

W

(«)

(*)

6
6
6
6
6

(«)
60
60
60
60
60

60
60
60
60
60

60
60
60
60
60

6

60

60

60

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H AW AII.

538

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P (3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Concluded.
Classified wages per day.
62.00
60.50 61.00 61.50
or
or
Under or
or
60.50. under under under under
61.00. 61 50. 62.00. 62.50.
2

-

4

63.00
63.50
64.50
62.50
64.00
or
or
or
or
or
under under under under under
63.00. 63.50. 64.00. 64.50. 65.00.

65.00
or
oyer.

61.09*

1

1
2

5

1

6

1
1
1

1

3

4

5

Aver­ Mar­
age
ginal
lyages num­
per
day. ber.

s

1

1 .0 0

1
2

1.08*

3

1 . 68 *

4
5

1.99*
1 . 66 *
............
............11

1

1

6

1.73

7

1 . 66 *

8

H A R N E S S M A R I N O (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T )*




14
15
16
17
18
19
20

21
22

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
c Irregular,

534

BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR,
T a ble I . — OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
L A U N D R Y (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) —Concluded.
Hours per week.

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

1
2

Manglers................................................

3

T otal.............................................

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

2
11

F.
F.

13

F.

1
1
1

M.
M.
M.

T otal............................................

3

M.

Stableman..............................................
9 Starchers........ ......................................

1
2

M.
M.

4 Markers and sorters...............................
5
6

7
8

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

Porto R ican___
Portuguese.......

6
6

60
60

60
60

60
60

6

60

60

60

Am erican........
H awaiian........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6

60
60
60

60
60
60

60
60
60

6

60

60

60

6
6

60
60

60
60

60
60

7 70
7 84
7 70

70
84
70

70
84
70

Japanese..........
Portuguese

M I L K , C R E A M , A N D B U T T E R (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
Can washers................ ........ .... ............
Drivers............... .................. ...............
Stablemen...............................................

3
6
2

M.
M.
M.

Japanese _........
Portuguese.......
Japanese ..........

P L A N IN G M IL L S (4 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).
Band sawyer.............
Band sawyer’s helper

American ..
American ..

6
6

48
48

48
48

48
48

Carpenters................

American ..
E nglish___
Polish........
Portuguese.
Swedish___

6
6
6
6
6

48
48
48
48
48

48
48
48
48
48

48
48
48
48
48

T otal................

6

48

48

48

Driver........................

Portuguese.

6

48

48

48

Engineers..................

Hawaiian ..
Portuguese.

6
6

48
48

48
48

48
48

6

48

48

48

6
6

48
48

48
53

48
50.5

6

T otal................
Forem en...................

American .
German...

T otal................
29

Laborers............*........
T otal................

48

53

49.7

Hawaiian ,.
Portuguese.

<r 48
6
48

48
53

48
49

48

53

Am erican..
Portuguese.

6 ~~48
6
53

~48
53

6

48

53

51.3

6
6

48
48

48
48

48
48

6

48

48

48

48
53
48
48
48
7 84

48
53
48
48
48
84

48
53
48
48
48
84

12

Machine hands........

6

T otal................
Mill hands................

American .
Hawaiian .

T otal................
Office b o y .............
Polisher.....................
Sticker hand.............
Sticker hand’s helper
Teamster*..................
Watchman.................




a Girls.

.

American ..
Hawaiian ..
American ..
Hawaiian ..
Portuguese.
*>Boys.

6
6
6
6
6

48.8
48
53

535

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
L A U N D R Y (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) —Concluded.
Classified wages per day.
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
$2.00
$3.00
$4.50
$2.50
$3.50
* 00
Under or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
$0.50. under under under under under under under under under
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .00 . $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.

$5.00
or
over.

*

a2

a ll
a 13
1
1
1
1

1

1

Aver­ Mar­
age
wages ginal
per num­
day. ber.
a$0.50
a. 684
a. 654

3

2.50
1.834

4
5

1 .0 0

6

1.78
.834
.834

1
2

M I L K , C R E A M , A N D B U T T E R (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T )*
3

$1.15
2.30
1.014

6
1

1




o Including 4 boys.

1
2

7
8

9

536

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.
T ab le I .—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
P O I F L O U R M A K IN G (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Nationality.

Hours per week.
Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

1

G rinder..................................................

1

M.

Japanese..........

6

2

Grinder’s helpers...................................

1
#1

M.
F.

Japanese..........
Japanese..........

7
7

(b)
(6)

(ft)
(ft)

T otal.............................................

2

7

(ft)

(ft)

(ft)

5 Slicer and driver...................................

1

3
4

M.

Am erican........

57

57

57

(b)
(ft)

6

67

67

57

6
6
6

48
50.5
48

48
50.5
48

48
50.5
48

P R I N T I N G , J O B (3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).
Am erican..
Hawaiian ..
Portuguese.

Bookbinders........................... .

6

48

50.6

48.8

Hawaiian ..
Portuguese.

6
6

50.5
50.5

50.5
50.5

50.5
50.5

6

60.5

H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian
Portuguese___
Portuguese___

6 ~~48
6
48
6
48
6
48

~48
48
48
48
48

T otal..............................
Bookbinders’ apprentices.......
T o t a l............................
Bookbinders’ helpers................

T otal...............................

50.5

50.5
~48
48
48
48

6

48

Bookkeeper........ *...................
Clerk........................................

American ..
American ..

6~
6

50.5 50.6
48
48

60.6
48

48

Compositors.............................

American ..
Hawaiian ..
Portuguese.

6
6
6

48
48
50.5

48
60.6
50.5

48
48.7
50.5

6

48

60.5

48.8

Compositors’ apprentices........
Foreman........ .........................
Foreman, bookbinders...........
Foreman, compositors............. .

Hawaiian
American
American
American

.
.
.
.

6
6
6
6

48
50.5
48
48

48
50.5
48
48

48
50.5
48
48

Linotype operators..................

American .
Hawaiian .

6
6

48
48

48
48

48
48

T otal..............................

10

T otal................................

6

48

48

48

Linotype operators’ apprentice,
M anager................................. .

Portuguese.
American ..

6
6

48
50.5

48
50.5

48
50.5

Press feeders........................... .

American .
Hawaiian.

6
6

50.6
50.5

50.5
60.5

50.5
50.5

6

50.5

50.5

50.5-

6
6
6

48
48
48

48
48
48

48
48
48

6

48

48

48

6
6

48
50.5

48
50.5

48
50.5

T otal................................
Pressmen...................................

Am erican........
Part-Hawaiian.
Portuguese.......

T otal................................
Pressmen’s helper....................
Printer’s apprentice................ .

Portuguese.
Hawaiian ..

a Also board and lodging, valued at $3 per week.
6 Irregular.
«Boy; receives also board and lodging, valued at $3 per week.
d Girls.
- ‘ Including 5 girls.




EEPOET

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO N EE OF L A B O E

OH H A W A I I .

537

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTEY, 1905—Continued.
P O I F L O U R M A K IN G (I E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
Classified wages per day.
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
$2.50
$3.00
$2.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
or
Under or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
$0.60. under under under under under under under under under
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .00 . $2.60. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.
al
al
a1

al

Aver­ Mar­
age ginal
wages num­
per
ber.
day.
a $1 .0 0

...... 1......
!
1

al
cl

$5.00
or
over.

!

1

i

4

I

......r :....
P R I N T I N G , JTOjB (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).

f Boys.
0 See notes to details.
h Including 2 boys.
1 Including 1 boy.

25—No. 66—06-----12




1

a. 71*
a. 43

2

a. 57*

4

c. 65

5

3

538

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T a b le I . — OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
P R I N T I N G , N E W S P A P E R (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

1

Bookkeeper ...........................................

1

M.

German...........

6

48

48

48

2

Carriers .................................. ...............

5
4

Am erican........
Hawaiian . . . . . .
Part-Hawaiian -

7
7
7

21
21
21

21
21
21

21
21
21

3
4

2

M.
M.
M.

11.

M.

7

21

21

21

Cashier...................................................
Clerk......................................................
C ollector................................................
Collector, Assistant. . . . , r____________

1
1
1
1

F.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Am erican........
Am erican........
American . . . . . .

6
6
6
6

48
48
48
48

48
48
48
48

48
48
48
48

Compositors...........................................

1
2
1

M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Hawaiian........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6

48
48
48

48
48
48 . 48
48
48

5

T otal.............................................

6

7
8

9
10
11
12

13

T otal.............................................

4

M.

6

48

48

48

14

Compositors’ helpers.............................

2

M.

Am erican........

6

48

48

48

15
16

Editors...................................................

Nl
1

M.
M.

Am erican........
H awaiian........

6
6

48
48

48
48

48
48

17

Total.............................................

2

M.

6

48

48

48

18
19

Foreman, compositors...........................
Foreman, pressmen...............................
Librarian...............................................

r
i
i

M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Am erican........
Am erican........

6
6
6

48
48
48

48
48
48

48
48
48

Linotype operators................................

2

i

M.
M.

Am erican........
H awaiian........

6
6

48
48

48
48

48
48

23

T otal.............................................

3

M.

6

48

48

48

24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

Manager, advertising...........................
Manager, business................................
Manager, business, assistant..................
Office boy...............................................
Photo-engraver......................................
Photo-engraver’s helper........................
Pressman...............................................
Proof re a d e r ........................................
Proof reader’s assistant..........................

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

American _____
Am erican........
Am erican____
Am erican____
Part-Hawaiian.
Portuguese
Hawaiian
H awaiian____
H aw aiian___

6
6
6
6
6
6

48
48
48
48
48
48

6

«)
48

48
48
48
48
48
48
(a)
(a)
4&

48
48
48
48
48
48
(a)
(a)
48'

33 Reporters ...............................................
34

3
1

M.
M.

Am erican........
H awaiian........

6
6

48
48

48
48

48
48 '

35

4

M.

6

48

48

48

6
6
6

54
54
54

54
54
54

54
54
54

20
21
22

Total.............................................

7
7

(a)

R I C E C L E A N IN G (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
Engineer
Foreman
Laborers

Chinese .
Chinese .
Chinese .

R I C E P L A N T A T IO N S (3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).
C ooks....................
Field hands..........
Forem en...............
Irrigators...............
Managers...............
Manager, assistant
Partners................
Stablemen.............

10

268
6
2
2
1

25
4

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Chinese............
Chinese............
Chinese............
Chinese............
Chinese............
Chinese............
Chinese............
Chinese...........

7
o7
7
7
7
7
7
7

a Irregular.
b Also board, valued at from $6 to $7 per month.
c Employees have occasional holidays without loss of pay.




R E P O R T OP T H E

CO M M ISSIO N ER OF L A B O R

539

ON H A W A I I .

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY—Continued.
P R I N T I N G , N E W S P A P E R (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) •
Classified wages per day.
80.50 81.00 81.50
or
Under or
or
80.50. under under under
81.00. 81.50. 82.00.

82.00
82.50
83.50
84.00 84.50
83.00
or
or
or
or
or
or
under under under under under under
82.50. 83.00. 83.50. 84.00. 84.50. 85.00.

85.00
or
over.

Aver­
age
wages
per
day.

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

$4,984

1

5
4

.6 0 4
.6 0 4

2

2

.644

3
4

.61

5

1

11
1

1 .6 6 4

2.334
3.334

1
1

7

1 .1 6 4

9

1

1
1

3.334
3.124
2.25

10
11
12

1

2

2.96

13

1

1
1

6
8

2
1
1

2 .0 0

14

1 0 .0 0

15
16

3.334

1

•

1

6.664

17

1

6 .6 6 4

18
19

4.50
3.334

20

5.00
4.00

21
22

4.664

23

4.79
11.50
5.75
.50
3.334
4.09
3.75
.834

24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

3

5.28
1.664

33
34

3

4.874

35

1
1
2
1
1

2
1
1
1

1
1
1

1 .0 8 4

i
1

1

i
i
R I C E C L E A N IN G (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).

81.73
1.344
.96

1
1
6

R I C E P L A N T A T IO N S (3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).
510
5 268
d6
«2
«2

el

(/)

%

(/)

(/)

if)

(/)

if)

(/)

if)

(/)

d Also board, valued at $6 per month.
« Also board, valued at 87 per month.
/ Not reported* Also board, valued at $7 per month.




(/)

580.62
5.58
d .82
e .6 6
e .82
e .6 6

Si

&

4t

40
41
42
4S
44
41

540

B U L L E T IN

OP T H E

BUREAU

OP LABOR.

T ab le I . — OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
S O D A W A T E R A N D S O F T D R I N K S (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

1

Bookkeeper...........................................

1

M.

Part-Hawaiian.

6

53

53

53

2

B ottlers..................................................

3
2

M.
M.

Hawaiian........
Japanese........ '.

6
6

53
53

53
53

53
53

T otal.............................................

5

M.

6

53

53

53

1
1
1

M.
M.
M.

6
6
6

53
53
53

53
53
53

53
53
53

6

53

53

53

8
6

53
53

53
53

53
53

3
4

5 Drivers..............................................
6

7
T otal.............................................

3

M.

9 M anagfir_________________________
id Sirup m ixer...........................................

1
1

M.
M.

8

Am erican........
English.............
Part-Hawaiian.
Am erican........
H awaiian........

S T E A M R A I L R O A D S (4 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).
Accountant...
Agent, freight.

1
1

M.
M.

Am erican........
Am erican........

6
6

60
53

60
53

60
53

13 Agents, station
14

7

M.
M.

Am erican........
Portuguese.......

6 6 .6

o60

T otal___

9

M.

o60
(/)
o60

o60

2

16 Agents, ticket.
17

6

3

M.
M.

18

T otal___

9

M.

7

19 Blacksm iths...

1
1
1

M. Am erican........
M.. Hawaiian........
M. Portuguese.......

6
6
6

11
12

15

20
21

T otal..............

.7

66.7
Am erican........
H awaiian........

7
7

CO
m

(/)

<0
CO

CO
CO
CO

(/)

53
59
60

53
59
60

53
59
60

3

M.

23 Blacksmiths’ helper.
24 Boatm en.................
25 Bookkeeper.............

1
8
1

M.
M.
M.

Part-Hawaiian.
Hawaiian........
Portuguese.......

26 Brakemen................
27
28

16
4

1

M.
M.
M.

Am erican........ 7
Hawaiian........ 6 6 . 8
Portuguese....... 66.5 <60

22

29

Total..

21

M.

Bridgem an..
Captain, tug.
Car cleaners.
Car inspector

1
1
6
1

M.
M.
M.
M.

Japanese..........
Am erican........
Japanese..........
Am erican_____

34 Carpenters...
35
36
37

3
7
3

M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican____
A u stria n ........
Japanese -____
Portuguese.......

14

M.

38

Total

1

CO
CO

6

53

60

57.3

6
6
6

53
59
59

53
59
59

53
59
59

JP JP
<60

30
31
32
33

CO
c60

(O
o59.7
<60

6 6 .8

J59

J60

J59.8

7
7
7

84
60
63
70

84
60
70
70

. 84
60
64.2
70

6
6
6
6

53
60
53
54

54
60
60
54

53.7
60
55.6
54

6

53

60

55.1

6

a Also house, fuel? water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance
in case of accident incurred in service.
5 Average.
c Hours reported for 3 employees only.
<22 employees furnished also with house.
« See notes to details.




REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAW AII.

541

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
SO D A W A T E R A N D S O F T D R I N K S (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) .

Classified wages per day.
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
or
Under or
or
SO. 50. under under under
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .00 .

$2.00
$2.50
$3.00 $3.50
$4.00 $4.50
or
or
or
or
or
or
under under under under under under
$2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.

$5.00
or
over.

1

3

Aver­
age
wages
per
day.

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

$1,721

1

1 .1 1

2

2

1.25

3

5

1.161

4

2.681
2.681
2.681

6

2.681

8

5.75
1.50

10

1
1
1

3
i
1

1

5
7

9

/ Irregular.
ffl employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.
h 2 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.
i Hours reported for 2 employees only.

SHours reported for 5 employees only.




BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OP LABOR.
T

ab le

I .—

OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND

S T E A M R A I L R O A D S (4 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.

Hour•sper 1week.
Occupation.
ex.

1

f!fl.Tpftnters’ helpers___ __________ _

2

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

2

7

M.
M.

Nationality.

H awaiian........
Japanese..........

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.
6
6

60
60

60
60

60
60

3

T otal.............................................

9

M.

6

60

60

60

4

Oar repairer ...........................................
Clashiera.............................................. .

1
2

M.
M.

Portuguese.......
Am erican........

6
6

51
48

54
53

54
50.5

Am erican........
H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian .

6
6
6

60
59
60

60
59
60

60
59
60
59.8

5
8
9

6 Olerlrs....................................................
7

1
1
2

M.
M.
M.

T otal.............................................

4

M.

6

59

60

10

Olerk, ch ie f___ ____________________

1~

M.

German............

6

60

60

60

11

OlerlrSj freig-ht .......................................

5
2

M.
M.

Am erican........
Hawaiian........

6
6

54
60

60
60

55.2
60

13

T otal.............................................

7

M.

6

64

60

56.6

14 Clerks, w harf..........................................

4

M.

Am erican........

6

54

54

54

15 Conductors.............................................
16
17

8
1
2

M.
M.
M.

Am erican........ 7
American negro 6
H awaiian........ *6.5 /59

/59

60
/59

18

Total.............................................

11

M.

c 6 . 8 059

060

059.5

19

1

3

M.
M.

Chinese.............
H awaiian........

7

20

C ook......................................................
Deck hands........................ ........ ........

21

Engineers, donkey engine......... ..........

1
1

M.
M.

Chinese............
H awaiian........

23

12

22

6

70
60

70
60

6
6

59
60

59
60

59
60

6

59

60

59.5

Total..................... ......................

2

M.

8
1
2
2

5

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total.............................................

18

M.

30 Engineer, tug..........................................
31 Engine helpers.......................................
32 Engine wiper..........................................

1
1

M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Portuguese.......
Chinese...........

33 Firemen, locom otive.............................
34
35

4

M.
M.
M.

id)
Am erican........ 7
H awaiian........ e 6 .6 *59
Portuguese....... *6.5 060

T otal............................................

18

M.

87 Fireman, shops.......................................
38 Fireman, tug.........................................

1
1

M.
M.

Am erican........
Portuguese

39 Forem en................................................
40
41

1
1
1

M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
German...........
Hawaiian........

42

3

M.

36

T otal.............................................

3
6
8

(d)

70
60

24 Engineers, locom otive...........................
25
26
27
28
29

(d)

Am erican........ «6.9 /60 /60 /60
German............ 6
60
60
60
Hawaiian........ 7
(<*)
(*)
(<*)
Part-Hawaiian. 6
60
60
60
Portuguese....... * 6 .8 /59 /59 /59
*6.7 *59

**60

**59.8

60
54
59

60
54
59

60
54
59

*60

(d)
*59.7

6
6
6

060

060

*6.7 **59

*60

*59. 8

6
6

53
60

53
60

53
60

6
6
6

60
60
60

60
60
60

60
60
60

6

60

60

60

* A1 io house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance
cas 3 of accident incurred in service.
E>Se ) notes to details.
c l € mployee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
ance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.
egular.
erage.




REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO NER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

543

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S T E A M R A IL R O A D S (4 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued.
Classified wages per day.
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
$2.00
$4.00
$4.50
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
Under or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
$0.50. under under under under under under under under under
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .00 . $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.

$5.00
or
over.

a2
a7
a9

Average
wages
per
day.

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

a $1.50
a l. 50

1
2

a 1.50

3

2 .0 0

5.27

4
5

a 2.87|
1.91*
a . 82*

8

1
1

1

al
1
«2

al

1

«2

51.61
al

al
a2
a3

al
o%

1

o 3.37*
a 2.30

2

1

1

53.06*

13

4

3.00

14

1

7

3.35
a 1.91*
1 . 68 *

15
16
17-

1

7

o

al
al
al

o

7

*

2

al

2

2

c3

c5

1
o2

c8
al

3
1

al
al

2.91*

4
4

18

a. 82
a 1.50

20

1.50
a 2.30

21
22

c l. 90

23

c 3.76*
a 3.33*
2.46*
a 2 . 10 *
2.57

24
25
26
27
28

5 3.08

29

a 5.76
.72

30
31
32

1 .0 0

1.71

19

33
34
35

o2

2
1
1

3 1.59*
31. 66 *

clO

4

51.64*

36

1.60
a 2.30

37
38

a 2.30
a 3.50
a 2 .0 0

39
40
41

a2.60

42

S3

J3

11
12

1

1

al

9
10

1

a3
1

7

a 5.17*

2

2

al

6

1

«i
al
al
a2
f Hours reported for 1 employee only.
0 Hours reported for 2 employees only.
h Hours reported for 5 employees only.
1 Hours reported for 3 employees only.
j 2 employees furnished also with house,

al
|
al

fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.




544

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LA B O R ,

T able I , —OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
S T E A M R A I L R O A D S (4 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Continued.
Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

Fnrernnn } general..................................
Fere-man j laborers..................................
3 FnrernAn’ RPP.tion m en ......... . _____
4 Foreman] stavedores.............................
5 Foremen' wharf....................................
Freight handlers...................................
6

1
2

7 Tifi.hnrers................................................
8

9

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

1
1

15
1
2

13
8

94
93

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

H awaiian........
H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......
Am erican........
Japanese..........

6
6
6
6
6
6

60
59
53
60
54
53

60
59
60
60
54
54

60
59
58.6
60
54
53.3

M.
M.
M.

Chinese...........
H awaiian........
Japanese..........

6
6
6

59
59
60

59
60
60

59
59.9
60

........................... .........

195

M.

11
12

TiflborerSj lnm her yard...........................

2
1

M.
M.

13

T otal.............................................

3

M.

14 Maehinists __................... .....................
15
16
17
18

7
1
6
•1
2

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

10

Total

T otal........................ ................ .

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

6

59

60

59.9

Chinese............
Japanese..........

6
6

60
60

60
60

60
60

6

60

60

60

Am erican........
Chinese...........
Hawaiian........
Part-Hawaiian .
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6
6

53
54
54
60
54

54
54
54
60
59

53.9
54
54
60
56.5

17

M.

6

53

60

64.6

20

Machinists’ apprentice.............. .

1

M.

Am erican........

6

53

53

bZ

21
22

Machinists’ helpers................. .............

1
1

3
4

M.
M.
M.
M.

American _____
H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6

54
54
54
54

54
54
60
60

54
54
58
55.5

25

T otal............................................

9

M.

6

54

60

56

26

Master car builder............. ...................

1

M.

Am erican____

6

54

54

54

27 Master mechanics.................................
28

2
1

M.
M.

Am erican........
Portuguese.......

6
6

53
60

54
60

53.5
60

6

53

60

55.7

Am erican____
H awaiian........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6

53
54
54

53
64
54

53
54
54

19

23
24

T otal.............................................

3

M.

30 M olders..................... ...........................
31
32

1
2

M.
M.
M.

33

T otal.............................................

6

M.

6

53

54

53.8

34
35
36
37

Molders’ helper......................................
O iler......................................................
Oiler, ca r................................................
Oil tender..............................................

1
1
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.

H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Irish..................
Japanese..........

6
6
6

53
54
53

53
54
53

53
54
53

38 Painters..................................................
39

3

M.
M.

Chinese...........
Part-Hawaiian.

6
6

54
53

54
53

54
53

40

29

3

1

7

(h)

(h)

(h)

T otal.............................................

4

M.

53

54

53.8

41 Porters............................. .....................
42
43

1
2

3

M.
M.
M.

American negro 7
H awaiian........ 6
Japanese.......... *6.3

70
60
60

70
60
84

70
60

44

6

M.

*6.3

60

84

65.7

T otal.............................................

6

68

o Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance
in case of accident incurred in service.
&82 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.
c53 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service,
d See notes to details.




REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO NER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

545

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S T E A M R A I L R O A D S (4 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
Classified wages per day.
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
or
Under or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
$0.60. under under under under under under under under under
$1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.

3

11

4

9

8
12
a 53

a 82
a 40

o73

a 122

a1

al

al

al
........ v
2
1
4

$5.00
or
over.

a1

1
ai

1
2

al
al
1
1
al

4

g3

d2

SI

1

2

04

2

1

2

1

1
1

*

a

2

<*2

e

3

1

1

1

1
al
1

1

a

1

al

<11.39

10

a 1.62*
a 1.50

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

4

2

«3.48

19

1.75

20

/1.08
/ . 90
01.53*
el. 73*

21
22
23
24

<H.50*

25

7.67

26

1
al

1

6.23
a 4.79

27
28

2

1

e5.75

29

1

5.00
2.15
2.06*

30
31
32

1

2.58*

33

1.25
1.30
2.30
1.15

34
35
36
37
38
39

1
1

7
8
9

1

e

.......i*
i

1.25
61.47
a 1.32*

4.60*
1.80
2.93*
a 2.30
2.62*

/I

al

1
2
3
4
5
6

a 1.58*

1
/I

a $4.79
2.49
1.66
a 3.45
4.00
1.56*

2

1
1

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

4

3

«2

Aver­
age
wages
per
day.

1
1

2

2.63*
2.20

2

2

2.52*

40

1.31*
a 1.25
0.91

41
42
43

<11.09

44

e l employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of *accident incurred in service.
/ Boy.
a 2 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.
h Irregular,
i Average.




546

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

T able I . — OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
S T E A M R A I L R O A D S (4 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Concluded.
Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.
1
2

Occupation.

PnnA masters.. ______ _____- ...............

3

Em­
ploy Sex.
ees.

1

M.
M.

3
4

M.

6

1
1
1

M.
M.
M.

7

3

M.

1
1
1

162
4

4
5

Brain flhrmsA mpn .................. ...............

Sflilmnlrpr..............................................
9 Scalesman........................ . .... .............
i o ' Scavenger..............................................
8

11
12

Section men........................................ .

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

Am erican........ «6.3
Japanese.......... 6

5 69
53

660 659.5
53 53

o6.3

c53

?60 «57.3

Am erican........
H awaiian........
Portuguese.......

7
7
7
7

63

63 63

M.
M.
M.

Japanese..........
Am erican........
Chinese...........

6

60

6

(f )
60

60 60
CO
60 6 b ;

M.
M.

Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

6
6

59
60

7

63
63
63

63 63
63 63
63 63

60 59.8
60 60

T otal.............................................

166

M.

6

59

60 59.8

14 Station masters......................................
15 Stenographer..........................................

4
1

M.
F.

H awaiian........
Am erican........

6
6

59
48

59 59
48 48

1
1

M.
M.

Am erican........
French.............

6
6

54
53

54 54
53 53

6

53

54 53.5

13

16
17

ptnrckAApArs______________________
T otal.............................................

2

M.

19 Telephone operator...........................
Track w alker........................................
20
Train dispatchers..................................
21

1
1

M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Chinese............
Am erican........

7

Watchmen .............................................

1

7
3

M.
M.
M.

H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

7
7
7
7

63

84 82.1

American
Portuguese.......

6
6

54
53

54 54
53 53

18

22

23
24

3

25

T otal.............................................

11

M.

26
27

Wharfingers...........................................

1
1

M.
M.

28

T otal_____________ ___________

2

M.

6

7

%

(/)
84
63
84

</)

&

w

84 84
84 81
84 84

6

53

54 53.5

6
1

M.
M.
M.

Japan arc_____
H awaiian........
Japanese..........

6
6
6

54
60
60

54 54
60 60
60 60

32 Yard masters.........................................
33

1
1

M.
M.

American
Irish..................

7
7

(f)

(/)
(/)

(f)

34

2

M.

7

CO

(0

CO

29 Wharfm en .............................................
30 Winch drivers........................................
. 31 W iper.....................................................

81

T otal.............................................

S T E A M S H I P C O M P A N IE S , I N T E R I S L A N D (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) ,
35 Carpenters..................... .......... ........ .
36
37
38

Total.............................................

1

M.
M.
M.

6

M.

1

4

Am erican........
Hawaiian........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6

54
54
54

54 54
54 54
54 54

6

54

54 54

a Average.
&Hours reported for 2 employees only.
o Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance
in case of accident incurred in service.
d i employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.




R E P O R T OF T H E

CO M M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

547

ON H A W A I I .

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S T E A M R A I L R O A D S (4 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Concluded.
Classified wages per day.
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
Under or
or
or
or
or
or
or
$0.50. under under under under under under under
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .00 . $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00.

$4.00
$4.50
or
or
under under
$4.50. $5.00.

$5.00
or
over.

1

1

<*$4.34£
2.30

1
2

ol

1

1

<*3.83£

- 3

i

1.48
1.231
2.13*

4
5

1

1.61£

1

'

2

ol.50
3.29
c l. 00

ol
1

cl
37

g 120

o5

1

2

1

38

0122

06

1

3

<*2

1

13

2.49
3.45

16
17

2.97

18

1.97£
1.25
3.89

20
21

1

1

1

1

1.15
1 . 10 £
<*1.81

22

<*1.30

25

23
24

6.71
1.72£

26
27

1

4.21£

28

1.16£

c 2 .0 0
o .75

29
30
31

1

4.93
2.96

32
33

1

3.94£

34

1

5
06

o'l
1
1

19

1

*

1

76

98£

1

1

5

11
12

14
15

1

ol

9

10

1

1

1
1
1

7
8

.96
3.26

1

1

6

A .98
1.27£
h.

4

5

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

ol
1

1
1

Aver­
age
wages
per
day.

S T E A M S H I P C O M P A N IE S , I N T E R I S L A N D (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) .

1

1

1

1

$4.50
2.37
3.25

1

2.87

1
1

1

1

1

1

1

« Hours reported for 8 employees only.
/ Irregular.
g 5 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.
h See notes to details.




548

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LA B O R ,

T able I , — OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
S T E A M S H IP C O M P A N IE S) IN T E R IS L A N R (2 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued.
Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.
1

Occupation.

Clerk, coal..............................................

2
3
4

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

1

M.

Hawaiian........

1
2
3

M.
M.
M.

American . . . . . . 7
E nglish........... 6
Hawaiian........ <*6.3

(b)
c 60

(b)

(b)

(?)

<*6.3

<?60

c

6
6 *

60
60

6
6
6

5

T otal............................................

6

M.

6
7

Clerks, store..........................................

1
1

M.
M.

8

Tntfl.l ....................................... .

2

M.

9
10

Clerks, wharf.................... ................ .

1
1

M.
M.

11

Total _ .......................................... .

2

M.

12
13
14

C ooks....................................................

17
2
1

M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Portuguese.......
American . . . . . .
E nglish...........

6

60

6

60

60
(b)

o60
( b)

60

<*60

60
60

60
60

60

60

60

60
60

60
60

60
60

60

60

60

Chinese............
Japanese..........
Spanish___. . . .

6
6
6

4b )
( b)

(6)

(5)
\b\

w

( b)

15

T otal.............................................

20

M.

6

(by

<*>

(b)

16
17

Cooks’ h elper........................................
Drayman................................................

1
1

M.
M.

Chinese...........
Portuguese.......

6
6

(5)
60

(b)

(b)

' 60

' 60

18
19
20

Electricians...........................................

1
1
1

M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
E nglish............
H awaiian........

6
6
6.

(b)

(b)

' 60
(b)

(*>)
W

(*)

(b)

21

T otal....................... ...................

3

M.

6

<*60

<*60

<*60

22
23
24
25
26

Engineers, assistant..............................

12
4
1

6
6
6
6
6

0 72
i 72

g

72

0 72

i
l

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

27

Total.............................................

19

M.

28
29
30

Engineers, chief.....................................

10
3
1

M.
M.
M.

31

T otal............................................

14

M.

32
33
34
35
36

Engineers, donkey engine...................

1
2
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

. 1

Am erican........
English.......—
G reek...............
H awaiian........
Portuguese.......

( G0

72

i 72
(?)
(b)
j 72

J72

6

* 72

*72

*72

6
6
6

1 72
* 72

1 72
* 72

1 72
* 72

(?)

6

m72

6
6
6
6
6

(&)

(b\

H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......
S. Sea Islander .

(b)
(b)
(b)
( b)

(6)
(b)
(b)

6)
(&)
(0 )

( b)

Am erican........
English.............
H awaiian........
Germ an_______

(*>)
\b)

J

(b)
m

72

(&)

i 72

(&)

(b)

*

(&)
rn 7 2

(b\

37

Total.............................................

6

M.

6

(b)

(b)

38

Engineer, port........................................

1

M.

Scotch ..

.6

(b)

(?)

(b)

39
40
41
42
43

Firemen..................................................

42
1
2
2
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Chinese..........
English.............
Hawaiian........
Japanese.........
Swedish...........

6
6
6
6
6

(b)

( b)
( b)
(&)

(b)

44

Total............................................

48

M.

6

M
(&)

c




(b)

(5)

W

(6)

b)

(*>)

(»)

(b)

employee receives also board while at sea, valued at 75 cents per day.
5 Irregular*
Hours reported for 1 employee only.
<*Average.
« Also board, valued at $10 per month.
/ I employee receives also board, valued at $25 per month.
09 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 8 employees only.
«1

(6)

(b)

EEPOET

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIONEE OF L A B O E

ON H A W A I I .

549

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTEY, 1905—Continued.
S T E A M S H I P C O M P A N IE S , I N T E R I S L A N D (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
Classified wages per day.
$2.50
$3.00
$2.00
$3.50
$4.00
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
$4.50
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
Under .or
$0.50. under under under under under under under under under
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .00 . $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.

$5.00
or
over.

al

«$3.83*

1
2

1

2.50
a 4.02*
1.93

i

a 2.72*

5

1

5.75
1.84

6

1

3.79*

8

4.79
2 . 68 *

10

3.73*

11

c l. 63
c l. 22 *
c l. 99*

13
14

1

a1
2"

1

al

2

1

1

1
1
1
1
1

eh

e 10

1

e2

c2

el
el

ell

«2

el
1
1

/I

1

/ 3

h2
h2

h2
hi

h8
hi
hi
hi
hi

*4

hS

h 12

12

c l. 60*

15

c.50
1.84

16
17

1.91*
/1.91*
1.91*

20

/1.91*

21

A3.92*
h 3.64*
A4.02*
*4.02*
*4.04

23
24
25
26

18
19

22

27

*5.07
*5.25
*4.98*

28
29
30

hi

hi

*5.10

31

c l. 91*
c l. 75

32
33
34
35
36

e l . 15

c l. 91*
c l. 75

eh

el
e2
«2

el

I

*Also board, valued at $25 per month.
i 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 1 employee only.
3 9 hours per day while in port.
* 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 10 employees only.
1 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 5 employees only.
m 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 6 employees only.




9

*3.88

1

eh

7

he
hi

e6

e42

3
4

h4
h2
hi

el
e2
el
el
el

e36

Aver- Mar­
age ginal
wages num­
per
day. ber.

c l. 80*

37

7.67

38

c l. 34
c l. 32*
c l. 32*
c l. 33*
c l. 32*

39
40
41
42
43

c l. 34

44

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LA B O R ,

T able I . — OCCUPATIONS, W AGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
COMPANIES* IN T E R IS L A N D (2 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued.

arnal
imer.

Occupation.

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Machinists . ..........................................

1
1

M.
M.

3

Total..............................................

2

M.

4

Machinists’ helpers...............................

5

Masters................ ......................... . .......

1

2

6
7

8
9

10

11

Total.............................................

12
13

Master, port........ ..................................
Master’ port, assistant...........................

Nationality.

Hours per week.
Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

H awaiian........
Portuguese.......

6
6

2~ M.

Japanese..........

7
1
1
2
2
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
English............
German...........
H awaiian........
Irish..................
Norwegian.......

6
6
6
6
6
6

14

M.

54
54

54
54

6

54

54

54

6~

54

54

54

a 72

a 72
(0)
(0)

a 72
(°)

6

(0)
(0)
«72
(o)

W
«72

d72

(0)
M
e72

54
54

(0)
a 72
(o)

W
e72

1 . M.
1 M.

Am erican____
H awaiian........

6
6

14 Mates, first.............................................
15
16
17
18
19

6
2
2
2
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
English.............
German............
H awaiian........
Norwegian.......
Russian............

6
6
6
6
6
6

20

T otal.............................................

14

M.

6

072

e72

21
22

Mates, second........ ...............................

3
2
6
“3

M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
English.............
Hawaiian.........
Irish..................

6
6
6
6

0 72

072

072

(0)

(0)
/ 72
(<0
«72

(o)
/ 72
(®)
072

23
24

(c)
\*/
/72
d 72
(0)
flr72
(«)
l c)

f 72

(*)

72

(0)
(«)
/ 72

d72

d72

(c)

(c)

(c)
W

(0)
(•)
072

(

V0/

/

072

0 72

25

T otal.............................................

14

M.

26

Mate, third.............................................

1

M.

(o)

(*)

(o)

27 Oilers......................................................
28

2
2

M. * Am erican ____
M. H awaiian........

6
6

(c)

( 0^

(o)

W

(<0

29

T otal.............................................

4

M.

6

(c)

30

6
R ussian ___ ..

Pantry m en...........................................

2

M.

Chinese.............

31 Pursers...................................................
32
33
34

10
2
1
2

M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
English.............
Hawaiian........
Part-Haw aiian.

T otal............................................

15

M.

35

36 Quartermasters................ .....................
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
*46
47

T otal.............................................
a 9 hours

2~
1
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

17

M.

American .. .
American negro
Australian.......
English.............
F ilipino............
German............
Japanese..........
Norwegian.......
Portuguese.......
Spanish.............
Swedish............

6

e72

14

6~ (0)
(c)
f 0)
f 0)
(0)

(o)

(®)

(

(c\

M
w
(<0

W
(0)
(c)

6

(«)

(«)
(c)
(0)

6
6
6
6

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

(0)
(<J)
(c
\c)

(0)
(0
lc)

oj
(c)
(0)
vc)
(0)

(0)
(c)

(°)

\°)

\°)

(c)

(c)
(c)
(0 )

(c)
\0)
(0 )
( 0)
( 0)
w

(«)

(c)

(0)

(cV
fc)

per day while in port. Hours reported for 5 employees only.
5Also board, valued at 325 per month.
c Irregular.
d 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 1 employee only.




(«)

R E P O R T OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO N ER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A II.

551

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S T E A M S H IP C O M P A N IE S, IN T E R IS L A N D (3 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued.
Classified wages per day.
32.00
32.50
33.00
30.50 31.00 31.50
34.00
34.50
33.50
or
or
or
Under or
or
or
or
or
or
30.60. under under under under under under under under under
3 1 .00 . 31.50. 32 .00 .
32.50. 33.00. 33.50. 34.00. 34.50. 35.00.

35.00
or
over.

32.99
3.25

1
1
1
1

Aver­ Mar­
age
wages ginal
per num­
day. ber.

1

1

67
61
61
62
62
61
614

61
61
611

61
62

63

63
62
66

•

63
614

3
4

5.844
65.75
65.75
6 5.744
6 5.75
65.75

5
6

7
8

9
10

5.794

11

9.584
4.79

12

63.454
6 3.644
6 3.45
63.834
63.45
63.45

14
15
16
17
18
19

6

1

61
62

3.12
1.324
6

1

66

1
2

13

63.534

20

62.914
6 2.874
6 2.894
6 2.874

21
22

23
24

62.89

25

l 2.49

26

, 62
62

6 1 .724
61.724

27
28

64

61.724

29

61

62
67
61
61
69

61
61

62
61

61

61

6 1 .1 6 4

30

6 2 .6 8 4
6 2 .6 0 4
6 2.30

31
32
33
34

64.054
2.83

35

62
61
61
62
63
61
62
61
62
61
61

61.334
61.334
6 1 .15
61.244
61.334
61.15
61.334
61.15
61.334
6 1 .334
61.15

36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46

617

61.28

47

63

62

e 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 6 employees only.
Hours reported for 3 employees only.

f 9 hours per day while in port.
g 9 hours per day while in port.

AAlso hoard, valued at 310 per month.




6

B U L L E T IN

552

OF T H E

BUBEAU

OF LA B O B ,

T able I . — O C C U P A TIO N S, W A G E S , H O U B S O F L A B O B , A N D
S T E A M S H IP CO M PA NIES, IN T E E 1SL .A N D (2 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Concluded.
Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
Hum­
ber.

Occupation.

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Nationality.

American .
Hawaiian .
Japanese.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

6
6
6
6

a 72
a 72
a 72
a 72

«72
a 72
a 72
«72

o72
a 72
a 72
a 72

6

a 72

a 72

a 72

6
6

60
60

60
60

60
60

1
2

Sailors.. . . . . ........ ......... .........................

1

M.
M.
M.
M.

5

Total.............................................

326

M.

Shipwright.............................................
6
7 Stenographer..........................................

1
1

M.
F.

American ..
American ♦..

15
1
1
2

M.
M.
M.
M.

Chinese___
Japanese.. .
Portuguese.
Spanish___

6
6
6
6

(/)
(/
(/)

T otal.............................................

19

M.

6

13 Waiters...................................................
14
15

24
1
2

M.
M.
M.

6
6
6

T otal.............................................

27

M.

17 Watchmen............................................
18
19

1
1
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.

4

M.

3
4

8

Stewards

........................ .............

9
10
11
12

16

20
21

T otal..................%.........................

1

231
93

Chinese ..
Japanese.
Spanish ..

American ..
German___
Norwegian.
Portuguese.

(.f)

(/)

if)

if)
if)

if)
if)
if)

if)

if)

if)

if)
if)
' if)

it)
if)
it)

if)
if)

6

if)

if)

if)

7
7
7

84
84
■*84
72

84
84
84
72

84~
84
84
72

72

84

81

60
60
60
70
*84

60
60
60
70
*84

6

* 6 .8

(/)

S T O C K R A N C H E S (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) .
Blacksmith.
Bookkeeper
Carpenter ..
C ook ..........
Cowboys___

28

27 Dairymen ..
28

5

T otal.

22

23
24
25
26

29

1
1
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Part-Hawaiian.
Part-Hawaiian.
Hawaiian........
Chinese...........
H awaiian........

7
7

60
60
60
70
*84

1

M.
M.

Hawaiian........
Japanese..........

7
7

if)

if )

if)

7

*84

*84

*84

6
6

*60

*60

if)

if)

6

*60

*60

*60-

6

M.

30 Pence men
31

1

5

M.
M.

32

6

M.

Total

Am erican........
H awaiian........

6
6

6

84

if)

84

84

*60

Foremen, cow boys........
3 M. H awaiian........ 7
*84 *84 *84
Foreman, fence m en__
1
M. H awaiian........ 7
if)
if)
if)
Foreman, foresters........
1
M. German............ 7
/
if)
if)
Foreman, horse boys__
M. Am erican........ •7
1
if)
if)
(/)
87 Foreman, land cleaners.
1
M. H awaiian........ 7 • if)
/)
If)
38 Foreman, sheep herders.
1
M. English............. 7
if)
if)
/)
39 Foreman, teamsters......
1
M. German........... 7
if)
if)
if)
a 9 hours per day while in port.
<>$1.50 per day while in port; receive also board, valued at $10 per month.
c$1.50 per day while in port; receive also board, valued at $10 per month; 29 employees act as petty
officers while at sea.
<<$1.50 per day while in port; receive also board, valued at $10 per month; 6 employees act as petty
officers while at sea.
« See notes to details.
/Irregular.
0 Also board, valued at $25 per month.
h Also board, valued at $10 per month.
1 Average.
5 1 employee receives also board, valued at $10 per month,
fcAlso beef and poi.
83
34




REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR ON HAWAII.

553

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905.-Continued.
S T E A M S H I P C O M P A N IE S , I N T E B I S L A N D (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Concluded.
Classified wages per day.
$2.50
$2.00
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
or
or
or
Under or
or
$0.50. under under under under under
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .00 .
$2.50. $3.00.
61
658
37
61

6

697

$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
or
or
or
or
under under under under
$3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.

$5.00
or
over.

Aver­ Mar­
age
wages ginal
per num­
day. ber.
6

c i.73

<*56

$0.83*
c l. 00
<*.95*
6.83*

3
4

«.98*

5

7.67
2.30

7

e 229
1
1

91

93
91
91

91

95

69

615

6 1
*1

61

611

616

97
91
98

94
9l
95

91.68*

12

6.96*
6.99*
6.99*

13
14
15

9

6.97

16

2.14*
.98*
1.97*
61.00

17
18
19
2$

1

j

1.52*

21

61
1

8

10
11

1
1

61

6

91.70*
91.16*
91.66*
91.82

1

1

1
2

S T O C K . R A N C H E S (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) .
*1
*1

n

o7

ml
*14

1

ml
95
*6

*3
fo3

s3
12
*1
*1

s.77

w.82
9.70*

27
28

e.72*

29

1 .0 0

30
31

«.85*
s.87*
e l . 28

*1

*i

*1

«i

1

22

23
24
25
26

* » .6 6

J>6

1
s2

*$0.96
*3.83*
*.96

*1.34*
*1.31*
*1.92*
*.69
3.29
i*l, 31*

32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

* Also beef.
m Also house and board, valued at $10 per month.
« Hours reported for 11 employees only.
o Including 1 boy. 1 employee receives also beef and poi; 6 furnished also with house and board,
valued at $10 per month.
•
j>5 employees receive also food when on the mountain; "receives also beef and poi.
9 Also house, beef, and rice.
r Hours reported for 1 employee only.
s l employee furnished also with house and board, valued at $10 per month.
1 1 employee receives also beef an d poi; 1 furnished also w ith house a n d board, valued a t $10 per
m onth,
u Also house,

25—No. 66—06----- 13




554

B U L L E T IN

OE T H E

BUBEAU

OF L A B O B .

T able I . —OCCUPATIONS, W AGES, HOUBS OF LABOB, AND
STOCK. R A N C H E S (2 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Concluded.
Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

Forester..........
Harness maker
Horse boys___
House boy.......
Laborers..........
Land cleaners.

Part-Hawaiian
H awaiian.......
Hawaiian.......
Japanese........
Japanese........
Japanese........

7

Sheep herders.

Chinese..........
H awaiian.......
Japanese........
Portuguese___

(“ )
60
(«)
70
60
60

(«)
60

7
7
7
7

(a\

(a)
fa)

(a )

fa)
(a)

(«)
M

7

(«)

(«)

(«)

7
7

(a)

W

<«)
«

(a)
W

7

(«)

(a)

(a)

German..........
H awaiian.......

7
7

(«)
(a )

(«)
(«)

(«)
(«)

7

(«)

(a)

(a)

Chinese..........
Japanese........

7
7

5*70

1%

W0

*70

*70

T o ta l....
H awaiian.......
Japanese........

Stablemen.......

6

7
7
6
6

Total___
Teamsters.......
T otal___
Yard boys.......
T o ta l....

7

?a)
fa)
(a)

%

60
60

(«)
60
(«)
70
60
60

S T R E E T R A I L W A Y (1 E S T A B L I S H M E NIT
T )).
Blacksmith............. .
Blacksmith’s helper.
Car cleaners.............

M.
M.
M.

Portuguese
Portuguese
Chinese . . .

6
6
6

54
54
54

§4
54
54

54
54
54

Carpenters............. .

M.
M.

Canadian..
Scotch.......

6
6

54
54

54
54

54
54

6

54

54

54

Car receiver.............
Cashier.....................

M.
M.

English . . .
Scotch.......

7
7

77
63

77
63

77
63

Conductors............. <

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican.
Canadian..
Danish___
English___
German .. .
Hawaiian .
Irish..........
Norwegian
Portuguese
Scotch.......

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

63
63
63
63
63
63
63 * 63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63

63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63

Total............. .

T otal............................. ,

M.

Electrician............................. .
M.
Engineers, power house........ .
M.
Engineer, power house chief.
M.
Firemen, powerhouse............
M.
Laborer...................................
M.
Linem en.................................
M.
« Irregular.
&Also beef and poi.
° Also house and board, valued
&Also house and beef.




American .
American .
American .
American .
Portuguese
Sw edish...
at $10 per month.

7

63

63

63

7
7
7
7

63
63
56
63
54
54

63
63
56
63
54
54

63
63
56
63
54
54

6
6

R E PO R T OF TH E

555

CO M M ISSIO NER OF L A B O R ON H A W A I I .

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S T O C K R A N C H E S (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) - Concluded.
Classified wages per day.
92.00
92.50
93.00
93.50
94.00
94.50
90.50 91.00 91.50
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
Under or
90.50. under under under under under under under under under
92 .00 .
92.50. 93.00. 93.50. 94.00. 94.50. 95.00.
9 1 .00 . 91.50.

51
ci
o2

54

95.00
or
over.

590.69
51.341
6.621
c.46
o.42i
<2.69

51

•*

<239

6

7

1 .0 0
1 .0 0

8

1

1 .0 0

10

.921

4

9

.981

11
12

92
fZ

/.631

14
15
16

51

13

51

51
51

51.00
5.841

51

52

5.891

17

5.23
/ . 621

18
19

/.541

20

51
cl

9Z

/

aZ

2

1
2

3
4
5

/.571
0r. 69

1

cl

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

2
1
1

cl

Aver­
age
wages
per
day.




*

e Boy. Receives also poi.
S See notes to details.

0 Also beef.

h Hours reported

for 1 employee only.

556

B U L L E T IN
T able

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

I . — OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND

S T R E E T R A I L W A Y (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) —Concluded.

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.
1
2

Occupation.

Mfl.n'hirnHts .............................................

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

2

3

M.
M.

Am erican........
Swedish............

7
7

70 70
70 70

70
70

*
Danish.............
German............
Portuguese.......

7

70 70

70

7
7
7

70 70
70 70
70 70

70
70
70

3

Total ................................ ............

5

M.

4
5

Machinists* "helpers................... __.......

1
1
1

M.
M.
M.

6

Nationality.

Hours per week.
Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

7

Total.............................................

3

M.

8

Motormen..............................................

28

2

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

7

70 70

70

Am erican........
Danish.............
English.............
German............
H awaiian........
Irish.............
Portuguese.......
Scotch...............
Swedish............

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63

63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63

Total............. ...............................

51

M.

18 Office boys...............................................
19 Oilers, tr a c k ............................... ........
Painters..................................................
20

2

7

63 63

63

Chinese............
Portuguese.......
Canadian..........

6

7

2

M.
M.
M.

6

54 54
63 63
54 54

54
63
54

Painters* helpers....................................

1
1

M.
M.

Am erican........
H awaiian........

6
6

54 54
54 54

54
54

23

Total.............................................

2

M.

6

54 54

54

24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Stableman .*........... ...............................
Stablem an’s helper ...............................
Storekeeper...........................................
Superintendent, general.......................
Timekeeper............................................
Track repairers.....................................
Wipers and oilers..................................

1
1
1
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
P ortuguese___
Canadian..........
Swedish______
Scotch........ ......
Portuguese.......
Japanese..........

6
6

54
54
48
70
70
54
63

54
54
48
70
70
54
63

9

1
1

10
11
12

7
4
4

13
14
15
16
17

21
22

1

3

4

5
2

6
7
7
6

7

63
63
63
63
er
63
63
63
63

54
54
48
70
70
54
63

S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S ( 5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) .
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]

31 Bag sewers............................................
32

7

33

8

T ota l.............................................

1

P.
P.

F.

34 Blacksm iths,,,, . tTT. TTTTTTIfrf1____ __
IT M.
M.
i
35
' 4 M.
36
M.
37
8
38
4 M.
M.
39
10
M.
40
1
M.
41
1
42
9 M.
43
M.
1

12

44
45




.... ..

Japanese_____
Portuguese.......

M.

6
6
6

Am erican........
English.............
German............
H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Japanese..........
Norwegian.......
Porto R ican___
Portuguese.......
Russian............
Scotch...............

62 M.

oHours reported for 7 employees only,
fcflours reported for 3 employees only.

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

6
6

72 72
72 72

72
72

72 72

72

59
59
59
«59
559
59
62
59
54
59
58

60
59.4
59
59
59
59
«62.5 <*60.6
562 660.3
72
60.8
62
62
69
59
60
68.7
59
59
60
69.3

<*54 <*72

<*59.7

REPO R T OF TH E

CO M M ISSIONER OF L A B O R O N H A W A I I .

557

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S T R E E T R A I L WAIT (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) —Concluded.
Classified wages per day.
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
$2.50
$2.00
$3.50 $4.00
$3.00
$4.50
Under or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
$0.50. under under under under under under under under under
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .00 . $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.

$5.00
or
over.

1
1

1

2

$3.61*
2.74

2

2

1

1
2

3.09

8

1.97*
1.64*
1.64*

4
5

s

1.75*

7

2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70.

1
1

7
4
4
1
8
2

51
1

Mar­
ginal
num
ber.

1
1
1

28

1

Aver­
age
wages
per
day.

4

i

1

1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

4

1

2

6

8

9

10
11
12

13
14
15
16

2.70

17

1.05*
1.50
3.70*

18
19

2 .0 0
1 .0 0

21
22

20

1.50

23

2.50
1.50
4.79
6.57*
3.61*
1.65
1 . 12 *

24
25
26
27
28
29
30

S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
7
1

*

8

4
1

2

5

3

2
1
1

1

2
1

2

8

9

7

3

33

4

3

2
1
1

1

1
1

1

1

1

1

<>3

2

5

1

C4.25

&

8

11

1

c3.07

45

1

3

e ll

c l employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month.
d Hours reported for 60 employees only*




.50
3

1
1

31
32

1

4.13*
4.60
4.03*
1.83
2.63
1.54
2.37*
1.50
2.97

1
1

$0.50
.50

2 .0 0

36
37

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LA B O R ,

T able I . — O CCU PATIO N S, W A G E S , H O U R S O F L A B O R , A N D
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
3 on

sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.J

Occupation.
tu.

1

■RlnAlrsmiths* helpers........ ...............

M.
2
2
M.
15 M.
M.
1
84 M.
1
M.
M.
12

2

3
4
5
6

7

8

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

T otal........................................

117 M.

9 ■Rr»at.nr\eTl..........................................

15 M.
M.
1

11

T otal......................... .............

16 M.

12

Boiler mn kp.rs..................... .............

1
1
1

M.
M.
M.

15

T otal........................................

3

M.

16

Boilermakers1 h e lp e r s .................

10

13
14

Nationality.

Am erican........
German...........
Hawaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Japanese..........
Porto B ican___
Portuguese.......

Hornrs per vreek.
Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
age.
est.
est.
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

59
59
59
60
57
62
54

59
59
62
60
62.5
62
62

59
59
69.7
60
59.3
62
59.3

6

54

H awaiian........
Portuguese.......

6
6

<*59
59

<160
69

<#69.4
59

6

«59

^60

c59.3

Am erican........
Part-Hawaiian.
Japanese..........

6
6
6

48
60
59

48
60
59

48
60
59

62.5

59.4

6

48

60

55.7

7 M.

Japanese..........

6

48

59

54.3

6
1
1
1
1
1
10

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Australian........
Canadian..........
Danish.............
E nglish............
German............
H awaiian........
Irish..................
New Zealander.
Norwegian.......
Polish...............
Scotch...............

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

54
62
59
60
54
59
60
59.5
59
(?)
60
59

72
62
59
60
72
72
60
59.5
59

60.4
62
59
60
60.8
63.5
60
59.5
59

Total........................................

60

M.

30 Bookkeepers' assistants . . . . . . . . ___
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38

15

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

39

Total............... .........................

34

40 Brakemen, r a ilr o a d ...................
41
42
43
44
45

b
1

28
15
32

46

Total........................................

47 Bricklayers........................................
48

1
2

M.
M.

49

3

M.

17 Bookkeepers ....................................
18
19
20
21
22

1

4
1

9

23
24
25
26
27
28
29

24

T otal........................................

1
1

4
2
2

3
2

4

6

American . . . . . .
Danish.............
E nglish............
German...........
H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......
Scotch...............

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

54
59
59
59.5
59
59
59
59.5
58

59.2

*72

*60.4

60
69
59
60
60
59
60
60
69

58.7
59
59
59.6
59.5
69
59.7
59.8
58.8

M. ............................

6

54

60

2

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

6
6
6
6
6
6

72
72
1 59
59
w 59
72

72
72
1 72
72
m 72
72

72
72
*67.9
68.7
m6 8 .1
72

83

M.

6

w59

«72

« 6 8 .6

Am erican........
F ilipino............
H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.....
Samoan............
Japanese........
Portuguese.......

59

6
6

60
62.5

60
62.5

60
62.5

6

60

62.5

61.7

a including 1 boy.
6 Including 4 boys.
«See notes to details.
d Hours reported for 5 employees only.
e Hours reported for 6 employees only.
/ I employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month.
o Irregular.
•
AHours reported for 59 employees only.




*54

S>
60

REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO N ER OF L A B O R

559

ON H A W A I I .

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]i
Classified wages per day.
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.50
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
$4.00
Under or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
$0.50. under under under under under under under under under
$1 .0 0 . $1.50. $2 .0 0 . $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.

$5.00
or
over.

$0.80
a. 67*
a 1 .2 0

2

*o2
<*4

9

42

34

1

1

1

7

.

4

c5S

49

2
2

1

2
1

11

3

11

*

1

•

a

1

8

1.81
1.75

10

3

2

2

2

3

1

3

2

SI

/3 .44*

14
4
1
5
1

2
1

17
18
19

6 .1 1

4.31
2.30
8.62*
4.79
3.83*
5.56

20
21
22

6 .0 2

36

5.62*

29

2

4

1

1

2

1

1
1
1
1

a 3.49
4.79
4.60
3.73*
1.91*
1.91*
1.72*
2.78
/ 3.35*

30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38

1

4

1

1

1
8

1

3
1
1

5.85
6.75
6.82*
6.71

8

1

3

16

2

1

2

15

.8 8

#8

N

a

13
14

23
24
25
26
27
28

1

1

4

9
11

1

2

7

12

1

1
1

/

6

/ 7

2

o 3.19

39

1
1
22

fc.91

21
2

a. 96*
1 .0 0

40
41
42
43
44
45

51

o.96

46

1

1
1

1.75
1.38*

47
48

1

2

1.50*

49

a

a 32

c l. 00

1.80*

2
1

ii
a ll

6

/.5.00
‘3.83*
1.50

1

6

1 .0 0

n
1

5

3
4
5

5.84*
8

1
2

1 .0 0

.99*

1

1

58

Aver­ Mar­
age ginal
wages num­
per
day. ber.

6

5

3

1 .0 0
1 . 01 *
. 86*

4

i Boy.
./Receive also bonus of $1 for each Sunday worked.
fc4 employees receive also bonus of $1 for each Sunday worked.
I Hours reported for 24 employees only.
m Hours reported for 31 employees only.
« Hours reported for 78 employees only.




560

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T a ble I . — OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, {IND
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

1

Occupation.

Bricklayers’ helpers..........................

2

3
4
5

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

3

M.

Japanese..........

1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........ 6
Chinese............ 6
Hawaiian......... 56.3
Japanese.......... 6
Portuguese....... 56.7

3
1

3

6

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
age.
est.
est.

6

60

60

60

60
(a)
c60
59
69

60
(a)
c70
59
84

60
(o)
c65
69
75.7

7

9

M.

g

2

M.

Japanese.......... 56.5

60

84

72

9 Camp n.lPii.TiP.Ta__ r....... ....................

3

M.
F.
M.

Japanese..........
Japanese..........
Porto R ican___

60
28
60

60
21

6

60
14
60

56.6

14

60

35.4

12

10
11
12

4

Total_______ ______________

56.3 / 59

19

13 Can ft cutters______ ______________ 2,029
33
14
3,417
15
4
16
828
17
371
18
58
19

6

7

062.5 056.2
62
60.3
*62.5 *59.3
62.5 59.9
065.5 o58.7
362.5 359.9
62
58.9
60
60

6

t>48

v65.5

v58.5

6

(«)
42

(«)

(a)

50

M.

Porto R ican___

23 Cane loaders.....................................
16
2,918
24
'53
25
248
26
43
27
7
28

M.
M.
F.
M.
M.
M.

H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Japanese..........
Korean.............
Porto R ican___
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6
6
6

54
«c42
0042
42

6

jj42

10

T otal........................................ 6,750

22

29

Cane cutters and loaders..................

Total........................................ 3,285

30 Cane weighers....................... ........
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

3
18
3
17
1
11
3
1

T otal........................................

64

41

4
2
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
H.

M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Chinese............
English.............
German...........
Hawaiian _____
Part-Hawaiian.
Japanese..........
Norwegian.......
Portuguese.......
Scotch...............
S. Sea Islander..

60

948
59
*48
59
«48
348
58
60

Chinese............
Hawaiian........
Japanese___...
Japanese..........
Korean.............
Porto R ican___
Portuguese.......
S. Sea Islander..

21

/6 8

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

M.
M.
M.
F.
M.
M.
M.
M.

20

/8 4

V42

62.6
062.5
60
62

58.7
057.9
55.8
cc58.2
0059.2
55.4

jJG2.5

if57.8

ocQ2
0062

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

72
72
72
69
60
72
72
72
59.5
72
72

72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72

72
72
72
71
71.2
72
72
72
69.7
72
72

6

59.6

72

71.3

o Irregular.
b Average.
0 Hours reported for 2 e&ployees only.
d Estimated.
e Including estimated earnings of 1 employee.
/ Hours reported for 7 employees only.
g Hours reported for 1,336 employees only.
h Including 801 contract workers.
1 Including 203 contract workers.
i Wages reported for 1,640 employees only. See notes to details.
* Hours reported for 3,079 employees only.
l Including 680 contract workers.
m Contract workers.
n Wages reported for 3,252 employees only. See notes to details.
o Hours reported for 616 employees only.
p Wages reported for 673 employees only.
3 Hours reported for 312 employees only.
r Including 2 boys.
«Including 59 contract workers. 9 employees receive also bonus of $0.50 for every six days worked.




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

561

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) -Continued.
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Classified wages per day.
$0.50 81.00
81.50
Under or
or
or
30.50. under under under
81.00. 81.50. 82.00.

Aver­ Mar­
age
82.00
83.00
82.50
83.50
84.00
84.50 $t).U
oe nn
U wages ginal
or
or
or
or
or
or
num­
or
per
under under under under under under over.
day. ber.
82.50. 83.00. 83.50. 84.00. 84.50. 85.00.

3

81.00
1

d!

1
1

1
1
1

2

dl

3

4

1

1

1 .0 0

1

3
12
1

13

4
r2

3
6

*1,275
33
13,140

m ii.2

673
«369
u40

18

4365

10

r 6 #5,540

4495

50
m3
13
£1,492 aal,105
m 53
dd 155
eeSl
hh 26
4417
447
41,739

#1,213

_____________ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

2
1
1
10
2

3

14

3

4

6

1

5

1
1
1
2

1

8

2

1

24

24

6

t See notes to details.
mIncluding 1 boy.
» Hours reported for 5,448 employees only.
w Wages reported for 6,041 employees only. See notes to details.
» Including 3 contract workers.
y Hours reported for 1,808 employees only.
# Including 835 contract workers.
«*a Including 980 contract workers.
t>b Wages reported for 2,597 employees only. See notes to details.
<cc Hours reported for 166 employees only.
^ In clu d in g 37 contract workers.
«e Including 75 contract workers.
//W a ges reported for 236 employees only. See notes to details.
m Hours reported for 26 employees only.
M Including 13 contract workers.
44 Including 5 contract workers.
SS Hours reported for 2,076 employees only.
fcfcWages reported for 2,952 employees only. See notes to details.




1
2

3
4
5

1.61

6

e l. 61

7

.984

8

.69
.19
.634

9
10
11

.36

12

/.844
.734
«.704
.384
1>.664
4.74
u.884
.654

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

w.744

21

.70

22

x. 82i

23
24
25
26
27
28

55.944
m.61
/ / . 81|
4.974
441.26*
4

1

3.06|
1.50
e l. 064

. fcfc.93

29

2.344
1.344
2.30
1.60
1.07
1.41
.784
2.49
1.13
2.364
1.724

30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

1.244

41

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T able I . —OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S

(5 3

E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Continued.

>vees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Hours per week.
Occupation.
ex.

1

flarpenfcers _ _______ _______________

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

T otal................ ...........................

135

M.

17 flarpenters’ helpers..............................
18
19

6
1

13

2
3
4

2

3
2
1
6

5
6

7

13

10

67
3

8
9

1

11
12

1

18
3

IS
14
15
16

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

American . . . . . .
Canadian..........
Chinese............
English.............
F ilipin o............
Germ an............
H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Japanese..........
Norwegian.......
Porto R ican ___
Portuguese.......
Scotch...............
Swedish............
Swiss................

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

Chinese............
German............
H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

59
59
59
59
59
59
54
60
54
59
59
58
59
59.5
62

62
60
60
72
59
60
62.5
60
72
59.5
59'
62.5
60
59.5
62

59.7
59.5
59.3
65.5
59
59.3
59.7
60
59.6
59.2
59
59.3
59.3
59.5
62

6

54

72

59.6

6
6
6
6
6

59
59
59
58
58 ,

60
59
62
62.5
72

59.3
69
60
59.5
60.6

21

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

22

Total.............................................

362

M.

6

58

72

59.6

23

Cashier...................................................

1

M.

Am erican........

6

60

60

60

24 Chemists........................... „..................
25
26
27
28
29

8
2
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Canadian..........
D utch...............
German............
Italian .............
Scotch ..............

6
6
6
6
6
6

59.5
59.5
72
60
72
72

72
72
72
72
72
72

70.4
65.8
72

6

59.5

72

69.7
69
67.8
72

20
21

30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

Total........................................ .
Chemists, assistant................................

7
327

‘

5

1
1

18

M.

4
3

M.
M.
M.

1

T otal..................................... .
Chemists’ helpers............ ...................

8

M

2

' 3
24

M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
German............
Japanese..........

American
Chinese...........
Japanese.........

6 60

6 8 .8

72
72

6
6

59.5
72

72
72
72

6

59.5

72

68.9

6
6
6

72
72
60

72
72
72

72
72
71

38

T otal...........................................

29

M.

6

60

72

71.2

39

Clerk, field ...........................................

1

M.

American_Tir_

8

60

60

00

40 Clerks, freight........... ..........................
41
42

1
1
1

M.
M.
M.

Ameriean -- 1T
Hawaiian ........
Japanese..........

6
6
6

72
72
59

72
72
59

72
72
59

43

T otal.............................................

3

M.

6

59

72

67.7

44
45

Clerks, m ill...........................................

1
1

M.
M.

E n g lis h

8
6

72
72

72
72

72
72

46

Total.............................................

2

M.

8

72

72

72

Clerk, statistical.....................................
r
M. Am erican........
6
60
a Boy.
(including 1 boy.
cSee notes to details.
^Including 1 employee who receives salary from 2 establishments.
«Receives $1,500 per crop.

60

60

47




H awaiian........

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H AW AII.

563

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A R L 1SB EJE EN TS)—Continued.
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Classified wages per day.
$2.00
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
$2.50
$3.00
$4.00
$3.50
$4.50
Under or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
$0.50. under under under under under under under under under
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .00 . $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.
1

1

9

1

r

1

1

3

1

4

2

1

i

2
2
1
2
1

4
37

10
2
1
2

2

$5.00
or
over.

1

7
1
10

2

1

al

45

21

6

1

2
1

1

1
1

7

4

11

3

7

3

6

68

159
9

4
14
4

ol63

177

22

8

154

24

____ ____ ____ ____

____

1
1

2

al

____

x

1

1
2
1

1

1

4

1

____ _____

6

7
8

9

10
11
12

13
14
15

2.08$

16

1 .0 0

17
18
19

a. 77
1.29
.95$
61.09$

20
21

c.97

22

5.36$

23

1

6
1
1

1

<24

6.43
4.79$
8.62$
<*7.04
7.67
(•)
/ 6.62

24
25
26
27
28
29
30

1

3.49$
62.13$
2.50

31
32
33

1

62.86

2

*

2

3
4
5

1

1

ai

$4.00
3.83$
1.49
6.36$
1.75
3.02
1.60
1.37
2.16$
1.91$
2.41
4.33
4.79
2.49

1

1
10

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

2 .1 1
1

5

Aver­
age
wages
per
day.

<*13

34

1
1

al

19

5

2

6.99$
.95

21

68

6.87$

38

1.91$

39

1.92$
2.16$
.77

40
41
42

1.62

43

1/1.34$
1.15$

44
45

.8 6

1
1
1
1
1

1

1

g1
1

61.25

62
1

/A verage wages of 17 employees. See notes to details.
o Also share oi net profits.
* 1 employee receives also share of net profits.




3.06$

35
36
37

46
47

564

B U L L E T IN

OF TH E

BUREAU

OF LABOR,

T able I.~OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued,
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

X mprlr^stnre ...................................
2

3
4
5

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

9
3
1
1

5

2

6

98
5
4
25

7
8

9

10
11

2

Tntftl .....................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

155

M.

13 Clerks, sugar....................................
14
15
16
17
18
19

5

20

1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

12

1
2
1
1
1

5

Days
Nationality.* per Low­ High­ Aver­
week. est.
est.
age.
Am erican........
Chinese............
E nglish............
German............
H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Japanese..........
Korean.............
Porto R ican___
Portuguese.......
S co tch ............

Am erican........
Chinese............
German............
H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......
Scotch...............

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

59
54
72
72
72
72
54
059.5
59.5
69
69

72
70.6
72
66
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
6 8 .6
0 72
068.9
72
68.9
72
69.2
69.5 59.3

6

J54

j

72

J 68 .9

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

60
60
71
•72
72
72
59.5
72

72
60
71
72
72
72
72
72

69.6
60
71
72
72
72
6 6 .6

72

T otal........................................

17

M.

6

59.5

72

63.9

Clerk, wharf t...................................
23 Coachman........... .............................

1
1

M.
M.

Portuguese.......
Portuguese___

6

7

60
70

60
70

60
70

24 Coal passers......................................
25
26

4
110
1

M. H awaiian........
M. Japanese..........
M.. Portuguese.......

6
6
6

72
60
59.5

72
72
59.5

72
61
59.5

T otal........................................

115

M..

6

59.5

72

61.4

21
22

27

2
M.
28 Contract cultivators.........................
29
689 M.
6
30
M.
4,491 M.
31
32
47 F.
33
460 M.
34
139 M.
35
2
F.
36
6
M.
37
4 F.

38

Total........................................ 5,846

39 C ooks................................................
40
41
42

14

T otal........................................

35

43

Am erican........
Chinese............
H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Japanese..........
Korean.............
Porto R ica n ....
Porto R ican. . . .
Portuguese.......
Portuguese.......

11
8
2

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

M.
M.
F.
F.

Chinese , _
Japanese..........
Japanese..........
Korean.............

J(fc)
>/
- J P m 72
0 67
0 57
*72
*57
r 57
r57
#72
#57
t>59.5 *59.5
(k)
(*)
(*)
W
w
W
0 57
V 72

7
7
7
7

ck*70

aa70
70
70
70

<w*70
70
70
70

7

sm

tm

fflO

70
70
70

0 Including 1 boy.
b Also share of net profits.
©See notes to details.
d Boys.
©Including 1 boy; 6 employees receive also share of net profits.
f 1 employee receives also share of net profits.
G Hours reported for 4 employees only.
AIncluding 4 boys; 1 employee receives also share of net profits.
1 2 employees receive also share of net profits.
3 Hours reported for 154 employees only.
k Irregular.
l Not reported.
m Hours reported for 93 employees only.
n Estimate.
o Estimate. Wages reported for 199 employees only.
p Hours reported for 457 employees only.
« Estimate. Wages reported for 2,726 employees only.
t Hours reported for 1 employee only,




(k)

*»62.9
0 57
*61.6
r 67
#60.9
*59.5
(*)
(*)
(*)
0 61.4

REPORT

OF T H E

565

CO M M ISSIO N ER OF L A B O R ON H A W A I I .

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905-Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Classified wages per day.
32.00
32.50
30.50 3 1.0 0 31.50
33.00
33.50
or
or
Under or
or
or
or
or
30.50. under under under under under under under
32
.
00
.
33.00.
31.00. 31.50.
32.50.
33.50. 34.00.
a2

*1

1

1
2

1

1

1

1

34.00 34.50
or
or
under under
34.50. 35.00.
-

1
1

i
2

1

11

1

1

WHrl

c45
3
*12

c

4

c

64

35.00
or
over.

1

1

1

/ 37

2

1

3
/ 5

<8
*1

o48

o25

3

3

2

1

2

i
l

1

3

3

1
1

1

6

2

-

4
110

13
14
15
16
17
18
19

(*)

(*)

<*)

(0

(0

(*)

<9

(9

(*)

(*)

<*)

<*)

(*>

(*)

(*)

<9

3
4
5
6

7
8

9

20
21

1.724
1.15

23

.77
.834

24
25
26

.834

1

1
2

1.61

1 .0 0

1

%

12

2.354

1.914
2

1

114

c l. 294

1 .2 2

1

(*)

10
11

.924
1.50
1.914
1.344

1
1

3

4

2

c32.47
1.41
4.79
3.834
1.984
3.064
c l. 09
.82
a .97
c l. 174
/ 2.874

1 .0 0

l

3

1

Aver­ Mar­
age
wages ginal
per num­
day. ber.

22

27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

(*)

$ 9
«2,^631

(*)

»440
«71
C)
ttl
«4

(»)

n3,326

nll7

*. 83

38

1
dd 1
8
2

5*11
eeQ

oo 2
1

c.794
c.694
.424
.424

39
40
41
42

9912

020

003

c.654

43

%

Sl. 16
m. 744
w.81

n2

(*)

(*)

(*)

(*)

(*>

(*)

(9

<9
n. 92

s Estimate. Wages reported for 2 employees only. *
t Hours reported for 309 employees only.
Wages reported for 440 employees only.
v Hours reported for 46 employees only.
v> Estimate. Wages reported for 71 employees only,
asEstimate. Wages reported for 1 employee only.
y Hours reported for 910 employees only.
z Estimate. Wages reported for 3,443 employees only.
oa Hours reported for 13 employees only.
b b 3 employees receive also board, valued at 310 per month; 3 receive also board, value not reported;
1 receives also profits of boarding house, and 1 receives also food.
c o l employee receives also board, valued at 310 per month.
ddAlso profits of boarding house.
e«2 employees receive also food; 2 receive also board, valued at 310 per month, and 1 receives also
board, value not reported.
/ / Hours reported for 34 employees only.
u Estimate.

gg

1 employee receives also profits of boarding house.




B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LA B O R ,

T a ble I . — OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued,
on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Hours per week.
arnal
lin ­

Occupation.

er.

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

1

Dnirymnn............................ v ..............

1

M.

Japanese..........

2

Dit.p.h mm ... ............................ .............

9
14
191
8
1
9

M.
M.
M.
F.
M.
M.

Chinese............ a6.1 60
84
62.7
Hawaiian........ <*6.1 59
84
62.5
84
Japanese.......... a 6.2 59
65.3
59.5 72
61.1
Japanese.......... 6
Korean............. 6
59.5 59.5 59.5
62
59
Portuguese....... 6
60

Total.............................................

232

84

64.7

2~

M.

Am erican........

6

59

60

59.5

1

4
3

M. Am erican........
M. Japanese..........
M. Portuguese.......

6
6
6

72
72
72

72
72
72

72
72
72

6

72

72

72

72
70
84

72
84
84

72
79
84

3
4

5
6

7

8
9

HraftarnAn..............................................

10
11
12

Drivers, delivery w agon.......................

13

Total . ............................................

8

M.

1
10
1

M.
M.
M.

Total.............................................

12

M.

18 Electricians...........................................
19

2
3
2
1

M.
M.
M.
M.

T otal.............................................

8

M.

23 Electricians* helpers.............................
24

1
2

M.
M.

20
21
22

T otal.............................................

3

M.

26 Engineers, chief.....................................
27

2
1

M.
M.

28

T otal.............................................

3

M.

29 Engineers, donkey engine........ ..........
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

1
3
2
2
1
8
1
4
2

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

25

38

T otal.............................................

24

39
40
41

Engineers’ helpers, locom otive.............

2
1
2

M.
M.
M.

42

Total.............................................

5

M.

43 Engineers’ helpers, m ill........................
44
45
46
47
48

2
13
1
6
83
12

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total.............................................

116

M.

49




70

<*6.2 59

14 Dynamo tenders.....................................
15
16
17

7

Chinese............ 6
Japanese.......... a 6.7
Porto R ican___ 7
a 6.7
Am erican........
H awaiian........
Portuguese.......
Swiss................
Am erican........
Hawaiian........

70

70

70

84

78.8

6
6
6
6

59
60
59.5
72

72
72
72
72

65.5
68
65.8
72

6

59

72

67.3

6
6

72
59

72
72

72
65.5

6

59

72

67.7

6
6

72
60

72
60

72
60

6

60

72

68

Am erican........ 6
59
Chinese............ a 6.3 /60
German........... 6
69
Hawaiian........ 6 059
Part-Haw aiian. 6
69
Japanese.......... a 6.1 54
Norwegian....... 6
60
Portuguese....... 6 *59
Scotch............... 6
59

59

Am erican........
Scotch...............

<*6.1 *54
H awaiian........
Porto R ican ___
Portuguese.......
Am erican........
Chinese...........
German...........
Hawaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

a Average.
*>Boys.
o Including 1 boy.
a Wages reported for 1 employee only.
« Wages reported for 2 employees only.
S Hours reported for 2 employees only.

6
6
6

72
72
72

59
/72
59
59
059 059
59
69
84
64.3
60
60
*72 *63.7
59.5 59.3

m

t*84

*63

72
72
72

72
72
72

6

72

72

72

6
6
6
6
6
6

62.5
72
71
60
60
60

72
72
71
72
72
72

67.3
72
71
69.6
71.4
70

6

60

72

71.2

567

REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR ON H A W A II.

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.

[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Classified wages per day.
$4.50
$2.50
$3.50
$3.00
$4.00
$2.00
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
or
or
or
or
or
or
Under or
or
or
$0.50. under under under under under under under under under
$1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.

$5.00
or
over.

1

1

9
12
144
7
1
4

1

177

$1.00

1
46

1

4

1

51

2

1

3
2
5

1

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.
1

.79*
.83
.85*
.54
-.77
1.10*

2
3
4
5
6
7

.85

8

1
1

1
1
1

Aver­
age
wages
per
day.

4.12*

9

1.03*
.93
.98*

10
11
12

3

.96*

13

1
5
1

4

1

.92*
1.07*
.77

14
15
16

7

4

1

61
61

2
1

1

3

1

1

1
1

1

1

1
1

1

2

17

2.871
1.491
2.06*
4.60

18
19
20
21

2.37

22

6.61*
1.00

23
24

c 87

25

2
1
1

d 8.431

2

e8

1

3
1
1

1
1

4

4

1

1

2

5

10

2

1
1

2

1

1

4

1

7.67

26
27

05*

28

2.87*
1.10
2.06*
1.57*
2.30
.961
2.871
1.521
2.87*

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

1.59

38

12

c. 71
.92*
11.15

39
40
41

J2

fc.93

42

6.77
1.03*
2.30
.90
.98*
1.46*

43
44
45
46
47
48

*1.04*

49

o2

1

cZ

1.04

62
5

8

3
50

2
30
4

1
8

2

1 60

44

9

3

1

0 Hours reported for 1 employee only.
* Hours reported lor 3 employees only.
1 Hours reported for 21 employees only.
i Receive also bonus of #1 for each Sunday worked,
ft See notes to details.
I Including 2 boys.




'

.......

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T able I . — OCCUPATIONS, W AG ES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
SU G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued,
ion sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]

Occupation.
ex.

1
2

1
1
2
1

M.
M.
M.
M.

Total................................

5

M.

Engineers’ helpers, steam plow

1
2
1
72
13

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Engineers’ helpers, pump

3
4
5
6

7

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

8
9

10
11

T otal................ .

89

M.

12

Engineers, locomotive,

3
2
1
1
3
27
10
37
1
3
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

89

M.

13
14
15
16
17
18
19

20
21
22

23

T otal......................

24 Engineers, machine shop.

Nationality.

Am erican........
Chinese............
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

Hour■sper \veek.
Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.
6
6
6
6

69
69
69
69

69
69
69
69

69
69
69
69

6

69

69

69

Am erican........
Chinese.............
Part-Hawaiian .
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6
6

60
60
59
57
69

60
60
59
66
66

60
60
59
59.4
61.6

6*

57

66

59.8

Am erican........
Chinese............
Danish.............
Filipino............
German............
H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......
Russian............
Scotch...............
Spanish............

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

59
72
72
72
65
59
65
59
72
72
72

72
72
72
72
65
72
72
72
72
72
72

67.7
72
72
72
65
69.9
70.7
70.8
72
72
72
70.3

6

59

72

2~ M.

H awaiian........

6

59

6Q

59.5

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Australian........
Canadian..........
E nglish............
French.............
German............
Hawaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......
Scotch...............

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

59
72
72
60
72
60
72
72
62.5
60

72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72

71.3
72
72
70
72
70
72
72
68.8
70.3

6

59

72

70.7

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

60
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72

72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72

69.6
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72

6

60

26 Engineers, m ill...............
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

19
2
3
6
1
10
1
1
3
7

35

T otal......................

53

M.

36 Engineers, mill, assistant.
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

5
3
1
1
2
6
1
12
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Chinese............
French.............
German............
Hawaiian........
Japanese..........
Norwegian.......
Portuguese.......
Scotch...............
Spanish...........

Total........

33

M.

72

71.6

47 Engineers, pump.
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

11
4
3
3
12
30
4
11
2
2

M. Am erican........
M. jC hinese............
M. ^English.............
M. German...........
M. H aw aiian........
M. Japanese ..........
M. Norwegian.......
M. Portuguese.......
M. Russian............
M. Scotch...............

€6.5 72
84
84
e6.3 69
72
6
72
84
€6.7 59
c6.5 69
84
€6.5 62.5 84
6 m
m
€6.4 62
84
72
72
6
€6.5 72
84

78.5
72.8
72
75.7
77.8
77
/72
75.5
72
78

57

82

M.

€6.4 059

076.4

46

Total

o l employee receives also bonus of SI for each Sunday worked.
6 2 employees receive also bonus of SI for each Sunday worked.
e Receives also bonus of SI for each Sunday worked.
d See notes to details.




084

R E P O R T OP T H E

COM M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

569

ON H A W A II.

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Classified wages per day.
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$4.00
$4.50
$3.50
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
Under or
$0.50. under under under under under under under under under
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .00 . $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.

$5.00
or
over.

1

$1,154
.92
1.074
1.914

3
4

1

1.23

5

1
1
1

2

1
1

1

2
1
1

39
5

3i

46

41

1 .0 0

2

8

1

2

7

1

5

4

3

5

3

12

1

3.064
1.914
1.41
1.764
a l. 21
61.88
c 2.49

2

o1

3
a 26

a ll

635

4

2

1

1

1

6

42

6.274

35

1
2

1

1

1

3.66|
2.81
4.60
1.914

36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

9

1
1

1

*

1
1
1
8

1

4

1 .6 2 4

1.724
2.30
2.07
3.64
1.914

2
1

5

1

1
1

1

3

10

10

1

4

2

1

1

2

2
2

14

2

1

4
5

4

46

2

2.39
1.19
3.974
1.894
3.45
6.57|

47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

5

2.26

57

3

1 .2 8 4

2

3.384 '

2 .704

2
2.

2

2

2

2

4

11

18

16

12

3

1
1
2

2

12

2

1

2

e Average.
/H ours reported for 3 employees only.
o Hours reported for 81 employees only.

26—No. 66—06-----14



2.41
3.71

2

2

3

1

9

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

5

1

1
1

24

1

1

3
5

1

1
1

23

2 .6 0 4

2

16

1

1

dl.82

1

2

2

1

20
21
22

6.60
7.504
7.88
6 .39
5.75
6.194
4.79
3.26
3.13
6.454

1

1

13
14
15
16
17
18
19

1.34

2 .8 1 4

9

9
11

1
2

10

1 .0 0

621

7
8

.934

1

a 9

6

.964
.69
.92
1.004

3.064

2
1
1
11
1

1
2

1

2
1

1

Aver­ Mar­
age
wages ginal
per num­
day. ber.

1

B U L L E T IN

OF TH E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T able I . — OCCUPATIONS, W AG ES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
SU G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S ) —Continued,
i on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Hours per week.
artial

Occupation.

m -

er.

1

Engineers, pump, assistant..

2

3
4
5

6

Total
Engineers, pump, chief.

7

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

2

M.
M.
M.

7
3

Am erican........ 7
Japanese.......... 6
Portuguese....... «6.5

84
72
62

84
72
84

84
72
73

M.

e*6 . 3

62

84

74

1
1

M.
M.
M.

Am erican........ « 6 . 3
English............. 6
Portuguese....... 7

60
72
84

84
72
84

72
72
84

M.

«6.4

60

84

74.4

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

59

72

63.1

66

66
66

66

1

4

8

T otal...................

5

9

Engineers, steam plow,

4

10

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Total
Engineers, steam plow, assistant...

23

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est.
est.
age.

M.
1
M.
6
M.
2
M.
6
M.
16 M.
2
M.
M.
1
19 M.
1
M.
58

Am erican........
Canadian..........
English.............
German............
H awaiian........
Japanese........ a
Norwegian.......
Porto R ican___
Portuguese.......
Scotch...............

M.

3 M.
4 M.
5 M.
7 M.

Am erican........
German............
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

57
59
59
59.5
59
62
59
60

60

60.1
59
61.3
60.8
59
62
59.8
60

6

57

72

60.6

6
6
6
6

59
59
57
59

69
59
72
72

59
59
62.6
60.9

59

66

72
59 .
62
66

Total......................................

19

M.

6

57

72

60.6

25 Engineer, steam plow, ch ief..........

1

M.

Germ an...........

6

59

59

59

26 Engineers, traction engine.............
27

1

3

M.
M.

Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

6
6

62.5

66

66

66

T otal........ .............................

4

M.

6

62.5

66

63.4

66

66

66

59.5
59
57

62
84
62

60.3
61.1
59.4

84

60.3

24

28

29 Engineer, traction engine, assistant.

1

M.

Japanese..........

30 Fence men......................................
31
32

4
23
25

M.
M.
M.

Hawaiian........ 6
Japanese........ . 56
Portuguese....... 6

T otal.................................... .

52

M.

&6

57

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

c57
59
57
59
60
59
*57

33

34 Field hands........ .......................... . 1,218 M. Chinese............
22
M. German............
35
36
838 M. H awaiian........
37
1
F. Hawaiian........
38
M. Part-Hawaiian.
1
39
M. Italian .............
2
40
11,820 M. Japanese..........
2,091 F. Japanese..........
41
42
3,039 M. Korean.............
43
44 F. Korean.............
44
M. Polish...............
1
1,005 M. Porto R ican. ...
45
q Average.
51 employee works 7 days per week.
c Hours reported for 1,211 employees only.
d Including 7 boys, contract workers.
«Boys.
/Including 9 boys.
0 See notes to details,
ftIncluding 19 boys.
1 Hours reported for 11,305 employees only.
JIncluding 10 boys and 27 contract workers.




6

m

*57
59
60
67

62.5

62.5

C62.5 C59.6
60
59
62.5 60.1
59
59
60
60
59
59
m
*59.7
m
*69.5
*72
*59.7.
60
59.4
60
60
72
69.6

R E P O R T OB' T H E

CO M M ISSIONER O F L A B O R

ON H A W A H .

571

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Classified wages per day.

Aver­ Mar­
age ginal
$0.50 $1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50 $5.00 wages
Under
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
per num­
$0.50. under under under under under under under under under over.
day. ber.
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .00 . $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.
$3.29

1
1
1

3

2

3

1 .2 2

2.44

1
1

____

1

____ ___

1 .8 6 4

4

1

2
1

6.544
7.67
3.78

5

3

6.214

8

2

5.124
4.79
5.694
3.734

10
11
12

1

____ ___ ___ _ ____

____

1

1
2
1

5

1
1
2
1

3
14

1

1
1
2

i
14

1

1

1

1

1

32

3

1

2

1

4

2

1

1

3

5

7

4
1

1
2

2

1

3

13

1

5
1

1
1

1

«2

e l2

6

7
9

1 .1 2 4

1.15
3.834
1.23
1.734
4.79

13
14
15
16
17
18

2.39

19

1.834
1.54
1.524
1.404

20
21
22

1.53

24

23

5.75

25
26
27

1
1

2

1.534
2.04

2

2

1.914

28

.844

29

.90#
.794
.944

30
31
32

2
22
12

13

36

16

.874

33

d 1,217

1
2
12

rt.65
tf.714
0 .74
.46
.77

34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

/18
h814

2
1

1
2

3

1
1
2

el4 ill, 806
1,780
311
elO m3 029
31
13
1

1 .0 0

9.65
.444
9.65
.49
.844
9.64

o816
i
Jo Hours reported for 2,004 employees only.
l Hours reported for 3,035 employees only.
m Including 14 boys, 4 of whom are contract workers.
«Boys, including 16 contract workers.
o Including 66 boys. 19 employees receive also bonus of 32 for every 26 days worked; 89, 50 cents
for every 6 days worked in a week, and 42, a bag of flour, valued at $1.40, if 20 days or more are worked
in a month.
nm




B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T able I .—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued,
ion sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Hours per week.
arnal
lin­

Occupation.

er.

1

Field hands (concluded)................

2

S
4

5
7

8

9

11
12

97
1,082
164

Nationality.

F.
M.
F.

Porto R ican. . . .
Portuguese.......
Portuguese.......

M.
. M.
M.
7 M.
19 M.

Chinese............
German...........
Hawaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

Total....................................... 20,925
Firpmpn f Innrvrnntivp.____ . . . . . . . . .

6

10

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

T otal................................... .
TiMrfvmPTij m ill...................... ..........

13
14

2
2
10

40

M.

42
223

M.
M.
M.
M.

1
2

15

T otal.......................................

268

M.

16
17
18
19

Firemen, pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

32
8
100
1
1

20

21
T otal______ ______ _______

Chinese............
Japanese..........
Porto R ican___
Portuguese.......

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est.
est.
age.
62

6
6
6

59
557
57

b 72

62

59.6
5 59.6
59.4

6

557

5 72

559.7

6
6
6
6
6

72
65
60
65
65

72
65
72
72
72

72
65
70.8
70
71.6

6

60

72

70.8

6
6
6
6

69
59
72
72

72
72
72
72

71.9
70.3
72
72

59

72

70.6

69
84
72
m 84
84
84

69
69.8
72
w73.9
84
84

6

.

Am erican........ 6
69
Chinese............ *6 .1
60
Hawaiian........ 6
72
Japanese.......... *6.3 w59.5
Portuguese....... 7
84
Spanish........... 7
84

*6.3 «59.5 n84

138

M.

23 Flume m en .......... .... . . . . . . . ______
24
25
26
27

30
16
209
14
10

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

28'

T otal......................................

279

M.

29 Foreman, carpenter......................

1

M.

Am erican........

30 Foremen, ditch men........... ..........
31
32
33
34

4
1
1

3
7

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Chinese............
German ...........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6
6

62
59
60.3
59.5 59.5
59.5
59
69
59
59.5
59.7
60
a 59.5 «60
« 69.7

22

Chinese............
H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Porto Rican —
Portuguese.......

«73

60
72
60
62
62

72
72
72
72
72

62.3
72
69.7
62.7
71

6

60

72

68,7

6

59

59

59

6
6
6
6
6

Total.......................................

16

M.

6

r59

r 62

36 Foremen, firemen, m ill...................
37 Foremen, laborers, m in ..................

2
2

M.
M.

Am erican........
Am erican........

$
6

72
72

72
72

72
72

Foremen, laborers, railroad...........

1
1
12
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
Chinese...........
Part-Hawaiian .
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6
6

59
59
59
59
59

59
59
59
62
69

59
59
59
59.8
59

T otal.......................................

18

M.

6

59

62

59.5

44 Foremen, m in ..................................

2

M.

6

72

72

35

88

39
40
41
42
43

3

Am erican........

8
45 Foremen, stablemen........................
*6.5 s 59
M. American
46
M. Australian........ 7
1
70
47
3 M. Germ an........... *6.7 1 60
« Including 2 girls and 8 contract workers,
t Hours reported for 1,055 employees only.
c Boys, including 8 contract workers.
^Including 196 boys, 27 of whom are contract workers.
«See notes to details.
/In clu din g 23 girls and 3 employees bagging cane at l i cents per bag.
0 Including 5 girls.
* Hours reported for 20,285 employees only.
1 Bovs.




«70
70
1 *70

r59.8

72
364.4
70
*65

573

BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE ON H AW AII.

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S ( 5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Classified wages per day.
62.00
62.50
63.00
63.50
64.00
S0.60 61.00 61.50
64.50
Under or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
S0.50. under under under under under under under under under
61.00. 61.50. 62.00. 62.50. 63,00. 63.50. 64.00. 64.50. 65.00.
a 83
o216
fill
e 2,447

14
<*827
953

40

cl8420

65.00
or
over.

Aver­ Mar­
age
ginal
wages num­
per
day. ber.
a 60.434
e.694
e.45

3

58

e.63

4
7

4
3

5
3
16

.69
i . 73
.924
.87
j . 97

e l6

24

e .914

10

34
*208

15

8

1

.84
*.79
.844
1.044

11
12

1
1

*244

24

*.80

15

12
1

1
20
2

62

38

1.15
.944
.95
.95
.90

16
17
18
19

2

i2
6

j

1
1

1
2

5
6

8

9

13
14

1 .0 0

20
21

76

62

.95

22

12

18

.90

23
24
25
26
27

J15
209
ol4
P9
o259

i

1

.8 1 4

.774
0.574
P.734

1

*.78

28

1

6.134

29

1

4.554
1.724
3.834
1.784
1.724

30
31
32
33
34

1

2 .574

35

2.394
2.394

36
37

1

2.30

1

2.49
1.144
1.914

38
39
40
41
42

2

1.33

43

1 .6 2 4

44

2.574
2.794
2.57

45
46
47

20

1

2

1
1

3
7
11

3

1
2
2

3

1 .1 6 4

2

8

2
1

2

11

3

1

1
2

3

1
1
2

1

1

i
*4 employees receive also SI for each Sunday the boilers are cleaned.
l Average.
m Hours reported for 96 employees only.
n Hours reported for 134 employees only.
o Including 5 boys. 6 employees receive also bonus of 60 cents for every 6 days worked.
p Including 4 boys.
a Hours reported for 6 employees only.
^ Hours reported for 16 employees only.
* Hours reported for 7 employees only.
t Hours reported for 2 employees only.




BU LLETIN , OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

T able I . — O C C U P A TIO N S, W A G E S , H O U R S O F L A B O R , A N D
SU G A R PLA N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued.
\

on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Hours per \veek.

arnal
lin­
er.

Occupation.

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

1
3

8

9

3

36

M.

7

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

5

4
5
6

7

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

2
1

2

1
12

Total.............................................
Foremen, teamsters and cultivators—

1
2

10
11
12

7
2
2
10

13
14
15

9

Nationality.

H awaiian........ a 6 .5
Part-Hawaiian . 6
Japanese.......... 7
Norwegian....... 7
Portuguese....... a 6 .9
Scotch............... a 6 .7

70

64.6

66

66

66

70
84
59
59.5

a 6 .8 *>59

40

M.

17 Foreman, wharf.....................................

1

M.

H awaiian........

Foresters................................................

1
1

M.
M.

18
19

59

84
84
84
70

584

Am erican........ <*6 . 1 c59
c72
Canadian.......... 7
(<*)
(<*)
German............ 6
62
59
H awaiian........ 6
59
62.5
Part-Hawaiian. 6
59
60
59.5 59.5
Japanese.......... 6
Portuguese....... a 6 .1 57
70
Scotch............... 6
59
60

Total.............................................

16

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

74.2
84
70.3
66.5

568.9
c62
(d)
60.5
60.1
59.5
59.5
61
59.3

a 6 .1 e59

c72

€60.4

6

60

60

60

Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

6
6

59
59

59
59

59
59

6

59

59

59

H awaiian........
Japanese..........

6
6

59
59

59
72

59
64.5

20

Total.............................................

2

M.

21
22

Freight handlers....................................

11
21

M.
M.

23

Total.............................................

32

M.

6

59

72

62.6

24

Gardener................................................

1

M.

French.............

6

59

59

59

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

Harness makers.....................................

1
1

1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Guam Islander.
Hawaiian........
Japanese..........
M exican..........
Polish...............
Portuguese.......
Spanish.............
Spamsh-American.

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

(d)
(<*)
(<*)
59
59
59
/59 /62 /59.9
(d)
(d)
(<*)
69.5 59.3
59
62.5 69.3
57
59
59
59
(<*)
(<*)
(<*)

33

T otal.............................................

30

M.

6

057

962.5

059.4

34

Hospital steward................ ..................

1

M.

Am erican........

7

84

84

84

1

9
5

M.
M.
M.

Chinese............ 6
Japanese.......... <*6 .1
Korean............. <*6 .2

60
59
59

60
70
70

60
60.6
61.5

15

M.

a 6 .1

59

70

60.8

6
6
6
6

&60

9
1
2

14

35 Interpreters...........................................
36
*
37
38

Total.............................................

3 M. Am erican.......
39 Laborers, general..................................
40
3 M. Chinese...........
41
2
M. Fiii Islander...
42
M. F ilipin o...........
1
43
37 M. Hawaiian........
44
1 F. H awaiian........
41 M. Japanese..........
45
0 Average.
b Hours reported for 34 employees only.
e Hours reported lor 6 employees only.
d Irregular.
« Hours reported for 38 employees only.
/H ours reported for 8 employees only.
(/Hours reported for 26 employees only.
h Hours reported for 1 employee only.




1 Pensioners.

6
6
6

560
.759 J59
m
60
60
60
60
60
60
159 162.5 161
(<*)
(<*)
(<*)
69
60
59.9
hQO

REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

575

ON H A W A II.

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.3
SU G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued.
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Classified wages per day.
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
Under or
or
or
$0.50. un d er u n d er u n d er
$1.00. $1.50. $2.00.
1

$2.00
or
under
$2.50.

$2.50
or
under
$3.00.

1

$3.50
$3.00
or
or
under under
$3.50. $4.00.

2

3

7

2

6

10

5

8

5

1

1

1

1

2
1
1
2

2

1

1
3

1
1
2

8

5

3

*

1

18

13

1

4
1
1
1*
8

2

i

4

1

2.31

16

1.00

17

3
4

7

1

1
1

2
*3

2
2

5

4

<1
k2
2
m5
m6

«30
i1
*29

1
1
1

1
3

1

1

4

1

1

*2

18
19

.77

20

1.09
.78

21
22

24

.69
2.00
1.044
1.00
1.134
1.254
.96
3.50

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

1.244

33

2.63

34

1.914
1.65
1.014

35
36
37

1.46

38

*1.534
*.794
.77
1.00

39
40
41
42
43
44

<.574
©.734
3 Hours reported

for 2 employees only,
fcIncluding 1 pensioner.
I Hours reported for 36 employees only.
m Boys.
n Including 13 boys.
©See notes to details.
p In clu d in g 2 pensioners.

23

2.30

o. 6 6 4

<1

6




.654
.884

.884

1
13

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

14-

1
2
1
1
9

1.82

8

1
1

1
2
3
4
5
6

3
5

2
is

Aver­ Mon
Marage ginal
wages num
­
per
day. ber.

2
1

1
2
1

1
1

1

$5.00
or
over.

2.384
2.63
2.584
1.974
1.92
1.434
2.064
2.96

1

10
3

$4.50
or
under
$5.00.

$1.42*
2.684
.99
2.30
1.214
2.364

1

3

3

$4.00
or
under
$4.50.

46

576

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,
T able I . —OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
S U G A R P L A N T A T I O N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.

[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

1 T,n.hnrers, general (concluded)........
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Total........................................

9 TifLhnrArfl, -mill_____ ____ ____ _
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

3
4
2
79
2
2
1

Nationality.

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Norwegian....... 6
Polish............... 6
Porto R ican__ 6
Portuguese....... / 6
S. Sea Islander. 6
Spanish........... 6
6
West In d ia n
negro.

M.
M.
M.
M.
P.
M.
M.
F.
M.
M.
F.
M.
F.

Am erican........ 6
Chinese............ 6
German........... 6
Hawaiian........ 6
H awaiian........ 6
Part-Hawaiian. 6
Japanese.......... fc6
Japanese.......... 6
K orean............ 6
Porto R ican. . . . 6
Porto R ican. . . . 6
Portuguese....... 6
Portuguese....... 6

181
6
181
1
19
1
1
2,229
114
19
64
3
25
10

/ 6

fc 6

Total........................................ 2,673

23
24
25

Laborers, pum p................................

26

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est.
est.
age.

2~ M.
22 M.
1 M.

T otal........................................

25

M.

27 Laborers, railroad.............................
28
29
30

4
310
15
27

M.
M.
M.
M.

<z60
59
60
58
59
60
60
i

58
69
59
59
59
72
72
59
66
66
59
72
66
72

a60
72
60
70
59
60
60
i

72
72
72
59
72
72
72
78
72
72
72
72
72
72

71
71.4
59
71.2
72
72
71.9
71.8
71.7
71.5
72
71.6
72

59

78

71.8

59.6
84
59.5

59.5
67.9
59.5

s6.3
H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Porto R ican---Portuguese.......

59.5

84

66.9

6
6
6
6

59
57
59
59

59
72
60
62

59
61
59.7
59.4
60.8

356

M.

6

57

72

26

M.

H awaiian........

6

62

1 62

33 Laborers, steam plow........................
34
35
36
37
38

1
5
69
2
2
15

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........
H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Korean.............
Porto R ican___
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6
6
6

59
59
57
59.5
59
59

T otal........................................

94

M.

6

57 ' .60

6
6
6

m
t>59.5 v59.5
57
57

12 M. French.............
40 Land clearers.....................................
41
54 M. Japanese..........
42
15 M. Korean.............
a Hours reported for 1 employee only,
*>Boys.
c Pensioners.
dSee notes to details.
« Including 1 boy.
f l employee works 7 days per week.
a Including 18 boys and 1 pensioner.
AIncluding 2 boys and 4 old men.
* Hours reported for 174 employees only,
$ Including 2 boys.




60

59.5
59.5
59.5

T otal........................................

39

i

Chinese............ 6
Japanese.......... s6.3
Portuguese....... 6

32 Laborers, road...................................

31

a60
62.3
60
59.6
59
60
60

59
59
60
59.5
59
60

62
59
59
59.5
59.5
59
59.3
59.4

( t)

v59?5

57

R E P O R T OP TH E

CO M M ISSIO N ER OF L A B O R

577

ON H A W A I I .

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T I O N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.

[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Classified wages per day.
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
$2.00~ $2.50 $3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
Under or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
$0.50. under under under under under under under under under
$1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.
61
61
fir20

<*33

c2

Average
wages
per
day.

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

<*$0.64
.861
e .551
<*.73
.691
.77
.77

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

4
1
6 49
2
2
1

10

<*126

19

<?3

| d.73i

8

62
160

3
20
1
1

1
1

J 1.121

108

7

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

1
61
3

18
1
1
*2,081
«41
Pl9
a 62
2
el8
7

J 73

<*2,412

61
67

$5.00
or
over.

2
21
1
24

.81
1.00
.79
.50
.841
m.781
o.481
P .7 3

2

4.79
.511
J. 841
.491

6

r . 771

22

1

.96
.911
.96

23
24
25

141

9

1

.92

26

61

4
267
14
24

42

1

.79
.85
e .811
.87

27
28
29
30

61

309

45

1

«.85

31

----

26
61
1
55
2
2
13
e74

ii
15

3

—

4
14
2
20
ul2
6
*64 employees work 6.5 days per week.
i Including 48 contract workers.
m Wages are reported for 2,197 employees only. See notes to details.
» Including 4 contract workers.
o Wages reported for 108 employees only. See note «.
Pl2 employees receive also salmon at midday.
92 employees receive also bonus of 50 cents for each full week worked.
r Wages reported for 2,635 employees only. See notes to details.
* Average.
t Irregular.
« Contract workers.
v Hours reported for 17 employees only.
w Wages reported for 17 employees only.




^841

32

6.-75
1.01
.83
.69
.77
.891

33
34
35
36
37
38

e .841
ul.00
w.S 5

.73

39
40
41
42

578

BU LLETIN OP THE BUREAU OP LABOR.
T able I . —OCCUPATIONS, W AGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
SU G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued.

[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

Land clearers (concluded)

Em­
ploy- Sex.

15
116

1

T otal................... ...

213

Land preparers..................
Lime burners.....................

125
4

Machinists........................

15
2

1
2
2

1
~1
1
1
Total...............

Nationality.

Porto R ican...
Portuguese___
Spanish..........

Japanese. . .
Portuguese.
Am erican.......
E nglish..........
German..........
Hawaiian.......
Part-Hawaiian
Japanese........
Polish.............
Portuguese....
Scotch.............

26
American ..
Canadian...
Chinese___
German. . . .
Hawaiian ..
Japanese.. .
Norwegian.
Portuguese.

Machinists’ helpers.

T otal.............
Masons...................

Total.............

American ..
German___
Japanese...
Portuguese.
25

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.
6
6
6

(?)
59
62.5

&

62.5

6i0)
62.5

6

c57

c62.5 <?58.9

6
6

959
72

960
72

959.6
72

*6.1
*6.5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

48
60
60
48
69
59.5
48
59
59.5

70
70
60
59
62.5
59.5
48
59
59.5

*6.1

48

70

58.7

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

59
59
60
59
48
48
59
48

59.5
59
60
59
72
72
59
72

59.1
59
60
59
59.6
58.9
59
59.4

6

48

72

69.2

6
6
6
6

60
59
59
958

60
59
59
962

60
59
59
959.3

58.8
65
60
53.5
60.8
59.5
48
59
59.5

6

r5S

*•62

r59.3

German___
Japanese...
Norwegian.
Portuguese.

6
6
6
6

59
59
59
59

59
60
59
62

59
59.3
69
59.5

6

59

62

59.3

Nurses, day nursery

Japanese..

6

59

59

69

Nurses,hospital. . . .

American .
German ...
Japanese..
Japanese..
Scotch......

7
7
7
7
7

70
70
m70
70
70

70
70
w84
84
70

70
70
u75
80.5
70

7

*70

*84

*74.7

Masons’ helpers

Total.............

Total.

26

o irregular.
b Contract workers.
o Hours reported for 149 employees only.
d Including 15 contract workers.
e Including 12 contract workers.
/ Wages reported for 176 employees only. See notes to details.
o Hours reported for 100 employees only.
h Wages reported for 100 employees only, not including 25 who receive $35 per acre.
* Average. .
J1 employee receives also board, valued at $24 per month.
ft 1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month, and 1 receives also board, valued
at $24 per month.
1 1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month.
m See notes to details.




REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

579

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905— Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T I O N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Continued.

[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Classified wages per day.
32.50 33.00
33.50
34.00 34.50
30.50 31.00 31.50 3 2.00
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
Under or
$0.50. under under under under under under under under under
32.50. 33.00. 33.50. 34.00. 34.50. 35.00.
3 1 .00 . 31.50. 3 2 .00 .

35.00
or
over.

615
116,

530.85
.62
.81

1
2

/. 70

4

5.67*
1.234

5

3 m3.924
3.90

7

1

____

e 18

<*158

____

100
2

____ ____ ____

____

2
1

1

1

1
1

52

*4

12
1

j

1
1

2 .0 0

1.574

1
1

1
1

2 .8 0 4

1
1

3

4

1

2

J4

fc4

*4

J3

«3

1
o1

i
7

1

4
o2

3

2

4

o2

Pl2

n 14

10

4*
1

1

7

5

7

6

2

1

14
ol

1
1
1

1

3

2

3

3

2

3

3

«18

4

4

1

2

t>16

3

i

w7

1 1

7.334
3.05
2.25
1.74

26
27
28
29

2

2.42

30
31
32
33
34

w. 954

35

.55

36

*1.56
1.974
m. 79
.454
1.314

37
38
39
40
41

2

m.89

42

« Including 1 boy.
o Boys.
p Including 2 boys.
q Hours reported for 16 employees only.
r Hours reported for 23 employees only.
• Girl.
t Including 1 girl.
tt Hours reported for 20 employees only.
v 2 employees receive also board, valued at $10 per month.
1 employee receives also board, valued at 310 per month.
* Hours reported for 30 employees only.




25

20
21
22

2

w6

1

ml. 11

1 .2 1

1

v l8

23
24

.8 6

1
*6

o.844
1.06
1.194
1.724
P i. 024

0.574

3
si

16
17
18
19

.844

i

9

2
2

2

8
10
11
12

n 1.134
1 .0 0

2

6

m3.444
o.574

1

oi

3

3.50
1.54
13
2.30
14
4.75 • 15

1

1

Aver­ Mar­
age
wages ginal
per num­
day. ber.

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LA B O R .

T a b l e I . — OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued,
ion sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Hours per week.
Occupation.
tjr.

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

1

Officeboy .

1

M.

Japanese..........

6

60

60

60

2

O ilers,car...

1
1
5
7
5

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Chinese............
German............
H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6
6

59
65
59
59
59

59
65
72
72
65

59
65
64.4
61.1
60.5

3
4

6
6

7

Total

19

M.

8

Oilers, mill

6
1
73
2
6

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

9

10
11
12

T otal..

88

M.

14 Oilers, pump.
15
16
17
18
19

17
1
1
1
52
4

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

20

Total

21

Overseers..

22

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46

T otal........ .

47 Overseers, assistant.
48
49
50
51
52
63
54

76

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

583

M.

7
9
12
34
2
1
46

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total.......

111

M.

20
3
3
2
10

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

6

59

72

61.9

6
6
6
6
6

69
72
58
72
62.5

72
72
72
72
72

71.5
72
70.2
72
70.1

6

58

72

70.4

Chinese............ 6
60
German............ 6
72
Hawaiian........ 6
69
Part-Hawaiian. 7
84
Japanese.......... 56.5 c60
Portuguese....... 66.3 72

72
72
69
84
c84
84

64.9
72
69
84
c76.1
75

66.4 c60

c84

*73.4

M.

76~
2
3
3
11
4
11
2
46
2
1
76
■ 12
1
1
64
2
14
3
6
197
3
38
4
1

55 Overseers, head
56
57
58
59




Chinese............
Hawaiian........
Japanese. . . . . . .
Porto R ican___
Portuguese___-

Am erican........
Australian........
Austrian............
Canadian..........
Chinese............
Danish.............
English............. *
French.............
German............
G reek...............
Guam Islander.
H awaiian........
Part-Hawaiian .
Irish..................
Italian...............
Japanese..........
Korean.............
Norwegian.......
P olish...............
Porto R ican ___
Portuguese.......
Russian.............
Scotch...............
Swedish............
Swiss................

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

Am erican........
Chinese............
Hawaiian........
Japanese..........
Korean.............
Porto R ican___
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

Am erican........
Canadian..........
English.............
French.............
German............

a Boy.
5 Average.
c Hours reported for 50 employees only,
d Including 1 boy.

57
59
59
59.5
69
59
59
59
59
59
59
57
59
59
62.5
57
59
59
69
59
.54
69
58
69.5
59

62.5
59
60
59.5
62.5
60
60
60
71
59
59
72
62.5
59
62.5
72
60
02
59
60
72
59
60
60
59

59.5
59
69.3
59.5
59.7
59.4
59.6
59.5
61.2
59
59
59.8
60.8
59
62.5
59.7
59.5
59.5
59
59.2
59.4
59
59.2
59.9
59

54

72

59.6

60
59
60
59
59
60
59

60
60
60
72
59
60
60

60
59.7
60
60.1
59
60
59.8

59

72

59.9

59
57
59
59
59

62.5
59.5
62.5
59
71

69.8
58.5
60.2
59
63.4

REPORT OP TEE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H AW AII.

581

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Continued.
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Classified wages per day.
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
$2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 $4.00 $4.50
Under or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
$0.50. under under under under under under under under under
$1.00. |$1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.

$5.00
or
over.

1
1

$0.69

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.
1
2
3
4
5
6

1

.77
1.15$
.85|
.78
.87$

15

4

.84$

7

5
1
66
1
4

1
7
1
2

.88
.84$
.82$
.88$
.94

8
9
10
11
12

77

11

7

9
1

3
7
4

•

Aver­
age
wages
per
day.

1
2

1
ol
88
«1

14
3

/4 8

27
2

i

1

1
20

30
1
1

7
1
1

2
3
2

1
2

g 1

2
2

7

15

2
7

35
3

27
5

1
11
1
1

2
1

g

1
1

8
g
h

*

8
1

2

.12

5

5

43
1
2
3
3
74
2

1
12

6

i

1

05

1

7

4

1

1

4

i

1

4
1

1

1
26

6

2

23

4
2

4

1

181

/182

116

fir35

1
7
7
28
2

1
2
4
1

3

2

025

4

i

1

18

1

6

7

1
16

i

1

73

25

5

3

13
14
15
16
17
18
19

/.92$

20

0 2.60
2.58$
2.04$
4.09
1.20
0 2.01
/ 2.75$
2.78
2.84
1.29$
2.11
1.60
2.01$
2.22$
1.53$
1.23$
1.15
A1.94$
1.16$
1.48$
1.65
1.34$
a 2.76
2.30
2.30

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

/1.94

46

2.24$
1.21$
1.43
1.09$
1.03$
1.53$
1.41

1

28

4

2
1

2

1
i
1
e Hours reported for 74 employees only.
S See notes to details.
0 1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month.
A2 employees receive also board, valued at $20 per month.




2

1

A10
2
87
1
0l
2

5

.83$
1.06$
1.00
.90
a. 59
.88$
<*.90$

12
2
3
1
8

47
48
49
50
51
52
53

1.34$

54

5.56
5.64$
6.63
5.65$
* 6.80$

55
56
57
58
59

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LABOR,

T able I . — OCCUPATIONS, W AGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Continued,

ton sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Hours per week.
Occupation.

1
2

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Overseers, head (concluded)................

1
1
3
1
16

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

3
4
5

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

Part-Hawaiian.
Italian...............
Norwegian.......
Russian.............
Scotch...............

6
6
6
6
6

62
60
59
60
58

62
60
59
60
60

62
60
59
60
59.3

T otal................ ............................

60

M.

6

57

71

60.2

7 Overseer, ranch.....................................

1

M.

Am erican........

6

59

59

59

Overseers, steam plow ...........................

1
1
1

M.
M.
M.

Danish.............
German............
Japanese. . . . . . .

6
6
6

62
59
60

62
62
59 . 59
60
60

3 M.
—
M.

6

59

62

60.3

Am erican........

6

60

60

60

German...........
Hawaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6

62.5
59
59
60

62.5 62.5
62.5 60.5
60
59.5
62
61.8

6

8

9

10
11

Total.............................................

12

Overseer, tunnel...................................

13 Painters..................................................
14
15
16

1
12
8
13

17

M.
M.
M.
M.

Total.............................................

34

M.

6

59

62.5

18 Parasite tender......................................

1

M.

Japanese..........

6

59.5

59.5

59.5

19 Pipe fitters.............................................

1
2

M.
M.

German...........
Japanese..........

6
6

72
60

72
72

72
66

21

T otal.............................................

3

M.

6

60

72

68

22

Pipe fitter and plumber........................
Pipe fitters’ helper__.'..........................

1
1

M.
M.

Hawaiian........
Japanese____

6
6

60
72

60
72

60
72

24 P o lic e m e n .....................................
25
26
27
28
29

8
3
6
1
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........ 7
70
German............ 66.3 60
H awaiian........ 66.8 *18
Japanese.......... 7
84
Norwegian....... 7
(«)
Portuguese....... 7
84

20

23

30

Total.............................................

15

M.

31 Pump m en.............................................
32 Ranchm en.............................................
33 Repair men, pum p................................

/
18
2

M.
M.
M.

Japanese..........
H awaiian........
Japanese..........

34 Reservoir m en .......................................
35
36
37
38
39

1
3
1
1
32
4

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........ 7
Chinese........... 66.3
German............ 7
H awaiian........ 7
Japanese.......... 66.3
Portuguese....... 7

40

66.8 /18
7
7
6

84
57
(*)
70
59
70

84
70
(*)
70
72
70

84
62.2
(«)
70
62.5
70

M.

2
2

M.
M.

Japanese..........
Japanese ..........

6
5

59
(J)

43 Shaft diggers..........................................
44

45
3

M,
M.

Japanese ..........
Portuguese.......

k7

84
60

T otal.............................................

48

M.




/73.6
84
70
72

42

6 6.4 *57

«6.8 o60

a l employee receives also board, valued at 620 per month.
6Average.
c l employee works only 3 hours per day, 6 days per week,
d i employee receives also additional salary from the government.
« Irregular.
/H ours reported for 14 employees only.
0 Also board, valued at 66 per month.
*1 employee receives also bonus of $2 per month.
1 Hours reported for 41 employees only.

/84
84
70
72

Total.............................................

45

84
79.3
84
71.7
84 068.3
84
84
(*)
(«)
84
84

84
70
72

41 Riggers...................................................
42 School-teachers.....................................

6

60.8

*84
59

(j )

*63.9
59

(j)

fc84 &84
60 60
o84

©79.5

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAW AII.

583

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Classified wages per day.
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00
$3.00
$3.50
$4.50
$2.50
$4.00
Under or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
$0.50. under under under under under under under under under
$1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.
1

$5.00
or
over.

Aver­
age
wages
per
day.

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

$4.79
5.75
6.00*
5.75
a 6.18

1
2
3
4
5

a 6.01

6

1

«2

1

1
3
1
12

5

a6

6

43
1

9.58*

7

1

4.79
4.41
1.75

8
9
10

1

3.65

11

1.72*

12

2

1.25
1.51
.92*
1.02

13
14
15
16

2

1.18

17

1

1
1

1

1
3
4
10

1
5
4
2

1

1

17

12

1

1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1

2

1

1
3

d2

1

4
417

1

1

4

g1

1

4

1

21
22
23

1

3.18
2.13*
<*1.83
.98*
2.68*
.98*

24
25
26
27
28
29

1

<*2.10*

30

.98*
4.68
1.25

31
32
33

2.96
1.00
1.15
1.15
* .86*
1.52

34
35
36
37
38
39

1
1

h 19

1

h 20

1

^3
1
1
13
2

1

20

2

2

19
20

1.46

1

1
<*4

2
1

1.53*
1.42*

2.87*
.77

1

1

.70

18

fcl.00

1

40

1.17*
1.24*

41
42

*13
1

2

m.75
.97*

43
44

Pl4

2

4.79

45

j Not reported.
k Days and hours reported for 13 employees only.
I Contract workers.
m Wages reported for 13 employees only. See note

» Average for 16 employees only.
o Hours reported for 16 employees only.
P Including 13 contract workers.
4 Wages reported for 16 employees only. See note




*.

l.

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LABOR,

T able I . — OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
i

on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Hours per week.

arlal

m-

Occupation.

dT.

1

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est.
est.
age.

Sheep herders...................................

6

M.

Japanese.......... a 6.7

60

84

69

2 Stfl.hlp.mfvn..........................................
3
4

.l
1
5
14
176
3
2
20

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am erican........ 7
70
American negro 7
70
Chinese............ 7
70
H awaiian........ a 6.7
62
Japanese.......... a 6.8 /59
Korean............. 7
65
Porto R ican___ 7
70
Portuguese....... a 6.7 059

70
70
70
77
/84
65
70
0 72

70
70
70
70.4
/69.5
65
70
067.3

10

T otal........ ...............................

222

M.

a 6.8

*69

. *84

*69.3

11
12

Steerers, Htpn.m plnw ........................

1
1
5
40
4
10

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

*6
6
6
6
6
6

59
59
59
57
60
59

59
59
62
66
62
60

59
59
59.6
59.9
61.5
59.4

17

6

59

66

59.9

6
6

59.5
59

59.5
60

59.5
59.5

6

59

60

59.5

7
7
7
7
7
7'
7
7
6

70
70
70
*70
*70
70
77
w70
*59

70
70
70
*84
*84
70
77
m70
59

70
70
70
*73.9
* 72.8
70
77
m 70
59

n7

o59

o84

o72.5

7
7
7

70
70
70

70
70
70

7

70

70

70

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

59
72
72
59
72
60
60
54
72

72
72
72
72
72
60
60
54
72

69.1
72
72
67.7
72
60
60
54
72

6

54

72

68.8

6

72

72

72

6
6
G

62
72
72

72
72
72

71.4
72
72

5
6
7
8
9

13
14
15
16
T otal........................................

61

M.

18 Stenographers...................................
19

1
2

M.
F.

20

T otal........................................

3

21
22

Stock herders................... ...............

30

Total................ ............ ..........

49

31 Stockmen..........................................
32
33

1
1
1

M.
M.
M.

3

M.

23
24
25
26
27
28
29

34

T otal........................................

35 Storekeepers........................ ............
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43

Am erican........
Am erican........

1 M. American negro
1 F. American negro
1 M. German............
23 M. Hawaiian........
11 M. Japanese..........
1 F. Japanese..........
1 M. Porto R ican .. . .
9 M. Portuguese.......
1 M. W elsh...............

18 Mi
2 M.
4 M.
3 M.
1 M.
1 M.
1 M.
1 M.
3 M.

T otal........................................

34

M.

45 Storekeepers, assistant.....................

2

M.

44

Am erican........
German...........
H awaiian........
Japanese..........
Porto R ican___
Portuguese.......

Am erican........
German............
H awaiian........

Am erican........
Australian.......
Canadian..........
English.............
German............
Part-Hawaiian.
Japanese ..........
Norwegian.......
Scotch...............

Scotch___ ____

46 Sugar boilers.....................................
17 M. Am erican........
47
1 M. Austrian___....
48
1 1 M, Canadian........
a Average.
5 Boys.
o Including 1 boy.
d l employee receives also board, valued at 818 per month.
« See notes to details.
*
/ Hours reported for 159 employees only.
0 Hours reported for 18 employees only.
h Including 6 .boys.
1 Hours reported for 203 employees only.
i Including 3 employees who receive also bonus of 50 cents for each




full week worked.

70
70
70

R E P O R T OF T H E

585

CO M M ISSIO NER OF L A B O R O N H A W A I I .

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Continued.
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Classified wages per day.
$2.00
$2.50
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
Under or
or
or
or
or
$0.50. under under under under under
$1 .00 . $1.50. $2 .0 0 . $2.50. $3.00
5

$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
or
or
or
or
under under under under
$3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.

$5.00
or
over.

$0.78

1

2.794
.96
.96
e.84
.84
.714
.85
ft. 93

1
1

b1

4

1

08

d 5

141
3
2

M

35

h ll

7

2

el70

c?48

2

3
27
J4
j

1

1
1
2

6

4
21

1

1
1
12
11

1

1

1
10

1

1

-

*

b2

61
o5

1

1

P3

P31

11

3

1
1
1

1
1

___

2

1

1

1

1

3~

2~

1

2

1

4

2

35

2
r1

2
2
2

1
1

1
1

____ ____
3

2

5

1
1
1

35

314

2

1

1

fc Hours reported for 20 employees only.
Hours reported for 5 employees only.
Hours reported for 4 employees only.
* 1 employee works 6 days per week.
o Hours reported for 35 employees only.
p Including 2 boys.
31 employee receives also share of n et profits.
**Also share of n e t profits.

l
m

25—No. 66—06----- 15




4

311
1
1

9

13
14
15
16

91

17

3.83|
2 . 77s

18
19

3.13

20

1.644
.851
1.014
.801
.45|
b. 574
e.824
2.11

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

.6 6

•

7

10

j.

1

6
8

11
12

.91
73
.901

1

3
4
5

e.854

j.

1

1
2

1.25
1 .0 0
.9 5 1

13

40

Aver­ Mar­
age
wages ginal
per num­
day. ber.

e. 934

30

3.29
2.63
1.974

31
32
33

2.63

34

a 4.16
6.614
5.224
35.43
7.67
5.75
1.34
8.834
3.96

35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43

c4.58

41

2.684

45

35.414
6.71
5.75

46
47
48

B U L L E T IN

OF TH E

BUREAU

O F LA B O R ,

T able I , — O C C U P A TIO N S, W A G E S , H O U R S O F L A B O R , A N D
SU G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S ) —Continued.
on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]

Occupation.
er.

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

1 Sugar boilers (concluded)

4

2

2

3

3
4
5

1
10

6

4
3

8

1
2
1
1

7
9

10
11

12

Total................

13 Sugar boilers, assistant.
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

21
22

23
24
25
26
27

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

51

M.

4
13

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

1
1
2

26
1

5

Total

53

M.

Surveyors .

9
1
1
1
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Nationality.

Chinese...........
Danish.............
English............
French.............
German............
Part-Hawaiian.
Irish..................
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......
Scotch...............
Welsh...............
American........
Chinese............
German............
Hawaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Japanese..........
Polish...............
Portuguese.......
American........
Danish.............
German............
Hawaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

Hours per week.
Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

72
71
69
72
71
72
72
60
72
72
72

72
72
72
72
72
72
72
60
72
72
72

72
71.5
71
72
71.9
72
72
60
72
72
72

6.

60

72

71.5

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72

72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72

72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72

6

72

72

72

6
6
6
6
6
6

59
59
60
60
59.5
59.5

62
59
60
60
59.5
59.5

60.1
59
60
60
59.5
59.5
59.9

Total............

14

M.

6

59

62

29 Surveyor, assistant

1

M.

Japanese..........

6

60

60

60

30 Surveyors’ helpers
31
32
33

13

Hawaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6

60
59
59
59.5

60
62
60
60

60
61.5
59.5
59.9

28

6

M.
M.
M.
M.

Total........................

38

M.

6

59

62

60

35 Swampers..........................
36 Teachers, kindergarten...

4

M.
F.

Japanese..........
American........

6

5

59
30

59
30

59
30

15
47
537
4

8

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Chinese...........
Hawaiian........
Irish..................
Japanese..........
Korean.............
Polish...............
Porto Rican___
Portuguese.......
S.Sea Islander..

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

59
57 ,
59.5
58
59
59
58.5
67
60

59.6
60.1
59.5
66
59.4
59
59
60
59.7
62
59.5
62.5 59.6
60
60

Total............................................. 2,018

M.

6

57

66

Hawaiian........
Portuguese.......

6
6

59
59

59
59
59.5 59.3

6

59

59.5

59.3

72
60
60
60

61.4
60
60
59.4

34

37 Teamsters and cultivators
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46

6

13

2

14
378
1

1,014

47 Teamsters’ and cultivators’ helpers___
48

10

42

M.
M.

Total.............................................

52

M.

49

50 Timekeepers..........................................
16 M. American........ 6
58.5
M. Austrian.......... 6
51
1
60
52
60
3 M. English............ 6
53
4 M. German............ 6
59
a i employee receives also share of net profits.
b Including 1 employee who receives also board, valued at $20 per month.
c Boys.
d including 8 boys.




60

66

59.5

69.6

REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I ,

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905.—Continue*
SU G A R PL A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued.
Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attenda
Classified wages per day.
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
or
or
Under or
$0.50. under under under
$1.50.
$1.00.
$2.00.

$2.00
or
under
$2.50.

1

2

$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.50
$4.00
$5.00
or
or
or
or
or
or
under under under under under*
over.
$3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.
1

•

1
1
1

3
1

1

i

2

2

4

4

3

1

17

a

1
2
4

2

i

2

1

8

12

4

21

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

2

3
4
5
6

7

8

10

«30

1

2

1

4.74*
1.39*
4.79
1.91*
1.84*
1.14
3.26
2.18*

13
14
15
16
17
18
19

1

a 5.30

9
19
11
12

20

1

3

1

1.72*

21

1

1

*7

5 7.58*
2.87*
2.87*
1.53*
2.30
4.79

24.

55.90*

28

1.91*

29
30
31
32
33

1
1

2
.

57

22
23
25
26
27

11
1
8
2

2
5
4
4

1

.92*
.95
.93*
.97

22

15

1

.94

34

1

.77
2.39*

35
36

.94*
e.86
1.00
/ . 79
.72*
.88
a. 81*
e.92*
.80*

37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

4

c2

;r.

5

1
2

im-

1

1
1
1

$2.30
6.55
5.43
4.98*
5.76*
5.12*
6.45*
1.91*
6.23
4.98*
5.36*

araal

1
1

1

cl

6
3
2

1

1
1

1

2
2

Average
wages
per
day.

5.]

>6
<*294
/942
8
15
f/47
*332
4

1

8
83
1
72

202

1

366

1

e.84

46

c7

clO
c35

c.62
c. 55*

47
48

cl

c45

e .56*

49

3.51
2.87*
3.70*
3.16*

50
51
52
53

c3 el,648

4
1

6

2

1

2

3

1

2
i
i
eSee notes to details.
/Including 2 boys.
crl employee receives also bonus of $2 for every 26 days worked.
AIncluding 26 boys.




588

B U L L E T IN

OF TH E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T able I . — OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
SU G A R PL A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued.
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]

Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

1 Timekeepers (concluded).....................
2
8
4
5

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

Nationality.

Hawaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Norwegian.......
Portuguese.......
Scotch...............

3
1
1
1
8

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

6

38

M.

7 Trash balers............. ............................

30

M.

Japanese..........

8 yVuTAhrmsAmAn.............. .......................
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

1
1
1
1
22
1
4
1

M,
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

American........
English.............
German............
Hawaiian........
Japanese..........
Porto Rican___
Portuguese.......
Scotch...............

Tntn.1 ............................................

32

M.

17 Watchmen ..........................................
18
19
20
21
22
•23
24
25

2
1
2
5
8
24
2
1
20

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

16

26

Total.............................................

27 Water tenders, m ill____________ ____
28
29
30

65

M.

4~
1
42
3

M.
M.
M.
M.

Hours per week.
Days
per.
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.
6
6
6
6
6

59
60
54
60
59'

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

59
60
54
60
60

59
60
54
60
59.1

54

72

60.1

59

59

59

59.5
59
59
59
59
60
59
59

59.5 59.5
59
59
59
59
59
59
59.2
60
60
60
72
65.6
59
59

6

59

72

60

American........
Chinese............
English............
German............
Hawaiian........
Japanese..........
Norwegian.......
Porto Rican___
Portuguese.......

7
7
7
7
7
o7
7
7
7
<?7

84
84
84
84
84
<*84
84
84
84

84
84
84
84
84
<284
84
84
84

84
84
84
84
84
<284
84
84
84

e84

«84

*84

Chinese.............
Hawaiian........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6
6

71
72
69
72

72
72
72
72

71.8
72
71.8
72

Total.............................................

50

M.

6

69

72

71.8

32 Water tenders, pump.............................

4

M.

Japanese..........

7

84

84

84

S3 Water tenders, steam plow...................
34
35

4
15
9

M.
M.
M.

Hawaiian .........
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6

59
59
57

60
66
62.5

59.5
60.2
60.2

36

Total.............................................

28

M.

6

57

66

60.1

37 Well borers.............................................
38
39
40

1
4
1
4

M.
M.
M.
M.

6
6
6
6

60
59
59
60

60
59
59
60

60
59
59
60

6

59

60

59.5

6
6
6
6
6

60
/59
059
59
m

60
/60
060
59
*60

60
/59.6
059.4
59
*59.3

6

259

260

259.4

1 M. Am erican .......
6
48 Wharfingers...........................................
49
1 M. Canadian.......... 6
50
2 M. English............. 6
51
4 M. German............ 6
52
2 M. Hawaiian........ 6
a l employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month.
b Contract workers.
©1 employee works Sundays only.
d Hours reported for 23 employees only.
e Hours reported for 64 employees only.
/Hours reported for 27 employees only.

59
59
59
*59
59

59
59
59
59
60
59.5
*62.5 *60.2
72
65.5

31

Total.............................................

10

M.

42 Wharf hands..........................................
43
44
45
46

41

1
50
107
4
18

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total.............................................

180

M.

47




American........
Japanese..........
Norwegian.......
Portuguese.......
Chinese............
Hawaiian........
Japanese..........
Porto Rican___
Portuguese.......

REPORT

OF T H E

COM M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

589

ON H A W A II.

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Classified wages per day.
$2.50
$2.00
$3.00
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
$4.00
$3.50
$4.50
or
or
or
or
or
or
Under or
or
or
$0.60. under under under under under under under under under
$1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.
«2

1
i

‘a2

1
2

1

3

5

10

9

7

6 30

1

1
2
1
1

21

5

20

1
2
4
15
1
6

1

1

1

2
3

1

a 33

2
1
28
1

2

2

a 3.21

6

61.50

7

1

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

2

1.20

16

1.24
.77
1.48
a 1.25
.93
.91
1.40
.82
.99*

17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

1
1
1

i4

29

3

1
2
3
4
5

3.834
2.30
1.534
1.00
.86|
1.00
1.44
3.83|

2
i
«2
4
9
1

Aver­ Mar­
age
wages ginal
per num­
day. ber.
a $1.85|
3.06|
2.49
2.874
3.15*

1

2

$5.00
or
over.

3

a 1.004

26

i4
1

1

.954
.884
.934
1.28

27
28
29
30

32

17

1

.954

31

2

2

1.014

32

1
11
6

3
4
3

.994
.924
.964

33
34
35

18

10

.95

36

1

3.50
1.084
2.50
.884

37
38
39
40

1

1.39

41

1

1.00
.994
.84
.864
.894

42
43
44
45
46

1

.89

47

2.684
2.30
a2.874
2.254
&1.324

48
49
50
51
52

4
2

2

2

6

14
96
4
17
131

h

1
1

1
36
10
1
48

al
2
1




1
1

1
1

1

a Hours reported for 106 employees only.
h Hours reported for 3 employees only.
i Hours reported for 141 employees only,

i Boy.
^Including 1 boy,

B U L L E T IN

590

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T able I . — OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Concluded.
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Hours per week.
Mar­
ginal
num­
ber.

Occupation.

1 Wharfingers (concluded).......... ..........
2
3
4

Total.............................................
1
5 Wipers and oilers, locomotive..............
6
7
8
9

Em­
ploy­ Sex.
ees.

1
1
3

M.
M.
M.

15

M.

‘ 2
18
1
1
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total.............................................

23

M.

11 Wood choppers......................................
12
13

8
15
3

M.
M.
M.

14

10

Nationality.

Days
per
High­ Aver­
week. Low­
est. est. age.

Japanese..........
Portuguese.......
Scotch...............
Hawaiian........
Japanese..........
Porto Rican___•
Portuguese.......
Spanish............

Chinese.............
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6

60
59
59

60
59
60

60
59
59.3

6

a59

a72

«60.4

6
6
6
6
6

42
59.5
59
60
60

60
72
59
60
60

51
61.9
59
60
60

6

42

72

60.7

6
6
6

(e)
<0
60

w
60

(«)
w
60

6

(e)

Total............................................

26

M.

£60

*60

*60

15 Yard boys..............................................
16
17
18
19
20

1
7
1
66
1
6

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

American negro 7
84
Chinese............ *6.9 59
Hawaiian........ 6
59
Japanese.......... *6.9 *57
Norwegian....... 7
70
Portuguese....... *6.2 58

84
70
59
*84
70
70

84
68.4
59
*68.9
70
60.7

Total.............................................

82

M.

*6.8 «57

n84

w68.3

53
53

53
53

21

T A N N E B 1T (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
2
2

Beamsters.

M.
M.

Chinese............
Japanese..........

6
6

53
53

4

M.

6

53

53

53

Carpenter.
Engineer..
Foreman..

1
1
1

M.
M.
M.

American........
Chinese.............
Swedish............

6
6
6

53
53
53

53
53
53

53
53
53

Laborers.

3
2
1

M.
M.
M.

Chinese.............
Japanese..........
Portuguese.......

6
6
6

53
53
53

53
63
53

63
53
63

Total.

Total.

6

M.

6

53

53

53

Machine operator.
Shaver ..................
Splitter..................

1
1
1

M.
M.
M.

German............
Chinese............
Chinese............

6
6
6

53
63
53

53
53
53

53
53
53

Tablemen ..

1
1

M.
M.

German............
Hawaiian........

6
6

53
53

53
53

53
63

Total.

2

M.

6

53

53

53

o Hours reported for 14 employees only.
*>Boy.
c l employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month.
dSee notes to details,
e Irregular.
/Contract workers.
o Not reported.




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

591

NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Concluded.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Concluded.
[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.]
Classified wages per day.
$0.50 $1.00 $1.50
$4.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$2.00
$2.50
or
Under or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
$0.50. under under under under under under under under under
$1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00.
1

i
<?5

bl

2
11

Aver­ Marage
wages ginal
per num­
day. ber.

$5.00
or
over.

2

3

2

$2.30
1.54
3.58

1

3

<*2.46*

4

.96
.89
1.00
.92*
.92*

5
6
7
8
9

.90*

10

7
1

1
1
15

8

W2
2

00

(«0

(00

(9 )

W

00

(9)

(00

(9 )

11
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
20

(9 )

•
f

.77

/1.00

/ 8
(00

1
2
3

1

h

14

8

1
7
1
to65
1
3

1
3

.84*
.74*
.50
TO.71
.98*
.93*

to78

4

to.73

21

$1.20*
1.12*

22
23

1.16*

24

3.50
1.66*
5.75

25
26
27

1.11
1.04*
1.08*

28
29
30

T A N N E R Y (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
2
2
4

.

i

1
1

3
2
1

1.08*

31

2.00
1.33*
1.33*

32
33
34

1
1

1.50
1.50

35
36

2

1.50

37

6
1

1
1

h Wages reported for 2 employees only,
i Hours reported for 3 employees only,

not including Xwho receives 75 cents per cord.

i Wages reported for 10 employees only. See notes to details.
jg Average.
l Hours reported for 60 employees only.
toIncluding 2 employees who receive also board, valued at $7 per month.
n Hours reported for 76 employees only,




592

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

I I . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR,
AND NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1900-1901,
1902, AND 1905.

T able

[For explanation and discussion of this table see pages 518 and 514.]
B A K £ B Y , C O N F E C T IO N E R Y , A N D R E S T A U R A N T (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) .
[Data for 1902 are for 1 establishment.]
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age Em­ age
Sex. Em- age
age Em­ age
age
ploy- hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per ees. per
per
ees. per
per
ees. per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Bakers:
Chinese................................... M.
Japanese.................................. M.

1

54 &81.72*

1
1

56
56

o$1.07
a 1.43
a 1.25

Total.....................................

M.

1

54 &1.72I

2

56

Bakers’ helpers:
Chinese...................................
Japanese..................................

M.
M.

54 51.00

1
1

56
56

a.

3

Total.....................................

o.53*

50
o.57

M.

3

54 51.00.

2

56

Confectioners:
Japanese.................................. M.
Cooks:
Chinese................................... M.

2

54

5.86i

2

57

1.25

5.76i

2

56

o.85*

Drivers:
Chinese...................................
Italian.....................................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese.............................

M.
M.
M.
M.

1

1

57

1.00

1

2

54 51.15

70

o.85*

Total.....................................

M.

3

54 51.53|

2

63.5

d.92*

M.

2

54

5.51|

M.

1

54

5.761

House boys:
Japanese..................................
Launderer:
Chinese...................................
Manager:
American................................
Packer:
Japanese..................................
Salesmen:
American................................
Saleswomen:
Hawaiian................................
Stenographer:
American................................
Waiters:
Japanese..................................

3

(o)

54 52.30

M.

1

56

el. 97*

M.

1

57

1.50

F.

2

67

/:95*

F.

1

57

1.00

2

70

o.92*

5
1

53
53

81.30
1.50

2

M.

2

M.

54 51.34*

54

5.86*

B R E W E R Y (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
Bottlers:
American................................
American negro.....................
Chinese....................................
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese...............................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total.....................................
Brewers, assistant:
American................................
Brewer, head:

•

.

1
13

54
54

81.16*
1.16*

11

54

1.66*

6
1
03

53
53
53

1.21
1.25
f/ .88*

M.

25

54

1.38* 016

53

01.19*

M.

1

54

3.83*

2

53

3.54*

M.
8.62*
1 54
a Also board, valued at S3 per week.
b Also board and lodging and washing.
c Irregular.
ill employee receives also board, valued at $3 per week,
e Also board, valued at $5 per week.

1

53

9.58*

'

Am erican......................................

/ 1 employee receives also board, valued at $5 per week,
ff Including 2 boys,




REPOR T OF TH E

COM M ISSIONER O F L A B O R

T able I I .— OCCUPATIONS,

ON H A W A I I .

593

AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

B R E W E R Y (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) —Concluded.
1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees. per
per ees. per
per
ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Brewers’ helpers:
American................................ M.
German................................... M.
Norwegian............................... M.

1
1
1

53
53
53

$2.00
2.00
2.58*

Total..................................... M.

3

53

2.19*

Clerk:
American................................
Collector:
American................................
Engineer:
American................................
Engineer, assistant: N
American................................
Firemen:
Norwegian...............................

M.

1

53

2.87*

M.

1

53

4.79

M.

1

63

$4.93

1

84

4.93

M.

1

63

3.29

1

84

3.29

2

84

2.50

1

53

4.79

1

84

1.75

1

84

1.75

1
1
1
1
1

53
53
53
53
53

5

53

1.45

1

53

2 .0 0

M.

2

63

2.50

Foremen, bottlers:
American................................
German...................................

M.
M.

1

54

3.83|

Ice pullers:
American.............................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese........ .....................
South Sea Islander..................

M.
M.
M.
M.

al
1

54
54

al.50
1.75

1

54

1.75

Total..................................... M.

b3

54

61.6 65

Laborers:
German...................................
Hawaiian_____________ ____
Part-Hawaiian........................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese..............................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

%

Total..................................... M.
Oiler:
American................................

M.

Operatives:
American................................
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................................
Norwegian..............................
Portuguese........ ....................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

2
8
2
2

54
54
54
54
54

3.00
1.81*
1.50
2.50
1.75

17

54

1.97

3

1.50
1 .0 0

1.50
1.50
1.75

Total.....................................

M.

Stableman:
Portuguese..............................

M.

1

53

2.18*

Teamsters:
American................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Norwegian..............................

M.
M.
M.

1
1
1

53
53
53

2.59
2.07
2.87*

Total.....................................

M.

3

53

2.51

a Boy.




b Including

1 boy.

594

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LABOR.

T able I I . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.— Continued.
B U IL D IN G (15 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) .

[Data for 1900-1901 are for 8 establishments, for 1902 are for 9 establishments.]
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Blacksmiths:
Bookkeepers:

Total.....................................
Bricklayers:

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
Sex. Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per ees.
per
per ees.
per
per
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
wee]?. day.
M.

2

53

$3.50

M.
M.

1
1

47
47

$1,914
3.834

1

60

3.331

M.

2

47

2.874

1

60

3.331

5

48
48
48

$5.50

5

2
2

6 .0 0
6 .0 0

1

47
47

6 .0 0
6 .0 0

48

6 .0 0

1
1

47
48

5.00

2
11

48

5.77*

8

47.1

5.87*

M.
Part-Hawaiian.,_____ -....... M.
M.

4
5
14

48
48
48

2.50
2.50
2.14*

12

47

1.50

M.

23

48

2.28*

12

47

1.50

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M. '
M.
M.
M.
M.

30

48

3.984

33

48

3.59*

4.00
3.72
3.00
2.874
4.00

i

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total .................................. M.
Bricklayers’ helpers:

Total.....................................
Carpenters:
American................................
Danish.....................................
English...................................
German.................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Irish........................................
Japanese..................................
Norwegian...............................
Portuguese..............................
Samoan...................................
Scotch.....................................
Swedish..................................

Total.................................... M.

1

9

8
6

4
9

67

48
48
48
48
48
48

48

4.18
4.00
4.50
4.00
2.95

26

1

47

1.50

8

47.5

2.874

47
3
18

1
10

2.97

3.591

47.9
47
48
47
48

1

55

47.8

Carpenters’ helpers:
Filipino............. .....................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Portuguese.............................

M.
M.
M.
M.

6

48

Total.....................................

M.

6

48

Carvers, stone:
English...................................
Italian.....................................

M.
M.

*1

48
48

6 .0 0

2

48

6.50

___ ___ ___
1

3.72

2

7

22

15
2

1
2
2

6 .0 0

47.5 3.00
48
3.14*
48
2.61*
48
2.83*
48
4.00
a49 .5 M.54*
48
3.66*
47.9 2.98*
48
3.50
48
4.00
48
3.00

147 048.3 <*2.82*
1
2
1

1.50

4

47
48
48
48

2.50
1.50
2.50
2.25

1.50

8

47.9

2 . 12 *

7.00

Total.....................................

M.

Clerks:
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................................

M.
M.

1
1

54
48

1 .0 0

Total.....................................

M.

2

51

1 . 12 *

Concrete finisher:
English...................................

M.

1

48

6 .0 0

1.25

Concrete workers:
American................................ M.
Portuguese............................... M.

2

48

5.00

1
1

48
48

3.06*
5.00

Total.....................................

2

48

5.00

2

48

4.03*

a

M.

Hours reported for 23 employees only.
reported for 23 employees only.

b Wages




c

Hours reported for 123 employees only.
reported for 123 employees only.

d Wages

REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR ON HAW AII.
T

able

595

I I . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC. —Continued.
B U IL D IN G (15 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Concrete workers’ helpers:
Polish......................................
Cornice maker:
German...................................
Drillers and blasters:
Japanese..................................
Driver:
Part-Hawaiian........................

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per ees. per
ees.
per ees. per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
2

48

Engineers:
American................................ M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.

4
1
9

a 4.72
53
53
3.50
58.8 51.66*

Total..................................... M.

14

56.8 ^2.67

Engineers, pile driver:
American................................
Part-Hawaiian........................

M.
M.

1

47

$4.00

M.

5

48

1.50
1

M.

48

$2.00

$1.50

M.
M.

1
1

48
48

4.00
4.00

Total..................................... M.

2

48

4.00

Excavators:
Japanese.................................. M.
Foremen, bricklayers:
American................................ M.
English .................................................. M.

27

48

1.10

1

48

7.00

M.
E n g l i s h ..... ................. ........ .................
M.
Japanese.................................. M.
Scotch..................................... M.

8
1

48
48

Total..................................... M.

9

48

Foremen, carpenters:
American................................

1

48

8.00

1

47

7.50

5.31*
7 00

3

48

6.50

2
1
4
1

47.5
47
49.5
48

5.75
6.00
2.43*
5.00

5.50

3

48

6.50

8

48.5

4.03

1

48

5.00

5

54

1.50

48

4.00

Foreman, concrete workers:
American................................

M.

Foremen, excavators:
Part-Hawaiian........................
Portuguese..............................

M.
M.

l

1

48
48

2.50
2.50

2

48

2.50

Total.....................................

M.

Foremen, laborers, road:
Hawaiian................................

M.

Foremen, painters:
American................................
Australian..............................
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................................

M.
M.
M.
M.

2
1
1

47.5
47
48

4.00
5.00
4.00

1
1

49.5

2.50

Total.....................................

M.

4

47.5

4.25

2

48.8

3.25

M.

1

48

5.00

M.

1

48

4.50

Foreman, pavers:
American................................
Foreman, pile drivers:
American................................
Foreman, plasterers:
English...................................

___ ________ ________

M.

1

48

6.00

M.
M.

2

47

6.00

1
1

47
47

7.50
6.90

1

48

6.00

E n g l i s h ..................................................

Total.....................................

M.

2

47

6.00

2

47

7.20

1

48

6.00

Foremen, plumbers:
American................................




al

employee receives also board and lodging,
&1 employee furnished also with house,
oSee notes to details,

B U L L E T IN

596

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LAB O R -

T able I I __ OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
BU IIiTO N G (15 JESTABL.ISHJHENTS)—Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Foreman, stablemen:
American................................
Foremen, stone masons:
American................................

M.

Portuguese...........................

Scotch.....................................

M.
M.
M.

1
1

48
48

$5.00
7.00

Total.....................................

M.

2

48

6.00

1

47

4.00

Foreman, teamsters:
American................................
Foreman, tinsmiths:
Bulgarian................................
Ironworkers:

•

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age.
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per
per ees.
per
ees.
per ees.
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

1

48

$7.00

1

48

7.00

M.
M.

Amerinfl.n............................... M.

Laborers:

Ameriofl/n............................... M.

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
Porto Rican............................ M.
Portuguese............................... M.

Chinese...................................
"English...................................
Hawaiian..... ...........................
Irish............................: ...........
Japanese..................................

2
7

48.7

1.891

3
7
6
24

48
51.6
48
49.3

2.00
1.36
2.00
1.00

48

1

70

$3.00

1

48

3.00

3

5.50
48

1.33*

12

47.9

1.58*

48.2
48
47.9

.98*
1.50
1.73

«34

49.3 «1.37*

6

47.8

1.50

24
1
45

a 81

49.3 al.37*

29

51.3

1.39*

85

48

1.48

52.4
54
48.9

1.11*
1.12*
1.26

23

52.2

1.37

Total.....................................

M.

Laborers, road:
Hawaiian................................
Porto Rican.............................

M.
M.

89
13
21

Total.....................................

M.

123

52

1.14

5

48

2.00

■Portuguese............................. M.

Laborers, rock crushers:
Portuguese............................... M.
Manager, plumber’s establish­
ment:
American................................ M.
Masons:
American................................
German...................................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese...............................

1

47

5.75

M.
M.
M.
M.

15
2
16
20

48
48
48
48

4.93*
4.25
2.43*
3.00

2

48

4.50

4

51

3.12*

Total..................................... M.

53

48

3.42*

2

48

4.50

4

51

3.12*

Masons’ helpers:
Japanese.................................. M.
Portuguese............................... M.

30
15

48
48

1.25
2.00

4

48

1.50

Total.....................................

M.

45

48

1.50

4

48

1.50

Mortar mixers:
American................................

M.

2

47

3.00

Painters:
American................................
American negro.....................
Belgian...................................
English...................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Japanese..................................
Norwegian...............................
Portuguese...............................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

2

48

3.25

1
20
20

1

48

3.50

23

48

2.63

M.

58

Total........................




6

47.5

3.33*

1

47

3.00

47
47.3
47.2

3.00
2.57*
2.62*

19

47
47

3.50
2.72

3

47.2

2.72*

35

1
9

«Including 1 boy,

12
1

47.9
47

3.50
2.50

47.7

2.56*

8

49.5

1.50

48

2.75

7

48

2.78*

47.8

2.90

41

48.3

2.49

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAW AII.

597

T able I I . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
B U IL D IN G (15 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued.
1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees. per
per ees. per
per ees. per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Painters’ helpers:
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Portuguese..............................

M.
M.
M.

1

48

1

48

Total.....................................

M.

Paper hangers:
American................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................

M.
M.
M.

61.66*

2
1
1

48
48
48

81.50
1.50
1.50

1.66*

4

48

1.50

1
4
1

48
48
48

3.50
3.12*
3.50

m

Total.....................................

M.

6

48

3.25

Pavers:
American................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Irish........................................

M.
M.
M.
M.

9
4
4
1

48
48
48
48

2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00

Total.....................................

M.

18

48

2.00

Pile drivers:
American................................
Hawaiian................................
Portuguese...............................
Russian...................................

M.
M.
M.
M.

3
1
2
1

48
48
48
48

2.33*
3.00
3.00
2.50

Total..................................... M.

7

48

2.64*

2

48

6.00

6.00

Plasterers:
American................................
English...................................
Hawaiian................................
Irish........................................
Scotch .....................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

2
2
1
4
1

48
48
48
48
48

$5.50

Total..................................... M.

10

48

5.30

Plasterers’ helpers:
Portuguese............................... M.
Plumbers:
American................................ M.
Trish................................... .......... M.
Portuguese............................. M.
Total..................................... M.

5.00
6.00
5.00
6.00

2

48

6.00

2

48

6.00

2

48

47

5.50

3

47.7

4.83*

1

47

5.50

4

47.5

5.00

5

48

2.00

13
3

47
47

5.00
5.00

5

16

47

5.00

5

47

5.50

Plumbers’ apprentice:
Portuguese..............................
Plumbers’ helpers:
American................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian..................... ...
Portuguese.............................

M.

a1

47

«.66*

1

47

M.
M.
M.
M.

5
1

47
47

1.20
1.00

53
2

47
47

5.94*
2.50

3

47

2.00

1
3
1
1

48
47.7
47
48

1.50
1.83*
2.50
1.25

Total.....................................

M.

6

47

1.16*

58

47

51.73

6

47.7

1.79

3

48

3.16*

2

48

1.50

1
1

48
48

.50
1.50

Sheet-metal workers:
Portuguese.................. *.......... M.
Sheet-metal workers’ apprentices:
Portuguese............................... M.
Shop boys:
Part-Hawaiian............................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.

.57*

Total.....................................

M.

2

48

1.00

Teamsters:
American................................
American negro.......................
Danish..... ...............................
German...................................
a Boy.

M.
M.
M.
M.

9
1
1
1

48
48
48
48

2.66*
2.00
2.00
2.00




6 Including 1 boy.

B U L L E T IN

598

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T a b l e H .—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
B U I L D I N G (15 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Concluded.

Occupation and* nationality.

1905.

1902.

1900-1901.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age Em­ age
age
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per ees. per
per
per
per
per ees.
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Teamsters (concluded):

M.
Japanese.................................. M.
Portuguese.............................. M.

4

48

SI. 50

3
1
7

48
48
48

S2.00
1.25
2.07

M.

4

48

1.50

23

48

2.25

1

47

3.50

i

47

3.00

1
1

48
48

4.00
3.60

Total.....................................
Tinsmiths:
American................................

2

M.
M.
German................................... M.
Hawaiian - ...... ...... ............... M.
Part-Hawaiian.. . _________ M.
Portuguese............................... M.
Spanish , __ ___________________ M.

2
1
3
1

47
47
47
47

2.00
3.00
2.50
2.75

4

47

2.934

4

47.8

3.18*

6

47

3.04

6

47.8

3.374

4

47

1.50

2
2

48
47.5

1.25
1.374

4

47

1.50

4

47.8

1.314

2

84

1.574

2

51

.724

English.........................................

47

S3.75

M.

9

47

2.75 .

Tinsmiths’ helpers:
German................................... M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Portuguese............................... M.

1
1

47
47

1.50
2.00

M.

2

47

1.75

Total.....................................

Total.....................................

Watchmen:
American.................... ^ ___ M.
Water boys:
Portuguese................................. M.
C A R R I A G E M A K I N G (3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).
[Data for 1900-1901 and 1902 are for 1 establishment.]
Blacksmiths:
American..
German___
Hawaiian..
Portuguese
Swedish___

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

3
1

53
53

S4.00
4.00

1
1

53
53

S5.00
4.00

1

53

3.25

1

53

3.25

1
2
1

53
53
53

Total................ .

M.

5

53

3.85

3

53

4.084

4

53

3.374

Blacksmiths’ helpers:
American.............
Hawaiian.............
Portuguese..........
Swedish...............

M.
M.

M.

1
5
3

53
53
53

1.50
1.534
1.554

3
«4

53
53

2.00
a 1.29

6
61

53
53

1.444
6.50

M.

9

53

1.534

«7

53

al.594

o7

53

o l.3 1

1

53

1.724

1

53

5.00

61

53

6.50

53

4.79

1

53

4.00

Total.
Bookkeepers:
Hawaiian
Irish.......
Driver:
Hawaiian................
Foreman, blacksmiths:
American................ .
Foreman, painters:
Chinese....................
Foreman, trimmers:
German...................
Foreman, woodworkers:
English....................
Horseshoer:
Portuguese...............
a including 2 boys.




M.

M.
M.
M.
M.

1

M.

1

53

3.50

1

53

3.00

M.

1

53

4.79

1

53

4.79

M.
M.

1

53

4.41

53

6 Boy.

4.79

1

c

Including 1 boy.

S2.50
3.00
5.00

R E P O R T OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO N ER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

599

T a b l e I I . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
C A R R I A G E M A K IN G (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Concluded.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
pex
per ees.
ees.
per ees.
per
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Horseshoer’s helpers:
American................................ M.
Portuguese............................... M.

1
1

53
53

$3.00
1.334

Total.....................................

2

53

2.164

M.

Laborers:
Portuguese............................... M.
Managerr
American................................ M.
Office boy:
American................................ M.

2

53

1

53

8.624

1

53

1.34

$1.50
1

53

$8,624

Painters:
Chinese...................................
Hawaiian................................
Irish........................................

M.
M.
M.

6

53

1.904

5

53

1.534

1
1
2

53
53
53

2.00
2.50
4.50

6

53

1.904

5

53

1.534

4

53

3.374

a2

53

a .874

1
1

53
53

3.75
5.00

2

53

4.374

M.
M.
M.

1
a2
61

53
53
53

1.664
а.
б.

Total..................................... M.

o4

53

c l. 02

1
2
1

53
53
53

3.50
4.00
2.00

4

53

3.374

1

53

1.50

10

(*)

(«)

Total.....................................

M.

Painters’ helpers:
Hawaiian................................

M.

Trimmers:
American................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Portuguese...............................

M.
M.
M.
M.

1
1

53
53

1.25
.834

62

63

6.914

Total.................................... M.

2

53

1.044

62

53

6.914

Trimmers’ helpers:
American................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Woodworkers:
American................................
English....................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Portuguese...............................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

2
2

53

2.164

Total..................................... M.

4

53

2.96

53

3.75
1
a2

1

53
53
53

4.00
a 1.044
4.00

«4

53

a 2.52

Woodworkers’ helper:
Portuguese............................... M.
C O F F E E P L A N T A T IO N (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
[Data for 1902 are for 2 establishments.]
Cultivators:
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese.............................

M.
M.
M.

1
19
2

60
60
60

$1.00
.77
1.00

Total..................................... M.
22 60
.80
10 (d)
(«)
Dryer:
1 59
Hawaiian................................ M.
$1.00
•
Engineer:
1 59
Japanese.................................. M.
1.50
Hullers:
Japanese.................................. M.
2 59
.69
alncludinglboy.
d Irregular.
6Boys.
e $0.90 per acre per month. 1 man cultivates from 15 to 20 acres.
o See notes to details.




954
50

600

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

O F LA B O R ,

T able I I .—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
C O F F E E P L A N T A T IO N (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) —Concluded.
1902.

1900-1901.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
age Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per ees. per
per
per
ees.
ees. per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Occupation and nationality.

Mechanic:
Japanese.................................. M.
Overseer:
Japanese.................................. M.
Pickers:
Japanese and Portuguese.......
Japanese..................................
Japanese..................................

1

59

$1.25

40
20

(5)
(6)

(d)
(d)

60

(*)

(<*)

M.

6
3

(»)
59

(«)

M.
M.

1

70

1.00

M.

2

(*)

(/)

(a)
m!

60

$1.07*

65

(&)

(o)

(*)

(*)

F.

65

Total.....................................
Planters, contract:
Japanese..................................
Pulpers:
Japanese..................................
Stableman:
Hawaiian................................
Wood choppers*
Japanese..................................

1

.69

E L E C T R I C L I G H T A N D IC E (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).
[Data for 1902 are for 1 establishment.]
Bookkeepers:
American.......
Hawaiian......

M.
M.

1 - 44
1 48

$4.79
3.83*

Total...........

M.

2

46

4.31*

Cashier:
American......

M.

1

48

8.62*

Clerks:
German........ .
Portuguese__

M.
M.

1
2

44
46

1.72*
2.82*

Total...........

M.

3

45.3

2.46

Coal passers:
Japanese........

M.

2

66

M.
M.
M.

2

66

2.87*

1

1

66

1.15

84

1.15

8

66

2.30

1

84

1.15

Cold-storage men:
American.......
Hawaiian.......

$1.34

Total........

M.

Collectors:
Chinese.......
Portuguese..

M.
M.

3
1

44
48

2.17
2.87*

Total........

M.

4

45

2.34*

Drivers:
7 72
Hawaiian...
M.
Engineers:
American...
M.
3 66
3 66
4.60
Engineer, chief:
1 66
1 63
6.90
American...
M.
Firemen:
American...
3 56
2.87*
M.
4 66
a Men, women, and children.
b Irregular.
e Receive 50 cents per cwt. of coffee in berry. Earnings, $0.50 to $2 per day.
^Receive 45 cents per cwt. of coffee in berry, Earnings, $0,45 to $1,12* per day,
« Receive $0.88 per cwt, and house rent,
/$ 2 per cord,




1.97*
3.94*
5.92
2.46*

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAW AII.

601

T a b l e I I ___OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, E T C —Continued.
E L E C T R I C L I G H T A N D IC E <» .E S T A R L I S H M E N T S )—Continued.
1900-1901.

Occupation an d nationality.

1902.

1905.

Aver- Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver- Aver­
Sex. Em- age
age Em- age
age
age Em­ age
pi°y- hours wages ploy- hours wages ploy- hours wages
per
per
per
per
per
>er
week. day.
week.
week. day.
ay.

j

Foremen, cold storage:
American................................
Hawaiian................................
Foreman, construction:
American................................
Foreman, ice factory:
Portuguese............................. .
Foreman, linemen:
American................................
Foreman, wiremen:
American................................
House wireman, electric fitter:
American................................

$3.06*
84
48

5.75

48

3.83*

$2.63

56

3.83*

44

3.83*

44
48

3.50

Ice-machine tenders:
Japanese................................ .
Portuguese..............................

66

1.00
2.00

Total.........., .........................

66

1.25

66

2.87*

Ice pullers:
Japanese.................................
Ice-tank men:
American................................
Inspector:
American................................
Janitor:
Portuguese..............................
Laborers:
Japanese................................ .

72

1.15

44

1.91*

44

1.34

1.00

Linemen:
American................................
Hawaiian................................

48
48

2.50
2.18|

44

2.55

Total................................... .

48

2.29

44

2.55

Machinist:
American................................
Machinist’s helper:
Portuguese............................. .
Meter man:
American................................
Meter men, assistant:
American................................
Meter man’s helpers:
American................................
Office boy:
Portuguese............................. .
Oilers:
Japanese.................................

4.11

Stablemen:
American................................
Japanese.................................
Portuguese............................. .

48

3.45

48

2.49*

66

1.43*

66

2.35
1.15

Total.....................................

1.55

Stenographer:
American................................
Storekeepers:
American................................
Portuguese.............................

48

3.83*

Total................................... .

48

3.83*

Storekeepers’ helper:
Portuguese............................. .
Superintendent, electric - light
plant:
American................................

a Boy,
25—No. 66—06---- 16



63

2.50

44

4.60

44

1.62*

44

.83*

80

L20*

64
56

1.11

62.4

1.35*

44

3.83*

2.35

44

2.30

44

2.30

a1

44

а.

1

48

б. 71

83*

602

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LA B O R ,

T a b l e I I . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
E L E C T R I C L I G H T A N D IC E (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Concluded.
1902.

1900-1901.

Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per ees. per
per
per
per
ees. per
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Superintendent, ice factory:
American................ ............... M.

1 66

Switchmen:
American................................

1

ft A r m a n ..................................................

M.
M.

Tank men:
American................................
Hawaiian................................

M.
M.

Total.....................................

M.

Teamsters, ice wagon:
American................................
Canadian........... ...................
C a r m a n _____________ ____ _______
Swedish..................................

M.
M.
M.
M.

9

Total..................................... M.

9

48

34.47*

2.11

1

48

«7.67

1

63

2.30

84
84

1.97*
1.97*

84

1.97*

2
2
1
8

56
56
56
56

1.97*
1.97*
1.97*

56

2.03*

1

44

2.49

3

1
1
1
6

44
44
44
44

3.19
3.50
3.00

44

3.01

1

44

1.50

1

44

1.60

30.75

1
1
2

Trimmer, arc:
Portuguese............................. M.
Wiper:
Japanese.................................. M.

66

2.58

66

2.58

1 66

1.15

5

48

2.90

5

48

2.90

Wire men:
American................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Portuguese.............................

M.
M.
M.
M.

Total.....................................

M.

Wire men’s helpers:
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Portuguese.............................

M.
M.
M.

3

48
48

1.25
1.58*

Total.....................................

M.

4

48

1.50

'_

1

3

2.22

2.00

F E R T I L I Z E R S ( I E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
Bag sewers:
Jap an ese ................................ F.
Bookkeeper:
G erm an....................................... M.
Chemist:
G erm an....................................... M.
C hem ists helper:
Portuguese.............. ............ M.

6

56

1

53

32.87*

1

56

5.75

1

53

7.67

1

56

9.58*

1

56

1.25

Clerks:
A m erican................................... M.
G erm an ...................................... M.

1
1

56
56

6.75
4.79

2

56

5.27

T otal........................................

M.

Engineers:
A m erican...................................
Part-H a w aiian..........................

M.
M.

1

53

5.75

1
1

72
72

6.39
4.16*

T otal........................................

M.

1

53

6.75

2

72

5.27*

Engine-room m en an d firemen:
Japanese..................................... M.

10

53

1.25

Firemen:
G erm an....................................... M.
Portuguese................................. M.

1
1

72
72

1.75
1.50

T o tal.............................. .

2

72

1.62*




M.

REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

603

T able I I . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
F E R T I L I Z E R S (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) —Concluded.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours
per
per ees.
per . per ees.
per
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week.

Foremen, laborers:
Japanese.................................. M.

6

56

81.61

31.25
1.25

1
35
1

56
56
56

1.25
1.25
1.25

53

1.25

37

56

1.25

1

56

2.49

53

1.50

Laborers:
Chinese................................... M.
Japanese.................................. M.
Portuguese.............................. M.

1
37

53
53

Total..................................... M.

38

3

Lead burner:
Japanese..................................
Overseers:
Japanese..................................
Superintendent, acid department:
German...................................
Superintendent, factory:
fiftrman...................................
Watchman:
German...................................

M.
M.

Aver- age
wages
per
day.

M.

1

53

7.67

1

56

7.67

M.

1

53

11.50

1

56

11.50

M.

1

84

1

84

1.97*

2

52

84.374

i

54

4.00

54
54

4.50
3.75

1.64*

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H I N E S H O P (3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) .
[Data for 1900-1901 and 1902 are for 1 establishment.]
Blacksmiths:
American...................................
Canadian................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
New Zealander .........................
Portuguese..............................
Scotch.....................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total..................................... M.
Blacksmiths' apprentices:
Dutch...................................... M.
German*.................................. M.
Scotch..................................... M.
Total..................................... M.

1

2

53

84.50

1

53

4.25

1

53

4.50

4

53

4.434

1

53

1.664

1

53

1.164

2 . 53

1.414

53 * 84.50

3

53

2.75

1

53

2.00

1
1

5

53

2.95

5

53.2

4.20

1

54

L334

1

54

1.334

51.6
54
54

1.734
2.17
1.914

Blacksmiths’ helpers:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Part-Hawaiian........................ M.
Portuguese............................... M.

6

53

1.64

1

53

2.164

3

53

1.554

2

53

1.414

5
1
6

Total..................................... M.

9

53

1.61

3

53

1.664

12

7
1
3

53
53
53

4.50
4.50
4.50

8

53

4.50

7

52.3

3.854

4

53

2.124

2
5
2

52
54
54

3.374
4.15
2.75

12

53

3.71

16

53

3.75

Boiler makers:
American................................
Canadian................................
English....................................
Hawaiian................................
Irish........................................
Portuguese...............................
Scotch.....................................
Swedish...................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

1

53

4.50

1
1

53
53

4.50
4.50

Total..................................... M.

14

53

4.50

53

%1.86

Boiler makers’ apprentices:
American................................
Hawaiian................... ............
Part-H awaiian........................
Portuguese.............................

M.
M.
M.
M.

6
13
1
1

54
54
54
50

1.14
1.414
1.50
.50

Total............................ .

M.

21

53.8

1.294




B U L L E T IN

604

OF TH E

T able I I __ OCCUPATIONS,

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H I N E S H O P (3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
Sex. Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy hours wages
per
per
per ees.
per
per
per ees.
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Boiler makers’ helpers:
Hawaiian................................
Portuguese.............................
Spanish...................................

M.
M.
M.

32
2
1

53
53
53

$1.59
1.41*
1.66*

13
1

53
53

$1.46
1.16*

20
1

62.4 $1.74
50
1.16*

Total.....................................

M.

35

53

1.58

14

53

1.44

21

52.3

1.71*

53
53
53
53
53

4.50
4.50
3.29*
2.77*
4.50

1

53

3.00

1

50

2.50

1

53

3.00

1

50

2.50

4

54

3.25

1

54

7.00

1

50

6.00

1

54

7.00

Carpenters:

2
1
7 #
*
2

Scotch..........................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M,

Total....................................

M.

14

53

3.65

M.
Scotch..................................... M.

1
1

53
53

1.50
3.50

M.

2

53

2.50

M.

1

53

3.00

M.

1

53

1.33*

M.

1

53

3.00

M.

1

53

1.50

Firemen:
German.................................... M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Portuguese.............................. M.

1
1
1

53 '
53
53

2.00
2.00
3.00

Total..................................... M.

3

53

2.33*

Foremen, blacksmiths:
American................................ M.
English................................... M.
New Zealander....................... M.

1

53

7.00

53

7.00

1

53

7.00

Hawaiian................................

Chippers:

Total ...................................
Coppersmith:
Hawaiian................................
Coppersmith’s helper:
Hawaiian................................
Draftsmen:
American................................
Engineer, stationary:
Swedish........................... ' ___
Engineer’s helper, stationary:
Norwegian...................................

M.

Foremen, boiler makers:
American................................

M.
M.
Scotch..................................... M.

Canadian................._..................

1

1

1

53

53

7.00

7.00

1

53

7.00

2

52

6.50

1

53

7.00

1

54

7.00

M.

1

53

5.25

M.
M.
M.

1

1

53

7.00

1

50

6.00

1

64

7.00

Total.......... ............. ............ M.

1

2

62

0.50

Total.....................................

M.

Foreman, carpenters:
American................................ M.
Foremen, laborers:
American................................ M.
English........ ......... ................. M.
German................................... M.
Hawaiian.................................... M.
Portuguese............................. M.

1

53

4.80

1
2
1
2
2

53
53
53
53
53

2.50
3.00
2.25
3.00
2.75

Total..................................... M.

8

53

2.78

1

53

7.00

Foremen, machinists:
American................................
Scotch.....................................
Foreman, machinists, assistant:
American................................
Foremen, molders:
American...........................
Scotch..................... ...............
Swedish___________ . . . . . . . . .




M.
M.

53

7.00

53

7.00

1

53

7.00

REPORT
T able

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO N ER O F L A B O R

ON H A W A II.

605

H . —OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P (3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Continued.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.*

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees.
per
per ees.
per ees.
per
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Foremen, pattern makers:
American................................
English........................... ___ _
Portuguese...............................
Scotch.....................................

M.
M.
M.
M.

1

53

$7.00

1

53

7.00

1

1

53.

$7.00

53

7.00

Total.....................................

M.

Foreman, warehouse:
Part-Hawaiian........................

M.

Laborers:
African....................................
American................................
Filipino...................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Portuguese...............................
Russian...................................
Samoan...................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

1
7
3
2
90
48
1
1

53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53

1.50
1.33s
1.66|
2.00
1.42*
1.45
2.00
1.66s

M.

153

53

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

14
2

3
1

53
53

3.66s
4.25

Total..................................... M.

31

63

3.95

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
Norwegian............. __.................. M.
Portuguese________ ___________ M.

3
1
3
1
9
1
2
3

53
63
53
53
53
53
53
53

.89
.58s
1.081
1.66*
.88
.91*
.58*
.83*

24

53

1.03

1
4

53
53

.91*
1.41*

Total..................................... M.

23

53

.90

29

53

1.08

Total................................
Machinists:
American................................
Danish.....................................
English...................................
French...................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian................... ...
Irish........................................
Italian.....................................
Norwegian..............................
Polish.......................................
Porto Rican.............................
Portuguese..............................
Scotch.....................................
Swedish...................................
Machinists’ apprentices:
A m e r i c a n ....... ..................
English...................................
German....................................
Guam Islander........................
Hawaiian................................
Irish........................................

1
1

50
54

$6.00
6.00

2

52

6.00

1

64

3.50

2

3
6

53*
53

2.05*
1.80*

4

54
54

2.00
2.00

1.45

9

53

1.89

6

54

2.00

53

3.96s

22

53

4.15

53

5.00

2
6

53
53

4.12s
3.58*

14

53

2.41

1
1

53
53

4.50
4.50

31
1
5
1
1
3
3
1

53.4
54
50.8
54
54
54
52.7
54

3.96
4.00
3.95
4.50
4.00
2.66*
3.66*
4.00

1

i

53

3.00

53

4.25

4

53

2.25

1
4
4
1

54
53
54
50

2.50
3.04*
4.00
2.50

41

53

3.37

56

53.1

3.77

22

54

1.21*

20

54

1.37*

42

54

1.29

•

Machinists’ helpers:
American................................
Hawaiian................................
Hungarian.....................
Portuguese..............................

M.
M.
M.
M.

2
2
1

53
53
53

2.00
2.00
2.00

6
6

62.7
53.3

1.96
2.04

5

52.4

1.88*

Total.....................................

M.

5

63

2.00

17

52.8

1.96*

Messenger:
American................................

M.

1

54

1.00

Molders:
American................................
English...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Irish........................................
Portuguese..............................
Scotch.....................................

M.
»M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

12

53

4.40

6

53

4.08*

6

53

3.30

8

53

2.78

1

53

4.40

3.38*
4.40
3.16*
4.26
4.40

53

4.95

53

3.00

54
50
54
52
54

i

1

3
1
8
2
2
4

54

4.53*

Total..................................... M.

20

53

4.09*

15

53

3.31*

53.6

3.76*




20

B U L L E T IN

606
T

ab le

I I .—

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H I N E S H O P (3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Concluded.

1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Molders’ apprentices:

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
Sex. Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per
per
per
ees.
per
per
ees.
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Portuguese..............................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total.....................................

M.

3

53

.89

«3

53

o.804

40

M.
M.
M.

ii
6

53
53

1.63
1.50

18
10

53
53

1.60
1.584

1
4
6

Total..................................... M.

20

53

1.59

28

53

1.594

11

1

53

.664

1

53 *

3

53

Hawaiian................................

Molders’ helpers:

Office boys:
P<vrt.ngTifise..............................

24

54

a.664

14
1
1

54
50
50

1.514
.50
.664

53.8

1.41

54
61
52

2.08
1.75
1.874

51.8

1.85

1
1

53
53

$1.16*
.50

oi

63

o«1.084

1

53

1.00

a2

53

M.
M.

Pattern makers:

$1.42

1

54

4.50

3

52.7

4.00

3.50

54
50
54
54

3.084
4.50
3.75
4.50

53.2

3.774

M.
M.
M.
Part- FTawaiian - ................ ...... M.
Portuguese............................... M.
Scotch -_______________ M.
Swedish................................... M.

1
1

53
53

4.00
2.50

3
2
1

53
53
53

3.334
4.00
4.00

3

53

3.76

3
1
2
1

Total..................................... M.

8

53

3.564

7

53

3.75

10

.50

Pattern makers’ apprentices:
American................................
Hawaiian................................
Portuguese, r........ ............... .

M.
M.
M.

1
3

53
53

.664
.554

3

53

1.054

7
1

54
54

Total.....................................

M.

4

53

.584

8

54

1.094
1.00
•
1.084

3

53

1.054

Porters:
Hawaiian........ ...................... M.
Portuguese._____ ___________ M.

14
5

53
53

1.74
1.764

19

53

1.744 ***m0r

Total.....................................

M.

Rivet heaters:
Hawaiian................................
Portuguese............................

M.
M.

4
1

53
53

.914
1.00

Total.....................................

.934

M.

5

53

Structural iron workers:
American................................ M.
Norwegian............................... M.

1
1

53
53

3.50
3.25

Total.....................................

M.

2

53

3.374

Teamsters:
Hawaiian................................

M.

3

53

1.50

Warehousemen:
Hawaiian........ _T___________
Part-Hawaiian........................
Portuguese.................... .........

M.
M.
M.

10
2
1

54
54
54

1.684
1.994
1.664

Total.....................................

M.

13

54

1.73

Watchman:
Hawaiian................................
Wiper and oiler:
American negro.....................

M.

1

50

1.664




1

53

M.

a Boys.

2.00

REPORT OE THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR ON H A W A II.
T a b l e I I . — OCCUPATIONS,

607

AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

H A R N E S S M A R I N O (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) .

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per
ees.
per ees.
ees. per
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Harness makers:
American................................
Canadian................................
Hawaiian................................

M.
M.
M.

1
1
1

54
54
54

Total.....................................

M.

3

54

2.664

Harness makers’ helper:
Hawaiian................................

M.

1

54

1.834




L A U N D R Y (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) .

$8.00
2.50
2.50

B U L L E T IN

608

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T able I I . —OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
L A U N D R l (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) - Concluded.

1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Machine hands (concluded):
Porto Rican.............................
Portuguese..............................

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
Sex. Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per ees.
per
per ees.
ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
F.
F.
F.

Total.....................................

1

60

$0,661

o il

60

a.77

1
2

60
60

$0,831
.831

ft20

60

ft.79

8

60

1.311

Manglers:
Porto Rican.............................
Portuguese..............................

F.
F.

c2
c 11

60
60

o. 50
c . 681

Total.....................................

F.

c 13

60

c .651

Markers and sorters:
American................................ M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Portuguese............................. M.

2

60

3.00

1
1
1

60
60
60

2.50
1.831
1.00

Total..................................... M.

2

60

3.00

3

60

1.78

1

60

.831

75
1.331

2

60

.831

041

2

60

.831

Stableman:
Japanese.................................. M.
Starchers:
American................................ M.
Portuguese............................. M.

d1

1

60
60

d.

Total..................................... M.

e2

60

el.

Superintendent:
American................................ M.
Towel boy:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Wringer boy:
American................................ M.

1

60

1

60

.1

60

4.79
.881
1.00

M I L K , C R E A M , A N D B U T T E R (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) .

[Data for 1900-1901 and 1902 are for 1 establishment.]
Band sawyer:
American................................
Band sawyer’s helper:
American................................
Carpenters:
American..
English__
Polish........
Portuguese.
Swedish__
Total
Driver:
Portuguese.
a Including 2 girls,
ftIncluding 3 girls,
o Girls,




M.

1

48

$4.50

M.

1

48

2.50

M.
M.
M.

M.
M.

6
1
1
1
1

48
48
48
48
48

4.081
4.00
3.50
4.00
3.50

M.

10

48

3.95

1

48

1.58

M .

<*Boy.
« Including 1 boy.

R E P O R T OF T H E
T able

COM M ISSIO NER OF L A B O R

ON

H A W A II.

609

I I .—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
P L A N IN G M I L L S (4 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Concluded.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees.
per
per ees.
per
per ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Engineers:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Portuguese........... .................. M.

1

48

$2.00

1

47

$2.25

2
1

48
48

$1.58£
2.00

Total..................................... M.

1

48

2.00

1

47

2.25

3

48

1.72

M.
M.

1

47

5.50

1
2

48
50.5

5.50
5.25

Total..................................... M.

1

47

5.50

3

49.7

5.33*
1.50

Foremen;
• American..*...........................
German...................................

Laborers:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Part-Hawaiian........................ M.
Portuguese.............................. M.

5
«1
65

48
48
48

1.43
a. 8<T
61.28

2

47

1.50

2

48

5

47

1.50

10

49

1.45

Total..................................... M.

c 11

48

ol.31

7

47

1.50

12

48.8

1.46

Machine hands:
American................................
Portuguese..............................

M.
M.

d

48

4.25

1

47

4.00

1
2

48
53

3.50
1.83*

Total.....................................

M.

l

48

4.25

1

47

4.00

3

51.3

2.39

Mill hands:
American................................
Hawaiian................................

M.
M.

a4
1

48
48

al. 00
2.00

Total..................................... M.

db

48

dl.20

1

48

.66

al

53

al.00

1

48

5.00

1

48

1.50

1

48

1.50

1

84

1.75

1

57

e$1.00

1
1

%

e.71*
e. 43

2

CO

e. 57*

57

9.6b

Office boy:
American................................ M.
Planer hand:
American................................ M.
Polisher:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Sticker hand:
American................................ M.
Sticker hand’s helper:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Teamster:
Portuguese.............................. M.
Turners:
American................................ M.
German................................... M.
Watchman:
Japanese.................................. M.

l

48

i

48

i

48

4.50

1

47

4.60

5.00

1

47

5.00

4.00

1

47

1.50

1

47

4.00

P O I F L O U R M A K I N G (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) .

Grinder:
Japanese.................................. M.
Grinder’s helpers:

M.
Japanese.................................. F.

Japanese...........................................

Total.....................................
Slicer and driver:
American................................

M.

a Boys.
&Including 1 boy.
cSee notes to details.
d Including 4 boys.
e Also board and lodging, valued at $3 per week.
/Irregular.
ffBoy; receives also board and lodging, valued at $3 per week.




ffl

B U L L E T IN

610

T able I I . —

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
M I N T I N G , J O B ( 2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).
[Data for 1900-1901 and 1902 are for 1 establishment.]
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Bookbinders:

American.....................................

Total.....................................
Bookbinders' apprentices:

Bookbinders’ helpers:
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Portuguese...................................
Portuguese...................................

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age Em­ age
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per ees.
per
per
per
per
per
ees.
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
M.
M.
M.

2

53 $1.91*

2

53 $1,911

1
1
1

48
50.5
48

$3,331
2.00
3.00

M.

2

63

1.911

2

53

1.911

3

48.8

2.78

M.
M.

1
1

50.5
50.5

.50
1.00

M.

2

50.5

.75

F.
F.
M.
F.

a7

1
63
c3

48
48
48
48

a .68
1.161
61.00
e .581

d 14

48

<*.761

1

50.5

3.331

1

48

2.00

Total.....................................
Bookkeeper:
American................................
Clerk:
American................................
Compositors:
American................................

M.

1

53

2.081

1

53

2.081

M.
2
1
2

53
53
53

3. CO
1.661
2.00

2
1
2

53
53
53

3.00
1.661
2.00

2

48

3.21

7
1

48.7
50.5

2.43
2.081

5

53

2.331

6

53

2.331

10

48.8

2.55

3

48

1.14

M.

1

50.5

4.00

M.

1

48

5.00

M.

1

48

5.831

Linotype operators:
American................................
Hawaiian................................

M.
M.

2
2

48
48

5.381
3.00

Total.....................................

M.

4

48

4.19

1

48

1.00

1

50.5

6.661

American.....................................

Hawaiian................................
Portuguese..................... 1.......

M.
F.
M.
M.

Total.....................................
Compositors’ apprentices:
Hawaiian................................

M.

Folders:
American................................
Hawaiian................................
Hawaiian................................
Scotch.....................................

F.
M.
F.
F.

T ota l...................................
Foreman:
American................................
Foreman, bookbinders:
American................................
Foreman, compositors:
American................................

Linotype operators’ apprentice:
Portuguese............................... M.
Manager:
American................................ M.
Office boy:
Hawaiian................................ M.

1
1
1

53
53
53

.831
.50
.831

1
1

53
53

.50
.831

1

53

.831

3

53

.721

3

53

.721

1

53

.831

1

53

.831

Press feeders:
American................................
Hawaiian................................
Portuguese.............................

M.
M.
M.

1

53

1.661

1

53

1.661

1

53

.831

1

53

.831

Total.....................................

M.

2

53

2

53

1.25

1.25

el
/ 2

60.5 el. 00
60.5 /1.331

<*3

50.5 <*1.22

•

a Including

6Boys.

6 girls.




o Girls.

<*See notes to details.

e Boy.
/ Including 1 boy.

R E P O R T OF T H E
T able

CO M M ISSIO N ER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

611

I I .—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
P R I N T I N G , J O B (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Concluded.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Ave- Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
age Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per
ees.
per ees. per
per ees.
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Pressmen:
American................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Portuguese..............................

M.
M.
M.

1

53 $2.75

1

53 $2.75

1
1
3

48
48
48

$3.50
1.25
2.19*

Total.....................................

M.

1

53

2.75

1

53

5

48

2.26£

48

a. 50

Pressmen’s helper:
Portuguese.............................. M.
Printer’s apprentice:
Hawaiian............................. 77 M.

2.75

al
1

50.5

Bookkeeper:
German.................................... M.

1

48

$4.98$

Carriers:
American................................ M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Part-Hawaiian........................ M.

5
4
2

21
21
21

.60$
.60$
.64$

21

.61

.50

P R I N T I N G , N E W S P A P E R (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).

Total..................................... M.

11

Cashier:
American................................ F.
Clerk:
American................................ M.
Collector:
American................................ M.
Collector, assistant:
American................................ M.

1

48

1.66$

1

48

2.33$

1

48

3.33$

1

48

1.16$

Compositors:
American................................ M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Portuguese.............................. M.

1
2
1

48
48
48

3.33$
3.12$
2.25

.

4

48

2.96

Compositors’ helpers:
American................................ M.

2

48

2.00

Editors:
American................................ M.
Hawaiian................................ M.

1
1

48
48

10.00
3.33$

Total..................................... M.

2

48

6.66$

1

48

6.66$

1

48

4.50

1

48

3.33$

Linotype operators:
American................................ M.
Hawaiian................................ M.

2
1

48
48

5.00
4.00

Total..................................... M.

3

48

4.66$

‘Manager, advertising:
American................................ M.
Manager, business:
American................................ M.
Manager, business, assistant:
American................................ M.

1

48

4.79

1

48

11.50

1

48

6.75

Total..................................... M.

Foreman, compositors:
American................................ M.
Foreman, pressmen:
American................................ M.
Librarian:
American................................ M.




a Boy.

B U L L E T IN

612

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T able I I . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
P R I N T I N G ) N E W S P A P E R (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) —Concluded.
1902.

1900-1901.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per
per
ees. per
ees. per
ees. per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Occupation and nationality.

Office boy:
American................................
Photo-engraver:
Part-Hawaiian........................
Photo-engraver’s helper:
Portuguese..............................
Pressman:
Hawaiian................... ............
Proof reader:

M.

1

48

M.

1

48

M.

1

48

1.081

M.

1

(«)

4.09

Hawaiian__ __________________ M.
Proof reader’s assistant:
Hawaiian................................ M.

1

(a)

3.75

1

48

.831

Reporters:
American................................ M.
Hawaiian................................ M.

3
1

48
48

5.28
1.661

Total..................................... M.

4

48

4.371

1

54

$0.50
3.331

R I C E C L E A N IN G (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
Engineer:
Chinese...................................
Fireman:
Chinese...................................
Foreman:
Chinese...................................
Laborers:
Chinese...................................

M.

1

72 $1.15

M.

1

72

M.

1

72

M.

3

72

$1.73

.761
1.15
.761

1 * 54
6

54

1.341
. .96

R I C E P L A N T A T IO N S (3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).
[Data for 1902 are for 1 establishment.]
Cooks:
Chinese...........
Field hands:
Chinese...........
Foremen:
Chinese...........
Irrigators:
Chinese............
Managers:
Chinese...........
Manager, assistant:
Chinese...........
Partners:
Chinese............
Stablemen:
Chinese...........

10
140

84 c$0.69

79.1

5.58

84

d.82

2

(«)

c .66

2

(«)

«.82

(«)
(a)

c .66

25
4

84

d. 59

1

« Irregular.
b Also board, valued at from $6 to 87 per month.
©Estimate.
d Also board, valued at $6 per month.
€ Also board, valued at $7 per month.
/N o t reported. Also board, valued at $7 per month.




79.8 t>$0.62

6

268

to

REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO NER

OF L A B O R

613

ON H A W A I I .

T able I I __ OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
SO D A W A T E R A N D S O F T D R I N K S (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Bookkeepers:
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
ees. per
per
per ees. per
ees. per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
M.
M.

1

47 $2.30

1

53 $1.72*

Bottlers:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.

5
2

53 $1.33?
53 1.16*

2
2

47
47

1.33*
1.25

3
2

53
53

1.11
1.25

6

53

1.16*

1
1

53
53

2.68*
2.68*

1

53

2.68*

3

53

2.68*

Total..................................... M.

7

53

1.28*

4

47

1.29

Bottle washers:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.

2
7

53
53

1.00
1.00

1
6

47
47

1.00
1.00

Total..................................... M.

9

53

1.00

7

47

1.00

1

53

1.91*

2

53

2.87*

2

47 a 2.68*

2

53

2.09*

2

47

4

53

2.48*

4

47 a 2.43

M.

1

47

1.16*

M.

1

47

6.71

1

53

5.75

i

47 , 1.50

1

53

1.50

Collector:
Hawaiian................................

M.

Drivers:
American................................ M.
English................................... M.
Hawaiian................................ 1 M.
Part-Hawaiian........................ M.
Total.....................................
Machine hand:
Hawaiian................................
Manager:
American................................
Sirup mixers:
American................................
Hawaiian................................

M.

M.
M.

1

53

2.30

2.17*

S T E A M R A I L R O A D S (4 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).
[Data for 1900-1901 are for 1 establishment; 1902, for 3 establishments.]
Accountant:
American................................
Agent, express:
American................................
Agent, freight:
American................................

M.

1

54 $1.91*

M.

1

54

Agents, station:
American................................
English...................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Portuguese.............................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

2

U

3
3

54 h 2.23*
54 cl. 91*

Total.....................................

M.

8

54 J2.03*

1

60 &$6.13*

5.75

1

53

M.

c$1.91*

4.10

11
1

(d)
(d)

1.91
02.87*

7

c60 /2.16

4
1

(d)
(d)

*2.39*
02.68*

2

(*)

(<*)

J2.12*

9

c60 /2.06*

17

1.72*

«1 employee furnished also with house.
&Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance'
in case of accident incurred in service.
c Also lodging.
d Irregular.
e Hours are reported for 3 employees only.
/ 4 employees furnished also with house, and 3 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water,
transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred
in service.
0 And house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and medical attendance.
h 2 employees furnished also with lodging.
1 2 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and
medical attendance.
J See notes to details.




614

B U L L E T IN
T able I I . —

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LA B O R ,

OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

S T E A M RAILROADS (4 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.

1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age Em­ age
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per
per
per ees.
per
ees.
ees. per
week. aay.
week. day.
week. day.

Agents, ticket:
American................................
Hawaiian................................

M.
M.

1

54

$4.79

6
3

(a)
(a)

$1.92
1.64*

Total.....................................

M.

1

54

4.79

9

(a)

1.82*

10

53

1.00
4.50

5.00
1.53*
*3.45

Ballast men:
Japanese.................................. M.
Blacksmiths:
American................................ M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Portuguese______ ___ -....... M.

26

54 $1.00

1

54

4.00

3

53.3

2

54

2.80|

2

53.5 62.97*

1
1
1

53
59
60

&

53.4 63.89

3

67.3 03.33

2

53

2.35

1

53

2.00

2

53.5

2.00

53.3

2.17

1

53

2.00

8

59

1.50

* Total.....................................

M.

3

54

3.20*

Blacksmiths’ helpers:
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Irish........................................
.1apanese______ ___ *________
Portuguese. .............................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

1
2

54
54

£.75*
1.50

Total.....................................

M.

3

64

1.58*

Boatmen:
-Hawaiian.......................... 1__
Boiler maker:
American................................
Boiler maker’s helper:
Irish........................................

M.

1

54

4.50

M.

1

54

1.85

M.

Bookkeepers:
American................................ M.
Australian.................. *........... M.
Portuguese............................... M.

1
1

Total..................................... M.
Bookkeeper, assistant:
German...................................

54
64

5.75
65.75

2

54

65.75

1

59

3.64

1

59

3.64

M.

1

54

64.21*

Brakemen:
American................................ M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Portuguese............................... M.

2

54

1.72*

1
1.50
(«)
16 d59.7 el. 50*
4 / 60
e 1.36*

Total.....................................

M.

2

54

1.72*

21

Brakemen, freight:
Hawaiian................................

M.

13

54
•

1.21

10

53

1.50

Brakemen, passenger:
American................................
Hawaiian................................

M.
M.

3

54

1.50

3
3

54
53

2.00
1.50

Total.....................................

M.

3

54

1.50

6

53.5

1.75

059. S'

ft 1.48

Bridge man:
Japanese.................................. M.
1 84
1.00
a Irregular.
6 1 employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and
medical attendance.
c l employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.
d Hours reported for 3 employees only.
c 2 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, med­
ical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.
f Hours reported for 2 employees only.
0 Hours reported for 5 employees only,
ftSee notes to details.




R E P O R T OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO NER OF L A B O R

ON

H A W A II.

615

T able I I . —OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
S T E A M R A I L R O A D S (4 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Continued.
1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Total.....................................

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy hours wages
ees.
per
per ees. per
per ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Captain, tug:
American................................ M.
Car cleaners:
Japanese.................................. M.
Car inspector:
American................................ M.
Carpenters:
/\mpri <mr>............. ..................
Austrian..................................
Germ an...............................
Hawaiian................................
Irish........................................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese...............................

1902.

6

54 $1.00

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

15

54

2
10
3
17
9
3

• 54
54
54
54
54
54

3.65
2.16*
2.664
1.384
2.38
3.00

M.

59

54

2.404

3.40

1

54

a34.79

1

60

6

53

1.00

6

64.2

1.16

1

53

3.00

1

70

2.55

8

53.3

3.73

3
1

53.7 3.55
60
53.50

o2.00
2.484

7
3

55.6
54

53.3 02.844

14

4

53.5

3
8

54
53

23

535.75

2.424
&1.734

4.134

55.1 «2.764

Carpenters’ helpers:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.

1

54

1.75

2
7

60
60

51.50
51.50

Total.....................................

1

54

1.75

9

60

51.60

1.75

Carpenters, work train:
Japanese..................................
Car porter:
Chinese...................................
Car repairer:
Portuguese..............................
Cashiers:
American................................

M.
2

2

53

M.

1

54

1.34

M.

1

54

2.25

M.

54

1.624

1

54

2.00

M.

2

50.5

5.27

Clerks:
American................................ M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Part-Hawaiian........................ M.

1
1
2

60
59
60

Total..................................... M.

4

59.8 ol.61

Clerk, chief:
German.................................... M.

1

60

5 5.174

Clerks, freight:
American................................
American................................
Hawaiian................................
Total.....................................

M.
F.
M.

1
1

54
54

1.914
1.914

6
6

53.2
53.2

3.13
3.13

5 2.874
1.914
5.824

5

55.2

d 3.374

2

60

5 2.30

7

56.6 03.064

Clerk, lumber:
Hawaiian................................ M.
1. 54 «2.30
Clerks, office:
2 53— 2.584
American................................ M.
1 54 2.49
Irish........................................ M.
Clerk, roundhouse:
1 54 1.914 1 53
American................................ M.
2.11
Clerks, wharf:
American................................ M.
4 54
3.00
a 1 employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and
medical attendance.
5A Iso house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance
in case of accident incurred in service.
o 2 employees lurnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and
medical attendance.
d l employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, med­
ical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service,
e See notes to details.




B U L L E T IN

616

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LA B O R ,

Table I I .— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.— Continued.
STEAM RAILROADS (4 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued.

1900-1901.

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per ees.
per
per ees. per
ees. per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Occupation and nationality.

Conductors:
American............
American negro.
Hawaiian...........
Italian.......... ....

4

Total.
Conductors, freight:
American................
Conductors, passenger:
American.. ...........
Cook:
Chinese...................
Cook, work train:
Chinese...................
Dec}! hands:
Hawaiian................

54

«$3.35!

1

54

3.45

5

54

a 3.371

3

54 $3.45

3

53

3.45

3

54

3.70*

3

53 •

3.831

1

54

1.071

Engineers, donkey engine:
Chinese..........................
Hawaiian.......................
Total.
Engineers, locomotive:
American................
German....................
Hawaiian................
Part-Hawaiian........
Portuguese...............
Total.

•

M.
8

54

4.141

1
4

54

2.821

3

12

54

3.701

18

Engineer, tug:
American__
Engine helpers:
Portuguese..
Engine wiper:
Chinese.......
Firemen, locomotive:
American.............
Hawaiian.............
Part-Hawaiian__
Portuguese...........
Total.

14

1

5

54

1.99

1
7

54
54

2.30
1.751

13

54

1.881

4
12
2
18

53.4 a 4.01
54

01.91!

53.3 a 2.62
53.4

h 3.66!

54

d 4.79

53.3 2.11
53.5 J1.84
53.5

2.10!

53.4 il.93

8
1
2

€0}
dm

$3.35
*1.911
1.681

11 *59.5 / 2.911

1

70

*.82

3

60

*1.50

1
1

59
60

1.50
*2.30

2

59.5 /1.90

8 <*60
1 60
2
(*>)
2 60
5 <*59

/ 3.76!
*3.33!
2.46!
*2.10!
2.57

18 *59.8 A3.08
1

60

3

54

.72

1

59

,1.00

*5.75

6
8

1.71
*1.591

4 *60

*1.66!

18 *59.8 A1.64!

Firemen, shop:
1 53
American............................
1.50
1 54
Portuguese..........................
1.50
Firemen, tug:
1 54
Hawaiian.......................
02.11
1 60
Portuguese..........................
*2.30
a l employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and med.
ical attendance.
b Irregular.
* Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance
in case of accident incurred in service.
d Hours reported for 1 employee only.
e Hours reported for 2 employees only.
f l employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.
9 Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and medical attendance.
h See notes to details.
i Hours reported for 5 employees only.
j 4 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and
medical attendance,
fcHours reported for 3 employees only.
*2 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, med­
ical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.




REPORT

OF T H E

COM M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

617

T a b l e H . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
S T E A M R A I L R O A D S (4 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em- age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy- hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees. per
per ees. per
per ees. per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Foremen:
American................................ M.
German.................................... M.
Hawaiian................................ M.

1
1
1

60
60
60

a $2.30
a 3.50
a 2.00

Total.......... .......................... M.

3

60

a2.60

1

60

a 4.79

1

59

2.49

Foreman, ballast men:
Japanese..................................
Foremen, car cleaners:
American................................
Sw edish................................
Foremen, car shops:
American................................
Irish............................. ..........
Foreman, dredge:
English....................................
Foreman, foundry:
American................................
Foreman, freight handlers:
American................................
Foreman, general:
Hawaiian................................

1

53

$1.55

1

53

2.50

1

53

6.00

M.

1

•54

4.98*

M.

1

54

3.06*

M.

1

54

o3.83*

1

53

2.87*

1

53

2.11

2

53

2.49*

1

53

3.83*

1

53

4.25

53

4.50

M.

1

54 $1.34

M.
M.

1

M.
M.

1

(*)

4.50

M.

1

(*)

3.83*

64

2.50

Foremen, hostlers, locomotive:
American................................ M.
Irish........................................ M.
Portuguese............................... M.

2

54

2.49*

Total.....................................

2

54

2.49*

Foreman, laborers:
Hawaiian................................
Foremen, laborers, yard:
American................................
Irish........................................
Foreman,laborers, yard, assistant:
Irish........................................
Foreman, painters:
American................................

M.
M.
M.
M.

1

54

M.

1

54

3.00

M.

1

54

4.00

American............................... M.

Foremen, pile drivers:

8.83*

German...................................
Swedish...................................

M.
M.

1
1
1

54
54
54

5.00
5.00
6.00

Total.....................................

M.

3

54

5.33*

Foreman, roundhouse:
American................................

M.

1

54

4.79

1

Foremen, section men:
Chinese................................... M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Irish........................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.

1

54

1.72*

10

54

1.63

1
1
1
15

54
o2.00
54
1.72*
1.72*
54
53. S 1.69

15

58.6

1.66

Total.....................................

11

64

1.63*

18

53.4 <*1.71*

15

58.6

1.66

M.

Foreman, stevedores:
Portuguese............................... M.
Foremen, wharf:
American................................ M.
Irish........................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.

6
1

54
54

2.91*
1.50

Total.....................................

7

54

2.71*

M.

1

60

a 3.45

4

53

3.00

2

54

4.00

4

53

3.00

2

54

4.00

a Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance
in case of accident incurred in service.
b Irregular.
oAlso house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and medical attendance.
41 employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and
medical attendance.

25—No. 66—06-----17



B U L L E T IN

618

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LAB O R ,

T able I I . —OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued
STEAM ! R A I L R O A D S (4 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) - Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Foremen, work train:

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age
age Em­ age
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wag'ss
per ees.
per
per
per
ees.
per
per
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
M.
M.

1
1

54 32.30
54 1.34

M.

2

54

1.82

M.
M.
M.
Japanese.................................. M.
M.

3
1
1
15

54
54
54
54

2.874
1.50
2.30
1.014

M

20

54

1.38

M.
M.
M.

3
3
3

54
54
54

1.534
1.47
1.534

7

53

1.534

M.

9

54

1.514

7

53

1.534

Laborers:
Chin aba................................ . M.
Hn.Wii.1ian................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.

53
72

54
54

M.

125

54

Freight handlers:

Total.....................................
Hostlers, locomotive:

Total.....................................

Total.....................................

Laborers, dredge:
American................................ M.
Japanese................................. M.
Swedish.................................. M.

3
8
2

72
72
72

2.56
1.374
3.00

M.

13

72

1.90

Total.....................................

2

54

31.50

31
5

53.4
54

1.174
1.50

13

53.3 31.564

38

53.5

1.234

13

53.3

al.25
al.25

8
94
93

59
1.25
59.9 51.47
60
cl.324

al.25

195

59.9 dl.39

1.564

Laborers, lumber yard:
Chinese................ .................. M.
Japanese.................................. M.

2
1

60
60

ol.624
o 1.50

M.

3

60

ol.584
•*

7
1
6
1

53.9 4.604
54
1.80
54
2.934
o 2.30
60

2

56.5

Total.....................................

Laborers, wharf:
Japanese.................................. M.
Laborers, work train:
Japanese.................................. M.
Laborers, yard:
Japanese.................................. M.

125

54

1.114

36

54

1.00

52

54

1.004

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

3

54

3.57

i
1

54
54

Total..................................... M.

6

54

76

53

1.15

6

53.7

3.96

2

53

3.00

8

53.5

3.72

Machinists’ apprentices:
American................................ M.
Norwegian............................... M.
Portuguese............................... M.

1
1

54
54

1.50
1.25

Total..................................... M.

2

54

1.374

Machinists:
American...............................
Chinese...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part- Hawaiian........................
Irish........................................
Portuguese...............................

2.70
4.004
3.484

17

2.624

54.6 e3.48

1

53

1.75

1

53

1.75

a 31.10 a day; after 3 months, 31.25; after 6 months, 31.50; also house, fuel, water, transportation of
children to school, and medical attendance.
&82 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.
o Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance
in case of accident incurred in service.
d See notes to details.
«1 employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.




R E P O R T OF TH E

CO M M ISSIO N ER O F L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

619

T able I I .—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
S T E A M R A I L R O A D S (4 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality

Machinists’ helpers:
American................................
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................... ’ ...........
Portuguese...............................

$2.00
2.00

al
a1
3

54 a$1.08
a. 90
54
58
&1.53*
55.5 c l. 73*

53.3

2.00

d9

56

<21.50*

2

53.5

6.71

1

54

7.67

7.67

3

53.7 / 6.39

2
1

53.5 6.23
c4.79
60

7.67

3

53.7 / 6.39

3

55.7 c 6.75

1
2

3

53
54
54

5.00
2.15
2.06*

6

53.8

2.58*

1

53

1.25

1

53

1.25

M.
M.
M.
M.

3
1

64 $2.08*
64 1.57*

4

64

1.66*

Total..................................... M.

8

64

1.81

Master car builders:
American................................ M.
Irish........................................ M.

1

(•)

6.71

Master mechanics:
American................................ M.
Portuguese............................... M.

1

(«)

M.

1

(*)

Mechanics’ apprentices:
Portuguese............................... M.
Messenger:
American................................ M.

1

Total.....................................

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per
per
per
ees. per
ees. per
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

54

1
2

54
53

3

4

92

64

9 1.24*

2

53

2.25

1.34

Molders:
American................................
Hawaiian................................
Portuguese..............................
Russian...................................
Scotch .....................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

2

54

4.00

1
1

54
54

2.00
4.00

Total.....................................

M.

2

64

4.00

4

53.5

2.62*

Molders’ apprentices:
Hawaiian................................

M.

2

54

1.50

Molders’ helpers:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.
Portuguese............................... M.

2
2
1

54
64
54

1.85
1.15
2.00

3

64

1.68*

2

63

1.50

Total.....................................

5

64

1.60

5

53.6

1.55

M.

Oner:
Japanese.................................. M.
Oiler, car:
Irish........................................ M.
Oil tender:
Japanese.................................. M.
Painters:
American................................
Chinese...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................

M.
M.
M.
M.

2
1

Total.....................................

M.

3

54

2.03*

Pattern makers:
Portuguese............................... M.
Swedish................................... M.

1

64

Total.....................................

1

64

M.

54
64

1
2
2

53
53
53.5

3.00
2.25
2.12*

5

63.2

2.35

4.50

1
1

63
54

4.50
4.75

4.50

2

53.5

4.62*

1.92*
2.25

1

54

1.30

1

53

2.30

1

(?)

1.15

3

54

2.63*

1

*53

2.20

53.8

2.52*

4

« Boy.
62 employees famished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.
c l employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.
<*See notes to details.
e Irregular.
f l employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and med­
ical attendance,
9 Boys,




620

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T able I I . —OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
STE A J m R A I L R O A D S (4 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per ees. per
ees. per
per
per
ees.
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Pattern makers’ helper:
Portuguese............................... M.

1

54 $2.50

Pile drivers:
American................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Irish........................................
..................................
PnrtngnAste...............................
Swedish........ ..........................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

8
8
1
1
1
1
5

54
54
54
54
54
54
54

2.681
3.50
2.00
4.50
1.25
2.50
2.50

Total.....................................

M.

20

54

2.731

Porters:
American negro . .................. M.
Hawaiian__T_________ _____ M.
Japanese........... .............. ..... M.

1
2
3

70
60
68

Total....................... ........ .

6

65.7 cl. 09

M.

$1,311
<*1.25
5.91

Porters, chair car:
Chinese................................... M.
Porter, station:
Japanese.................................. M.

2

54

1.34

2

53

$1.34

1

54

1.34

1

53

1.34

Road masters:
American................................
Japanese...... ..........................

M.
M.

1

(<*)

5.75

1
1

53
53

6.75
2.871

3 «59.5 /4.341
1 53
2.30

Total............. ....................... M.

1

(<*)

5.75

2

53

4.311

4 057.3 /3.831

Roundhouse men:
American........................ .
Hawaiian................................
Portuguese..............................

M.
M.
M.

1
1
1

63
63
63

1.48
1.231
2:131

Total..................................... M.

3

63

1.611

1

60

<*1.50

1

(*)
60

<*1.00

Sailmaker:
Japanese.................................. M.
Scales man:
American................................ M.
Scavenger:
Chinese................................... M.

1

3.29

Section men:
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese.............................

M.
M.
M.

1
118
3

54
54
54

1.00
1.00
1.111

183

53.4

1.02

162
4

59.8
60

ft. 98
1.271

Total.....................................

M.

122

54

1.001 183

53.4

1.02

166

59.8

ft. 981

Signalman:.
Portuguese.............................
Station masters:
Hawaiian................................

M.

1

54

.96

M.
4 59
.96
a Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance
in case of accident incurred in service.
b 2 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.
o See notes to details.
d Irregular.
« Hours reported for 2 employees only.
/ I employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.
g Hours reported for 3 employees only.
ft10 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, med­
ical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.




REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO N ER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

621

T able H . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE W AGES, ETC.—Continued.
S T E A M R A I L R O A D S (4 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) -Concluded.
1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Stenographers:
American...............................
Part-Hawaiian........................

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
ees.
per ees.
per
per
per
ees.
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
F.
M.

Total.....................................

1

54 $2,874

1
1,

53
54

$3.26
o l.914

1

48

$3.26

1

54

2

63.5 o2.58i

1

48

3.26

2.874

Storekeepers:
American................................
French.....................................

M.
M.

1
1

64 *
53

2.49
3.45

Total.....................................

M.

2

53.5

2.97

Superintendents, wharf:
American................................
Swedish...................................
Telephone operator:
American................................
Track walker:
Chinese....................................
Train dispatchers:
American.................. .............
English...................................

M.
M.

Watchmen:
Hawaiian..................... - .........
Japanese.................................
Portuguese...............................
Russian...................................

M.
M.

1

1
(*)

5.75

53

5.75

M.

1

(6)

1.974

M.

1

59

1.25

3

(*)

3.89

1
7
3

84
81
84

1.15
1.104
ol.81

1

53

5.75

M.
M.
M.
M.

1
1

63
63

01.914
1.724

Total........................ ............ M.

2

63

ol.82

Weighmaster:
American.......... v.................... M.

I

1

(*)

(*)

4.79

11

82.1 ol.30

2.874

Wharfingers:
American................................ M.
Portuguese............................... M.

1
1

54
53

6.71
1.724

Total........................ ............ M.

2

53.5

4.214

Wharf men:
Japanese............. ................ .
Winch drivers:
Hawaiian................................

M.

81

54

M.

6

60

<*2.00

1

60

<*. 75

1.164

Wipers:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.
Portuguese............................... M.

2

54

1.534

2

54

1.724

Total..................................... M.

4

54

1.63

1

60

<*.75

Yard masters:
American................................
Irish........................................

M.
M.

1

(*)

5.174

1

53

5.75

1
1

(6)
(6)

4.93
2.96

Total..................................... M.

1

(*)

5.174

1

53

5.75

2

(6)

3.944

a i employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and med­
ical attendance.
&Irregular.
c l employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical
attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service.
<*Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance
in case of accident incurred in service*




B U L L E T IN

622

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

T able H . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC. —Continued.
S T E A I H S H I P C O M P A N IE S , I N T E B I S L A N D (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )•
[Data for 1900-3,901 are for 1 establishment.]
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
Sex. Em­ age
ploy­
hours wages
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per
per ees.
per
per
per ees.
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Blacksmiths:

M.
Portuguese'.............................. M.

1

53 $5.00

1
1

53 $5.00
53 3.00

M.

1

53

5.00

2

53

4.00

M.
M.
M.

1

53

2.50

Total..................................... M.

1

53

2.50

Blacksmiths’ helpers:
TTfl.wfl.imn................................

1

53

2.50

1

53

1.50

2

53

2.00

M.

6

66 a 1.72*

M.

1

53

Carpenters:
American................................ M.
TTfl.Wfl.iian................................ M.
Portuguese............................... M.

7

53

4.21*

4

53

3.29

1
4
1

54 $4.50
54 2.37
54 3.25

Total.....................................

M.

11

53

3.88

6

54

Clerk, coal:
Hawaiian................................

M.

1

60 63.83*
2.50
(©1
a 60 64.02*
1.93
(°)
<*60 62.72*

Boatswains:
Bookkeeper:

8.33*

Clerks, freight:
American................................ M.
English.................................... M.
Hawaiian................................ M.

1

66 a 2.30

1
2
3

Total.....................................

M.

1

66 a 2.30

6

Clerks, office:
American................................
Clerks, ship:
American................................

M.

2

53

M.

2

66 a 3.37*

2.87

5.75

Clerks, store:
American............. .................. M.
Portuguese............................... M.

1
1

60
60

5.75
1.84

Total.....................................

2

60

3.79*

M.

Clerks, wharf:
American................................ M.
English.................................... M.
Total.....................................

M.

1

66

4.79

1
1

60
60

4.79
2.68*

1

66

4.79

2

60

3.73*

‘

Coal passers:
American................................ M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Irish ..................................... M.

1
1
1

72 al.53*
72 al. 53*
72 al. 53s

3

66 a 1.53*

Total.....................................

B

72 al. 53*

3

66 a 1.53*

M.

Cooks:
• Chinese.................................... M.
Japanese.................................. M.
Spanish.................................... M.

21

(*)

a 1.54

2

(*)

a 1.30*

17
2
1

M

©1.63
« l ! 22*
el. 99*

Total.....................................

23

<•)

a 1.52

20

(c)

el. 60*

1

(*>

a .50

1

/’©')

e.50

M.

Cooks’ helper:
Chinese.................................... M.
Drayman:
Portuguese............................... M.
« Also board.
61 employee receives also board while at sea,
valued at 75 cents per day.




1

60

©Irregular.
a Hours reported for 1 employee only,
©Also board, valued at 110 per month.

1.84

REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

623

T able H __ OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC. —Continued.
S T E A M S H I P C O M P A N IE S , 1N T E R IS L A N JD (3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) -Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Electricians:
American................................ M.
English ..................... .... ......... M.
TT fliinn................................ M.

4

Total..................................... M.

4

63

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total..................................... M.

Engineers, assistant:
American................................
English....................................
Greek.......................................
Hawaiian................................
Portuguese...............................
Scotch.....................................

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy- hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per
ees.
per
per ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
1
1
1

(a)

1.91*

3

*60 <*1.91*

5
2
1

66 *3.72
66 *4.02*
66 e4.02*

1

12
4
1
1
1

66 e4.02*

/72 5 3.92*
g 72 5 3.64*
5 4.02*
54.02*
h 72 54.04

9

66 *3.85*

19

i

j 72
g 72

5 5.07
55.25

(a)

5 4.98*

Je 72

55.10

(a)

53 $1.91*

$1.91*
<‘ i> 51.91*
1.91*

72 53.88

Engineers, assistant, first:
American................................
Engineers, assistant, second:
American................................

M.

7

66 *3.98

M.

4

66 e3.56*

Engineers, chief:
American................................
English....................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................

M.
M.
M.
M.

8
1
1

72 <*$4.62*
72 <*3.83*
72 <*3.83*

15
1
1

66 *5.05*
66 *4.60
66 *4.60

10
3

Total..................................... M.

10

72 <*4.46*

17

66 *5.00

14

1

72 *1.53*

1
5

66 * 1.91*
66 *1.75

1
2
1
1
1

(a\
(a)
(a)
(a)

11.91*
1 1.75
*1.75
*1.91*
*1.75

1

72 el. 53*

6

66 el. 77*

6

(«)

*1.80*

1

(a)

7.67

42
1

(a)
(a)

*1.34
* 1.32*

2

(a)

*1.32*

2
1

(a)
(«)

*1.33*
*1.32*

48

(«)

*1.34

Engineers, donkey engine:
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese...............................
South Sea Islander..................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M,

Total.....................................

M.

Engineer, port:
Scotch..................................

M.

Engineers, steamship, second:
American................................
English....................................
Greek.......................................
Scotch.....................................

M.
M.
M.
M.

5
2
1
1

72
72
72
72

1

*3.45
*3.83*
*3.83*
*3.83*

Total.....................................

M.

9

72 *3.62

Firemen:
American................................
Chinese...................................
English.......... ........................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Irish................................ / . . . .
Japanese..................................
Swedish....................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

3
14

72 *1.72*
72 *1.49*

1

72 el. 72*

2
2

72 *1.72*
72 *1.72*

1

72 *1.72*

Total.....................................

M.

23

72 *1.58*

12
28

40

66 *1.72*
66 el. 42

66 el. 51*

a Irregular.
b Also board, valued at $25 per month.
0 Hours reported for 1 employee only.
<11 employee receives also board, valued at $25 per month.
« Also board.
/ 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 8 employees only,
fir9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 1 employee only.
*9 hours per day while in port.
1 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 10 employees only.
J9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 5 employees only.
*9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 6 employees only.
v l Also board, valued at $10 per month.




B U L L E T IN

624

OF T H E

T able I I . — OCCUPATIONS,

BUREAU

OF

LA B O R .

AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

S T E A M S H I P C O M P A N IE S, IN T E R IS L A N D (3 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued.
1900-1901.

Occupation an d n ationality.

Forem an, stevedores:
H aw aiian ......................................... M.
Laborers:
Haw aiian 1 . . . . _____________ M.
Laborers, carpenters’:
M.
Laborers, shop:
C hinese......................................

1902.

1

53

$5,361

(a)

M.
M.
M.
M.

61

53

6.831

Part-Hawaiia**______ - -.......
Jap an ese . . . . . . ...... ................. ..

61
4

53
53

6.83*
<*1.00

T o tal........................................

M.

<*6

53

<*.944

Pn rt.-TTn.w*vnfln , T, , , , ,
_______
Portuguese.......................................

M.
M.
M.

1

63

4.00

T otal ...............................................

M.

1

Machinists:

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per
ees.
ees.
per
per
p er
ees.
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

.

53

4.00

M achinist, assistant:
H aw aiian _______ _____________ M.

66

(a)

3

53

$1.75

2
1

53
53

1.414
1.15

3

53

1.324

1

53

4.984

1

53

4.984

1

53

2.684

1

54

$2.99

1

54

3.25

2

54

3.12

Machinists’ helpers:
C h i n e s e _____ ____________ M.
Jap an ese______ r___________ M .

1
1

53
53

1.724
1.25

2

54

1.324

T o tal____________________ M.

2

53

1.484

2

54

1.324

Masters:
A m erican .........................................
D u tc h .. .............................................
E n g lish .................- .....................
Herm an ___ _______ _____
H a w aiian ___ ____ _____ ____
Part- H aw aiian ...............................
Irish ...............................................
N orw egian________________
Not rep o rted.......................... .

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

7
1

4

66

<*5.364

T o tal........................................

M.

16

66

<*5.614

1

66
66
66

<*5.584
<*5.75
<*5.75

7

<*72 Z5.844

1

ifflO

1
2
3

66

<*5.94
2

1

Master, port:

American ................................... M.
Master, port, assistant:
H aw aiian ................................... M.

Mates, first:
A m erican...................................
E n g lish .......................................
G erm an.......................................
H aw aiian...................................
P art-H aw aiian..........................
Norwegian ______ ______ ___
R u ssian ......................................
Not reported ..............................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

7

9

66

<*3.364

T otal........................................

M.

17

66

<*3.43

1

66

66

<*3.46

<*3.834

14

(g\
(flr)

>5.75
/ 5 . 75

*72 / 5.794

1

00

9.584

1

00

4.79

6

j 72 Z3.454

2
2
2

72 /S . 644
/ 3 . 45
Z3.834
%

1
1

(flr)

14

a Not reported.
&Boy.
«*Also board.
<?See notes to details. •
e 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 5 employees only.
/A ls o board, valued at $25 per month.
e Irregular.
h 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 1 employee only.
i 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 6 employees only.
5 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 3 employees only.
* 9 hours per day while in port.




f 5.75
/ 5.75
a 72 / 5.744

(flr)

h

(ff)

>3.45
/3 .4 5

*72 Z3.534

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII.
T

ab le

I I .—

625

OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.— Continued.

S T E A M S H I P C O M P A N IE S, IN T E R IS L A N D (2 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation an d nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age . age Em ­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees.
per
per
per
per
ees.
per
per
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Mates, second:
A m erican...................................
E n g lish ......................................
H aw aiian...................................
Part-H a w aiian..........................
I r i s h ............................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

T otal........................................

7

66 <*$2.911

8

66 a 2.30

M.

15

66 a 2.581

Mates, third:
Part-H aw aiian..........................
R u ssian......................................
Swedish......................................

M.
M.
M.

1

66 a 1.721

1

66 a 1.721

2

66 a 1.721

4
1

66 a 1.721
66 a 1.721

T otal........................................

M.

Oilers:
A m erican...................................
G erm an......................................
H aw aiian...................................
I r i s h ...........................................

M.
M.
M.
M.

4
1
2

72 <*1.721

2

66 a 1.721

T otal........................................

M.

7

72 <*1.721

7

66 a 1.721

P antry m en:
C hinese......... .............................

M.

Pursers:
A m erican...................................
E n g lish ......................................
H aw aiian ...................................
Part-H aw aiian ..........................

M.
M.
M.
M.

6

66 a 3.07

8
1

T otal........................................ M.
Quartermasters:
A m erican...................................
A m erican n e g ro .......................
A u stralian .................................
E n g lish ......................................
F ilip in o .......................................
G erm an.......................................
H aw aiian ...................................
Jap an ese.....................................
N orw egian.................................
P o rtu g u e se ................................
S panish.......................................
S w ed ish .....................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

T otal........................................ M.

72 <*$1,721
72 <*1.721

3
2
6

%

3

(d)

14

572 c$2.911
e 2.871
c 2.891
0 2.871

J72 o2.89

1

(*)

o2.49

1

(*)

0 2.49

2

(d)

9 1.721

2

w>

9 1.721

4

(<*)

<71.721

2

(<*)

01.161

10
2
1
2

{d)

66 a 2.341
66 <*4.831

(d)

(d)

0 2.681
0 2.601
o 2.30
C4.051

15

66 <*2.80

15

(<*)

<•2.83

1

66 a 1.831

2

1
1
2
3
1

(d)
(d)
(d)
(d;
(d)
(d)

01.331
01.331
o l.l5
01.241
01.331
o l.l5

2
1
2
1
1

(d)
(dj
(d)
(d)
(d)

ol. 331
o l. 15
cl.331
01.331
01.15

(<*)

ol.28

a 1.241
a 1.331
<*1.331
a 1.331

16
1
1
3

66
66
66
66

22

66 a 1.27

17

(d)

Sailors:
A m erican...................................
H aw aiian ...................................
Japanese.....................................
South Sea Islan d er...................

M.
M.
M.
M.

259
115

66 a 1.10
66 a 1.091

1
231
93
1

5 72 5.831
572 i 1.00
5 72 i .951
572 5.831

T otal........................................

M.

374

66 <*1.10

326

5 72

5.981

a Also board.
5 9 hours per d ay w hile in port,
c Also board, valued a t $25 per m onth.
dIrregular.
e 9 hours p er day w hile in port. Hours reported for 3 employees only.
/ 9 hours per day w hile in port. Hours reported for 6 employees only,
a Also board, valued a t $10 per month.
5 Receive $1.50 per day w hile in port; receive also board, valued a t $10 per m onth.
i Receive $1.50 per day w hile in port; receive also board, valued a t $10 per m onth; 29 employees
act as petty officers w hile a t sea.
j Receive $1.50 per day w hile in port; receive also board, valued a t $10 per m onth; 6 employees act
as petty officers w hile a t sea.
ft See notes to details.




626

B U L L E T IN
T able

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LA B O R ,

I I ,— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

S T E A M S H I P C O M P A N IE S , 1 N T E R I S L A N B (2> E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Concluded.

1900-1901.

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ploy­ hours
per
per
per
ees.
per
per
per
ees.
ees. week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Occupation an d nationality.

Shipwright:

M.
Statistician:
Amfirinfm................................... M.
Stenographer:
P.
M.
Stevedores:

1

53 83.384

1

53

M.
M,
M.
Portuguese................................. M.

24
6
22
9

53 82.00
53 2.00
53 1.00
53 2.00

T otal........................................

M.

61

53

Stewards:
C hinese......................................
East In d ia n ................................
Jap an ese.....................................
Portuguese.................................
S p an ish......... .............................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

14
1
1
2

T otal........................................ M.

18

P art-H aw aiian. - __________

Steward, port:
A m erican...................................
Stock keeper:
P art-H aw aiian..........................
S uperintendent, engineers:
* A m erican...................................
Superintendents, wharf:
A m erican...................................

1

60 87.67

1

60

3.834

2.30

1.64
66 a 1.68
66 «2.00

15

(*)

cl. 704

66 a 2.00
66 a 2.07

1
1
2

(&)

(b)

(6)

c l. 164
c l. 664
c l. 82

66 a 1.76

19

(*)

c l. 684

(*)
(*)

c.964
c .994

1

(b)

2.30

M.

1

M.

2

(*)
d 66

8.624

M.
M.
M.
M.

24
11
2

(*>
(b)
(6)

a 1.014
a 1.054
«1.00

24
1
2

(*)

c .994

T otal........................................ M.

37

(*)

a 1.024

27

<*)

c.97

Waiters:
C hinese................ - ....................
Japanese.....................................
P o rtu g u e se ...............................
S p anish......................................

M.
M.

1

53

2.874
9.584

W atchm en:
A m erican...................................
G erm an......................................
Norwegian.................................
Portuguese........................ ........

M.
M.
M.
M.

1
1
1
1

84 2.144
84
.984
84 1.974
72 «1.00

T otal........................................

M.

4

81 / 1.524

S T O C K R A N C H E S (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) .

[Data for 1902 are for 3 establishments.]
Blacksmith:
Part-Hawaiian........................ M.
Bookkeeper:
Part-Hawaiian........................ M.
Butcher:
Chinese................................... M.
66 81.15
1
Carpenter:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Cook:
Chinese.................................... M.
70
1
.724
a Also board.
Mrregular.
c Also board, valued at 825 per month.
&Hours reported for 1 employee only.
« Also board, valued at 810 per month.
/ 1 employee receives also board, valued at 810 per month.
0 Also beef and poi.
AAlso beef.
1 Also house a n d board, valued a t 810 per m onth.




1

60 080.96

1

60 03.834

1

60

h.

l

70

*.66

96

REPORT

OF T H E

COM M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

627

ON H A W A I I .

T able II.—
OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
STO C K R A N C H E S

(2

E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
1900-1901.

Occupation and nationality.

Cowboys:
Hawaiian................................

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees. per
per
ees. per
per ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
M.

Dairymen:
Chinese................................... M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.

1
1

77

c$1.16

77

cl. 15

28

a 84

1
5

84
(«)

d.82
/ . 70*

6

9 84

h.

6$0.77

Total.....................................

M.

Fence men:
American................................
Hawaiian................................

M.
M.

1
5

(«)
fir60

1.00
*.85*

Total.....................................

M.

6

fir60

*.87*

M.

3

9 84 j

M.

1

(•)

fcl.34*

M.

1

(«>

fcl.31*

M.

1

(•)

fcl.92*

M.

1

(«)

fc.69

M.

1

(•)

3.29

M.

1

(•)

*1.31*

M.

1

M.

1

ft. 69
(•)
60 frl.34*

M.

4

M.

1

•*.62*
(«)
70 m .46

M.

2

60 m.42*

M.

39

Foremen, cowboys:
Hawaiian................................
Foreman, fence men:
Hawaiian................................
Foreman, foresters:
German...................................
Foreman, horse boys:
American................................
Foreman, land cleaners:
Hawaiian................................
Foreman, sheep herders:
English...................................
Foreman, teamsters:
German...................................
Forester:
Part-Hawaiian........................
Harness maker:
Hawaiian................................
Horse boys:
Hawaiian................................
House boy:
Japanese................ .................
Laborers:
Japanese..................................
Land cleaners:
Japanese..................................
Overseers:
American............................1..
Hawaiian................................
Irish........................................

M.
M.
M.

1
4
1

84
3.29
64.3 ol.09*
60
1.15*

Total.....................................

M.

6

66.8 ol.47

60

72*

l. 28

w.69

Shearers:
Hawaiian................................ M.
39 72
cl. 00
a Hours reported lor 11 employees only.
&Including 1 boy. 16 employees receive also beef and poi; 6 furnished also with house and board,
valued at $10 per month; 5 receive also food when on the mountain.
cAlso board.
d Also house and board, valued at $10 per month.
«Irregular.
/ Also house, beef, and rice.
g Hours reported for 1 employee only.
h See notes to details.
*3 employees receive also beef and poi; 1 is furnished with house and board, valued at $10 per
month.
i 2 employees receive also beef and poi, and 1 is furnished with house and board, valued at $10
per month.
fcReceive also beef and poi.
i Also house.
m Also house and board, valued at $10 per month.
«Also house and beef.
o l employee receives also board.




B U L L E T IN

628

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

Table I I . —OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC. —Continued.
S T O C K R A N C H E S (2 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Concluded.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age Em­ age
age
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
hours
wages
ploy­
hours wages
ploy­ hours wages ploy­
per ees.
per
per
per
per
per ees.
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Sheep herders:

M.
M.
M.
M.
Total..................................... M.

(a)

.92*
1.00

5

(a)

.98*

Stablemen:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.

2
2

(a)
(a)

&.57*
o.69

Total.....................................

M.

4

(a)

<*.63*

Stock herders:
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................................
Japanese______ ____________
Portuguese...............................

M.
M.
F.
M.

Teamsters:
German.................................... M.
Hawaiian............. .................. M.

1
2

(a)
(a)

01.00
0.84*

53
14
2
1
- 70

Total.....................................

83.2
70
70
70
80

(a)

88

(a)
(ai

d *

2
1
1
1

Hawaiian................................
Japanese.. . ___ __________
Portuguese.............................

.65*
.33
.79
/.52|

M.

3

(«)

0.89*

Yard boys:
Chinese................................... M.
Japanese.................................. M.

1
4

%

0.23
*. 62*

M.

5

A70

<*.54*

Total.....................................

Total.....................................

S T R E E T R A I L W AIT (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ).
Blacksmith:
Portuguese...............................
Blacksmith’s helpers:
Portuguese...............................
Bookkeeper:
American................................
Car cleaners:
Chinese...................................

M.

1

54

33.00

1

54 $3.00

M.

2

54

1.50

1

54

1.75

M.
M.

1

48

5.75

2

54

1.25

3

54

1.27*

Carpenters:
American................................
Canadian................................
Scotch.....................................

M.
M.
M.

1

54

4.00

1
1

54
54

4.79
3.50

Total.....................................

M.

1

54

4.00

2

54

4.14*

M.
English.................................. M.

1

77

2.46*

1

77

3.29

Car receivers:
American................................

Cashier:
Scotch.................................... M.
63 4.93
1
a Irregular.
&Including 1 boy. Receive also beef and poi.
c Also beef.
<*See notes to details.
e Including 2 boys; receive also board.
/Including 2 boys; 63 employees receive also board.
a Also beef and poi.
h Hours reported for 1 employee only.
i 1 employee furnished also with house and board, valued at $10 per month, and 3 receive also beef.




R E P O R T OF T H E
T able

COM M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

ON

629

H A W A II.

15.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE W AGES, ETC.—Continued.
S T R E E T R A I L W A Y (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) —Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per ees.
ees. per
per ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Conductors:
American ................................
Canadian................................
Danish.....................................
English...................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Irish ........................................
Norwegian..............................
Portuguese...............................
Scotch.....................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

24
1

Total.....................................

M.

Draymen:
Portuguese...............................
Electrician:
American.................................
Engineers, civil:
American................................
Engineer, civil, assistant:
Portuguese..............................

M.

2

M.

63 $2.70
63 2.70

3
1
3
1

63
63
63
63

2.70
2.70
2.70
•2.70

2

63

2.70

28
1
2
4
2
4
2
1
2
4

63 $2.70
63 2.70
63 2.70
63 2.70
63 2.70
63 2.70
63 2.70
63 2.70
63 2.70
63 2.70

35

63

2.70

50

63

2.70

54

1.50
1

63

5.75*

M.

2

54

3.89*

M.

1

54

2.50

Engineers, power house:
American................................ M.
English................................... M.

1
1

63
63

2.46*
4.11

2

63

3.53*

2

63

3.53*

1

56

5.92

2

63

2.46*

1

54

1.50

Total.....................................

M.

• 2

63

3.28*

Engineer, power house, chief:
American................................
English................................ .

M.
M.

1

56

6.00

M.

1

54

3.50

M.

2

63

2.46*

M.

1

54

1.25

Engineer, rock crusher:
American................................
Firemen, power house:
American................................
Fireman, rock crusher:
Japanese
___________
Foreman, linemen:
American................................
Foreman, rock crusher:
Part-Hawaiian_____________
Foremen, shop:
American ................................
Foreman, track:
American ................................
Laborer:
PoTtngnese_______ _________
Laborers, rock crusher:
Japanese.................... ....... ....

M.

1

54

6.71

M.

1

54

3.50

M.

2

70

3.61*

M.

1

63

6.00

M.

30

54

1.00

Laborers, track:
American................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.

6
104

54
54

1.75
1.50

M.

Total..................................... M.

110

54

1.51*

Linemen:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Swedish................................... M.

1
3

54
54

3.00
2.83*

2

54

2.78

Total..................................... M.

4

54

2.87*

2

54

2.78

Machinists:
American................................ M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Swedish................................... M.

2
1
3

70
70
70

2.JJ0*
2.46*
2.96

2

70

3.61*

3

70 . 2.74

Total..................................... M.

4

70

2.50*

5

70




3.09

630

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

T a ble II.—
OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
S T R E E T R A I L W A Y (1 E S T A B L I S H M E N T ) —Concluded.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Machinists’ helpers:
American................................
Danish.....................................
German...................................
Portuguese.............................

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver- ‘
age
age Em­ age
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per
ees. per
per
ees. per
ees. per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
M.
M.
M.
M.

1

Total..................................... M.

1

70

70 $1.50

1
1
1

70 $1.97*
70 1.64*
70 1.64*

1.50

3

70
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
‘ 63
63

2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70

1.75*

Motormen:
American................................
Danish.....................................
English...................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Irish........................................
Portuguese..............................
Scotch.....................................
Swedish..................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

22

63

2.70

1

63

2.70

3

63

2.70

1
1

63
63

2.70
2.70

28
1
1
7
4
4
1
3
2

Total.....................................

M.

28

63

2.70

51

63

2.70

2

54

1.05*

4

6

1.50

2

54

3.70*

Office boys:
Chinese................................... M.
Oilers, track:
Portuguese............................... M.
Painters:
American................................
Canadian................................

M..
M.

1

Painters’ helpers:
American................................
Hawaiian................................

M.
M.

Total.....................................

M.

54

4.00

1

54

1.50

1
1

54
54

2.00
1.00

1

54

1.50

2

54

1.50

1

54

2.50

1

64

1.50

1

48

4.79

1

70

6.67*

1

70

3.61*

5

54

1.65

2

63

1.12*

Stableman:
American................................ M.
Stableman’s helper:
Portuguese............................... M.
Storekeepers:
Canadian................................
English...................................

M.
M.

Superintendents, general:
Scotch.....................................
Swedish...................................
Superintendent, linemen:
American................................
Superintendent, track:
American................................
Timekeepers:
American................................
Scotch.....................................

1

48

4.79

M.
M.

1

70

4.93

M.

1

54

6.71

M.

1

63

4.11

M.
M.

1

70

2.96

63

1.25

Track repairers:
Portuguese............................... M.
Wipers and oilers:
Japanese.................................. M.

1

S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (SB E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ).
[Data lor 1900-1901 are for 38 establishments and for 1902 for 55 establishments.]
Bag sewers:
Japanese..................................
Portuguese...............................

F.
F.

7
1

72 $0.50
72
.50

Total.....................................

F.

8

72




.50

REPORT

OF T H E

COM M ISSIO NER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A II.

631

T a b l e I I . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Blacksmiths:
American
Canadian
Chinese..
English..........
French............
German..........
Hawaiian.......
Part-Hawaiian
Irish...............
Japanese...............
New Zealander__
Norwegian............
Polish...................
Porto Rican..........
Portuguese............
Russian................
Scotch..................
Swedish................ .
West Indian negro
Total................
Blacksmiths’ helpers:
American.............
Chinese................
French................ .
German................
Hawaiian.............
Part-Hawaiian__
Hawaiian, white.
Japanese............. .
Polish...................
Porto Rican........ .
Portuguese..........

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em- age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy- hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
ees. per
ees. per
per ees. per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

15
1
1
1
1
5
1
4
1
14
1

59.8 $3.72
3.65|
59
60
1.00
60
4.611
60
4.57*
59.4 3.47
62
2.69
59.5 2.94*
60
3.75
59.9 1.50
60
4.00

M.

4

59.3

2.08*

M.
M.

8

59.6

2.37*

M.

18

60

a$3.82*

1
1
1
5
9
3

60
60
60
60
60
60

1.53*
4.60
4.56
3.22
2.12
2.39

60

1.63*

10

2.40
1.72*
.89*
2.61*

1

12

60

4.16

10
1
1

60
60
60

4.33
1.91*
.92*

M.

69

59.8

3.00*

82

60

a 2.81*

1
2
1
3
3
1
1
68
2

60
60
60
63
60
59
59
59.7
60

1.00
.85*
1.15*
.84*
.97
.96
.57*
.88
1.00

2
1

60
60

.84*
1.25

2
5
1

60
60
60

1.32* /2
1.14 /15
.84*
1

71

60

2
1.06* 016

60
60

.91* 0100

60

0.98*

M.

M.
M.
M.
M.

60
59.8

Blacksmith and carpenter:
Hawaiian................................
Blacksmithand carpenter’s helper
Part-Hawaiian........................

M.

1

59

1.50

M.

1

59

1.00

Boatmen:
Hawaiian.
Portuguese

M.
M.

10

60

M.

10

60

Total.

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

5
2
1

59.4
59
60

1
4
1

59
59
60

M.

14

59

d 3.07

.80

59
f . 6 7*
59.7 /1.20
60
1.00
.99*

59.4

*1.00

2.00

15 J59.4
1 59

1.81
1.75

2.00

16 *59.3

1.80*

3.75

m 5.50

1
6
1

54
60
60

m6.00
1.58*
»»5.00
i 3.56*

1 5.52*

4 1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month.
« Hours reported for 60 employees only.
/Including 1 boy.
^Including 2 boys.
A Including 4 boys.
I See notes to details.
/H ours reported for 5 employees only.
A Hours reported for 6 employees only.
*3 employees receive also bonus.
Also board.

«1 employee receives also board.

1.50
59
58.7 2.97
59
2.00
59.3 <*4.25

1.00
*.84*

60.8

59.8

1.54
2.37*

62
59.3

60

13

60.8

6$. 3

1

59.3 «4 .16

4.03*
1.83
2.63

62

62 «59.7
2

4.60

84

4

2.18*
6.77

59

$4.13*

1
.94*
01.07* *12

.95

5.11
4.50
3.69

a 2 employees receive also a bonus.
b Hours reported for 7 employees only.
e Hours reported for 3 employees only.




i
9
1
12

M.
M.
M.

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

59.4

4 59
8 560.6
4 0 60.3

60
60
60
60

98

Total.

1

2
1
1
10

16

Boiler makers:
American.......
English..........
Hawaiian........
Part-Hawaiian,
Irish................
Japanese........ .
Scotch.............

11

18

M.

Total.

1905.

i 117

<*5.00

1

48

1

60

3.83*

1

59

i.50

3

55.7 <*3.44*

632

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

Table I I .—OCCUPATIONS,

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.— Continued.

SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued.

1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
Sex. Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per
per
per
per ees.
per ees.
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Boiler makers’ helpers:

M.
Japanese.................................. M.
M.

3
53
2

58.7 31.334
59.7 1.174
60
.924

5
25

60
60

31.074
1.17

7

54.3

30.88

Total.....................................

M.

58

59.7

1.174

30

60

1.154

7

54.3

.88

Bookkeepers:
American................................
American............. ...................
Australian..............................
Canadian................................
Danish.....................................
English...................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Hawaiian, white.....................
Irish........................................
Japanese..................................
New Zealander.......................
Norwegian........................ .
Polish......................................
Scotch___1..............................
Swiss........................................

M.
F.
M.
M.
M.
•M.
M.
M.
M.
F.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

55.84
4.214
5.75
6.184
5.75
6.134
5.704

31

60

o 5.714

24

60.4

5.85

1
4
1
10
4

60
5.75
60
5.864
5.75
60
60.6 / 5.404
5.51
63

1
4
1
9
6
1

62
59
60
60.8
63.5
60

5.75
6.824
6.71
5.11
4.31
2.30

60

5.364

1

59.5

8.624

59

60

1
1
1
4.984 . io

59.2

4.79
3.834
6,56
6.02

60 J60.4

5.624

Total.....................................

H

2 e72
1 (d)
1 65.3
1 72

4.214
5.764
5.364
3.45

5 «67.7 95.134
1
6.39
(<*)
43 A70

Bookkeeper and superintendent
store:
Scotch..................................... M.
Bookkeepers, assistant:
American................................
Canadian................................
Danish.....................................
English...................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Hungarian...............................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese..............................
Scotch.....................................

16 a72
(d)
1
1
4
(<*
1
(dr
5 e72
4
(<*)

1

(<*)

<5.52

1

6
58

60.3 <5.574

(d)
60

7.67

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

8 *72
""
1 (d)
6 <*68

4.79
3.384

2
1
1

72
72
72

1.724
2.874
2.874

2
4

e72

(<*)

1.574
62.004

Total..................................... M.

25 J>71

62.914

25 960

<3.06

3.424

58.7 »»3.49
13.09 ml5
5.75
4.79
4.79
' 59
1 69
3.45
4.60
4 59.6 3.734
2.584
2 59.5 1.914
2.874
2 59
1.914

9
1
1
2
2
4

60
60
60
60
60
60

1

60

3.334

5 *60

n 2.264

3
2
4
w34

59.7 1.724
59.8 2.78
58.8 o3.354
69

Brakemen, railroad:
American................................ M.
5 72 '
1 72
Filipino................................... M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
5 59
967.9
.87
18 60
28
1.034
Japanese.................................. M.
33 61.7
.93
6 60
1.054 15 68.7
a Hours reported for 3 employees only.
M employee receives also share of net profits.
« 2 employees receive also board, and 2 receive also share of net profits.
d Irregular.
e Hours reported for 1 employee only.
jT6 employees receive also bonus.
9 2 employees receive also share of net profit.
h Hours reported for 10 employees only.
<See notes to details.
j Hours reported for 59 employees only.
* Hours reported for 4 employees only.
12 employees receive also bonus.
m Including 1 boy.
»Not including earnings of 1 employee as postmaster.
o 1 employee receives also board, valued at 320 per month.
p Hours reported for 12 employees only.
9 Hours reported for 24 employees only.
r 4 employees receive also bonus of 31 for each Sunday worked.




<3.19
.91
1.00
1.014
.864

r

R E P O R T OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO NER OF L A B O R

T abus II.—
OCCUPATIONS,

ON H A W A I I .

633

AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per ees. per
per ees.
ees.
per
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
60 $0.92*
.93* 632 <>68.1 &$0.96*
60
1
2 72
1.00
l
60 i no !
*68.6 / .96

Brakemen, railroad (concluded):
Porto Rican............................. M.
Portuguese............................... M.
Samoan................................... M.

36 a 70.1

$0.83

1
13

Total..................................... M.

74 <*65.5

.88

33
1

60

7.00

1

60

1.25

1
2

60
62.6

1.75
1.38*

2

60

4.12*

3

61.7

1.50*

3

60

1.00

1

60

3.06*

Bricklayers:
American................................
English...................................
Irish........................................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese...............................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

8
1
2

59.4
60
60

7.29
7.77
7.77

1

59

1.54

Total..................................... M.

12

69.5

6.93

27

59.4

.78

Bricklayers’ helpers:
Japanese..................................
^
•.............................
Butchers:
American................................
American negro.....................
Chinese....................................
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese.............................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total..................................... M.

2

(0)

1.57*

3

(0)

1.23*

1

(0)

1.00

1
3
1
3

6

(0)

1.31

9 J68

$

59
75.7

1.50
*1.06*
1.00
1.61
*1.51

Butchers’ helpers:
Japanese.................................. M.

2

72

.98*

Camp cleaners:
Japanese.................................. M.
Japanese.................................. F.
Porto Rican............................. M.

3
12
4

60
21
60

.69
.19
.63*

Total.....................................

19

35.4

.36

Cane cutters:
Chinese................................... M. 1,036 *60
l 60
.89* 2,029 »i56.2 n.84*
.961 255
Chinese and Japanese........... M.
285 (0)
(o)
Hawaiian................................ M.
33 60.3
.73*
Japanese.................................. M.
.78 3,417 r59.3 s.70*
829 *59.7
.89 1,153
360
Japanese.................................. F.
4 59.9
.38*
Korean................................ . M.
828 1 58.7 a. 66*
Porto Rican............................. M.
30
.79* W371 *59.9 y . 74
i>60
a Hours reported lor 34 employees only.
b Including 1 boy.
c Hours reported for 31 employees only.
d Hours reported for 72 employees only.
e Hours reported lor 78 employees only.
f See notes to details.
(/Irregular.
h Hours reported for 2 employees only.
i Including estimated earnings of 1 employee,
i Hours reported for 7 employees only.
fe Hours reported for 33 employees only.
I Hours reported for 4 employees only.
*» Hours reported for 1,336 employees only.
n Wages reported for 1,640 employees only, including 1,004 contract workers.
ol9f cents per ton.
P Hours reported for 127 employees only,
a Hours reported for 413 employees only.
r Hours reported for 3,079 employees only,
s Wages reported for 3,252 employees only, including 792 contract workers.
t Hours reported for 616 employees only.
« Wages reported for 673 employees only.
v Hours reported for 20 employees only.
w Including 2 boys.
* Hours reported for 312 employees only.
y Including 2 boys; also 59 contract workers; 9 employees receive also bonus of 50 cents for every 6
days worked.

25— No. 66—06----- 18




B U L L E T IN

634
T able

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

I I .—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABIjSSIIMEN’S'S)—Continued.

1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Cane cutters (concluded):

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Em­ age
age
age
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
ees.
per
per
per
per
per ees.
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

M.
M.

Porto Rican...........................

16
9
1,865 6 59.8

Total...................................
Cane cutters and loaders:

M.
F.
M.

978

(*)

$0.93 1,748

.95
43 (h)
1.67
.98* 1,156 *60
31 3 60

1.00

<*)

.75

(h)

Cane loaders and fiumers:
Japanese.................. ............. M.
Cane planters:
Japanese................................ M.
Cane strippers:

Chinese........................ ......... M.
Japanese............................... M.
Total.................................

M.

478
14

21

1,470 m60
31
95

(*)
(A)

£7.74*

fc.94

35

(A)

<L80 <’6,750 /5S.5

492 1i 60

M.
15
M.
5
M. 1,450
F.
K orean ...... ........................... __ M.
Porto Rican........................... M.
Portuguese............................. M.

m 60

ri$0.88*

.91
(*)

.98

Total...................................

cm

53.9
CO

SO. 95
.69

i 60
(J)

.98

(*)

M.

60
60

1
978

Total..................................
Cane boers:
Japanese................................
Cane loaders:
Chinese..................................
Hawaiian...............................
Japanese................................
Japanese........ .................... ..

1905.

61.7

.98* 1,251 *60.1
1.00

a 53
10

.65*

50

(J)

.70

50

(J)

.70

16 58.7 l .82*
2,918 o57.9 P.91*
53 55.8 *.61
218 s 58.2 4.81*
43 m59.2 v . 97*
1.01*
7 55.4 «>1.26
.90
.71

.90

£ .93

3,285 1/57.8

|

.85

39
253

(h)

(A)

.91*
.82*

292

(*)

.83*

I
!
!

1
•
1

i

Cane weighers:
1 72
American............................. M.
2
4 72
1.34*
66
1.91*
1 72
Australian............................. M.
1.91*
1 72
Canadian............................... M.
2
71
1.91*
1.73
2
72
Chinese............................... M.
1
1 72
English.................................. M.
3 71
2 72
4 72
1.32*
German............................... M.
1.83
Hawaiian............................... M.
*3 71.7 1.05
2 66
1.34*
18 71.2
1 70
1 72
3 72
Part-Hawaiian............. ........ M.
.81
1.34*
4 71.8
.80
Japanese................................ M.
.94*
5 67.2
17 72
a Including 1 boy.
b Hours reported for 160 employees only.
c Hours reported for 462 employees only.
d Wages reported for 1,463 employees only.
e Including 3 boys.
S Hours reported for 5,448 employees only.
a Wages reported for 6,041 employees only, including 1,855 contract workers and 3 boys.
ANot reported.
i Hours reported for 80 employees only.
j Irregular.
k Wages reported for 478 employees only.
l Including 3 contract workers.
m Hours reported for 101 employees only.
n Hours reported for 311 employees-only,
o Hours reported for 1,808 employees only.
P Wages reported for 2,597 employees only, including 1,815 contract workers.
q Hours reported for 6 employees only.
**Contract workers.
s Hours reported for 166 employees only.
t Wages reported for 236 employees only, including 112 contract workers.
« Hours reported for 26 employees onlv.
v Including 18 contract worjcers.
w Including 5 contract workers.
x Hours reported for 338 employees only.
y Hours reported for 2,076 employees only.
* Wages reported for 2,952 employees only, including 2,006 contract workers.




2.34*
1.34*
2.30
1.60
1.07
1.41
.78*

REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

635

I I .—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

T able

S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued.
1900-1901.

Occupation and nationality.

Cane weighers (concluded):
Norwegian...............................
Portuguese..............................
Scotch..................... ...............
South Sea Islander..................

M.
M.
M.
M.

5

Total.....................................

M.

18

M.
13
1
M.
M.
43
M.
M.
5
M.
M.
22
11
M.
b1
M.
M.
2
M. c517
M.
2
2
M.
M.
M. <*38
2
M.
M.
1
M.
2
M.
M.
1
M.
M.

Total.....................................

M. e663

Carpenters’ helpers:
Chinese...................................
German ..................................
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................... ............
Norwegian...............................
Porto Rican.............................
Portuguese........ ...................

M.
M.
M.
H.
M.
M.
M.

Total.....................................

M.

Cashier:
American................................

M.

Chemists:
American...............................
Australian..............................
• Canadian................................
Dutch.......................................
English...................................
German...................................
Hawaiian, white.....................
Italian....................................*
Scotch ..... ...............................
Swedish...................................
Swiss........................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total.....................................

M.

b

Boy.

1905.

71.6

1
11
1

72
69.7
72
72

1.37s

64

71.3

1.24*

a 4 .381

13

23
4

60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60

3.91*
1.56
5.75
2.00
3.51
1.49s
3.52*

1
6
13
1

59.7
59.5
59.3
65.5
59
59.3
59.7
60

4.00
3.83*
1.49
5.36*
1.75
3.02
1.60
2.11

322

60

1.17

67

59.6

1.37

3
1
18
3

59.2
59
59.3
59.3

2.16*
1.91*
2.41
4.33

1
1

59.5
62

4.79
2.49

135

59.6

2.08*

c.69*

6

1.34|
.76$
1.03|
1.15|
c.741

51
7
327

59.3
59
60
59.5

1.00
6.77
1.29

c.95* c21

60.6

cl. 09*

el. 02 e 362

59.6

e .97

7

30.97s

72

31.13

3

Carpenters:
American...............................
Canadian................................
Chinese...................................
English.......... ........................
Filipino...................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Hawaiian, w hite...................
Irish........ / ..............................
Japanese..................................
New Zealander......................
Norwegian...............................
Porto Rican.............................
Portuguese............. ...............
Scotch....................................
South Sea Islander ................
Spanish...................................
Swedish...................................
Swiss........................................
Welsh......................................
West Indian negro.................

a 1 employee

1902.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees. per
per
per ees.
per ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

71.6

1 . 085

23

69.9

60
60
60

3.67*
3.84*
1.61

11

69.2
59.6
60.6
59
60
59.7
60
60

2.36
1.73s
2.73
6.571
4.00
c l. 09
4.61*
4.00

6

59.5
69.5

d 1.54|

5
34
5
1

2 .90g

60
61

2.25
3.061

60

5.00

59.7

2
24
l
1

60
60
60
60

1.03
1.98
3.69
4 .98s

1

60

2.66

440

60

a 1.47

c2

c5

60
60
60
60
60
60
60

el!9

60

el. 31

1

2

105
1
c3

2
3

2

1

5 /7 1 .7 a 6.14
1
1
1

72

3
1

(90

a 6.181

8

70.4

6.43

(g)
(g)

2
1

65.8

4.79*
8.62*

3.51|
i 5.36|

4

(90

4.79
6.71
5.75
6.74

5

68.8 *7.04

1
1

(fir)
(90

3.83*
13.80

1
1

72
72

14

(*)

a 6.62*

(90

3.83s

1

(?)

3.83s
e4.97

18

*See notes to details.
/ Hours reported for 3 employees only.
g Irregular.
A Including 1 employee who receives salary from two establishments.
*Afso share of net profits.
J Receives 31,600 per crop.
* Hours reported for 6 employees only.
I Average wages of 17 employees. See notes to details.




5.36*

1
1
1

receives also share of net profits.

c Including 1 boy.
&Including 3 boys.

.95*

5

5.75
3.83|
5.75

1

14 fc71.7

60

32.49
1.13
2.36*
1.72*

72

69.7

7.67
V)

1 6.62

B U L L E T IN

686

OF T H E

T a ble I I . —OCCUPATIONS,

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.

Occupation and nationality.

Chemists’ assistants;

American..................................... M.
English................................... M.
German................................... M.
Iflpflnese.................................. M.

1

72

33.83*

1

72

3 .83s

Total.....................................

M.

Chemists’ helpers:
American 1..............................
Chinese..... .............................
German...................................
Japanese..................................
Total.....................................
Clerk, field:
American.............................

1
1

4.02*

M.
M.
M.
M.

1
cl
1

(a)
a)

(a)

.96
c.38*
' .81

M.

63

(«)

6.72

M.
2

(a)

2.39*

1

<«)

1.53*

M,

3

(«)

2.11

M.
M.
M.
M.

1

72

1.54

Total.....................................

M.

1

72

1.54

Clerks, shipping:
German...................................
Part-Hawaiian........................

M.

2
1

72
72

1.07*
2.30

3

72

1.48*

American.....................................

Canadian................................
Chinese...................................
English....................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Hawaiian, white.....................
Japanese..................................

M.
M.

63
1
1

Total.....................................

Clerks, store:

$5.75
2.30

<«)

Clerks, mill:
American................................
English...................................
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................... ............

Total................................ .

(a)
w

2

Clerks, freight;
American........ ....................... M
English................................... M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Jamaican................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.
Russian................................... M.

Clerk, statistical:
American................................

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per ees.
per
ees.
per ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

60
60
60

62.17*
2.11
di.34*

65

60

el. 99*

1

72

2.30*

2
1

72
72

1.91
1.91*

4

72

2.01*

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

610

72

7

72

1
1
70

72
72

6 3.03
1.06*

.77
2.30
i l .0 2

7
60
2
60
10 A61.3
1
60
1
72
3
60
2
60

2.60
2.77*
1.17
1.15*
3.83*
1.47
.96*

4

69

$3.49*

63
1

67.8
72

62.13*
2.50

68

68.9

6 2.86

62
3

72
72

24

71

6 29

6.99*
.95
.86

71.2

6.87*

1

60

1.91*

1

72

1.92*

1

72

2.16*

1

59

.77

3

67.7

1
1

72
72

<21.34*
1.15*

2

72

/ l . 25

1

60

69
3
1
1
5
2

70.6

66
72
72
72
72

1.62

3.06*
£72.47
1.41
4.79
3.83*
1.98*
3.06*

6101 fc60.5 1 1.05 m 98
68.6 wl.09
1 *60
F.
o. 57*
.82
5 P68.9
Korean................................... M.
a Irregular.
6 Including 1 boy.
cBoy.
d Also share of net profits.
«See notes to details.
f l employee receives also share of net profits.
0 Including 1 boy; 1 employee receives also share of net profits.
fi Hours reported for 9 employees only.
1 Hours reported for 69 employees only.
i4 employees receive also share of net profits.
If Hours reported for 98 employees only.
I Including 1 boy; 3 employees receive also share of net profits.
*» Including 3 boys.
n Including 3 boys: 7 employees receive also share of net profits.
©Also share of net profits.
p Hours reported for 4 employees only.

Japanese.......................................




i 72.7

REPORT
T

a b le

OF T H E

W .—

CO M M ISSIO N ER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

637

OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.-Continued.

SUOAI& P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )—Continued.
1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Clerks, store (concluded):
New Zealander.......................
Norwegian..............................
Porto Rican.............................
Portuguese..............................
Scotch.....................................
Spanish..... ..............................

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees. per
per
per
ees. per
ees. per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. aay.
M.
F.
M.
M.
M.
M.

1

72

82.221

t>21
1
1

72
72
72

cl.

0113

Total.....................................
Clerks, sugar:
American................................
Chinese...................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese...............................
Scotch....................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total.....................................
Clerks, wharf:
American................................
Canadian................................
Portuguese.............................
Scotch............................. .......

j

161
2.681
1.911

1
3

60
81.151
60
1.621 a 4
e61.4 /1.40 025
3 60
2
2.361
1 72
2.30

d57

68.9 o$0.97
69.2 h 1.171
59.3 *'2.871

72.4 fcl.27 fcl73 *•60.6 fcl.27 *155 m68.9 fc1.291
1

72

2. H.

1
1

72
72

1.911
2.30

M.

3

72

2.11

M.
M.
M.
M.

4
1

60
60

3.02
a 1.531

2

60

o2 . 101

Total..................................... M.

7

60

*2.541

1

(P)

1.15
1.00

Coachmen:
American negro.....................
Portuguese.............................

M.
M.

Coal passers:
Chinese............................. .
Hawaiian................................
Japanese................................................
Porto R i c a n . ......................................
Portuguese.............................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

18

84

.921

18

CO

23

88

.80

30
1

60

CO

.881
.94

Total.....................................

M.

41

83.4

.851

49

60

.93

Coal weigher:
German...................................

M.

1

72

1.531

5
1
2
1
1
1
5
1 .

69.6
60
71
72
72
72
66.6
72

2.351
1.00
.921
1.50
1.911
1.341
1.22
1.911

17

.68.9

1.61

1

60

1.721

1

60

1.721

1

70

1.15

4
110

72
61

1

59.5

115

61.4

.77
.831
1.00
.831

Contract cultivators:
American................................
Chinese...................................

M.
2
CP)
r .94 689 s Q 2 . 9
M.
1,884 60
M.
40 61.7 «.841 » 6 « 57
2 66
Hawaiian................................ F.
m.77
a Including 1 boy.
b Including 3 boys.
c Including 3 boys; 3 employees receive also share of net profits.
a Including 5 boys.
e Hours reported for 34 employees only.
/Including 5 boys; 1 employee receives also share of net profits.
9 Including 4 boys.
AIncluding 4 boys; 4 employees receive also share of net profits.
i 1 employee receives also share of net profits.
j Hours reported for 112 employees only.
JcSee notes to details.
I Hours reported for 166 employees only.
tn Hours reported for 154 employees only.
« Also board.
o\ employee receives also board.
P Irregular,
fl Not reported.
r Estimate; wages reported for 1,780 employees only.
s Hours reported for 93 employees only.
* Estimate; wages reported for 199 employees only.
u Estimate.
v Hours reported for 4 employees only.
H a w a i ia n ________ ________________




(4)

B U L L E T IN

638

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LAB O R ,

T able I I . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ES^AKIjISSIMIENS'S)—Continued.

1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Aver- Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age Em­ age
Sex. Em- age
age Em­ age
age
ploy- hours wages ploy- hours wages ploy- hours wages
per
per
per
per
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Contract cultivators (concluded):
Japanese................................ .

S, 160
59

Korean .
Porto Rican.
Porto Rican.
Portuguese..
Portuguese..

CO

Total.
Cooks’ helpers:
Chinese___
Japanese...

M.

Total

M.

c$0.84*
/1.16
A 74*
J. 81

d.9D

" d.$2{

(0

2
6

m.92
d. 92

4

n. 994 5,846 o61.4

P.

83

©

. 76*
.73*

(*)

.75*

(*)

.59
.33

(*)

.46

70

1.15

1.04

62.7

90

62.5

.83

65.3

.85*
.54
.77

(fc)

Dairymen:
Japanese__
Portuguese.

Ditch men:
Chinese............
German............
Hawaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Japanese..........
Japanese..........
K orean............
Norwegian.......
Portuguese.......
Swedish..........

4,491
47
460
dl.00
139

«$ 1. 01

10,228

Total.

Ditch diggers:
Japanese__

60
60.5

*60*

Cooks:
Chinese..
Japanese.
Japanese.
Korean ..

Total.

1905.

35

370
70
70
70

r.
s. 69*
.42*
.42*

1 70

«.65*

70

1.00

U) $1. CO
59.5

.80|

50

‘ *59*4

.so*

vSl

^ 62*4

7881

328

60
60
60
60
60

^ 63.1 2/1.23*

1
©34
1

60
60
60

97 aa62.2

V.

97

1

1

.841

v.

1.721
.88

191
8

*

1.72=
1.86

1

61.1

59.5

1. 10*

3.83*
«.94j

.79*

232

64.7

.85

a Estimate; wages reported for 7,383 employees only.
6 Hours reported for 457 employees only.
0 Estimate; wagep reported for 2,726 employees only*
d Estimate.
e Hours reported for 1 employee only.
/Estimate; wages reported for 2 employees only.
a Hours reported for 309 employees only.
AEstimate; wages reported for 440 employees only.
1 Hours reported for 46 employees only.
JEstimate; wages reported for 71 employees only,
fcIrregular.
iNot reported.
m Estimate; wages reported for 1 employee only.
« Estimate; wages reported for 9,347 employees only.
©Hours reported for 910 employees only.
p Estimate; wages reported for 3,443 employees only.
q Hours reported for 13 employees only.
r 4 employees receive also board, valued at $10 per month; 3 receive also board, value not reported:
1 receives also profits of boarding house, and 1 receives also food.
s 2 employees receive also food; 2 receive also board, valued at $10 per month; 1 receives also
board, value not reported, and 1 receives also profits of boarding house.
t Hours reported for 34 employees only,
wSee notes to details.
©Including 1 boy.
w Hours reported for 57 employees only.
* Hours reported for 22 employees only.
2/3 employees receive also share of net profits.
* Including 1 boy; 1 employee receives also share of net profits.
m Hours reported for 90 employees only,




79*

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

689

T able I S ___OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.— Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T I O N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.

1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Draftsmen:
American................................
Drivers, delivery wagon:
American................................

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees.
per
per
per
per
ees.
ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
M.

2

59.5

M.
M.
M.

1
4
3

72
72
72

1.034
.93
.984

8

72

.964

!

1
10
1

72
79
84

.924
1.074
.77

.......... i...........

12

78.8

1.04

60 $3.13

2

65.5

2.874

1

Total..................................... M.
Dump cart men:

M.

44

65

$0,754

Dynamo tenders:

M.
M.
Porto Rican............................. M.
Total..................................... M.

Electricians:
American.......'........................
Chinese...................................
German....................................
Hawaiian................................
Irish........................................
Portuguese..............................
Scotch........... ........................
Swiss........................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

2 «72
1 71

Total........... ........................

M.

4 c71.7

1

72

$4,124

4.914
1.154

3
1

(*)

1.914

2.874
1
3.464

5

60
d

2.874

60

2.834

Electricians’ helpers:
American................................ M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.

1

72

.844

3
2

60
60

1.46
1.02

Total.....................................

1

72

.844

3

68

1.494

2

65.8

2.064

1

72

4.60

8

67.3

2.37

el
2

72
65.5

e.614
.1.00

/3

67.7

f.S 7

5

60

1.284

Engineers, chief:
American................................ M.
Scotch..................................... M.

1

72

8.624

2
1

72
60

9 8.434

Total.....................................

1

72

8.624

3

68

hS.

2.584
3.064
1.00
2.604

1

59

M.

M.

Engineer, construction, chief:
Scotch ............. ........ ............. M.
Engineers, donkey engine:
American................... ...........
Canadian'................................
Chinese.......... .......................
German..................................
Hawaiian................... ............
Part-Hawaiian........ ...............
Japanese........... , ....................
Norwegian...........................
Polish........................... ...........
Portuguese..............................
Scotch..................... ...............

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total....................................

M.




1

(*)

7.67

054

9.584
2
1
2
1

(&)
(6)
(&)
(6)

.2

60

1.25

6

61.7

1.21

1

(*)

1.10

(b)

(6)

1.344
1.28
2.684

(*)

1.82

2

65.5

1.25

1
3
1

10

62.1

1.224

12

a Hours reported for 1 employee only.
i>Irregular.
c Hours reported for 3 employees only.
<2Hours reported for 4 employees only.
«Boy.
/ Including 1 boy.
0 Wages reported for 1 employee only.
h Wages reported for 2 employees only.
4 Hours reported for 2 employees only.
1 Hours reported for 21 employees only.

2.874

3 i 72
2 59
2 « 59
1 59
8 64.3
1 60

1.10
2.064
1.574
2.30
.954
2.874

4 c 63.7
2 59.3

1.524
2.874

24

J 63

1.59

640

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LA B O R .

T able I I . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (63 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) ^ Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Engineers’ helpers, locomotive:

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
Sex. Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per ees.
per
per ees. per
per
per
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
a2

72

1
2

72
72

t .921
61.15

1.50

a5

72

0.93

Porto R i c a n _____ _______

M.
M.
M.
M.

2

60 $1.50

Total.....................................

M.

2

60

Engineers’ helpers, mill:
American................................ M.
-ATnfiT’inan negro..................... M.
Chinese................................... M.
M.
M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Pn.rt-TTawfi,iifl,n r____________ M.
Japanese.................................. M.
M.
Portuguese............................. M.
Spanish................................ . M.

1
6

71
70.9

$1.00
1.23

5 e72
3 71.3
1 68
53 70.9
2 71
9 70.3
1 72

1.58
1.05
1.00
1.001
1.05*
1.05
1.00

70.9

1.06*

«$0.71

1

72

1.911

d2

67.3

d.

•5
1

72
72

.93
1.00

13

72

1.031

1

72

•1.00

1
5

71
69.6

2.30
.90

8
1
2

72
72
72

1.12
1.341
1.481

83

71.4

12

70

19

72

1.15

77

.981
1.461

Total.....................................

M.

81

Engineers’ helpers, pump:
American______ ____ _______
Chinese..............................
-Japanese........ .........................
Portuguese................... ..........

M.
M.
M.
M.

2

84

1.54

1
1
2
1

69
69
69
69

1.151
.92
1.071
1.911

Total.....................................

M.

2

84

1.54

5

69

1.23

1
2

60
60

1.00
.961

f

9

116

71.2

9 1.041

Engineers’ helpers, steam plow:
American................ ............... M.
Chinese___________________ M.
Hawaiian................. ....... .... M.
Part-Ha waiian........................ M.
Japanese............................... M.
Portuguese______________ M.

2

60

1.071

6
4

60
60

1.17
1.141

1
72
13

59
59.4
61.6

.69
.'92
1.001

Total___ . . . _____________

12

60

1.141

89

59.8

.931

5
2
1

60
60
60

3.03
2.391
.841

3

67.7

3.061

2
1
4
25
3
9
1
22
1
2

2
1

60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60

4.791
1.721
1.341
1.751
2.751.191
2.681
1.931
2.49
n 2. Oil

72
72

1.00
3.061

1
3
27

72
65
69.9

1.9il
1.41
1.761

10

70.7 fc1.21

37
1
3
1

70.8 ml. 88
72
fc2.49
72
2.811
72
1.34

78

60 «1.951

89

70.3 0-1.82

M.

Engineers, locomotive:
American__. . . . ___ . . . . . . . . . .
Canadian ................................
Chinese.................. .
Danish.....................................
English ............. .....................
Filipino........ - .........................
German....................................
Hawaiian................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
Part-Hawaiian............ .......... M.
Japanese................................ M.
Norwegian______ ______
M.
Portuguese............................... M.
Russian................................ M.
Scotch..................................... M.
Spanish................................... M.
Swedish...... .......................... M.
Total.....................................

M.

4 A66

3.101

1

1.00

1
9
14
9
6

65.3
60

i 70.5
j

63.4
64
66.6

16 Z64.9

1.531
1.71
1.67
1.92
1.231
1.80

1

58

4.211

2

66

2.491

63 o65.3

1.85

a Including 1 boy.
b Receive also bonus of $1 for each Sunday worked.
«See notes to details.
dBoys.
e Hours reported for 4 employees only.
/H ours reported for 80 employees only,
p Including 2 boys.
AHours reported for 2 employees only.
* Hours reported for 8 employees only.
3 Hours reported for 7 employees only.
Tel employee receives also bonus of $1 for each Sunday worked.
1 Hours reported for 14 employees only.
m2 employees receive also bonus of $1 for each Sunday worked.
employee receives also share of net profits.
o Hours reported for 66 employees only.




REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO N ER OF

LABOR

641

ON H A W A I I .

T able EL—OCCCJPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees.
per
per ees. per
per ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Engineers, machine shop:
German................................... M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.

2

60

31.03

2

60

1.00

60

2

59.6

32.601

1.011

2

59.5

2.601

19
2
3

71.3
72
72

6.60
7.501
7.88

6
1
10
1
1

70
72
70
72
72

6.39
6.75
6.X91
4.79
3.26

3
7

68.8
70.3

3.13
6.451

Total.....................................

M.

4

Engineers, mill:
American................................
Australian...............................
Canadian.................%..............
Chinese................... *..............
English....................................
French.................................. .
German*...................................
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................................
New Zealander.......................
Portuguese...............................
Scotch.....................................
Swedish..................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

18

72

«6.341

2
2
8
1
5

72
72
72
72
72

6.23
2.391
5.39
5.75
3.95

4
1
2
9
1

72
72
72
72
72

1.761
8.621
6 2.78
6. Ill
5.75

53

72

o 5.321

53

70.7

6.271

4 72
3 . 72
1 72

4.84
1.76
3.45

5
3

69.6
72

3.661
2.81

2

72

1.44

1
1
2

72
72
72

4.60
1.911
1.621

Total.....................................

M.

Engineers, mill, assistant:
American................................
Chinese....................................
English...................................
French....................................
German...................................
Hawaiian..................... *.........
Part-FTawaiian .
Japanese..................................
Norwegian. . . ... ......... __.........
Portuguese...............................
Scotch.....................................
Spanish...................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total.....................................
Engineers, mill, chief:
American___.______ ____ ___
Australian
Canadian
____
____
English .
........................
German _________________
Norwegian
Scotch.................. .......................

d 72

4

d 70.3

69.4

$4.25
1.65
4.021

1 72
4 *72

3.061
2.06

14

72

1.141

10 / 71.9
1 (00

2.221
3.831

d4
1

72
72

2.101
2.871

6
1
12
1
1

72
72
72
72
72

1.721
2.30
2.07
3.64
1.911

M.

29 A71.3

2.891

39

72

2.031

33

71.6

2.41

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

6 7.27
13 «72
1
(g)
5.361
2
6.71
5 ill
6 6.98
7 i 72
6.841
1 (g)
6.71
6 <*65.8 6.12

3

72

6.71

1
2
4

72
72
72

6.71
7.821
7.19

1

72

5.75

69.2 0 6.841

11

72

7.00
11
4
3
3
12

78.5
72.8
72
75.7
77.8

3.71
1.281
3.381
2.701
2.39

30

77

1.19

Total..................................... M.
Engineers, pump:
American................................
Chinese...................................
English...................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Pflrt-TTfj^iinn

6
3

35

j

3.321 21 84
*3.49
13 h 84
M.
6 84
1.151
1.37
8 84
M.
2 84
<»4.50
2.96
M.
3 *84
2 84
1.641
3.191
M.
7 84
8 5 80.6 61.67
1.641
M.
1 84
4 84
2.67
M.
1 84
Trish
2.96
M.
20 84
10 »»81.3 1.22
i.i2 i
Japanese.................................. M.
a 2 employees receive also share of net profits.
61 employee receives also share of net profits.
cSee notes to details.
d Hours reported for 3 employees only.
« Hours reported for 2 employees only.
/Hours reported for 8 employees only.
v Irregular.
h Hours reported for 20 employees only.
i Hours reported for 1 employee only,
/Hours reported for 7 employees only.
ItHours reported for 11 employees only.
J4 employees receive also share of net profits*.
Hours reported for 9 employees only,




~~ =

=

M2

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

T a b l e I I . — OCCUPATIONS,

BUREAU

OF LA B O R ,

AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.-Continued.

S U G A R P L A N T A T I O N S (5 3 E S T A B M S I O H E N ^ S ) —Continued.

1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per ees.
per
per
per ees.
per
ees. per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Engineers, pump (concluded):
Norwegian...............................
Portuguese..............................
Russian...................................
Scotch........ ........................ ...

M.
M.
M.
M.

3 a 84
S3.03
6 80.9 1.81*
d 2.42*

3
7

Total.....................................

M.

Engineers, pump, assistant:
American................................
English...................................
Hawaiian................................
Japanese.................................
Norwegian...............................
Portuguese..............................
Spanish...................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

1
1
1

1

71

_ Total.....................................

M.

4

74.3 <22.76

13

Engineers, pump, chief:
American................................
English... ..............................
Norwegian................ .............
Portuguese___ _____________
Scotch ....................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

3

(<)

6.30

1

(<)

7.39*

2

(*)

Total.....................................

M.

6

Hawaiian.......... ....... ...............
Portuguese .............................

English.... ................ ....................

M.
M.
M.
M.

1
1
1
1

60^
72

Total ....................................

56 ^83.1

5.75*

33.56*
1.76

b 72

75.5
72
78

82 0 76.4

69 e83.6 /2.17
4
1
1
4
1
2

4
11
2
2

33.97*
1.89*
3.45
6.57*
2.26

84
84
60
84
84
84

2.92
2.96
2.00
1.48
2.96
2.63

4

72

1.22

2

73

2.44

82.2'

2.361

7

74

1.86*

1
1

84
84

6.57*
7.39*

3
1

72
72

6.54*
7.67

1

1

6.03*

84

7.39*

84

3.78

(*)

6.39*

3

5

74.4

6.21*

(i)

(i)

4.79
9.58*
2.30
3.06*

M.

4 a 66

4.93*

Engineers, sawmill:
American............... * .................

M.

2

60

3.75

Engineers, steam plow:
American.....................................
Canadian.......... ..........................
Chinese._____ _______________
English ....... ........ ..... ............ .......
German......................................
Hawaiian...... ..........................
Part-Hawaiian______ _____ _
Japanese..................................
Norwegian...............................
Polish.......................................
Porto Rican............................
Portuguese.............................
Scotch....................................
Swedish..................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

1

65.3

1.00

7
3

59
61.8

1.22
1.11*

Total............. .......................

M.

Engineers, railroad, chief:
American........................... .

84
71
71

84
84

h 2.30
h 1.91*

1.07*

1 81

63

5.27*

4
1

63 1
66

5.12*
4.79

i
9
3
1
32
5

60
60
60
60
60
60

5.75
2.75
1.33*
2.871
1.21*
.74.29*

6
2
6

60 i
59’
61.3

5.69*
3! 73*
1.12*

3.6
2

60.8
59

1.15
3.83*

1.61
4.26
3.83*

1
19
1

62
59.8
60

1.23
1.78*
4.79

58

60.6

2.39

3
4

59
59

1.83*
1.54

5
7

62.6
60.9

1.52*
1.40*

19

60.6

1.53

1.14*
1.25

20

60.8

1.30

27
3
1

60
60
60

89

60.8

1.18*

84

60.1

J2 . 00*

Engineers, steam plow, assistant:
American____ ____________ M.
German.................................. M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.
Portuguese............................... M.

1
5
2

60
60
60

1.00
1 15*
1.38*

Total.....................................

8

60

1.19




M.

3.29

2

60.9

1

84

f

59

57

7.12

1

a Hours reported for 2 employees only.
b Hours reported for 3 employees only.
c Hours reported for 50 employees only.

d2 employees receive also share of net profits.
« Hours reported for 68 employees only.
/S ee notes to details.
0 Hours reported for 81 employees only.
AAlso share of net profits.
1 Irregular.
i 1 employee receives also share of net profits.

REPORT

OF TH E

T able I I . —

CO M M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

643

OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, E T C —Continued.

S U G A R P L A N T A T I O N S (53 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Continued.

1902.

1900-1901.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Occupation and nation­ Sex.
age
Em­
age
Em­
age
age
age
age
ality.
Employ­ hours
hours
wages
ploy­
wages
hours
wages
ploy­
ees.
per
per
per
per
per
per
ees.
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
Engineer,steam plow,chief:
German........................ M.
Engineer, steam tug:
Portuguese................... M.

1

59

1

59

$5.75

1

66

62.5

1.53$
2.04
1.91$

$1.38

Engineers, traction engine:
Japanese....................... M.
Portuguese................... M.

1

60 $1.91$

3

Total.......................... M.

1

60

1.91$

4

63.4

1

60

66

.84$

2

1 .0 0

1

.73
60
.73$
60
.80
60
. 66 $
60
60 a 1 . 02 $

60.3
61.1

.90$
.79$

25

59.4

.94$

60

52

60.3

.87$

Engineers, traction engine,
assistant:
Japanese................
Portuguese...................

M.
M.

Fencemen:
Chinese.....................
Hawaiian.....................
Japanese.......................
Porto Rican..................
Portuguese....................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

2

. f . ___
59.5
.76$

7

59.9

.98

3
H
4
«25

Total..........................

M.

9

59.8

.93

«44

Fertilizers:
Japanese....................... M.

10

(&)

«.90$

4
23

1 .0 0

Field hands:
,
American negro........... M.
6
16 59.1
.65$
60
.83$
Austrian..................... . M.
2
2
60
.85
60
. 86 $
e . 65
Chinese........................ M.
2,693 c59.5
.78 d 1,113
60 d. 68
1,218 / 59. 6
4
Filipino.......... ............. M.
60
.73
German........................ M.
14
.91
ft 22
ft. 71$
(/30 59
or. 77$
60
59
1 338
Hawaiian..................... M.
i 113 j 59.3
i . 78$ ft 355
60 ft. 72
60.1 £.74
1
Hawaiian..................... F.
.52$
60
59
46
24
Hawaiian..................... (ft)
60 m.47
mll4
i
Part-Hawaiian............. m :
.77
60
Italian.......................... M.
2 59
22 59
.84$
1 .0 0
.90
14
60
Japanese....................... M. n 15,997 0 59.5 n.75$ Pll, 245
60 .P.67$ 311,820 r 59.7 3.65
Japanese........................ F.
.44$
.44$ 2,091 £59.5
.43 2,432
1,418 8 59.4
60
Japanese and Chinese.. M.
60
.65$
160
Korean .......................... M.
a 3,039 v 59.7 a .65
Korean .......................... F.
44 59.4
.49
1
Polish........................... M.
.84$
.85$
11 59.7
08
60 a . 90$
60
Polish............................. F.
2 59
.46
59.6 as.64
Porto Rican................... M.
78 59
60
*i,605
,65* toi 679
a Including 1 boy.
ftNot reported.
c Hours reported for 1,852 employees only*
d Including 1 pensioner,
e Including 7 boys, contract workers.
/Hours reported for 1,211 employees only.
g Including 8 boys,
ftIncluding 11 boys.
i Including 8 boys and 10 pensioners.
3 Hours reported for 100 employees only,
ftIncluding 7 boys.
l Including 31 boys.
vn Children.
n Including 4 boys.
o Hours reported for 12,154 employees only,
l>Including 3 boys.
a Including 24 boys and 27 contract workers.
r Hours reported for 11,305 employees only,
s Hours reported for 1,388 employees only.
t Hours reported for 2,004 employees only,
wIncluding 24 boys, 4 of whom are contract workers.
v Hours reported for 3,035 employees only.
w Including 148 boys.
* Including 244 boys, 16 of whom are contract workers. 19 employees receive also bonus of $2 for
every 26 days worked; 89, 50 cents for every 6 days worked in a week, and 42, a bag of flour, valued
at $1.40, if 20 days or more are worked in a montn,




644

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T able I I . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nation­
ality.

Field hands (concluded):
Porto Rican..................
Portuguese...................

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ AverAver­ Aver­
Em­
Em­
age
age
Sex, Employ­ age
age • age
age
hours wages
ploy­
hours
wages
hours
wages
ploy­
ees.
per
per
per
per
per
ees.
per
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
F.
M.
F.
M.
M.
F.

Firemen, locomotive:

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

3
16
2
23

p
p

1

(")

.841

1

60
60
60

.73
.79
1.021

q2

21
14

60
60.9

.931
1.061

58

60.2

.98

1
43

72
72

1.341
.911

193

72

.86

P.981
P.991
1.071
.91
.97

4

‘ 18

Total..........................

M.

*52 *65.2

*.951

Firemen, mill:
American „... i .............
Chinese........................
Hawaiian.....................
Japanese.......................
Porto Rican..................
Portuguese...................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

48
5
188

71.3
70.4
71.4

.841
1.13
.85

6

71.9

i.i4 i

2

72

Total..........................

M.

247

71.4

.86

239

72

Firemen, pump:
American.....................
Chinese........................
Hawaiian.....................
Japanese.......................
Portuguese...................
Spanish.................. .

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

30

82.6

.93

4
7

63
2

82.8
84

.90
.92

101

82.8

.91

T o t a l...................... M.

b 97
59.6 &80.431
<*80.421
e.74 / l , 082 059.6 / .691
J.47
fcl64 59.4 fc .45
.631
.921

60

71.7
63.2
66
65.4
8 s65.8
r

60
60
60
60
60

*.731 *18,536

M.

Gfirman____ ________
Hawaiian.....................
Part-Hawaiian.............
Japanese.......................
Portuguese...................

Chinese............................

a 175
o692 <*59.2 <$0,761 cl, 083
h 98 *59.1
J100
K 471
7
1
7 59.9
. 711
1 59
.50
*21,180 m59.5

Total..........................
Fireman, donkey engine:
Japnoftsft____________

1905.

* .61 *20,925

*.63

72
65
70.8

.69
a .73
.921

7
Pl9

70
71.6

.87
P.97

*40

70.8

*.911

2
10

42

71.9

.84

2.011

223
1
2

70.3
72
72

M.79
.841
1.041

.881

268

70.6

u .80

73
1

84
80.6
83.7
84

.79
1.00
.841
.851

1
32
3
100
1
1

69
69.8
72

1.15
.941
.95
.95
.90
1.00

85

83.4

.851

138

Flume men:
1 59
Chinese........................ M.
.77
30
Pl6
Hawaiian.................... M.
47 *58.3
.94
86
.209
Japanese,— ................ M.
72
,7 2
a Including 5 girls.
b Including 2 girls and 8 contract workers,
c Including 109 boys.
d Hours reported for 660 employees only,
c Including 223 boys and 1 pensioner.
/Including 411 boys, 35 of whom are contract workers,
firHours reported for 1,055 employees only.
h Including 15 girls.
* Hours reported for 73 employees only.
j Including 2 girls.
TcIncluding 28 girls, and 3 employees bagging cane, at 11 cents per bag.
*See notes to details.
wHours reported for 16,396 employees only.
n Hours reported for 20,285 employees only.
o Irregular.
P Including 1 boy.
q Boys.
r Hours reported for 14 employees only.
s Hours reported for 6 employees only.
t Hours reported for 48 employees only.
«4 employees receive also $1 for each Sunday the boilers are cleaned.
v Hours reported for 96 employees only.
w Hours reported for 134 employees only.
* Hours reported for 34 employees only.




n 59.7

v 7 3 .9

84
84
w 73

62.3
72
69,7

.95
.90
P.811
.771

REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A II.

645

T able H . —OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
S l I d A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupations and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em- age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy- hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees.
per
per ees. per
per
ees. per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Flume men (concluded):
* Porto Rican...........................
Portuguese........... .................

M.
M.

12 &59.4 81.28^

Total...................................

M.

60 <*58.4

Foremen, carpenters:
American.......... ............____ M,
Canadian............................... M.
Chinese.................................. M.
English.................................. M.
German.................................. M.
Hawaiian............................... M.
Part-Hawaiian....................... . M.
Iri§h.......................................
Japanese................................
M.
Portuguese............................. M.
Scotch...................................
M.

6
1
1
1
3
2
2
1
4
2
1

1

72 81.34*

1.00|

87

59.3 . 5.49
60
3.83*
59
1.91*
60
4.56
59.7 4.67*
59.5 3.64*
59
3.49*
60
4.98?
59.8 2.15*
59.5 3.23*
60
4.98*

3

60 / 5 . 24

1
1

60
60

59.5

4.02|

5

60 / 4.67*

1

60

Total...............; ...................

M>

24

Foremen, carpenters, assistant:
American...............................
English..................................
Japanese................................

M.
M.
M.

2
1
1

59
69
60

4.23|
3.83s
1.99*

Total...................................

M.

4

59.3

3.57s

72

.73 «279

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

1

60

Total.....................................

M.

2

60

1

60

1.00

1

68.7

o.78

1

59

6.13*

1

59-

6.13*

4.10

4 60.3
1 59.5
1 59
3 59.7
7 0 59.7

4.55*
1.72*
3.83*
1.78*
1.72*

3.96*

16 ft59.8

2.57*

3.83*

2

72

2.39*

2

72

2.39*

1
3

59
59

2.30
1.16*

59

2.30

60
60
59

2.97
1.47
5.56
1.91*

1
3
2
1

60,
60
60
60

3.64
1.72*
2.17*
1.91*

59.3
59.3

1.19*
1.33*

10
3

60
60

1.26*
1.19*

1
12
1

59
59.8
59

2.49
1.14*
1.91*

1.65

20

60

1.56*

18

59.5

1.33

Foremen, laborers, railroad:
American................................
Chinese...................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Japanese.................................
Portuguese.............................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

10
4

Total.....................................

M.

24 .759.5

2
6
1
1

62.7 a$o. 57**
71
o.73*

3.83*
3.83*

Foremen, ditchmen:
American...............................
Chinese...................................
German..................................
Japanese................................ .
Portuguese...........................

Foremen, firemen, mill:
American................................ M.
Foreman, flume men:
Japanese................................ . M.
Foremen, laborers, mill:
American................................ M.
Foreman, laborers, mill construc­
tion:
Norwegian.............................. M.

a 14
o 10

(i)

Foreman, laborers, railroad, as­
sistant:
German................................... M.
1 59
2.30
Foremen, masons:
1
American........................ ....... M.
60 8.43*
English................................... M.
7.74*
1 60
a Including 5 boys. 5 employees receive also bonus of 50 cents for every 6 days worked.
5 Hours reported for 6 employees only.
c Including 4 boys.
d Hours reported for 40 employees only.
«See notes to details.
/ I employee receives also share of net profits.
9 Hours reported for 6 employees only,
ft Hours reported for 15 employees only.
i Irregular.
J Hours reported for 23 employees only.




646

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T able I I . —OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
SUGAJR, PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Foremen, mill:
American................................
Japanese..................................
Foremen, painters:
Hawaiian................................
Part- Hawaiian........................
Foremen, shaft diggers:
American................................

M.
M.
M.
M.

1

60

34.21*

M.

5 «60

5.41*

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
Portuguese............................... M.
Scotch..................................... M.
Swedish.................................. M.

Total.....................................

4

bS4

2.60*

I
1
1
1

84

(d)
70

84

1.15
2.27
1.91*
1.31*

2 684
1
(d)
4

1.15*
2.07
1.54

1

3.29

84

16 / 82.3

1.93

M.

2 684

2.05*

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

13 «60
1 60
1 60

3.22*
3.83*
2.64*

4
6
1
1
2
6
12

e 59.5
e 60
(d)
72
659
fc60
«61

M.

47

160.7

Total..................................... M.

Foremen, teamsters and cultiva­
tors:
American................................
Canadian................................
Danish.....................................
English....................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Japanese..................................
Norwegian..............................
Portuguese..............................
Scotch.....................................
Swedish...................................

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per ees.
ees.
per
per
per
ees. per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Foremen, stablemen:
American...............................
Australian...............................
Belgian...................................
Canadian................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Japanese..................................

Foremen, stablemen, assistant:
American................................

1902.

Foreman, tramway:
Portuguese............................... M.
Foreman, wharf:
H aw aiian............................. M.

j

2.95*
2.11
2.49
1.72*
1.89*
1.91
2.90*

62.73

2

72

2.59

8
1

c 64.4

72
72
72
72

1.91*
1.21
2.30
1.15*

6
1

72
72

1.60
1.53*

3
2
1
5
1
12
3

25

72

1.81*

36 (768.9

1.82

6

66

h 3.03*

2
3
3
11
1
1

66
66
66
66
66
66

2.49
2.36*
2.78*
1.82
2.30
1.15*

7 *62
1 0a)

2.38*
2.63

2
7
2
2

60.5
60.1
59.5
59.5

2.58*
3.97*
1.92
1.43*

17
13
1

66
66
66

h 1.59*

10
9

61
59.3

2.06*
2.96

58

66 m2.14*

6

72 80.75

1

60

2.76

8

72

1
2
1
6

1

60

2.83
3.06*

70

$1.62*

2.57*
2.79*

65
2.57
64.5 • 1.42*
66
2.68*
74.2
.99
84
2.30
70.3 1.21*
66.5 2.36*

40 w60.4

2.31

1.34*
1

60

Foresters:
Japanese..... ............................ M.
Portuguese.............................. M.

1
1

59
59

.65*
.88*

M.

2

59

.77

Total.....................................

Freight handlers:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Japanese................................. M.
Total..................................... M. ........ 1..........




11

60

1.09

11
21

59
64.5

11

60

1.09

32

62.6

a Hours reported for 3 employees only.

b Hours reported for 1 employee only.
c Hours reported for 7 employees only.
€ Irregular.
e Hours reported for 2 employees only.

/Hours reported for 8 employees only.
0 Hours reported for 34 employees only.
*1 employee receives also share of net profits.
1 Hours reported for 6 employees only.
3 Also share of net profits.
fcHours reported for 4 employees only.
I Hours reported for 18 employees only.
tn See notes to details.
n Hours reported for 38 employees only.

1.00

1.09
.78
.88*

REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

647

T able I I __ OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per ees.
per
ees. per
per ees. per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Gardener:
French..................................... M.
Harness makers:
American................................
Chinese..................................
English..... ............ - .............
German................................ ..
Guam Islander.......................
Hawaiian................................
Japanese.................................
Mexican..............._....... .........
Polish........................................
Portuguese............. ................
Spanish........ ................. - .......
Spanish-American................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

1
1
3
1
1

60
60
60
60

$2.00
.81
2.00
2.50

2
1

59
60

4

59.8

1.13*

1
4

60

(«)

2.00
1.03

2
10
1

59.5
59.4
60

1.25
1.16
1.00

9
1

60
60

1.27
1.00

Total.................. -................. JVI.

20

59.5

1.28

21 e 60

1.31

Hospital stewards:
American................................ M.
Japanese.... ............................ M.
Scotch........................... ......... M.

1
1

(a)

(a)

.66
2.30

Total..................................... M.

2

(«)

1.48

1
5

(a)

(a)

.92*
1.23

8

(«)

.6

(«)

1.18

8

(«)

Interpreters:

M.
M.
M.
Total..................................... M.

Chinese........................................
Japanese____ _________________
K orea n ............................ m___

$2.211
1.50

$2.30

1
(«)
1 59
9 5 59. .9
1
(a)
2 59.3
14 59.3
1 59
(a)
1

.69
2.00
1.04*
1.00
1.13*
1.25*
.96
3.50

30 <*59.4

1.24*

1

84

2.63

1

84

2.63

ei.34*

1
9
5

60
60.6
61.5

1* 91*
1.65
1.01*

el. 34*

15

60.8

1.46

(Laborers, general:
American....................... .......... M.
/ 3
1 60
1 60
American negro..................... M.
.77
.69
1 65.3
.77 h 24 64.5 h. 82* 7i3
Chinese-.................................. M.
2
Fiji Islander........................... M.
1
M.
Filipino.......... .....................
■Hawaiian............................... M, j 54 58.3 j . 78 fc32 61.5 k . 69 137
Hawaiian_.............................. F.
fl
Part-Hawaiian........................ M.
4 58.3
.94*
62.2 n. 79* o i l
58. 60.1
.78* nl90.
Japanese................................. M.
F.
3 68
Japanese............. -__________
.40
.2 59
.73
4 60
Norwegian............................. M.
.86* p 3
Polish.......... .................. ........ M.
4
«3
60
2.50
2 60
Polish____ _______ _________ F.
.69
n
2
rl8
M.
60
Porto Rican................... ........
r .62
1 60
Porto Rican......................... ... F.
.65*
59.8 s.86* *80 60
Portuguese..................... - ....... M. sl5
*.76* m79
60
Portuguese.............................. F.
fl
J .57*
1 60
Samoan................................... M. .
.77
a Irregular.
b Hours reported for 8 employees only.
c Hours reported for 20 employees only.
d Hours reported for 26 employees only.
e l employee receives also share of net profits,
jf Pensioners.
v Hours reported for 1 employee only.
ft Including 1 pensioner.
i Hours reported for 2 employees only,
i Including 3 boys.
* Including 9 boys and 1 pensioner.
I Including 18 boys and 1 pensioner.
™ Hours reported for 36 employees only.
n Including 1 boy.
•oIncluding-6 boys and 2 pensioners.
p Including 1 boy and 2 pensioners.
•q Boys.
**Including 9 boys.
s Including 2 boys.
t Including 14 boys and 2 pensioners.
« Including 20 boys, 1 pensioner, and 4 old men.




59

260

/ 1.53|

*59
60
60
w61
(a)

A. 79*
.77
1.00
* .66*
/ . 57*

59.9

o.73*

260
62.3

P.64
.86*

60

« . 55*

59.6

n.73

648

B U L L E T IN
T able

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

I I . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A R L IS IE O T E N T S )—Continued.
1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age
Em­ age
Em­ age
age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees.
per
per
per
ees.
per
ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Laborers,general (concluded):
South. Sea Islander.. . . . . . . . M.
Spanish.... ........................... M.
West Tndin.n negro............. M.

al

5135

Total........................ .

59.3 5®0.79* 5362

Laborers, mill:
American..........................
Chinese...............................
German...............................
Hawaiian............................
Hawaiian....................
Part-Hawaiian...................
Japanese.............................
Japanese.............................
Korean...............................
Polish..................................
Polish..................................
Porto Rican ........................
Porto Rican........................
Portuguese..........................
Portuguese..........................
Spanish...............................

M.
M.
188
M.
M.
9
F.
1
M.
M. €1,646
43
F.
M.
M.
2
F.
M.
4
F.
j 46
M.
2
F.
1
M.

Total................................

51,942

71.4

70.8
71
72
71.5
71.7
72
71
70.5
72
72

60

<*80.57*

59
60
60

80.69*
.77
.77

60

5.73*

61.7

5.76* 5181

2
214
3
19

72
72
72
72

1.72*
.81*
.96
.93*

dQ

1
1.00
e.79 1,373
.46*
10

72
72
72

7

72

9
1
<227

72
72
72

.70
.61*
<2.96*

1

72

fc.61*

64
3
<225
10

71.5
72
71.6
72

i.79
.51*
<2,31*
.49*

5.78* <21,667

72

5.81 52,673

71.8

5.77*

.80*
.86*

.50
.38*
85
.50
.92*

j.

Laborers, mill, construction:
Hawaiian..................... .
Japanese.............................
Portuguese..........................

M.
M.
M.

16
93
6

59.7
59
59

1.50
.79*
1.08*

Total................................

M.

115

59.1

.91

181
1
19
1
1
.92*
.80* /2,229
.43* fir114
19
.96*

Laborers, mill, repairs:
Part-Hawaiian.................... M.
Japanese.......... .................. M.

2
120

60
60

1.00
.80*

M.

122

60

.81

Total_______ _____________

2
2
1
c

<21.12*
71
71.4
.81
59
1.00
71.2
.79
72
.50
72
.84*
71.9 /.78*
71.8 fir.48*
71.7 A.73

Laborers, pump:
Chinese............................... M.
Japanese............................. M.
Portuguese................. __......... M.

105

72.9

.97*

36
21
1

60
77.1
84

.93
.91
.79

2
22
1

59.5
67.9
59.5

.96
.91*
.96

M.

105

72.9

.97*

58

66.6

.92

25

66.9

.92

M.
M.
M.
M.
Polish
_______ _______
M.
Porto Rican........................ M.
Portuguese.......................... H.

89 59.7
1 60
478 259.5
3 59

.87*
.77
.86*
.97*

4
310

59
61

.79
.85

e 15

M.

587 *»59.5

Laborers, railroad:

American____________ _____
flhinese___________________

Hawaiian...........................
Japanese...........................

59

60
60
60
60

1.53*

.95

13
24

60
60

.74*
.87*

27

59.7
59.4

.87

274

60

.86* €356

60.8

.84

laborers, road:
26 62
Hawaiian............................ M.
a Pensioners.
6 See notes to details.
c Hours reported 4 or 174 employees only.
d including 2 boys.
e Including 1 boy.
/W ages reported for 2,197employees only, including 1 boy and 48 contract workers.
g Wages reported for 108 employees only, including 4 contract workers.
512 employees receive also salmon at midday.
i 2 employees receive also bonus of 50 cents for each full week worked,
i Including 7 boys.
TcAlso bonus.
I Hours reported for 437 employees only.
m Hours reported for 546 employees only.




■So00

Total................................

16

1
17
13
206

OO00
to <
I

Total................................

€ .85

.84*

REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

649

T able I I . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) ^--Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.

Occupation and nationality.

Laborers, sawmill:
Japanese.................................. M.
Laborers, steam plow:
American................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
.Tanancsc ' _____________ ...
Korean.....................
Polish.......................
Porto Rican.............................
Portuguese..............................
Spanish...................................
West Indian nesrro............. .......
Total................... .
Laborers, steam tug:

Hawaiian-____________

Laborers, tramway:
Portuguese..............................
Land clearers:
Chinese...................................
French.....................................
Japanese..................................
Korean...................................
Porto Rican.............................
Portuguese..............................
Snanish____________ ____ _

Total........................
Land preparers:

.Tananese_____________

Lime burners:
Portuguese..............................
Machinists:
American................................
Canadian................................
English...................................
German................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian..... ..................
Japanese..................................
Polish.......................................
Portuguese...............................
Scotch . . . . . . _________ ____

Total........................

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees. per
per
per ees.
per ees. per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
60

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

4
5
118

4

60

59
64.8
60.6

$0.74

.841
.77
.80
1 .0 0

b 12

59.3

5.78

4

60

.881

143

60.5

&.80* o209

60

o .851

59

1.30|
60

1 .0 0

3

al

59 '

5
69

59
59.5
59.5

$0,811
.96
.861

59

6

b

60
60
60

2

M.
M.
M.
M,
M.
M.
M.
M.

13
5
155

c26

6

60
60

.651
o.851

1 .0 1

.83
.69

15

59
59.3

.77
.891

94

59.4

d . S 4£

2

d

«$0.75

118

«59

.74

9

60

.69

200

h 59

.80|

17

60

.931

54
15
15
116
1

62.5

91.00
j.S5
.73
9.85
.62
.81

M.

318

fc59

.78

26

60

.85

213

*58.9

m . 70

M.

25

(»)

.90

70

60

.651

125

0 5 9 .6

P.671

2

60

1.531

4

60 r4.56!
60 *4.00
60 u 5.75
60 V2 .0 0
3.291
60
60 v 3.57
2.081
60

15

58.8

2
1
2
2
1
1
1

1

65
60
53.5
60.8
59.5
48
59
59.5

1.571
2.801
3.50
1.54
2.30
4.75

26

58.7

s 3 .441

12

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.'
M.
M.

12

59.8

1

60
59.7

M.

3

94.35
4.00
3.151

13
1
1
2

3
3

3

59.5
60

2.98
2.471

2

59.5

4.49

2

23

59.8

9 3.821

36

2

6

5

60
60

1 .8 6
0 4 . 6O

60 *03.46

‘

(/)
*59.5
57

72

1.231
« 3 .921
3.90
2 .0 0

a Boy.
b Including 3 boys.
0 Including 2 boys.
d Including 1 boy.
e Hours reported for 98 employees only.
/Irregular.
0 Contract workers.
h Hours reported for 147 employees only.
1 Hours reported for 17 employees only.
3 Wages reported for 17 employees only.
TeHours reported for 245 employees only.
I Hours reported for 149 employees only.
m Wages reported for 17€ employees only, including 27 contract workers.
«Not reported.
o Hours reported for 100 employees only.
p Wages reported for 100 employees only, not including 25 who receive $35 per acre.
q 2 employees receive also Doard.
r 4 employees receive also board, and 2 receive also share net profits.
s 3 employees receive also board, valued at $24 per month, ana 2 receive also board, valued at $20
per month.
t And board.
« And share net profits,
vl employee receives also board,
toSee notes to details.

25—No. 66—06----- 19




650

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LA B O R .

T a b l e I I . —OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
Sex. Em­ age
age
ploy­
hours wages
hours
wages
ploy­
hours
wages
ploy­
per
per ees.
per
per
ees.
per
ees. per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Machinists' helpers:
American................................
Canadian..... ..........................
Chinese............. .....................
German..................................
Hawaiian.......................*.......
Part*Ha waiian........................
Japanese............................ ....
N orwegian............................
Polish................ .....................
Portuguese........ .....................
Scotch................ .......... ........
Spanish....................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total.....................................

M.

2

$2.58|

2

60

$2,014

2
«3
3
1
30

59.5 1.374
60
a 1.41
59.7 1.28
.69
60
59.8
.91

1

60

.96

1
o8
2

.844
60
59.4 cl.16
1.00
59

<*52

60

59.7

<31. 08

3

60

1.68

«4
61
1
61
4

14
1

60
60

1.134
1.344

15
1

4
1
1

60
60
60

1.324
2.50
1.25

27

60

58.9
59

1.194
1. 724

59.4 c l. 024

e ll

1.344 <*38

59.2 <n.n

•

Masons:
Air ^rican...............................
English...................................
German............. .....................
Hawaiian................................
Irish.......................................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese........................
Swedish ..................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

4
1
2
1
1
34
23
2

59.3 «7.25
/8.00
59
59.5 3.924
2.00
60
8.00
60
.97
59
59.7 2.234
60
8.00

Total....................................

M.

68

59.4 tf 2.28

2

60

7 .3 3 4

2
2

60
60

3.354
2.00

4

59

3.05

8
23

60
60

1.684
1.764

1
18

a 59.3

59

2.25
1.74

35

60

1.854

25 *59.3

2.42

2
1“

60
60

.844
.78

1
16

.844
.86
&.574

Masons’ helpers:
American................................' M.
German................................... M.
Japanese.................................. M.
Norwegian............................... M.
Porto Rican............................. M.
Portuguese.................... ........ M.

75
8

59.9

.964

2
16

60
60

Total.......................... ........

M.

84

59.8

.884

37

60

Master mechanic:
English...................................
Nurses, day nursery;
Japanese........... .

M.

1

60

Nurses, hospital;
American............. ..................
American negro.....................
German............. .....................
Japanese................ ................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese...............................
Scotcn ............................. .......
Scoton.....................................

F.
M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
M.
F.

1

60
59.8

1.00
.874

.844
1.08

8

59.5

1.21

59.3

a. 954

4.60
59

.55

i4

70

i 1,56

1
24

70
l 75
80.5

in . 79

3

70
70

/1.85
/ .86 4

16 *71

/ .72

4

1

13 J84
1 (*t4
1 \n)
1

i

16

3 84

/.834
/ . 494
/.6 6
/1.974
/ .874

4

1

70

22

t 70

fl

7

314

/.9 6

a Including 1 boy.
6 Boy.
c Including 2 boys.
dSee notes to details.
el employee receives also board.
/ And board.
0 Hours reported for 16 employees only.
h Hours reported lor 23 employees only.
* Including 1 girt,
3 Hours reported for Aemployees only,
fc Hours reported for 14 employees only.
1 Hours reported for 20 employees om y
employees receive also board, valued a t $10 per m onth.
n Irregular.

o H ours reported

59
59.3
59

«>1

.914 a 26

F.

Total................................... *




59.1 «$1.134
59
6.574
60
1.00
59
6.844
59.6 1.06

for 30 em ployees o n ly .

1
i 34

,0
0

L974
.454

1.314

74 7 |
\ <*.89

EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE ON H AW AII.
T

a b le

I I

651

__ OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age Em­ age
age
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per ees.
per
per
per ees.
per
per
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Office boys:
Chinese................................... M.
Japanese.................................. M.
Porto .Rican............................. M.

1

60 $0,174

1

€0

.574

Total.................................... M.

2

60

.374

Oilers, car:
Chinese................................... M .
German.................................. M.
•Hawaiian.......... ..................... M.
Japanese.................................. M.
Portuguese............................. M.

2

60

.844

1

60

$0.69

1

60

.69

1
1
5
.7
5

59
65
64.4
61.1
60.5

.77
1.154
.854
.78
.874

M.

2

60

.844

19

61.9

.844

Oilers, mill:
•Chinese................................... M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Japanese.................................. M.
Porto Rican...................- ....... M.
Portuguese ............................. M .

5
2
7

72
72
.72

1.15
.884
.934

6
1
73
2
6

71.5
72
70.2
72
70.1

.88
.844
.824
.884
.94

Total..... ................................ M.

14

72

1.004

88

70.4

.834

17 64.9
1 72
1 69
al
84
52 &76.1
c4
75

1.054
1.00
.90
a. 59
.884
©.904

<*76 ©73.4

d.924

Total.....................................

Oilers, pump:
Chinese........ ..........................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese..............................

'M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

10

84

$0.79*

4

72

.77

2

84

.854

61

£2.8

.77

39

84

.774

Total....,..............................

M.

75

82

.774

41

84

.78

Overseers:
American........................... .
:M.
53 /5 9 .5 f/2.57
97
60 h 2.544 76
1 60
Australian............................... M.
2
2.30
Austrian.................................. .M.
2 59.5 2.394
2
3
60 2.394
1
B oer....................................... M.
2.49
60
Canadian................................ M.
3
2 60
3.24
60 3.644
2
Chinese.................................... M.
32 59.3 1.184 24
60 1.184 11
Danish..................................... M.
4
2.30
1 59
3
60 3.004
English................................... M.
11
60 2.954
9 59.7 •2.53
9
French..................................... M.
2
2 62.7 2.494
3
60 2.43
German.................................... M. - 54 fc59.3 1 2.32
46
54
60 m2.27
Greek....................................... M.
2
1
Guam Islander........................ M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
40 59.1 h 1.44
73
76
60 a 1.57
Part-Hawaiian........................ M.
22 n 60
1.98
12
5
60 2.34
Hawaiian, white..................... M.
2 ©59
2.874
Irish........................................ M.
3.02
4 P 60
2
60 2.584
1
1
Italian..................................... M.
2.49
•2 ©60
Japanese.................................. M.
66 a 59.4 1.18 ,
64
60 1.24
K orean................................... M.
2
New Zealander....................... M.
i
2.30 1* 1 1 60 2.30
60
a Boy.
b Hours reported for 50 employees only.
©Including 1 boy.
dSee notes to details.
e Hours reported for 74 employees only.
/Hours reported for 51 employees only.
0 3 employees receive also share of net profits.
h 2 employees receive also share of net profits.
1 1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month.
i4 employees receive also board, valued at $20 per month.
JcHours reported for 45 employees only.
* 1 employee receives also share of net profits.
« il employee receives also board, and 1 receives also share of net profits.
n Hours reported for 21 employees only.
©Hours reported for 1 employee only.
p Hours reported for 3 employees only,
a Hours reported for 65 employees only.




59.5 *2.60
59
2.584
59.3 2.044
59.5 4.09
59.7 1.20
59.4 *2.01
59.6 J 2.754
59.5 2.78
61.2 2.84
1.294
59
2.11
59
59.8 1.60
60.8 2 .014
59
62.5
59.7
59.5

2.224
1.534
1.234
1.15

652

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

T a b l e H . —OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Overseers (concluded):
Norwegian..............................
polish......................................
Porto Rican.............................
Portuguese...............................
Russian..................................
Scotch.....................................
South American.....................
Spanish....................................
Swedish...................................
Swiss............. ..........................
Welsh___ ' ..............................
Total.................................. .
Overseers, assistant:
American.....................
Chinese....................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........... ............
Japanese................ ................
Korean...................................
Norwegian..............................
Porto Rican.............................
Portuguese...............................
Russian...................................
Scotch.....................................

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
ees. per
per
ees. per
ees. per
per
week. day.
week. dayweek. day.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

13 a 60

$2.53

1 59
154 c 59.5
1 59
33 /5 9 .2

1.154
d 1.694
2.30
9 2.484

3 59.3
4 J59.3

2.044
2.73

503 fc59.6

1 1.874

M.
M.
M.
Total..................................... M.

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total.....................................

M.

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

59.5 b$1.944
1.164
59
59.2 1.484
59.4 1.65
1.344
59
59.2 *2.76

596

60

59.6 *1.94

1

60

m 2.30

2
5
1
1

60
60
60
60

3.544
n 1.724
1.724
.77

1

60

2.224

9
1
1

60
60
60

1.684
2.30
2.49

22

60

22
2
1
1
2
2
6
1

60 P6.20
60 6.23
60 5.75
60 5.75
60 7.664
60 5.364
60 6.75
60 9.584

23
1
2
3
1

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Overseers, head:
American...............................
Canadian................................
Chinese...................................
Danish.....................................
English....................................
French.....................................
German....................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Hawaiian, white.....................
Italian........................ ............
New Zealander.......................
Norwegian...............................
Portuguese...............................
Russian....................................
Scotch.....................................
Swedish....................................

60 $2,534 14
60 1.534
3
60 1.164
6
60 c l. 624 197
3
60 *2.44
38
60 2.30
60 1.914
60 2.43
4
1
60 2.30

9
4
11
164

9 <?60
4 (7)
1
2
1
3

( q)
(3)
m
(a)

2 0 59
1
3

(q)

(«)

fir6.71
6.71
9.584
4.214
7.67
5.324
0 5.75

6.71
7.03

1
1

60
60

1 1.834

1 1.94

5.75
3.45

’ ii* ’ («)’ “ 6*79* ” ‘ i6* ‘ “ ’ 60* **6.*C8*
1
60 7.67
37

r

59.5

1 6.564

56

60

P 6.43

583
7
9
12

60
59.7

2.30
2.30

2.244
1.214

60

1.43

34
2

60.1
59

1.094
1.034

1
46

60
59.8

1.534
1.41

111

59.9

1.344

20
3

59.8
58.5

5,56
5.644

3
2
10
1

60.2
59
63.4
62

6.63
5.654
•6.804
4.79

1

60

3

59

5.75
6.004

1
16

60
59.3

60

60.2 *6.01

Overseers, head, assistant:
American................ ............. . M.
9
a (q)
4.47
60 fir4.62
1
m
English........ .......................... M. - 2
60 5.75
5,75
German.................................... M.
8 (a)
6.254
8
60 4.96
M.
Part-Hawaiian........................
2
1
60 4.504
4.214
«)
a Hours reported for 12 employees only.
&2 employees receive also board, valued a t $20 per m onth.
c Hours reported for 153 employees only.
d 2 employees receive also snare of n e t profits.
e 1 employee receives also board, an d 1 receives also share of n et profits.
f Hours reported for 32 employees only.
g 1 employee receives also share of n et profits.
*1 employee receives also board.
i 1 employee receives also board, valued a t $20 per m onth,
i Hours reported for 3 employees only,
fcHours reported for 483 employees only.
I See notes to details,
m Also share of n e t profits.
« 3 employees receive also share of n e t profits.
o Hours reported for 1 employee only.
j >1 employee receives also board, and 3 receive also share of n e t profits.
g Irregular.
r Hours reported for 2 employees only.




59.9
59

5.75
*6.18

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAW A II.
T able

653

I I . —OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

SUGAU, PLAN TATflO N S (53 ESTAIMLISmBCENXS)—Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Overseers, head, asst, (concluded):
Polish....................................... M.
Scotch..................................... M.
Swedish................................... M.

4

(«)

M.

18

(«)

Total,

$3,781
1
| 5.24

Overseer, m ill:'
American................................ M.
Overseer, ranch:
American................................ M.
Overseers, steam plow:
American...............
Danish....................
English..................
German..................
Hawaiian...............
Japanese................
Norwegian.............
Portuguese.............
Scotch...................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

M.

Total
Overseers, steam plow, assistant:
German.......... .*......................
Portuguese.............................

4 <*66.7

4.84

5 <*59.7 55.591
3 *60
4.73
1 (a)
3.45
1 65J
1.151
6 f 59.8 54.021
1 (a)
3.831
1 60
4.79
21 (761.8 54.52

1
7
2

60 $4.79
60 4.38
60 3.641

30

60 5 4.62!

1

60 c6.71

1

60 c4.79

2

60

6.71

1
1

60
60

5

60 55.21!

1 60
2 *60

2.871
1.82

3 *60

2.17

1

(«)

2.30

1
1

60 '2.8 7 !
60 1.15!

1

(<*)

2.30

2

60' '2.01!

Total,

M.
M.

Total.

M.

Overseer, tunnel:
American___

M.

Pack-train men:
Japanese.......
Portuguese..-

M.
M.

SO
4

62.9
60

Total..........

,G8
1.00

M.

91

62.8

Painters:
American........
Chinese...........
Filipino.......... .
German..........
Hawaiian........
Part-Hawaiian.
Japanese........ .
Porto Rican__
Portuguese___:
Spanish.......... .

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

1
7

60
59.3

3.50
1.11

2
2
1
20

58
59.5
60
58.8

3.50
1.50
2.50
.96!

1
1

CO
60

1.00
.921

Total........... .

M.

35

59.1

1.28!

.691

2

66

.77

2

66

.77

3

60

2.29

1
CO
1
60
8 - 00

1

59

$9,581

i

62

4.79

l

59

4.41

i

60

1.75

3

60.3

3.65

1

60

1.72!

1.25
1.51

3.26
4.60

M.
M.

Overseers, stock:
German........
Japanese___

1.25
1.25
1.90!

1
12

62.5
60.5

.92!

15
1
1

GO
60
60

1.05!
1.00
2.00

8

59.5

13

61.8

1.02

30

60

1.45

34

60.8

1.18

1

59.5

.70

Parasite tender:
Japanese —




1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ A v erAver­ Aver­
Sex. Em- age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy- hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per ees.
ees. per
per
per ees. • per
per
week. day.
week. day. .... . week. day.

a Irregular.
b l employee receives also share of net profits.
c Also share of net profits.
^ Hours reported for 3 employees only.
« Hours reported for 1 employee only.
S Hours reported for 4 employees only.
a Hours reported for 13 employees only.
5 See notes to details.
* Hours reported for 2 employees only.

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

654
T able

I I . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

SUGAR M jANTAWIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
Sex. Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per ees.
per ees. per
per
ees. per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Pipe fitters:
German................... ............... M.
Japanese.................................. M.

1
2

72
66

$1.53*
1.42*

M.

3

68

1.46

1

60

2.87*

1

72

.77

3

79.3

3.18

3
6
1
1
1

71.7

2.13*
/1.83
.98*
.2.68*
.98*

Total.....................................

Pipe fitter and plumber:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Pipe fitters’ helper:
Japanese.................................. M.
Pipe men:
Hawaiian................................ M.
Plumber:
German.................... ..... ....... M.
Policemen:
American................................
American negro.....................
German...................................
Hawaiian.......... .....................
Japanese..................................

2 * 60

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

2 684

Total..................... ............... M.

5 084

1.87*

84

* .42*

Norwegian___________________

Portuguese........................... .

Pump men:
Hawaiian................... ...........
Japanese...:...........................
Ranchmen:
Hawaiian................... .
Repair men, pump:
Japanese..................................
Reservoir men:
American................ ...............
Chinese....................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Japanese.................................
Portuguese..............................

M.
M.

3 c84

n

$2.54g
1.42*

$1.96*

1

(«)

1.72*

1
1

70
70

3.12*
2.30

7
1

10

72
70

71.4

98*
1.15

d.

1.35

15

eQS. Z

84

(«)

84
h

73.6 / 2.10*

4

84

M.

18

70

J. 68

M.

2

72

1.25

84
62.2

2.96
1.00
1.15
1.15
l . 86*
1.52

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

M.
Total..................................... M.

2 6 71
1 («)
29 k 73.8
2 77.5

i. 92*

.61*
.78*
1.46*

1
1
35
2

34 »*73.9

.88*

39

70
70
67.4
70

2.30
1.15
.91*
1.08*

67.7

.96*

1
3
1
1
32
4

.98*

(a)

70
62.5
70

42 « 63.9 *1.00

Riggers:
American................................ M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Japanese................................ M.
Scotch..................................... M.

1
1
1
1

60
63
60
60

3.00
1.15*
2.30*
3.25

2

59

1
| 1.17*

M.

4

60.8

2.42*

2

59

1.17*

Total.....................................

Riggers, sawmill:
2 60
American................................ M.
3.25
Riveters:
14 59
Japanese.................................. M.
1.00
Sawyer, sawmill:
American................................ M.
4.00
1 60
a Irregular.
b Hours reported for 1 employee only.
c Hours reported for*2 employees only.
d 3 employees receive additional salary from the government.
e l employee works only 8 hours per day, 6 days per week.
/ 1 employee receives also additional salary from the government.
0 Hours reported for 3 employees only.
h Hours reported for 14 employees only.
1 Boy.
j Also board, valued at $6 per month,
fc Hours reported for 27 employees only,
1 1 employee receives also bonus of $2 per .month.
Hours reported for 30 employees only.
n Hours reported for 41 employees only.




|

REPORT
Table

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO N ER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

655

IH.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.— Continued.

S&JGAI8, S*l*AJV'ITATIONS (53 ES’ffAKJLISIIMlEMTS)—Continued.

1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Sawyer, sawmill, assistant;
American................................
Sehool-teachers:
Japanese..................................
Seed cutters:
Japanese..................................
Seed cutters and planters:
Chinese..................... - ............
Seed planters:
Japanese..................................

1

60

M.

113

(«)

M.

25

(a)

1.00

M.

21

(a)

1.10

haft diggers:
American................................
Chinese..................................
English...................................
Hawaiian................................
Irish........................................
Japanese.................................
Portuguese...............................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

13

60

4.25

2
10
4
142
4

60
60
60
58.3
54

5.00
1.25
5.00
1.25
1.164

Total.......................... ..........

M.

175

58.5

Shaft diggers’ helpers:
Part-Hawaiian............. .......... M.
Japanese................................. M.
Portuguese............................... M.

2
15
2

60
60
60

.77
.97
.77

M.

19

60

.924

Sheep herders:
Japanese.................................. M.
Skidway man, sawmill:
German................................... M.

1

60

10

84

1
<13
1
126

GO
73.8
84
fc 80.7

Total...................... .........

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees.
per
per ees.
per
per
ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
M.

$2.50

M.

Stablemen:
American........................... ...
American negro.....................
Chinese....................................
German...................................
Guam Islander...... ...............
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Japanese..................................
Korean..... ..............................
Polish... ............... ..................
Porto R ica n ........ ...............
Portuguese..................... .........

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

m26

Total........ - ..........................

M.

P 179

2

20

GO

$1.25

319
1

60
60

&1.244
1.074

1.60 ' 340

60

el.

a80.6

(«)

45
3

84
60

$1,244

244

48 /7 9 .5

75
.974

d.

a.

79

6

69

.78

1
1
5

70
70
70

2.794
.96
.96
J .84

2.50

.814

1

72

1.344

5
1

7272

.99
2.874

i. 3i4
. 72
17
.854
.74 210

i

2
1
81.8 m.874 m 39

84

2
.931

.854

P.764 w276

72

.794

*14

70.4

72

.87

1 69.5

72
72
72

1.00
.77
w.89

176
3
2

70
0 67.3

72

m.

n 20

65

894 P222 r 69.3

.84
.714
.85
«.93
P.854

Steerers, steam plow:
1 59
American................................ M.
1.25
1 59
German................ ................. M.
2 60
1.154
1.00
Hawaiian............................. . M.
3 67
.82
4 60
.844
5 59.6
.954
Japanese.................................. M.
.85
37 60.3
40 59.9
40 60.7
.91
.944
2 59
1.00
Polish............................. ........ M.
« Not reported.
b Wages reported for 311 employees only, not including 8 employees who receive $3 per foot.
c Days and hours are reported lor 13 employees only.
d Wages reported for 13 employees only (contract workers).
e Wages reported for 332 employees only, not including 8 who receive $3 per foot.
f Hours reported for 16 employees only.
a Wages reported for 16 employees only, 13 of whom are contract workers.
h Irregular.
i Including 2 boys.
j Including 2 boys; 1 employee receives also board, valued at $18 per month,
fcHours reported for 123 employees only.
I Hours reported for 159 employees only.
m Including 5 boys.
« Including 6 boys.
o Hours reported for 18 employees only.
pSee notes to details.
q Hours reported for 175 employees only.
r Hours reported for 203 employees only.




B U L L E T IN

656

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LA B O R ,

T able I I . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC. — Continued.
S U «A i& P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.

1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex, Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per
per
per
ees.
per
per ees.
ees.
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Steerers, steam plow (concluded):
Porto Rican............. : .............. M.
Portuguese............................... M.

1

M.

46

Total.....................................
Stenographers:

59 81.00

11

60

61

54

60.2

.86

4
10

61.5 <»80.73
.90*
59.4

.97

61

59.9

a .91

«i.06*

1

66

3.83*

1
2

59.5
59.5

3.83*
2.77*

Total................................... .

1

66

3.83*

3

69.5

3.13

Stock herders:
American................................
American negro.....................

1

70

.85*

American................ ...............

M.
F.

M.
M.
F.
German.......7.......................... M.
M.
Japanese.................................. M.
Japanese.................................. F.
Porto Rican........ .................... M.
Portuguese............................. M.
Welsh...................................... M.
Total.....................................

.941 c22 <171.8
12 /72.8

<5.94*
£5.75*

3

(b)

1

(*)

1.31*

oh

72.8

o .7 6

4

(*)

1.03* *40

1 71.8

ic. m

Stock herders and butchers:
fierman___________________
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................................

M.
M.
M.

1
3
1

70
70
70

2.63
1.00
.56

5

70

1.24

1 70
’ 1.64*
1 70
.66
1 70
.85*
23 «73.9 1.01*
11 /72.8
.80*
1 70
.45*
*1
h . 57*
77
i 9 j 70
*.82*
1 59
2.11
m 72.6

* .93*

1
1
1

70
70
70

3.29
2.63
1.97*

70

2.63

*49

Total.......... ..........................

M.

Stockmen:
American................................
German....................................
Hawaiian................................
Rcotch_____________ ______

M.
M.
M.
M.

1

70

4.60

Total.....................................

M.

1

70

4.60

3

Storekeepers:
Amorioan_________________
Australian...............................
Canadian................................
English.......... ........................
German................ ........ ........
Hawaiian_________________
Part-Hawaiian........................
Japanese.......... .......................
New Zealander.......................
Norwegian___ _____________
Portuguese........................... .
Scotch.....................................

M.
M.M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

20

18
2
4
3
1

Total.....................................

M.

,

60.6

4.69

1
6

60
60

6:75
4.74

3

60

3.19*

1

60

3.83*

1
2

60
60

2.11
4.69*

60.4

4.49*

34

34

«4.16
6.61*
5.22*
w5.43
7.67

i
1

60
60

1

54

3.83*

3

72

3.96

Storekeepers’ assistants:
1 60
2.49
American................................ M.
2
Scotch..................................... M.
a 3 employees receive also bonus of 60 cents for each full week worked,
b Irregular.
e Including 1 boy.
d Hours reported for 21 employees only.
€ Hours reported for 20 employees only.
f Hours reported for 6 employees only.
g 1 employee receives also board.
*Boy.
i Including 3 boys.
j Hours reported for 4 employees only,
fc See notes to details.
i Hours reported for 32 employees only.
m Hours reported lor 35 employees only.
n i employee receives also share of net profits,




69.1
72
72
67.7 ‘
72

5.75
1.34

68.8 *4.58

72

2.68*

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

657

T a ble H . — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.
S U G A R P L A N T A T I O N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S )—Continued.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees.
per
per ees.
per
per ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Sugar boilers:
American................................
Austrian.................................
Canadian................................
Chinese...................................
Danish.....................................
English....................................
French.....................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Hawaiian, white.....................
Irish........................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M,
M.
M.
New Zealander....................... M.
Portuguese............................... M.
Scotch..................................... M.
Welsh....................................... M.

7 71 a|5.61i
1 72
5.75
1 72
4.79
3 72
1.66
5.75
1 72
3 69.8 5.24
1 72
4.98*
12 <*71.9 5.68
3
1
1

71.3
72
72

1
1
2

72
71
66

4.98|
4.79
7.67

13

72

m .m

1

72

4.79

.1
6
1
13
1
3

72 6.39
72 o5.65*
72 4.98*
72 5.94*
72 a 6.39
72 5.30

17
1
1
4
2
3
1
10

71.4 o$5.41*
72
6 71
72
5.75
72
2.30
71.6 6.55
71
5.43
72
4.98*
71.9 .5.76*

4

72

5.12*

1

72

4.98*

72 5.75
72 5.75
72 5.56
72 « 4.69*

72
60

6.45*
1.91*

3.83|
a 5.75
5.11|

1
1
1
3

3
1
2
1
1

72
72 .
72.

6.23
4.98*
5.36*

M.

38 /71.1 &5.J7*

46

72 05.56*

51

3
1
7
1
5
2
2
1
22
1

Polish.......................................
Portuguese...............................
Scotch .....................................
Welsh.......................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

5
1

71.6 a 1.62
72
2.30

10

Total.....................................

M.

51

71.5 01.96*

54

Japanese......... ............................. M.
Superintendent,mill construction:
American................................ M.

6

68

1.22

1

(h)

6.32s

Superintendents, mill construc­
tion, assistant:
American................................
TCnglish...................................

M.
M.

2
1

i 59

59

2.24*
1.50

............... ...................

M.

3

j

59

1.99*

Superintendent, sawmill:
American................................

M.

1

60

4.25

Total.....................................
Sugar boilers’ assistants:
American................................
Canadian................................
Chinese....................................
English.......................... ........
German....................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Trish........................................
Japanese..................................
Norwegian...................................

Sugar boilers’ helpers:

Total.

71.3 3.00*
72
3.83*
1.20
71
a 3.45
71
3.52*
72
.84*
68
4.12
70
72
2.87*
71.9 1.44*
72
2.87*

4

72

2.63*

4

72

13
2
1
1

72
72
72
72

1.58*
3.54*
3.83*
3.83*

13

72

1.39*

1
1
2

72
72
72

4.79
1.91*
1.84*

22

72

1.43*

26

72

1.14

1
5

72
72

3.26
2.18*

53

72

1.72*

1

' 72 a 1.61
72

4.74*

5.36*

72 a 1.83

Superintendents, store:
9 fc75
o4.58
American............................... M.
1 (A) a4.79
Australian.......... .................... M.
1 (M
English................................... M.
3.83|
Part-Hawaiian........................ M.
5.17§
1 \h{
a l employee receives also share of net profits.
62 employees receive also share of net profits.
0 Not including 1 employee who receives $1,000 per crop.
d Hours reported for 7 employees only.
«Not including 1 employee who receives $2,000 per crop.
f Hours reported for 33 employees only,
firSee notes to details.
h Irregular.
1 Hours reported for 1 employee only,
iHours reported for 2 employees only,
fc Hours reported .for 4 employees only.




71.5 0 5.30

658

B U L L E T IN
T able I I . —

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Superintendents, store (eoncl’d):

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
Sex. Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per
per
per
ees.
ees.
ees. per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.
1
2
3

M.
M.
M.

(«)
72
(a)

18 &74

M.

82.871
3.96*
4.64
c4.43

Superintending engineers:

Surveyors:
American........ „ .......... . . . . . . .
Danish.....................................
ftfirmftn................ ..................
TTfl.'waiifl.ri............. ..................
Part-Hawaiian..................... .
Irish........................................
Japanese..................... ............
Norwegian............................ _
Portuguese.......... ..................
Total..................... ..

1905.

M.

M.

2
1

72 89.96*
72 15.97*

M.

3

72 11.97

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

9
1
1
1
1

M.

13

fa)
(a)
(a)
fa)
(a)

(a)

6.58
3.831
4.79
4.00
2.30

5.70*

Surveyors* assistants:
American........... .................... M.
Japanese................................. M.
Surveyors’ helpers:
American........ .......................
German...................................
Hawaiian........ ........ . . . . . . __
Part-Hawaiian........... ...........
Japanese.......... .......................
Portuguese...............................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

10
1

(a)

(a)

6.94
4.60

1

(«)

<?10.00

1
1

(a)

(«)

14

(a)

1

(«)

7.67
4.23*
*6.85
3.83*

1 60
(a)
/I
6 (a)
1
12 <265.5
4 072

1.50
/ . 57*
.84
1.53*
.90
1.02

8

060

1.08

10
i3

A60
(«)

1.16
*.93*

24

2.94

*21

Total................ .......... ........

M.

Swampers:
Japanese..................................

M.

Teachers, kindergarten:
American................................
Teachers, kindergarten, assistant:
Hawaiian................................

F.

2

30

3.12*

F.

2

30

.62*

i

J66. 3

fc60 *1.10

9
1
1
1

60.1 <*87.58*
59
2.87*
2.87*
60
60
1.53*

1

59.5

2.30

1

59.5

4.79

14
1

59.9 <*5.90*

60

13
6
13
6

60
61.5
59.5
59.9

.92*
.95
.93*
.97

38

60

.94

4

59

.77

2

30

2.39*

Teamsters and cultivators:
American................................ M.
2 65
2
66 1.39*
1.63*
2 60
Austrian................................ M.
1.09*
11
66
Chinese.................................... M.
.98*
99* 14 59.6
29 66.2
Hawaiian................................ M. *193 61.6 2.86 389
.92 m378 60.1
66
4 62.5 1.15*
2
Part-Hawaiian........................ M.
66 1.34*
Irish........................................ M.
1 59.5
.78* 1,143
66
Japanese.................................. M.
963 n61.4
.83 ol,014 59.4
8 59
Korean.................................... M.
Polish....................................... M.
.89
.94*
15 59.7
16 59.4
8
66
29
Porto Rican............................. M.
.79* 47 69.6
66
a Irregular.
b Hours reported for 6 employees only.
cSee notes to details.
<?1 employee receives dlso board, valued at $20 per month.
e \ employee receives also board.
/ Boy.
g Hours reported for 3 employees only.
h Hours reported for 4 employees only.
i Including 1 boy.
j Hours reported for 11 employees onlyfcHours reported for 7 employees only.
I Including 4 boys.
vn, Including 9 boys.
n Hours reported for 962 employees only.
o Including 2 boys.
p l employee receives also bonus of $2 for every 26 days worked.




1.91*

.94*
m.86
1.00
o.79
.72*
.88
*81*

REPORT

OF T H E

COM M ISSIONER OF T A B O R

T a b l e I I . — OCCUPATIONS,

ON H A W A I I .

659

AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued,

S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (53 ESTAJBLISJBUH ENTS)—Continued.
1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

Teamsters and cultivators (con­
cluded).
Portuguese.......... ....................
South'"American
................
South Sea Islander..................
S p a n is h ................................
Welsh.................................. ....

1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
Sex. Em­ age
age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees. per
per
per
ees. per
ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

M. a 430
M.
M.
2
M.
1
M.

61
60
59

Total..................................... M. <*1,642 e 61.3

a$0.90* *>545
1

66
66

.73
2.11*

59.6 c$0.92*
60

.80*

5.88 <*2,018 59.6

<*.84

Teamstersand cultivators’ helpers:
*• Hawaiian................................ M.
Portuguese.............................. M.

no
/ 42

59
59.3

/ . 62
/ . 55*

Total..................................... M.

/ 52

59.3

/ .56*

61.4
60

3.51
2.87*

Timekeepers:
American.............................. .
Austrian.................................
Bohemian...............................
English...................................
German...................................
Hawaiian............................. .
Part-Hawaiian.. . _____ _____
Hawaiian, white .............
Japanese..................................
Norwegian..... ....... ................
Polish.....................................
Portuguese..............................
Scotch.....................................
Total...................................
Timekeepers, assistant:
American..................... ..........
Tinsmith:
German...................................
Trash balers:
Japanese___________ _______
Waiters:
Japanese..................................
Warehousemen:
American................................
English..................................
German........................... ..... ♦.
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Jamaican................................
Japanese..................................
Norwegian....................... ......
Porto Rican............. ...............
Portuguese..............................
Scotch.....................................
Total.....................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

12

9 59

1

(«)
2 96 0
3
(0
2 t/60
1
1 (*)
1 (i)
1 (i)

e*.83* *>2,180 66

5$0.95* o537
.84*
4

3.211
2.30
3.98*
1.73
2.08|
1.53*
1.53*
3.06*
3.83*

1

(<) J2.68*
25 *59.7 i2..83*
2

U)

14
1

60
60

53.09*
2.68*

16
1

2
6
4
5

60
60
60
60

3 2.68*
h 2.97

3
4
3
1

60
3.70*
59.4 3.16*
59
51.85*
60
3.06*

2

66

2.68*

1
5

60
60

40

1.32*
2.37*

1

54

2.49

2.30
J2.80

1
8

60
59.1

2.87*
3.15*

60.3 <*2.70

38

2.10
1

60

2.00

1

70

.66

3.45

2

60

2.20*

1.81*
1.50*
1.72*
3 1.34*

5

CO

1.38

17

60

M.
M.

m30

M.
M.
M.
M.

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

2 059
4 *63.7
5 61.6
2 060
1 59
1
.3
1

60

2.40*

59.7
60

1.41
3.06*

3

3 1 . 90*

27

19 w61

1
1
1
1

59

59.5
59
59
59

ml. 50

3.83*
2.30
1.53*
1.00

.88*

22

59.2

.86*

60

1.13*

1
4
1

60
65.6
59

1.00
1.44
3.83*

60

1.10

32

60

1.20

Warehousemen’s helper:
Japanese.................................. M.
1 60
...... I.......
.92*
a Including 12 boys.
&Including 19 boys.
c Including 28 boys.
<*See notes to details.
« Hours reported for 1,641 employees only.
/ Boys.
9 Hours reported for 1 employee only.
*1 employee receives also board.
i Irregular.
J1 employee receives Also share of net profits.
Tc1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month.
I Hours reported for 3 employees only,
m Contract workers.
n Hours reported for 16 employees only.




60.1 53.21

660

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

T a b l e I I . — OCCUPATIONS,

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ) —Continued.
1902.

1900-1901.
Occupation and nationality.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
age Em­ age
ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
ees.
per
per
per ees.
per
per ees.
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

Watchmen:
American................................
American negro.....................
Canadian__7..........................
Chinese....................................
English..................................
German...................................
Greek.......................................
Hawaiian................................
Part-Hawaiian........................
Japanese..................................
Norwegian...............................
Porto Rican.......... ..................
Portuguese...............................
Scotch.....................................
Spanish ....................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

<265

3

84

$1.53|

1
1

84
84

1.81*
.72

4
1
<24
2
11
3

84
81
84
84
84.6
84

1.40*;
1.48
<2.78*
1.25
.70
1.19

23

84

.95*

2

84

.92

84.1

<2.99

4
1

73.5 $1.49
84
1.50

2 77
1 84
5 «70
4

70

.69*
1.31*
61.08*
1.03

33 e 73.8
1 84

.88*
1.15

24
1

1.04*
1.64*

71.8
70

Total.....................................

M.

Water tenders, mill:
Chinese...................................
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese...............................

76 g 73.1 61.01

M.
M.
M.
M.

7
3

72
72

10

72

2

84

$1.24

1
2
5

84
84
84

.77
1.48
ol.25

8

84

.93

24 /84
2 84
1 84
20 84

.91
1.40
.82
.99*

65 684

cl. 00*

1.02*
1.00*

4
1
42
3

71.8
72
71.8
72

.95*
.88*
.93*
1.28

1.02

50

71.8

.95*

Total.....................................

M.

Water tenders, pump:
Japanese..................................

M.

Water tenders, steam plow:
Chinese...................................
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................................
Polish.......................................
Portuguese....... i ......................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

1
7
18
3
7

59
62.9
61.3
59
59.9

.92*
.81*
.92
1.00
.94*

2

66

1.00

8

66

,92

8

66

.98

Total.....................................

M.

36

61.1

.91

18

66

.95*

Well borers:
American................................
Japanese..................................
Norwegian...............................
Portuguese.............................

M.
M.
M.
M.

7

60

3.30

1
5

60
60

2.50
1.30*

1
4
1
4

13

*60

2.47*

10

1

60

2.11

4

Total.....................................

M.

Wharf hands:
American................................
Chin ese................................ .
German..........................; __
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................................
Porto Rican.............................
Portuguese...............................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

37
102

59.3
59.2

Total.....................................

M.

140

59.2

a Hours reported

1

59

.73

1.01*

59.5
CO. 2

.99*
.92*

9

60.2

.96*

28

60.1

.95

60
59
59
60

3.50
1.08*
2.50
.88*

59.5

1.39

1 .. 60

1.00

1.03
.88

3 i 60
47 V)
68
V)
15 m60
4 «60

1.53*
1.13
.94*
.76
1.49

50 V59.6
107 159.4
4 59
18 <>59.3

.99*
.84
.86*
.89*

.92

138 P60

1.02*

180 3 59.4

.89

for 4 employees only.
62 employees receive also board.
c l employee receives also board, valued at $20 per montii*
d Including 1 pensioner.
c Hours reported for 32 employees only.
/Hours reported for 23 employees only.
g Hours reported for 74 employees only.
h Hours reported for 64 employees only.
i Hours reported for 2 employees only.
3 Irregular.
Hours reported for 27 employees only.
l Hours reported tor 106 employees only.
Hours reported for 7 employees only.
» Hours reported for 1 employee only.
o Hours reported for 3 employees only.
p Hours reported for 11 employees only.
3 Hours reported for 141 employees only.




4
15

84

REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIONER OF L A B O R

T able II.—
OCCUPATIONS,

ON H A W A I I ,

661

AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued.

S U G A R P L A N T A T IO N S (5 3 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S )-C o n c lu d e d .
1900-1901.
Occupationand nationality.

1902.

Wharfingers:
American...............................
Canadian................................
Dutch.......................................
English...................................
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................................
Portuguese...............................
Russian...................................
Scotch.....................................
Swedish...................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Total.....................................

M.

Wheelwright:
American................................ M.
Wheelwright’s helper:
Japanese.................................. M.
Whitewashes:
Japanese.................................. M.
Wipes and oilers, locomotive:
Chinese...................................
Fijian................................... .
German...................................
Hawaiian................................
Japanese..................................
Porto Rican.............................
Portuguese...............................
Spanish....................................

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

2 60
3 <*60
1 60
2
1

( c)
60

3 2.0 11
2 .6 8 5

1

60 32.30

2.26
2.241

1

60

2.681

2

59.5 6 2.871
<*60.2 2,251
65.5 el. 321
1 60
2.30
1 59
1.54
4

e2

1.98
3.061

1
2
1

60
60
60

2.30
3.93
2.391

3

59.3

a 59.9

2.371

6

60

2.921 el5

ft 60.4.

<2.461

i

58

4.00

1

58

1.25
3

60

1.00

2
18
1
1
1

51
61.9
59
60
60

.96
.89
1.00
.921
.921

23

60.7

.901

14

1
1
1
52

15
3

66
60
59
60
65.5

.921
1.00
.841
5 . 74
.94

3
19

60
60

1 .1 0 1

63

i.05

3

60

1.08

64.2

5 . 931

25

60

,981

60
60

.80
.651

60

.671 «26 <*60

M.
M.
M.
M.

1.
6

Total........................ ...........

M.

7

a Hours

J23

.95

3

60

.471

1

60

.31

60

.431

4

IcS

<*)

15
3

(c )

60

1 84
7 68.4
1 59
66 P68.9
1 70
6

60.7

82 r68.3

reported for 2 employees only.
61 employee receives also board, valued at §2 0 per month.
c Irregular.
<*Hours reported for 3 employees only.
e Including 1 boy.
f Hours reported for 1 employee only.
s Hours reported for 9 employees only.
h Hours reported for 14 employees only.
i See notes to details,
i Including 1 cripple,
if Contract workers.
I Not reported.
m Wages reported for 2 employees only, not including 1 who receives 75 cents per cord.
n Including 8 contract workers.
®Wages reported for 10 employees only. See notes to details.
P Hours reported for 60 employees only.
« Including 2 employees who receive also board, valued at 37 per month.
r Hours reported for 76 employees only.




32.681
. 2.30

2 / 59

M.

M.

59
59

3 «60

Total.....................................

Yard boys:
American negro..................... M.
Chinese................................... M.
Hawaiian................................ M.
Japanese................... ............. M.
Norwegian.............................. M.
Porto R ic a n ________ _______ M.
Portuguese............................ M.

1
1

2.30

Wood choppes:
Chinese...................................
Hawaiian______ _______ ____
Japanese..................................
Portuguese_______ , _....... ....

Total.....................................

1905.

Aver­ AveAver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em­ age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy­ h ous wages ploy­ hous wages ploy­ hours wages
per
ees.
per ees.
per
per ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

3.58

*1.00
(*L

m .77
0 . 86 I

.841
'.741
.50
q .n

.981

.931
a. 73

B U L L E T IN

662

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T able H r — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Concluded.
T A N N E R Y (1 E S T A B L IS H M E N T ).
1900-J901.
Occupation and nationality.

Beamsters:
Chinese..
Japanese.

M.
M.

Total...

M.

Carpenter:
American
Engineer:
Chinese..
Foreman:
Swedish..
Laborers:
Chinese__
Japanese...
Portuguese.
Total,
Machine operator:
German..........
Shaver:
Chinese..........
Splitter:
Chinese...,___
Tablemen:
German..
Hawaiian
Total




1902.

1905.

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Sex. Em- age
age Em­ age
age Em­ age
age
ploy- hours wages ploy­ hours wages ploy­ hours wages
per
per ees.
ees.
per
per ees.
per
per
week. day.
week. day.
week. day.

____

2
2

53 *1.20*
53 1.12*

4

53

1.16*
3.50

M.

1

53

M.

1

m

1.66*

1

53

5.75

3
2
1

53
53
53

1 11
1.04*
1.08*

53

1.08*

*M.
M.
M.

6

:M .

—------

—

i—

!- j

|

■
—---------

""

— ■ —

■

M.

1

53

2.00

M.

1

53

1.33*

M.

1

53

1.33*

M.
M.

1
1

53
53

1.50
L50

M.

2

53

1.50

R E P O R T OF T H E
T

able

H

I .—

CO M M ISSIO N ER O F L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

603

RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1905.

[For explanation and discussion of this table see pages 514 and 515.]
FOOD*

Baking powder.

Year.

1890.,
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.,
1903.,
1904.,
1905.,

Beans, dry.

Beef, fresh.

Chuck
Navy,
‘Royal,” ‘Royal,”
per
per Navy, Navy, Navy, roast,
per
per
pound. per
per
per
pound., pound,
Hilo, pound, pound, pound, pound,
Hono­
Hono­
Hilo,
Ha­ Kauai. Kauai. Kauai. lulu,
lulu,
Hawaii. Oahu.
waii.
Oahu.
80.6000
.6000
.6000
.6000
.6000
.6000
.6000
.6000
.6000
.6000
.6000
.6000
.6000
.6000
.6000
.6000

Loin
roast,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

Loin
steak,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

Year.

1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.

Round
steak,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

80.1000 80.1500 80.1250 80.1250 80.1000
80.0500 80.0500
.0500 .0500
.1000
.1500 .1250 .1250
.1000
.0500 .0500
.1000
.1500 .1250 .1250
.1000
.0500 .0500
.1000
.1500 .1250 .1250
.1000
.0500 .0500
.1000
.1500 .1250 .1250
.1000
.0500 .0500
.1000
.1500 .1250 .1250
.1000
.0800 .1500 .1500 .1000
.0500 .0500
.1000
.0500 .0500
.0800
.1500 .1500 .1000
.1000
.0500 .0521
.1000
.1800 .1500 .1250
.1000
.0500 .0625
.1250 .2100
.1500 .1500
.1000
.1479 .1875 .1875 .1650
.0500 .0625
.1492
.1250 .2025 .2025 .1760
.0500 .0521
.1400
.1250 .2250
.0500 .0500
.2250 .2000
.1500
80.5000 .0500 .0500 80.0500 80.0600 .1500 .2250 .2250 .2000
.1500
.5000 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .1500 .2083 .2083 .2000
.1500
.5000
.0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .1500 .2000
.2000
.2000
.1500
Butter.

Beef,
corned,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

Rib
roast,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

Cream­ Cream­
Beef, Cream­
ery,
corned, ery* Cream­ Cream­ Cream­ Califor­
ery.
canned, Califor­ ery,
ery,
ery, nia, or Hawaii, Table,
per
per 2- nia, per Califor­ Califor­ Califor­ best,per per pound,
lb. can, pound, nia, per nia, per nia, per pound, pound,
Hilo,
Kauai. Hono­ pound, pound, pound, Hono­ Hono­
lulu, Kauai. Kauai. Kauai. lulu,
lulu, Hawaii
Oahu.
Oahu. Oahu.

80.1000

Cheese.

Cream,
per
pound,
Hilo,
Hawaii.

Cream,
Califor­
nia, per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

80.4729 80. 5000
80.3875 80.2458
.4063
5000
.4167
.2208
.4500
5000
.4042 .2000
.5375
5000
.3667 .2000
5000
.4375
.3500 .2000
.3979
5000
.3458 .2000
.4354
5000
.3458 .2000
.3938
5000
.2833 .2000
.4021
5000
.3208 .2000
.1083
.3813
5000
.3083 .2000
.1458
.4167
5000
80.6000 .3208 .2000
.1125
5000
.4083
.6000 . 3458 .2000
.1250
4500
.4208
.6000 .3500 .2000
.1500 80.3000 .4208
4167 80.4000 80.3500 80.4500 .5000 .3958 .2000 80.2000
.1500 .2500 .3750
4000 .4000 .3500 .3750 .5000 .3875 .2000
.2000
a. 1313 .2500 6.3600
4250 <2.4167 .3500
.5000 .3500 .2000
.2000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000

a Price in Jan., 80.15, and from Feb. to Apr., 80.12J.
6Price in Jan., 80.40, and fr6m Feb. to May, 80.35.
c Price in Jan. and Feb., 80.40, and in Mar. and Apr., 80.45.
d Price in Jan. and Feb., 80.40, and in Mar., 80.45.
« Price in Jan. and from Mar, to May, 80.35, and Feb,, 80.40.




664

B U L L E T IN

OP T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

T able I I I . — RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1905—Continued.
F O O D —Continued.
Coffee, native.

Cheese.

Year.

Cream,
Cali­
fornia,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

Cream,
Cali­
fornia,
per
pound,
Kauai.

Cream,
Cali­
fornia,
per
pound,
Kauai.

No. 1,
roasted
Cream, Green,
and
No. 1, No. 1,
per Green, green,
Cali­
green, ground,
fornia, pound, per
per
per
per
per
Hilo, pound, pound,
pound,
pound, Ha­ Kauai. Kauai. pound,
Kauai. Hono­
Maui. waii.
lulu,
Oahu.

Roast­ Corn,
ed and canned,
1-lb.
ground per
can,
per
pound, Hono­
lulu,
Hono­ Oahu.
lulu,
Oahu.

1890__ __ $0.2000
1891. -. . .2000
1892 . - .2000
1898........... .2000
1894........... .2000
1895........... .2000
189fi........... .2000
1897.........
.2000
1898.........
.2000
1899. -- - .2000
1900...........
1901..........

1902 1903...........

1904...........
1905..........

$0.2500
$0.3500
.2500
.3500
.2458
.3500
.2500
.3500
.2500
.3500
.2500
.3500
.2500
.3403
.2500
.3194
.2458
.3000
.2000
.3000
.2000
.3000
.2000
$0.2000
.2000
.3000
.2000
.2000
.2000
..2708
.2000
$0.1500 .1625 $0.2000 $0.2500 .2500 $0.1250
.2000 $0.2000 $6.2000 .2000
.1250
.2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 $0.1500 .1500 .1500 .2000 .2500 *.2500
.1250
.2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .1500 .1500 .1500 .2500 .2600 .2500
Eggs, fresh.
Fish, salt.
Fish,
can­
ned,
In
pack­
In
In
red sal­
Per
Per
ages, pack­ pack­ dozen,
mon,
Cod,
Cod,
Per perl-lb.
ages, Hono­ dozen,
per
ages,
per
per
Hono­ dozen, can, pound,
per
pound, per
pound,
lulu,
lulu, Kauai. Hono­ Kauai. Kauai.
Hono­ pound, pound, Oahu.
Oahu.
lulu,
lulu, Kauai. Kauai.
Oahu.
Oahu.

Corn meal.

Year.

In
pack­
ages,
per
pound,
Hilo,
Ha­
waii.

In
pack­
ages,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

$0.5000 $0.4000
$0.0500 $0.0500
$0.1000
1890...........
.5000 .4000
.1000
1891...........
.0500 .0500
1892 ..........
.5000
.4000
.1000
.0500 .0450
1893...........
.4875
.4000
.1000
.0500 .0450
.4500 .4000
.0500 .0450
.1000
1894...........
.4500 .4000
.1000
1895............
.0433 .0450
.4000 .4000
1896 ........
.1000
.0400- .0450
.3708 .4000
.1000
1897............
.0400 .0450
.3500 .4000
.0400
.0450
.1000
1898...........
.4000 .4000
.1000
1899...........
.0400 .0450
.4292 .4000
.1000
.0358 .0450
1900............
.5000 .5000
.1000
1901........... $0.0400
.0350 .0450
.1000
.5250 .5000
.0350 .0450
1902........... .0400
.0875
.4500
$0.1250
$0.0833
$0.5083
.4000
.0350
.0450
1903........... .0400 $0.0500
$0.0450
.0625
1904........... .0400 .0500 .0350 .0450 .0450 .4958 .4458 .4000 .1250 .0833
.1250
.0625
.0833
1905........... .0400 .0500 .0350 .0450 .0450 o.4167 .3500 .4000
a price in Jan., $0.55; in Feb., Mar., May , and June, $0.40; and in Apr., $0.35.




REPORT OB’ THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR ON HAWAII.

665

T able III.—
RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1905—Continued.
F O O H —Continued.

Flour, wheat.

Fish, salt.

Year.

Cod, Salm­
cheap­ on,
per Salm­
est
on, per
grade, pound,
Hilo, pound,
per
Ha­
pound, waii. Kauai.
Kauai.

Salm­
on, per
pound,
Kauai.

Fam­
ily,
best,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

Fam­
ily,
best,
in 48lb.
bags,
per
pound,
Kauai.

Fam­
ily,
No. 1,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

Fam­
ily,
No. 1,
in 48lb.
bags,
per
pound,
Hilo,
Ha­
waii.

Fam­
ily, No.
1, in 48lb.
bags,
per
pound,
Kauai.

Fam­
ily, No.
1, in 48lb.
bags,
per
pound,
Kauai.

Gra- •
ham,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

$0.1000
$0.0300
$0.0306 $0.0341
1890...........
.1000
.0300
.0342 .0349
1891...........
.1000
.0300
.0334 .0347
1892...........
.0300
1893...........
.1000 >
.0293 .0333
1894...........
.0292
.1000
.0255 .0326
.1000
.0271
.0254 .0296
1895...........
.1000
.0267
1896...........
.0269 .0278
.0329
.1000
1897...........
.0324 .0333
.0300
.1000
.0324 .0355
1898...........
.0296
1899............
.1000
.0271
.0264
.1000
1900...........
.0250
.0265 .0306
1901............
.1000
.0250
.0265 .0296
.0250
1902...........
.1000
.0236 .0290
1903........... $0.0800 .1000 $0.0833 $0.0833 .0296 $0.0292 $0.0400 .0269
.0313 $0.0323 $0.0500
.0500
1904........... .0800 .1000 .0833 .0833 .0280 .0299 .0400 .0286 .0313 .0323
.0500
1905........... .0800 .1000 .0833 .0833 .0280 .0313 .0400 .0292 .0313 .0333
Fruit.

Year.

Pure
Flour,
rye, per Apples, Prunes,
leaf, in
pound, evapo­ dried,
pails,
per
per
Kauai. rated, pound,
pound,
per
Hono­
pound, lulu, Hono­
Kauai. Oahu. lulu,
Oahu.

Lard.

Milk,
con­
densed.

Maca­
“ Silver
roni,
Leaf,”
In
In
In
per
In
Best,
in pails, pails, pails, pails, pails, pound,
per
per
per
per
per
per
Kauai.
1-lb.
pound, pound, pound, pound, pound.
can,
Hono­ Hilo, Kauai. Kauai. Kauai.
Kauai.
lulu, Hawaii.
Oahu.

$0.1233
$0.1483 $0.1417
1890............
1891...........
.1275
.1408 .1271
1892...........
.1300
.1392 .1250
1893...........
.1300
.1517 .1479
1894...........
.1300
.1400 .1375
1895...........
.1367
.1400 .1250
1896...........
.1325
.1300 .1179
1897...........
.1450
.1000 .1142
1898...........
.1467
.1000 .1183
1899...........
.1400
.1000 .1167
1900...........
.1483
.1033 .1100
1901............
.1500
.1200 .1100
1902...........
.1200 .1213
.1500
1903........... $0 0500 $0.1500 $0.1250 .1500 $0.i683
.1200 .1100 $0.1100 $0.1300 $0.1000 $0.2500
1904........... .0700 .1250 .1250 .1450 .1550 .1200 .1000 .1100 .1000 .1000
.20d0
1905........... .0750 .1250 .1250 .1400 .1500 .1200 .1000 a. 1067 .1000 .1000
.2000
a Price m Jan. and Feb., $0.11, and m Mar., $0.10.

25—No. 66—06-----20




B U L L E T IN

666

OP T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

T able H I . — RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 JQ 1905—Continued.
JPOOE>—Continued.
Milk,
Milk,
con­
densed. fresh,
deliv­
ered,
per
Year. Eagle,
quart,
per
1-lb. Hono­
can,
lulu,
Kauai. Oahu.
1890..
..
1891..
..
1892..
..
1893..
..
1894..
..
1895..
..
1896..
..
1897..
..
1898..
..
1899..
..
1900..
..
1901..
..
1902..
..
1903.. $0.2000
..
1904..
/.
.2000
1905..
..
.2000

Lamb,
Mut­
New Or­ Lamb,
Mut­
ton,
hind
fore
leans, quarter,
leg,
quarter, chops, ton,
per
per
per
per
per pound,
gallon, pound,
pound, pound, Hono­
Hono­ Hono­
Hono­ Hono­ lulu,
lulu,
lulu,
lulu,
lulu,
Oahu. Oahu.
Oahu. Oahu. Oahu.

$ 0.1200

.1200

.1200

.1200

Mutton and lamb.

Mo-

$1.0000

.1000
.9917
.1000 a .8500

$0.1800
.1800
.1800
.1800
.1800
.1800
.1800
.1800
.1800
.1800
.1800
.1800
.1800
.1800
.1800
.1800

Pork,
fresh*

Year.

1860.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897
1898
1899.
1900
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.

Sau­
sage,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

Mut­
ton,
roast,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

Oat­
meal,
in
pack­
ages,
per
pound,
Hilo,
Ha­
waii.

Bacon,
break­
fast,
per
pound,
Kauai.

Bacon,
break­
fast,
per
pound,
Kauai.

$0.2500 $0.2000
.2500 .2000
.2500 .2000
.2500 .1850
.2500 .1900
.2500 .2000
.2500 .1817
.2500 .1917
.2208 .1842
.1892
.2000
.1850
.2000
.1850
.2000
.2042
.2000
.2075 $0.2200 $0.2000
.2000
.2000
.2075 .2200 .2000
.2000
.2000
.2000 6.2133

Ham,
sugarcured,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

Roast,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

Rice.

Pork,
Ham, Pork, Pork,
salt,
salt,
Per
sugar- salt,
per
per
per pound,
Per
cured, pound, pound, pound,
Hono­ pound,
per
Hilo,
Hono­
Hono­
lulu,
Kauai.
pound, Ha­
lulu,
lulu, Oahu.
Kauai. waii. Oahu.
Oahu.

$0.1313
.1396
.1417
.1500
.1950
.1479
.1800
.1500
.1800
.1458
.1725
.1250
.1750
.1250
.1800
.1458
. 1742
.1500
.1775
.1500
.1950
.1500
.1950 $0.1800 .1675 $0.2000
.1800 .2000
.1575 .2000
.1800 .2000 .1500 .2000

$ 0.2000

.20 00
.20 00
.20 00

a Price in Jan., $0.80, and in Feb., $0 90.
5Price in Jan., $0.22, and in Feb. and Mar., $0.21.




Chops,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

$0.2000 $0.1500 $0.1500 $0.1500
$0.2500 $0.2500
.2000 .1500 .1500 .1500
.2500
.2500
.2000 .1500 .1500 .1500
.2500
.2500
.2000 .1500 .1500 .1500
.2500
.2500
.2000 .1500 .1500 .1500
.2500
. 2500,
.2000 .1500 .1500 .1500
.2500
.2500
.2000 .1750 .1500 .1750
.2500
.2333
.2000 .1750 .1500 .1750
.2500
.2000
.2000 .1750
.1500 .1750
.2000
.2000
.2000 .1750 .1500 .1750
.2000
.1900
.2000 .1750 .1500 .1750
.2000
.1800
.2000 .1875 .1642 .1875 $0.0500 .2100
.1983
.2000 .2000 .1800 .2000 .0500 .2200
.2200
.2000 .2000 .1800 .2000 .0500 .2200
.2200
.2000 .2000 .1800 .2000 .0500 .2100
.2067
.2000 .2000 .1800 .2000 .0500 .2000
.2000
Pork, salt.

Bacon,
break­
fast,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

Pork, fresh.

>.2000 $0. 0525
.2000
0513

.2000
.2000

.2000
.2000
.2000
.2000
.2000

.2000
. 2000
.2000
.2000
.2000

.2000
.2000

0500
0567
0550
0475
0454
0542
0588
0683
0700
0650
0558
0508 $0.0600
0329
.0500
0325
.0400

667

REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAW A n .

T able H I . — RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1905— Continued.
FO O ® —Continued.
Salt.

Rice.

Year.

1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.

In 100lb.
bags,
per
pound,
Hilo,
Ha­
waii.

In 1001b.
bags,
per
pound,
Kauai.

InlCOlb.
bags,
per
pound,
Kauai.

Table,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

Spices.

Mus­ Pepper,
Table, tard,
ground,
in bags, ground,
per
per
per pound,
pound, pound,
Hono­ Hono­ Hono­
lulu,
lulu,
lulu, Oahu.
Oahu. Oahu.

Sugar.
Brown,
No. 1,
per
pound,
Hilo,
Ha­
waii.

Brown,
No. 1,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

Brown,
No. 1,
per
pound,
Kauai.

Brown,
No. 1,
per
pound,
Kauai.

$0.7500 $0.5000 $0.0500 $0.0500 $0.0550
$0.0250
$0.0517 $0.0440
.0595 .0440
.7500 .5000
.0500 .0500 .0550
.0250
.0497 .0490
.0250
.7500 .5000 .0500 .0500 .0550
.0431 .0415
.0250
.7500 .5000 .0500 .0500 .0500
.0449 .0440
.0250
.7500 .4000 .0500
.0500 .0500
.0472 .0442
.0250
.7500 .4000 .0500 .0500 .0500
.0403 .0400
.0250
.7500 .4000 .0500 .0500 .0500
.0473 .0493
.7500 .4000
.0500 .0500 .0500
.0250
.0566 .0525
.0250
‘ .7500 .4000 .0500 .0500 .0500
.0604 .0565
.0250
.7000 .4000 .0500 .0500 .0500
.0250
.6500 .4000 .0500 .0500 .0525
.0592 .0575
.0250
.6500 .4000 .0500 .0500 .0550
.0574 .0548
.0250
.6500 .4000 .0500 .0500
.0550
.0501 .0481
.0545 .0529 $0.0500 .0250 $0.0300 .6500 .4000 .0500 .0500 .0550 $0.0500
.0500
.0508
.0460 .0463 .0433 .0250 .0300 .6500 .4000 .0500
.0500
a. 0358 6.0356 o. 0317 .0250 .0300 .6500 .4000 .0500 .0500 d. 0510 *.0567
Sugar.

Year.

1890..........................
1891..........................
1892..........................
1893..........................
1894..........................
1895..........................
1896..........................
1897..........................
1898..........................
1899..........................
1900..........................
1901..........................
1902..........................
1903..........................
1904..........................
1905..........................

Brown,
Brown,
Brown,
No. 1,
in
washed,
No. 1,
per
per
125-lb.
pound, bags, per pound,
Maui.
Kauai. pound,
Kauai.

$0.0475
.0475
.0475

$6.0480
.0480
/.0547

$0.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0550

Tea.
Granu­
Granu­
lated,
English
break­ English
lated,
sold in
30-lb.lots, fast, per break­
per
pound,
per
pound, fast, per
pound,
pound,
Hono­
Hono­
lulu,
lulu,
Kauai.
Hono­
Oahu.
Oahu.
lulu,
Oahu.
$0.0600
.0617
.0700
.0700
.0700
.0667
.0600
.0600
.0600
.0567
.0692
.0708
.0600
.0600
.0650
.0700

$0.0721
.0750
.0750

$0.7500
.7500
.7500
.7500
.7500
.7500
.7500
.7500
.7500
.7500
.7500
.7500
.7500
.7500
.7500
.7500

$0.5500
.5500
.5500-

a Price in Jan. and Feb., $0.04; in Mar., $0.03f; in Apr., $0.03£, and in May. $0,03A,

f>Price in Jan. and Feb., $0.03|; in Mar., $0,034, and in Apr., $0,034,
c Price in Jan., $0,034, and in Feb. and Mar., $0.03.
a Price in Jan. and Feb., $0,044, and from Mar. to May, $0,054,
• Price in Jan., $0.05, and in Feb. and Mar., $0.06.

/P rice to Jan,, $0,044, and in Feb, and Mar,, $0,05|,




Japan,
low
grade,
per
pound,
Kauai.

$0.3000
.3000
.3000

B U L L E T IN

668
T

I I I .—

ab le

OP T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1905—Continued.
FO O D —Concluded.
Yeal.

Year.

J890..........................
1891..........................
1892..........................
1893..........................
1894..........................
1895..........................
1896..........................
1897..........................
1898..........................
1899..........................
1900..........................
1901..........................
1902..........................
1903..........................
1904..........................
1905..........................

Cutlet,
per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.
$0.1250
.1250
.1250
.1250
.1250
.1500
.1500
.1500
.1500
.1800
.2000
.2050
.2100
.2200
.2200
d . 2050

Vegetables.

Loin
Rib
roast, per roast, per Onions,
Onions,
per
pouna, pound, pound,
per
pound,
Hono­
Hono­
Hilo,
Kauai.
lulu,
lulu,
Oahu.
Oahu. Hawaii.
$0.1500
.1500
.1500
.1500
.1500
.1500
.1500
.1500
.1500
.1800
.2000
.2100
.2200
.2000
.2000
.2000

$0.1250
.1250
.1250
.1250
.1250
.1250
.1500
.1500
.1500
.1800
.2000
.2000
.2000
.2000
.2000
.2000

$0.0500 $0.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500 • .0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0600
.0600

Onions,
per
pound,
Kauai.

a $0.0467

.0483
*.0583

Potatoes,
Onions, Irish, per
per
pound,
pound,
Hono­
Kauai.
lulu,
Oahu.

. $0.0500
.0517
.0500

b

$0.0248
c . 0294
/ .0267

Vegetables.

Year.

1890..........................
1881..........................
1892..........................
1893..........................
1894..........................
1895..........................
1896..........................
1897..........................
1898..........................
1899..........................
1900..........................
1901..........................
1902..........................
1903..........................
1904..........................
1905.................. .......

Potatoes,
Irish, per
pound,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.
$0.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250

a Price

Wheat,
Vinegar, cracked,
Potatoes, Toma­
cider,
toes,
per
Potatoes, Potatoes, Potatoes, Irish,
per
pound,
Irish, per Irish, per Irish, per Cal., per canned,
per
can,
quart,
Hono­
pound,
pound, pound,
pound,
Hono­
Kauai.
lulu,
Kauai.
Kauai.
Hilo,
Kauai.
lulu,
Oahu.
Hawaii.
Oahu.
$0.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0250

$0,0300
.0300
.0300

$0.0275
.0275
.0275

$0.0213
.0244
.0183
.0148
.0131
.0133
.0140
.0158
.0131
.0146
.0225
.0258
.0250
.0250
.0250
9 . 0280

$0.1250
.1250
.1250

$0.0650
.0650
.0650

$0.0500
.0500
.0500

in Oct. and Nov., $0.04|, and in Dec., $0.05.
Price from Mar. to June, $0.02, July and Aug., $0.02£; Sept., $0.02£, and from Oct. to Dec.., $0.03.
from May to Nov., $0.03, and in Dec., $0.O2|.
in Jan., $0.22, and from Feb. to Apr., $0.20.
in Jan., $0.05, and in Feb. and Mar., $0.06£.
/P rice in Jan., Feb., Apr., and June, $0.02£, and in Mar. and May, $0.03.
q Price from Jan. to Apr., $0.02f, and in May, $0.03,
b

c Price
d Price
e Price




REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO N ER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

669

T able IIS .—RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1905—Continued.
C L O T H S A N D C L O T H IN G .
Calico.

Year.

1890...........................................
18« L ..........................................
1892...........................................
1893...........................................
1894...........................................
1895................................ ...........
1896......................-.................
1897............................. .............
1898...........................................
1899...........................................
1900...........................................
1901...........................................
1902...........................................
1903...........................................
1904...........................................
1905...........................................

Denims.

Standard
prints,
Standard Standard Standard Ameri­
Blue,
Blue, 9-6z., 3-4,
prints,
9-oz., per 9-oz.,
prints,
can,
prints,
per
per yard, per
yard,
yard,
yard,
per
yard,
per
yard,
yard, per
Hilo,
Hilo,
Kauai.
Kauai.
Hono­
Kauai.
Hawaii. Kauai.
Hawaii.
lulu,
Oahu.
00.0833
.0833
.0833
.0833
.0833
.0833
.0833
.0833
.0833
.0833
.0833
.0833
.0833
.0833
.0833
.0833

00.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.0825
.0825
.0825
.0825
.0825
.0825
.0763
.0625
.0625
.0625

$0.0800
.0800
.0800

$0.1000
.1000
.0883
.0800
.0750
.0700
.0700
.0700
.0633
.0583
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500
.0500

$0.2292
.2500
.2292
.2000
.2000
.2000
.2000
.2000
.2000
.2000
.2000
.2000
.2000
.2000
.2000
.2000

$0.2500
.2500
.2500
.2500
.2500
.2500
.2500
.2500
.2500
.2500
.2500
.2500
.2500
.2000
.2000
.2000

$0.2000
.2000
.2000

Sheetings, cotton.

Year.

1890...........................................
1891...........................................
1892...........................................
1893...........................................
1894...........................................
1895..................................*........
1896..................................... .
1897...........................................
1898...........................................
1899...........................................
1900...........................................
1901...........................................
1902...........................................
1903...........................................
1904...........................................
1905...........................................




Shoes, Thread,
Brown, Brown, Shirtings,
cotton,
Bleached
cotton,
men’s 400-yard
Dwight,
4-4, per Bleached No, 2,
4-4, per colored,
heavy
yard,
4-4, per 4-4, per
yard,
3-4, per brogans, spools,
Hono­
yard,
Hono­
yard,
per pair, Coats’,
yard,
spool,
lulu,
Kauai.
lulu,
Kauai. Kauai. per
Hilo,
Kauai.
Oahu.
Hawaii. Oahu.
00.1250
.1250
.1163
.1100
.1100
.1100
.1100
.1117
.1200
.1208
.1233
.1200
.1200
.1200
.1238
.1200

$0.1000
.1000
.1000

$0.0833
.0833
.0833
.0833

$0.1100
.1100
.1042
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000

$0.1250
.1250
.1250

$2.0000
1.9833
1.9000

$0.1000
.1000
.1000

670

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LAB OE .

T able I I I ___RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1905—Continued.
F U E L AJ»I5 U K H T I K G .
Coal.
Screened,
second
grade,
Austra­
lian, in
ton lots,
per ton,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

Year.

Stove,
picked, In lots of
Austra­ two cans,
Per
per
lian, in
ton lots, gallon, gallon,
Hilo,
per ton, Hono­ Hawaii.
lulu,
Hono­
Oahu.
lulu,
Oahu.

$10.5000 $12.0000
10.5000 12.0000
10.5000 12.0000
10.5000 12.0000
10.5000 12.0000
10.5000 12.0000
10.5000 12.0000
10.5000 12.0000
10.5000 12.0000
11.0000 13.0000
11.0000 13.0000
11.0000 13.0000
11.0000 13.0000
11.0000 13.0000
11.0000 13.0000
11.0000 13.0000

1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.

Kerosene oil, in 5-gallon cans.

$0.2500
.2558
.2200
.2075
.2063
.2358
.2567
.2125
.2204
.2250
.2850
.2500
.2542
.2483
.2250
.2250

$0.3300
.3308
.3200
.3050
.2500
.2567
.2700
'. 2533
.2500
.2525
.2667
.2700
.2700
.2800
. 28)0
a. 2740

Per
gallon,
Kauai.

$0.3375
.3500
.3433
.3300
.3175
.2883
.2850
.2600
.2517
.2600
.3333
.3000
.3000
.3117
.3000
.3000

Per
gallon,
Kauai.

$0.3000
.3000
.2900

Per
gallon,
Kauai.

$0.2600
.2600
.2600

M E T A L S A N D IM P L E M E N T S .
Nails.

Year.

1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905

Horse
hoes,
Planet,
jr., per
hoe,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

$14.0000
14.0000
14.0000
14.0000
12.6000
12 6000
12.6000
12.6000

Saws,
Plows,
hand,
or Hall's, Disston,
Cut, 20- Wire
20- breaker, No. 12,28penny, cut,
penny,
14-in.,
per 100- per
per
100plow, in.,
Ib. keg, lb. keg, per
saw,
Hono­
Hono­
Hono­
lulu,
Hono­
lulu,
lulu,
Oahu.
lulu,
Oahu.
Oahu.
Oahu.

$3.0000
3.0000
3.0000
3.2500
3.2500
3.2500
3.2500
3.0000

$3.6666

3.0000
3.0000
3.0000
2.9000
2.9000
2.9000
62.8250

$45.0000
45.0000
45.0000
45.0000
45.0000
45.0000
45.0000
45.0000
45.0000
38.2500
38.2500
38.2500
38.2500
38.2500
38.2500
38.2500

a Price in Jan. and Feb., $0.28, and from Mar. to May, $0.27.
5Price from Jan, to Mar,, $2,75, and from Apr. to June, $2.90.




$2.5C00
2.5000
2.2500
2.2500
2.2500
2.2500
2.2500
2.2500

^Sewing
machine,
Singer,
per ma­
chine,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.
$55.0000
55.0000
55.0000
55.0000
55.0000
55.0000
55.0000
55.0000
55.0000
55.0000
55.0000
65.0000
65.0000
65.0000
65.0000
55.0000

REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO N ER OF

LABOR

ON H A W A I I .

671

T able U S .— R E T A I L P R IC E S O F C O M M O D IT IE S, 1890 TO 1905— Concluded.
M IS C E L L A N E O U S .

Year.

Brick,
red,
Cali­
fornia,
Hono­
lulu,
Oahu.

Lumber.
Starch.
Window
Laundry,
Fir
Laundry, 9glass,
Fir
boards, studding,
Lily
by 12
rough,
in., per
Gloss, ordinary,
per
per
per
per
box,
M ft.,
pound, pound,
M ft.,
Hono­
Hono­
Hono­
Hono­
Hono­
lulu,
lulu,
lulu,
lulu,
lulu,
Oahu.
Oahu.
Oahu.
Oahu.
Oahu.

1890...........................................................
1891...........................................................
1892...........................................................
1893...........................................................
1894...........................................................
1895...........................................................
1896...........................................................
1897...........................................................
1898........................................................... 822.0000 820.0000 820.6665
1899........................................................... 22.0000 20.0000 20.0000
1900........................................................... 21.0000 28.0000 28.0000
1901........................................................... 20.0000 27.0000 27.0000
1902........................................................... 20.0000 26.0000 26.0000
1903........................................................... 20.0000 30.0000 30.0000
1904........................................................... 19.0000 27.5000 27.5000
1905........................................................... 19.0000 27.6000 27.5000




80.1000
.1000
.1000

80.0800
.0800
.0800
.0800
.0800
.0800
.0800
.0800
.0800
.0800
.0800
.0800
.0800
.0800
.0800
.0800

85.0000
6.0000
6.0000
7.5000
6.0000
6.0000
6.0000
6.00C0

672

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LAB O R .

L A W S RELATIN G TO LABO R.
ORGANIC ACT.
[Chapter 339.—Acts of U. S. Congress, 1899-1900.]

Contracts o f employment— Alien labor.
S ection 10. * * * Provided, That no suit or proceedings shall be maintained
for the specific performance of any contract heretofore or hereafter entered into for
personal labor or service, nor shall any remedy exist or be in force for breach of any
such contract, except in a civil suit or proceeding instituted solely to recover dam­
ages for such breach: Provided further, That the provisions of this section shall not
modify or change the laws of the United States applicable to merchant seamen.
All contracts made since August twelfth, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, by
which persons are held for service for a definite term, are hereby declared null ana
void and terminated, and no law shall be passed to enforce said contracts in any
way; and it shall be the duty of the United States marshal to at once notify such
persons so held of the termination of their contracts.
The act approved February twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and eiehty-five, “ To
prohibit the importation and migration of foreigners and aliens under contract or
agreement to perform labor in the United States, its Territories and the District of
Columbia,” and the acts amendatory thereof and supplemental thereto, are hereby
extended to and made applicable to the Territory of Hawaii.

Collection o f statistics.
Section 76 (as amended by chapter 948, Acts of U. S. Congress, 1903-4). * * *
It shall be the duty of the United States Commissioner of Labor to collect, assort,
arrange, and present in reports in nineteen hundred and five, and every five years
thereafter, statistical details relating to all departments of labor in the Territory of
Hawaii, especially in relation to the commercial, industrial, social, educational, and
sanitary condition of the laboring classes, and to all such other subjects as Congress
may, by law, direct. The said commissioner is especially charged to ascertain the
highest, lowest, and average number of employees engaged in the various industries
in the Territory, to be classified as to nativity, sex, hours of labor, and conditions
of employment, and to report the same to Congress.

Registration o f Chinese.
Section 101. Chinese in the Hawaiian Islands when this act takes effect may
within one year thereafter obtain certificates of residence as required by “ An act to
prohibit the coming of Chinese persons into the United States,” approved May fifth,
eighteen hundred and ninety-two, as amended by an act approved November third,
eighteen hundred and ninety-three, entitled “ An act to amend an act entitled ‘An
act to prohibit the coming of Chinese persons into the United States,’ approved May
fifth, eighteen hundred and ninety-two,” and until the expiration of said year shall
not be deemed to be unlawfully in the United States if found therein without such
certificate: Provided , however, That no Chinese laborer, whether he shall hold such
certificate or not, shall be allowed to enter any State, Territory, or District of the
United States from the Hawaiian Islands.




REPO R T OP TH E

COM M ISSIONER O F L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

673

REVISED LAWS—1605.
Payment o f wages o f employees on highways— P ay days .
S e c t i o n 120. The fifteenth and last days in each month shall be the pay days of
all employees engaged in constructing or repairing roads, bridges or streets for the
Territory of Hawaii.
Employment o f labor on public works.
S e c t i o n 121. No person shall be employed as a mechanic or laborer upon any
public work carried on by this Territory, or by any political subdivision thereof,
whether the work is done by contract or otherwise, unless such person is a citizen of
the United States, or eligible to become a citizen: Provided, however, That in the
event that unskilled citizen labor, or unskilled labor eligible to become citizen labor,
can not be obtained to do the required work, the superintendent of public works, or
the county board of control, or the mayor, or other chief executive of any munici­
pality, respectively, shall have the power to issue permits to employ other than citi­
zen, or eligible to become citizen, unskilled labor until such citizen, or eligible to
become citizen, unskilled labor can be obtained.
S e c . 122. Eight hours of actual service shall constitute a day’s labor for#
all mechan­
ics, clerks, laborers and other employees employed upon any public work or in any
public office of this Territory, or any political subdivision thereof, whether the work
is done by contract or otherwise: Provided, however, That the full eight hours shall
not apply to Saturdays or any holiday.
S e c . 123. A stipulation that no mechanics, clerks, laborers or other employees
employed upon any public work in the employ of the contractor or subcontractor
shall be required to work more than eight hours in any one calendar day, except in
cases of extraordinary emergency, and that no mechanic or laborer, other than a
citizen of the United States, or person eligible to become a citizen, shall be employed,
shall be contained in every contract to which the Territory or any political subdivi­
sion thereof is a party.
S e c . 124. Any contractor, person, firm or corporation, or any officer of the Terri­
tory, or of any political subdivision thereof, violating any of sections 121-124,
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be
subject to a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for.
each offense. Any and each and every, such violation shall be deemed a separate
offense for each day thereof, and for each mechanic, clerk, laborer or other employee
employed upon any public work, employed in violation of the provisions of this act.
Any contract or subcontract for any public work in this Territory that does not
comply with the provisions of section 123 shall be'absolutely void.

Tenement and lodging houses—inspection, etc.
1020. Every house or tenement used or occupied as a dwelling for lodgers
or contract laborers shall be kept by its owner in good repair, and with roof water­
tight, and shall have the capacity of not less than three hundred cubic feet of space
for each adult, or nine hundred cubic feet for one man and woman and two children.
S e c . 1021. The yard and grounds about all dwellings shall be well drained and
kept free from rubbish of every description, with a closet, or privy, also to be kept
in repair by the lodging-house keeper or employer of laborers, for every six adults.
S e c . 1022. Every owner or keeper and every other person having the care or man­
agement of a lodging house or of a dwelling for contract laborers, shall at all times
when required by the board of health or its agents give free access to such house or
any part thereof.
S e c . 1023. Every lodging-house keeper or employer of laborers who shall fail to
comply with the provisions of this chapter shall pay a fine not exceeding fifty dollars.
S e c t io n

Regulation o f laundries .
S e c t i o n 1063. The superintendent of public works may cause, to be built and
erected in the district of Kona, Island of Oahu, a sufficient number of laundries and
wash houses, and to let the same to persons applying therefor at such rents, and upon
such terms as the said superintendent shall deem advisable. And in like manner to
designate and use for such purposes buildings already erected.
S e c . 1065. Such laundries and wash houses when erected shall be under the super­
vision and control of the board of health,




B U L L E T IN

674

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

Sec. 1066. Every person who shall carry on the business of laundry keeping or
washing for hire, within the limits of the city of Honolulu, except in such buildings
as shall be provided for such purpose, in accordance with the provisions of section
1063, shall be liable to a fine not to exceed fifty dollars for each and every day or
part of a day during which he shall so carry on such business, and in default of pay­
ment of such fine shall be imprisoned at hard labor until such fine is paid.
Employers to fu rn ish names o f employees to assessors.
1226. * * * Taxpayers shall render to such assessor [of each division]
or his deputies a statement, list or return of all property, real or personal, belonging
to them or of which they had possession or control on January 1 of that year, * * *
and of all persons in their employ on that day.
S e c . 1227. Each person liable to pay taxes and every owner or possessor of any
property, real or personal, whether entitled to exemption or not, shall in the month
of January of each year give in to the assessor or the deputy assessor of the district
in which said property is located a written or printed taxation return, signed and
.sworn to by him, enumerating the following facts, viz:
S e c t io n

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

4. The names and nationalities of all persons subject to taxation in the employ of
such persofis on January 1.
Contracts o f employment— Stamp duties.
S e c t i o n 1298. There shall be due and payable to the Territory in respect of the sev­
eral deeds, documents, and instruments mentioned and specified in section 1320, the
several sums of money for stamp duty set forth in the said schedule.
S e c . 1320. Schedule .—

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Contracts between masters and servants for labor, $1.
If for more than one year, then for each year or part of a year after the first, $1.
(This duty to be charged on the original and duplicate copies, fifty cents on each
copy for each year, or fractional part thereof, of the term of the contract, and to be
paid by the employer.) * * *
Regulation o f 'laundries—License.
S e c t i o n 1375. The treasurer with the approval of the governor may issue to any
person, partnership or corporation a license to erect, maintain and operate a steam
laundry within the District of Kona, Island of Oahu, upon such conditions as to loca­
tion and otherwise as shall be set forth in the license.
S e c . 1376. Said license shall not be issued except upon the certificate of the board
of health, setting forth that an agent of said board has examined the location at
which it is proposed to operate said steam laundry, and that the same is suitable for
the purpose.
S e c . 1377. The annual fee for said license shall be fifty dollars.
S e c . 1378. Said steam laundries shall be subject to such regulations as to sanitation
as may be prescribed from time to time by the board of health.

Exemption o f wages fro m execution , etc.
1831. The following-described personal property shall be exempt from
attachment, execution, distress and forced sale of every nature and description:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
7. One half of the wages due every laborer or person working for wages.
S e c t io n

Garnishment o f wages o f public employees.
S e c t i o n 2128. Any officer or employee, or other person in the service of the gov­
ernment of the Territory of Hawaii or of any political of [or] municipal subdivision
thereof, or in receipt of, or entitled to a salary, stipend, wages, annuity or pension
from the government of said Territory, or any department, board or bureau thereof,
or from any political or municipal subdivision of said Territory, shall for the pur­
poses of this chapter, and of any proceedings hereunder, be known and described as
a government beneficiary, hereinafter denominated such beneficiary.




REPORT

OF T H E

CO M M ISSIO N ER OF L A B O R

ON H A W A I I .

675

S e c . 2129. The salary, stipend, wages, annuity or pension of such beneficiary may
be attached for, and applied in the payment of his debts, * * *
S e c . 2137. *
* * From the time of the service of such copy [of process] on such
garnishee, it shall be unlawful for him to draw, sign or issue any warrant payable to
the order of such beneficiary as shall be named in such copy, or to any other person
designated by such beneficiary, or permit or cause the same to be drawn, signed or
issued for more than seventy-five per cent of the salary, stipend, wages, annuity or
pension, which shall then be or shall thereafter become due, owing or payable to
such beneficiary, until the suit against him shall have been withdrawn or dismissed,
or the judgment obtained against him therein, if any, shall have been fully paid,
with legal interest thereon; * * * Provided, That no more shall be thus seques­
tered and not drawn against in advance of final judgment than shall be sufficient to
meet the demand of the plaintiff or plaintiffs in such suit or suits.

Earnings o f married women.
S e c t i o n 2253. All work and labor performed, or services rendered by a married
woman for or to a person other than her husband and children, shall, unless there
is an express agreement on her part to the contrary, be presumed to be performed or
rendered on her separate account.

Payment o f wages—Deductions, offsets, etc.
S e c t i o n 2698. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, partnership or corporation,
within this Territory, to deduct and retain any part or portion of any wages due and
payable to any laborer or employee, or to collect any store account, offset or counter
claim without the written consent of such laborer or employee or by action in court
as provided by law.
S e c . 2699. No fines, offsets or counter claims shall be collected, deducted, or re­
tained out of any wages due and payable to any laborer or employee by any person,
firm, partnership or corporation, in this Territory, unless by action in court and judg­
ment therefor first obtained as provided by law.
S e c . 2700. Any person, partnership, firm or corporation who shall violate any pro­
vision of this chapter shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof
shall be fined not less than fifty dollars and not more than one hundred dollars.

Conspiracy.
S ection 3091. A conspiracy is a malicious or fraudulent combination or mutual
undertaking or concerting together of two or more, to commit any offense or instigate
any one thereto, or to charge any one therewith; or to do what plainly and directly
tends to excite or occasion offense, or what is obviously and directly wrongfully inju­
rious to another:
For instance—
*

*

*

*

*

*

*

To prevent another, by indirect and sinister means, from exercising his trade, and
to impoverish him:
*

*

*

*

*

*

*

3092. Any person knowingly acceding to and joining in a conspiracy after the
same is formed, is a party thereto, no less than the one who originally takes part in
forming the same.
S e c . 3093. It is not requisite that the act agreed upon should be done or attempted
in pursuance of the conspiracy; the conspiracy itself constitutes the offense.
S e c . 3094. The act of each party to a conspiracy, in pursuance thereof, is the act
of all.
S e c . 3101. Conspiracy not appearing to be in the first or second degree, is in the
third degree, and shall be punished by imprisonment at hard labor not exceeding
one year and by fine not exceeding four hundred dollars, in the discretion of the
court.
Sunday labor.
Sec.

S e c t i o n 3190 (as amended by act No. 15, Acts of 1905).
All labor on Sunday is for­
bidden, excepting works of necessity or mercy, in which are included all labor that
is needful for the good order, health, comfort or safety of the community, or for
the protection of property from unforeseen disaster, or danger of destruction or




676

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

injury, or which may be required for the prosecution of or attendance upon religious
worship, or for the furnishing of opportunities of reading or study: Provided , howeve^ That this section shall not apply to newspaper printing offices, steamship com­
panies, railroads, telegraph and telephone companies, hotels, inns, restaurants,
cigar stores, ice-cream parlors, soda-water stands, drug stores, livery stables, hackmen, owners and operators of licensed shore boats, news depots, graziers and
ranchmen, electric-light plants, gas works and slaughter houses: A n d provided
further, That personal baggage may be conveyed to and from vessels leaving and
arriving at port on that day, and to and from any railroad stations; that on Sunday
the loading and unloading of vessels engaged in interisland, interstate or foreign
commerce shall be permitted, but no freight except live stock and goods of a perish­
able nature, shall be drayed or conveyed from the dock, pier, wharf, or landing
upon which it is unloaded; that during the entire day milk, bread, fruit and ice
may be sold and delivered; that until 10 o’clock in the forenoon fresh meat, fresh
fish, and fresh vegetables may be sold and delivered, and laundrymen and laun­
dries may deliver and collect laundry or washing, and that barber shops may be
kept open until 11 o’ clock in the forenoon.
ACTS OF THE LEGISLATURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF HAW AII, PUBLISHED
IN REVISED LAWS—1905.
Act 14, Laws of 1895.—Labor Commission,
S ection 1. The President of the Republic is hereby authorized and directed to
appoint a commission of three persons, who shall be known as the “ Labor commis­
sion,’ ’ and all of whom shall serve without pay. One of the commissioners shall be
designated by the President to be chairman of the commission, and shall have power
to administer oaths. Members of the commission may be removed at any time by
the President.
Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the said commission to make a full and careful
inquiry and investigation into the following matters, so far as the same shall not have
been done by the labor commission provided for in Act IV of the executive and
advisory councils of the Republic, and to report from time to time to the legislature,
if the same shall be in session, or to the executive council if the legislature shall have
adjourned:
1. The number and nationality and residence of all agricultural laborers now
employed in the Republic, showing the number engaged in each particular branch
of agriculture.
2. The rate of wages paid to the different nationalities of such laborers in the dif­
ferent portions of the Republic.
3. The number, nationality .and residence of all mechanics now employed in the
Republic.
4. The rate of wages paid to the different nationalities of such mechanics in the
different portions of the Republic.
5. The prices received by Hawaiian sugar planters for raw sugar.
6. The cost of producing sugar, showing, so far as practicable, the cost of each stage
and*process, and showing more particularly the proportionate cost of unskilled labor.
7. Whether or not an increased number of agricultural and other unskilled labor­
ers will be needed in the near future, and if so, in connection with what industries
and how many laborers will probably be required.
8. The trials which have been given to cooperative production, or profit sharing,
in the production of sugar, rice, or other agricultural products in this country, giving,
so far as practicable, the details of the several agreements and methods adopted, and
the resuits thereof.
9. Whether or not a system of cooperative production or profit sharing is feasible
in connection with the main agricultural industries of the country; and if so, upon
what lines.
10. Whether or not such a system of production has ever been adopted in any
other country situated similarly to Hawaii, and in the production of similar products
to those produced here; and if so, what the results were.
11. Whether or not there is anything in the climatic or other conditions in this
country which render it physically impossible for Europeans and Americans to suc­
cessfully engage in field labor in this country.
12. If Europeans and Americans are found capable of personal field labor, whether
or not it is feasible to secure the immigration of a sufficient number of Europeans or
Americans to supply the present and probable requirements for unskilled labor. If
so, upon what terms and by what means, and from what countries.




REPORT

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ON H A W A I I .

677

13. What the effect of Chinese immigration has been in this country.
14. What the effect of restriction of such immigration has been.
15. Whether or not it is necessary or advisable to allow the further immigration
of Chinese. If so, upon what conditions.
16. What the effect of Japanese immigration has been in this country.
17. Whether or not it is necessary or advisable to allow the further immigration
of Japanese. If so, upon what conditions.
18. What the condition of field labor and of mechanics is and during the last few
years has been in this country, as compared with other countries.
19. What rate of wages is paid in other countries to skilled and mechanical labor
in the production of products similar to those raised here.
20. In what manner and to what extent men introduced as contract laborers have
competed with the mechanical or business interests of the country.
21. Any other matters o f a kindred character which will throw light upon the
subject and tend to solve the problems incidental to the labor question in this
country.
S e c . 4. It shall be the duty of all government officers, officers of corporations, and
other persons, to furnish to such commission, upon its request, all information
within their knowledge bearing upon the subjeot-matter of this act; and power is
hereby conferred upon such commission, or a majority of its members, to issue sub­
poenas to witnesses to appear and testify before such commission, and to produce
papers before it, in the same manner as subpoenas are issued by the supreme court.
Disobedience or refusal to answer questions asked pursuant to any subpoena issued
by such commission may be punished by any justice of the supreme court, on a cer­
tification to him by the commission or a majority of its members, of the fact of such
disobedience; the punishment to be the same as that for disobedience of a subpoena
of the supreme court.
S e c . 5. The said commission is hereby authorized to employ a secretary or such
other clerical assistance as may be necessary in collecting and arranging the above
information; also a stenographer and typewriter when required, and to fix the com­
pensation of the same, subject to the approval of the minister of the interior; also to
incur the necessary incidental expenses connected with the performance of the work
of the commission, including traveling expenses of the members of the commission,
and of witnesses summoned by them: Provided , however, That no expense shall be
incurred for traveling beyond the limits of this Republic.
S e c . 6. For the purposes of defraying the expenses of such commission there is
hereby authorized to be drawn from the public treasury any balance that may
remain unexpended from the amount appropriated for the expenses of the labor
commission in Act IV of the executive and advisory councils oi the Republic, after
’paying the expenses incurred by the said commission up to the time of the appoint­
ment of the commission provided for in this act. The money herein appropriated
shall be drawn from the treasury in such manner and under such regulations as
shall be prescribed by the executive council.
S e c . 7. As soon as practicable after the appointment of the commission provided
for in this act, the commission provided for in Act IV of the executive and advisory
councils of the Republic shall transfer thereto all books, papers, records and public
property of every kind that may be in its possession or under its control, and shall
thereupon cease to exist.
ACTS OF THE LEGISLATURE OF H A W AII—1905.
Act No. 46.— Exam ination and licensing o f horseshoers.
Section 1. No person shall engage in the business of a horseshoer or farrier for
hire without first having a license so to do as provided herein.
*
Sec. 2. Any person who may wish to obtain a horseshoer’s and farrier’s license
shall make a written application therefor to the treasurer wherein shall be stated the
residence of the applicant, his age, the length of time and the place where the appli­
cant has carried on his trade ana the place where he intends to carry on his trade.
Before such application is granted the high sheriff or any sheriff of the Territory
shall examine the applicant to determine whether he is a suitable person to carry on
the trade of a horseshoer and farrier for hire, and on it being shown to the said nigh
sheriff or sheriff that such applicant is a suitable person to engage in such trade, the
fact shall be attested on said application by the examining high sheriff or sheriff.
Sec. 3. The license fee of farriers shall be five dollars per annum and payable to
the treasurer,




678

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

S e c . 4. Whoever shall violate the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misde­
meanor and, on conviction, be fined not more than fifty dollars.

Act No. 57.—Em igrant agents.
S ection 1. The annual fee for a license for each emigrant agent, or employer or
employee of such agent, doing business in this Territory, shall be five hundred dollars.
S ec. 2. The said license shall be issued in the same manner as is provided fo r the
issuance of other licenses by chapter 102 of the Revised Laws of Hawaii, 1905.
S ec. 3. Any person who shall engage in business as an emigrant agent without
first obtaining a license, issued in conformity with the provisions hereof, and of
said chapter 102, or who shall violate or fail to observe any of the provisions hereof,
or of said chapter, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be
fined in a sum not less than the annual fee, and not more-than twice the annual fee
herein provided for the carrying on of such business.
S ec. 4. The [term] emigrant agent, as used in this act, shall be held to mean a per­
son engaged in hiring laborers in the Territory of Hawaii, to be employed beyond the
limits of the Territory, or engaged in inducing laborers in the Territory of Hawaii
to go beyond the limits of the Territory of Hawaii for the purpose of being employed.

Act No. 67.—Employment o f minors in saloons— Sale o f liquor to employees.
S ection 12. Licenses shall be subject to the following conditions and provisions:

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(4) No licensee of the first, second, fourth or fifth class, except such as conduct
an hotel business on the same premises, shall employ a minor in or about the room
or rooms where intoxicating liquors are manufactured or furnished; * * *
(5) No intoxicating liquor shall be sold or furnished to any person whose * * *
employer has given notice as hereinafter provided, forbidding the sale to such person;

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

S ec. 49. A husband, wife, child, parent, guardian, employer or other person who

is injured in person, property or means of support by an intoxicated person or in
consequence of the intoxication of any person, shall have the right of action in his
or her own name, jointly or severally, against any person or persons who by selling
or furnishing intoxicating liquor have caused, in whole or in part, such intoxication.
* * * xhe party injured, or his or her legal representatives, may bring either
a joint action against the person intoxicated and the person or persons who furnished
the liquor and the owner of the building as herein above stated, or a separate action
against either or any of them.
*
S ec. 51. Any husband, wife, daughter, son, brother, sister, parent, guardian or
employer of any person who is an habitual drunkard, or who by excessive use of
intoxicating liquor injures his or her health, or endangers or interrupts the peace or
happiness of his or her family, or becomes a public nuisance, may give written notice
to any licensee not to sell or furnish any intoxicating liquor to such habitual drunk­
ard, and thereafter any licensee who sells, gives or in any manner furnishes any
intoxicating liquor to such habitual drunkard, shall upon conviction thereof be held
liable to the penalties herein above described [fine not exceeding $1,000].
ACTS OF U. S. CONGRESS, 1897-98.
J oint R esolution N o. 55.—Exclusion o f Chinese laborers.
S ection 1. * * * There shall be no further immigration of Chinese into the
Hawaiian Islands, except upon such conditions as are now or may hereafter be
allowed by the laws of the United States; and no Chinese, by reason of anything
herein contained, shall be allowed to enter the United States from the Hawaiian
Islands. * * *
ACTS OF U. S. CONGRESS, 1901-2.
C

h apter

641.— E xclusion o f Chinese laborers .

S ection 1. All laws now in force prohibiting and regulating the coming of*Chinese
persons, and persons of Chinese descent, into the United States, and the residence of
such persons therein, * * * are hereby reenacted, extended, and continued so




REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON H A W A II.

679

far as the same are not inconsistent with treaty obligations, nntil otherwise provided
by law, and said laws shall also apply to the island territory under the jurisdiction
of the United States, and prohibit the immigration of Chinese laborers, not citizens
of the United States, from such island territory to the mainland territory of the
United States, whether in such island territory at the time of cession or not, and from
one portion of the island territory of the United States to another portion of said
island territory: Provided , however, That said laws shall not apply to the transit of
Chinese laborers from one island to another island of the same group; and any islands
within the jurisdiction of any State or the district 01 Alaska shall be considered a
part of the mainland under this section*







IN D E X ,

A.
•Agriculture and live stock products, value of, in 1899..................................................................... 366
Analysis of tables.............................................................................................................................. 512-515
Arrivals of Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans, July 1,1900, to December 31,1905 ........................ 371,372
Arrivals. (See also Immigrants; Immigration.)
Asiatic character of labor in the sugar industry........................................................................... 367,368
Asiatics-^
410
births of, in Honolulu, 1901 to 1904 ............................................................................................
competition of local and Pacific coast industries with sugar industry for labor o f............. 378-380
control of plantation labor situation by.................................................................................. 380-383
cost of living of......................................................................................................................... 474-476
departures of, to the mainland, January 1,1902, to December 31,1905.................................. 378,379
efforts of merchants and mechanics to resist competition o f ................................................ 402-404
extent of property interests of................................................................................................. 406-409
increasing proportion of, in population.................................................................................. 368-377
invasion o f small farming b y............. «.................................................................................... 394-397
invasion of the building trades b y .......................................................................................... 384-388
invasion of trade and skilled occupations b y ........................................................................ 383-394
males 10 years of age or over engaged in gainful occupations in 1900, by kind of occupation.. 377
pupils, effect of, upon school system..........................................................................................414-416
(See also Orientalization; Chinese; Japanese; Koreans.)
Assessed valuation of real and personal property, 1901 and 1904..................................................... 407
B.

Benefit societies, functions and work of........................................................................................ 483-487
Births, registered, in Honolulu, by race or nationality, 1901 to 1904........................................... 410,411
Board, prices paid f o r ..................................................................................................................... 467-470
Building trades—
cost of white and Asiatic labor in the, compared................................................................. 386,387
invasion of the, by Asiatics................................................................................................. ; . . 384-388
number of white mechanics in each occupation in 7identical establishments in the, 1900-1901,
1902, and 1905, compared.........................................................................................................
385
occupations, average wages and hours of labor, and nationality of employees in, 1900-1901,
1902, and 1905......................................................................................................................... 594r-598
occupations, rates of wages, hours of labor, and nationality of employees in, 1905............. 518-523
C.
Caucasians—
births of, in Honolulu, 1901 to 1904 ........................................................................ - ..................
410
cost of living of................................ ........................................................................................ 467-474
married females, proportion of, to total Caucasians.............................................................. 373,374
number and per cent of males, 18 years of age or over, in 1900................................................
370
number and per cent of, on sugar plantations, 1892 to 1905 .....................................................
368
number of, in public schools, 1902 to 1905 .................................................................................
482
number of, in the islands, by sex, 1900 ......................................................................................
369
number of, on sugar plantations, by groups of occupations, 1902 and 1905 .............................
381
per cent of total, m specified age groups................................................................................. 373,374
taxpayers, number or, and assessed valuation of real and personal property, 1901 and 1904.. 407
territorial board of immigration to promote settlement of, consideration o f....................... 421-425
Central Japanese League, functions and work o f ........................................................... 398-401,485-487
Children and women. (See Women and children.)
Chinese—
admission of, as laborers, consideration o f .............................................................................416-421
admission of, proposed, as plantation laborers, consideration o f .......................................... 404-406
arrivals of, July 1,1900, to December 31,1905 ......................................................................... 371,372
births of, in Honolulu, 1901 to 1904 ............................................................................................. 410
departures of, June 14,1900, to December 31,1905..................................................................... 372
married females, proportion of, to total Chinese................................................................... 373,374
number and per cent of, at census periods, 1853 to 1900 ...........................................................
369
number and per cent of males, 18 years of age or over, in 1900................................................
370
number and per cent of, on sugar plantations, 1892 to 1905....................................................... 368
number of, holding trade licenses, 1885 to 1904.......................................................................... 389
number of, in public schools, 1902 to 1905 .............................................................................. 409,482
number of, in the islands, by sex, 1900......................................................................................
369
number of, on sugar plantations, by groups of occupations, 1902 and 1905 .............................
381
per cent of total, in specified age groups...................................................................................
373
restrictions placed on immigration of, in 1887 and 1888 ...........................................................
405
taxpayers, number of, and assessed valuation of real and personal property, 1901 and 1904.. 407
(See also Asiatics; Orientalization.)
Chinese and Japanese labor compared................................................................................... 402,405,406
Chinese and Japanese males 10 years of age or over engaged in gainful occupations in 1900, by
kind of occupation.........................................................................................................................
377

25—No. 66—06----- 21




681

682

IN D E X .

Coffee—
Page,
cultivation of, account o f ........................................................................................... 395,396,460,461
production of, amount of, 1903..................................................................................................... 461
Colonization, attempt at, account o f ............................................................................................. 444,445
Commercial pursuits, invasion of, by Asiatics............................................................................... 388-393
Corporations, domestic and foreign, number and capitalization o f ........................................... 451,452
Cost of living of—
Chinese, Japanese, and Korean workingmen......................................................................... 474-476
Portuguese and Porto Rican workingmen’s families............/................................................ 471-473
skilled Caucasian workingmen’s families .............................................................................. 467-470
workingmen’s families, consideration and statistics of........................................................... 467-476
Cost of production per acre of sugar cane in a 10-acre tract...........................................................
446
D.
Death rate per 1,000 inhabitants in 1904 ...........................................................................................
478
Departures of—
Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans, June 14,1900, to December 31,1905 .....................................
372
Japanese to the mainland, efforts to lessen, account o f ........................................................ 397-399
Japanese to the mainland, May to December, 1905...................................................................
399
Japanese women and children, July 1,1902, to December 31,1905............................................ 410
Orientals to the mainland, January 1,1902, to December 31,1905........................................ 378,379
E.
Education in the islands, account and statistics of....................................................................... 480-483
Emigrant agents, act licensing.......................................................................................................... 397
Emigrants. (See Departures.)
Employees—
nationality of, occupations, and average wages and hours of labor in each industry, 1900-1901,
1902, and 1905............................................................................................................. 513,514,592-662
nationality of, occupations, rates of wages, and hours of labor in each industry, 1905. 512,513,516-591
number of, covered by the investigation, bv industries! .......................................................... 512
number of, on sugar plantations, 1892 to 19G5............................................................................. 368
Employments, urban, account of................................................................................................... 464-467
Establishments, number of, covered by the investigation, by industries....................................... 512
Exports, value of, for fiscal year ending June 30,1905..................................................................... 367
Farming, small—
experiments in, account o f ...................................................................................................... 441-447
invasion of, by Asiatics............................................................................................................. 394-397
Federation of Allied Trades of Hilo—
citizenship, literacy, and occupations of members o f .................................., ........................ 489,490
efforts of, to resist competition of Orientals..................................................................... 404,488-491
Females, married, proportion of, to total population.................................................................. 373,374
Food, prices of. (See Prices.)
Fruit cultivation, account of................................................................................................... 396,461,462
G.

Government work, employment of white and native labor upon, consideration of.................. 393,394
H.
Hawaiians—
births of, in Honolulu, 1901 to 1904............................................................................................. 410
decadence of, as a race............................................................................................................. 372,373
married females, proportion of, to total Hawaiians........*...................................................... 373,374
number and per cent of, at census periods, 1853 to 1900.............................................................
369
number and per cent of males, 18 years of age or over,in 1900.................................................. 370
number and per cent of, on sugar plantations, 1892 to 1905 ....................................................... 368
number of, in pub.ic schools, 1902 to 1905 ............................................................................... 409,482
number of, in the islands, by sex, 1900 ....................................................................................... 369
number of, on sugar plantations, by groups of occupations, 1902 and 1905 .............................
381
per cent of total, in specified age groups...................................................................................
373
taxpayers, number of, and assessed valuation of real and personal property, 1901 and 1904.. 407
Health and sanitation, consideration of........................................................................................ 476-480
Hours of labor, average, occupations, average wages, and nationality of employees in each indus­
try, 1900-1901,1902, and 1905 ........................................................................................... 513,514,592-662
Hours of labor, occupations, rates of wages, and nationality of employees in each industry.
1905................................................................................................................................... 512,513,516-591
Immigrants, alien (excepting Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans), 1901 to 1905, by race or people.. 370,371
Immigrants. (See also Arrivals.)
Immigration—
Japanese, account and statistics of..........................................................................................502-511
territorial board of, to promote settlement of whites, consideration o f ............................... 422-425
Industrial and technical schools, account of................................................................................ 481,482
J.
Japanese—
arrivals of, July 1,1900, to December 31,1905............................
benefit societies among, functions and work o f .......................
births of, in Honolulu, 1901 to 1904 ...........................................
departures of, June 14,1900, to December 31,1905....................
departures of, to the mainland, efforts to lessen, account of ».
departures of, to the mainland, May to December, 1905..........
immigration of, account and statistics of..................................
immigration of, as contract laborers, stipulations regarding..
leasing of plantations by, account o f ........................................




371,372
484-487
.. 410
.. 372
397-399
.. 899
502-511
503,504
395,396

IN D E X ,

683

Japanese—Concluded.
Page.
married females, proportion of, to total Japanese.................................................................. 373,374
number and per cent of, at census periods, 1853 to 1900.............................................................
369
number and per cent of males, 18 years of age or over, in1900.................................................
370
number and per cent of, on sugar plantations, 1892 to 1905....................................................... 368
number of, holding trade licenses, 1898 to 1904.......................................................................... 389
number of, in public schools, 1902 to 1905................................................................................ 409,482
number of, in the islands, by sex, 1900................................................................... ; ............ .
369
number of, on sugar plantations, by groups of occupations, 1902 and 1905............................... 381
per cent of total, m specified age groups.................................................................................. 373,374
schools of, account of...................................................................................................................
483
strikes by, on sugar plantations........................................................................................ 382,493-501
taxpayers, number of, and assessed valuation of real and personal property, 1901 and 1904.. 407
women and children, departures of, July 1,1902, to December 31,1905...................................
410
(See also Asiatics; Orientalization.)
Japanese and Chinese labor compared................................................................................... 402,405,406
Japanese and Chinese males 10 years of age or over engaged in gainful occupations in 1900, by
kind of occupation.......................................................................................................................... 377
K.
Koreans—
arrivals of, July 1,1900, to December 31,1905.......................................................................... 371,372
departures of, June 14,1900, to December 31,1905 ..................................................................... 372
employment of, as plantation laborers to break up Japanese control.................................. 401,402
number and per cent of, on sugar plantations, 1892 to 1905 ....................................................... 368
number of, on sugar plantations, by groups of occupations, 1902 and 1905............................... 381
(See also Asiatics; Orientalization.)
L.
Labor—
Chinese, admission of, consideration o f ..................................................................................416-421
Chinese and Japanese, compared...................................................................................... 402,405,406
cost of white and Asiatic, in the building trades, compared.................................................. 386,387
employment of white and native, upon Government w ork.................................................. 393,394
for the mainland, specimen advertisements calling for........................................................ 379,380
on sugar plantations, distribution of, by groups of occupations and nationality, 1902 and
1905 . .......................... ............. .
. . . . ... . . . .......................... .
381 382
resident and imported, advantages of the former over the latter........................................ 435’ 436
resident and imported, competitive relations of, to each other............................................... 430
resident and imported, consideration of the problem of........................................................ 425-437
resident, fundamental principles to be considered in reference to....................................... 431,432
resident, measures required to establish................................................................................. 432-435
substitution of Caucasian for Asiatic, consideration o f .......................................................... 422-425
Labor and industry, general conditions of..................................................................................... 366-511
Labor disputes, work of Central Japanese League in adjusting.................................................. 400,401
Labor disputes. (See also Strikes.)
Labor organizations. (See Trade unions.)
Labor problems in the islands, consideration o f........................................................................... 374-376
Laborers—
condition of, on coffee plantations............................................................................................. 461
condition of, on rice plantations............................................................................................. 459,460
condition of, on stock ranges......................................................................................................
457
condition of, on sugar plantations........................................................................................... 455,456
cost of livirfg o f ..................... *.................................................................................................. 467-476
wages and hours of labor of, in urban employments............................................................. 465-467
Laboring population, Orientalization of, and its results.............................................................. 366-416
Land and settlement, account o f ................................................................................................... 437-440
Lands, public—
administration o f.......................................................................................................................... 440
extent of........................................................................................................................................ 437
method of acquiring................................................................................................................. 437-439
price o f .........................................................................................................................................
437
revenue derived from leases o f ................................................................................................ 439,440
Laws relating to labor:
Alien labor........ .........................................................................................................................
672
Assessors, employers to furnish names of employees to............................................................. 674
Chinese laborers, exclusion o f................................................................................................. 678,679
Chinese, registration of................................................................................................................ 672
Conspiracy....................................................................................................................................
675
Contracts of employment............................................................................................................
672
Earnings of married women........................................................................................................ 675
Emigrant agents..........................................................................................................................
678
Employment, contracts o f ........................................................................................................... 672
Employment, contracts of, stamp duties on ..............................................................................
674
Employment of labor on public works......................................................................................
673
Exemption of wages from execution, etc...................................................................................
674
Garnishment of wages of public employees............................................................................ 674,675
Highways, pay days of employees on.......................................................................................... 673
Horseshoers, examination and licensing o f .............................................. '............................ 677,678
Labor, alien, contracts of employment relating to..................................................................... 672
Labor, Chinese, exclusion o f ................................................................................................... 678,679
Labor commission, duties, etc., o f........................................................................................... 676,677
Labor on public works, employment of......................................................................................
673
Labor, Sunday...................................................................................... .................................... 675,676
Laundries, regulation of........................................................................................................... 673,674
Liquor, sale of, to employees......................................................................................................
678
Lodging and tenement houses, inspection, etc., o f...................................................................
673
Married women, earnings o f ......................................................................................................
675
Minors, employment of, in saloons............................................................................................. 678
Pay days of employees on highways...........................................................................................
673




684

IN D E X .

Laws relating to labor—Concluded.
Payment of wages, deductions, offsets, etc., from .
Public employees, garnishment of wages o f ..........
Public works, employment of labor on ..................
Saloons, employment of minors in..........................
Stamp duties on contracts of employment.............
Statistics, collection o f.............................................
Sunday labor...........................................................
Tenement and lodging houses, inspection, etc., of
Wages, exemption of, from execution, etc.............
Wages of employees on highways, payment of —
Wages of public employees, garnishment of..........
Wages, payment of deductions, offsets, etc., from .

Page.
.. 676
674.675
.. 673
.. 678
.. 674
.. 672
675.676
.. 673
.. 674
.. 673
674,675
.. 675

M.
Males 10 years of age or oyer engaged in gainful occupations in 1900, by race and kind of occu­
pation.............................................................................................................................................. 377
Manufacturing and mechanical industries, capital invested in, in 1900 ..................................... 366,367
Mechanical trades, invasion of the, by Asiatics........................................................................... 384-388
Mercantile pursuits, invasion of, by Asiatics................................................................................ 390-393
Merchants and mechanics, efforts of, to resist competition of Orientals, account o f ................ 402-404
N.
Nationality, occupations, and average wages and hours of labor of employees in each industry,
1900-1901,1902, and 1905................................................................................................... 513,514,692-662
Nationality, occupations, rates of wages, and hours of labor of employees in each industry,
1905..................................................................................................................................- 512,513,516-591
Negro males 10 years of age or over engaged in gainful occupations in 1900, by kind of occupation. 377
Negroes and South Sea Islanders, number of, on sugar plantations, by groups of occupations,
381
1902 and 1905.....................................................................................................................................
Negroes, number and per cent of males, 18 years of age or over, in 1900........................................
370
Negroes, South Sea Islanders, and others, number and per cent of, on sugar plantations, 1892-1905. 368
O.

Occupations—
average wages and hours of labor, and nationality of employees in each industry, 1900-1901,
1902, and 1905............................................................................................................. 513,514,592-662
citizenship, and literacy of the members of the Federation of Allied Trades of Hilo.......... 489,490
gainful, males 10 years of age or over engaged in, in 1900, by race........................................
377
nonurban and urban, wages, conditions of labor, etc., i n ..................................................... 463-467
rates of wages, hours of labor, and nationality of employees in each industry, 1905. 512,513,516-591
skilled, and trade, invasion of, by Asiatics............................................................................. 383-394
Oriental population and political control, consideration o f ........................................................ 409-413
Orientalization of laboring population and its results.................................................................. 366-416
Oriental!zation of population, effect of, upon character of citizenship..................................... 413,414
Oiientals. {See Asiatics; Chinese; Japanese; Koreans.)
P.
Plantation la b o rcontrol of situation by Asiatics................................................................................................ 380-383
efforts to control, account of..................................................................................................... 397-402
Plantation laborers—
employment of Koreans as, to break up Japanese control..................................................... 401,402
number of, 1892 to 1905.................................................................................................................. 368
number of, 1897 and 1905..............................................................................................................
375
present supply of ....................................................................................................................... 375,376
proposed admission of Chinese as, consideration o f ...............................................................4M-406
wages, hours of labor, etc., of, account o f ............................................................................... 452-456
Plantation stores, account o f .................
454
Plantations—
leasing of, by Japanese............................................................................................................. 395,396
sanitary conditions on............................................................................................................... 478,479
Population—
at census periods from 1853 to 1900, by color or race.................................................................. 369
effect of Orientalization of, upon character of citizenship..................................................... 413,414
in 1900, by sex and color or race.................................................................................................. 369
per square mile of Hawaii and of other sugar-producing islands compared........................ 436,437
Population and political control, Oriental, consideration o f ....................................................... 409-413
Porto Ricans—
characteristics o f .......................................................................................................................... 428
number and per cent of. on sugar plantations, 1892 to 1905......................................................
368
number of, in public schools, 1902 to 1905 ........................ ......................................................... 482
number of, on sugar plantations, by groups of occupations, 1902 and 1905............................... 381
Portuguese—
benefit societies among, functions and work o f ..................................................................... 483,484
characteristics o f ....................................................................................................................... 426-428
number and per cent of, on sugar plantations, 1892 to 1905....................................................... 868
number of, in public schools..................................................................................................... 426,482
number of, on sugar plantations, by groups of occupations, 1902 and 1905..............................
381
Prices—
relative retail, of food, 1890 to 1905 ............................................................................................. 515
retail, of commodities, 1890 to 1905 ............................................................................. 514,515,663-671
Production, cost of. {See Cost of production.)
Property owners—
by nationality, 1901 and 1904........................................................................................................
407
white, native, and Asiatic, relative holdings of, compared.................................................. 408,409
Property, personal and real, assessed valuation of, 1901 and 1904...................................................
407
Pupils in schools, number and nationality of, 1902 to 1905............................................................... 482




IN D E X ,

685

R.

Page.
Real estate, assessed valuation of, 1901 and 1904..............................................................................
407
Rent, prices paid for................................................................................................................. 168,469,478
R ic e area cultivated and tons produced, year ending June 30,1904.................................................. 458
cultivation of, account o f......................................................................................................... 458-460
estimated cost of raising a 5-acre crop o f ...................................................................................
459
S.
Salaries of public school-teachers..................................................................................................... 481
Sanitary conditions on plantations................................................................................................ 478,479
Sanitation and health, consideration o f ........................................................................................ 476-480
School system, effect of Asiatic pupils upon..................................................................................414-416
Schools—
industrial and technical, account of........................................................................................ 481,482
Japanese, account o f ...................................................................................................................
483
number and nationality of pupils in, 1902 to 1905.....................................................................
482
salaries of teachers i n .............................................................................*.................................. 481
(See also Education.)
Small farming, experiments in, account o f .................................................................................. 441-447
Societies, benefit, functions and work o f ...................................................................................... 483-487
South Sea Islanders and negroes, number of, on sugar plantations, by groups of occupations,
1902 and 1905....................................................................................................................................
381
South Sea Islanders, negroes, and others, number and per cent- of, on sugar plantations, 1892 to
1905................................................................................................................................................... 368
South Sea Islanders, number and per cent of males, 18 years of age or over, in 1900 ...................
370
South Sea Islanders, number of, in the islands, by sex, 1900
.....................................................
369
Stock raising, consideration o f ...................................................................................................... 456,457
Stores, plantation, account o f ..................................................... ...................................................... 454
Strikes—
account and statistics of.............................................................................................. 382,401,493-501
on sugar plantations, 1903 to 1905...................................................................................... 494-497,501
Sugar cane, cost of production and receipts per acre of, for a two-year crop on a 10-acre tract.. 446
Sugar industry—
. account of the growth o f ...................................................... ...................................................... 367
Asiatic character of labor in ................................................. .................................................. 367,368
capitalization of, 1902,1903, and 1904 ..................................................................................... 448,449
competition of local and Pacific coast industries with, for Asiatic labor............................. 378-380
dominant position o f ...................................................................................... ........................ 366,367
financial standing and profits of, 1902,1903, and 1904............................................................. 448-451
Sugar plantations—
distribution of labor on, by groups of occupations and nationality, 1902 and 1905............... 381,382
expense of operating................................................................................................................ 454,455
strikes on, 1903 to 1905 ........................................................................................................ 494-497,501
Sugar production—
acres of cane cut and yield of sugar per acre, 1902 and 1903 ..................................................... 448
amount of, 1895 to 1904 ................................................................................................................ 447
hours of labor, average, occupations, average wages, and nationality of employees engaged
in, 1900-1901,1902, and 1905 ................................................................................................... 630-661
hours of labor, occupations, rates of wages, and nationality of employees engaged in, 1905. 556-591
occupations, average wages and hours of labor, and natior ality of employees engaged in,
1900-1901,1902, and 1905......................................................................................................... 630-661
occupations, rates of wages, hours of labor, and nationality of employees engaged in, 1905. 556-591
wages, average, occupations, average hours of labor, and nationality of employees engaged
in, 1900-1901,1902, and 1905 ................................................................................................... 630-661
wages, rates of, occupations, hours of labor, and nationality of employees engaged in, 1905. 556-591
Sugar, value of export of, for fiscal year ending June 30,1905........................................................
367
T.
Taxation, proportion of, paid by Orientals and by Caucasians................................................... 408,409
Taxpayers, number and nationality of, and assessed valuation of real and personal property,
1901 and 1904....................................................................................................................................
407
Teachers in schools, number and salaries of................................................................................. 480,481
Trade unions, account and statistics of......................................................................................... 487-492
Transportation facilities, consideration of..................................................................................... 462,463
Y.

Valuation, assessed, of real and personal property, 1901 and 1904 .................................................. 407
Voters, consideration and statistics of........................................................................................... 411-413
W.
Wages—
average, occupations, average hours of labor, and nationality of employees in each industry,
1900-1901,1902, and 1905............................................................................................. 513,514,592-662
in various nonurban and urban occupations.......................................................................... 464-467
on coffee plantations...............................................................
461
on fruit farms............................................................................
462
on rice plantations................................................................................................................... 459,460
on stock ranches.........................................................................................
457
on sugar plantations................................................................................................................. 452,454
rates of, occupations, hours of labor, and nationality of employees in each industry, 1905... 512,
513,516-591
White males 10 years of age or over engaged in gainful occupations in 1900, by kind of occupation. 377
Women and children, Japanese, departures of, July 1,1902, to December 31,1905........................
410
Workingmen’s families, cost of living o f ...................................................................................... 467-476




LEADING ARTICLES IN PAST NUMBERS OF THE BULLETIN.
No. 1. Private and public debt in the United States, by George K. Holmes.
Employer and employee under the common law, by V. H. Olmsted and S. D.
Fessenden.
No. 2. The poor colonies of Holland, by J. Howard Gore, Ph. D.
The industrial revolution in Japan, by William Eleroy Curtis.
Notes concerning the money o f the U. S. and other countries, by W. C. Hunt.
The wealth and receipts and expenses of the U. S., by W. M. Steuart.
No. 3. Industrial communities: Coal Mining Co. of Anzin, by W. F. Willoughby.
No. 4. Industrial communities: Coal Mining Co. of Blanzy, by W. F. Willoughby.
The sweating system, by Henry White.
No. 5. Convict labor.
Industrial communities: Krupp Iron and Steel Works, by W. F. Willoughby.
No. 6. Industrial communities: Familist&re Society of Guise, by W. F. Willoughby.
Cooperative distribution, by Edward W. Bemis, Ph. D.
No. 7. Industrial communities: Various communities, by W. F. Willoughby.
Rates of wages paid under public and private contract, by Ethelbert Stewart.
No. 8. Conciliation and arbitration in the boot and shoe industry, by T. A. Carroll.
Railway relief departments, by Emory R. Johnson, Ph. D.
No. 9. The padrone system and padrone banks, by John Koren.
The Dutch Society for General Welfare, by J. Howard Gore, Ph. D.
No. 10. Condition of the Negro in various cities, (a)
Building and loan associations, (a)
No. 11. Workers at gainful occupations at censuses of 1870,1880, and 1890, by W. C. Hunt.
Public baths in Europe, by Edward Mussey Hartwell, Ph. D., M. D.
No. 12. The inspection of factories and workshops in the U. S., by W. F. Willoughby.
Mutual rights and duties of parents and children, guardianship, etc., under the law,
by F. J. Stimson.
The municipal or cooperative restaurant of Grenoble, France, by C. O. Ward.
No. 13. The anthracite mine laborers, by G. O. Virtue, Ph. D.
No. 14. The Negroes of Farmville, Va.: A social study, by W. E. B. Du Bois, Ph. D.
Incomes, wages, and rents in Montreal, by Herbert Brown Ames, B. A.
No. 15. Boarding homes and clubs for working women, by Mary S. Fergusson. (a)
The trade-union label, by John Graham Brooks, (a)
No. 16. Alaskan gold fields and opportunities for capital and labor, by S. C. Dunham.
No. 17. Brotherhood relief and insurance of railway employees, by E. R. Johnson, Ph. D.
The nations of Antwerp, by J. Howard Gore, Pn. D.
No. 18. Wages in the United States and Europe, 1870 to 1898.
No. 19. Alaskan gold fields and opportunities for capital and labor, by S. C. Dunham, (a)
Mutual relief and benefit associations in theprinting trade, by W. S. Waudby. (a)
No. 20. Condition of railway labor in Europe, by Walter E. Weyl, rh. D.
No. 21. Pawnbroking in Europe and the United States, by W. R. Patterson, Ph. D.
No. 22. Benefit features of American trade unions, by Edward W. Bemis, Ph. D. (a)
The Negro in the black belt: Some social sketches, by W. E. B. Du Bois, Ph. D. (a)
Wages in Lyon, France, 1870 to 1896. (a)
No. 23. Attitude of women’s clubs, etc., toward social economics, by Ellen M. Henrotin.
The production of paper and pulp in the U. S. from January 1 to June 30,1898.
No. 24. Statistics of cities.
No. 25. Foreign labor laws: Great Britain and France, by W. F. Willoughby.
No. 26. Protection of workmen in their employment, by Stephen D. Fessenden.
Foreign labor laws: Belgium and Switzerland, by W. F. Willoughby.
No. 27. Wholesale prices: 1890 to 1899, by Roland P. Falkner, Ph. D.
Foreign labor laws: Germany, by W. F. Willoughby.
No. 28. Voluntary conciliation and arbitration in Great Britain, by J. B. McPherson.
System of adjusting wages, etc., in certain rolling mills, by J. H. Nutt.
Foreign labor laws: Austria, by W. F. Willoughby.




a Bulletin

out of print.

No. 29. Trusts and industrial combinations, by J. W. Jenks, Ph. D.
The Yukon and Nome gold regions, by S. C. Dunham.
Labor Day, by Miss M. C. de Graffenried.
No. 30. Trend of wages from 1891 to 1900.
Statistics of cities.
Foreign labor laws: Various European countries, by W. F. Willoughby.
No. 31. Betterment of industrial conditions, by V. H. Olmsted.
Present status of employers’ liability in the U. S., by S. D. Fessenden.
Condition of railway labor in Italy, by Dr. Luigi Einaudi.
No. 32. Accidents to labor as regulated by law in the U. S., by W. F. Willoughby.
Prices of commodities and rates of wages in Manila.
The Negroes of Sandy Spring, Md.: A social study, by W. T. Thom, Ph. D.
The British workmen’s compensation act and its operation, by A. M. Low.
No. 33. Foreign labor laws: Australasia and Canada, by W. F. Willoughby.
The British conspiracy and protection of property act and its operation, by A. M.
Low.
No. 34. Labor conditions in Porto Rico, by Azel Ames, M. D.
Social economics at the Paris Exposition, by Prof. N. P. Gilman.
The workmen’s compensation act of Holland.
No. 35. Cooperative communities in the United States, by Rev. Alexander Kent.
The Negro landholder of Georgia, by W. E. B. Du Bois, Ph. D.
No. 36. Statistics of cities.
Statistics of Honolulu, H. I.
No. 37. Railway employees in the United States, by Samuel McCune Lindsay, Ph. D.
The Negroes of Litwalton, Va.: A social study of the “ Oyster Negro,” by William
Taylor Thom, Ph. D.
No. 38. Labor conditions in Mexico, by Walter E. Weyl, Ph. D.
The Negroes of Cinclare Central Factory and Calumet Plantation, La., by J. Brad­
ford Laws.
No. 39. Course of wholesale prices, 1890 to 1901.
No. 40. Present condition of the hand-working and domestic industries of Germany, by
Henry J. Harris, Ph. D.
Workmen’s compensation acts of foreign countries, by Adna F. Weber.
No. 41. Labor conditions in Cuba, by Victor S. Clark, Ph. D.
Beef prices, by Fred C. Croxton.
No. 42. Statistics of cities.
Labor conditions of Cuba.
No. 43. Report to the President on anthracite coal strike, by Carroll D. Wright.
No. 44. Factory sanitation and labor protection, by C. F. W. Doehring, Ph. D.
No. 45. Course of wholesale prices, 1890 to 1902.
No. 46. Report of Anthracite Coal Strike Commission.
No. 47. Report of the Commissioner of Labor on Hawaii.
No. 48. Farm colonies of the Salvation Army, by Commander Booth Tucker.

The Negroes of Xenia, Ohio, by Richard R. Wright, jr., B. D.
No. 49. Cost of living.
Labor conditions in New Zealand, by Victor S. Clark, Ph. D.
No. 50. Labor unions and British industry, by A. Maurice Low.
Land values and ownership in Philadelphia, by A. F. Davies.
No. 51. Course of wholesale prices, 1890 to 1903.
The union movement among coal-mine workers, by Frank J. Warne, Ph. D.
No. 52. .Child labor in the United States, by Hannah R. Sewall, Ph. D.
Nol 53. Wages and cost of living.
No. 54. The working of the United States Bureau of Labor, by Carroll D. Wright.
Bureaus of statistics of labor in the United States, by G. W. W. Hanger.
Bureaus of statistics of labor in foreign countries, by G. W. W. Hanger.
The value and influence of labor statistics, by Carroll D. Wright.
Strikes and lockouts in the United States, 1381 to 1900, by G. W. W. Hanger.
Wages in the United States and Europe, 1890 to 1903, by G. W. W. Hanger.
Cost of living and retail prices in the U. S., 1890 to 1903, by G. W. W. Hanger.
Wholesale prices in the United States, 1890 to 1903, by G. W. W. Hanger.
Housing of the working people in the U. S. by employers, by G. W. W. Hanger.
Public baths in the United States, by G. W. W. Hanger.
Trade and technical education in the United States.
Hand and machine labor in the United States.
Labor legislation in the United States, by G. A. Weber.
Labor conditions in Hawaii.
No. 55. Building an l loan associations in the U. S., by G. W. W. Hanger.
Revival of handicrafts in America, by Max West, Ph. D.




No. 56. Influence of trade unions on immigrants, by Carroll D. Wright.
Labor conditions in Australia, by Victor S. Clark, Ph. D.
No. 57. Course of wholesale prices, 1890 to 1904.
Street railway employment in the United States, by Walter E. Weyl, Ph. D.
No. 58. Labor conditions in the Philippines, by Victor S. Clark, Ph. D.
Labor conditions in Java, by Victor S. dark, Ph. D.
The new Russian workingmen’s compensation act, by I. M. Rubinow.
No. 59. Wages and hours of labor in manufacturing industries, 1890 to 1904.
Retail prices of food, 1890 to 1904.
Laws relating to child labor in European countries.
No. 60. Government industrial arbitration, by Leonard W. Hatch, A. M.
No. 61. Labor conditions in Porto Rico, by Walter E. Weyl, Ph. D.
Early organizations of printers, by Ethelbert Stewart.
No. 62. Municipal ownership in Great Britain, by Frederic C. Howe, Ph.- D.
Conciliation in the stove industry, by John P. Frey and John R. Commons.
Laws relating to the employment of children in the United States.
No. 63. Course of wholesale prices, 1890 to 1905.
No. 64. Conditions of living among the poor, by S. E. Forman.
Benefit features of British trade unions, by Walter E. Weyl, Ph. D.
No. 65. Wages and hours of labor in manufacturing industries, 1890 to 1905.
Retail prices of food, 1890 to 1905.