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58th C ongress,) H OUSE O F R EPRESEN TATIVES. (D oc. No. 343, Hd Session, j l Part 3. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR. BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. NO. 52-MAY, 1904. ISSUED EVERY OTHER MONTH. W A S H IN G T O N : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1904, EDITOR, CARROLL D. W R IG H T, COMMISSIONER. ASSOCIATE EDITORS, G. W . W . H AN GER, CHAS. H . Y E R R IL L , G. A. W EBER. II CONTENTS. Page. Child labor in the U nited States, by Hannah R. Sewall, Ph. D ...................... Agreem ents between em ployers and em ployees................................................... Digest o f recent reports of State bureaus o f labor statistics: W iscon sin ............................................................................................................. Digest o f recent foreign statistical pu blication s................................................... Decisions of courts affecting la b o r.......................................................................... Laws of various States relating to labor enacted since January 1,1896.......... in 485-637 638-650 651-654 655-677 678-693 694-702 B U L L E T IN OP THE B I J E E A U OF L A B O R . No. 52. W ASH IN G TO N . M ay, 1904. CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. ( a) B Y H A N N A H K . 8E W A L L , P H . I>. INTRODUCTION. The object o f the present study is to furnish information regarding the subject o f child labor. It relates to the employment at labor of children under 16 years o f age, their earnings, the hours o f labor required o f them, and other conditions affecting their well-being owing to the kind o f work they do and the sanitary character o f the places where they are employed. It also relates to the amount o f schooling they have had, and to their health and home conditions. Data for this purpose have been sought mainly from two sources—the employers and the parents o f the children. Representative establishments in which children were employed have been visited and replies obtained to questions concerning all under 16 years o f age. Interviews have also been had with many children individually, and further information sought concerning them at their homes. The territory covered has been limited to a comparatively small number o f States because o f the practical difficulties in the way o f can vassing a large number within a reasonable time. Those States were selected which are shown by the reports o f the Twelfth Census on manufactures to be employing the largest numbers o f children in the «In the preparation of this article the author has had the assistance of Mrs. Edith Parsons, o f Des M oines, Iow a, w ho collected the material used from the States of Illinois, M issouri, Pennsylvania, and W isconsin. The author desires also to express thanks to the proprietors and the managers o f the various establishm ents w hich were visited for courtesies shown and assistance given, and to m any others w ho have shown an interest in the w ork and have helped in various ways, especially to Miss H elen M arot and members o f the child labor com m ittee in New Y ork City. The w ork o f tabulation and the preparation o f the summary and com pilation of laws in connection w ith this investigation was done by the Bureau of Labor. 485 486 BULLETIN OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR. industries reported. Twelve States were originally chosen, ranking by numbers o f children employed as follows: NUMBER OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURES IN TWELVE STATES AT THE TWELFTH CENSUS. [From the Tw elfth Census of the United States.] Children under 16 years of age. Number ployed Rank. em in manu factures. State. Pennsylvania............................. New Y ork................................... M assachusetts........................... Illin ois........................................ North Carolina........................... South Carolina........................... 1 2 3 4 6 6 33,136 13,189 12,556 10,419 10,377 8,560 Children under 16 years of age. Number ployed Rank. em in manu factures. State. New Jersey.............................. G eorgia..................................... M aryland.................................. W iscon sin................................ Rhode Islan d ........................... M issouri................................... 7 8 9 10 11 12 8,042 6,873 5,884 5,679 6,036 4,510 The State o f Alabama was afterwards added because o f the prom i nent part which it has occupied in recent discussions o f the subject o f child labor. Very little, however, was done in this State. On an aver age, 3,474 children were employed in the manufactures o f this State during the census year, which caused it to rank 17 according to number o f children employed. The information obtained in regard to child labor in these States is presented in the follow ing pages in two parts, the first dealing with conditions o f a general nature found to exist in the establishments visited, and the second with certain facts relating to the children who were individually interviewed and whose homes were visited. Three general tables show the conditions existing in 215 establishments employing 15,857 children. The facts presented in the second part relate to 1,381 children, all o f whom were employed at some kind o f gainful occupation, and nearly all in the 215 establishments reported in the tables. A child is considered fo r the purposes o f this study to be a person under 16 years o f age, and whenever the word is used without qualification it must be understood in this sense. G E N E R A L CONDITIONS A F F E C T IN G C H ILD REN E M P L O Y E D A T LA B O R . F or the 215 establishments included in the general tables accom panying this article, the number o f establishments and o f children o f each sex employed, by States, were as follows: ESTABLISHMENTS CANVASSED AND NUMBER OF CHILDREN EMPLOYED, BY STATES. State. M assachusetts......... Rhode Islan d.......... New Y ork................. New Jersey.............. Pennsylvania.......... M aryland................. N rvrth I'larnlinn llulUi vOlvliUct • ••••• Estab lish ments. 18 10 36 24 45 11 14 Children under 16 years o f age. State. Male. Female Total. 710 190 538 783 2,243 287 614 503 1,213 395 205 637 1,175 434 1,217 2,143 4,386 551 838 461 1,075 Estab lishments. Children under 16 years o f age. Male. Female Total. South C arolina___ Georgia................... A labam a............... W isconsin.............. Illin o is................... M issouri................. 9 15 4 6 14 9 448 634 102 366 964 624 T ota l............ 215 8,503 382 596 121 288 644. 389 7,354 830 1,230 223 654 1,608 1,013 15,857 CHILD LABOB IK THE UNITED STATES. 487 The inquiries which were made at these establishments had refer ence to the ages o f the children, their occupations and earnings, and special conditions affecting their well-being while at work. From a few establishments visited valuable information was obtained, which, however, could not be included in the tables because o f uncertainty in regard to part o f the information and failure to get complete replies to some o f the inquiries. Much o f this information is presented, how ever, in the text pages. AGES. The laws relating to child labor which have been enacted by nearly all the States show at what ages children can legally be employed at labor in these States. The report of the Twelfth Census upon manu factures shows the number o f children under 16 years of age employed at the time the census was taken, and also the number o f children employed in 1880, in 1890, and in 1900. Reports showing the number o f children employed in establishments subject to inspection are pub lished annually by the factory inspectors o f many States. These authorities do not show the ages o f the children employed nor do they furnish a satisfactory answer to the question whether all the children employed are in fact above the ages specified by law. The belief exists that in many States children are employed below these ages, and also that in States where no law relating to child labor exists children are employed at a very early age; but there were found no reliable authorities showing the extent to which such laws are evaded or the number o f very young children employed in such States. It was a part o f the plan o f this work to present in tabular form the ages o f all the children employed in the establishments visited, but the task o f getting correct data as to ages proved to be one o f great difficulty, and the instances in which it was found to be practically impossible to obtain such data were so numerous that it seemed best to abandon the plan. Much information, however, was collected which may not be without value, although lacking the precision necessary for a tab ular statement. The laws o f Massachusetts require children to be 14 years of age in order to be eligible for employment in manufacturing and mercantile establishments. No child can be employed without an age and school ing certificate. The parent or guardian o f a child applying fo r such certificate must present to the authority issuing the certificate specific evidence o f the child’ s age, such as a duly attested birth certificate, a passport, or a school record. The certificate can not be issued upon the mere oath o f the parent. The provisions o f the law against the employment o f children without certificates are enforced by a large corps o f factory inspectors. Children employed without certificates were rarely found in Massachusetts. O f the few that were found 488 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. none was under 14 years o f age. In one instance a boy of 15 was so large for his age that it had not occurred to his employer to question him. O f the remaining children certificates showed them to be over 14 years o f age, but children o f foreign parentage were seen in some cotton and worsted factories who were so small that it was impossible not to suspect that they had obtained their certificates upon false evidence. A superintendent in one o f these factories declared that, making due allowance fo r the fact that certain children under him were Italian and should average smaller than Americans, he was con vinced either that they had obtained their certificates on false evidence or that they were stunted in their growth. In Rhode Island, at the time the State was visited for the purposes o f this investigation, children were required to be 12 years o f age to be eligible for employment in manufacturing and mercantile establish ments employing five or more women and children. Children between 12 and 15 years o f age could continue in employment only on condition that they attended school at least eight}^ consecutive school days each year. Children under 16 years o f age seeking employment were required to have age certificates, but parents were not required to present specific evidence o f age unless the officer issuing the certificate deemed it to be necessary. There was evidence that children under 12 years o f age were employed and that children between 12 and 15 years o f age were employed without school attendance. In some manufacturing towns the provision fo r schooling was not sufficient to accommodate all the children o f school age, and the proportion o f those who attended fell below the average fo r the State. In these towns the salaries o f truant officers were often so small that they could give very little time to the duties o f the office, or their interests were opposed to a zealous search for truants. The villages belonging to these towns were largely inhabited by French Canadians and Italians who had come fo r employment in the mills, many o f whom were eager to profit by their children’s labor and occasionally succeeded in securing employment for children under 12 years o f age. In both cities and villages children o f foreign parentage under 15 years o f age were allowed to work without school attendance because no suitable pro vision was made in the schools fo r teaching them, but many were required to attend night schools. A bout 25 per cent o f the children employed in the establishments reported for Rhode Island were between 12 and 14 years o f age and about 75 per cent between 14 and 16 years o f age. Much dissat isfaction was expressed with the school attendance provisions o f the law both by persons interested in the schools and by manufacturers. Since the investigation was made this feature has been repealed, and the legal age at which children can be employed has been raised to 13 years. CHILD LABOH IK THE UKlTED STATES. 489 In New Y ork 14 years is the age under which children can not legally be employed in manufacturing and mercantile establishments during the sessions o f the public schools, but children between 12 and 14 years o f age can be employed in mercantile establishments during vacations. A few children under 14 years o f age were found in fac tories. One, a large German girl, had been working nearly a year without a certificate. Two small Italian girls had certificates showing them to be over 14 years o f age, but the records at the schools they had attended showed them to be less than that age. In several instances where children were apparently over 14 years o f age the parents when asked the ages did not state what was shown by the certificates, but a d if ferent age, sometimes younger and sometimes older. One girl, 14 years old, was born according to her certificate, only five months after her sister, who was working in the same factory and had taken out her cer tificate the year before. Certificates were easity obtained in New Y ork fo r all children who had attended school one year and could read and write simple sentences in the English language; all that was necessary was for the parent o f such a child to swear to the place and date o f its birth before a notary. During the session o f 1903 the legislature altered this provision, so that now, as in Massachusetts, parents must present specific evidence showing the ages o f their children. In New Jersey at the time o f this investigation boys could legally work in factories at 12 years o f age and girls at 14. Children o f both sexes were found under the legal ages. The law provided fo r school certificates, which were probably intended to be also age certificates, but it did not require manufacturers employing children to keep these certificates on file at their establishments, and it was not done. V ery few children had certificates o f any sort. Factory inspection was inadequate and infringements o f the law were not always discovered. Finally public opinion had been aroused and better officers had been appointed in some districts who were conscientiously enforcing the provisions relating to the employment o f children. A few prosecu tions had occurred and convictions had been secured in some o f the cases, the effect o f which was to cause many manufacturers to inquire more closely into the ages o f the young people in their employ. A bout 1 per cent o f the children employed in the establishments reported were under 12 years o f age, about 20 per cent were between 12 and 14 years o f age, and about 79 per cent were between 14 and 16 years of age. Between 3 and 4 per cent o f the girls were under 14 years of age. Most o f the boys under 14 were employed in the glass factories. Since these establishments in Naw Jersey were visited the legal age for boys has been raised to 14 years. In Pennsylvania 13 is the minimum age at which children can legally be employed in manufacturing and mercantile industries. The law requires age certificates for all children under 16 years o f age to be kept 490 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. on file in each establishment employing them. It was found that these files were not carefully kept. Large children were often without certificates. One mother whose child began working before the age o f 13 said: “ O f course I would not swear to a lie, but the child was large and no certificate was needed.” Many children were found whose parents acknowledged that they were younger than their cer tificates showed them to be. It was unlawful to issue certificates to children under 13 years of age, but certificates were found in the files o f establishments visited giving the ages as 12 years. It was also unlawful to issue certificates to children who could not read and write the English language, but children o f foreign parentage, if they appeared strong, found little difficulty in securing certificates, or in finding work without them, soon after arrival. About 25 per cent o f the children employed in the manufacturing and mercantile establishments reported fo r Pennsylvania were between 12 and 14 years o f age and about 75 per cent between 14 and 16 years o f age. A t the time the anthracite mines were visited for the pur poses o f this investigation, the new law making the age at which boys can. be employed above ground 14 years instead o f 12 years and under ground 16 years instead o f 14 years had just gone into effect. Operators had, with few exceptions, issued orders to foremen to enforce the law. The old law did not require a child applying for employment to present an age certificate, but provided merely that the employer should demand a certificate when in doubt as to the age o f the child. The new law adds nothing to the old in this respect. But foremen were generally demanding certificates and discharging any boy who could not produce one showing him to be o f legal age. A ny parent could obtain a certificate for his child if willing to swear to statements showing him to be over 14 years o f age. Nearly 1 per cent o f the breaker boys reported were under 12 years o f age, about 8 per cent were between 12 and 14 years o f age, and about 91 per cent were between 14 and 16 years o f age. Some o f the boys under age were employed in breakers where the foremen had not yet begun to enforce the new provisions o f the law. No returns were made o f boys employed under ground, but many were seen whose appearance contradicted the certified evidence that they were over 16 years o f age. In Maryland the employment o f children under 12 years of age was prohibited by law in 1894. In 1902 this law was amended so as to prohibit the employment o f children under 14 years of age in factories and mills. No certificates were required. A bout 1 per cent of the children found employed in the establishments reported were under 12 years o f age, about 20 per cent were between 12 and 14 years of age, and about 79 per cent between 14 and 16 years o f age. In North Carolina the law prohibiting the employment o f children under 12 years o f age enacted at the last session o f the legislature CHILD LABOR IK THE (JKITED STATES. 491 had not yet gone into effect. There was therefore no legal restriction upon the ages at which children could be employed. In one establish ment reported in the tables— No. 158— no attempt was made to obtain the ages o f the children employed under 12, between 12 and 14, and between 14 and 16 years o f age. About 18 per cent o f the children employed in the remaining establishments reported were under 12 years o f age, about 36 per cent were between 12 and 14 years o f age, and about 46 per cent were between 14 and 16 years o f age. Manufac turers in this State declared that personally they had no desire to employ young children, that there was no profit in it for themselves, and that so far as possible they had excluded those under 12 years o f age; but the demand o f parents fo r work for their children was so great that it could not be withstood without the loss o f good opera tives, since the latter would not hesitate to leave employers who refused to employ their children and would seek less scrupulous employers. Against this should be set the remark of a manufacturer in South Carolina who, after stating that about one-fifth o f his spin ning frames were idle, said, in answer to an inquiry, that this was not due so much to the high price o f cotton as to the fact that spinning frames could be made faster than spinners could be grown to run them. In North Carolina there is much night work among the yarn mills. O f 66 children working nights in four mills, 8 were under 12 years o f age, 24 were between 12 and 14 years o f age, and 34 were between 14 and 16 years o f age. O f the 8 under 12 years o f age 5 were boys and 3 were girls. In South Carolina the child labor law enacted at the last session o f the legislature had just gone into effect when this investigation was made. This law prohibited the employment o f children under 10 years o f age on and after the 1st day o f May, 1903, under 11 years of age on and after the 1st day o f May, 1904, and under 12 years o f age on and after the 1st day o f May, 1905, and the employment o f children at night under 12 years o f age after May 1,1903. About 20 per cent o f the children employed in the establishments reported for this State were under 12 years o f age, about 45 per cent were between 12 and 14 years o f age, and about 35 per cent were between 14 and 16 years o f age. A few under 10 years o f age were found in both North and South Carolina. Many o f the larger manufacturers in South Carolina had, previous to the passage o f the law, adopted the policy o f restric ting the employment o f children to those 12 years o f age and upward. A placard containing the follow ing statements was found posted in one o f the mills: The follow ing rules, amongst others, * * * are to govern all parties seeking employtnent and in the employment o f ----------mill, to wit: First. A ll children, members o f the family, between the ages o f five and twelve years, shall enter the school maintained by said company, 492 BULLETIN OP THE BUEEAtT OP LABOE. and shall attend every day during the school session unless prevented by sickness or other unavoidable causes. Second. A ll children, members o f a family, above twelve years o f age, shall work regularly in the mill, and shall not be excused from service therein without the consent o f the superintendent fo r good cause. These rules not only illustrate the intention o f the manufacturer to restrict child labor, but also show the practice which prevails in the South o f employing help by the family. The employer expects to control all the productive energy in the family that he can use. He agrees to give the head o f the family house room, not according to the accommodation that is needed, but according to the number o f “ hands ” he can supply. In some places the rule is to allow one room per ‘ ‘hand,” in others three rooms per two “ hands.” Heads of fami lies complained that they were obliged to put children under 12 years of age to work, since otherwise they would be cramped for room. Fami lies were found, however, against which these rules were not enforced. Especially were exceptions made in favor o f employees who had been many years with a company. No provision is made by the new childlabor laws o f North Carolina and South Carolina fo r factory inspec tion and no system o f factory inspection exists in these States. Chil dren seeking employment are not required to present age certificates, except that in South Carolina children under 12 years o f age who, after 1905, can be employed only under special conditions, such as widowhood o f mother, disabled father, or no visible means of support, must have certificates stating age, signed by the nearest magistrate. Georgia has as yet no law limiting the age at which children can be employed in factories; but the members o f the Georgia Industrial Association, a private organization o f manufacturers, about three years ago agreed among themselves to discontinue the employment o f children under 12 years o f age. They drew up the following set o f rules, which they pledged themselves to enforce on and after the 1st o f September, 1901: 1. That one week’s work shall not exceed sixty-six hours. 2. That no child less than 12 years old shall work at night in any cotton or woolen mill under any circumstances; that no child less than 12 years old shall be allowed to w ork there at all, unless such child has a widowed mother or physically disabled parents who are depend ent fo r support upon the labor o f such child, or unless such child can read and write, or unless such child attends school fo r four months in each calendar year; and, provided further, that no child under 10 years o f age shall be permitted to w ork in any such mill or factory under any circumstances. 3. That we approve o f all efforts that will perfect and improve the educational facilities o f the laboring people o f Georgia, and will cheer fully bear our part o f the burdens and labors thereof. 4. That we each pledge ourselves to the enforcement o f these rules by all proper means, in letter and in spirit, by all the mills in Georgia, CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 493 and hereby authorize the executive committee o f the Georgia Indus trial Association to take all necessary steps fo r that purpose. (a) A ccording to the terms of this agreement the manufacturers may employ, fo r eight months each year, children between 10 and 12 years o f age who have both parents living and in good health, and who can not read and write, provided they attend school the remaining four months; they may employ all the time children between 10 and 12 years o f age who can not read and write, if their fathers are not liv ing or if their parents are physically disabled. A bout 10 per cent of the children found employed in the establishments reported were between 10 and 12 years o f age, about 44 per cent were between 12 and 14 years o f age, and about 46 per cent were between 14 and 16 years o f age. No law was in force in Alabama restricting the employment of children, but one had been enacted and went into effect a few weeks after the four establishments reported fo r the State were visited. A bout 28 per cent o f the children employed in these establishments were under 12 years o f age, about 89 per cent were between 12 and 14 years o f age, and about 88 per cent were between 14 and 16 years o f age. In Wisconsin children can not legally be employed under 14 years o f age, except in stores and laundries, by telephone and telegraph companies, or in the public-messenger service during the vacations of the schools, and except, between 12 and 14 years o f age, under special conditions, such as widowhood o f mother. No children under 12 were found employed in the establishments reported, but between 3 and 4 per cent were under 14 years o f age. The laws o f Illinois prohibit the employment o f children under 14 years o f age in factories, stores, and mines, and require that age cer tificates be placed on file in the offices o f establishments employing children. O f the children found in the employment o f the establish ments reported and having certificates showing them to be 14 years o f age or over, the size and appearance o f many contradicted the evidence o f the certificates. Two coal mines were visited in this State in which boys under 16 years o f age were employed underground. A t one mine 45 boys were found, at the other 130, but these figures do not represent the whole number employed. The provisions o f the law requiring each child to present an age certificate or affidavit, to be kept on file in the office, were not enforced with any degree o f strictness, fully one-third o f those employed being without certificates. The numbers given above were obtained by taking the names and ages o f the boys as they came from the cage. They all claimed to be over 14 years o f age. A large proportion o f the children at work* in Illinois are o f foreign par ents, many o f whom do not scruple to obtain age certificates for their «F rom a placard found in a Georgia cotton m ill. 494 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. children upon false representations. Upon one occasion a parent, wishing to obtain employment fo r his son in a mine, obtained a certifi cate for an older boy who had passed his sixteenth birthday, and taking him to the superintendent, when applying fo r the work, secured the position. The younger boy who was under the legal age was after wards substituted, and worked fo r some time before the fraud was discovered. In Missouri children under 14 years o f age can not legally be employed in manufacturing establishments, although no age certifi cates are required. Under circumstances implying extreme poverty inspectors granted permits to children under 14 years o f age, enabling them to obtain employment. In many instances parents were not averse to having their children under legal age declare themselves to be 14 years o f age, and depend upon their ability to avoid the eye o f the inspector and thus to escape detection. Between 7 and 8 per cent o f the children employed in the establishments reported were under 14 years of age. EARNINGS AN D OCCUPATIONS. The earnings and occupations o f children are given in Tables I and II, by States and industries. In selecting industries and establish ments fo r investigation the object in view was to present both the variety o f conditions and the number o f children subject to them in each State. Thus more industries are reported for some States than fo r others, and industries employing a large number o f children are represented by more establishments than are those employing a small number. B y referring to Table 1 (page 541) it will be seen that 10 industries are reported fo r Massachusetts and that they are represented by 18 establishments, in which 1,213 children were employed, and that one o f these industries— the manufacture o f cotton goods— is repre sented by 7 establishments in which 504 children were employed, or 42 per cent o f the whole number o f children employed in all the establish ments reported, or 43 per cent o f the whole number in the manufac turing establishments only. Since, according to the figures reported by the Twelfth Census, 48 per cent o f the children under 16 years o f age employed in the manufacturing establishments o f the State during the census year were employed in the manufacture o f cotton goods, the numbers reported in Table I are fairly representative. Only one industry— the cotton manufacturing industry— is reported in the table for South Carolina, but according to the census figures nearly 95 per cent o f the children employed in manufactures in the State were employed in this industry. Textile industries, especially cotton, worsted, linen, and silk goods, use much child labor, but the proportion o f children to the total num ber o f persons employed is greater in some States and sections o f the 495 CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES, country than in others. Textile industries are represented in Table I by establishments in which the manufacture of yarn, thread, cloth, and carpets is carried on. The establishments which are reported for the Eastern, Middle, and Southern States fairly represent the practice o f manufacturers in these States in regard to the use o f child labor in textile industries. This practice is more definitely indicated by the follow ing table relating to textile establishments, which is drawn from Table I, and which shows the total number o f persons employed at the time the establishments were visited and the number and per cent o f children under 16 years o f age employed at that time: NUMBER AND PER CENT OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, BY STATES. State and industry. Children under 16 Estab Total peryears o f age. lish sons.emments. ployed. Number. P ercent. MASSACHUSETTS. C arpets.......... .................................................................................. Cotton and worsted g ood s.............................................................. Cotton goods..................................................................................... W oolen goods................................................................................... Worsted g ood s................................................................................. 1 1 7 2 1 2,178 6,002 8,705 786 912 142 348 504 13 80 6.5 7.0 5.8 1.7 8.8 T otal................................................................. ...................... 12 17,583 1,087 6.2 Cotton goods..................................................................................... Cotton goods, narrow fabrics ......................................................... Hosiery and knit g ood s.................................................................. Worsted yarn s.................................................................................. 2 1 1 1 1,645 660 515 417 106 39 40 69 6.4 6.9 7.8 16.5 T otal........................................................................................ 5 3,237 254 6.0 Carpets, ju te ..................................................................................... Cotton goods..................................................................................... Cordage, twine, e t c ......................................................................... K nit goods........................................................................................ 1 2 1 2 551 3,120 650 643 51 129 20 23 9.3 4.1 3.1 3.6 T otal........................................................................................ 6 4,964 223 4.5 Cotton thread................................................................................... Linen thread, twine, and yarns..................................................... Silk goods, b roa d ............................................................................. Silk goods, broad, and ribbon......................................................... Silk goods, throw n........................................................................... 1 1 2 1 3 1,932 705 716 800 345 175 126 15 77 64 9.1 17.9 2.1 9.6 18.6 T otal........................................................................................ 8 4,498 457 10.2 Cotton and w oolen g ood s............................................................... H osiery............................................................................................. Silk goods, throw n........................................................................... Silk goods, thrown and b ro a d ....................................................... W oolen and worsted g o o d s............................................................ W oolen and worsted y a m s............................................................ 2 1 3 2 1 2 860 422 647 1,924 1,559 513 68 121 145 594 118 114 7.9 28.7 22.4 30.9 7.6 22.2 T otal........................................................................................ 11 6,925 1,160 19.6 2 690 117 17.0 Cotton goods..................................................................................... Cotton yam s..................................................................................... Cordage, yam , e t c ........................................................................... 5 3 1 1,277 421 75 288 121 16 22.6 28.7 21.3 Total........................................................................................ 9 1,773 425 24.0 RHODE ISLAND. NEW YORK. NEW JERSEY. PENNSYLVANIA. MARYLAND. Cotton duck, tw ine, and rope......................................................... NORTH CAROLINA. 496 BULLETIH OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, BY STATES—Concluded. State and industry. Children under 16 Estab Total per years of age. lish sons em ments. ployed. Number. Per cent. SOUTH CAROLINA. Cotton goods..................................................................................... Cotton yarns..................................................................................... 8 1 3,908, 99 799 31 20.4 31.3 T otal........................................................................................ 9 4,007 830 20.7 Cotton and w oolen goods............................................................... Cotton goods..................................................................................... Cotton goods, bags, and bleaching................................................ Cotton yam s..................................................................................... 1 9 1 1 350 a 5,330 51,047 126 27 5191 7 7.7 a 18.2 518.2 5.6 T otal........................................................................................ 12 6,853 1,193 17.4 Cotton goods..................................................................................... Cotton y a m s..................................................................................... K nit goods........................................................................................ 1 2 1 385 283 150 113 77 33 29.4 27.2 22.0 T otal........................................................................................ 4 818 223 27.2 GEORGIA. a m ALABAMA. a Not including 6 children em ployed Saturdays and holidays. 5 Not including 11 children em ployed after school hours and a half day Saturdays. It appears from this table that the percentages average larger in the Southern States than in the Middle States, and larger in the Middle States, except in New Y ork, than in the Eastern States. A smaller percentage is shown fo r Georgia than for the other Southern States. This is no doubt due to the restrictions upon the employment o f children which the manufacturers o f this State have been voluntarily enforcing against themselves fo r the past two years. The voluntary restriction which has also existed in South Carolina has not been so general as in Georgia. Similar percentages might be given fo r all the establishments reported in Table I, but the information would be of little value; indeed, in many cases it would be misleading, for, except in textiles, an industry in many instances is not represented by more than one establishment in a State. In such cases the establishment reporting can not be relied upon to indicate accurately the practice o f manufac turers generally in the State in regard to the relative number of children employed in the industry which it represents. The department stores in large cities perhaps stand next to textile industries in the employment o f child labor. Modern inventions, such as cash carriers and pneumatic tubes, may diminish the relative demand fo r child labor, but as the industry develops, as establishments increase in size and comprehensiveness, and as the labor in them becomes more and more subdivided, there is no limit to the absolute demand fo r little people to run errands, carry messages, and generally engage in the minor services connected with waiting on customers. Department stores are reported for Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Y ork, Penn sylvania, Maryland, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Missouri. Effort was CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 497 made to represent all conditions. Establishments 43 and 44 in New Y ork were stores on the east side in New Y ork City. The num ber o f children employed was small, but the percentages were larger in these stores, than in any others reported. They were 30 and 25 per cent, respectively. Six stores, namely, establishments 20, 109, 190, 196, 211, and 212, contained from 10 to 16 per cent; the remain ing stores contained from 3 to 9 per cent of children. W ith one exception each way the stores in which more than 10 per cent o f the employees were children, kept longer hours than those m which the number o f children employed was less than 10 per cent of the whole number o f employees. The exceptions are establishments 109 and 110. The first, which had a percentage o f children of 16 per cent, had a shorter working day and week than many which had a percentage o f children o f less than 10 per cent. The second, which had a per centage o f children o f 7 per cent, had a longer working day and week than most o f those which had a percentage o f children o f more than 10 per cent. By referring to Table I, it will be seen that establish ment 20, in Rhode Island, employed on Saturdays a large number of children in addition to its regular force. These children were between 12 and 16 years o f age; they worked at the store from 8 a. m. to 10.30 p. m ., and attended school the other five days o f the week. Other stores were found to be employing an extra force on Saturdays, including many children, but in no other case was it possible to get the exact number employed on a particular day. Establishments 43 and 44, cited above, employed an extra force, Saturday afternoons and evenings, o f from 10 to 20 children. Some establishments which were visited are not reported in the table because complete information could not be obtained. Am ong these are establishments representing the canning industry in Maryland. The children who find work in these establishments during the pack ing season may be divided into two classes, as follows: (1) Time work ers, whose occupations, such as filling cans, carrying cans, pasting on labels, etc., are connected with canning the goods and getting the cans ready for market; and (2) piece workers whose occupations are all in connection with preparing the goods fo r canning. In the establish ments visited there were employed from 8 to 20 children o f the first class. They were all over 12 years o f age, and most o f them were over 14 years o f age. The number o f children o f the second class fluctuated from day to day. It depended upon the amount o f child labor required to attend to the fruit or vegetable on hand. Large numbers found employment during the strawberry season, because the labor o f hulling and picking over the berries can easily be per formed by quite small children. Children no older than 5 years were allowed to work. V ery young children were also allowed to help in preparing peaches and string beans. But in preparing pineapples 8674— No. 52—04----- 2 498 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. there was not much that they could do. Strictly, these children were not employed by the company; they helped their mothers, older sisters, or friends. The managers o f the companies were usually unwilling to admit young children unless they were accompanied by older persons and then only when there was w ork which they could do; but a mother could often get her small boy or girl in at meal times, when lunches were brought from home, and keep the child sev eral hours before discovered. I f there was nothing else the child could do he could help his mother by fetching and carrying for her. The regular hours o f labor in these packing houses were ten hours a day, but the actual time worked depended upon the amount and kind o f goods on hand. The work often did not require the full day, but when a large lot o f perishable goods was on hand it continued many hours into the night. The children found in the cotton factories in the Southern States were white children, except a very few in two establishments, but colored children were found employed in tobacco factories. O f the children employed in establishment 158 in North Carolina, 429 were colored. Most o f them were stemmers, but a large proportion o f the weighers and about one-half o f the taggers were colored boys. The stemmers were piece workers, employed and paid by their rela tives or friends whom they helped. They were mostly over 10 years o f age, the majority were over 12, but children 6 or 7 years old were seen standing by their mothers doing the same work. Many o f these children expected to leave off work at Christmas time, which would be in a few weeks, and go to school. In establishment 213 in Missouri, also a tobacco factory, 30 colored boys were employed as sweepers and rackers. They all claimed to be over 14 years o f age. The colored children found in cotton factories were 2 boys in estab lishment 161, employed, one as a sweeper, the other as a waste picker; and 7 boys in establishment 178 employed in the bleachery. The earnings o f children employed in the establishments reported are given in Table I in two ways—by showing the highest, lowest, and average earnings per week fo r each establishment, and by giving the numbers employed in each establishment earning specified amounts. The latter is o f value as showing m oie accurately than can be done by averages the condition o f the children as to wages. The information given in the table is drawn from the weekly earnings o f each child on full time. In the case o f piece workers full-time weekly earnings were estimated by considering the time actually worked and the amount earned during that time. This was possible in most cases, but in some establishments no records were kept o f the time o f piece workers, and their employers were unable to give needed facts. These piece workers are included in the numbers employed in these establishments, but their earnings are not included in the information relative to the earnings CHILD LABOR IK THE UKITED STATES. 499 of the children employed, and their numbers are deducted from the whole number employed in calculating average earnings. The most important cases o f piece workers omitted in this way are 250 children employed in establishment 90, 54 in establishment 114, 305 in estab lishment 158, and 52 in establishment 213. The piece workers excluded in establishment 90, a cigar factory, were cigar rollers and bunch makers. A majority o f them were earning between $3 and $4 a week. It is probable that had their earnings been included the average earnings for the establishment would have been represented by a higher figure than that reported. In establishment 114, which manufactured hosiery, at least 35 o f the 54 piece workers excluded were earning more than $4 a week; 19 o f these were earning over $5 a week. Had their earnings been included the average for the estab lishment would have been higher, but it would not have been much, if any, over $4. In establishment 158, which manufactured tobacco, the piece workers excluded were stemmers; they were colored children and, although their time was much broken, they were said to average about $2.40 per week. Their earnings would probably have lowered the average reported for that establishment. In establishment 213, which also manufactured tobacco, the piece workers excluded were white girls employed as wrapper stemmers, and their earnings, aver aging between $5 and $6 a week, would probably have raised slightly the average reported fo r the establishment. It was originally intended to give the earnings o f the children by occupations, but the plan was abandoned because in many of the indus tries considered very few were employed at what could be termed skilled labor; also, many were not confined to a single definite occupa tion, but might be set at several different tasks in the course o f a week. The occupations at which children were employed in the estab lishments reported are given separately in Table II (pages 546-554). B y looking up in this table any establishment reported in Table I a general idea can be gained as to the manner in which the labor o f the children was utilized. The occupations are classified according to the sex o f the children; also the important occupations, those at which a greater number o f children were employed, are indicated by italics; and those at which only one child was found employed are shown in the singular number. By reference again to Table I it will be seen that the difference shown between the highest and lowest earnings of children in many establishments is considerable. This is especially true o f the textile industry. In establishments representing this industry, not only were different occupations paid at different rates, but there was great diversity in the earnings o f children in the same occupation. Thus in a cotton factory in Massachusetts 14 weavers averaged from $3.45 to $10.90 during the week considered; 12 spinners averaged from $2.26 500 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. to $7.30 during the same time. In a cotton factory in South Carolina 5 weavers averaged from $3.60 to $5.76, and 45 spinners averaged from 90 cents to $5.29. Similar differences were found in some o f the occupations in other industries. They usually occurred wherever work was paid fo r by the piece. In all piecework the rate was the same for children as fo r adults. The wages paid children in depart ment stores were, as a rule, lower than those paid in manufacturing establishments in the same State, but the hours of labor fo r all em ployees were less. The condition o f children in each State as to earning capacity is further shown in the last eight columns o f Table 1, which gives for each establishment the number o f children fo r whom earnings were reported, classified according to weekly earnings. The following table drawn from this part o f Table I summarizes the condition in each State, and fo r the 13 States. The earnings are divided into three classes instead o f eight as in Table I, namely, earnings under $3; $3 or under $4; $4 or over; and in addition to the numbers the percent ages o f children in each class are given so that their condition in each State may be more readily perceived. CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE, BY STATES. States. Estab lish ments. Children. Number of children un der 16 years of age earning— Per cent of children un der 16 years of age earning— Under 33 or un 34 or der $4. over. $3. Under 33 or un 34 or 33. der 34. over. Massachusetts.............................. Rhode Isla n d .............................. New Y ork..................................... New Jersey................................... Pennsylvania.............................. M aryland..................................... North Carolina............................. South Carolina............................. G eorgia........................................ Alabam a....................................... W isconsin..................................... Illin ois.......................................... M issouri........................................ 18 10 36 24 45 11 14 9 15 4 6 14 9 1,213 395 1,175 1,214 4,033 824 770 829 1,218 223 654 1,604 959 98 76 184 229 1,006 583 439 549 626 177 118 366 158 335 180 713 733 1,486 164 265 235 456 41 222 521 460 780 139 278 252 1,541 77 66 45 136 5 314 717 341 8.1 19.2 15.6 18.9 24.9 70.8 57.0 66.2 51.4 79.4 18.0 22.8 16.5 27.6 45.6 60.7 60.4 36.9 19.9 34.4 28.4 37.4 18.4 34.0 32.5 48.0 64.3 85.2 23.7 20.7 38.2 9.3 8.6 5.4 11.2 2.2 48.0 44.7 35.5 T otal................................... 215 15,111 4,609 5,811 4,691 30.5 38.5 31.0 Earnings were reported fo r 15,111 children in 215 establishments in 13 States. O f this number 30.5 per cent were earning less than $3 a week, 38.5 per cent were earning $3 but under $4 a week, 31 per cent were earning $4 or over a week. The earnings o f the largest number were $3 or under $4 a week. In Massachusetts alone more than 50 per cent o f the children reported earned $4 or over, while in Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama more than 50 per cent o f the children earned less than $3. In the remaining States less than 50 per cent earned under $3, and less than 50 per cent earned over $4, but only in New Y ork and New Jersey did more than 50 per cent earn between $3 and $4 a week. The m i t t ) LAB0& Iff M E UKlTED STATES. 501 earnings o f the children were least in those States in which there was little or no limitation placed upon their employment. But it does not necessarily follow that the smaller earnings in those States were due to the fact that younger children were employed; the two circum stances may have a common cause in general industrial conditions. HOURS OF LABOR. The data in regard to the hours o f labor o f children are given in Table III (pages 554-558.) Since the working day is usually the same for all classes even in States where the maximum hours for women and children are fixed by law, the regular working hours o f the estab lishments reported are given in the table, and a few exceptions apply ing to children added in footnotes. The daily hours from Monday to Friday, inclusive, the hours fo r Saturday, and the whole number of hours per week are given in separate columns. The table also shows the length o f noon intermissions and those establishments which re quire overtime work o f children. The hours for night work in such establishments as use a regular night force are given in footnotes. The facts which appear most prominent in this table are the lack of uniformity in regard both to working time and to intermissions, and the greater number o f hours in the Southern textile factories as com pared with factories o f any kind in the Northern and Western States. The usual hours o f labor per week in textile manufacturing establish ments were 58 in Massachusetts, 60 in Rhode Island, New Y ork, Pennsylvania, and Maryland; 55 in New Jersey, and 66 in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, while in Alabama they were more than 66 in two establishments. Southern manufacturers claim that in a warm climate more hours are required to accomplish the same production than in a cold climate. The temperament of Southern working people is said to be less energetic than that o f their Northern competitors, a fact which manifests itself in much broken time. Employers complain that it is necessary to employ a large number o f spare hands in order to keep the work going. Much broken time appeared in the time records o f children in many Southern factories. Some parents admitted that their children did not like to work all the time, while denying that they were ill or tired. Others complained that their children were not allowed to work the full time; that more children were employed than could be given work, so a few were selected each day to be sent home. One superintendent stated that the children he employed usually worked full time except when sent home “ to rest.” But children seldom lost by broken time enough to reduce their hours o f labor below 60 per week, rarely so much as that, except for actual sickness. Some occupations o f children did not require continuous labor. An example o f this was the doffers in cotton factories who often had several hours a day when they would not be 502 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. actively at work. Sometimes they were allowed to spend their wait ing time in the mill yard at play; this was seen in the South. Some times when the waiting time occurred near the end o f a morning or afternoon they were sent home. In Rhode Island and New Y ork the number o f hours during which children can be employed has been reduced by law since the facts given in the table were collected, except those relating to ten establishments in New York. In Rhode Island the number o f hours has been reduced from 60 per week to 58 for children under 16 years o f age. In New Y ork under the old law children under 16 years o f age could be employed 10 hours a day and 60 per week. The new law retains this time fo r persons under 18 and women under 21, but prohibits the labor o f children under 16 more than 9 hours a day and 54 hours a week. In practice when an establishment runs more than 10 hours a day fo r five days for the purpose o f shortening one day, as is often the case, the hours per week o f children under 16 are reduced below 54 hours. Facts were collected from ten establishments in New Y ork after this provision went into effect, but all were not enforcing it. In a few instances the establishments were not running full time, and in one establishment the ages o f the children approached so near to 16 years that permission had been given to continue their employment on the old basis. Managers asserted that on account o f the inconven ience o f enforcing the 9-hour law they intended in the future to employ no children under 16 years o f age. Textile manufacturing establishments usually run the full number o f hours per week allowed by law, other factories often run less time. In New Jersey, however, where the hours fixed by law are less than in any other State comprehended in this study, the legal number, 55 per week, was in force in the textile establishments reported, but some o f the establishments representing other industries were keep ing longer hours. The custom o f giving a half holiday on Saturdays or closing earlier in the afternoon on that day than on other days generally prevailed in textile manufacturing establishments. But the vacation on Saturdays was usually earned by longer hours the rest o f the week. Thus chil dren earned their half holiday on Saturday by working 10£ hours each o f the other five days in Massachusetts, 10f hours in Rhode Island, 12| hours in one establishment in Alabama, and 12 hours in South Carolina. Many manufacturing establishments in New Y ork City and elsewhere gave a half holiday on Saturday during the sum mer months only. The time allowed fo r noon intermissions was usually about the same in textile manufacturing establishments in the same State, but it differed in different parts o f the country. In the establishments reported fo r Massachusetts, New Y ork, and New Jersey it was 1 hour. In all but one o f those reported fo r Rhode CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 503 Island it was 45 minutes; in those reported for Pennsylvania, Mary land, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama it was usually 30 minutes, or not more than 45 minutes. In other manufac turing establishments the time varied even in the same State. The regular working time o f mercantile establishments varied both as to numbers and distribution o f hours. Department stores doing a large popular business maintained long hours on Saturday, keeping open until 9 or 10 p. m., or even later. The children employed in these establishments were usually required to remain until closing time, but they were permitted to come an hour or more late on certain mornings, so that the total hours for the week would come within legal limitations. Nearly all the department stores reported gave a half holiday one day in the week during the summer months. Complete information was not obtained on this point. Most o f those stores not keeping open late on Saturday gave a summer half holiday on Satur day, one o f those keeping late hours on Saturday gave a summer half holiday on Friday, viz, establishment 20 in Rhode Island, and one of those keeping late hours on Saturday gave its summer half holiday on Saturday, viz, establishment 139 in Maryland. Nearly all the depart ment stores kept open overtime during the holiday seasons. In some establishments the children who were kept late one evening were allowed to come from two to three hours late the next morning. It was usual in department stores to allow the employees one hour for their noonday meal, but not the same hour for all. A n intermission for supper, usually 30 minutes, was allowed on Saturdays by stores keeping open two or more hours after 6 p. m ., and during the holi day seasons on any day by stores keeping open two or more hours overtime. Table II I snows the establishments in which children were required to work overtime during the past year. This overtime labor was usually performed after the regular closing hour at night and sometimes dur ing the noon hour. It usually did not involve the whole establishment, and was seldom required o f more than a small portion o f the children employed. The periods o f overtime work were usually short, i. e., not more than three weeks, but a few instances o f 10 and 12 weeks were found. The number o f extra hours per day varied from 1 to 3. The number o f days a week were usually g or 3 ? but often not more than 1. Usually the overtime work did not continue after 7 p. m. But there were instances when the closing hour was not until 8 or 9 p. m. In such cases opportunity to eat a lunch was generally given the children and other employees. Overtime work does not include regular night work, the hours o f which, for the establishments which reported night work, are given in the footnotes accompanying Table III. Regular night work was found to occur only in certain industries. Those reported are glass, steel, silk, and cotton yarns. In the last 504 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. two night work was not general except in certain localities. There were two methods o f employing night labor, the same persons being employed either exclusively at night or employed alternately at night and during the day in two shifts o f a week each in length. The first method was found in practice in establishments manufacturing silk and cotton yarns, and was reported in 1 establishment in Pennsylvania, 4 in North Carolina, 1 in South Carolina, and 1 in Georgia. Night work was found to exist in other textile establishments in Rhode Island, Alabama, and Georgia, for which complete information was not obtained. The second method o f employing night labor was found in practice in glass factories and steel works, o f which 5 estab lishments in New Jersey and 5 in Pennsylvania were reported. Chil dren were employed at night in all the establishments for which night work was reported, and in those in which it was known to exist. The hours o f night work in 3 cotton factories in North Carolina (in one o f these the night work was in the yarn department only), and in 1 in Georgia were 12 each night from Monday to Friday, inclu sive, and none on Saturday night, making 60 for the week. The hours at night in a cordage establishment in North Carolina were 12 each night from Monday to Friday, inclusive, and 6 on Saturday night, making 66 fo r the week. In the cotton factory in South Caro lina the hours at night were 11 for six nights, making 66 for the week, but Saturday’s work began immediately at the close o f the usual noon intermission and ended at midnight. No stated intermission during the night was granted for lunch in any o f these factories except in the one in South Carolina, where 15 minutes was given at mid night Monday to Friday, and at 6 p. m. on Saturday. Employees were allowed to take time fo r eating their lunches, which they brought with them, while the machinery was running and the work going on. The hours o f night work at a mill in Georgia which was not reported were H i each night for five nights and 3 f on Saturday, making 60 hours in all. On Saturday the night force began work at 1 p. m., immediately after the day force had left the mill, and finished at 4.45 p. m. W hen night work was begun at this mill, an intermission o f one hour was allowed at midnight, and work on Saturday continued until 9.45 p. m., but it was discontinued at the special request o f the opera tives, who since they were obliged in either case to bring their lunches, preferred to eat them while the work was going on, and have the shorter session on Saturday. Some o f the establishments reported from the Southern States which were not running at night had been running at night within a few years, a few within one year, and one establishment fo r which night work is reported discontinued the night w ork the week follow ing the investigation. It was claimed by some o f the manufacturers that night work was going into disfavor, because it was costlier than day work, since not only the rates o f wages were CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 505 higher but the production was relatively less. But a great deal o f night work remains, especially in small yarn mills. The glass factories and steel mills reporting night work followed the method o f alternating day and night shifts o f a week each. The night week in the 5 glass bottle factories reported in New Jersey, and the 1 in Pennsylvania, included only 5 nights, no work being done Saturday night. The hours o f labor in the New Jersey factories for day work extended from 7 a. m. to 5 p. m. every day, for night w ork from 5 and 5.15 p. m. to 2, 2.15, 2.30 and 3 a. m. for 5 nights in the week. Two intermissions of from 15 to 30 minutes in length were given during the night in all but one establishment, not merely for lunch, but to allow a general relaxation after the incessant toil at the furnaces. Similar intermissions were given during the day in addition to the dinner hour; they usually occurred in both the forenoon and afternoon about midway o f the session. The time o f these intermis sions is not included in the working time o f these establishments as reported in the table. These glass factories do not continue in opera tion the entire year, but only during the time of a “ blast” or “ fire,” which lasts as a rule from September 1 to June 30. The hours of labor fo r night work, it will be noticed, conclude at a very early hour in the morning. The boys are often afraid to g o home at this time and remain until daybreak, in the factory, sleeping on the floor. The glass facto ries visited in Maryland and reported in the table represent the same branch o f the industry as the New Jersey factories—the manufacture o f bottles— but they were running without night work. They were using pot furnaces instead o f the continuous tank furnaces in use in New Jer sey. The latter, which are said to be rapidly superseding the former in this industry, require night work. Thus the demand fo r the night labor o f boys, Whose assistance at the furnaces seems to be indispensable, appears to be increasing. The hours o f labor at night in the steel works and rolling mills connected with establishments 128, 129, and 130 were 11J each night fo r 6 nights, or 69 hours a week; they began at 6 p. m. and ended at 5.55 a. m., with an intermission o f 25 minutes fo r lunch at some time during the night. The night shift began Sun day evening at 6 and the week’s work ended at 5.55 the following Saturday morning. These hours are longer than the hours reported fo r any other establishment, night or day. But the work o f the boys is not continuous, it being claimed that they are not employed more than 40 minutes in each hour. In these establishments, and also in the glass factories, there is more or less irregular overtime work done by children. The night force may be short a few boys when it begins work, and boys who have just finished day work are often kept a part o f the night to take the places o f the absent ones. Or ambitious boys will be allowed to remain during a part o f an incoming shift if there is work they can do. 506 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Certain offices representing the telegraph and messenger service were visited in New Y ork City and in Philadelphia. They are not reported in the table, but information was obtained concerning the ages and hours o f labor o f the messengers. Fully one-fourth were boys under 16 years o f age, o f whom more than one-third in the Phil adelphia offices were between 12 and 14 years o f age. A small num ber under 14 was found in the New Y ork offices. The regular time these boys were on duty was 10 hours a day fo r 6 days, and 12 hours every other Sunday. Some offices did not require Sunday duty, and one office in the financial district o f New Y ork City was open only 9 hours a day, but the boys it employed usually went up town and served during the evening in other offices. Although the boys were expected to be on duty 10 hours a day, they did not all serve at the same time. The messengers in any one office were divided into groups, each group beginning and ending work at times so arranged that a certain number would be on hand as long as the office remained open. Some offices were open the entire 24 hours, others not more than 18 hours. Older boys were usually selected for night work, but boys under 16 years o f age were often on duty after 9 p. m. Boys often remained on duty more than 10 hours. The overplus was con sidered overtime and paid fo r with an additional allowance o f 15 cents for supper money fo r boys kept after 9 p. m. CERTAIN OTHER CONDITIONS AFFECTING CHILDREN. There are many conditions which affect the well-being o f working children besides the hours o f labor. Some o f these are the sanitary condition o f the buildings in which they work, the demands o f the particular occupations which form their daily tasks, and the character o f associates with whom they are thrown. W ith a few exceptions large establishments were found to be better equipped with arrangements to preserve the health and secure the com fort o f operatives than small ones. The workrooms were larger and higher, and furnished with larger and more numerous windows. Many o f the buildings were equipped with excellent systems o f venti lation, and the air within their walls seemed fresh and wholesome. Electricity was universally used in all large new buildings, and was rapidly being introduced into the old buildings belonging to large establishments. M ost o f the cotton-manufacturing establishments reported from the Southern States were handsome new buildings, well ventilated and lighted. Many o f them were built where an abundance o f fresh air could be secured at all seasons o f the year. They were situated on high ground on the outskirts o f a town or quite in the country, with woods near at hand. The factory laws in other States aim to secure a certain level o f excellence in sanitary arrange ments, which was found to be generally realized in the establishments CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 507 visited, and surpassed in many new buildings. But while it may truly be said that an ever-increasing number o f working people o f all ages are perform ing their labor in surroundings far better than was considered good enough a few years ago, there are still many, including children, who are working in places which are neither wholesome nor safe. Even in the South, where so much is new, there were many old mills, survivals from the beginning o f the cotton industry, when cheap construction and old machinery were thought to be economical. Some o f these mills were situated on low ground in the most crowded parts o f the towns. Many long-established industries in other parts o f the country were housed in old, insanitary buildings which were per mitted to remain without alteration because o f the expense required to bring them up to modern standards. Private residences in large cities, and other buildings not originally intended for manufacturing purposes, had been turned into small factories with little or no alter ation to adapt them to their new uses. In many such places children were found employed. The safety of buildings depends in part upon the ease and quick ness with which employees can escape from them in case o f fire. W hile most o f the buildings o f the manufacturing establishments reported appeared to be amply equipped with means fo r extinguishing fires, many were not provided with outside fire escapes, or those which they had were inadequate. Thus many large buildings had one fire escape only, and this consisted merely o f a ladder connecting with a window in each story. This ladder was usually of iron, but that on one large building in which many children were working was o f wood. Many large buildings which had no outside fire escapes were equipped with broad inside stairways built in halls separated by thick walls o f stone or brick from the rest o f the building. This construction, which was considered to answer all the purposes o f outside fire escapes, pre vailed in the South, and was also found in Pennsylvania and other States. The location o f fire escapes in some establishments was indicated by large signs suspended from the ceilings. In some buildings provided with fire escapes the inside stairs were faulty, the steps were worn or narrow, or the ascent steep. A cotton factory in Massachusetts was equipped with a spiral iron stairway, so steep that it was neces sary while descending to walk with the greatest care on the outer edge to keep from falling. In a paper box factory in New Jersey a flight o f stairs much used by the employees was built against an incline and was little better than a ladder. The wooden steps o f a flight o f stairs in an iron and steel factory in Pennsylvania were worn round and made slippery with grease. T o reach a factory occupying the upper floors o f an old building in New Y ork City where six children were employed it was necessary to ascend in almost complete darkness four flights o f steep wooden stairs, the steps o f which were worn uneven by long usage. 508 BULLETIN OE THE BtjREAtT OE LABOR. The provisions fo r the com fort o f employees in most o f the textile factories reported were rather meager. New buildings were generally equipped with commodious and well-ventilated lavatories, which were also occasionally found in old buildings, having been put in recently, but the closets in the average textile factory were ill-ventilated affairs which often opened directly from the workrooms and, although sep arate fo r the sexes, were built side by side, with adjoining entrances. Effort was usually made to keep them clean (in some mills they were scrubbed daily), but the parts o f the room near the closets were seldom free from an offensive odor. Washing facilities in the average textile factory consisted o f one or two sinks placed in the workroom or in the alcove adjoining the closets. No towels were provided. Dressing rooms were found in some establishments, but as a rule none were provided. The outside wraps and street clothing o f the operatives hung upon hooks placed between the windows in the workrooms. Except in two silk mills no lunch rooms were provided in any o f the textile factories. Those who carried their dinners, or had them brought to them, ate wherever convenient, often sitting on the floor. The seats provided, usually stools or waste boxes covered over that they might be used as stools, or rude benches, were too few to accom modate all who might want to use them during the noon hour. In a few spinning rooms where women were employed boxes o f geraniums and other flowering plants occupied the sills o f sunny windows. A s a rule the workroom o f the average textile factory was not an attract ive place in which to spend ten or eleven hours a day. The bare walls were often stained and grim y and the floors covered with the rubbish o f work. But the operator working in the midst o f a forest of machines, his ears filled with their incessant din, probably cares little fo r the appearance o f walls or floor. Occasionally a mill was delight fully clean. Pains was taken to have the sweeping well done, women were employed to scrub halls and closets, the stains o f tobacco juice were carefully removed from the walls, which were kept spotlessly white, and the rooms were large and not overcrowded with machinery. In such a mill the atmosphere on a hot day seemed cool and refreshing to one entering from the scorching sunshine. In the factories connected with the garment industry, and in the cigar factories, department stores, and other establishments where large num bers o f women and girls are employed, dressing rooms and lunch rooms are usually provided, in addition to the necessary toilet rooms and clos ets. In some cases the character o f the accommodations was found to be excellent, but more often much is left to be desired. In many fac tories dressing rooms were found consisting o f tiny closets, or merely a corner curtained off from the workroom , in others large rooms filled with lockers and sometimes having an attendant in charge o f wraps were found. Some department stores and factories were provided with rest CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 509 rooms for the women and girls, and a trained nurse stood ready to care fo r any taken suddenly ill while at work. In some lunch rooms hot drinks and sandwiches were sold to the employees at low prices. Fre quently the same apartment served for both lunch room and dressing room. Outside wraps were hung upon the walls, while the space in the center was occupied by a long table, uncovered, with benches on either side, where the women and girls sat and ate the dinners they had brought with them from home. In most o f the cigar and tobacco factories reported lunch rooms were provided, but in one establishment not only were there no lunch rooms but employees were forbidden to eat in the workrooms, in many o f which signs to this effect were posted. A t the noon hour most o f the employees, who were colored people, were sent out o f the building and the doors locked. They made the best of the situation, and groups o f men, women, and children were to be seen sitting on the bare ground with their backs against the brick walls of the building eating their simple lunches. The building was in the center o f a town; there was no grass in the neighborhood, or even shade. Those not occupying the ground congregated in near-by saloons and restaurants. Many o f the conditions affecting the com fort and health o f work- • ing people, especially children, were due to the nature o f the indus try in which they were employed and to the demands o f their occupations. Such conditions were the dust which comes from the materials used in production, excessive heat or cold incidental to pro duction, contact with poisons, continuous standing required by the nature o f the work, and operating dangerous machinery. Injurious dust occurs in a variety o f forms in many industries. In the manu facture o f cotton a fine lint is constant^ separating from the fiber and filling the air. In picker rooms, where the formation o f this lint is greatest, dust boxes connected with, exhaust fans are usually provided fo r carrying it off. A strong draft in some halls acts to draw off the lint from other rooms. In many factories, upon entering the spinning room, where most o f the children were employed, the presence o f lint in the atmosphere was not at once perceived, but evidence o f it was soon discovered in the rolls o f cotton on the floor, in the piles in corners, and in the fine dust collecting on the machinery. The girls who were attend ing the spinning frames were constantly wiping the upper parts o f the machines with pieces o f cloth or brushes; sometimes boys went through the aisles flapping cloths in such a way that the dust collected on the under parts o f the frames was blown off. The frames may have been cleaned by this method, but the dust removed was sent where it could easily find its way into the throats and lungs o f the young cleaners. Boys were usually employed to sweep out the rolls o f waste collecting under the frames and in other parts o f the rooms. They were often seen perform ing this task in a manner which would shock the most 510 BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OP LABOR. indifferent and untidy o f housekeepers. The broom was wielded with as much o f an upward fling as possible so that much o f the dust and rubbish was thrown into the air to fall again upon frames and floor. Occasionally a boy, tired o f the monotony o f the mill and need ing exercise, would swing his broom in a great circle, sweeping the floor at its lowest point and thus pass up and down the aisles, envel oping himself and the girls at the frames in clouds o f dust. Although sweeping is in reality a difficult task to do well, in the South it was usually given to the youngest boys, and the appearance o f the rooms bore witness to the slovenly manner in which it was performed. In some mills colored women were employed for this work, with results which could not have failed to be more satisfactory both to employer and operatives. The dust was always apparent in the atmos phere o f carding rooms and in most weaving rooms. The humidifiers, used to moisten the atmosphere by throwing out an exceedingly fine spray o f water, helped to lay the dust, but they were not always in operation. New mills were usually better equipped for protection against an injurious quantity o f lint in the atmosphere than old ones, but in one large mill in a Southern State, built within the last ten years and claimed to be equipped with the latest improvements, in which over 250 children were employed, the quantity o f dust in the atmosphere in spinning and carding rooms was unusually great. W ork was going on rapidly and everybody was busy. The rooms were crowded with machinery and the air was close and heavy, although many o f the windows were open. The manager accounted for the dust on the ground o f the large production in progress. Quantities of lint are created in the manufacture o f flax and hemp, especially in the process called hackling. In one establishment visited 35 boys were found feeding hackling machines. They were standing in a cloud o f dust, bathed in perspiration, and were so hoarse that it was almost impossi ble to understand them when they spoke. In factories manufacturing wadding for use in the garment trade there was much lint in the card ing rooms, also in rooms where the pads were trimmed. The atmosphere in bottle factories was full o f fine particles o f glass. In factories where furniture and wooden boxes were manufactured there was much dust from the material used. In a cork factory dust was produced by the process o f tapering. Much o f it was removed by mechanical means, but enough remained to settle in a fine powder on everything in the room. In a soap factory there was much dust from the soap in the cutting room. In another, where a washing powder was made, 21 boys engaged in filling boxes with the material were working in a cloud o f dust. Their eyelids were inflamed and many o f them had handkerchiefs or rags tied over their mouths. The boys employed as slate pickers in the breakers connected with the anthracite coal mines in Pennsylvania were working in the midst CHILD LABOB IN THE UNITED STATES. 511 o f quantities o f coal dust. These breakers are lofty structures of wood and iron, about 100 feet high, in which the coal is crushed and prepared fo r market. The coal is hoisted in cars from the mine to the top o f the breaker where it is dumped into a crusher from which it passes downward oyer a slide into the pockets below. In its dow n ward passage the coal is inspected by boys and men who sit on boards placed across the slides, and bending over pick out the slate. In the breakers visited much o f the dust caused by the crushers is drawn off by fans, but in bad weather, when the atmosphere is damp, so much remains that the space about the pickers is darkened by it, and those nearest the crushers are obliged to use miners’ lamps in order to do their work. A few o f the factories visited were equipped with plants which not only heat the atmosphere in winter but cool it in summer. Electric fans also were occasionally seen in workrooms. As a rule, however, the temperature in warm weather was what nature and the incidents o f the industry made it. Rooms were often too warm or too cold, owing to the requirements o f the work done in them. The air in cotton and worsted mills was always found warm and moist. It was usually overheated in mule spinning rooms and often exceedingly close. The men and boys employed there wore the smallest possible amount o f clothing. In bleaching and dyeing establishments boys who were employed to guide the cloth over hot cans and shake the long laps suspended from the rafters in drying rooms worked in an ex ceedingly high temperature. The tending boys in the glass factories were subjected to the heat o f the great furnaces from which the blowers get their supplies o f molten glass. Some o f these boys were opening and shutting molds for the blowers, others were conveying by means o f a tool called a “ snap” the hot bottles to the finishers, and others were carrying them to the lehrs or annealing ovens. The mold boys sat directly in front o f the furnace openings at the feet o f the blowers where the hot blasts o f air fell directly upon them, and the snappers stood close by. The carrying boys, who were moving to and fro, escaped the direct effects o f the hot air, but they were working rapidly. A ll were perspiring freely. Many o f the buildings were wooden structures so loosely built that they afforded the workers little protection from drafts in severe weather. Often it was fiery hot near the furnace but icy cold a few feet off and to one side. In rolling mills the heat from the hot metal was intense and stifling. In some establishments children were exposed to wetness. Flax is often spun wet, and silk is wound wet. In the flax-spinning rooms visited the girls were barefooted, or wore rubbers to protect them selves from the wet floors. In the bleacheries boys nearly naked, their only garment being a pair o f short trousers, were trampling cloth in deep vats; others guided the wet cloth coming continuously 512 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. into a bleaching room so that it fell in laps on the pile upon which they stood. Not only was the cloth wet, but the atmosphere in these rooms was exceedingly damp. The floors in the bottling department o f the breweries were very wet. The boys in one establishment wore rubber boots, in another they had on wooden shoes, which were con sidered better, as they also protected their feet from the broken glass on the floor. In some industries children were brought in contact with chemical poisons through their occupations. In furniture factories boys were employed as varnishers, and thus compelled to breathe turpentine fumes. In a wall-paper factory and in a cloth-printing establishment boys were feeding coloring matter into machines, thus coming in contact with the various poisons in its composition. In a factory for the manufacture o f materials fo r artificial flowers boys were dipping forms into vats filled with coloring matter. The whole subject of insanitary conditions in factory labor, arising out of the nature o f the industry' and the materials used, is one o f very grave importance, as affecting the welfare not only o f children, but o f working people o f all ages. Its special importance in the case o f children arises out o f the greater susceptibility o f the young to all form s o f disease. It is a subject which should receive the careful attention o f scientists. Children suffer from the demands which their occupations make upon their physical strength. They are seldom given tasks which require a great deal o f skill, or, if the mere motions are considered, much strength. It is the continuous repetition o f simple movements during many hours, and the standing or being constantly upon the feet that taxes the power o f endurance o f children. In the textile manufacturing establishments visited the children attending spinning, spooling, twisting, and winding frames were upon their feet most o f the time while at work. Their duties seldom involved more than tying the ends o f broken threads, but they were obliged to pass up and down before their machines continually, keeping their eyes upon the hundreds o f m oving threads, in order to detect and mend a break the instant it occurred. In the Southern States girls were employed in these occupations; elsewhere boys were found at the spinning frames almost as often as girls. I f the work u runs w ell” — i. e., the threads show little disposition to break, a circumstance which depends partly upon the humidity o f the atmosphere and partly upon the quality of the roving, the spinner gets an opportunity to sit down. Seats of some kind were provided in some o f the spinning rooms. Stools were generally found in the mills in Massachusetts, but elsewhere the seats were more often waste boxes finished with covered tops, contain ing openings through which to put in the waste. In a mill in a South ern State these waste boxes were so high that the feet even o f large spinners did not reach the floor when they sat upon them. This mill CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 513 was visited late in the afternoon when everybody was tired. The main aisle in the spinning room presented a strange picture; at the head o f nearly every machine sat a small girl leaning wearily against it, her feet dangling in the air. Other little girls were seen in the cross aisles watching their u sides,” for the frames were all running. W hether or not seats were provided in the spinning rooms they were almost always found in the weaving rooms. Other children reported who were standing at their tasks were boys working at benches in metal-working establishments; boys and girls performing a variety o f operations in boot and shoe factories; children, usually boys, employed to pass work to machine operators and take it away; boys employed in bottling works to pass along bottles to be filled; boys employed to fill, label, wrap^ and otherwise put up packages; Negroes o f both sexes employed as stemmers in tobacco factories, also white boys employed as taggers and weighers; boys employed in furniture and wooden-box factories, and many others. Many piece workers, engaged upon tasks w h ici could be done sitting, although provided with seats, were standing because they could do the work faster. Children are often required not only to be on their feet but to be moving rapidly from place to place a greater part o f the time. The cash boys and girls in department stores had usually a place to sit provided for them, but they were walking or running most o f the time; and the messengers and office boys in large manufacturing establishments, the carriers who distributed work and ran errands in some clothing factories, the doffers in cotton and worsted mills, and the carrying boys in glass factories were moving about constantly while at work. The latter, engaged in rapidly conveying hot bottles upon the bowls o f long-handled shovel-like carriers, would occasion ally collide with one another causing severe burns. Such collisions were more apt to happen during the hours after midnight when the boys were too sleepy to guide their movements properly. Many o f the occupations at which children were found employed required sitting. Some o f these occupations were bunch making, cigar rolling and stemming in cigar factories, leaf picking in tobacco factories, and most o f the occupations o f children in clothing factories. Girls were usually employed at these occupations. M ost o f the occupa tions connected with putting up packages fo r the market do not require sitting, but where girls were employed seats were provided. In some establishments the seats provided had backs, but this was not usually the case. In an establishment in which coffee was cleaned and roasted 21 boys and girls under 16 years o f age and nearly as many more young people over that age, but under 21 years, were employed to pick by hand imperfect beans and foreign matter from the coffee. They were seated on long benches without backs before tables piled with the coffee. They sat up very straight and worked steadily under the 8674—No. 52— 04-----3 514 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. constant oversight o f foremen and forewomen. The children were relieved from the strain o f this occupation b y being marched in squads two or three times a day to the toilet rooms. Much o f the work o f the children, easy in itself, becomes exhausting, because perform ed at a high rate o f speed. There are several ways by which children are forced or encouraged to work rapidly. One is by working them in gangs. This was the case with the doffers in cotton and worsted mills. The doffer takes full bobbins from the spindles of a spinning or twisting frame and puts empty ones in their places. The movements are simple, but are performed with marvel ous quickness by the children who, while making them, are stooping to the level o f the spindles. When a frame is ready to be doffed it is attacked by a gang o f boys or girls, who place themselves before the frame, each a short distance from his next neighbor, and each must keep up with the others, so that all may finish their parts at the same moment. Thus the frame is doffed and ready again for the spinner in a very short space o f time. The gang then goes to another frame, and then another, until all are doffed. A fter this follows a period o f idleness, for it will be some time before the bobbins are again full and the frames ready for another doffing. In some o f the mills a part, at least, o f this idle time is utilized by putting the children to some simple task at which they can sit, as stripping or cutting waste from bobbins, or employing them as sweepers, but usually other children are employed especially fo r these tasks. Doffers were seen spending their idle time lounging on benches provided fo r them at the end o f the rooms. A t some Southern mills they were found out o f doors at play. In spite o f idle time, the work o f doffing in a cotton mill was considered to be more taxing than spinning. In the South boys were almost universally used for this work; in Northern mills about as many girls as boys were found, but the average age was higher. In worsted mills the girl doffers were much more numerous than the boy doffers, but they did not carry their bobbins. Other children, usually boys, called bobbin setters, were employed fo r this purpose. They placed empty bobbins on the frames where they could easily be reached by the doffers, who in doffing, placed them upon the spindles, putting full bobbins in their places. The bobbin setters then gathered up and carted away the full bobbins. Children were forced to work rapidly, by being worked in teams with skilled workmen— adults— who -were piece workers. In glass bottle factories usually three tending boys worked with one blower and one finisher. The latter were piece workers, and set the pace. Some blowers occasionally fee their mold boys and snappers, so much do their own earnings depend upon the faithfulness o f these little helpers. The girls who helped the sewingmachine operators by trimming off the loose threads at the ends o f CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 515 seams, were obliged to work quickly to keep up with the steady flow o f garments coming into their hands. In the same way when work was delivered by machinery a speed was set fo r the workers. Probably the greatest incentive to rapid work is payment by the piece. Many o f the children employed in the establishments reported were piece workers. The spoolers, weavers, and drawers-in in cotton and worsted factories, and the toppers and knitters in knitting mills were piece workers. In boot and shoe factories many o f the occupa tions were paid fo r by the piece, but only a small proportion o f the children were employed at these occupations. In cigar factories the chief occupations, such as stripping, bunch making, and cigar rolling were piecework, but many o f the children engaged at these occupations were employed by the day. Labeling, wrapping, and packing goods fo r the market was usually piecework. In establishments where blank books, bolts and rivets, brushes, corks, electrical supplies, furniture, paper boxes and bags, and soap were made children were employed as piece workers in some o f the occupations. Possibly the most arduous piecework that children were found engaged upon was that o f ope rating sewing machines in clothing factories. Although employers claimed that they did not intend to employ any children under 16 years o f age at this work, many young girls were found. Children were not often found operating dangerous machinery, yet many were employed about such machinery as helpers to the operators. A few, however, were operating stamping, cutting, and punching machines, some o f whom bore on their persons evidences of injuries they had sustained, usually mutilation o f the fingers. A greater danger came from the presence o f children in rooms where machinery was in operation. Cases o f accident were met with due to the playfulness o f the children. In spinning rooms doffer boys chase each other up and down the aisles when the overseer’s back is turned, and occasionally run into the machines and get hurt. One little girl pushed her companion into a frame, so that her hand was caught and injured sufficiently to keep her from work several days. Children were rarely employed to clean machinery while running, such employ ment being forbidden by law in many States. One case, however, was reported where a boy had been ordered to brush the chain head o f a spinning frame while it was in motion, and while doing so his arm was caught in the gearing and torn in such a manner that he will never have the full use o f it again. Only a few statements are made here in regard to the moral influences which are brought into the lives o f children through empJoyment. Instances were found where parents excused themselves fo r putting their children to w ork on the ground that they wished to keep them off the streets. W hile this motive was o f course combined with another, 516 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. there is no doubt that many parents were sincere in considering that for moral influence a factory or other place o f employment was prefer able to the public thoroughfare, especially in large cities. On the other hand, many parents frankly admitted that the influence o f factory life on their children was bad and that they learned much from their associates that was to be regretted. Complaints were sometimes made o f the rough language, seasoned with profanity, which overseers addressed to them. Instances o f severity and injustice were met with in visits to establish ments. On the other hand places were visited, usually large concerns, where the just and considerate character o f the manager raised the tone o f the whole establishment. Also employers were seen whose kindly and easy-going temper permitted an amount o f loafing and disorder among their employees that impressed one in anything but a favorable light. Certain conditions were observed unfavorable to morality. One was the failure to secure in the average factory the proper privacy of the sexes. Closets, though separate, were so placed in relation to each other and the workroom that they were in full view o f persons of both sexes working in their vicinity. W omen were rarely provided with retiring rooms where they could put on and take off the outer garments they wore in the factory. The idle time o f boys whose work was not continuous was usually spent in a way possibly more unfavorable to their moral growth than the labor they performed was to their physical development. Children are very ready to imitate their elders; thus the association o f boys with men often leads them to adopt the habit o f using tobacco at an age when they are most susceptible to its evil effects. A t a glass factory many o f the boys coming from work were observed to have cigarettes or pipes in their mouths. “ They pick that up very soon,” the overseer remarked. A t a brewery beer was given away not only to the adult employees, but to the boys and girls, the boys receiv ing 1 pint and the girls half a pint every noon and evening. Children at work often appear older than they really are. Childhood with them seems to end at the beginning o f labor. “ They are no longer children after they g o to w ork,” a teacher remarked in speaking o f the boys in the glass factories. Important and sometimes burdensome duties are required o f children; they must be careful while at work not to get hurt, and they must give close attention to a simple but continuous series o f movements. A ll this is a check upon the careless ways o f childhood. There is no longer opportunity for freedom o f motion; there is no longer that absence o f responsibility which makes the young keep young. W O R K IN G CH ILD REN . As already stated 1,381 children who were found at work were made subjects o f special inquiry. These children were found in the different States comprehended in this study, as follows: 517 CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. NUMBER OF CHILDREN IN EACH STATE WHO WERE MADE SUBJECTS OF SPECIAL STUDY. Children. State. Massachusetts........................................ Rhode Islan d.......................................... New Y ork................................................ New Jersey............................................. Pennsylvania.......................................... Maryland . __ North Carolina....................................... South C arolina...................................... State. Children. Georgia.................................................... Alabam a.........+ ..................................... Wisconsin............................................... Illin ois.................................................... Missouri.................................................. 76 78 122 135 315 67 98 97 105 41 53 122 72 T ota l............................................. 1,381 These children were employed in the establishments reported in Tables I, II, and III, except in the follow ing cases: (1) A bout 50 children who were employed in establishments visited and afterwards excluded from the tables because o f failure to obtain complete infor mation from them. Some o f these children were employed in indus tries which are represented in the table by other establishments, some were employed in industries not represented at all. O f the latter class are 7 boys who were employed in the telegraph and messenger service in New Y ork City, 7 in the same service in Philadelphia, and 22 boys who were employed in 2 bituminous coal mines in Illinois. (2) A few children who were employed in establishments not visited. These children were brothers or sisters o f other children reported who were employed in establishments visited. (3) Seventeen children reported for New Y ork who were not employed in any establishment, but were working at home finishing garments for tailors. N A T IV IT Y AND N A TIO N ALITY OF WORKING CHILDREN. The nativity o f the children reported is shown by the following table, which gives the number born in the States where they were found employed, in other parts o f the United States, and in foreign countries, by States: NATIVITY OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE, BY STATES. Number bom in— Per cent of State Other All Total. chil in Italy Rus other places Can Great Ire Ger Aus dren in which Brit and for em United ada. ain. land. many. tria. Sicily. sia. coun tries. eign ployed States. bom . State. Massachusetts.. Rhode Island. . . New York.......... New Jersey....... Pennsylvania.. . Maryland.......... North Carolina . South Carolina.. Georgia.............. Alabama............ W isconsin......... Illinois............... Missouri............ 39 47 77 5 7 8 271 61 81 61 92 17 9 4 17 36 13 21 20 40 90 52 5 9 14 100 6 6 3 5 7 s 1 5 7 9 1 2 1 3 2 10 18 5 7 1 1 8 4 6 a 16 b2 cl <23 eS 2 8 1 7 1 3 2 5 1 5 1 f 3 a Including 9 bom in the Azores, 5 in Greece, and 2 in Syria. &Including 1 bom in the Azores and 1 in Roumania. c Bom in Roumania. d Born in France. e Including 1 bom in Belgium, 1 in France, and.l nativity not reported. / Including 1 bom in Belgium, 1 in Norway, and 1 in Switzerland. 76 78 122 135 315 67 98 97 105 41 53 122 72 42.1 30.8 30.3 13.3 11.1 3.0 15.1 18.9 8.3 518 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, The column o f percentages shows what proportion of the children were foreign horn. Thus, the percentages o f foreign born were 42.1 per cent for Massachusetts, 30.8 per cent fo r Rhode Island, and 30.3 per cent for New Y ork, while only 8.3 and 3 per cent, respectively, are shown fo r Missouri and Maryland. None o f the children reported fo r North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama were o f this class. The nativity o f children is not a complete indication o f their nation ality. It is necessary, also, to consider the nativity o f their parents. The first o f the two tables which follow gives, by States, the number o f children reported whose fathers were born in the States where the children were found employed, in other parts o f the United States, and in foreign countries; the second shows in a similar manner the nativity o f the mothers o f the children reported. NATIVITY OF FATHERS OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE, BY STATES. Number of children whose fathers were bom in— State. Massachusetts .. Rhode Island. . . New Y ork.......... New Jersey....... Pennsylvania... Maryland.......... North Carolina.. South Carolina.. Georgia.............. Alabama............ Wisconsin.......... Illinois............... Missouri............ State in which child is em ploy ed. Per cent of chil Other dren All Total. whose places Italy Rus other Can Great Ger Aus fath in Ire and Unit ada. Brit ers are ain. land. many. tria. Sicily. sia. coun ed tries. for States. eign bom . 5 10 23 29 69 46 75 53 69 10 4 5 17 2 6 1 14 9 15 12 5 i 15 9 12 15 37 6 23 44 30 31 3 5 16 13 1 1 1 1 9 26 78 4 16 15 56 5 3 3 13 13 42 52 16 20 8 8 3 4 14 34 11 23 2 1 12 4 29 /4 2 2 a 18 b4 c5 <218 «5 7 6 1 9 4 3 17 99 76 78 122 135 315 67 98 97 105 41 53 122 72 90.8 79.5 80.3 68.1 75.2 22.4 5.7 86.8 91.8 54.2 « Including 11 children whose fathers were bom in the Azores, 5 in Greece, and 2 in Syria. b Including 3 children whose fathers were born in the Azores and 1 in Roumania. c Including 1 child whose father was bom in Roumania, 3 in-Sweden, and 1 in Switzerland. d Including 1 child whose father was bom in Belgium, 3 in France, 12 in Holland, and 2 not reported. e Including 1 child whose father was bom in Belgium, 2 in France, 1 in Switzerland, and 1 not reported. /N ativity of fathers not reported. (/Including 2 children whose fathers were bom in Belgium, 1 in France, 1 in Holland, 1 in Norway, 3 in Sweden, and 1 in Switzerland. 519 CHILD LABOB IN THE UNITED STATES. NATIVITY OF MOTHERS OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE, BY STATES. Number of children whose mothers were born in— State. Massachusetts .. Rhode Islan d... New York.......... New Jersey....... Pennsylvania... Maryland.......... North Carolina.. South Carolina.. Georgia.............. Alabama............ Wisconsin.......... Illinois............... Missouri............ State in which child is em ploy ed. Per cent of chil Other dren places All Total. whose Italy Rus other in Can Great Ger Ire Aus moth and Unit ada. Brit ers ain. land. many. tria. Sicily. sia. coun ed tries. are for States. eign bom . 5 4 13 6 8 6 12 25 27 89 45 79 62 15 17 9 9 19 35 16 26 6 11 6 6 24 16 86 5 2 16 15 12 6 12 11 46 7 3 16 28 51 5 1 1 11 12 1 1 7 5 4 14 34 H 2 1 12 6 55 5 8 21 29 3 i 16 1 2 1 39 48 H 13 14 3 9 4 «18 b4 ©5 d 17 ©5 >9 76 78 122 135 315 67 98 97 105 41 53 122 72 88.2 82.1 74.6 67.4 68 ! 9 19.4 2.9 77.4 86 1 44.4 o Including 11 children whose mothers were bom in the Azores, 5 in Greece, and 2 in Syria. b Including 3 children whose mothers were born in the Azores, and 1 in Roumania. ©Including 1 child whose mother was born in Roumania, 3 in Sweden, and 1 in Switzerland. d Including 1 child whose mother was bom in Belgium, 3 in France, 11 in Holland, and 2 not reported. ©Including 1 child whose mother was born in Belgium, 2 in France, 1 in Switzerland, and 1 not reported. j Including 2 children whose mothers were born in Belgium, 1 in France, 1 in Holland, 1 in Norway, 3 in Sweden, and 1 in Switzerland. The above tables show that the proportion o f children having foreignborn parents is much greater than the proportion o f foreign-born chil dren. In Illinois 91.8 per cent o f the children reported had foreignborn fathers, in Massachusetts 90.8 per cent, and in Wisconsin 86.8 percen t, while in Maryland and Georgia but 22.4 and 5.7 per cent, respectively, had foreign-born fathers. None o f the children reported for North and South Carolina and Alabama had foreign-born fathers. The information concerning children with foreign-born mothers is similar to that concerning those with foreign-born fathers, the per centages, however, being several points lower for each State except Rhode Island. It will be seen from the information given by these tables that practically none o f the children living in the four Southern States, that only 22 per cent o f those living in Maryland, and from more than 50 per cent to more than 90 per cent o f those living in the remaining eight States were o f foreign nationality. In most cases the country o f the parents’ nativity indicates the nationality o f the chil dren reported in these tables, but the children o f parents born in Russia are without exception Jews, many o f the children o f parents born in Germany are Poles, a few o f the children of parents born in Austria are Hungarians and Bohemians, and most of the children o f parents born in Canada are French Canadian. No colored children are included in the numbers reported. 520 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. AGES OF W ORKING CHILDREN. By visiting the parents of individual children it was possible to learn not only the present ages o f these children but also the ages at which they began to work. This information is given, by States, in the two tables which follow : AGES OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS, AT DATE OF INVESTIGATION, BY STATES. Number of children who were at date of investigation— 8 or un 9 or un 10 or 12 or 11 or 13 or 14 or 15 or der 9 der 10 under under under under under under Total. years of years of 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years State. age. age. Massachusetts...................... Rhode Island........................ New Y ork ............................ New Jersey........................... Pennsylvania...................... M aryland............................ North Carolina.................... South Carolina.................... Georgia................................. A labam a.............................. Wisconsin......................... .. Illinois................................. Missouri................................ of age. of age. of age. of age. of age. of age. 1 2 4 4 1 1 1 10 1 1 14 3 13 14 9 15 17 16 7 17 24 7 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 15 15 6 2 16 7 18 87 16 26 16 16 9 5 7 1 12 11 1 36 16 50 59 117 23 19 13 16 4 34 54 28 40 32 55 41 94 17 16 15 16 5 12 67 24 76 78 122 135 315 67 98 97 105 41 53 122 72 CHILDREN OF EACH SPECIFIED AGE UNDER 16 YEARS, WHEN FIRST EMPLOYED, BY STATES. Number of children who were when first employed— State. Massachusetts....... Rhode Island......... New Y o rk .............. New Jersey............ Pennsylvania....... M aryland.............. North Carolina___ South Carolina___ Georgia................... A labam a............... W isconsin.............. Illin ois................... Missouri................. 9 or 8 or under Under under 10 years years of age. 9 of age. of age. 8 years 10 or 11 or 12 or 14 or 15 or Age Total. under under under 13 or under under under not re 12 11 13 years 15 years 16 years port years years years 14 of age. of age. of age. of age. of age. of age. ed. 2 1 ai 2 2 3 56 13 «8 a4 10 6 6 18 17 c2 20 4 5 3 7 3 33 23 20 8 1 3 14 18 14 9 22 21 10 1 2 2 35 7 28 54 18 14 9 21 4 20 24 35 165 23 3 6 8 6 4 3 16 2 6 16 17 61 16 72 45 58 9 1 1 4 7 76 78 6 7 9 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 32 91 31 1 23 4 122 135 315 67 98 97 105 41 53 122 i 72 a Seven years old. &Including 1 child 6 years old and 5 children 7 years old. o Including 1 child '6 years old and 1 child 7 years old. The first table shows that at the time when the States were visited for the purposes o f this study children under 10 years of age were at work in New Y ork, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama; that children under 12 years o f age were at work in these States and in New Jersey and Missouri, and that except in Massachusetts children under 14 years o f age were at work in all the States. O f the children reported under 14 years of age for New Y ork 13 were working at home helping their mothers or older mem bers o f their families to finish garments fo r tailors. This industry was not included in the provisions o f the child labor law, which pro hibited the employment o f children under 14 years o f age in manu facturing and mercantile establishments. The principal fact shown by the second table is that in States where 521 CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. there has been in the past practically no restriction o f child labor, chil dren have commenced work at a very early age. Many of the children reported in this table for North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama began to work at 7 years o f age or under 10 years of age. Some o f the children reported fo r each o f the other States began to work below what is now the legal age for that State. In many cases work was not begun in the State in which they were found at work, also in many cases children began to work in industries or occupations not covered by the laws relating to child labor. Thus, o f the 8 children reported fo r Massachusetts who began to work under the age o f 14 years, 3 began in cotton factories in England, and o f these 2 began at 11 years o f age and were “ half timers,” i. e., they worked according to the English system— spending half the day in the factory and attend ing school the other half. O f the remaining 5 who began to work before they were 14 years old, 1 began in a boot and shoe factory in Brooklyn at 12 years o f age, 1 began in a knitting factory in Massa chusetts and worked three weeks during the summer vacation preced ing her fourteenth birthday, stopped when school began, and did not g o to work again until o f legal age; 2 others began in department stores in Boston, and 1 worked fo r two years after school and Saturda}7s as errand boy for a grocer. SCHOOLING AND LITERACY OF W ORKING CHILDREN. One o f the strongest arguments against child labor is that it deprives the child o f an education by substituting for time which might be spent at school long hours o f monotonous toil, the effect o f which is to arrest rather than to stimulate the progressive development o f his faculties. Information was obtained in regard to the attendance o f the children reported at school before they began to work, their attendance after they began to work, and the number able to read and write the Eng lish language. The following table gives the number o f children who had attended school before beginning work, by specified periods o f time and by States: SCHOOL ATTENDANCE BEFORE BEGINNING WORK OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE, BY STATES. Children having attended— State. Massachusetts . Rhode Island.. New Y ork......... New Jersey___ Pennsylvania.. Maryland......... North Carolina South Carolina. Georgia............ Alabama.......... Wisconsin......... Illinois.............. Missouri.......... Total chil dren. 76 78 Num ber not Less 1 year 3 years 5 years 8 years Attend having ance than or less or less or less or at 1 year. than 3. than 5. than 8 . more. not re tended. ported. 5 1 135 315 67 m 97 105 41 53 122 72 2 15 4 122 2 9 16 21 7 5 50 37 44 14 1 5 11 8 22 14 20 18 16 8 1 2 9 23 53 60 101 264 44 3 9 42 15 33 19 17 3 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 12 1 9 4 6 1 1 44 103 60 13 1 1 17 17 7 4 2 11 • 522 BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB. The term “ year ” as used in this table means a school year, or rather it means all the schooling that it was possible to obtain within a calen dar year in the place where the child lived. The school period, of course, was not the same in all the States. This fact renders the infor mation given by the table less precise than is desirable. Most o f the children reported fo r all except the four Southern States were living in cities or towns having school years o f from nine to ten months and most o f them had attended school in such cities or towns. On the other hand most o f the children reported for the four Southern States lived dur ing the year when they might have attended school in country places having yearly terms o f from four to seven months only. It is there fore necessary to remember in considering the information presented by this table that a year in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Y ork, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary land, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Missouri means a period o f from nine to ten months, while in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama it means a period of from four to seven months. There were a few children reported from the latter States who had attended school in towns o f over 8,000 inhabitants, having schools running eight or nine months, but these were scarcely 5 per cent o f the whole number reported. The table shows that 12 out o f 98 children in North Carolina, 17 out o f 97 in South Carolina, 17 out o f 105 in Georgia, and 11 out o f 41 in Alabama had not attended school at all before beginning work, and that no larger number than 3 in any o f the other States were reported in this category; also, that 9 children in North Carolina, 16 in South Caro lina, 21 in Georgia, and 7 in Alabama had attended school less than 1 year, as against 1 in Rhode Island and none in the remaining States. O f the children who had attended school, the time o f attendance for the greatest number in the four Southern States falls between 1 and 3 years; in all the remaining States except Massachusetts the greatest number falls between 5 and 8 years. In Massachusetts more than half the children reported had attended school 8 years or more. But the attendance o f 3 children in Massachusetts, 1 in Rhode Island, 1 in New Jersey, 9 in Pennsylvania, 4 in North Carolina, 7 in W iscon sin, 4 in Illinois, and 2 in Missouri was not reported. A ll o f the States included in this report except thfe four Southern States and Missouri have school-attendance laws which compel children within specified ages to attend school a certain length of time each year. This time is the full annual term in these States, except in Wisconsin, where it is not less than 8 months in cities or less than 5 months elsewhere, and in Illinois, where it is 16 weeks, 6 o f which must be consecutive. The ages o f compulsory school attendance are from 7 to 14 in Massachusetts, Wisconsin, and Illinois; from 7 to 12 in New Jersey; from 7 to 15 in Rhode Island; and from 8 to 16 in New Y ork, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. But in Rhode Island, New Y ork, CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 523 Pennsylvania, and Maryland children o f an age to be employed at labor are exempt. The enforcement o f the compulsory school attendance provisions o f the New Jersey school law is made to depend upon con ditions which make it practically voluntary, and it is not enforced in many o f the important cities o f the State. The law in Maryland applies only to the city o f Baltimore and to Allegany County. It was passed in 1902, but attendance officers did not begin to serve until January 1, 1903. There was therefore no compulsory school attend ance in the State before the children reported began to work. Although there is at present no compulsory school-attendance law in the Southern States investigated, many manufacturers consider the method o f com pulsory education superior to any other for preventing the employment of children at too early an age, but at the same time contend that laws merely restricting their employment under a specified age will prove to be o f little avail unless reenforced by legal provisions compelling their attendance at school below that age. The child-labor laws o f several o f the States require certain educa tional qualifications for children seeking employment. A t the time the children reported were visited the Rhode Island law required for a child seeking employment an attendance at school o f 80 days during the year preceding his application, the law o f New Y ork required a full yearly term; that o f New Jersey, 12 weeks; and that o f Pennsylvania, 16 weeks. The laws o f Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Y ork, and Pennsylvania required an ability to read and write the English lan guage, but in Massachusetts illiterates could be employed provided they attended night school. In Missouri boys were required to be able to read and write in order to be employed in the mines. The child-labor law o f Rhode Island was amended in April, 1902, all educational requirements being removed and provisions made that children under 13 years o f age could not be employed at labor except during the vaca tion o f the schools. The South Carolina law, which went into effect May 1, 1902, provides that children under the legal age (12 years, May 1, 1902) may be employed in textile factories during school vaca tions provided they have attended school 4 months during the year and can read and write the English language. Important additions were made to the law in New Y ork in the winter o f 1903, so that now a child not only must have attended school 160 days during the year previous to making application fo r a labor certificate, but he must have received instruction in certain specified branches o f study, viz, reading, writ ing, English grammar, and geography, and he must be “ familiar with the fundamental operations o f arithmetic to and including fractions.” The table gives no information in regard to the kind o f school attended by the children who attended school before beginning work. A majority o f the children reported for the Eastern, Middle, and W estern States attended city public schools, but most o f the Irish, 524 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. French Canadian, German, and Polish children attended parochial schools a part if not all o f the time during which they were in school. A few children o f foreign nationality went to private schools kept by persons o f their own nationality. A few o f the foreign-born children had attended school in the country from which they came. O f the children reported for the Southern States, nearly all who had attended school at all had attended the district schools o f the county in which they were born. These schools were supported by State money and called “ free schools” by the country people, to distinguish them from the “ subscription schools,” which were kept often b y the same teachers after the public funds had given out, and which were paid for by the voluntary subscriptions o f farmers in the neighborhood. These sub scription schools sometimes added two or three months to the length o f the school term. V ery few , however, o f the children reported had attended subscription schools, although many told o f such schools being held near their homes. Usually their parents had felt too poor to afford the expense. The attendance even upon the free schools was very irregular. Living on farms, the children were often obliged to g o long distances, and bad weather was sure to keep them at home. But the chief reason for irregular attendance, or none at all, was the indifference o f the parents. Those especially who had had no school ing themselves failed to appreciate its value and were unwilling to make sacrifices in order to send their children. The attendance o f children at school since beginning work is shown by the follow ing table, which gives the number having attended a specified number o f months, by States: SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SINCE BEGINNING WORK OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE, BY STATES. Number having attended- State. Massachusetts............................................... Rhode Island................................................. New Y ork ...................................................... New Jersey.................................................... Pennsylvania............................................... M aryland...................................................... North Carolina............................................. South Carolina............................................. Georgia........................................................... A labam a....................................................... W isconsin...................................................... Illin ois........................................................... Missouri......................................................... Num ber not 2 11 6 Attend haying Less months months ance attend than 2 or less months or less or not re ed. months. than 6 . than 11. more. ported. 3 3 7 37 15 18 5 17 11 6 6 6 2 10 4 32 3 9 12 6 5 6 7 $ 16 3 1 2 6 5 4 3 3 1 2 4 3 12 1 4 1 1 51 30 93 53 306 48 64 81 70 30 53 Number not hav ing at tended either before or since be ginning work. 1 1 3 2 1 1 g 15 10 4 120 72 In W isconsin and Missouri none o f the children reported had attended school since beginning work, less than 3 per cent had attended in Illinois and Pennsylvania; about 16 per cent in South Carolina; CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 525 about 25 per cent in New Y ork and Maryland; about 33 per cent in Massachusetts, North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama; and about 50 per cent in Rhode Island and New Jersey. But the table does not show whether the schools attended were day schools or night schools. In the former case the attendance occurred when the child was out o f employment; in the latter the child was regularly employed during the day. The schools attended since beginning work were day schools in Rhode Island, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and A la bama. They were usually night schools in Massachusetts, New Y ork, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. The large attendance at day schools in Rhode Island was due to the provision o f the education law in force when the State was visited, which required all children under 15 years o f age employed at labor to attend school at least 80 days (about 100 in Providence) unless excused for specified reasons. This provision was enforced by tru ant officers who, when the proper time came, would notify employ ers to discharge those o f their child employees who were due at school. Thus each child’s year was made up o f seven or eight months of labor and four or five months o f school. The observance o f this law, however, was not uniform throughout the State. It was in dis favor with both manufacturers and school authorities. The latter claimed that the broken terms o f schooling were o f little advantage to the children who, after beginning work, lost all interest in their studies. It was amended, as already stated, soon after the State was visited for the purposes o f this investigation. Now children can not begin to work until 13 years o f age. Children 12 years old must attend school the entire term, and children 13 and 14 years old may work without interruption. In New Jersey many children at work were attending night schools. The law provides that 66No child under the age o f fifteen years shall be employed * * * in any business whatever, unless such child shall have attended, within twelve months immediately preceding such employment, some public day or night school, or some well-recognized private school.” This law is interpreted to mean that a child must attend school after he has begun w ork each year until 15 years o f age. Many employers were requiring children to have certificates o f attend ance at night school. Some o f the glass companies were paying teachers to hold school fo r the tending boys. These schools were opened one or two hours in the afternoon for boys on night work, and at 5 o’clock or later in the evening fo r boys on day work. The Massachusetts laws permit persons under 21 and over 14 years o f age who can not read and write the English language to be employed if they attend night school. The employers o f these minors are required to keep on file attendance cards signed by their teachers and to dis charge anyone whose record falls below a certain standard. 526 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Children in the Southern States not infrequently leave work to attend school. Usually when laid off because o f slack work or other cause they spend the idle time at school. Older children often leave the mill when their younger brothers and sisters are o f an age to be employed in order to get a few months5schooling for which they have had no opportunity in the country. W hen the factories are within city limits the children have the advantage o f city schools. But many factories were found situated either just beyond the city limits or altogether in the country, where schools were supported by the State school fund, apportioned according to the number o f children o f school age. This fund was rarely sufficient to support a school more than three or four months in a year, and in some places it could not be used at all unless the people furnished a building in which the school could be held. Some manufacturers were found who had furnished this building fo r their employees; and often added to the fund so that the school term might be lengthened, or a larger number o f teachers be employed, or both. A company often does so much that the school is virtually under its management. Some o f the buildings furnished were found to be very handsome and well equipped, and contained besides the schoolrooms a public library and a hall for social gatherings. Such buildings were found at large establishments in South Carolina and Georgia. In North Carolina, where the factories were as a rule smaller, the local authorities often had full charge o f the schools, the manufacturers contributing to their support through local taxation. Many o f the parents visited in these States expressed a desire to have their children attend school, and a few were making sacrifices that some o f them at least might g o; many more showed little interest in the schools and made petty excuses fo r keeping at home the children too young to be at work. Some parents not only failed to appreciate the advantages o f the factory town, but regretted having left the country, because farm life, they thought, afforded better opportunities fo r schooling than factory life. They said that in the country there would be a portion o f every year when there would be no work to be done on the farm at which the children could help and when they could g o to school, but in town there was no time in the year when the factory work stopped, so there could be no schooling except at the expense o f the children’s earnings. In several o f the towns visited missions had been established in the neighborhood o f the mills at which night schools were conducted. A few o f the children who had attended school since beginning work had availed themselves o f the opportuni ties thus afforded. The last column o f the table shows the number o f children who had not attended school either before or since beginning work. The number is considerable in the four Southern States. The parents of a few o f these children declared that they meant to take them out o f the 527 CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. mill within a few years and give them a chance to go to school. The children reported in this column fo r the remaining States, except for Maryland, were foreign born. The child reported for Massachusetts had been in this country less than a year, and had been at work only three weeks; he was visited in August, and hence had had no oppor tunity to attend night school. The children reported for Rhode Island and New Jersey had been in this country less than two years. Those reported fo r New Y ork were Italians, and employed in finishing gar ments at home. One o f them had been in this country less than a year, one had been here five years, and the third eight years. The child reported fo r Pennsylvania had been here one year; he was a breaker boy, 10 years o f age. M ost o f these children were unable not only to read and write the English language, but also to speak it. The literacy o f the children reported is shown in the following table: LITERACY OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE, BY STATES. Number unable to read and write English— State. Massachusetts.............................................................................. Rhode Island................................................................................ New York...................................................................................... New Jersey................................................................................... Pennsylvania................................................................................ Maryland....................................................................................... North Carolina............................................................................. South Carolina.............................................................................. Georgia.......................................................................................... Alfl.hfl.Tna.......... .......... ................................................................. W isconsin..................................................................................... Illinois........................................................................................... Missouri........................................................................................ But able Or any to read other lan and write guage. another language. 4 3 4 4 7 6 4 3 4 a 21 36 31 14 2 5 (a) 1 Total. 8 7 13 6 8 4 a 21 36 31 14 1 Number able to read and write English. 68 71 109 129 307 63 b 73 o61 <*74 c 27 53 121 72 a Not including 4 persons whose literacy was not reported. b Including 13 persons who could read but not write, but not including 4 persons whose literacy was not reported. c Including 9 persons who could read but not write. d Including 15 persons who could read but not write. e Including 7 persons who could read but not write. Many o f the foreign children, while unable to read and write English, could read and write their native language and had attended school before coming to this country. Such children are not really illiterates, and are therefore separated in the table from the children unable to read and write English or any other language. The total number o f children unable to read and write English in North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama is comparatively large, rising from more than 21 per cent in North Carolina to more than 37 per cent in South Carolina. Many o f the children reported from these States as able to read and write English could read, but were unable to write. A comparatively large number o f the illiterate children in all the States had had some schooling, as will be seen by comparing the total number o f illiterates with the number o f children who had not attended 528 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. school either before or since beginning work, as given in the preceding table. Many parents confessed with regret that their children had forgotten all that they had been taught, and in many instances said they meant to give them another chance. On the other hand, many children had failed to learn to read and write, and their parents con sidered it useless to keep them longer in school. It is sometimes asserted that young children who have been employed at labor a few years become stunted mentally and unable to learn if they are afterwards put in school. This assertion has been made with reference to the South, where children begin to work at an earlier age than in other parts o f the country, but no evidence was found to warrant it as the statement o f a general fact. On the other hand, teachers in the South, o f whom inquiry was made, were unanimous in stating that they observed no difference in the mental power and capacity to learn between the children in their classes who had been at work and those who had not. Those who had been at work often made better progress than those who had not, being more diligent and showing a greater desire to make the most o f their opportunities. A few children were found, however, in both Northern and Southern fac tories who undoubtedly were the worse fo r their years at labor and who appeared to be stunted both mentally and physically. HEALTH OF W ORKING CHILDREN. Facts available for tabulation were not obtained in regard to the physical condition o f children at work. Some general information was derived from observation o f the children themselves and from questions put to their parents. Many o f the children seen in the establishments visited appeared to be undersized, the pinched worn faces, the thin arms and puny bodies o f many o f them giving evidence that they were o f underweight. Am ong the children reported many were phys ically unfit for the labor required o f them. A few who began work before they were 10 years old, though not actually broken down, were at 15 so worn, their energies so far exhausted, that advancement in productive power much beyond the point already reached seemed quite improbable unless a period o f complete rest should intervene. V ery few o f the parents o f the children reported for Massachu setts, Rhode Island, New Y ork, New Jersey, W isconsin, Illinois, and Missouri admitted that the health o f their children had suffered from the labor required o f them, many claiming that they were in better health than before they went to work. But considerably more than half o f the children reported fo r these States had been at work less than a year. V ery few had worked more than two years. A few cases o f minor ailments were found One boy had frequent headaches while in a cotton factory, and on being advised by the doctor to change his employment had obtained work as helper in the washhouse o f a CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 529 bleachery, where he was feeling better. Another little fellow com plained that the heat in the drying room o f the bleachery where he was employed made his head ache, but added proudly that he had never asked to be let off. A girl o f 15 who had worked more than three years, first for a shirt manufacturer and afterwards for a flax spinning company, said she had headache all the time and was tired o f working. The dust in a flax mill had given two other children sore throats. A girl was found at home in bed with an attack o f bilious fever three days after she was seen at a silk factory. Her mother said it was a common occurrence and that she lost much time in this way. Several girls employed at a cigar factory as strippers com plained that the tobacco nauseated them. Most o f the mothers o f the glass-factory boys who were questioned frankly admitted that they considered night work bad fo r their sons. One whose boy had been at work about five months said that he had become very restless and was not sleeping well. Many o f the boys who were on night work were found out o f bed between 9 and 11 in the forenoon. Their mothers said that they were usually up by 9 o’clock, but that they would sometimes take a nap in the afternoon before going to work. Some o f the glass factory boys whose parents declared that their health was good were thin and looked worn-out. This was especially the case with two boys 13 years old, twins, who had worked through three “ fires” at three different factories and had been three months at the fourth. Another boy, who had also worked through three fires, beginning when 11 years o f age, was hollow under his eyes, and thin. He complained o f his back, which ached constantly, and o f frequent colds, but his mother declared that he was stronger than when he began to work. M ore than half the children reported fo r Pennsylvania and M ary land had worked over one year but not over two years. V ery few parents admitted that these children had suffered in health. Nearly one-fourth o f the Pennsylvania children had worked from two to five years. Many o f these were boys, employed in the breakers, o f whom a majority were undersized. They looked stunted rather than deli cate. They possessed warped, stooping figures, brought about by the strained position in which they sat while at work. The work was hard upon the hands and fingers. One little fellow wore gloves to protect his hands from the rough coal and slate. One boy who worked six months as a bobbin boy at a silk mill before obtaining employment in the breakers declared that the millwork used him up more than slate picking. A boy o f 14, employed as helper in the dyehouse o f a worsted mill, was made ill by the fumes from the various chemical substances used. H e was removed after two weeks and given work as a bobbin boy in the spinning room. Another, employed to handle skins at a glove factory, was found at home with a sore hand. He had 8874—No. 52—04----- 1 530 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. had a small sore which the acid on the skins had poisoned and made worse. In Maryland a number o f parents whose children worked in a cotton factory complained that the little ones took frequent colds from getting overheated. One boy was so run down after working fifteen months as a filling winder at the same factory that he was taken out and made to help his father in his business as huckster, but after two months he was sent back to the mill. A girl employed at a cigar factory left after six months because stripping made her sick; she obtained work in the laundry department o f a shirt factory where she had worked nearly two years and had kept perfectly well. The mother o f a boy o f 14 who had been working six months in the tin shop o f a tobacco factory said that his health was bad; that he had a cough and a tendency to consumption. O f the children reported fo r North and South Carolina 75 per cent had worked more than one year, and 50 per cent had worked more than two years. O f the children reported fo r Georgia 60 per cent, and fo r Alabama 70 per cent, had worked more than one year, and about 35 per cent fo r Georgia and 25 per cent for Alabama had worked more than two years. Many reported fo r these States had worked more than three years, some four and five years; one boy had worked seven years, having begun at the age o f 7. A ccording to the testimony o f their parents, a majority o f the children had had no acute sick ness since beginning work, but a large proportion of this number did not have good health. A few were not strong before they began to work. O f these some had gained in health, but more had lost since beginning work. Many o f those who had good health before beginning work had failed since. Such children appeared worn and tired, and were thin and had pale or sallow faces. O f all the children reported for the Carolinas about 65 per cent had had no acute sickness since beginning work. These included about 40 per cent who were in good health and about 25 per cent who had fair health. The remaining 35 per cent had had some acute illness, which had caused them to lose considerable time, and they were usually reported to have either fair or bad health. Similar percentages could be shown from the testi mony o f parents in Georgia and Alabama. To what extent this con dition was due to long hours o f factory labor, or to what extent to the manner o f living which prevailed among the factory people, could not be determined. These people were noted for unwholesome cookery and a dietary consisting chiefly o f pork and hot biscuits. Many o f them, however, kept cows and chickens, which furnished them with fresh milk and eggs, and cultivated small gardens in which they grew vegetables in their seasons. The most common disorders found among the children who had had more or less acute sickness were intestinal disorders, malaria or slow fever, and throat troubles. A few girls CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 531 had had special pelvic disorders. There were also cases o f contagious diseases— as smallpox, measles, and mumps. The parents o f the children who were working at night were almost unanimous in their opinion that it was bad for them. These children did not sleep well, and became nervous and restless. The work was especially bad for their eyes. A father pointed out the dark rings about the eyes o f his boy and the heavy drooping lids as the peculiar marks o f the night-working child. The follow ing are typical cases o f children at work in Southern fac tories, selected to illustrate conditions in regard to health: Robert M ., 9 years old, who began to work at 7, had no special sick ness, but was not so well as when in the country. A fter he had worked two months his parents took him back to the farm where he stayed fifteen months, when he was again sent to the mill. Silas L . , 13 years old, who had been working four years, gets run down, especially in the summer. He had taken no vacation but stayed out a day now and then to rest. Mrs. C. claimed that her children had better health than when they were in the country, but were all afflicted, pretty constantly, with a a misery inside o f them.” Addie S., 13 years old, got constipated and bilious and was obliged to lose a few days every two or three weeks on account o f a slight fever. Earl S. strained his chest when doffing, otherwise be had been as well as when on the farm. He had worked eighteen months. Other boys complained o f backache or pain in the side from doffing. W illie C., nearly 15, had been subject from a small child to disorders o f the throat. He had been worse since beginning to work two years ago. Bertha J ., nearly 14, was disagreeably affected with a constant desire to spit and chew something when in the spinning room where she worked eighteen months. F or more thai two years she had been working in the cloth room and had been free :rom this trouble. Barry P ., 14 years old, had a singularly old face. H e was thin and his complexion sallow. H e had worked three years as a spinner. M aggie M ., now 14, began to work when he was 8 years o f age. She was then not considered well enough to g o to school. She would work a few weeks and rest a few weeks. St e continued in this way fo r 'tw o and one-half years when the family moved to its present home. Since then her health had been bet! er and she had worked constantly fo r three years and a half. She 1pas, however, an under sized child, thin and pale, but bright and motherly with her younger brothers and sisters. Maggie D ., 15, was paralyzed in one side. She was refused work at the first factory to which she applied on account o f her lameness 532 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. and delicate appearance, but obtained it at the second, where she had worked for more than two years. She was not strong, however, and had a poor appetite, often going to work without her breakfast. Dolly P ., 13, had only fair health. She lost several weeks last sum mer with malaria. She wanted to try night work, and was changed to the night force in her milt a month before. She did not sleep well, and would be glad to change back. Edna B., 14 years and 10 months, became very much run down during three years that she was on night work. Her parents sought day work fo r her at another mill, where she had been employed six weeks, during which time she had gained 7 i pounds. John W ., who had been working 7 years, having begun when he was 7, reported no illness except colds; but he was considerably run down. His parents hoped he would improve if allowed to have onehalf o f each day off. Permission was granted him, and he attended a mission school fo r three hours in the forenoon. But he was not always sure o f his time, fo r if they were short o f hands at the mill the super intendent sent for him, and he was obliged to work and lose a morn ing from school. HOME CONDITIONS OF W ORKING CHILDREN. The 1,381 children who have been reported individually belonged to 1,036 families, distributed as follows among the thirteen States: NUMBER OF CHILDREN INDIVIDUALLY REPORTED, BY STATES. State. Massachusetts................................ Rhode Island.................................. New Y ork........................................ New Jersey..................................... Pennsylvania.................................. Maryland _ North C arolina.............................. South Carolina................................ Chil dren. 76 78 122 135 315 67 98 97 Fam ilies. 72 66 112 100 247 47 53 53 State. Chil dren. Fam ilies. Georgia.......................................... A labam a....................................... W isconsin..................................... Illin ois.......................................... Missouri........................................ 105 41 53 72 50 17 49 113 57 T ota l................................... 1,381 1,036 122 W ith the exception o f 6 children reported fo r Rhode Island, 1 for New Y ork, and 2 for Maryland, all the children belonging in these families who were under 16 years o f age and were employed at remu nerative labor were reported; thus these figures show the average number o f children per family who were employed at labor. These averages varied from less than 1.1 children per family o f the families reported for Massachusetts, New Y ork, W isconsin, and Illinois, to 2.4 children per family o f the families reported for Alabama. Some o f these families were very large, numbering eleven or more members, but the larger memberships usually included boarders or lodgers as well as relatives o f the children reported. The average membership was a fraction over six fo r the families reported fo r New Y ork, New CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 533 Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Missouri, a fraction over eight for the families reported fo r Alabama, and seven, or a fraction over seven, for the families reported fo r the remaining States. The greater portion of these families rented their homes. The number o f homes owned by the families reported for Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Wisconsin was comparatively large; the percentages rang ing from about 30 per cent in Pennsylvania to about 45 per cent in Wisconsin. Less than 15 per cent o f the families reported for the remaining States owned their homes. Many Polish families in M il waukee were found owning their homes. They lived in shanties which they had built on the rear end o f their lots and rented to oth ers a better house in front. About 15 per cent o f the Maryland fam ilies owned the houses in which they lived and paid a ground rent. A ll varieties o f dwellings were represented by the homes o f these fam ilies, but two predominate— the city tenement and the cottage o f the factory village or town. The greater number o f families reported fo r all but the four Southern States were living in city tenements, in houses containing— with the exception o f most o f those found in Bal timore, Philadelphia, Milwaukee, and New Y ork City— from two to six or eight families. In the first three cities excepted most o f the houses contained only one family each, but in New Y ork City more than half the families were living in houses containing more than eight fam ilies each, many accommodating twenty and twenty-four families; one contained thirty-four families. These were in the down-town districts o f Manhattan, where the streets are always crowded, and where the home surroundings o f the working children are in striking contrast to the home surroundings o f the children reported for the four South ern States and o f many reported for New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois who were living in the country. The families reported for the Southern States were found usually in factory villages, living in dwellings erected by the companies. The cottages were built to accommodate one or two families, and in many villages were sur rounded by gardens. There was plenty o f fresh air and the country lay close at hand. Y et although the Southern families thus had more space about their homes than a majority o f those reported fo r other parts o f the country, they often had less accommodation within. Measured in number o f rooms occupied by each family, the average accommodation in the four Southern States and in Missouri and Wisconsin was about one-half of a room to each person, in New Y ork it was 0.6 o f a room, in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jer sey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois it was 0.7 o f a room, and in Maryland it was 0.8 o f a room per person. It would not be possible, nor is it necessary, to enter at length upon a description o f the equipments for living found within the dwellings 534 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. o f these working children. They and the families to which they belong represent all kinds o f people, including the lazy and shiftless as well as the energetic and thrifty. Some o f the houses were squalid and insanitary within, others were spotlessly clean. Some were meanly furnished, others well furnished, and in yet others luxuries such as organs, pianos, books, and pictures were found. As a rule the dwell ings o f the Italian, Portuguese, and Polish families and some of the French Canadian were meanly and scantily furnished, with occasional attempts at decoration, such as bright-colored prints upon the walls, paper flowers in vases, etc. The dwellings of the English, Irish, Germans, and Americans, except in the Southern States, were well furnished, with many comforts and even luxuries. In the Southern States the rooms were, as a rule, rather bare, but there were notable exceptions. Many parlor organs and sewing machines were seen, some front rooms containing, besides the bedstead and a few chairs, a center table upon which the family Bible and a few other books were displayed. Occasionally there were cheap ornaments on the mantel and about the room. Crayon enlargements from photographs of members o f the family were often seen upon the walls. Some effort was made to obtain data in regard to the incomes o f the families o f the working children reported in order to show not only the economic condition o f these families, but also the comparative value o f the contributions o f the children under 16 years of age. The result was not entirely satisfactory, because accurate average weekly incomes were not obtainable, i. e., averages fo r a period o f time; but figures representing the weekly income at the time the family was visited, based upon the usual weekly earnings of the contributing members, were obtained for nearly all the families considered. A ll the families fo r whom earnings o f members were reported had one or more children under 16 years o f age at work and contributing their earnings to the family income, except in a very few instances. The number o f families having one, tw o, three, and four or more children under 16 years o f age contributing to the family income is given in the follow ing table by States: 535 CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. FAMILIES HAYING EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE CONTRIBUTING TO THE FAMILY INCOME, AND TOTAL CHILDREN CONTRIBUTING. [The total number of children shown in this table differs from the total number individually reported given in previous tables. This is because a few children were found contributing to the family income who were not individually reported, and a few who were individually reported were learners or helpers and not contributing. In case of six families and ten children income was not reported.] Families having each specified number Families Total of children under 16 years contributing. having children Total children under number under 16 years16 of 2 chil 3 chil 4children years not contrib families. 1 child. dren. dren. or over. contrib uting. uting. Strite. Massachusetts.....................•... Rhode Island............................ New Y o rk .................................. New Jersey................................ Pennsylvania........................... M aryland.................................. North Carolina......................... South Carolina......................... Georgia.................................. . Alabama __................................ 72 66 66 112 100 50 96 a 245 47 53 53 50 17 49 68 180 26 22 22 11 4 46 4 14 13 24 63 1 2 1 20 20 22 1 27 5 5 l 8 5 9 2 6 1 41 9 13 1 • 732 236 41 Wisconsin................................ Illinois.................................... Missouri. ......................... a 111 <*55 100 T ota l .............................. 51,030 1 1 1 2 2 77 84 125 135 313 69 98 97 104 40 3 4 3 2 53 14 2 118 70 7 1,383 « Not including two families, data not reported. &Not including six families, data not reported. Besides children under 16 years o f age there were in all but a very small number o f the families reported older members contributing to the family income. There was a father or person standing in the place o f father to the working children in from 65 to 90 per cent of the families reported, but an average o f 10 per cent o f the families having fathers were receiving no help from them. Many o f the idle fathers considered themselves at 50 years o f age too old to work, while others were too much broken in health. In many instances where the father was at work his employment was irregular and his contribution small. In many families having fathers, both at work and not at work, the mothers were engaged in some remunerative occupation and con tributed to the support o f the family. In New Y ork City many of these mothers were finishing garments for tailors; others were doing janitor service in the tenement buildings in which the family lived. In some families having no fathers the mothers were at work and helping in the family support. In other instances the mother was doing nothing when it seemed as if she were better able to work than the children upon whom she was depending fo r support. In still other instances she was evidently unable to work and was necessarily dependent either upon her children or upon charity. Most o f these mothers were wid ows, but many had been deserted by their husbands. A majority o f the families had children over 16 years o f age who were at work. Usually these children were contributing their entire earnings to the common fund. This was often found to be the case even with jroung men old enough to be voters. Many o f the older children merely 536 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. boarded at home. The proportion o f families having children con tributing by their board only was greater in the four Southern States than in any o f the other States considered. The largest percentages o f families having boarders and lodgers, not children, were found in Massachusetts and North Carolina, where 78 and 57 per cent, respect ively, o f the families reported had boarders or lodgers. M ore than 25 per cent o f the families in each o f the remaining States had board ers or lodgers, except in Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Missouri, where very few were found. Occasionally families had incomes' from out side sources, such as rents or produce from farms and gardens. But except in one or two instances a very small part o f the total incomes were derived from such sources. The follow ing table gives the number and per cent o f families with classified weekly income from all sources o f less than $12, o f $12 or less than $25, and o f $25 or over, by States: NUMBER AND PER CENT OF FAMILIES HAVING EACH SPECIFIED WEEKLY INCOME, BY STATES. Stats. Massachusetts...................... Rhode Isla n d ...................... New Y ork ............................ New Jersey........................... Pennsylvania...................... M aryland............................. North Carolina.................... South Carolina.................... Georgia.................................. A labam a.............................. W isconsin............................. Illinois.................................. Missouri................................ Number of families having each Per cent of families having each Total specified weekly income. specified weekly income. num ber of $12 or $12 or Income fami Under under $25 or not re Under under $25 or Income not re over. ported. $12. lies. 312. over. ported. $25. $25. 72 66 112 100 a 245 47 53 53 50 17 49 a 111 a 55 10 20 34 14 42 17 25 26 24 10 8 13 16 43 33 62 71 151 24 28 25 26 6 35 65 30 18 1 12 3 14 9 42 5 2 6 10 1 2 1 6 27 7 6 2 13.9 30.3 30.3 14.0 17.2 36.2 47.2 49.0 48.0 58.8 16.3 11.7 29.1 59.7 50.0 55.4 71.0 61.6 51.1 52.8 47.2 52.0 35.3 71.4 58.6 54.6 25.0 18.2 12.5 9.0 17.2 4.0 10.6 2 .1 1.4 1.5 1 .8 6 .0 8 .8 5.9 12.3 24.3 12.7 5.4 3.6 a Not including 2 families, data not reported. These figures show that proportionately more incomes under $12 per week in the families o f working children were reported for the four Southern States than for the other nine States, and also, except in the case o f one family in Alabama, no incomes o f more than $25 per week were found in the Southern States. But it should be remem bered that the cost o f living is probably less in these States than in the others with which these figures deal. Boarders taken into the families reported for the Southern States and children paying board usually paid less than $2 per week. A common charge was $8 a month. In the Northern States and in Wisconsin and Illinois the charge fo r board was seldom less than $2.50 per week; it was more often over $3 per week. The amount o f a family’s income considered without reference to the number o f its members does not give an accurate idea o f the eco nomic condition o f the family. A n attempt is here made to show th e . economic condition o f the families o f working children by classifying 537 CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. certain families according to the average income per member. In order that a comparison may be made between the families reported fo r the several States, which are nearly alike in all respects except income and number o f members, only those families are considered which were paying rent fo r their homes, and whose working members were contributing all their earnings to the family income. These families are fo r convenience called normal families, and are classified according to specified incomes per member, by States, as follows. The figures are based upon the total income per family less the amount o f the rent. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF NORMAL FAMILIES HAVING EACH SPECIFIED WEEKLY INCOME PER MEMBER, BY STATES. State. Massachusetts.. Rhode Island... New Y o rk ......... New Jersey....... Pennsylvania.. M aryland......... North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia.............. A labam a.......... W isconsin......... Illin ois.............. Missouri............ Total num ber of fami lies. Number of normal families having each specified weekly income per member. Un der » 1. 72 $1 or 62 or 63 or 64 or un un un un 65 or Total. der der der der over 62. 63. 64. 65. 1 12 66 112 100 4 14 4 a 246 47 63 63 60 17 49 a 111 <*55 10 1 13 34 18 52 16 15 15 15 3 3 3 3 3 9 21 8 3 23 27 31 7 7 16 7 29 10 3 4 6 8 1 10 18 19 11 12 8 2 4 3 4 8 2 2 1 1 2 11 6 1 7 3 1 2 Per cent of normal families hav ing each specified weekly in come per member. or 62 or 63 or 64 or Un 61 un un un 65 or To der un der der der der over tal. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 43 2.3 27.9 48.8 7.0 4.7 36 11.1 36.1 22.2 2 2.2 8.4 89 15.7 38.2 25.8 18.0 62 6 .6 29.0 43.5 11.3 6.5 131 7.6 39.7 23.7 22.1 6 .1 25 4.0 64.0 28.0 4.0 22 68.2 31.8 31 9.7 48.4 32.2 9.7 22 13.6 68.2 18.2 10 30.0 60.0 10.0 24 12.5 33.3 41.7 8.3 4.2 61 4.9 29.5 31.2 18.0 11.5 41 22.0 26.8 29.3 14.6 2.4 9.3 .... 2.3 3.2 .8 4.9 4.9 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 a Not including 2 families, data not reported. The whole number o f families reported for each State is entered in the first column o f the table; the number o f normal families considered in the succeeding columns is entered in the eighth column o f figures. The percentages, which are given in the right-hand columns o f the table, show that over 50 per cent o f the normal families o f New Y ork, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama were living upon incomes o f less than $2 per week per member. The four States in the list having the greatest percentages o f families whose weekly incomes were $2 or over per member are Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Wisconsin. The relative importance o f the contributions o f children under 16 years o f age may be shown first by classifying families according to specified weekly incomes received from these children and from other members, including both heads o f families and children over 16 years o f age, and second by classifying children under 16 years o f age and other members according to specified weekly contributions. The con tributions o f children under 16 years o f age represent their entire earnings, therefore in order that the comparisons made possible by these classifications may be upon the same basis, only those mem bers over 16 years o f age who also contribute practically all their 538 BULLETIN OB1 THE BUREAU OF LABOR, earnings are considered, i. e., those members who pay board and lodging are excluded. The following tables show the number and percentage o f families receiving specified weekly incomes from children under 16 years o f age and from members over 16 years o f age not paying board and lodging, by States: NUMBER OP FAMILIES HAVING EACH SPECIFIED WEEKLY INCOME FROM CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE AND FROM MEMBERS OVER 16, BY STATES. Number of families having each specified weekly income from— State. Massachusetts............ Rhode Island.............. New York.................... New Jersey................. Pennsylvania.............. Maryland.................... North Carolina.......... South Carolina............ Georgia........................ Alabama...................... Wisconsin.................... Illinois......................... M issouri...................... Total Children under 16 years of age. Members over 16 years of age not pay num ing board and lodging. ber of fami 85 or 88 or 83 or $5 or lies. Noth Un un un 88 or Noth Un un un 812 Amount or not re der der over. ing. der ing. der der der over. 85. 83. ported. 88 . 85. 812. 88 . 72 1 66 112 100 2 2 a 245 47 53 53 50 17 49 a 111 «55 16 14 35 16 51 20 100 18 13 19 21 12 11 25 5 34 57 26 4 12 2 34 31 59 50 16 11 15 16 13 17 75 5 3 15 19 16 8 1 1 16 16 3 3 3 12 6 6 2 3 5 2 1 2 34 13 5 6 5 1 8 2 1 3 6 5 6 6 11 8 8 17 14 16 13 24 13 26 24 78 16 7 16 14 14 5 20 2 2 8 8 24 5 10 16 11 4 4 12 8 11 12 35 33 50 50 109 13 2 3 3 10 1 6 9 5 4 2 11 30 67 24 i 7 2 a Not including 2 families, data not reported. PER CENT OF FAMILIES HAVING EACH SPECIFIED WEEKLY INCOME FROM CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE AND FROM MEMBERS OVER 16, BY STATES. Per cent of families having each specified weekly income from— Children under 16 years of age. Members over 16 years of age not paying board and lodging. State. 83 or 85 or un un- 88 or Noth Noth Un der der over. ing. ing. der 83. 85. 88. Massachusetts.. Rhode Island .. New Y ork ......... New Jersey....... Pennsylvania .. M aryland......... North Carolina. South Carolina. G eorgia............ Alabam a.......... W isconsin......... Illin ois.............. Missouri............ 1.4 1.8 2.0 1.8 22.2 21.2 31.2 16.0 20.8 42.6 24.5 35.9 22.0 23.5 24.5 14.4 20.0 47.2 47.0 52.7 50.0 40.8 38.3 39.6 22.6 50.0 29.4 69.4 51.4 47.2 20.8 24.2 11.6 17.0 30.6 17.0 30.2 30.2 24.0 17.7 4.1 30.6 23.7 8.4 7.6 2.7 15.0 7.8 2 .1 5.7 11.3 4.0 29.4 2 .0 1 .8 9.1 9.1 4.5 1 .0 6 .6 2.1 Un der 85. 8.3 9.1 9.8 8.0 6.6 11.8 2 .0 14.9 30.2 26.4 28.0 29.4 4.1 2.7 10.9 14.6 5.7 5.7 16.0 1.8 85 or 88 or or Amount under under 812 not re over. ported. 88. 812. 7.0 12.1 15.2 14.0 6.6 27.7 37.7 30.2 22.0 23.5 8.2 7.2 9.1 33.3 19.7 23.2 24.0 31.8 25.5 15.1 20.7 24.0 23.5 22.5 21.6 18.2 48,6 50.0 44.6 50.0 44.4 27.7 11.3 17.0 2 .8 2.7 3.0 4.0 2 .1 10.0 11.8 61.2 60.4 43.6 2 .0 6,3 3.6 Bv examining the percentage columns o f this table it will be seen that the mean or average weekly#income received from children under 16 years o f age falls in the column headed 44$3 or under $ 5 ” for each State, and that the mean income received from members over 16 years o f age falls either in the column headed 44 $8 or under $12” or in the column headed 44$12 or o v e r ” fo r each State except North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, and that for these States it 539 CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES, falls in the column headed a $5 or under $8.” Thus, while the incomes received from children average about the same in all the States, those received from members over 16 years o f age average lower in the four Southern States named than in the other nine States considered, and hence those received from children are relatively greater. In deter mining the position o f mean incomes the percentages in the columns headed “ nothing ” are o f course not counted in. Many o f the families entered as receiving nothing from members over 16 years o f age were, however, receiving board from such members. The follow ing tables give the number and percentage o f children under 16 years o f age, and o f members over 16 years o f age not pay ing board, contributing specified amounts per week to the family income, b y States: NUMBER OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OF MEMBERS OVER 16 CONTRIB UTING SPECIFIED WEEKLY AMOUNTS, BY STATES. [The total number of children in this table differs from the total shown in the tables giving the number individually reported, pp. 517-521, 532. This is because a few children were found contrib uting to family income who were not individually reported, and a few who were individually reported were learners or helpers and not contributing.] State. Number of children under Number of members over 16 years of 16 years of age contribu age not paying board and lodging Total ting weekly— but contributing weekly— num ber of 83 or 83 or 85 or Amount fami Under under or lies. Total. Under under 85 not re over. Total. over. ported. 83. $3. 85. 85. 72 Massachusetts.................... Rhode Island...................... New Y o r k ........................... New Jersey......................... Pennsylvania...................... Maryland............................. North C arolina................... South C arolina.................. Georgia................................ Alabama.............................. a 245 Illinois.................................. Missouri................................ a 111 <*55 Wisconsin........................... 66 112 100 47 53 53 50 17 49 77 84 125 135 313 69 98 97 104 40 53 118 70 16 22 43 23 90 51 70 70 86 32 15 23 16 42 53 71 99 174 17 28 26 18 7 38 64. 45 19 9 136 113 11 202 13 49 160 369 1 88 1 1 31 9 83 84 79 30 95 187 79 4 7 26 16 11 23 13 14 26 7 6 10 4 23 17 41 33 49 31 47 35 34 16 25 33 24 107 89 132 108 298 33 23 35 19 7 63 137 49 2 3 3 11 1 1 7 2 a Not including 2 families, data not reported. PER CENT OF CONTRIBUTING CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OF CONTRIB UTING MEMBERS OVER 16 WHO CONTRIBUTE EACH SPECIFIED WEEKLY AMOUNT, BY STATES. Per cent of contributing chil dren under 16 years of age who contribute weekly— Per cent of contributing members over 16 years of age not paying board and lodging, but who contribute weekly— State. Amount or un 83 or un Under 83. 83 der 85. 85 or over. Under 83. der 85. 85 or over. not re ported. Massachusetts.................... Rhode Island...................... New Y o rk ........................... New Jersey......................... Pennsylvania...................... Maryland......................... . North Carolina................... South Carolina................... Georgia................................ A labam a............................. W isconsin........................... Illin ois................................ Missouri.............................. 20.8 26.2 34.4 17.1 28.7 73.9 71.4 72.2 82.7 80.0 28.3 19.5 22.9 54.5 63.1 56.8 73.3 55.6 24.6 28.6 26.8 17.3 17.5 71.7 54.2 64.3 24.7 10.7 2.9 8 .8 12.9 16.9 15.0 20.3 10.0 20.6 3.0 26.2 15.7 16.6 32.9 23.3 6.3 5.4 5.1 13.3 35.2 56.6 41.7 43.0 53.4 26.3 17.6 30.4 9.6 15.7 1.5 1 .0 2.5 26.3 12.8 6 .2 78.7 78.8 65.3 67.5 80.7 37.5 27.7 41.7 24.1 23.3 66.3 73.3 62.0 1.5 1.5 1.9 3.0 1 .1 1 .1 3.7 2.5 540 BULLETIN OF THE BtJBEAtT OF LABOtt. By examining the percentage columns o f this table the mean or average contribution o f children under 16 years of age will be seen to fall in the column headed “ under $3” for the States o f Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, and in the column headed u $3 or under $5” for the remaining eight States, and the mean or average contribution o f members over 16 years of age will be seen to fall in the column headed “ $3 or under $5” for the five States just named, and in the column headed “ $5 or ov er” fo r the eight remaining States. Thus the individual contributions, both of the children and o f the older members o f the families contributing all their earnings, average less in Maryland and the four Southern States than in the other States considered. The greater relative importance o f the contributions o f children under 16 years o f age in the four Southern States seems, therefore, to be due to the fact that more such children in each family can be put to work and thus made to contribute to the family income than in the other nine States. The data given in the last table shows that members o f the families over 16 years of age were earning on the average more per week in those States in which child labor was restricted than in those in which there was practically no restriction upon the employment of children. No data was obtained to show the extent to which this fact can be attributed to the depressing effect of unrestricted child labor upon the rates o f wages. But much was seen to suggest that it may in many instances be attributed, in part at least, to the effect of the unre stricted power, o f the older members o f the family to put children to work. Not only were fathers idle who might have found employment, but many children over 16 years o f age were content with small earn ings. In many instances had the older members of the family worked with greater energy the labor o f many young children, at least o f those under 12, might have been spared without any diminution in the family income. No very close estimate can be made o f the proportion which the contributions o f the children bore to the total incomes of the families considered in these tables. It may be stated, roughly, that families in all the States were receiving amounts averaging from 20 to 40 per cent o f their total incomes from children under 16 years o f age. Thus these children were o f considerable economic importance to their parents. W ith very few exceptions those reported gave up all their earnings to their parents. Frequently they were not allowed to draw their pay themselves, but the father, mother, or older brother or sis ter, received their envelopes. Spending money was generally given them. u W e must give them something to keep them contented when they give up all they get,” was said by many a mother. Usually the amount o f spending money was not a fixed amount. It was merely “ what could be spared,” and depended upon circumstances. But in 541 CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. Northern textile communities a definite sum, 50 cents or $1 each week, was reported in a few cases, or a percentage o f earnings or all earned over the even dollars was allowed. A few cases were found where chil dren were allowed to keep all their earnings upon condition that they clothed themselves. Some children, as messenger boys who received tips, and glass factory boys who received fees from the blowers they served, had gains outside their regular earnings which they were gen erally allowed to keep. Indeed; messenger boys often acquired large amounts through tips o f which the parents knew nothing. One could not fail to observe that the effect o f the economic impor tance o f their children too often disposed parents to think o f them chiefly as a source o f profit to themselves. A Southern father lamented the death o f his little girl because she was such a good spinner, the best “ hand” he had. Many mothers complained o f the laws raising the age at which children could go to work, because by reason o f them and o f the growing tendency o f the young people to marry early or to wish to be independent o f their parents, so few years were left during which parents could profit by their labor. The effect o f their position in the household upon the children themselves together with the demands made on them by the nature o f the work they were doing combined to shorten their childhood. They were no longer little chil dren to be cared for by father and mother, but equal sharers with them o f the burdens and responsibilities o f life. T able I .— W E E K L Y EARNINGS OF CH ILD REN UNDER 16 Y E A R S OF AG E, B Y INDUSTRIES AND ESTABLISHM ENTS. jH A ftSA C H U SE T TS. Industry, Boots and shoes — Brushes................... Carpets.................... Confectionery......... Cotton and worsted goods.................... Cotton g o o d s.......... Children under 16 Earnings per Number earning per w eekweek. years of age. Estab$2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7 lishUn or or or or or or ment Male. Fe Total. High Low Aver der un un un un un un $8 or est. est. age. $2 . der der der der der der over. male. No. $3. $4. $5. $6. $7. $8 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Department store... Rubber goods, boots. Woolen g o o d s......... Worsted goods......... 13 14 15 16 17 18 T otal.............. 7 4 85 7 57 16 199 28 29 9 26 85 37 84 39 43 149 26 29 18 17 29 33 54 5 3 4 2 3 30 710 6 50 7 $6.91 $3.50 $4.61 4 5.00 3.21 4.30 9 5.11 3.35 3.82 142 7.07 2.92 3.85 16 4.00 2.50 2.79 348 54 58 27 43 114 70 138 44 46 4 9 80 503 1,213 9.57 10.90 7.00 7.15 8.93 8.00 9.98 10.39 3.50 5.00 7.80 8.12 8.99 2.16 2.26 1.36 1.89 1.41 .99 1.82 1.50 2.50 2.50 3.36 4.64 3.48 2 1 8 1 10 4.95 5.34 4.20 * 2 4.25 1 4.33 3 4.22 4 1 5.27 2 4.85 2.58 3.44 5.14 5.50 4.17 13 3 1 5 2 3 10 3 4 37 6 1 1 2 1 99 *28* 12 5 1 42 1 1 1 6 1 1 79 13 35 5 11 11 11 8 1 6 4 5 2 28 34 33 22 13 2 1 7 221 8 17 25 7 15 43 3 36 7 25 2 85 4 9 45 6 22 *12 * 335 441 212 3 4 9 4 6 6 2 2 ‘ 4 1 \1 >7 6 1 3 .... 1 1 78 26 23 2 542 BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OP LABOR. T a b l e I .— W E E K L Y EARNINGS OF CH ILD REN UNDER 16 Y E A R S OP AG E. B Y INDUSTRIES AND ESTABLISHM ENTS— Continued. NEW YORK. Artificial flowers and feathers........ Artificial flowers, materials for....... Blank hooks........... Carpets................... Coffee cleaning___ Confectionery....... Cooperage.............. Cordage, twine, etc Cotton g o o d s......... Department store... Dress trimmings, embroidery, etc .. Drugs, wholesale... D ry good s............... Handkerchiefs. . . . . Knit g ood s............ . Laundry ................. Men’s furnishings.. Men’s furnishings and laundry........ Paper boxes............ Paper boxes, bags, envelopes, e t c ___ Pearl buttons.......... Pianoforte actions.. Tailoring................. Underwear andbedding...................... Wall paper.............. Women’s belts and skirt bindings___ Women’s neckwear, laces, e t c .............. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 1 1 2 14 3 15 4 46 9 7 72 141 1 2 9 9 36 17 47 7 11 2 48 13 14 5 72 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 5 33 92 1 2 34 3 54 55 56 1 22 2 22 57 58 59 60 13 1 21 1 61 62 10 5 4 T ota l. 61 55 3 11 1 538 14 47 7 46 5.00 5.76 7.50 3.50 3.75 3.54 5.00 20 6.00 1 9 4.60 120 6.25 154 4.50 15 4.00 7 3.50 81 5.00 3.91 3.82 .... 3 3.85 2.76 11 3.26 .... 2 3.08 4.12 4.17 1 3.72 4.09 ’ io ‘ 1 3.08 10 2.92 3.00 1 49 2 .66 25 4.87 33 4.00 153 6.00 55 5.86 8 5.70 15 6.75 35 3.75 5 4.00 3.00 3.00 2.50 1.80 3.75 2.50 3.00 3.00 3.56 3.12 24 3.10 3.26 ” 3* 22 4.60 4.10 .... 1 3.40 3.20 6.70 7.82 4.00 2.95 3.00 2.71 4.54 .... 3.42 3.39 .... 4.50 7.25 2.00 3.00 3.00 5.00 2.73 6.04 3.60 5.25 12 51 21 23 82 6 8 26 5 39 1 1 .... 3.00 2.78 3.50 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.50 3.00 1.80 2.40 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.25 60 6 21 2 6.00 5.50 12 6.00 2.50 3.50 2.78 .... 4.58 19 19 5.14 3.00 3.30 11 12 4.00 2.50 3.15 ___ 14 3.00 637 1,175 7 6 6 38 10 45 7 2 11 6 17 42 147 3 6 26 17 29 112 15 2 9 35 4 66 2 4 26 11 1 15 2 14 63 64 20 1 $2.70 $2.70 $2.70 1 3.00 3.00 3.00 2 6.25 2.50 3.38 7 2 4 180 7 3 4 16 2 8 2 713 193 61 21 a Not including 42 persons working Saturdays only at 50 cents per day, and 13 persons working Saturdays only at from 75 cents to $1 per day. 5Not including 37 persons working Saturdays only at 50 cents per day, and 12 persons working Saturdays only at from 75 cents to $1 per day. cNot including 79 persons working Saturdays only at 50 cents per day, and 25 persons working Saturdays only at from 75 cents to 31 per day. 543 CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES, T able I.—W EEKLY EARNINGS OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE, BY INDUSTRIES AND ESTABLISHMENTS—Continued. NEW JERSEY. Children under 16 Earnings per Number earning per weekweek. years of age. Estab$2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7 lishUn or or or or or or ment Male. Fe Total. High Low Aver der un un un un un un , $8 or est. est. age. $2. der der der der der der over. male. No. $3. $4. $5. $6. $7. $8. Industry. Bakery, cracker___ Cigars...................... Electric wire and c a b le.................... Electric wire and cable, clerical force .................... Electrical supplies.. Glass bottles............ Glass bottles and druggists’ special ties ........................ Glass bottles and window glass....... H atbands............... Linen thread,twine, and yarn s............ Paper boxes............ Pottery.................... Silk finishing and d y e in g ................. Silk goods, broad... Silk goods, broad and r ibbon .......... Silk goods, throw n. 66 22 2 126 67 7 5 68 11 65 69 70 71 72 47 52 80 92 73 111 74 75 91 2 76 77 78 79 43 8 9.00 $2.50 $2.84 2.00 8.19 .... 1 11 3.00 55 5.16 52 11.14 80 4.50 92 5.35 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.48 2.82 3.00 3.53 3.75 8.52 3.64 10 41 43 79 73 45 64 il l i 11 3.27 2 3.42 4.40 3.42 3.40 3.42 3.90 8 10 83 5 7 3 126 13 17 17 6.55 4.14 4.16 6.33 2.50 3.00 1.00 2.50 4.18 3.31 3.16 3.94 80 81 82 2 2 6 2 2 5 4 4 11 3.00 6.33 3.35 2.00 3.30 2.88 2.63 4.41 3.09 83 84 85 13 64 a 77 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 7.57 2.50 1.50 3.58 3.32 * 3 3 3.00 2.30 3.82 3.32 T ota l___ 51 72 783 6 4 9 103 26 7 31 51 175 6.00 91 3 4 1 1.00 3.00 2.00 2.68 434 «1,217 3 2 2 6 13 4 *i9 26 7 222 2 8.... 1 1 1 8 1 4.78 91 4 20 3 22 7 30 2.50 2.76 14 13 74 12 6.00 4.50 86 87 88 Soap................. Thread, cotton 22 $4.00 128 55 10 9 4 14 12 2 3 2 1 8 1 1 r** 2 1 4 1 26 3 4 9 39 2 2 2 1 2 1 5 8 24 10 7 2 2 1 1 8 4 29 3 19 7 7 2 3 4 733 146 83 14 4 7 4 6 6 12 11 6 22 23 4 1 1 1 7 1 24 7 3 1 22 11 17 17 13 2 5 26 34 6 36 8 9 *3 6 28 30 1 2 48 5 4 2 20 15 5 16 36 12 2 1 8 6 138 46 14 4 37 11 1 114 22 21 69 76 147 66 12 1 4 45 17 1 10 12 2 3 36 119 5 P E N N S Y L V A N IA . Artificial flowers. . . Cigars...................... Coal breakers __ 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 Confectionery......... Corks........................ Cotton and woolen goods.................... Department store... Glass bottles, etc___ Glass tableware, etc. H osiery................... Iron and steel......... 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 4 48 52 16 40 8 34 34 57 66 44 21 65 36 12 57 43 6 13 76 262 <*90 240 29 / 27 11 a l l $3.41 331 6335 4.50 27 27 7.80 48 8.64 52 5.40 16 5.13 40 7.29 8 4.37 34 6.60 34 4.32 57 5.15 66 5.64 44 5.13 21 4.56 65 6.60 36 3.66 48 60 6.00 25 c 82 11.65 11 8 440 69 29 65 92 a 54 14 453 145 291 <*90 <?305 * 121 / 27 6.50 4.50 7.00 5.00 4.50 4.80 9.30 6.00 8.48 $1.50 $2.61 2 3 2.00 2.38 68 2 1.80 4.97 * " i 2.97 4.89 .... 9 3 2.97 3.97 2.20 2.93 13 3.24 4.07 5 2.93 3.47 3.96 4.18 3.72 4.02 2.52 3.10 37 3.30 4.26 3.24 3.84 2.88 3.30 9 3.30 4.94 1.74 2.28 13 21 1 2.50 3.41 2.48 4.42 .... 21 3.00 3.00 2.50 2.50 2.00 3.60 3.00 3.00 3.60 3.73 3.61 3.00 __ 249 96 2.81 2.83 155 3.96 4.56 3.50 5.09 3 14 4 3 a Including 3 persons, earnings not reported. b Including 250 persons, earnings not reported. o Including 1 person, earnings not reported. <*Not including 1 person working Saturdays only, at 60 cents per day. « Including 54 persons, earnings not reported. /N o t including 2 persons working Saturdays only at 71 cents per hour. 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 2 i i 544 T able BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. I.—W EEKLY EARNINGS OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE, BY INDUSTRIES AND ESTABLISHMENTS—Continued. P E N N S Y L V A N IA —Concluded. Earnings per Number earning per week— week. Estab$2 $3 $4 $5 $6 87 lishor or or or 88 or or ment Male. Fe Total. High Low Aver Un un un un un un or der No. male. est. est. age. 82. der un der der der der der over. 83. $4. 85. $6. $7. 88. Children under 16 years of age. Industry. Iron and steel........ Lace goods, tapes try, etc.................. Leather and leath er goods, g lov es.. Pickles, preserves, etc Shipbuilding___ Silk goods, throw Silk goods, thrown and broad............ Structural ir o n . Woolen and worsted goods.................... Woolenand worsted yarns.................... 116 27 23 a50 $7.50 $2.99 $4.82 117 118 119 6 16 25 18 22 8.71 629 3.00 021 6.00 120 121 122 62 2 16 185 65 4 3 123 124 125 11 4 1 33 24 72 126 127 128 129 130 17 105 136 185 69 488 131 54 64 132 133 7 24 63 T otal. 20 20 1 2.31 3.00 3.00 4.52 3.00 4.69 <*64 11.06 3.24 4.85 81 185 44 28 73 2.70 2.50 1.50 3.55 4.91 2.48 5.05 6.00 4.50 3.75 4.25 <*86 6.11 __ 1 2 5 24 60 13 16 51 28 331 13 1 8 38 6 39 53 63 3 12 ii 20 18 3.26 __ii 6 6 17 4 34 145 5 12 1 10 66 1 2.00 4.50 2.77 2.77 3.06 3.12 5.66 5.07 5.68 118 6.00 2.50 3.45 19 67 23 31 83 4.00 2.50 3.00 3.13 4.08 12 14 48 5 34 15 44 Cotton duck, twine, and r o p e ............ . Department store... Glass bottles.......... . Men’s clothing and furnishings.......... T obacco................. . 134 135 136 1 2 104 /105 $8.30 $1.50 $3.57 3 7 19 137 138 139 140 141 49 13 44 6 56 142 143 144 39 T otal. 84 39 1 50 287 9 22 3 28 31 5.00 2.26 4.68. 1.50 3.19 2.25 ***7 3 13 5 10 22 4.62 4.20 9 17 37 59 .... .... 1.85 2 93 24 62 84 41 1.20 2.00' 1.50 3.45 1 2.15 4.00j 2.52 2.53 2.04 1.70 2.47 2.93 286 3 19 325 4 69 6.50' 1.25 3.88 3.24 4.35 2.36 2.61 3.59 2.92 11 551 / 838 2 25 82 19 58 171 1 21 15 4 58 4 17 28 50 131 452 164 52 2 N O R T H C A R O L IN A . Cordage, yarn, etc. Cotton g o od s......... Cotton yarns. Furniture___ Men’s cloth ing. Tobacco ............ 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 158 154 155 156 157 158 T o ta l. 17 2 366 16 $3.60 $1.80 $2.65 29 3.73 1.15 2.55 125 6.40 1.20 2.69 55 5.81 1.44 2.85 .90 2.76 48 4.50 3.03 31 5.35 1. 46 4.32 1.20 2.17 31 5.04 1.50 3.38 44 4.52 1.44 2.78 8 4.20 1.20 2.29 2 2.50 2.50 2.50 1.40 2.93 17 4. 5 2.70 1.50 1.92 3 1.20 2.97 252 fir618 614 461 01,075 19 68 26 23 8 24 15 27 8 2 3 3 21 4 11 8 17 2 21 108 331 o Including 2 persons, earnings not reported. b Including 24 persons, earnings not reported. e Including 13 persons earnings not reported. d Including 1 person, earnings not reported. e Including 353 persons, earnings not reported. /In clu d in g 14 persons, earnings not reported. o Including 305 persons, earnings not reported. 11 1 2 21 1 4 265 56 1 2 3 24 9 26 3 9 16 23 5 43 50 11 3 33 973 1,486 853 362 233 2,243 2,143 e4,386 3 2 1 2 8 1 M ARYLAND. Cigarsand cigarettes Clothing furnish ings .................... 3 10 16 2 21 ts 1 20 2 508 5.50 105 10.80 136 12.96 186 10.38 6.00 1.50 14 7 5 1 11 2.00 2.68 2.25 10 21 545 CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. T a b l e I.—W E E K L Y EARNINGS OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 Y EAR S OF AGE, B Y INDUSTRIES AND ESTABLISHMENTS—Continued. S O U T H C A R O L IN A . Industry. Cotton goods.......... Cotton yam s.......... Children under 16 Earnings per Number earning per week— years of age. week. Estab32 33 34 35 36 37 lishor or or or or or 38 ment Male. Fe Total. High Low Aver Un est. est. age. der un un un un un un or male. No. 32. der der der der der der over. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 Total.............. 90 38 17 40 88 19 37 49 145 50 103 19 39 87 a 155 78 168 64 26 14 31 448 382 a 830 48 18 96 53 20 68 33.90 30.60 5.40 1.49 5.76 .90 4.15 1.20 5.78 .90 5.97 .96 5.39 .60 4.79 1.16 3.60 1.44 32.29 2.48 2.80 2.45 2.81 3.17 2.39 2.26 2.34 33 36 17 52 59 16 19 37 52 78 20 39 19 7 64 5 23 i 8 20 9 72 36 4 3 195 354 235 36 9 10 22 8 23 2 1 3 3 21 1 !....... 3 1 1 1 G E O R G IA . ALABAMA. Cotton g ood s.......... Cotton y a m s .......... Knit g o o d s.............. 183 184 185 186 T ota l.............. 54 13 25 59 15 24 23 10 102 121 113 35.72 30.55 28 3.00 1.20 i49 4.80 .63 33 4.20 .90 32.13 2.14 2.14 1.99 J223 51 14 24 39 5 15 7 22 111 66 22 1 9 7 3 3 41 4 1 75 67 32 73 19 4 63 5 3 23 1 1 ....... i 1 j i W ISC O N SIN . Brewing, bottling departm ent......... Confectionery......... Department store... Paper boxes............ Tobacco................... 187 188 189 190 191 192 T ota l.............. 195 117 52 42 32 33 6 20 120 28 9 366 288 247 37.80 33.00" 35.73 159 5.50 3.00 3.98 32 4.00 2.50 2.74 39 4.00 2.00 2.32 140 4.25 2.50 3.11 37 8.44 .96 4.15 654 23 32 54 ‘ s' 4 5 113 12 52 11 6 222 143 37 4 1 56 77 8 1 76 1 1 a Including 1 person, earnings not reported. b Not including 6 persons working only on Saturdays, holidays, etc., at from 40 to 50 cents per day. 0 Including 2 persons receiving no pay, but not including 6 persons working only on Saturdays, etc. d Including 2 persons, earnings not reported. e Including 1 person receiving no pay. /N o t including 6 persons employed after school, Saturdays, etc., at various rates. {/Not including 5 persons employed after school, Saturdays, etc., at various rates, ftNot including 11 persons employed after school, Saturdays, etc., at various rates, but including 4 persons, earnings not reported. ^Including 3 persons receiving no pay, and 5 persons, earnings not reported. 1 Including 1 person working half time. 8674—No. 52—04----- 5 546 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. T a b l e I.— W E E K L Y EARNINGS OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 Y E A R S OF AGE, B Y INDUSTRIES AND ESTABLISHMENTS— Concluded. IL L IN O IS . M IS S O U R I. Boots and shoes___ B rew ing...................... Department store... T o b acco.......... ........... Wooden boxes......... 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 T ota l.............. 87 103 130 24 18 13 132 33 84 46 b 133 88 191 221 91 34 58 13 31 68 81 49 ol81 33 84 624 389 <*1,013 87.97 82.50 7.00 2.00 3.96 3.00 3.00 2.00 3 50 1.75 3.50 2.00 6.00 3.50 5.00 3.00 5.00 4.00 83.85 3.16 3.34 2.26 2.77 2.62 4.87 3.48 4.17 9 46 53 ” *2 12 36 4 2 12 10 1 65 82 34 40 17 5 17 45 4 38 78 70 14 460 193 122 221 21 11 1 2 156 9 23 3 a Including 2 persons, earnings not reported; and 2 persons receiving no pay. b Including 2 persons, earnings not reported. c Including 52 persons, earnings not reported. d Including 54 persons, earnings not reported. T a b l e II.—OCCUPATIONS OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 Y E A R S OF AGE, B Y SE X AND INDUSTRY. M ASSACH U SETTS. [The occupations in each industry at which a comparatively large number of children were employed are printed in italics; those at which only one child was employed are shown in the singular number.] BOOTS AND SHOES— ESTABLISHMENTS 1 AND 2. CONFECTIONERY— ESTABLISHMENT 5. Males: C hore bops, cleaner, dinker, heeler’s helper, scallopers’ helpers, tier-up, welter. Females: Chocolate dipper, m ach in e g irls , pack ers, wrapper and packer. BRUSHES— ESTABLISHMENT 3. COTTON AND WORSTED GOODS— ESTABLISHMENT 6. Males: Errand boys. Females: Brush makers, p o lish ers. CABPETS— ESTABLISHMENT 4. Males: Card cutter, card feeder, card tenders, creelers, errand boy, feeding preparer in card room, slasher tender, spool boys, tiers-in. Females: D offers , helpers in threading room, sp in n e rs, threaders, twisters, w in d ers. Males: B ack te n d ers o n m ules, ball winders, band boys, bobbin se tte rs, cleaners, doffers, drawing frame tenders, filling boys, filling steamer, har ness brusher, harness stringer and cleaner, h elp ers in b leachery, helpers in card room, helpers m cloth room, h elp ers in d ry in g room , helper in dye ing room, helper in engraving room, helper in packing room, helpers in preparing room, helpers m printing room, helpers in starch room, label paster, marker in pacldng room, piecer, roving CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. Table 547 II.—OCCUPATIONS OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE, BY SEX AND INDUSTRY—Continued. M A S S A C H U S E T T S —Concluded. [Theoccupations in each industryat which acomparativelylarge numberofchildrenwereemployed are printed in italics; those at which only one child was employed are shown in the singular number.] COTTON AND WORSTED GOODS— ESTABLISHMENT 6— concluded. DEPARTMENT STORE—ESTABLISHMENT 14. Males: Bundle boys, cash boys, delivery boy, errand boys, examiner, stock boy. Females: Bundle girls, cash girl, examiners. boys, sewers, shearers, spinners, spooler, sweeper, swing boy in drying room, twister-in, warpers, watchman, wool sorter. Females: B obbin se tte rs , cleaners, doffers, drawRUBBER GOODS, BOOTS— ESTABLISHMENT 15. ers-in, drawing frame tender, filling winders, ill box tender, harness stringers and cleaners, notters in cloth room, sample card makers, Males: Bookers of soles, calendrers’ helpers, c a r scrubbers, shearers, sp in n e rs, spoolers, spooler and rie rs , chore boys, cloth winder, cutters, cutting cleaner, sweepers, trimmers, twisters, warpers’ machine operator, heel shankers, heel trimmer, helpers, weaver. helpers in cutting department, office boys, sorter, stripper in sole department. COTTON GOODS— ESTABLISHMENTS 7 TO 13, INCLU Females: Helper in packing department, mark SIVE. ers and strap makers. f Males: B ack te n d ers o n m ules, chain builder, cle a n e rs , cleaner and sweeper, doffers , drawing frame tender, errand boy, folding machine tender, general helper, harness mender, helpers in fold ing room, loom cleaner, office boy, oilers, ribbon tender, roving boys, roving carriers, sewer in cloth room, slasher tenders’ helper and sweeper, sliver tender, sp in n e rs , spool carrier, sw eepers , sweeper and bobbin boy, tu b ers , tuber and sweeper, waste machine operator, w eavers , yarn carrier. Females: Cleaner, cloth inspectors, comber tenders, cone winders, d offers, drawers-in, drawingframe tender, general helpers, harnessbrusher, harness hands, quillers, sewer in cloth room, speeder tenders, sp in n e rs , spoolers, sweepers, w eavers. WOOLEN GOODS— ESTABLISHMENTS 16 AND 17. Males: Back tenders on mules, spinner. Females: Bobbin winders, burlers, handers-in, spooler, warp spool winders. WORSTED GOODS— ESTABLISHMENT 18. Males: Balling-head tenders, band boys, card tenders, chain builder, doffers, fillin g c a b in boys, filling winder, gill-box tender, r a il setters, roving carriers, yarn carriers. Females: Boss doffers, doffers, doublers, h an d e rsin , spinners, spoolers, twister, warper. R H O D E IS L A N D . B LE A C H IN G COTTON GOODS— ESTABLISHMENT 19. Males: B leach house h an d s, book-fold k n o tters, cloth g u id e rs o n d ry in g can s, errand boy, lap shak ers, sewer, stenciler. Females: B ook-fold k n o tters, yarding machine operator. CLOTHING, HATS, AND SHOES, RETAIL— ESTABLISH MENT 20. Males: C ash boys, errand boy, examiners, sales boys. Females: C ash g irls , sales girls. COTTON GOODS— ESTABLISHMENTS 21 AND 22. Males: Back tenders on mules, band boy and spare hand, bobbin boys, can boy, card cleaners and sweepers, doffers, loom cleaners, mule frame cleaners, office boy, rin g fra m e clean ers, spinner, sweepers, tubers. Females: Doffers, speeder tenders, sp in n e rs, sw eepers, tiers-in. DYEING COTTON AND WOOLEN GOODS— ESTABLISH MENT 24. Males: Bleaching room hands, board paperer in finishing department, cloth guiders on calen dering machine, cloth guiders on drying cans, cloth winders, office boy. Females: ’ Bander. HOSIERY AND KNIT GOODS— ESTABLISHMENT 26. Males: Turners. Females: Chore girls, to p p ers . JEWELRY— ESTABLISHMENT 26. Males: Messenger boy. Females: Carder, setters-up and chargers, solderer. SOAP AND WASHING POWDER— ESTABLISHMENT 27. Males: Elevator boy, fille rs, nail setters on nail ing machine, wrappers. WORSTED YARNS— ESTABLISHMENT 28. COTTON GOODS, NARROW FABRICS—ESTABLISH MENT 23. Females: Drawers-in, eyelet stamper, packers and tiers, spooler, sw eepers, tape examiner, tiers and markers, tippers, trim m ers, weaver, winders. Males: Bailer, bobbin boy, bobbin setters, boss doffer, brush maker, doffers, machinist’ s appren tice, office boy, spinner, yarn carriers. Females: Bobbin setters, doffers, spinners, twisters, winders. 548 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, Table II.—OCCUPATIONS OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE, BY SEX AND INDUSTRY—Continued. NEW YORK. [The occupations in eachindustryat whichacomparativelylarge numberofchildrenwere employed are printed in italics; those at which only one child was employed are shown in the singular number.] ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS AND FEATHERS— ESTABLISH MENTS 29, 30, AND 31. Males: Flower-worker’ s helper. Females: Bundler and errand girl, flower work er, flower-worker’s helper. ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, MATERIALS FOR— ESTAB LISHMENT 32. Males: B uneU ers, dipper, mold spinners, thread cutters, thread spanners. BLANK BOOKS— ESTABLISHMENT 33. Males: Chore boy, pasters. Females: Sew ers, cabbers, varnisher and counter. DRY GOODS— ESTABLISHMENT 48. Males: Cash boys. Females: Cash girls. HANDKERCHIEFS— ESTABLISHMENT 49. Females: Bobbin winders’ helpers, folders, h elp ers in fin ish in g room , mangle feeder, sew ing m ach in e o p erato rs, tearers, trimmers. KNIT GOODS— ESTABLISHMENTS 50 AND 51. Males: Brushers, general helper, spinner, spool er, sweeper. Females: Buttoners, errand girl in finishing de partment, tiers, trim m ers, turners. LAUNDRY— ESTABLISHMENT 52. CARPETS— ESTABLISHMENT 34. Males: Bobbin boys, breaking-machine opera tors, doffers , oilers, sweepers. Females: Bailer, breaking-machine operators, cojp winder, d o ffers, h an k e rs , layers, spinners, winders. COFFEE CLEANING— ESTABLISHMENT 35. Males: Pickers. Females: Pickers. CONFECTIONERY— ESTABLISHMENTS 36 AND 37. Females: Date opener, lab elers, p a ck ers , tray carriers, w rap p ers. COOPERAGE— ESTABLISHMENT 38. Males: Barrel finisher, b a rre l ro lle rs, hoop n a ile rs , hoop rounder, nail sorter, string boys, tally boy. CORDAGE, TWINE, ETC.— ESTABLISHMENT 39. Males: Bobbin boy, card boys, tru c k boys. Females: Doffers. COTTON GOODS— ESTABLISHMENTS 40 AND 41. Males: B ack ten d e rs on m ules , carder, cleaners, d o ffers , doubling-machine tender, harness clean ers, oilers, railway hands, roller coverer’s assist ant, roving carriers, spinners, spool carrier, spooler, sweeper and errand boy, twisters-in, tub ers, weavers, yam carrier. Females: Cloth inspector, doffers, drawers-in, drawing frame tenders, ring spinners, sp in n e rs, sp o o lers, sweepers, twister, weavers. DEPARTMENT STORE— ESTABLISHMENTS 42, 43, 44, AND 45. Males: Assistant bookkeepers, bundle boys, cash boys, errand boys, office boy, slip sorters in audit ing department, stock boys, truck boy. Females: Adding-machine operators, b u n d le irls, cash g irls , cloakroom girl, errand girls, elper in millinery department, sales girls, sales and cash girls, slip sorters in auditing depart ment, stock girls. g DRESS TRIMMINGS, EMBROIDERY, ETC.— ESTABLISH MENT 46. Males: Braiding-machine cleaner, braidingmachine operators, office boys. Females: Braiding-machine operators, clerk,, embroidery-frame operator, embroidery-frame watchers, e rra n d g irls , general helpers, menders, packer, ribbon winders, sample-card maker, sew ing-machine operator, spooler, tipper. Males: Office boy. Females: Bundle tier, collar shaper, d am p en ers, ironing machine feeders, p u lle rs, work distributors. MEN’S FURNISHINGS— ESTABLISHMENT 63. Males: Tab turners. Females: Assistant overseer, buttonhole maker, hem turner. MEN’S FURNISHINGS AND LAUNDRY— ESTABLISH MENTS 54 AND 55. Males: Belt boy, box closer, counter, errand boy, office boy, sorters, stringers, tab turner, work distributor. Females: Bundle makers, b u n d lers, buttonhole trimmers, collar straighteners, d am p en ers, damp ening machine feeder, edge ironers, errand girl, examiner of mended work, examiners, g arm e n t tu rn e rs , general helpers, pasters, presser, seam dampeners, seam turners, shapers, sorters, stamp er, tab steamer, tab turners, tip ironers, turner m box department. PAPER BOXES— ESTABLISHMENT 56. Males: Wagon boys. Females: E d g e tu rn e rs . PAPER BOXES, BAGS, ENVELOPES, ETC.— ESTABLISH MENT 57. Males: Chore boys, counters, errand boys, paper straightener, printing and card cutting machme operator, sweepers, time card keeper, wagon boy. Females: Box nester, co u n ters, creasers, duster, isinglass stripper, labeler, metal bender on cigar ette cases, opener, piler, putters-in of tin fasteners, rubber in embossing department, stampers of tin fasteners, tassel tier. PEARL BUTTONS— ESTABLISHMENT 58. Males: Chuck cleaner and errand boy. Females: C ard ers, labeler. PIANOFORTE ACTIONS— ESTABLISHMENT 59. Males: Clamper wirer, flanch pinners, flanch springer, fia n c h strin g e rs, gluers, hammer wirer*, rail pinner, streight tubers, string pointer, tongue stringer. TAILORING— ESTABLISHMENT 60. Males: Errand boy. Females: Baster. UNDERWEAR AND BEDDING— ESTABLISHMENT 61. Females: Errand girls, labelers, p illo w case fo ld ers, ruffle maker, thread drawer on pillowcases. DRUGS, WHOLESALE— ESTABLISHMENT 47. WALL PAPER— ESTABLISHMENT 62. Males: Bottle filler, clerks, copyists, e rra n d boys, mail carrier and errand boy, packer, unpackers, weighers. Males: B ack te n d e rs o n p r in tin g m ach in e, bundle marker, stick placer. Females: Heeler on hand machine, roll lapper. CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES, 549 Table II.—OCCUPATIONS OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE, BY SEX AND INDUSTRY—Continued. NEW YORK— Concluded. [The occupationsineachindustryatwhichacomparativelylarge numberof childrenwereemployed are printed in italics; those at which only one child was employed are shown in the singular number.] WOMEN’S BELTS AND SKIRT BINDINGS— ESTABLISH MENT 63. Females; Coil pinner, cutter and trimmer, er rand girls, labelers, label stamper, reeler, sew ing m ach in e o p e ra to rs’ h elp ers, stock clerk, telephone operator. WOMEN’S NECKWEAR, LACES, ETC.— ESTABLISH MENT 64. Males: Office boy. Females: Floor or errand girls. NEW JERSEY. BAKERY, CRACKER— ESTABLISHMENT 65. Males: Cracker machine operators’ helpers. CIGARS—ESTABLISHMENT 66. Males: Box opener, stock boy. Females: Banders and labelers, bunch m akers, c ig a r ro lle rs , labelers, packers, strip p e rs. ELECTRIC WIRE AND CABLE— ESTABLISHMENT 67. Males: Bobbin carriers, cotton spooler,messenger boys, winding machine operator, wire spooler. Females: Cotton spoolers, wire guider on insu lating machine, wire insulating machine operator, wire wrapping machine operator. ELECTRIC WIRE AND CABLE, CLERICAL FORCEESTABLISHMENT 68. Males: Messengers. ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES— ESTABLISHMENT 69. Males: A ssem blers, battery sealers, edge trimmer of zinc cups, errand boys, g en e ra l helpers, nut threader, paper cup bottomer, screw threading machine operator, stock boys, storeroom boy, tapper and threader, wrapper, zinc cup knurler. Females: Battery relay winder, coil coverer, general helper, m ag n et w in d ers. PAPER BOXES— ESTABLISHMENT 77. Males: B u n d le rs, riveting machine operator. Females: Box strippers, closers and bundlers, coverer’s helper. POTTERY— ESTABLISHMENTS 78 AND 79. Males: Dippers’ helpers, draw kiln boy, handle makers, m old ru n n e rs, potters’ apprentices, wad carrier. Females: Brasher, gilder, p r in t c u tte rs, print transferrer, stamper. SILK FINISHING a ND DYEING— ESTABLISHMENT 80. Males: Chore boy, office boy. Females: Muffler folders. SILK GOODS, BROAD— ESTABLISHMENTS 81 AND 82. Males: Bobbin boy, bobbin carriers, handers-in and drawers-in, quill boy, sweeper and bobbin cleaner. Females: Doubler, h a n d e rs-in a n d d ra w e rs-in , redrawers, reed stitcher. SILK GOODS, BROAD AND RIBBON— ESTABLISH MENT 83. Males: Blowers’ apprentices, carriers-in, m old sh u tte rs, m old sh u tte rs a n d sn a p p e rs-u p , sn a p p ers-u p . Males: B obbin bays, bordering machine oper ators’ helpers, drying machine operator, drying machine operator’s helper, helper in finishing de partment, office boy, ribbon measurers. Females: E d g e w a rp e rs, helper in warping room, q u ill w in d ers, redrawer, ribbon cleaner, ribbon folders, ribbon pickers, rib b d n w a rp e rs, w in d ers. GLASS BOTTLES AND DRUGGISTS’ SPECIALTIES— ESTABLISHMENT 73. SILK GOODS, THROWN— ESTABLISHMENTS 84, 85, AND 86. Males: Blow boys, c a rrie rs -in , file boys, knockers-off, m old sh u tte rs, sn a p p ers-u p . sp in n e rs. GLASS BOTTLES— ESTABLISHMENTS 70, 71, AND 72. GLASS BOTTLES AND WINDOW GLASS— ESTABLISH MENT 74. Males: B obbin boys, doffers, reelers, skein lacers. Females:.Doubler, -opener's helper, sk ein lacers, w in d ers . SOAP— ESTABLISHMENT 87. Males: Carriers-in, m old sh u tte rs a n d sn a p p ers-u p . HAT BANDS—ESTABLISHMENT 75. Males: Singeing machine operator, weaver’s helper and errand boy. Females: Quill winder, ribbon picker. Males: Circular sorter, cutter, cu tte rs’ helpers, drying frame tender, errand boy, labeler’s helper, office boys, p a ck ers, p ac k e rs’ help ers, pressers, pressers’ helpers, press feeder and cleaner, press tender, tray carriers, tray duster. THREAD, COTTON— ESTABLISHMENT 88. LINEN THREAD, TWINE, AND YARNS—ESTABLISH MENT 76. Males: Bobbin boy, h ack lin g m ach in e feed ers, office boy, press feeder and label cutter, tape sewers, thread polishing machine operator, twine knotter. Females: Ball paperer, bobbin carrier, bobbin cleaners, bobbin setter, bobbin winder, boss doffer, can carrier, doffers, drawing frame tenders, end layers, label cutters, ro v in g m ach in e ten d ers, spin ners, spool labelers, spool polisher, tow spreader, tube labeler, twine knotters. Males: Bobbin boy, creelers, errand boy, fly boys, lap carriers, picker tender, spool stamping ma chine operator, waste machine operator, yarn bundle makers, yam bundle strappers, yarn weighers. Females: B obbin clean ers, bobbin g irls , bobbin packer, bobbin winders, b o x p ile rs, can carriers in carding room,card tenders,darningcotton winder, doffers, edge turners in box department, ena piecer, errand g ir l, fram e clean ers, number cutter, reeler, speeder tenders, spinners, spool box wrap per, spool girl, spool wrapper, spooler, sw eepers. 550 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Table II.—OCCUPATIONS OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE, BY SEX AND INDUSTRY—Continued. P E N N S Y L V A N IA . [The occupationsin eachindustryat which acomparativelylargenumberof childrenwere employed are printed in italics; those at which only one child was employed are shown in the singular number.] ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS— ESTABLISHMENT 80. IRON AND STEEL— ESTABLISHMENTS 115 AND 116. Females: Flower makers. Males: Bolt nutter, bolt p o in te rs, die carrier, errand boy, h an d -o v ers, harrow tooth header, laborers, nut tappers, office boy, packer, piler, CIGARS— ESTABLISHMENTS 90 AND 91. Males: Banders. Females: Banders, bun ch m ak ers, c ig a r ro lle rs, packers, strippers. COAL— ESTABLISHMENTS 92 TO 104, INCLUSIVE. Males: Car coupler, car runner, door tender, drivers, head men, office boy, oilers, sla te p ick ers, switchman, weighers. sp a re boys, th re a d cu tters. Females: B o lt n u tte rs, counters, piler, table girl, wrappers. LACE GOODS, TAPESTRY, ETC.— ESTABLISHMENTS 117, 118, AND 119. Males: B obbin th re a d e rs, errand boy, helpers in pattern room, office boy, stock boy. Females: Edger, k n o tters, lace c u rta in fin ish e rs, spoolers, winder, wrapper. CONFECTIONERY— ESTABLISHMENT 105. . Males: E m ployees in chocolate room , employee in cocoa room, errand boys, filler, helpers in print ing department. Females: Box makers, chocolate d ip p e rs, dippers, errand girl, fillers, labeler, p ack ers, w rap p ers. CORKS— ESTABLISHMENT 106. Males: Carriers, errand boy, general employees, . p u n ch ers, steam box tender, strip facer, w ood h a n d le rs. Females: S o rters, taperers. COTTON AND WOOLEN GOODS— ESTABLISHMENTS 107 AND 108. Males: B obbin boys, chain fasteners, clerk, errand boy, floor boy, h a n d e rs-in , harness boys, helper in filling department, office boy, sample makers, sweepers, wareroom boy. Females: Back tenders on windering machine, bobbin girls, sample makers, selvage trim m ers, sweepers, twister, winder, winder’s helper. DEPARTMENT STORE— ESTABLISHMENTS 109, AND 111. 110, Males: Carrier, cash boys, clerks, delivery boys, e rra n d boys, exchange boy, general helper, helpers in auditing department, helper in button hole department, inspectors, office boys, sample boys, sign writer, stock boys, wrapper. Females: C ash g irls , cashiers, clerks, errand girls, exchange girls, helpers in auditing depart ment, in sp e c to rs, m illin e r s’ a p p ren tices, office g irls , stock g irls . GLASS BOTTLES, ETC.— ESTABLISHMENT 112. Males: Carriers-in, m old sh u tte rs. GLASS TABLEWARE, ETC.— ESTABLISHMENT 113. Males: C a rrie rs -in , carrie rs-o v er, k n ockers-off, m old cleaners, mold holders, m old sh u tters, pack ers, pan fillers, polisher, takers-off, tumbler fin ishers, tumers-out, w arm ers-in , water boys. Females: Carrier, clean ers, decorators, dusters, finisher, mold fitters, p a ck ers, paperer, shiners and paperers, taker-off, timekeeper’ snelper,unpacker, washers, w ipers-. HOSIERY— ESTABLISHMENT 114. Males: Belt tighteners, o ilers, packers, sorters and turners, truck boys, tu rn e rs . Females: E x a m in e rs , g e n e ra l helpers, k n itters, k n itte rs' h elp ers , loopers, office girls, presser-off, printers and boxers, sorters, stamper and boxer, sweeper, toppers, toppers’ helpers. LEATHER AND LEATHER GOODS, GLOVES—ESTAB LISHMENT 120. Males: Errand boys, glazers, measurer’s helper, p u tte rs-o u t , sk in h an g ers, stampers-in, glove fas tener, stock boys, trimmers, truck boys, weighers’ helpers. Females: End fasteners. PICKLES, PRESERVES, ETC.—ESTABLISHMENT 121. Males: C orking m ach in e h a n d s, general em ployee, messenger boy, office boy, packer, printing press feeders, rack makers. Females: Bottle passers, b o ttlers, can cleaner, catsup filler, g e n e ra l em ployees, helper at corking table, labelers, lab elers a n d w rap p e rs, spare girls. SHIPBUILDING— ESTABLISHMENT 122. Males: F itte rs ' h elp ers, messenger boys, office boys, riv e t h eaters, riv e t p a sse rs. SILK GOODS, THROWN— ESTABLISHMENTS 123, 124, AND 125. Males: Bobbin boys, g e n e ra l em ployees, general helper, skein lacer, reelers. Females: Doublers, general employees, skein lacers, matcher, pickers, quiller, reelers, sampler, sp in n e rs, tw isters, w in d ers. SILK GOODS, THROWN AND BROAD— ESTABLISH MENTS 126 AND 127. Males: Apprentices, bobbin boys, card cutters, general employees, picker, quiller, tw isters, waste sorters, waste sorters and errand boys, winders. Females: D oublers, general helpers, matcher, p ick ers, quillers, reelers, sk ein la cers, sp in n e rs, throwers, tw isters, warpers’ helpers, w eavers, w in d ers. STRUCTURAL IRON— ESTABLISHMENTS 128, 129, AND 130. Males: Apprentices, assistant bookkeeper, bail ers, bar counter, bell boys, bell sc rap e rs, bolt nut ters, buggy runners, ch ain m ak ers' helpers, chem ists’ helpers, clerk, core maker, coupling boys, cover boys, crane boys, greaser, hammer driver, helpers in b o lt fa c to ry , h elp ers in la b o ra to ry , hoist boy, horse-hookers, inspector, lever boys, machine hands, markers, measurers’ helpers, m essenger boys, motor runner, office boys, pipe off-layers, paint boy, pipe rollers, p u lle rs-u p , puncher, re corder, regulator, rivet boys, rivet neaters, rod cutters, screw cutter, seaver boys; sheet counters, shipping clerks, stamper, stencilers, store boy, teasers, teste rs' h elp ers, ticket boy, tube cutters, w a te r boys, weighers. Females: Stenographer. CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 551 II.—OCCUPATIONS OP CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OP AGE, BY SEX AND INDUSTRY—Continued. PENNSTTI.VANIA— Concluded. [The occupations ineachindustryat which acomparativelylargenumberof childrenwereemployed are printed in italics; those at which only one child was employed are shown in the singular number.] WOOLEN AND WORSTED GOODS— ESTABLISH MENT 131. WOOLEN AND WORSTED YARNS—ESTABLISHMENTS 132 AND 133. Males: Band boys, bobbin boys, carders, creelers, errand boy, h a n d e rs-in , office boys, oilers, packer, p ie c e rs, roller cutter, roving carriers, sweepers, Males: Band boys, bobbin boys, carders, doffers, oilers, press boy, tape boy, truck boys. Females: Bobbin girls, doffers , examiner, reelers, roving carrier, roving frame tenders, sp in n e rs, spoolers, sw eepers, twisters. tape boy, waste sorters. Females: Bobbin girls, doffers, finishing ma chine tender, general helper, piecer, rail setters, speeder tender, sp o o lers, sweepers, twisters, w in d ers. M ARYLAND* CIGARS AND CIGARETTES— ESTABLISHMENT 134. GLASS BOTTLES— ESTABLISHMENTS 140 AND 141. Males: Bunch maker. Females: Banding machine operators^ bunch m ak ers, cigarette machine operators, cigarette rackers, c ig a r ro lle rs, h a n d strip p e rs , machine strippers, stamp pasters, w rap p ers. Males: Bottle washer, cam riers-in, firer, g rin d e rs , knockers-off, m old sh u tters, sn a p p e rs-u p , spare boys, stopper filer, stopper tiers. Females: Cork fitters. CLOTHING FURNISHINGS—ESTABLISHMENTS 135 AND 136. MEN’S CLOTHING AND FURNISHINGS— ESTABLISH MENT 142. Males: Cutters, cutter and errand boy, stamper, stock boy. Females: Batting tackers, pad examiner, pad m ak ers, p a d p in n e rs, p a d trim m ers, sewing ma chine operator. Males: Creasers, cutter, damping machine help ers, e rra n d boys, examiner, press boy in printing department, sew ing m ach in e o p e ra to rs, spreaders’ helpers, tape cutter, ticket stampers, trimmer, truck boy. Females: Bobbin winders, box taper, b ox tier, box wrapper, bundlers, card maker, creasers, damping machine feeders, damping machine helpers, errand girls, ex am in ers, ironing machine helpers, paper box maker, record keepers, sew ing m ach in e o p e ra to rs, starching machine feeders, starching machine helpers, trim m ers. COTTON DUCK, TWINE, AND ROPE— ESTABLISHMENTS 137 AND 138. Males: Band boy, bobbin boy, bobbin boy and sweeper, boss doffers, doffers, doublers in rope room, drawing frame tenders, filling winders, former in rope room, oilers, reeler, roving boy, sin g le rs in ro p e ro o m , sw eepers, truck boys. Females: D offers, fillin g w in d ers, spinners, spool ers, sweepers, tiers-m. TOBACCO— ESTABLISHMENTS 143 AND 144. DEPARTMENT STORE— ESTABLISHMENT 139. Males: Carrier, errand boy, flake catcher, pack er, p re ss boys in tin d ep artm en t, p re ss boys? h elp ers in Males: Bundle and errand boy, cash boys. Females: C ash g irls , ex am in ers a n d w rap p ers. Females: B ox w ip ers in tin d ep artm en t, labelers, stamp pasters. tin d e p artm en t. N O R T H C A R O L IN A . CORDAGE, YARNS, ETC.— ESTABLISHMENT 145. Males: Doffers, inspectors, yam carriers. Females: S p in n e rs. COTTON GOODS— ESTABLISHMENTS 146 TO 150, IN CLUSIVE. FURNITURE— ESTABLISHMENTS 154, 155, AND 156. Males: Cutting machine feeder, filler spreader, gluers, off-bearers, sand paperers, upholsterers, vamishers. MEN’S CLOTHING— ESTABLISHMENT 157. Males: Band boys, band makers, bobbin car riers, doffers, doffer and spinner, drawing frame tenders, loom cleaners, machine stitcher, oiler, quiller, spinners, stitcher in cloth room, sw eepers, sweeper and water carrier, twisters, water ooy, weavers. Females: Bobbin untangler, cloth tackers, doff ers, drawers-in, inspectors, sp in n e rs, spoolers, twister, weavers. COTTON YARNS— ESTABLISHMENTS 151,162, AND 153. Males: Band makers, doffers, oiler and band boy, spinner, sweepers, twisters. Females: Cone winder, reeler, sp in n e rs, spoolers. Males: Trimmers. Females: Cleaner, trimmers and button sewers. TOBACCO— ESTABLISHMENT 158. Males: Liners in box department, lining cutters in box department, lump pickers* office boy, packers, p lu g p ic k e rs, stem m ers, tag g ers, w eighers. Females: B u n d le openers, filler pickers, stem m ers. 552 BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB. T able II .—OCCUPATIONS OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 Y E A R S OF AGE, B Y SE X AND INDUSTRY— Continued. S O U T H C A R O L IN A . [The occupations in each industryat whichacomparativelylargenumberof childrenwereemployed are printed in italics; those at which only one child was employed are shown in the singular number.] COTTON GOODS— ESTABLISHMENTS 159 TO 166, IN CLUSIVE. COTTON GOODS— ESTABLISHMENTS 159 TO 166, IN CLUSIVE— C on clu ded . Males: Band boys, band makers, bobbin boys, breaker tender, card tender, cloth room helpers, doffers, d ra w in g fra m e te n d e rs , end piecers, loom cleaner, oiler, quill boys, roving boy, slubbing frame tender, speeder tenders, sp in n e rs , stitchers in cloth room, sw eepers, tacker, truck boy, twisters, waste picker, weavers. Females: Band girl, creeler, doffers, drawers-in, speeder tender, sp in n e rs, spoolers , weavers. COTTON YARNS— ESTABLISHMENT 167. Males: Band maker, bobbin boy, cone winders, d o ffers , drawing frame tender, sweeper, twisters. Females: Cone winder, reeler, sp in n e rs. G E O R G IA . COTTON AND WOOLEN GOODS— ESTABLISHMENT 168. Males: B ack ten d e rs o n m ules , band boy, bobbin boys, doffers, spinners. Females: Back tender speeders, sp in n e rs, weaver. COTTON GOODS— ESTABLISHMENTS 169 TO 177, IN CLUSIVE. Males: Band makers, cloth brusher, cloth room boys, ereelers, doffers , drawers-in, d ra w in g fra m e te n d e rs , harness cleaner, oilers, quill boys, quiller, rope spinners, rope twisters, roving fixers, skein linker, spinners, stitchers, sw eepers , tackers, truck boys, twisters, waste picker, w eavers, winder. Females: Cloth inspectors, ereelers, doffers, drawers-in, drawing frame tenders, end piecers, harness cleaners, rack hand, speeder tender, sp in n e rs, spoolers , stenciler, tackers, twisters, w eavers. COTTON GOODS, BAGS, AND BLEACHING— ESTAB LISHMENT 178. Males: B a g tu rn e rs , band boy, bleaching ma chine tender, chalker, cloth packers in bleachery, d offers, drawing frame tender, errand boys, oiler, quill boys, quillers,reeler,spinners,sweeper,wash ing machine tender, weavers. COTTON GOODS, BAGS, AND BLEACHING— ESTAB LISHMENT 178— c o n c lu d e d . Females: Bag straighteners in printing depart ment, bag turners, doffers, drawers-in, drawing frame tender, printing press feeders, sew ing m a ch in e o p e ra to rs, speeder tenders, sp in n e rs, spoolers, twister, weavers. COTTON YARNS— ESTABLISHMENT 179. Males: Back tenders on mules, doffers. Females: Spinner. FURNITURE— ESTABLISHMENT 180. ' Males: Carriers, off-bearer «. MEN’S CLOTHING— ESTABLISHMENT 181. Males: Bobbin winder, button machine opera tors, carrier, folders, m ark ers. Females: Bobbin winder, buttonhole m ach in e o p e rato rs, trimmers. PAPER BAGS, WRAPPING PAPER, ETC.— ESTABLISH MENT 182. Females: Bag machine operators, b ag s tra ig h t en ers in p r in tin g room , carrier, helpers at bag ma chine, helper at box press, helper at gluing ma chine, tr a y m ak ers. ALABAM A COTTON GOODS— ESTABLISHMENT 183. KNIT GOODS— ESTABLISHMENT 186. Males: Band boy, doffers, drawing frame ten ders, oilers and cleaners, sp in n e rs, sw eepers. Females: Oiler and cleaner, sp in n e rs. COTTON YARNS— ESTABLISHMENTS 184 AND 185. Males: Band makers, bobbin boy, doffers, spin ners, truck boys, tw isters. Females: Spinners. Males: D offers, helper in knitting room, oiler, spinner, sw eepers. Females: Buttoners, cutter, eyelet machine operator, sewers, sp in n e rs, stamper, trimmers, winders. W ISC O N S 1 BREWING— BOTTLING DEPARTMENT— ESTABLISH MENTS 187 AND 188. Males: B o ttle in sp e cto rs, bottle p a sse rs, cappers, co rk in g m ach in e o p e ra to rs, fille rs, f ilin g room h a n d s, labeler, la b elin g m ach in e o p e ra to rs, w ashhouse h a n d s, w ash in g m ach in e o p erato rs, wirer. Females: C leaners, lab elers, lab elers a n d clean ers, ribboners, tinfoilers. DEPARTMENT STORE— ESTABLISHMENT 190. Males: Errand boys. Females: C ash g irls , telephone operator. PAPER BOXES— ESTABLISHMENT 191. Males: General helpers. Females: E d g e tu rn e rs , g en e ra l h elp ers, pasters. TOBACCO— ESTABLISHMENT 192. CONFECTIONERY— ESTABLISHMENT 189. Females: Candy molders, caram el w rap p ers, chocolate d ip p e rs, d a te fille rs, nut placers, tray carriers. Males: Carrier, p ack ers, piler, piler and carrier, so rte rs, strip p e rs. Females: Coupon placers, stamp paster, s trip p e rs. CHILD LABOR IK THE UNITED STATES. 553 Table II.—OCCUPATIONS OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE, BY SEX AND INDUSTRY—Continued. IL L IN O IS . [The occupations in eachindustryatwhichacomparativelylargenumberof childrenwereemployed are printed in italics; those at which only one child was employed are shown in the singular number.] . AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, HARVESTING MACHIN ERY-ESTABLISHMENT 193. DRESS AND CLOAK TRIMMINGS— ESTABLISHMENT Males: B ench h a n d s, bolt miller, bolt nutters, borers, canvas clippers, canvas finishers, canvas tacking machine hands, case hardener’s helper, c h a in m akers, chamf erers’ helpers, core blackeners, core black maker, core makers, design transferrer, d rille rs ’ h elp ers, errand boy, fitters, grinders, heater, laborer, lathe hands, office boys, planer’s helper, pointer’s helper, punchers’ helpers, rivet placers, sawyer’ s helper, section packers, section so rte rs, tacker, temperer’s helper, threaders’ helpers, truck boy, wire boys. Males: Errand boy, spool boys. Females: Belt makers, braid maker, button spinner, chore girl, n a il-h e a d stu ffers, ornament maker, packer, spool filler, time girl. BAKERY— ESTABLISHMENT 194. Males: Bakers’ helpers, box boys, cake cutters, dough dusters, f r u i t clean ers , icers, labeler, p a n boys, sc ra p boys, slide tenders, truck boy. Females: B u n d le rs, can cleaner, carton closers, carton creasers, c a rto n fo ld e rs , c a rto n fo rm e rs, car ton sealers, cracker sorters, glass wiper, ic e rs , lab elers , packers, pasters, p retzel tw isters. CONFECTIONERY— ESTABLISHMENT 195. Males: Cracker jack filler, p ack ers. Females: Nut placer, p ack ers, w rap p ers. DEPARTMENT STORE— ESTABLISHMENTS 196, 197, AND 198. Males: B u n d le boys, cash boys, cashiers, delivery boys, h elp ers in a u d itin g b u re a u , helpers in carpet department, h elp ers in coun tin g ro o m , helpers in mail-order department, h elp ers in sh ip p in g room , helpers in upholstery department, in sp ecto rs, office boys, stock boys, w agon boys. Females: B u n d le g irls , cash g irls , cashiers, clerk, helpers in auditing bureau, helper in counting room, h elp ers in m a il-o rd e r d ep artm en t, helper in upholstery department, in sp ecto rs, office girls, stock girls, time girl. DEPARTMENT STORE, MANUFACTURING MENT-ESTABLISHMENT 199. DEPART Males: Apprentices, e rra n d boys, silverware cleaner, stock boy, timekeeper. Females: Apprentices, boxer, comfort tufters, cuff machine operator, cushion stuffers, cutter, e rra n d g irls , finishers, general helpers, m akers o f fa n c y goods a n d n o v elties, office girls, packer, p a p e r w orkers, rippers, sew ers, sewing machine opera tors, stock girls, thread cabinet girls. 200 MEAT PACKING— ESTABLISHMENTS 201 AND 202. Males: Boilers, bone sorter, box opener, box iler, can coverer, can fillers, casing turners, oor boys, em ployees in tin c a n d e p artm en t, gate tender, helpers in cutting department, helpers in killing department, helpers in trimmings depart ment, labelers, liners, machine tenders, marker, m essenger boys, office boys, pillow filler, sausage brander, sausage hangers, sausage tiers, sa u sag e tw isters, shop boys, soap feeders, soap wrapper, sprinkler, stencilers, stripper, tank watcher, truck boys. Females: Bristle tier, butterine wrapper, can wipers, casing turner, chipped beef packer, labeler, plate scraper, sausage packers, soap wrap pers, toppers, wrappers. MEAT PACKING, CLERICAL FORCE— ESTABLISH MENT 203. Males; Office boys. RUBBER GOODS—ESTABLISHMENT 204. Females: Arm-band makers, boxer, button stringer, finisher, lin d sa y h a n d s, pressers. TIN CANS— ESTABLISHMENT 205. Males: E n d e rs, handy boys, packers, piler. Females: E n d e rs, packers. TWINE— ESTABLISHMENT 206. Males: Band cutter, cleaner, elevator boy, general helper, office boy, roving boys, sw eepers, testers, weighers, winder. Females: Bailer, cleaners, knot tiers, sample makers, sp in n e rs , weigher. M ISSO U R I* BOOTS AND SHOES— ESTABLISHMENTS 207 AND 208. BOOTS AND SHOES— ESTABLISHMENTS 207 AND 208— Males: B lack en ers, bottom brushers, bottom fil lers, bottom levelers’ helpers, canvas cutter, cementers, channel cementers, channel cutter, channel turners, cleaners, counter breakers, edge blackener, edge brushers, edge pinker, edge uncher, end scraper, entry clerk, general helper, eel burnisher, heelers’ helpers, heel makers, heel pasters, heel-stock cutters, last sorters, lining bunchers, number examiners, office boy, polishers, rackers, relasters, sand paperer, scrap sorters, shank blackeners, shank markers, sole carriers,sole cementers,sole pasters, sole stamper, sole stripers, sole tacking machine operators, sole wetters, stampers, stock cutters, tack ers, tackers’ helpers, tack pullers, top-piece sander, toucher-up, trim m in g cuM ers, upper trimmer, vamp turner, welt puller. Females: Back stayers, blackeners, buttonhole maker, cementers, ch an n el cem enters, edge nick ers, folders, folding machine operator, la cers, liner, lining maker, lining pasters, lining trim mer, marker, menders, office girl, pasters’ help ers, piece taggers, polishers, punching machine operators, side closer, side liner, side stayers, so rters, stamper, stamping machine operator, strap banders, thread cutters, tip beveler, tip blackener, tip markers, tip singer, toe piecers, top stitchers, top turners, trimmer, trimming cutters, vamp folders. concluded. E 554 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Table II.—OCCUPATIONS OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE, BY SEX AND INDUSTRY—Concluded. M IS S O U R I—Concluded. [Theoccupationsin eachindustry at which acomparativelylargenumberof childrenwere employed are printed in italics; those at which only one child was employed are shown in the singular number,] BREWING— ESTABLISHMENT 209. Males: L ab elers, tin foU ers, wrapper cutters, wrappers. Females: L abelers, tin jo ile rs , wrappers. DEPARTMENT STORE— ESTABLISHMENTS AND 212. 213. TOBACCO— ESTABLISHMENT 210, 211, Males: B u n d leb o y s, cash boys, door boys, office boy, wagon boys. Females: Bundle girls, cash g irls . Males: Box handlers, box liners, box nailers, office boys, ro ck ers, sw eepers, tag g ers, wrapper stemmers. Females: Packers, tagger, w ra p p e r stem m ers. WOODEN BOXES— ESTABLISHMENTS 214 AND 215. Males: Dray drivers, end pilers, g lu e d ip p e rs , glue machine operators’ helpers, liners-out, lum ber carrier, nailers’ helpers, off-bearers, side car riers, side gluer, taker-off, trimmer’s helper, truck boy. T able I II.—HOURS OF LABOR, B Y ESTABLISHMENTS. Actual hours of working time. State and industry. Estab lishment Monday number. to Friday (perday). Satur day. Per week. chil Inter Are dren mission required at noon to work (min over utes). time? MASSACHUSETTS. Boots and shoes.................... Brushes................................... Carpets................................... Confectionery...................... . Cotton and worsted g o od s.. Cotton goods......................... Department store........................... Rubber goods, boots.................... . Woolen goods................................. Worsted goods.............................. . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 10 10 10* 9* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 8 9f 10* 10* 10* 5 5 7* 5* 8* 5* 6* 5* 5* 5* 5* 5* 5* 8 8ft 5* 5* 5* 55 55 57* 58 56 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 48 58 58 58 58 60 60 30 60 30 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Yes. No. No. No. No. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 10! 9A 10! 10! 10! 10! 10* 10 10 10! 6* 13t*£ 6* 6* 6* 6* 9* 9 5 6* 60 58* 60 60 60 60 60 59 55 60 45 60 45 45 60 45 50 60 30 45 Yes. Yes. No. No. Yes. Yes. No. No. No. No. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 9 9 B* 10 10* 10* 9* 10 9* 10 10! 8 9 7* 9 7! 7* 5!. 9 8* 9 5* 53 54 50 59 59 60 52 59 56 59 59 60 60 45 30 45 30 30 30 60 30 45 Yes. Yes. No. No. Yes. Yes. No. No. Yes. Yes. No. RHODE ISLAND. Bleaching cotton goods................. Clothing, hats, ana shoes, retail.. Cotton goods................................... Cotton goods, narrow fabrics....... Dyeing cotton and woolen goods. Hosiery and knit goods................. Jewelry........................................... Soap and washing powder............ Worsted yarns................................ NEW YORK. Artificial flowers and feathers Artificial flowers, materials for Blank b ook s.............................. Carpets....................................... Coffee cleaning.......................... Confectionery........................... Cooperage................................. Cordage, twine, e tc ................... CHILD LABOR W 555 THE UNITED STATES, T a b l e I II.—HOURS OF LABOR, B Y ESTABLISHMENTS— Continued. Actual hours of working time. State and industry. Estab lishment Monday to number. Friday (per day). Satur day. Per week. chil Inter Are dren mission required at noon to work (min over utes). time? new yobk —concluded. Cotton goods............................................... Department store...................................... Dress trimmings, embroidery, e t c .......... Drugs, w holesale...................................... Dry goods.................................................... Handkerchiefs........................................... Knit goods.................................................. Laundry..................................................... Men’s furnishings..................................... Men’s furnishings and laundry............... Paper b o x e s ............................................... Paper boxes, bags, envelopes, etc............ Pearl buttons............................................. Pianoforte actions..................................... T ailoring.................................................... Underwear and bedding........................... Wall paper.................................................. Women’s belts and skirt bindings.......... Women’s neckwear, laces, e tc ................. 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 alO * a ll 9 10 «9 i 81 9* 8| 8* 94 11 a 10i 9* 94 g 10 a 10 8* 10 94 10 94 94 104 9 84 &54 5 9 114 12i 8f 84 7 84 84 5 74 94 84 *9 6 84 44 fc84 9 84 74 94 84 5 o60 o 60 54 <*614 60 524 55 494 51 544 60 / 60 57 56 * 69 j 56 61 544 *56 59 56 54 60 534 474 60 60 60 60 60 45 30 45 60 45 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 30 30 30 60 40 50 45 60 No. No. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Yes. No. No. No. Yes. No. No. No. No. 8 74 10 10 94 *8 «8 f «84 «8 4 58 60 60 60 594 o52 r524 «51 8 51 8 51 55 56 59 554 58 65 55 55 65 55 55 55 56 55 60 30 60 60 30 P60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 30 60 Yes. No. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. No. No. No. No. Yes. No. No. No. Yes. Yes. No. No. No. No. No. No. Yes. Yes. NEW JERSEY. Bakery, cracker.......................................... Cigars.......................................................... Electric wire and cable............................ Electric wire and cable, clerical force ... Electrical supplies..................................... Glass bottles............................................... Glass bottles and druggists’ specialties... Glass bottles and window glass............... Hat ba n d s.................................................. Linen thread, twine, and yarns............. Paper boxes................................................ P ottery....................................................... Silk finishing and dyeing......................... Silk goods, b ro a d ...................................... Silk goods, broad and ribbon.................. Silk goods, thrown..................................... S oap ............................................................ Thread, cotton........................................... 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 10 104 10 10 10 w 8f 9 8f 84 84 84 10 10 10 94 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 n 84 5 5 9 8 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 a Persons over 16; children under 16, 9 hours. b Persons over 16; children under 16, 6 hours. 0 Persons over 16; children under 16, 50 hours. <*Not including two hours on Sunday for employees over 16; children under 16 allowed to remain away sufficient time each week to reduce their total hours to 60. e Except Monday, 10$ hours. f Persons over 16; children under 16, 524 hours. g In winter; 11 hours in summer. h In winter; 6 hours in summer. 1 In winter; 60 hours in summer. j Persons over 16; children under 16, 51 hours, fc Except June, July, and August, 5 hours. I Except June, July, and August, 524 hours. m Day force, except that 9 hours are worked on Friday; night force, 9£ hours. wDay force only. oDay force; night force, 461 hours. p Except Friday, 45 minutes, a Day force; night force, 91 hours. f*Day force: night force, 45§ hours. sDay force; night force, 421 hours. 556 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, T a b l e III.— HOURS OF LABOR, B Y ESTABLISHMENTS— Continued. Actual hours of working time. State and industry. Estab lishment Monday number. to Friday (per day). Satur day. Per week. Inter mission at noon (min utes). Are chil dren required to work over time? PENNSYLVANIA. Artificial flowers................... Cigars..................................... Coal breakers........................ Confectionery................... C orks................................ Cotton and woolen goods Department store............ Glass bottles, etc............. Glass tableware, etc........ Hosiery............................ Iron and steel................. . Lace goods, tapestry, etc, Leather and leather goods, gloves Pickles, preserves, etc.................... Shipbuilding................................... Silk goods, th r o w n ........................ Silk goods, thrown and broad. Structural iron......................... Woolen and worsted goods ... Woolen and worsted yams ... 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 9 10| 9 9 9 6 9 8 9 9 7 9 9 8 9 4 9* * 10 10* 10* 6* 6* 53i 60 52| 54 54 36 54 48 54 54 42 54 54 48 54 24 57* 55 60 60 54 <*59 52* 050 *52* 60 60 60 60 60 59* 59 60 60 58* 58* *58* 58* ' 58* o56 r54 * 59* 60 60 60 134 135 136 137 138 9* 9i 10 10 10 9* 9 9i 10 10 58 56* 59* 60 60 m 10R 9 b 9* 8* «8* *9* 10* 10i 10* 10* 10* 10* 10 10i 10* 10* 10* ilO i 10i 10* »»9i P9* ' 11$ MARYLAND. Cigars and cigarettes............... Clothing furnishings............... Cotton duck, twine, and rope. 8* 6| 7i 9 9 6 9 8 9 9 7 9 9 8 9 4 9 5 6* 5& 9 o 10* 8* /8 * i 4* 6* 8* 8* 6* 6* 5* 9 9* 8* 6 6 / 6 6 6 «8* q 7* 30 30 60 30 30 90 30 30 30 30 60 45 30 30 30 30 45 40 45 45 45 60 60 45 45 45 45 45 45 30 30 45 30 30 *30 30 30 30 «45 25 45 30 45 No. No. No. Yes. Yes. No. No. Yes. No. Yes. No. Yes. No. No. No. No. Yes. Yes. No. No. Yes. No. No. No. No. No. Yes. Yes. No. No. No. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. No. No. Yes. No. No. No. Yes. No. No. No. 30 30 30 45 45 Yes. Yes. Yes. No. No. (a ) SO Do not work in the afternoon. For males; females, 9* hours. For males; females, 9* hours. For males; females, 56 hours. Day force; night force, 7f hours. / Day force only. g Day force; night force, 38* hours. h Night force, the same. i Day force; night force, 4* hours Monday from 12.15 a. m. to 5 a. m. J Day force; night force, l l i hours. k Day force; night force, 57i hours. * Also at midnight for night force. m Plate department; rolling mill, l l i hours. n Plate department; rolling mill, day force, 10i hours; night force, Sunday night, H i hours. 0 Plate department; rolling mill, day force, 68 hours; night force, 69 hours. P Polishing mill; bolt, chain, and laboratory departments, 10i hours; steel and rolling mill, day and night forces, l l i hours. q Polishing mill; bolt, chain, and laboratory departments, 8* hours; steel and rolling mill, day force, and night force Sunday night, l l i hours. r Polishing mill; bolt, chain, and laboratory departments, 60 hours; steel and rolling mill, day and night forces, 69 hours. * Except steel and rolling mill, 30 minutes. t Day force; night force, 69 hours. a b c d e 557 CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. T a b l e I II.—HOURS OF LABOR, B Y ESTABLISHMENTS— Continued. Actual hours of working time. State and industry, Estab lishment Monday number. to Friday (perday). Satur day. Per week. chil Inter Are dren mission required at noon to work (min over utes.) time? Maryland —concluded. Department store...................................... Glass bottles___x. ....................................... Men’s clothing and furnishings............... Tobacco....................................................... 139 140 141 142 143 144 <*8* 8& 8» 10 8 10 612 7* 7* 10 5 5 o55| 50* 51 60 45 55 <*45 Yes. 60 Yes. 60 Yes. 30 Yes. 30 Yes. 30 Yes. NORTH CAROLINA. Cordage, yams, e tc................................... Cotton goods............................................... Cotton yam s............................................... Furniture.................................................... Men’s clothing........................................... Tobacco....................................................... 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 e ll* n* 11& e ll* 11A 11** 111 e ll* e ll& 10* 10* 10* 10* 11 /9 * 8* 8* h8& 8* 8*1 8 h 8* 6 8 ** W 8* 9* 8* 9* 40 60 60 62 59* 64* 40 35 i 45 47* 4b 30 35 45 30 45 45 60 No. No. No. No. Tes. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Yes. 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 60 40 40 45 *45 60 45 40 45 Yes. Yes. No. No. Yes. No. No. Yes. Yes. 45 30 40 40 40 40 45 30 m 45 60 0 45. 40 30 30 30 No. Yes. No. No. No. No. No. Yes. No. No. Yes. No. No. No. Yes. 66 66 66 *66 66 66 65* *66 *66 a 30 SOUTH CAROLINA. Cotton goods............................................... Cotton yam s............................................... 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 12 11* I lf 12 *>12 11* 12 12 12 6 9* Of 6 Jc6 8* 6 6 6 GEORGIA. Cotton and woolen goods......................... Cotton goods............................................... Cotton goods, bags, and bleaching......... Cotton yam s............................................... Furniture.................................................... Men’s c lo th in g .......................................... Paper bags, wrapping paper, etc.............. 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 U* 11* 11* e ll* U* 11* 11* 11* U* H * n l2 11* 10* 9* 10 9* 8* 9* 6 9* 9* 9* 0* 8 8* 7| 06 9Af 8T 5 8 65* 65* 66 *66 66 66 65* 65* 65 65* P&6 65* 60 53* 58 ALABAMA. Cotton goods............................................... Cotton yam s............................................... Knit goods.................................................. 183 184 185 186 a Except cash girls, 9 hours. b Except cash girls, 12* hours. c Except cash girls, 57* hours. d Except cash girls, 30 minutes. eDay force; night force, 12 hours. /D a y force; night force, 6 hours. g Except Saturday, 35 minutes, ft Day force only. i Day force; night force, 60 hours. j Except Saturday, 60 minutes. Jc Day force; night force, 11 hours. i Fifteen minutes at midnight for night force, m Except Saturday, 50 minutes. r ll* «67* 45 No. 8* 66 30 No. 8* 11* 1.2* 6 66§ 30 No. 65* 8 30 No. 11* n Except in hag and bleaching departments, 10 hours. o Except in bag and bleaching departments, 6 hours. P Except in bag and bleaching departments, 55 hours. a Except in bag and bleaching departments, 60 minutes. *•Except in carding, drawing, and picker rooms, 8* hours on Monday. s Except in carding, drawing, and picker rooms, 641 hours. 558 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. T a b l e I II.—HOURS OF LABOR, B Y ESTABLISHMENTS—Concluded. Actual :hours of working time. State and industry. Estab lishment Monday number. to Friday (perday). Satur day. Per week. chil Inter Are dren mission required at noon to work (min over utes) . time? WISCONSIN. Brewing, bottling department................. Confectionery............................................. Department store....................................... Paper boxes................................................. Tobacco....................................................... 187 188 189 190 191 192 • 8 8 10 9 10 8 8 8 9 HI 91 8 48 48 59 561 591 48 60 60 60 60 30 60 No. Yes. No. Yes. No. No. 591 60 591 581 53 54 30 60 30 30 40 45 Yes. Yes. No. Yes. No. Yes. 52 561 60 60 471 53 571 591 30 30 30 30 30 30 45 30 No. No. No. No. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. 59 59 48 551 591 57 60 60 60 40 60 60 45 530 30 30 50 30 Yes. No. No. No. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. ILLINOIS. Agricultural implements, harvesting machinery............................................... Bakery......................................................... Confectionery............................................ Department store...................................... Department store, manufacturing de partment ................................................. Dress and cloak trimmings...................... M eatpacking............................................. Meat packing, clerical force.................... Rubber goods............................................. Tin cans....................................................... Twine.......................................................... 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 10 10 10 91 8* 9 9 9f 91 10 91 91 8§ 9 7 8 200 201 202 10 10 203 204 205 206 101 10 61 207 208 209 10 10 9 9 210 211 212 a 91 213 214 215 10 101 10 81 9 10 10 5 8 91 MISSOURI. Boots and shoes.......................................... Brew ing............................................v ....... Department store....................................... Tobacco ...................................................... Wooden b o x e s........................................... 8 91 91 8 91 121 91 10 91 10 a Except Tuesday and Thursday, 91 hours 6Except Tuesday and Thursday, 45 minutes. L E G IS L A T IO N R E L A T IN G TO C H IL D L A B O R . Legislation relating to child labor is so varied in character in the different States and Territories that it is difficult to classify it satis factorily. F or the purposes o f the present summary it has been most convenient to consider child-labor legislation under the following groups: (1) Statutes fixing an absolute age limit for the employment o f children in all gainful occupations or in one or more of the prin cipal groups o f industries; (2) statutes prohibiting the employment o f children o f school age, or o f illiterate children during school time, or unless they have complied with certain educational requirements; (3) statutes prohibiting the employment o f children in certain danger ous, injurious, or immoral occupations, such as selling or handling intoxicating liquors, or as rope or wire walkers, gymnasts, contor tionists, street singers or musicians, mendicants, itinerant peddlers, etc.; (4) statutes prohibiting certain dangerous operations, such as running elevators, cleaning machinery in motion, or operating danger CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 559 ous machinery, etc.; (5) statutes restricting the hours o f labor or pro hibiting night work on the part o f children; (6) legislation not included in the above groups. AGE LIMIT FOR EMPLOYMENT. The age limit prescribed by law in the different States under which employment is absolutely prohibited is either 10, 12, 13, 14, or 16 years. As above stated, the law applies in some States to Only one industry; in others, to several groups o f industries. In some cases an age limit is prescribed under which children can not be employed except during school vacation, and in some an age limit is fixed under which persons can not be employed in certain occupations or during certain hours. The two last-mentioned classes of laws are separately treated. The age limit prescribed by statute under which children are not permitted to be employed is as follows: Sixteen years, for underground work in mines, in Pennsylvania and Texas. Fourteen years, fo r work in factories, mechanical and mercantile establishments, and mines, in Illinois, Ohio, Oregon, and W ashing ton ;^ ) fo r work in factories and mechanical and mercantile establish ments, in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Michigan; for work in factories or mechanical establishments and in mines and smelting works, in Colorado, Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, New Jersey, Tennessee, and W isconsin; in factories and mechanical establishments, in Louisiana (girls), Missouri, and New Y ork; in mines and smelting works, in Arkansas, Idaho, Montana, South Dakota, Utah, and W y o ming; fo r surface work at mines, in Pennsylvania. Thirteen years, for work in “ any factory, manufacturing or mer cantile industry, laundry, workshop, renovating works, or printing office,” in Pennsylvania. Twelve years, in factories and mechanical and mercantile establish ments, in California and Ehode Island; in factories and mechanical establishments and in mines and smelting works, in North Carolina, North Dakota, South Carolina, (b) Virginia, and W est Virginia; in fac tories and mechanical establishments, in Louisiana (boys), Maine, New « I n Washington permission may be given by a superior court judge for the employment of a child between 12 and 14 years of age at an occupation w hich in his judgment is not dangerous or injurious to the health or morals of such child, when the child’ s labor is necessary for its support or for the assistance of an invalid parent. &In South Carolina a child under 12 years of age may be permitted by a magis trate or clerk of court to work in a textile establishment if the child’ s labor is neces sary for its support or for the support of a widowed mother or disabled father. Children under 12 years may be employed in textile establishments during June, July, and August if they have attended school at least four months during the cur rent school year and can read and write. 560 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Hampshire, and Texas; in mercantile establishments, in New Y ork; in mines and smelting works, in Alabama, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Mis souri, and the organized and unorganized Territories of the United States where coal mining operations are carried on. Ten years, in factories and mechanical and mercantile establish ments, in Nebraska; in factories and mechanical establishments, in Alabama, Arkansas, and Vermont. In New Y ork no boy under 10 years and no girl under 16 years o f age is permitted to sell or expose for sale newspapers in any public place in cities o f the first class. A ll boys actually or apparently under 14 years o f age must have permits and wear badges, to be obtained from the district superintendent o f the board o f education, before being permitted to sell newspapers. In specifying the industries to which this legislation applies it has been necessary fo r the purpose o f comparison to arrange them into three groups, namely: (1) Factories and mechanical establishments, (2) mercantile establishments, and (3) mines and smelting works. The legislation in any one State does not necessarily relate to all o f the industries that may be included in one group. Thus, the first group may relate to one or more industries, such as factories, manufacturing and mechanical establishments, workshops, printing offices, etc.; the second group may include all mercantile establishments, retail stores, hotels, restaurants, messenger services, etc., or only one or more of these industries; the third group may include only coal mines, or coal and metalliferous mines, or it may include all mines and smelting and refining works. EMPLOYMENT DURING SCHOOL TIME. A large number o f States have, in addition to an absolute age limit, a specified age under which children can not be employed either in all or in certain industries, except during vacation, unless they have attended school the year preceding, as required by law, or are attend ing night school, or have complied with certain other prescribed con ditions as to school attendance or education. This age usually corre sponds to that prescribed fo r compulsory school attendance. Twentytwo States have laws o f this character. O f these, Maine, New Jersey, Ohio, Vermont, and Washington fix the age limit at 15 years, under which age persons can not be employed unless certain conditions o f school attendance have been complied with. In New Jersey the law applies to employment in factories, workshops, and mines; in W ash ington, to employment in manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishments or by telegraph and telephone companies; in Maine, to employment in manufacturing or mechanical establishments; in V er mont, to employment in mills or factories. In Ohio employment is prohibited, during the school term, o f children under 15 in mines, and CHILD LABOR IK THE UNITED STATES. 561 under 14 in all vocations not already included within the scope of the absolute age-limit law above mentioned. The States o f Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Y ork, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, South Dakota, and Wisconsin fix the age limit at 14 years. O f these, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, Montana, New Y ork, Ohio, Oregon, and Wisconsin have an absolute age limit o f 14 years for certain classes o f industries as above mentioned, but the legal requirement concerning school attendance, etc., must be complied with before children under 14 years can be employed in any other class o f work. In Louisiana the absolute age limit for employment in factories and workshops is 12 for boys and 14 for girls, but children o f either sex under 14 years o f age must have attended school at least four o f the twelve months next preceding employment in factories or workshops. O f the other States, in Arkansas, New Hampshire, North Dakota, and South Dakota the 14-year age limit with regard to employ ment during school time applies to all occupations; in Nebraska, to the manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile industries. In Rhode Island childre’n under 13 are prohibited from being employed in any service or business except during vacation. In Pennsylvania children under 16 years o f age must show that they have attended school as required by law before they can be employed in any way. EMPLOYMENT OF ILLITERATES. In twenty States age limits are prescribed under which children are prohibited from being employed unless they are able to read and write the English language. O f these Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Massachusetts,’ Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Y ork, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Washington fix the age limit at 16 years under which illiterate children can not be employed except during school vacation, unless they attend evening school or comply with other educational requirements. In Arkansas this age limit is 16 in the case o f mine employees and 14 in the case of children employed in factories. In Colorado and Kansas the prohibition applies only to employment in mines; in Michigan to employment in manufacturing establishments, hotels, and stores. In the remaining nine States above mentioned the prohibition applies to children under 16 years o f age in all industries. Four States fix the age o f illiterates at 14 years— Maryland and Missouri for employment in mines only, Texas for employment in establishments using machinery, and Yermont for employment in any industry. DANGEROUS, INJURIOUS, OR IMMORAL OCCUPATIONS. The laws included in this group are mostly such as are directed against the use o f children as performers in circuses or theaters, in 8674—N q, 52—04----- 6 562 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. peddling or mendicant occupations, in barrooms, for immoral purposes, and in dangerous or injurious occupations generally. In the other classes o f child-labor laws usually the employers alone are liable for the violations. In the laws included within this group any person having the care, custody, or control o f a child and exhibiting, using, or employing the same, or selling, apprenticing, giving away, or other wise disposing o f the child fo r the purposes prohibited by the law, is also made liable. Thirty-two States and Territories have enacted laws which come within this group. O f these, fourteen have statutes prohibiting the employment o f children in selling or handling intoxicating liquors or working in places where they are sold or handled. The age limits prescribed are: A ll minors in Alaska, Connecticut, and Georgia; 21 years in South Dakota and Vermont; 18 yeafs in Massachusetts; 16 years in Maryland and Texas; 15 years in Pennsylvania and W est V ir ginia, and 14 years in Colorado, Illinois, Wisconsin, and W yom ing. These laws differ widely in their scope and purpose. In Pennsyl vania and W est Virginia the law prohibits the employment of children o f the age specified above for the purpose o f singing, dancing, acting, or in any manner exhibiting in dance houses, concert saloons, theaters, or places o f entertainment where intoxicants are sold or given away or with which any place fo r the sale o f wines or spirituous or malt liquors is directly or indirectly connected by any passageway or entrance. In Colorado and W yom ing the prohibition applies to employment as actors or performers in concert halls or rooms where intoxicating liquors are sold or given away. In Maryland and Massachusetts employ ment o f children is prohibited in saloons and in business and bottling establishments where intoxicating liquors are sold or handled. In Georgia minors may not be employed in any capacity in places where liquor is sold to be drunk on the spot; in Vermont, on premises or in rooms in which a liquor license is operated, except in hotels, restau rants, and drug stores; in South Dakota, in connection with any place or room where intoxicating liquors are sold, and in Connecticut, in saloons where spirituous and intoxicating liquors are kept for sale. In Alaska minors are prohibited from dispensing intoxicating liquors. In Illinois, theaters, concert halls, and places o f amusement where intoxicating liquors are sold, and in Wisconsin, barrooms and beer gardens are included in a list o f places in which the employment of children under 14 years o f age is prohibited. In Texas the prohibition applies only to employment in distilleries and breweries. The other laws concerning this class o f occupations vary greatly as regards both the age limit o f children and the character o f the occu pations prohibited. Follow ing are the age limits prescribed in the different States and Territories under which children are prohibited from being employed in the vocations specified below: 12 years, Con CHILD LAB0B IN THE UNITED STATES. 563 necticut, Georgia, and Porto B ico; 14 years, California, Colorado, District o f Columbia, Illinois, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, New Hampshire, Ohio, Virginia, Wisconsin, and W yom ing; 15 years, Delaware, Indiana, Louisiana, and Massachusetts; 16 years, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Y ork, and Bhode Island; 18 years, New Jersey; in Pennsylvania and W est Virginia the age limit is 18 in the case o f children employed in singing or playing on musical instruments on the streets and in begging and mendicant occupations, and 15 in the case o f the other occupations specified. It is not practicable in this summary to give in detail all the varia tions that are found in these laws in the different States. The analysis will, therefore, be confined to the more important groups o f occupa tions to which the prohibition relates. The occupations o f rope or wire walker, gymnast, contortionist, rider, acrobat, etc., are prohibited for children of specified age in all but one o f the above-mentioned States and Territories. Dancing fo r exhibition is prohibited fo r children under a speci fied age in California, Delaware, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jer sey, New York, Ohio, Bhode Island, and W yom ing. Perform ing in theaters is prohibited in New Y ork and Bhode Island; in variety theaters, in Colorado and W yom ing, and in thea ters, etc., where intoxicants are sold or given away, in Colorado, Illinois, Pennsylvania, W est Virginia, and W yom ing. Singing or playing on a musical instrument in public as a vocation for children is prohibited in California, Illinois, Maryland, Massachu setts, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Y ork, Ohio, Bhode Island, and W yom ing. In the District o f Columbia, Indiana, Kansas, Pennsylvania, and W est Virginia these occupations are prohibited only on the public streets. Begging and mendicant occupations fo r children are prohibited in California, Delaware, District o f Columbia, Georgia, Indiana, Kan sas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, M ontm a, New Jersey, New Y ork, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Porto Bico, Bhode Island, Virginia, W est Virginia, and Wyoming. Peddling or wandering occupations fo r children are prohibited in California, Connecticut, Illinois, Kentucky (for girls), Maryland, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Y ork, Ohio, Porto Bico, Bhode Island, Virginia, and W yoming. In W isconsin no female under 18 years o f age may be employed as a messenger by any telegraph or telephone company. A number o f the States prohibit the exhibition o f deformed or weakminded children; the employment o f children in collecting rags, bones, cigar stumps, or refuse; employment for prostitution; or their reten tion in assignation houses or brothels. 564 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Twent}^-two o f the above-mentioned States and Territories have, in , addition to and in connection with the above, general provisions prohibit ing the employment o f children in occupations, exhibitions, or places dangerous or injurious to life, limb, health, or morals. In nearly all States where acting, singing, playing on musical instru ments, etc., in theaters, halls, etc., are prohibited fo r children, excep tions are made in the case o f church, school, or similar entertainments, or discretion is given to the local authorities to grant special permission. EMPLOYMENT IN DANGEROUS OPERATIONS. Many States have enacted laws prohibiting in general terms the employment o f children in dangerous operations. A number o f States have, however, special statutory provisions prohibiting children from cleaning dangerous machinery while in motion, operating dangerous or injurious machinery, or running elevators. Cleaning machinery in motion is prohibited for minors in W est V ir ginia, for males under 18 and females under 21 years in Michigan and New Y ork, fo r males under 16 and females under 18 years in Indiana, for children under 16 in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, and for children under 14 in Massachusetts. (a) Operating or assisting in operating dangerous machinery is prohibited for children under 16 years o f age in New Y ork ; cleaning machinery in motion or working between the fixed and traversing parts o f machinery in motion is pro hibited fo r minors in Missouri and New Jersey; cleaning machinery in motion by males under 16 and females under 18 and operating or assisting in operating dangerous machinery on the part o f children under 16 years o f age is prohibited in Iowa, and operating or cleaning machinery in motion is prohibited fo r children under 12 years o f age in Louisiana. In New Y ork children under 18 years o f age are not permitted to be employed in any factory in operating or using any emery, tripoli, rouge, corundum, stone, carborundum, or any abrasive or emery polishing or buffing wheel where articles o f the baser metals or of iridium are manufactured. An Illinois statute specifies a long list o f dangerous operations in which children under 16 years o f age are not permitted to be employed. These include, among others, sewing belts, adjusting belts to machin ery, oiling or cleaning machinery; operating circular or band saws, planers, sandpaper or wood-polishing machinery, emery or polishing wheels, wood turning or boring machinery, stamping machines in sheet metal, tinware, or washer and nut factories, corrugating rolls, elevators, steam boilers, steam machinery, cracker machinery, wire or « In Massachusetts no machinery, except steam engines in factories, may be cleaned while running b y either a child or an adult if objection is made in writing by the factory inspector. CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 565 iron straighteningmachinery, rolling-mill machinery, laundry machin ery; setting up pins in bowling alleys; preparing compositions in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used, manufacturing paints, colors, or white lead, etc. The operation, management, care, or custody of elevators on the part o f children is prohibited in 10 States. F or this purpose the age limit in Ohio is fixed at 20, and in Rhode Island at 18; in Massachusetts, at 18 for elevators running over 100 feet per minute and at 16 fo r slower elevators; in Minnesota, at 18 for elevators run ning over 200 feet per minute and at 16 for other elevators; in New Y ork, at 18 fo r elevators running over 200 feet per minute and at 15 for other elevators. In Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin the age limit is 16 years and in Pennsylvania it is 14 years; below these ages children are not permitted to be in charge o f or to operate elevators. In New Y ork the prohibition applies only to elevators in factories, and in Rhode Island it applies to passenger elevators only. In the other States the statutes apply to all elevators. HOURS OF LABOR. Twenty-nine States and Territories have passed laws limiting the hours o f labor o f children. The age limit o f children in these cases varies from 12 to 21 years, and the hour limit ranges from 8 per day to 66 per week. In some cases the prohibition is general, in others it applies to one or more classes o f industries. The follow ing statutory limitations have been placed upon the hours per day or per week during which children may be employed in the different States: Six hours per day, three in the morning and three in the afternoon: F or children under 16 years o f age in agricultural factories and manu facturing establishments in Porto Rico. Eight hours per day: F or children under 16 years of age in factories, stores, mines, or other occupations which may be deemed unhealthful or dangerous, in Colorado, and fo r children under 18 years o f age in cigar factories in Indiana. In Wisconsin children under 18 years may not be compelled to work over 8 hours per day in manufacturing establishments. Eight hours per day or 48 hours per week: For children under 16 years o f age in any gainful occupations in Illinois. Nine hours per day: F or boys under 14 and girls under 16 years o f age in all occupations except agricultural and domestic service and clerks in stores in Michigan, and for children under 16 years o f age in factories in New York. Nine hours per day or 54 hours per week: F or children under 18 years o f age in any manufacturing or mercantile establishment or any other place o f labor in California, and fo r children under 16 years o f age in mercantile establishments, business offices, hotels, etc., in towns o f 3,000 or more inhabitants in New York. 566 BULLETIN OP TEE BUREAU OP LABOR. Ten hours per day: F or children under 18 years o f age in cotton and woolen factories in Indiana; for children under 16 years by any cor poration in Maine; for children under 16 years in factories in M ary land and in mercantile establishments in Baltimore; for children under 15 years in manufacturing establishments in Vermont; for children under 14 years in all occupations except agriculture and domestic service in Minnesota, and in manufacturing establishments in Virginia, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. In Minnesota children under 16 and in North Dakota, Oklahoma, and South Dakota children under 18 years o f age may not be compelled to work more than 10 hours in the industries mentioned. Ten hours per day or fifty-five hours per week: F or children under 18 years in manufacturing, mercantile, or other establishments in Ohio and in manufacturing establishments in New Jersey. Ten hours per day or fifty-eight hours per week: F or children under 18 years o f age in Massachusetts and under 16 years in Rhode Island in manufacturing establishments. Ten hours per day or sixty hours per week: F or males under 18 and females under 21 years o f age in manufacturing establishments in Michigan; fo r children under 18 years o f age in manufacturing estab lishments and telegraph and telephone offices in Louisiana, and in man ufacturing establishments in New Hampshire; for children between 16 and 18 years o f age in factories in New Y ork, and for females between 16 and 21 years o f age in mercantile establishments, business offices, hotels, etc., in towns o f 3,000 or more inhabitants in New Y ork, except in mercantile establishments from December 15 to January 1; fo r females under 18 and males under 16 years o f age in manufac turing establishments in Maine; fo r children under 16 years o f age in manufacturing and mercantile establishments in Connecticut and Indiana, and fo r children under 14 years o f age in manufacturing establishments in Arkansas. Ten hours per day and six days per week: F or children under 16 years o f age in any occupation in Oregon and Wisconsin. Twelve hours per day or sixty hours per week: F or minors in manu facturing and mercantile establishments, bakeries, laundries, reno vating works, and printing offices in Pennsylvania. Sixty-six hours per week: F or children under 18 years o f age in North Carolina and 12 years o f age in Alabama in manufacturing establishments. From sunrise to sunset with the customary hours for meals: For persons under 21 years o f age in manufacturing establishments other than cotton and woolen mills in Georgia. The law provides that all contracts fo r longer time are null and void, but makes no other pro hibitory provision. In a number o f the above-mentioned States the statutes require that CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 567 an interval o f one-half or one hour during the working day be given to children fo r lunch or rest. W here the hours of labor per day are limited, especially in factories, a proviso is usually made that the hours per day may be extended in order to make repairs, etc., or to shorten one day o f the week. NIGHT WORK. Eighteen States have statutory provisions prohibiting children from working at night. The hours during which work is prohibited are as follows: F or minors, between 10 p. m. and 6 a. m. in manufacturing estab lishments in Massachusetts. For children under 18 years o f age, between 6 p. m. and 7 a. m. in manufacturing establishments and between 7 p. m. and 7 a. m. in bakeries in New Jersey; between 9 p. m. and 6 a. m. in manufac turing establishments in New Y ork; and between 9 p. m. and 5 a. m., except during time required on Sunday fo r setting sponge for the next day, in bakeries in Pennsylvania. F or males under 16 and females under 21, between 10 p. m. and 7 a. m. in mercantile establishments, except on Saturday, and from December 15 to January 1, in New York. F or males under 16 and females under 18, between 7 p. m. and 6 a. m. in manufacturing and mercantile establishments in Ohio. F or children under 16 years o f age, between 9 p. m, and 6 a. m. in all gainful occupations in Wisconsin; between 7 p. m. and 6 a. m. in all gainful occupations in Illinois and Oregon, and in Minnesota in all occupations outside the family, except that children from 14 to 16 years o f age may be employed in mercantile establishments on Satur days and 10 days before Christmas until 10 p. m .; between 6 p. m. and 6 a. m. in manufacturing establishments in Michigan; between 8 p. m. and 5 a. m. in bakeries in Washington, and between 9 p. m. and 5 a. m. in bakeries in Missouri. F or children under 14 years o f age, between 7 p. m. and 6 a. m. in manufacturing and mercantile establishments in Massachusetts, and in manufacturing establishments in Arkansas; between 6 p. m. and 6 a. m. in manufacturing establishments in Texas; and between 6 p. m. and 7 a. m. in manufacturing establishments and mines in Virginia. F or children under 13 years o f age, between 7 p. m. and 6 a. m. in manufacturing establishments in Alabama. F or children under 12 years o f age, between 8 p. m. and 6 a. m. in manufacturing establishments and mines in South Carolina. They may, however, work until 9 p. m. to make up for lost time. In New Y ork children under 14 years o f age are prohibited from selling newspapers in cities o f the first class after 10 p. m. In Georgia contracts for the employment o f persons under 21 years 568 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. o f age between sunset to sunrise in manufacturing establishments other than cotton and woolen mills are null and void, but no other prohibitory provision is made. OTHER CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION. Some o f the child-labor laws not included above are statutes relating to the earnings o f minors in California, Idaho, Jpyga; Minnesota, Montana, New Y ork, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Porto Rico, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, and Washington; prohibiting the corporal punishment o f minor employees, in Georgia; engaging minors to leave the State without the consent o f the parents or guardians, in North Carolina; enticing minors from parents or guardians for the purpose o f employment, in Mississippi; prohibiting the employment o f children in basements o f mercantile establishments, in New Y ork; prohibiting the withholding o f children’s wages on account o f presumed negligence, alleged incompetence, failure to com ply with rules, etc., in Ohio; prohibiting children under 16 years o f age from mining or load ing coal underground unless in company with a person over 16 years o f age, in Pennsylvania; prohibiting compulsion o f children under 16 years o f age by inhumane treatment to work or study, in Porto Rico. Statutes recently enacted in Alabama and Georgia make it a misde meanor, on the ground o f vagrancy, for any person able to work to fail to work, but instead to hire out his minor children and live upon their wages. ENFORCEMENT OF CHILD LABOR LAWS- In nearly all cases violations o f child-labor laws are deemed misde meanors, and penalties are provided accordingly. In order to insure the proper observance and enforcement o f the laws relating to child labor, most o f the States having such statutes have in connection therewith provisions requiring employers (1) to obtain certificates, and in some cases affidavits, o f parents or guar dians showing that the children employed are o f the required age; (2)* to keep a register o f children employed, usually those under 16 years o f age, showing name, age, place o f residence, etc., or to post such a list in a conspicuous place in the establishment where the children work. Laws limiting the hours o f labor or prohibiting night work o f children usually have, in addition to the above, provisions requiring employers to post conspicuously in the places where the children are employed notices showing the number o f hours the children are required to work. In cases where educational requirements are provided for, employers are usually required to keep on file individual certificates o f school authorities showing that the children have attended school as required by law. In some States factory inspectors are empowered to order CHILD LABOR IN' THE UNITED STATES. the discharge o f children when they consider them Following are the laws States and in force at the 569 when they have reason to doubt their age or physically unfit for the work required. relating to child labor enacted in the United close o f the year 1903. ALABAMA. CODE OF 1896. C iv il C ode . C hapter 78.— Employment in mines. Section 2933. No * * * boy under the age of twelve years, shall be employed to work or labor in or about any mine in this State. ACTS OF 1903. A ct N o. 57.— Age limit— Night work— H ours o f labor. Section 1. N o child under the age of twelve (12) years shall be employed in or about any factory or manufacturing establishment within this State unless a widowed mother or aged or disabled father is dependent upon the labor of such child, or in case a child is an orphan and has no other means of support. No child under the age of ten (10) years shall be so employed under any circumstances. S ec. 2. It snail be unlawful for any factory or manufacturing establishment to hire or to em ploy any child unless there is first provided and placed on file in the office of such employer an affidavit signed by the parent or guardian or person standing [in ] parental relation thereto, certifying the age and date of birth of said child; any person knowingly furnishing a false certificate of the age of such child shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be brought before some justice of the peace or other court or officer having jurisdiction for trial, and upon conviction shall be punished by a fine of not less than five nor more than one hundred dollars, or be sentenced to hard labor for a term not exceeding three months. Sec. 3. No child under the age of thirteen (13) years shall be employed at labor or detained in any factory or manufacturing establishment in this State between the hours of 7 p. m. and 6 a. m. standard time, and no child under the age of sixteen (16) years shall be so employed or detained between said hours for more than fortyeignt hours in any one week'; and no child under the age of twelve shall be employed or detained in any factory or manufacturing establishment for more than sixty-six (66) hours in any one week. S ec. 4. A ny person, persons or corporation or representative of such corporation who violates any of the provisions of this act, or wno willfully or knowingly suffers or permits any child to be employed in violation of its provisions, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be punished by a fine of not more than ($200) two hundred dollars. A ct N o. 229.— Employment while parent lives in idleness. Section 1. * * * Any person who is able to work, and who does not work but hires out his minor children and lives upon their wages; * * * is hereby declared to be a vagrant and must on conviction be fined not more than five hundred ($500) dollars and may also be imprisoned in the county jail or sentenced to hard labor for the cOunty for not more than six months. Provided, That it shall be a sufficient defense to the charge of vagrancy under any of the provisions of this act that the defendant has made bona fide efforts to obtain employment at reasonable prices for his labor, and has failed to obtain the same. The provisions of this act shall not apply to persons w ho are idle under strike orders or lockouts. AR KANSAS. DIGEST OF 1894. C hapter 109.— Em ploym ent in mines. Section 5051. No person under the age of fourteen years, or female of any age, shall be permitted to enter any mine to work therein; nor shall any boy under the age 570 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. of sixteen years, unless he can read and write, be allowed to work in any mine, and no owner, agent or operator of any mine operated by a shaft or slope shall place in charge on any engine whereby men are lowered into or hoisted out of the mines, any but an experienced, competent and sober person, not under eighteen years of age, and no person shall be permitted to ride upon a loaded cage or wagon used for hoisting purposes in any shaft or slope, except persons employed for that purpose, and in no case shall more than eight persons ride in any cage or car at any one time, nor shall any coal be hoisted out of any mine while any person or persons are descending into such mine, and in no case shall more than one of the same family ascend or descend on a cage and not more than eight persons ascend out of or descend into any mine on one cage at one time, nor shall they be lowered or hoisted more rapidly than five hundred feet to the minute. ACTS OF 1903. A ct N o. 127.— A ge limit— Night work— H ours o f labor— Illiterates— School attendance. Section 1. No child under the age of twelve (12) years shall be employed in or about any factory or manufacturing establishment within this State, unless a wid owed mother or totally disabled father is dependent upon the labor of such child, or in case a child is an orphan and has no other means of support. No child under the age of ten (10) years shall be so employed under any circumstances. Sec. 2. It shall be unlawful for any factory or manufacturing establishment to hire or em ploy any child unless there is first provided and placed on file in the office of such employer an affidavit signed by the parent or guardian or person standing in parental relation thereto, certifying the age and date of birth of said child; any person knowingly furnishing a false certificate of the age of such child shall be deemed guilty of perjury, and upon conviction thereof, shall be punished as provided by law in all cases of perjury. Sec. 3. No child under the age of fourteen (14) shall be employed at labor or detained in any factory or manufacturing establishment in this State between the hours of 7 p. m. and 6 a. m. or for more than sixty (60) hours in any one weex or more than ten (10) hours in any one day. Sec. 4. No child under the age of fourteen (14) shall be employed at labor in or about any factory or manufacturing establishment unless he or she can read and write his or her name and simple sentences in the English language. Sec. 5. No child under the age of fourteen (14) years shall be employed at labor in or about any factory or establishment, unless such child attends school for at least twelve weeks of each year—six weeks of said schooling to be consecutive—the year to be counted from the last birthday of the child preceding such employment; and at the end of every year a certificate to the effect that the law has been complied with, signed b y the teacher of the school or schools attended b y the child during said year must be produced by the parent or person standing in parental relation to said child, and filed b y the employer of said child. A ll such certificates shall be open to public inspection. Sec. 6. A n y person, persons, corporation or representative of such corporation w ho violates any of the provisions of this act, or w no suffers or permits any child, to be em ployed in violation of its provisions, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof, shall be punished b y a fine of not more than five hundred dollars ($500). CALIFORNIA. D EERIN G ’ S CODES AND STATUTES—1885. V ol. II.— Civil Code. jEarnings o f minors. Section 212. The wages of a minor employed in service may be paid to him until the parent or guardian entitled thereto gives the employer notice that he claims such wages. V ol. IV .—P enal Code. Certain employments forbidden. Section 272 (as amended by chapter 158, acts of 1901). Any person, whether as parent, relative, guardian, employer, or otherwise, having the care, custody, or con CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 571 trol of any child under the age of fourteen years, who exhibits, uses, or employs, or in any manner, or under any pretense, sells, apprentices, gives away, lets out, or disposes of any such child to any person, under any name, title, or pretense, for or in any business, exhibition, or vocation, injurious to the health or dangerous to the life or lim b of such child, or in or for the vocation, occupation, service, or purpose of singing, playing on musical instruments, rope or wire walking, dancing, begging, or peddling, or as a gymnast, acrobat, contortionist, or rider, in any place whatso ever, or for or in any obscene, indecent or immoral purposes, exhibition, or practice whatsoever, or for or in any mendicant or wandering business whatsoever, or who causes, procures, or encourages such child to engage therein, is guilty of a misde meanor, and punishable by a fine of not less than fifty nor more than two hundred and fifty dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail for a term not exceeding six months, or b y both such fine and imprisonment. Nothing in this section contained applies to or affects the employment or use of any such child, as a singer or musician in any church, school, or academy, or the teaching or learning of the science or prac tice of music; or the employment of any child as a musician at any concert or other musical entertainment, on the written consent of the mayor of the city or president of the board of trustees of the city or town where sucn concert or entertainment takes place. Sec. 273 (added by chapter 158, acts of 1901). Every person who takes, receives, hires, employs, uses, exhibits, or has in custody, any child under the age, and for any of the purposes mentioned in the preceding section, is guilty of a like offense, ana punishable by a like punishment as therein provided. Sec. 273e (added b y chapter 158, acts of 1901). Every telephone, special-delivery company or association, and every other corporation or person engaged in the delivery of packages, letters, notes, messages, or other matter, and every manager, superintendent, or other agent of such person, corporation, or association, who sends any minor in the employ or under the control of any such person, corporation, assotion, or agent, to the keeper of any house of prostitution, variety theatre, or other lace of questionable repute, or to" any person connected with, or inmate of, such ouse, theatre, or other place, or who permits such minor to enter such house, theatre, or other place, is guilty of a misdemeanor. E ACTS OF 1901. C hapter 205.— H ours o f labor— A ge limit. Section 1. No minor under the age of eighteen shall be employed in laboring in any manufacturing, mechanical or mercantile establishment, or other place of labor, more than nine hours in one day, except when it is necessary to make repairs to prevent the interruption of the ordinary running of the machinery, or when a differ ent apportionment of the hours o f labor is made for the sole purpose of making a shorter day’ s work for one day of the week; and in no case shall the hours of labor exceed fifty-four hours in a week. Sec. 2. N o child under twelve years of age shall be employed in any factory, work shop or mercantile establishment, and every minor under sixteen years of age when so employed shall be recorded by name in a book kept for the purpose, and a certifi cate (duly verified b y his or her parent or guardian, or if the minor shall have no parent or guardian, then by such minor, stating age and place of birth of such minor) shall be kept on file by the employer, w hich book and which certificate shall be pro duced by him or his agent at the requirement of the commissioner of the bureau of labor statistics. Sec. 3. Every person or corporation employing minors under sixteen years of age in any manufacturing establishment, shall post and keep posted in a conspicuous place in every room where such help is employed, a printed notice stating the num ber of hours per day for each day of the week required of such persons, and in every room where minors under sixteen years of age are employed, a list of their names, with their ages. Sec. 4. A ny person or corporation that knowingly violates or omits to com ply with any of the foregoing provisions of this act, or who knowingly employs, or suffers or permits any minor to be employed, in violation thereof, shall, on conviction, be pun ished b y a fine of not less than fifty nor more than tw o hundred dollars, or b y impris onment of not more than sixty days, or b y both such fine and imprisonment, for each and every offense. 572 BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB. COLO RAD O . CONSTITUTION. A r tic le 16.— Employment in mines. S ection 2. The general assembly * * * mines of children under twelve years of age. shall prohibit the employment in the M ILLS7 ANNOTATED STATUTES OF 1891. C h a p t e r 26.— Employment while school is in session. S ection 417. It shall be unlawful for any person, persons or corporation to employ any child under the age of fourteen years to labor in any business whatever during the school hours of any school day of the school term of the public school in the school district where such child is, unless such child shall have attended some public or private day school where instruction was given b y a teacher qualified to instruct in those branches required to be taught in the public school of the State of Colorado, or shall have been regularly instructed at home in such branches, by some person qualified to instruct in the same, at least twelve weeks in each year, eight weeks at least of which shall be consecutive, and shall, at the time of such employment, deliver to the employer a certificate in writing, signed by the teacher, certifying to such attendance or instruction; and any person, persons or corporation who shall employ any child contrary to the provisions of this section shall, upon conviction, be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and fined in a sum not less than twenty-five (25) dollars nor more than fifty (50) dollars, and all fines so collected shall be paid into the county treasury, and placed to the credit of the school district in wThich the offense occurs. S ec . 420. It shall be the duty of any school director of the district to inquire into all cases of neglect of the duty prescribed in this act, and ascertain from the persons neglecting, the reason, if any, therefor; and he shall forthwith proceed to secure the prosecution of any offense occurring under this act; and any director neglecting to secure such prosecution for such offense, within ten days after a written notice has been served on him by any taxpayer in said district, unless the person so complained of shall be excused by the district board of education for the reasons hereinbefore stated, shall, upon conviction, be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and fined in a sum not less than ten nor more than fifty dollars; and such fine, when collected, shall be paid into the county treasury and placed to the credit of the school district in w hich the offense occurs. All actions for offenses committed under this act shall be prosecuted for in the name of the State of Colorado. S ec . 422. Two weeks7 attendance, at half time or night school, shall be considered within the meaning of the article equivalent to an attendance of one week at a day school. C h a p t e r 85.— Employment in mines. S ection 3185. * * * No woman or girl of any age, shall be permitted to enter any coal mine to work therein, nor any person under the age of 16 years, unless he can read and write. ACTS OF 1891. Certain employments forbidden . (Page 59. Act approved April 13,1891.) S ection 1. It shall be unlawful for any person having the care, custody or con trol of any child under the age of fourteen years, to exhibit, use or employ as an actor or performer in any concert-hall or room where intoxicating liquors are sold or given away, or in any variety theatre, or for any illegal, obscene, indecent or immoral purpose, exhibition or practice whatsoever, or for or in any business, exhibition or vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to the life or limb of such child, or cause, procure or encourage such child to engage therein. Nothing in this section contained shall apply to or affect the employment or use of any such child as a singer or musician in any church, school or academy, or at any respectable entertainment, or the teaching or learning the science or practice of music. Sec. 2. It shall also be unlawful for any person to take, receive, hire, employ, use, CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 573 exhibit or have in custody any child under the age and for the purpose prohibited in the first section of this act. Sec. 5. A ny person who shall be convicted of violating any of the provisions of the preceding sections of this act, shall be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars, or be imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding three months, or both, in the discre tion of the court; and upon conviction for a second or any subsequent offense, shall be fined not exceeding two hundred dollars, or be imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding six months. A ge o f employment o f telegraph operators on railroads. (Page 280. A ct approved April 3,1891.) S ection 1. No railroad company operating a line or lines of railroad within this State shall hire or employ any person or persons as telegraph operators for the pur pose of receiving or transmitting telegraph messages or train orders for the move ment of trains, unless said person or persons are at least eighteen (18) years of age, and who have had not less than one year’ s experience as a telegraph operator. Sec. 2. Any railroad company, its officers or agents, violating the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not less than one hundred dollars ($100) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000) for each and every offense. ACTS OF 1899. C h a p t e r 136.— Employment during school term — Illiterates. S ection 1. In districts of the first and second class in this State * * * every parent, guardian or other person having charge of any child between the ages of 8 and 14 years, shall send such child to a public, private or parochial school for the following period: In each school year beginning in September, not less than 20 weeks, at least 10 weeks of which, commencing within the first four weeks of the school year, shall be consecutive; Provided , however, That if two reputable physicians within the district shall certify in writing that the child’ s bodily or mental condi tion does not permit of its attendance at school, such child shall be exempted during such period of disability from the requirements of this act; A n d, provided , further, That if, in the opinion of the county superintendent of schools, the child is being instructed at home by a person qualified, such a child shall not be required to attend as herein provided. * * * Sec. 2. No child under the age of 14 years shall be employed by any person, per sons, company or corporations during tne school term and while the public schools are in session, unless the parent, guardian or person in charge of such child shall have fully complied with section one of this act. Every such employer shall require proof of such compliance, and shall make and keep a written record of the proof given, which shall be subject to the inspection of tne truant officer, superintendent of schools, or any school director of the district. A ny employer employing any child contrary to the provisions of this section, shall be fined not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars. Sec. 3. A ll minors over the age of 14 years and under the age of 16 years who can not read and write the English language, shall attend school at least one-half day of each day, or attend a public night school, or take regular private instruction from some person qualified, in the opinion of the county superintendent of schools, in which such district or the greater portion of the same lies, until such minor obtains a certificate from such superintendent that he or she can read at sight and write legibly, simple sentences in English. Every employer employing or having in em ployment any such minor shall exact as a condition of employment the school attendance or instruction required by this section, and shall on request of the truant officer, furnish the evidence that such minor is complying with the requirements of this section. Every employer failing to comply with the requirements of this section as to any minor employed by him or in his employ, shall be fined not less than twenty-five dollars, and not more than one hundred dollars; Provided, That any employer with the approval or consent of the county superintendent of schools may make provision for the private instruction of minors in his employ. ACTS OF 1903. C h a p t e r 138.— H ours o f labor— Age limit. S ection 1. It shall be unlawful for any person, agent, firm, company, copartner ship, or corporation to require any child, either boy or girl, of sixteen years of age 574 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. or less, to labor or work in any mill, factory, manufacturing establishment, shop or store, or in or about coal or otner mines, or any other occupation not herein enumer ated which may be deemed unhealthful or dangerous, for a greater number than eight hours in the twenty-four hour day, except in cases where life or property is in imminent danger, or in the week before and following Christmas day: Promdcd, That any child between the age of fourteen and sixteen years coming within the provisions of this act may be exempted from the provisions thereof, if in the opinion of the judge of the county court of the county in which said child resides it would be for its best interests to be so exempted. Application may be made in writing to any county judge by any such child, its parent or guardian, to be granted such exemption, when it shall be the duty of such judge to hear the same and inquire particularly into the nature of the employment sought. No fees shall be charged or collected in any such case. Sec. 2. A ll paper mills, cotton mills and factories where wearing apparel for men or women is made, ore reduction mills or smelters, factories, shops of all kinds and stores may be held to be unhealthful and dangerous occupations within the meaning of this act at the discretion of the court. Sec. 4. Any person w ho shall take, receive, hire or employ any child under the age of fourteen years in any under-ground works or mine, or m any smelter, mill or factory, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than fifty dollars, nor more than five hundred dollars, and shall be impris oned in the county jail not less than thirty days, nor more than three months. Sec. 5. A ny person, agent, firm, company, copartnership or corporation which shall violate any of the provisions of this act or shall require a greater number of hours of work or labor than herein specified of any child, either boy or girl, of six teen years of age or less, in any employment or occupation herein enumerated, or any other which shall be deemed by the courts as unhealthful, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined in a sum of not less than one hundred dollars ($100), or more than five hundred dollars ($500), or be imprisoned in the county jail for not less than two, or more than four months, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court, for each offense. Sec. 6. A ll district attorneys shall be required to make prosecutions for all violations of this act, upon the sworn complaint ot any reputable citizen that this act is being violated by any person, firm, company, copartnership or corporation. CONNECTICUT. G ENERAL STATUTES OF 1902. Chapter 82.— Certain employments forbidden. Section 1163. Every person who shall exhibit, use, employ, apprentice, give away, let out, or otherwise dispose of any child under the age of twelve years, in or for the vocation, occupation, service or purpose of rope or wire walking, dancing, skating, bicycling, or peddling, or as a gymnast, contortionist, rider, or acrobat, in any place whatever; or for or in any obscene, indecent, or immoral purpose, exhibi tion, or practice, whatsoever; or for or in any business, exhibition, or vocation, inju rious to the health, or dangerous to the life or lim b of such child; or who shall cause, procure, or encourage any such child to engage therein, shall be fined not more than tw o hundred and fifty dollars, or imprisonment not more than one year, or both. But nothing herein shall prevent the employment of any such child as a singer or musician, in any church or school, or in learning or teaching the science or practice of music. Chapter 130.— Em ploym ent during school time. Section 2119. Every person w ho shall employ a child under fourteen years of age during the hours while the school which such child should attend is in session, and every person who shall authorize or permit on premises under his control any such child to be so employed, shall be fined not more than twenty dollars for every week in which such child is so employed. Sec. 2120. Every parent or other person, having control of a child, who shall make any false statement concerning the age of such child with intent to deceive the town clerk or registrar of births, marriages, and deaths of any town, or the teacher of any school, or shall instruct a child to make any such false statement, shall be fined not more than twenty dollars. Sec. 2121. The school visitors or the town school committee in every town shall, CHILD LABOB IN THE UNITED STATES. 575 once or more in every year, examine into the situation of the children employed in all manufacturing establishments, and ascertain whether all the provisions of this chapter are duly observed, and report all violations thereof to the prosecuting authority. C h a p t e r 132.— Employment o f illiterates. S ection 2147. No person over fourteen and under sixteen years of age, who can not read and write, shall be employed in any town where public evening schools are established unless he can produce every school month o f twenty days a certificate from the teacher of an evening school showing that he has attended such school eighteen consecutive evenings in the current school month, and is a regular attend ant. Every person w ho shall employ a child contrary to the provisions o f this section shall be fined not more than fifty dollars, and State board of education shall enforce the provisions of this section as provided in section 4707. C h a p t e r 154.— Employment on elevators. S ection 2614. No person, partnership, or corporation shall permit' or employ a person under the age of sixteen years to have the care, custody, operation, or man agement of an elevator. Every person, partnership, or corporation violating any provision of this section shall forfeit not more than twenty-five dollars for each offense. C h a p t e r 158.— Employment in barrooms, etc. S ection 2682. No person having a license under the provisions of this title shall employ any minor as bartender, porter, or in any other capacity, in any saloon where spirituous and intoxicating liquors are kept for sale, and upon such employ ment the county commissioners shall revoke the license of such person. Every person so licensed employing any minor as aforesaid shall be subject to the penalties of section 2712. C h a p t e r 273.— H ours o f labor— A ge limit. S ection 4691. No minor under sixteen years of age * * * shall be employed in laboring in any manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment more than ten hours in any day, except when it is necessary to make repairs to pre vent the interruption of the ordinary running of the machinery, or where a differ ent apportionment of the hours of labor is made for the sole purpose of making a shorter day’ s work for one day of the week. Every employer shall post in a con spicuous place in every room where such persons are employed a notice stating the number of hours of work required of them on each day of tlie week, and the employ ment of any such person for a longer time in any day than so stated shall be a vio lation of this section, unless it appears that such employment is to make up for time lost on some previous day of the same week in consequence of the stopping of machinery upon which such person was employed or dependent for employment; but in no case shall the hours of labor exceed sixty in a week. Every person who willfully employs, or has in his employment, or under his charge, any person in violation of this section, and every parent or guardian who permits any such minor to be so employed, shall be fined not more than twenty dollars for each offense. A certificate of the age of a minor, made as provided in section 4705, shall be conclusive evidence of his age upon the trial of any person other than the parent or guardian for violation of any provision of this section. Sec. 4704. No child under fourteen years of age shall be employed in any mechan ical, mercantile, or manufacturing establishment. Sec. 4705. Every person or corporation employing a child under sixteen years of age in any mechanical, mercantile, or manufacturing establishment shall obtain a certificate showing that the child is over fourteen years of age. Such certificate shall be signed b y the registrar of births, marriages, and deaths or b y the town clerk of the town where there is a public record of the birth of the child, or b y a teacher of the school which the chila last attended, or by the person having custody of the register of said school. If the child was not born in the United States and has not attended school in this State, one of the parents or the guardian of the child shall have the date o f the birth o f the child recorded by the registrar of births, marriages, and deaths, or b y the town clerk, where such parent or guardian resides. W nen applying for a record of the date of birth the parent or guardian shall state under oath to said registrar or town clerk the date and place of birth of the child, and said registrar or town clerk shall demand of the parent or guardian any family record, 576 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. passport, or other paper showing the age of the child. Every employer or other person having control of any establishment or premises where children under sixteen years of age are employed, w ho shall neglect to keep on file the certificates described in this section or to show the same, with a list of the names of such children so employed, to the secretary or an agent of the State board of education, or to an agent of the board of school visitors, town school committee, or board of education, as the case may be, of the town in which the establishment or premises are located, when demanded during the usual business hours, shall be fined not more than one hun dred dollars. The fee for recording the birth of a child shall be fifteen cents, to be paid by the parent or guardian of the child. For a certificate of the record the fee shall be fifteen cents. Sec. 4706. Every person acting for himself, or as agent of a mechanical, mercan tile, or manufacturing establishment, who shall employ, authorize, or permit to be employed in such establishment any child, in violation of any provision of section 4704 or 4705, shall be fined not more than sixty dollars, ana every week of such illegal employment shall be a distinct offense: Provided , That no person shall be punished under this section for the employment of any child, when at the time of such employment the employer shall obtain, and thereafter during such employ ment keep on file, the certificate provided for in section 4705. Sec. 4707. It shall be the duty of the State board of education, and the school visitors, boards of education, and town school committees to enforce sections 4704, 4705, and 4706; and for that purpose the State board of education may appoint agents, under its supervision and control, for terms of not more than one year, who shall be paid not to exceed five dollars a day for time actually employed and neces sary expenses, and whose accounts shall be approved by said board and audited by the comptroller. The agents so appointed may be directed b y said board to enforce the provisions of the law requiring the attendance of children at school and to per form any duties necessary or proper for the due execution of the duties and powers of the board. DELAW AR E. REVISED CODE OF 1852, EDITION OF 1893. C h a p t e r 131.— Certain employments forbidden. [Page-954, chapter 150, vol. 16, Laws of Delaware.] Section 2. Any person having the care, custody, or control of any minor child under the age of fifteen years who shall in any manner sell, apprentice, give away, or otherwise dispose of such minor, or any person w ho shall take, receive, or employ such child for the vocation or occupation of rope or wire walking or dancing; or as an acrobat or gymnast, or any person who, having the care, custody, or control of any minor child whatsoever, and shall sell, apprentice, give away, or otherwise dis pose of such minor, or who shall take, receive, or employ, such minor for begging or any obscure [sic], indecent, or illegal exhibition or vocation, or any vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to the life or lim b of such child engaged therein, or for the purpose of prostitution, or any person who shall retain, harbor, or employ any minor child in or about any assignation house or brothel, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof before any justice of the peace or court of record shall be fined not less than twenty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each and every offense. DISTRICT OF A L A SK A . ACTS OF U. S. CONGRESS, 1898-99. C hapter 429.—T itle 2.— Employment in barrocms. Section 478. No licensee under a barroom license shall employ, or permit to be employed, or allow any * * * minor * * * to sell, give, furnish, or dis tribute any intoxicating drinks or any admixture thereof, ale, wine, or beer to any person or persons. CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES* 577 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. CODE. [Approved March 3,1901; amended January 31 and June 30,1902.] Certain employments forbidden. S ection 814. * * * A ny person, having in his custody or control a child under the age of fourteen years, who shall in any way dispose of it with a view to its being employed as an acrobat, or a gymnast, or a contortionist, or a circus rider, or a ropewalker, or in any exhibition of like dangerous character, or as a beggar, or mendicant, or pauper, or street singer, or street musician; or any person who shall take, receive, hire, employ, use, exhibit, or have in custody any child of the age last named for any of the purposes last enumerated, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, when convicted thereof, shall be subject to punishment by a fine of not more than two hundred and fifty dollars, or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, or both. FLORIDA. REVISED STATUTES OF 1892. P a r t 5 .— T it l e 2.— Consent o f parent when employed. S ection 2733. W hoever hires or employs or causes to be hired or employed any minor, knowing such minor to be under the age of fifteen years and under the legal control of another, without the consent of those having such legal control, for more than sixty days, shall be punished by imprisonment not exceeding sixty days or by fine not exceeding twenty dollars. GEORGIA. CODE OF 1895. V ol. II.— C ivil Code. T itle 2.— A ge o f employment o f telegraph operators on railroads. Section 2237. No railroad company shall employ in this State any telegraph operator to receive and transmit dispatches governing the movements of trains, who is less than eighteen years of age * * * . Sec. 2238. Any railroad company violating the requirements of the preceding sec tion shall forfeit for each offense not less than fifty dollars, and not more than five hundred dollars. T itle 3.— H ours o f labor— Corporal punishment. Section 2619. The hours of labor by all persons under twenty-one years of age, in all [cotton, woolen, or] other manufacturing establishments, or machine shops in this State, shall be from sunrise until sunset, the usual and customary times for meals being allowed from the same; and any contract made with such persons or their parents, guardians, or others, whereby a longer time for labor is agreed upon or pro vided for, shall be null and void, so far as relates to the enforcement of said contracts against such laborers. Sec. 2620. No boss or other superior in any manufacturing establishments shall inflict corporeal [corporal] punishment upon minor laborers; and the owners of such factory or machine shop shall be directly liable for all such conduct on the part of their employees; and such minor may sue in his own name for damages for such conduct, and the recovery shall be his own property, and not belong to his parents. V ol. I II.— P enal Code. D ivision 10.— Emplcyyment in barrooms. Section 445. If any person keeping or carrying on, either by himself or by another, a barroom, or other place where spirituous liquors are sold by retail to be drunk on the spot, shall employ a minor in such barroom or other place, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. 8674—No. 52—04----- 7 578 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. D iv is io n 10.— Employment, while parents live in idleness. S ection 453 (as amended by act No. 394, page 46, acts of 1903). * * * * * * * 7. All persons who are able to work and w ho do not work, but hire out their minor children and live upon their wages, shall be deemed and considered vagrants; * * * * * * * D iv is io n 12.— Certain employments forbidden. S ection 706. Any person who shall sell, apprentice, give away, let out, or other wise dispose of any child under twelve years, to any person, for the vocation, occu pation, or service of rope or wire walking, begging, or as a gymnast, contortionist, circus-rider, acrobat or clown, or for any indecent, obscene or immoral exhibition, practice or purpose, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Sec. 707. W henever a child shall be disposed of in violation of the preceding section, the person who, under such selling, apprenticing or letting out, shall receive and use such child for any of the purposes condemned in said section, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. IDAHO. CONSTITUTION. A r t ic l e 13.— Employment in mines. S ection 4. The employment of children under the age of fourteen (14) years in underground mines is prohibited. CODES— 1901. P a r t II.— C i v i l C o d e . C h a p t e r 79.— Earnings o f minors. S ection 2073. The wages of a minor employed in service may be paid to him, unless within thirty days after the commencement of the service, the parent or guardian entitled thereto gives the employer notice that he claims such wag[e]s. ILLINOIS. STARR & CURTIS’ S ANNOTATED STATUTES OF 1896. C h a p t e r 38.— Certain employments forbidden. S ectio n 131. It shall be unlawful for any person having the care, custody or control of any child under the age of fourteen years, to exhibit, use or employ, or in any manner, or under any pretense, sell, apprentice, give away, let out or otherwise dis pose of any such child to any person in or for the vocation or occupation, service or purpose of singing, playing on musical instruments, rope or wire walking, danc ing, begging or peddling, or as a gymnast, contortionist, rider or acrobat in any place whatsoever, or for any obscene, indecent or immoral purpose, exhibition or practice whatsoever, or for, or in any business, exhibition or vocation injurious to the health, or dangerous to the life or limb of such child, or cause, procure or encourage any such child to engage therein. Nothing in this section contained shall apply to, or effect [affect] the employment or use o f any such child as a singer or musician in any church, school or academy, or in the teaching or learning the science or practice of music. ACTS OF 1899. Employment in mines. (Page 300.) S ection 22. No boy under the age of 14 years, and no woman or girl of any age shall be permitted to do any manual labor in or about any mine, and before any boy can be permitted to work in any mine he must produce to the mine manager or opera tor thereof an affidavit from his parent or guardian or next of kin, sworn and sub scribed to before a justice of the peace or notary public, that he, the said boy, is 14 years of age. CHILD LABOR IK THE UKITED STATES. 579 ACTS OF 1903. A ge limit— Night work— Illiterates— Certain occupations forbidden. (Page 187.) S ection 1. No child under the age of fourteen years shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work at any gainful occupation in any theatre, concert hall or place of amusement where intoxicating liquors are sold, or in any mercantile institution, store, office, hotel, laundry, manufacturing establishment, bowling alley, passenger or freight elevator, factory or workshop, or as a messenger or driver therefor, within this State. No child under fourteen years of age shall be employed at any work per formed for wages or other compensation, to whomsoever payable, during any portion of any month when the public schools of the town, township, village or city in which he or she resides are in session, nor be employed at any work before the hour of seven o’ clock in the morning or after the hour of six o ’ clock in the evening: P ro vided, That no child shall be allowed to work more than eight hours in any one day. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of every person, firm or corporation, agent or manager of any firm or corporation employing minors over fourteen years and under sixteen years of age in any mercantile institution, store, office, hotel, laundry, manufactur ing establishment, bowling alley, theatre, concert hall or place of amusement, pas senger or freight elevator, factory or workshop, or as messenger or driver therefor, within this State, to keep a register in said mercantile institution, store, office, hotel, laundry, manufacturing establishment, bowling alley, theatre, concert hall or place of amusement, factory or workshop in which said minors shall be employed or per mitted or suffered to work, in which register shall be recorded the name, age and place of residence of every child employed or suffered or permitted to work therein, or as messenger or driver therefor, over the age of fourteen and under the age of six teen years; and it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation, agent or manager, of any firm or corporation to hire or employ, or to permit or suffer to work in any mercantile institution, store, office, hotel, laundry, manufacturing establish ment, bowling alley, theatre, concert hall or place of amusement, passenger or freight elevator, factory or workshop, or as messenger or driver therefor, any child under the age of sixteen years and over fourteen years of age, unless there is first produced and placed on file m such mercantile institution, store, office, hotel, laundry, manu facturing establishment, bowling alley, factory or workshop, theatre, concert hall or place of amusement, an age and school certificate approved as hereinafter provided. Sec. 3. Every person, firm or corporation, agent or manager of a corporation employing or permitting or suffering to work five or more children under the age of sixteen years and over the age of fourteen in any mercantile institution, store, office, laundry, hotel, manufacturing establishment, factory or workshop, shall post and keep posted in a conspicuous place in every room in which such help is employ ed, or permitted or suffered to work, a list containing the name, age and place of residence of every person under the age of sixteen years employed, permitted or suffered to work in such room. Sec. 4. No child under sixteen years of age and over fourteen years of age shall be employed in any mercantile institution, store, office, hotel, laundry, manufacturing establishment, bowling alley, theatre, concert hall, or place of amusement, passen ger or freight elevator, factory or workshop, or as messenger or driver therefor, unless there is first produced and placed on file in such mercantile institution, store, office, hotel, laundry, manufacturing establishment, bowling alley, theater, concert hall or place of amusement, factory or workshop, and accessible to the State factory inspector, assistant factory inspector or deputy factory inspector, an age and school certificate as hereinafter prescribed; and unless there is kept on file and produced on demand of said inspectors of factories a complete and correct list of all the minors under the age of sixteen years so employed who can not read at sight and write legi bly simple sentences, unless such child is attending night school as hereinafter provided. Sec. 5. A n age and school certificate shall be approved only b y the superintendent of schools or by a person authorized by him in writing; or where there is no superin tendent of schools by a person authorized by the school board: Provided, That the superintendent or principal of a parochial school shall have the right to approve an age and school certificate, and shall have the same rights and powers as the superin tendent of public schools to administer the oaths herein provided for children attend ing parochial schools: Provided, further, That no member of a school board or other person authorized as aforesaid shall have authority to approve such certificates for any child then in or about to enter his own establishment, or the employment of a firm or corporation of which he is a member, officer or employee. The person approving these certificates shall have authority to-administer the oath provided herein, but no 580 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. fee shall be charged therefor. It shall be the duty of the school board or local school authorities to designate a place (connected with their office, when practicable) where certificates shall be issued and recorded, and to establish and maintain the necessary records and clerical service for carrying out the provisions of this act. Sec. 6. A n age and school certificate shall not be approved unless satisfactory evi dence is furnished b y the last school census, the certificate of birth or baptism of such child, the register of birth of such child with a town or city clerk, or by the records of the public or parochial schools, that such child is of the age stated in the certifi cate: Provided , That in cases arising wherein the above proof is not obtainable, the parent or guardian of the child shall make oath before the juvenile or county court as to the age of such child, and the court may issue to said child an age certificate as sworn to. Sec. 7. The age and school certificate of a child under sixteen years of age shall not be approved and signed until he presents to the person authorized to approve and sign the same, a school attendance certificate, as hereinafter prescribed, duly filled out and signed. A duplicate of such age and school certificate shall be filled out and shall be forwarded to the State factory inspector’ s office. Any explanatory matter may be printed with such certificate in the discretion of the school board or superintendent of schools. The employment and the age and school certificates shall be separately printed and shall be filled out, signed, and held or surrendered as indicated in the following forms: SCHOOL CERTIFICATE. (Name of school). (City or town and date). This certifies (name of minor) of the —th grade, can read and write legibly simple sentences. This also certifies that according to the records of this school, and in m y belief, the said (name of minor) was born at (name of city or town) in (name of county) on the (date) and is now (number of years and months) old. (Name of parent or guardian), (Residence). (Signature of teacher) -=— grade. (Name of principal). Correct. (Name of school). EVENING SCHOOL ATTENDANCE CERTIFICATE. (Date). This certifies that (name of minor) is registered in and regularly attends th e --------evening school. This also certifies that according to the records of m y school and in m y belief the said (name of minor) was bom at (name of city or town) on th e -----day of (year), and is now (number of years and months) old. (Name oi parent or guardian), (Residence). (Signature of teacher). (Signature of principal). AGE AND SCHOOL CERTIFICATE. This certifies that I am (father, mother, guardian or custodian) of (name of minor), and that (he or she) was b om at (name of town or city) in the (name of county, if known) and State or county o f --------- , on the (day of birth and year of birth) and is now (Humber of years and months) old. (Signature of parent, guardian or custodian), (City or town and date). There personally appeared before me the above named (name of person signing) and made oath that the foregoing certificate by (him or her) signed is true to the best of (his or her) knowledge. I hereby approve the foregoing certificate of (name of child), height (feetand inches), w eigh t------ , com plexion (fair or dark), hair, (color) having no sufficient reason to doubt that (he or she) is oi the age therein certified. OWNER OF CERTIFICATE. This certificate belongs to (name of child in whose behalf it is drawn) and is to be surrendered to (him or her) whenever (he or she) leaves the service of the cor poration or employer holding the same; but if not claimed by said child within thirty days from such time it shall be returned to the superintendent of schools, or where there is no superintendent of schools, to the school board. (Signature of CHILD LABOB IN' THE UNITED STATES. 581 person authorized to approve and sign, with official character authority) (town, or city and date.) In the case of a child who can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences, the certificate shall continue as follows, after the word sentences: “ 1 hereby certify that (he or she) is regularly attending the (name of public or parochial evening sch ool).” This certificate shall continue in iorce just as long as the regular attend ance of said child at said evening school is certified weekly by the teacher and principal of said school. In any city or town in which there is no public or parochial evening school, an age and school certificate shall not be approved for a child under the age of sixteen years w ho can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences. W hen the public or parochial evening schools are not in session, an age and school certificate shall not be approved for any child w ho can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences. The certificate of the principal of a public or parochial school shall be prima facie evidence as to the literacy of the child. Sec. 8. No person shall employ any minor over fourteen years of age and under sixteen years, and no parent, guardian or custodian shall permit to be employed any such minor under his control, who can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences, while a public evening school is maintained in the town or city in which such minor resides, unless such minor is a regular attendant at such evening school. Sec. 9. The State inspector of factories, his assistants or deputies, shall visit all mercantile institutions, stores, offices, laundries, manufacturing establishments, bowling alleys, theatres, concert halls or places of amusement, factories or work shops, and all other places where minors are or may be employed in this State, and ascertain whether any minors are employed contrary to the provisions of this act. Inspectors of factories may require that age and school certificates, and all lists of minors employed in such factories, workshops, mercantile institutions and all other places where minors are employed as provided for in this act, shall be produced for their inspection on demand: A n d , provided further. That upon written complaint to the school board or local school authorities of any city, town, district or munici pality, that any minor (whose name shall be given in such complaint) is employed in any mercantile institution, store, office, laundry, manufacturing establishment, bowling alley, theatre, concert hall or place of amusement, passenger or freight elevator, factory or workshop, or as messenger or driver therefor, contrary to the provisions of this act, it shall be the duty of such school board or local school author ity to report the same to the State inspector of factories. Sec. 10. No person under the age of sixteen years shall be employed or suffered or permitted to work at any gainful occupation more than forty-eight hours in any one week, nor more than eight hours in any one day; or before the hours of seven o ’ clock in the morning or after the hour of seven o ’ clock in the evening. Every employer shall post in a conspicuous place in every room where such minors are employed!, a printed notice stating the hours required of them each day of the week, the hours of commencing and stopping work, and the hours when the time or times allowed for dinner or for other meals begins and ends. The printed form of such notice shall be furnished b y the State inspector of factories, and the employment of any such minor for longer time in any day so stated shall be deemed a violation of this section. Sec. 11. No child under the age of sixteen years shall be employed at sewing belts, or to assist in sewing belts, in any capacity whatever; nor shall any child adjust any belt to any machinery; they shall not oil or assist in oiling, wiping or cleaning machinery; they shall not operate or assist in operating circular or band saws, woodshapers, wool-jointers [wood-jointers], planers, sandpaper or wood-polishing machin ery, emery or polishing wheels used for polishing metal, wood-turning or boring machinery, stamping machines in sheet metal and tinware manufacturing, stamping machines in washer and nut factories, operating corrugating rolls, such as are used in roofing factories, nor shall they be employed in operating any passenger or freight elevators, steam boiler, steam machinery, or other steam generating apparatus, or as pin boys in any bowling alleys; they shall not operate or assist in operating dough brakes, or cracker machinery of any description; wire or iron straightening machin ery; [n ]or shall the [they] operate or assist in operating rolling-mill machinery punches or shears, washing, grinding or mixing mill or calender rolls in rubber manufacturing, nor shall they operate or assist in operating laundry machinery; nor shall children be employed m any capacity in preparing any composition in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used, and they shall not be employed in any capacity in the manufacture of paints, colors or white lead; nor shall they be employed in any capacity whatever in operating or assisting to operate any passen ger or freight elevator; nor shall they be employed in any capacity whatever in the manufacture of goods for immoral purposes, or any other employment that may be 582 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. considered dangerous to their lives or limbs, or where their health may be injured or morals depraved; nor in any theatre, concert hall, or place of amusement wherein intoxicating liquors are sold; nor shall females under sixteen years of age be employed in any capacity where such employment compels them to remain standing constantly. Sec. 12. The presence of any person under the age of sixteen years in any manu facturing establishment, factory or workshop, shall constitute prima facie evidence of his or her employment therein. Sec. 13. It shall be the special duty of the State factory inspector to enforce the provisions of this act, and to prosecute all violations of the same before any magis trate or any court of competent jurisdiction in this State. It shall be the duty of the State factory inspector, assistant State factory inspector and deputy State factory inspectors under the supervision and direction o f the State factory inspector, and they are hereby authorized and empowered to visit and inspect, at all reasonable times, and as often as possible, all places covered by this act. Sec. 14. W hoever, having under his control a child under the age of 16 years, permits such child to be employed in violation of the provisions of this act, shall for each offense be fined not less than $5 nor more than $25, and shall stand committed until such fine and costs are paid. A failure to produce to the inspector of factories, his assistants or deputies, any age and school certificates, or lists required b y this act, shall constitute a violation of this act, and the person so failing shall, upon convic tion, be fined not less than $5 nor more than $50 for each offense. Every person authorized to sign the certificate prescribed by section 7 of this act, who certifies to any materially false statement therein shall be guilty of a violation of this act, and upon conviction, be fined not less than $5 nor more than $100 for each offense, and shall stand committed until such fine and costs are paid. A n y person, firm or cor poration, agent or manager, superintendent or foreman of any firm or corporation, whether for himself or for such firm or corporation, or b y himself or through sub agents or foreman, superintendent or manager, who shall violate or fail to com ply with any of the provisions of this act, or shall refuse admittance to premises, or otherwise obstruct the factory inspector, assistant factory inspector or deputy factory inspector in the performance of their duties, as prescribed b y this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $100 for each offense, and shall stand committed until such fine and costs are paid. IN D IA N A . ANNOTATED STATUTE? OF 1894— REVISION OF 1901. C h a p t e r 5 .— H oars o f labor— A ge limit— Certain occupations forbidden— Employment in mines. Section 2236. W hoever, being the owner, agent, overseer, or foreman of any cotton or woolen factory in this State, employs or permits to be employed, in any cotton or woolen factory of w hich he is the owner, agent, overseer, or foreman, any person, male or female, under the age of eighteen years, for a longer period than ten hours in any day, shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars nor less than fifty dollars. Sec. 2237. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, corporation, company or asso ciation engaged in manufacturing iron, "steel, nails, metals, machinery or tobacco to em ploy or keep at work any child under fourteen years of age. Sec. 2238. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, company, corporation or asso ciation engaged in manufacturing in this State and permitted b y law to em ploy child labor or [om it “ o r ” ] to employ or keep at work any child under fourteen years of age more than eight hours per day. Sec. 2239. A ny foreman, clerk, officer, agent or other person who shall violate either of the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon con viction thereof shall be fined not less than ten dollars and not more than one hundred dollars. Sec. 2241. A ny person having the care, custody or control of any minor child under the age of fifteen years, who shall in any manner sell, apprentice, give away or otherwise dispose of such child, and any person who shall take, receive or employ such child for the vocation or occupation of rope or wire walking, or as an acrobat, gymnast, contortionist, or rider, and any person who, having the care, custody or control of any minor child shall sell, apprentice, give away or otherwise dispose of such child, or who shall take, receive or employ such child lor any obscene, indecent CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 583 or illegal exhibition or vocation, or any vocation injurious to the health or danger ous to the life or lim b of such child engaged therein, or for the purpose of prostitution, and any person who shall retain, harbor or employ any minor child in or about any assignation house or brothel, or in any place where any obscene, indecent or illegal exhibition takes place, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof before any justice of the peace, mayor, police judge or criminal court shall be fined not less than ten dollars, nor more than one hundred dollars, to which may be added imprisonment not exceeding thirty days. Sec. 2242. Any person having the care, custody or control, lawful or unlawful, of any minor child under the age of eighteen years, who shall apprentice, give away, let out, hire, or otherwise dispose of such minor to any person for the purpose of singing, playing on musical instruments, begging, or for any mendicant business whatever, in the streets, roads or other highways of the State, and whosoever shall take, receive, hire, employ, use or have in custody any such [minor] for the vocation, occupation, calling, service or purpose of singing, playing upon musical instruments or begging upon the streets, roads or other highways of the State, or for any mendi cant business whatever, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof in the manner provided in the first section of this act, shall be fined not less than five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, to which may be added imprison ment not exceeding thirty days. Sec. 2244. A ny person who shall take, receive, hire or employ any child under twelve years of age in any underground works, or mines, or like place whatsoever, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof in the manner pro vided in the first section of this act, shall be fined not less than five dollars nor more than fifty dollars. Chapter 81.— H ours o f labor— A ge limit— Illiterates— Employment on elevators. Section 7087a. No person under sixteen years of age, and no female under eighteen years of age, employed in any manufacturing or mercantile establishment, laundry, renovating works, bakery or printing office, shall be required, permitted or suffered to work therein more than sixty hours in any one week, nor more than ten hours in any one day, unless for the purpose of making a shorter day on the last day of the week; nor more hours in any one week than w ill make an average of ten hours per day for the whole number of days which such person or such female shall so work during such week; and every person, firm, corporation or company employing any person under sixteen years of age, or any female under eighteen years of age in any establishment as aforesaid, shall post and keep posted in a conspicuous place in every room where such help is employed a printed notice stating the number of hours of labor per day required of such person for each day of the week, and the number of hours of labor exacted or permitted to be performed by such persons shall not exceed the number of hours of labor so posted as being required. The time of beginning and ending the day’ s labor shall be the time stated in such notice: Provided , That such female under eighteen and persons under sixteen years of age may begin after the time set for beginning and stop before the time set in such notice for the stopping of the day’ s labor, but they shall not be permitted or required to perform any labor before the time stated on the notices as the time for beginning the day’ s labor, nor after the time stated upon the notices as the hour of ending the day’ s labor. Sec. 7087b. No child under fourteen years of age shall be employed in any man ufacturing or mercantile establishment, mine, quarry, laundry, renovating works, bakery or printing office within this State. It shall be the duty of every person employing young persons under the age of sixteen years to keep a register, in which shall be recorded the name, birthplace, age and place of residence of every person employed by him under the age of sixteen years; and it shall be unlawful for any proprietor, agent, foreman or other person connected with a manufacturing or mer cantile establishment, mine, quarry, laundry, renovating works, bakery or printing office to hire or employ any young person to work therein without there is first pro vided and placed on file in the office an affidavit made by the parent or guardian, stating the age, date and place of birth of said young person; if such young person have no parent or guardian, then such affidavit shall be made by the young person, which affidavit shall be kept on file by the employer, and said register and affidavit shall be produced for inspection on demand made by the inspector, appointed under this act. There shall be posted conspicuously in every room where young persons are employed, a list o f their names, with their ages, respectively. No young person under the age of sixteen years, who is not blind, shall be employed in any establish ment aforesaid, who can not read and write simple sentences in the English lan guage, except during the vacation of the public schools in the city or town where 584 BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR. such minor lives. The chief inspector of the department of inspection shall have the power to demand a certificate of physical fitness from some regular physician in the case of young persons who may seem physically unable to perform the labor at which they may be employed, and shall have the power to prohibit the employment of any minor tnat can not obtain such certificate. Sec. 7087d. No person, company, corporation or association shall employ or per mit any young person to have the care, custody, management of or to operate any elevator. C h a p t e r 94.— Employment in mines. S ection 7480. No male person under the age of fourteen years, or female of any age, shall be permitted to enter any coal mine in this State for the purpose of employ ment therein, and the parents or guardians of boys shall be required to furnish an affidavit as to the age of said boy or boys when there is any doubt in regard to their age; and in all cases of minors applying for work, the owner, operator, agent, or lessee of any coal mine, shall see that the provisions of this section are not violated. IO W A . CODE OF 1897, W IT H REVISIONS AND ADDITIONS CONTAINED IN SUPPLEMENT OF 1902. T it l e 12.— C h a p t e r 9.— Employment in mines. S ection 2489. The owner or person in charge of any mine * * * shall not allow a boy under twelve years of age to work in the mines, and, when in doubt regarding the age of one seeking employment, shall, before engaging him, obtain the affidavit of the applicant’ s parent or guardian in regard thereto. * * * T it l e 16.— C h a p t e r 4.— Earnings o f minors. S ection 3191. W here a contract for the personal services of a minor has been made with him alone, and the services are afterwards performed, payment therefor made to him, in accordance with the terms of the contract, is a full satisfaction therefor, and the parent or guardian can not recover a second time. T it l e 24.— C h a p t e r 10.— Cleaning machinery in motion— Operating dangerous machinery. S ection 4999-b. * * * No person under sixteen years of age, and no female under eighteen years of age shall be permitted or directed to clean machinery while in motion. Children under sixteen years of age shall not be permitted to operate or assist in operating dangerous machinery of any kind. K AN SAS. G EN ERAL STATUTES OF 1901. C h a p t e r 31.— Certain employments forbidden. S ection 2034. * * * any person having in his custody or control a child under the age of fourteen years, who shall in any way dispose of it with a view to its being employed as an acrobat, or a gymnast, or a contortionist, or a circus-rider, or a rope walker, or in any exhibition of like dangerous character, or as a beggar, or mendicant, or pauper, or street singer, or street musician; or any person who shall take, receive, hire, employ, use, exhibit, or have in custody any child of the age last named for any of the purposes last enumerated, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and when convicted thereof shall be subject to punishment by a fine of not more than two hundred and fifty dollars, or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or both. C h a p t e r 66a.— Em ploym ent in mines. S ection 4140. No person under twelve years of age shall be allowed to work in any coal mine, nor any minor between the ages of twelve and sixteen years unless he can read and write and furnish a certificate from a school teacher, which shall be kept on file, showing that he has attended school at least three months during the year; and in all cases of minors applying for work, the agent of such coal mine shall see CHILD LABOB IN THE UNITED STATES. 585 that the provisions of this section are not violated; and upon conviction of a willful violation of this section of this act, the agent of such coal mine shall be fined in any sum not to exceed fifty dollars for each and every offense. KENTUCKY. CONSTITUTION. Regulation o f employment S ection 243. The general assembly shall, by law, fix the minimum ages at which children may be employed in places dangerous to life or health, or injurious to morals; and shall provide adequate penalties for violations of such law. STATUTES OF 1894. C h a p t e r 18.— Certain employments forbidden. S ection 326. A person who, for gain or reward, employs or causes to be employed, or who exhibits, uses, or who has in his custody for the purpose of exhibiting or employing any child actually or apparently under the age of sixteen years, or any person who, having the care, custody, or control of such child, as parent, relative, guardian, employer, or otherwise, sells, lets out, gives away, or in any way procures or consents for gain or reward to the employment or exhibition of such child, either, first, in begging or receiving alms, or in any mendicant occupation; second, or (being a female) in peddling or in any wandering occupation; third, or male or female in any indecent or immoral occupation or practice, or in the exhibition bf any such child when insane or idiotic; or, fourth, in any practice or exhibition of unusual danger to the life, limb, health, or morals of the child, is guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, for the first offense, be fined not more than twenty dollars, or confined in the county jail or workhouse, in counties having a workhouse, not more than ninety days, or both so fined and confined within the discretion of the court; and, upon conviction for a second, or any subsequent offense, shall be fined in any sum not exceeding one hundred dollars, or imprisoned in the penitentiary for a term not exceeding one year, or both so fined and confined within the discretion of the jury. ACTS OF 1902. C h a p t e r 16.— A ge limit. S ection 1. It shall be unlawful for a proprietor, foreman, owner or other person to employ any child less than fourteen years of age in any workshop, factory, or mine, in this State; unless said proprietor, foreman or owner shall know the age of the child, it shall be his or their duty to require the parent or guardian to furnish a sworn statement of its age, and any swearing falsely to such by the parent or guardian shall be perjury and punishable as such. Provided, That if the parent or guardian and the county judge of any county may consent in writing for such employment, then in that event such employment may be made, subject to the approval of the county attorney of said county, in the event of any complaint, and if he thinks after investigation of such complaint, that it is against the best interests or moral welfare of such infant child he may so notify said employer and then this act applies as if no consent was given. Sec. 2. A n y proprietor, foreman or owner employing a child less than fourteen years of age in conflict with the provisions of this act, except where such proprietor, foreman or owner has been furnished with a sworn statement of guardian or parent that the child is more than fourteen years of age, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than twenty-five dollars and not more than two hundred and fifty dollars. LOUISIANA. BEYISED LAW S, 1897. A ct N o . 43, A cts o f 1886.— A ge limit— School attendance— Hours o f labor— Time fo r dinner. (Page 515.) S ection 1. No boy under the age of twelve years, and no girl under the age of fourteen years, shall be employed in any factory, warehouse or workshop where 586 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. the manufacture of any goods whatever is carried on, or where any goods are prepared for manufacturing. Sec. 2. No child under the age of fourteen years shall be employed by any person to labor in any factory, warehouse, workshop, clothing, dressmaking or millinery establishment, or where any goods are manufactured or prepared for manufacturing, or attend itinerant musicians through the streets of any town or city within this State, unless such child shall have attended some public or private day school, where instruction was given by a teacher qualified to instruct in such branches as are usually taught in primary schools, at least four months of the twelve months next preceding the month in which such child shall be so employed: Provided , That a certificate of such attendance from the director of the school district or principal of public or private school in which such child shall have so attended school, shall be evidence of a compliance with the provisions of this section, if acted upon by the employer in good faith. If any such director or principal shall knowingly make a false certificate, he shall be deemed guilty of a violation of this act, and shall be liable to the punishment hereinafter provided. Sec. 3. Certificates given under the preceding section shall be deposited by the employer at the time of employing such child, and shall be kept by him on file in his office, and shall at all times be subject to inspection b y the persons authorized to make inspections under this act. Sec. 4 (as amended by act No. 49, acts of 1902). No child, or young person under the age of eighteen years, * * * shall be employed in any factory, warehouse, workshop, telephone or telegraph office, clothing, dressmaking or millinery estab lishment, or in any place where the manufacture of any kind of goods is carried on, or where any goods are prepared for manufacture, for a longer period than an average of ten hours in any day, or sixty hours in any week, and at least one hour shall be allowed in the labor period of each day for dinner. Sec. 6. A ny person who shall violate any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed to be guilty of an offense for each violation thereof, and, upon conviction for the same, shall be punished by a fine of not less than ten nor more than one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the parish jail (parish prison in New Orleans) not more than thirty days, or both, in the discretion of the court. Sec. 7. In all cities it shall be the duty of the superintendent or the chief officer of police, by suitable inspections, to see that the regulations of this act are observed, ana also to prosecute all persons w ho shall violate the same. Such superintendent or chief officer of police shall detail such portion of the force under him as he shall deem necessary for the inspection, from time to time, of all the aforesaid places where such children or young persons may be employed. In towns, the mayor thereof shall perform the duties above imposed on the superintendent or chief officer of police in cities. Sec. 9. The word “ person,” wherever used in this act, shall be deemed to mean corporations, as well as individuals. Sec. 10. * * * Nothing contained in this act shall be construed to apply to domestic or agricultural laborers or industries. A ct N o . 60, A cts op 1892.— Operating or cleaning machinery. (Page 516.) S e c t io n 1. N o child under the age of twelve years shall be permitted to operate or clean any part of the machinery in a factory while such part is in motion by the aid of steam, water or other mechanical power, or to clean any part of such machinery that is in dangerous proximity to such moving part. Sec. 2. Whoever, either for himself, or superintendent, foreman, overseer or other agent of another, violates the provisions of the preceding section, shall be punished by a fine of not less than ten nor more than twenty-five dollars, or shall be subject to imprisonment for a term not exceeding thirty days, or both at the discretion of the court for each offense. A ct N o . 59, A cts op 1892.— Certain employments forbidden. (Page 516.) S ection 1. Any person who employs or exhibits or gives away for the purpose of employing or exhibiting a child under fifteen years of age, for the purpose of walking on a wire or rope, or riding or performing as a gymnast, contortionist or acrobat in any circus or theatrical exhibition or in any public place whatsoever or who causes, procures or encourages any such child to engage therein, shall be punished by a fine, CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 587 by any committing magistrate, of not less than ten dollars, nor more than twentyfive dollars or shall be subject to a term of imprisonment not exceeding thirty days or both at the discretion of the court. S ec . 2 . No license shall be granted for a theatrical exhibition or public show in which children under fifteen years of age are employed or [as] contortionists, acro bats, or in any feats of gymnast or equestrianism or where in the opinion of the mayor of a city or town authorized to grant licenses, such children are employed in such a manner as to corrupt their morals or impair their physical health. M AIN E. REVISED STATUTES OF 1883. C h a p t e r 48.— Employment in cotton or woolen manufactories— School attendance— Hours o f labor. S ection 13. No child shall be employed or suffered to work in a cotton or woolen manufactory without having attended a public school, or a private school taught by a person qualified to be a public teacher; if under twelve years of age, for four months, if over twelve and under fifteen, for three months, of the year preceding such employment. A certificate under oath of such teacher, filed with the clerk or agent before employment, is the proof of such schooling. Sec. 14. A ny owner, agent or superintendent of such manufactory, for each violation of the preceding section, forfeits one hundred dollars, to be recovered by indictment, half to the prosecutor and half to the town where the offense was com mitted, to be added to its school money. Superintending school committees shall inquire into such violations, and report them to the county attorney, who shall prosecute therefor. Sec. 15. No person under the age of sixteen years shall be employed by any corporation for more than ten hours of a day. W hoever violates this provision forfeits one hundred dollars, half to the town where the offense is committed, and half to the person employed; to be recovered by indictment. ACTS OF 1887. C h a p t e r 139.— H ours o f labor— A ge limit— Employment during school term . . 1 No female minor under eighteen years of age, no male minor under sixteen years of age, * * * shall [be] employed in laboring in any manufac turing or mechanical establishment in this State, more than ten hours in any one day, except when it is necessary to make repairs to prevent the interruption of the ordinary running of the machinery, or when a different apportionment of the hours of labor is made for the sole purpose of making a shorter day’ s work for one day of the week; and in no case shall the hours of labor exceed sixty in a week; and no male person sixteen years and over shall be so employed as above, more than ten hours a day during minority, unless he voluntarily contracts to do so with the consent of his parents, or one of them, if any, or guardian, and in such case he shall receive extra compensation for his services: Provided , however, Any female of eighteen years of age or over, may lawfully contract for such labor for any number of hours in excess of ten hours per day, not exceeding six hours in any one week or sixty hours in any one year, receiving additional compensation therefor; but during her minor ity, tne consent of her parents, or one of them, or guardian, shall be first obtained. Sec. 2 (as amended by chapter 220, acts of 1893). Every employer shall post in a conspicuous place in every room where such persons are employed, a notice printed in plain, large type, stating the number of hours’ work required of them on each day of the week, the exact time for commencing work in the morning, stopping at noon for dinner, commencing after dinner, and stopping at night; the form of such printed notice shall be furnished by the inspector of factories, workshops, mines and quarries hereafter named, and shall be approved by the attorney-general. And the employment of any such person for a longer time in any day than that so stated, shall be deemed a violation of section one, unless it appears that such employment is to make up for time lost on some previous day of the same week, in consequence of the stopping of machinery upon which such person was employed or dependent for employment. Sec. 3. W hoever, either for himself, or as superintendent, overseer or agent of another, employs or has in his employment any person in violation of the provisions of section one, and every parent or guardian who permits any minor to be so S ection 588 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. employed, shall be punished by a fine of not less then twenty-five dollars nor more than fifty dollars for each offense. A certificate of the age of a minor made by him and b y his parent or guardian at the time of his employment, shall be conclusive evidence of his age in behalf of the hirer, upon any prosecution for a violation of the provisions of section one. W hoever falsely makes and utters such a certificate with an intention to evade the provisions of this act, shall be subject to a fine of one hundred dollars. Sec. 5. No child under twelve years of age, shall be employed in any manufactur ing or mechanical establishment in this State. W hoever, either for himself, or as superintendent, overseer or agent of another, employs or has in his employment any child in violation of the provisions of this section, and every parent or guardian who permits any child to be so employed, shall be punished b y a fine of not less than twenty-five nor more than fifty dollars for each offense. Sec. 6. No child under fifteen years of age shall be employed in any manufacturing or mechanical establishment in this State, except during vacations of the public schools in the city or town in which he resides, unless during the year next preced ing the time of such employment, he has for at least sixteen weeks, attended some public or private school, eight weeks of which shall be continuous; nor shall such employment continue unless such child in each and every year, attends some public or private school for at least sixteen weeks, and no child shall be so employed who does not present a certificate made under or by the direction of the school committee, superintendent of the public schools, or the teacher of a private school, that such child has so attended school. And it shall be the duty of such committee, superin tendent or teacher, to furnish such a certificate in accordance with the fact upon request and without charge. * * * Sec. 7. A ny parent or guardian who procures a child to be employed contrary to section six, and any corporation, owner, superintendent or agent of the owner, of such establishment violating the provisions of said section, shall forfeit the sum of one hundred dollars, one-half to the use of the county, and one-half to the use of the city or town where the offense is committed. Money so recovered to the use of the city or town, shall be added to its school money. It shall be the duties of the school committees and superintendent of public schools, to inquire into violations of said section and report the same to the county attorney, w ho shall prosecute therefor. S ec . 8 (as amended b y chapter 220, acts of 1893). Every owner, superintendent or overseer of any such manufacturing or mechanical establishment shall require and keep on file, a certificate of the age and place of birth of every child under sixteen years of age employed therein, so long as such child is so employed, which certificate shall also state in the case of a child under fifteen years of age, the amount of his school attend ance during the year next preceding such employment. Said certificate shall be signed b y a member of the school committee of the place where such attendance has been had, or by some one authorized b y such committee, * * *. The inspector of factories, workshops, mines and quarries hereinafter named or either of his assist ants, may demand the names of the children under sixteen years employed in such establishment, in the several cities and towns of the State, and may require that the certificates of age and school attendance prescribed in this section, shall be produced for his inspection, and a failure to produce the same, shall be prima facie evidence that the employment of such child is illegal. M AR YLAN D . CODE OF PUBLIC G ENERAL LAW S, 1903. A r t ic l e 27.— H ours o f labor— Certain employments forbidden— Handling intoxicants— Peddling , etc. S ectio n 217. No child under sixteen years of age shall be employed in laboring more than ten hours a day in any manufacturing business or factory established in any part of the State, or in any mercantile business in the city of Baltimore. Sec. 218. A n y person w ho shall so employ a child or suffer or permit such employ ment shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Sec. 219. The word “ suffer or permit,” includes every act or omission, whereby it becomes possible for the child to engage in such labor. Sec. 309. A n y person having in his custody or control a child under the age of fourteen years w ho shall in any way dispose of it with a view to its being employed as an acrobat, or a gymnast, or a contortionist, or a circus rider, or a rope walker, or in any exhibition of like dangerous character, or as a beggar or mendicant, or street singer, or street musician, and any person who shall take, receive, hire, employ, use, CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 589 exhibit or have in custody any child under the age last named for any of the pur poses herein enumerated shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and when con victed thereof shall be subject to punishment by fine of not more than one hundred dollars, or b y imprisonment for a term not exceeding ninety days in jail, or both. S ec . 311. No person shall employ a minor under sixteen years of age in handling intoxicating liquors, or in handling packages containing intoxicating liquors, in any brewery or bottling establishment where intoxicating liquors are prepared for sale or offered for sale. S ec . 312. Whoever violates the provisions of section 311, shall be guilty of a mis demeanor, and on conviction thereof shall in the discretion of the court be fined a sum not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, or be imprisoned in jail for not less than five nor more than thirty days, in default of payment of said fine. S ec . 313. No person engaged in performing upon any musical instrument in, upon or near to any street, lane, alley or highway, or engaged in selling, vending or dis posing of any goods, wares or merchandise in, upon or near to any street, lane, alley or highway, or engaged in any business, occupation or calling in, upon or near to any street, "lane, alley or highway, and not having a fixed store, shop or place of business at which so engaged, shall have in his possession or company while so engaged, any boy or girl under the age of eight years; and any person violating the provisions of this section shall be punished by a fine not exceeding ten dollars for each and every such offense. S ec . 398. A ny person having in his care, custody or control any child under the age of sixteen years, whether as parent, guardian, relative, employer or otherwise, who shall sell, apprentice, or give away, let out or otherwise dispose of any such child to any person under any name, title or pretense whatever, and any person, whether as parent, guardian, relative, employer or otherwise, who shall take, receive, hire, employ, use or have in custody any such child for the vocation, use, occupation, calling, service or purpose of singing, playing on musical instruments, rope walking, dancing, peddling, begging or any mendicant or wandering business whatsoever, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof before any competent tribunal, to which such person may be committed for trial, shall be fined not less than fifty nor more than two hundred and fifty dollars, or be imprisoned in a county jail for not less than thirty days nor more than a year, or suffer both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the said tribunal; one-half of all fines so imposed to be paid to the informer. A r t ic l e 56.— Em ploym ent in barrooms. S ectio n 97. It shall not be lawful for any person, or for any club or association, or for any corporation now formed or hereafter to be formed, or for any officer, agent or employee of any such club, association or corporation, to hire or employ any minor to sell or dispense anywhere in the State any beer or spirituous or fermented liquors of any kind at retail, where such beer or liquors are to be drunk upon the premises. A ny person violating any provision of this section shall upon conviction be fined a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars. A r t ic l e 77.— Certificates o f age— Illiterates. S ection 160. No proprietor or owner of any mill or factory in Allegany County or the city of Baltimore, other than establishments for manufacturing canned goods, or manager, agent, foreman or other person in charge thereof, shall employ or retain in employment in any such mill or factory any person or persons under sixteen years of age, unless he procures at the time of such employment or retention in employ ment, and keeps on file and accessible to the attendance officers of said city or county where such minor is employed, a certificate of the principal or head teacher of the school which such child last attended, stating that such child is more than twelve years of age, and a like certificate of the parent or guardian, or other person having control of such child; but the first named certificate need not be procured if such child has not attended school in this State. He shall require such certificates, shall keep them in his place of business during the time the child is in his employment, and shall show the same during his business hours to any attendance officer who may demand to see them, or either of them; and for each failure to com ply with any of the provisions of this section he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars. W hoever continues to employ any such child under sixteen years of age, in violation of this section, after being notified of such violation b y an attendance officer, shall for every day thereafter that such unlawful 590 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. employment continues be fined not less than five nor more than twenty dollars, in addition to other penalties prescribed b y this section for such offenses. A failure to produce on demand to an attendance officer any certificate required by this section shall be prima facie evidence that the child, w ho is or should have been mentioned in the said certificate, is thus unlawfully employed. S ec . 161. It shall be the duty of every parent, guardian or other person having control of a child under sixteen years of age, and of every principal or head teacher of said school where such child last attended, to furnish every employer of such child the certificates required b y the preceding section. Such certificates, if in substantial conformity with the requirements of that section, shall be prima facie evidence of the facts required to be certified to as therein provided. S ec . 162. Any parent or guardian or other person having control of a child, or principal or head teacher who shall make any willfully false statement respecting any of the facts required to be certified to as provided in sections 160 and 161 of this subtitle, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not more than fifty dollars, or to [sic] be imprisoned not more than thirty days, or suffer both fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court. S ec . 163. No person shall employ any minor over twelve and less than sixteen years of age, and no parent, guardian or other person having control of a child, shall permit to be employed or retained in employment any such minor under his control, if the said minor can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences in the English language while a public evening school is maintained in the city or election district or precinct in which such minor resides, unless such minor is a regular attendant at an evening or other school: Provided , That upon presentation by such minor of a certificate signed b y a regular practicing physician, and satisfactory to such officer or officers as the school commissioners for such county or city may desig nate, showing that the physical condition of such minor would render such attend ance, in addition to daily labor, prejudicial to health, said officer or officers so designated may issue a permit authorizing the employment of such minor for such period and upon such conditions as said officer or officers so designated as aforesaid may determine. Any person who employs or retains in employment a minor in violation of the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and be fined for each offense not more than one hundred dollars, which fines shall be paid to the school commissioners for use in supporting evening schools in such city or county. A n y parent, guardian or other person having control of a child, who permits to be employed any minor under his control in violation of the provisions of this section, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and be fined not more than twenty dollars, which fines shall be also paid to the school commissioners for use in supporting evening schools in such city and county. S ec . 164. In said city or county where attendance officers may have been appointed, it shall be the duty of the school commissioners to designate an attendance officer, who shall once or more frequently in every year examine into the situation of the children employed in such mills and factories in said city or county, and to ascertain whether all the provisions of this subtitle are duly observed and report all violation thereof to the grand jury of the said city or county. S ec . 165. Attendance officers may visit all establishments where minors are employed in said city or county and ascertain whether any minors are employed therein contrary to the provisions of this subtitle. Attendance officers may require that the certificate provided for in this subtitle of minors employed in such estab lishments shall be produced for their inspection. S ec . 166. A ny person violating any provision of sections 152-165, where no special provision as to the penalty for such violation is made shall be deemed guilty of a mis demeanor, and be fined not exceeding fifty dollars for each offense. Sections 152-166 are restricted to Baltimore City and Allegany County. A r t ic l e 100.— H ours o f labor— A ge lim it S ectio n 1. No corporation or manufacturing company engaged in manufacturing either cotton or woolen yarns, fabrics or domestics of any kind, incorporated under the laws of this State, and no officer, agent or servant o f such named corporation or manufacturing company, and no person or firm, owning or operating such corpora tion or manufacturing company within the limits of this State, and no agent or servant of such firm or person, shall require, permit or suffer its, his or their employees in its, his or their service, or under his, its or their control, to work for more than ten hours during each or any day of twenty-four hours, for one full day’ s work, and shall make no contract or agreement with such employees, or any of them, provid ing that they or he shall work for more than ten hours for one day’ s work during CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 591 each or any day of twenty-four hours, and said ten hours shall constitute one full day’ s work. Sec. 2. Any such named corporation or manufacturing company within the limits of this State shall be allowed, under the provisions of this section, the privilege of working male employees, over the age of twenty-one years, over the limit of ten hours, for the express purpose only of making repairs and improvements, and getting fires made, steam up and the machinery ready for use in their works, which can not be done during the limits of the ten hours, the extra compensation for all such work to be settled between such corporation and manufacturing companies and the em ployees: Provided , That nothing in this article shall be so construed as to prohibit any employer from making a contract with his male employees, over the age of twenty-one years, to work by the hour for such time as may be agreed upon. Sec. 3. If any such corporation or manufacturing company within the limits of this State, or any officer, agent or servant of such corporation or manufacturing com pany in this State, shall do any act in violation of any of the provisions of this article he or they shall be deemed to have been guilty of misdemeanor, and shall, on con viction thereof in a court of competent jurisdiction, be fined not less than one hun dred dollars for each and every offense so committed, together with the cost of such prosecution, * * *. Sec. 4. N o proprietor or owner of any mill or factory in this State (other than establishments for manufacturing canned goods), or manager, agent or foreman, or other person in charge thereof snail, * * * employ or retain in employment in any such mill or factory, any person or persons under fourteen years of age, unless said child is the only support of a widowed mother, invalid father, or is solely dependent upon such employment for self-support; and if any such proprietor or owner of any such mill or factory, or manager, agent, foreman or other person in charge thereof shall willfully violate the provisions of this section, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be fined not less than one hundred dollars for each and every offense so committed and pay the cost of prosecution, onehalf to go to the informer and the other half to the school fund of the county or city in which the offense shall have been committed: Provided^ That nothing in this sec tion shall apply to Frederick, Washington, Queen Anne’ s, Carroll, W icom ico, Caro line, Kent, Somerset, Cecil, Calvert, St. Mary’ s, Prince George’ s, Howard, Baltimore, Worcester, Garrett, Talbot, Montgomery and Howard counties. CODE OF PUBLIC LOCAL LAWS, 1888. . A rticle 1 — Employment in mines. Section 209n (added by chapter 124, acts of 1902) Sub-sec. H. No person under the age of twelve years, or female of any age, shall be permitted to enter any mine to work therein; nor shall any boy under the age of fourteen years, unless he can read and write, be allowed to work in any mine. And the mine boss shall see that this requirement is fully met. MASSACHUSETTS. REVISED LAW S OF 1902. C hapter 44.— Employment o f children unlawfully absent from school. Section 1. Every child between seven and fourteen years of age shall attend some public day school in the city or town in which he resides during the entire time the public day schools are in session, subject to such exceptions as to children, places of attendance and schools as are provided for in section three of chapter forty-two and sections three, five and six of this chapter. * * * W hoever induces or attempts to induce a child to absent himself unlawfully from school, or employs or harbors a child who, while school is in session, is absent unlawfully from school shall be pun ished by a fine of not more than fifty dollars. C hapter 100.— Employment in barrooms, etc. Section 60. Whoever, being the holder of a license for the sale of intoxicating liquors to be drunk on the premises, employs any person under the age of eighteen years to serve such liquors to be drunk on the premises shall be punished by a fine of not more than one hundred dollars. Sec. 61. W hoever employs a minor under the age of eighteen years in handling 592 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. intoxicating liquors or packages containing such liquors in a brewery or bottling establishment in which such liquors are prepared for sale or offered for sale shall, for each offense, be punished b y a fine of not less than fifty dollars or by imprisonment for not less than three months, or b y both such fine and imprisonment. The pro visions of this section shall not prohibit the employment of minors in drug stores. C h apter 106.— H ours o f labor— Night work— A ge limit— Illiterates— Time fo r meals— Certain employments forbidden— Deductions from wages. Section 23. No child under eighteen years of age * * * shall be employed in laboring in a mercantile establishment more than fifty-eight hours in a week; but the provisions of this section shall not apply during December to persons who are employed in shops for the sale of goods at retail. Every employer shall post in a conspicuous place in every room in which such persons are employed a printed notice stating the number of hours’ work which are required of them on each day of the week, the hours of commencing and stopping such work, and the hour when the time or times allowed for dinner or other meals begin and end. The printed form of such notice shall be furnished by the chief of the district police and shall be approved by the attorney-general. The employment of any such person for a longer time in any day than that so stated shall be deemed a violation of the provisions of this section. A n employer, superintendent, overseer or other agent of a mercantile establishment w ho violates any of the provisions of this section shall be punished by a fine of not less than fifty nor more than one hundred dollars. S ec . 24 (as amended by chapter 436, acts of 1902). No child under eighteen years of age * * * shall be employed in laboring in a manufacturing or mechanical establishment more than ten hours in any one day, except as hereinafter provided in this section, unless a different apportionment of the hours of labor is made for the sole purpose of making a shorter day’ s work for one day of the week; and in no case shall the hours of labor exceed fifty-eight in a week. Every employer shall post in a conspicuous place in every room in which such persons are employed a printed notice stating the number of hours’ work required of them on each day of the week, the hours of commencing and stopping work, and the hours when the time allowed for meals begins and ends or, in the case of establishments exempted from the provisions of sections thirty-six and thirty-seven, the time, if any, allowed for meals. The printed forms of such notices shall be provided b y the chief of the district police, after approval by the attorney-general. The employment of such person at any time other than as stated in said printed notice shall be deemed a violation of the provisions of this section unless it appears that such employment was to make up time lost on a previous day of the same week in consequence of the stopping of machinery upon which he was employed or dependent for employment; but no stopping of machinery for less than thirty consecutive minutes shall justify such overtime employment, nor shall such overtime employment be authorized until a written report oi the day and hour of its occurrence and its duration is sent to the chief of the district police or to an inspector of factories and public buildings. S ec . 25. A parent or guardian who permits a minor under his control to be employed in violation of the provisions of the two preceding sections and any per son, who, either for himself or as superintendent, overseer or agent for another, employs any person in violation of the provisions of said sections or fails to post the notice required by the preceding section or makes a false report of the stopping of machinery under the provisions of said section shall be punished by a fine of not less than fifty nor more than one hundred dollars. A certificate of the age of a minor, made and sworn to by him and by his parent or guardian at the time of his employ ment in a mercantile establishment, shall be prima facie evidence of his age in any prosecution under the provisions of this section. S ec . 26. The form o f complaint heretofore used may be used in prosecutions under the provisions of section twenty-four, and if substantially followed shall be deemed sufficient, fully and plainly, substantially and formally, to describe the offenses therein set forth; but the provisions of this section shall not be construed to prohibit the use of any other suitable form. S ec . 27. No person, and no agent or officer of a person or corporation, shall employ a * * * minor in any capacity for the purpose of manufacturing between ten o’ clock at night and six o ’ clock in the morning. W hoever violates the provisions of this section shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty nor more than fifty dollars for each offense. S ec . 28. No child under the age of fourteen years shall be employed in any factory, workshop or mercantile establishment. No such child shall be employed at work performed for wages or other compensation, to whomsoever payable, during the 593 CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. hours when the public schools of the city or town in which he resides are in session, nor be employed at work before six o’ clock in the morning or after seven o’ clock in the evening. Sec. 29. No child under sixteen years of age shall be employed in a factory, work shop or mercantile establishment unless his employer procures and keeps on file, accessible to the truant officers of the city or town, and to the district police and inspectors of factories and public buildings, an age and schooling certificate and keeps two complete lists of all such minors employed therein, one on file, and one con spicuously posted near the principal entrance of the building in which such children are employed, and also keeps on file and sends to the superintendent of schools or, if there is no superintendent, to the school committee a complete list of the names of all minors employed therein who can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences in the English language. Sec. 30. An age and schooling certificate shall be approved only by the superin tendent of schools or by a person authorized by him in writing, or, if there is no superintendent of schools, by a person authorized by the school committee; but no member of a school committee or other person authorized as aforesaid shall approve such certificate for any minor then in or about to enter his own employment or the employment of a firm or corporation of which he is a member, officer or employee. The person who approves the certificate may administer the oath provided for therein, but no fee shall be charged therefor. Sec. 31. An age and schooling certificate shall not be approved unless satisfactory evidence is furnished by the last school census, the certificate of birth or baptism of such minor, the register of birth of such minor with a city or town clerk, or in some other manner, that such minor is of the age stated in the certificate. Sec. 32. The age and schooling certificate of a minor under sixteen years of age shall not be approved and signed until he presents the person who is authorized to approve and sign it an employment ticket duly filled out and signed. A duplicate of each age and schooling certificate shall be filled out and shall be kept on file by the school committee. Any explanatory matter may, in the discretion of the school committee or superintendent of schools, be printed with such certificate. The employment ticket and the age and schooling certificate shall be separately printed, and shall be filled out, signed and held or surrendered, as indicated in the following forms: e m p l o y m e n t t ic k e t , r e v is e d l a w s , c . 106, sec . 32. W hen [name of minor], height [feet and inches], com plexion [fair or dark], hair [color], presents an age and schooling certificate duly signed, I intend to employ - * pi [him or h er]. (Signature of intending employer or agent.) (Tow n or city and date.) a g e a n d sc h o o lin g c e r t if ic a t e , r e v is e d l a w s , c . 106, sec . 32. This certifies that I am the [father, mother, guardian or custodian] of [name of m inor], and that [he or she] was born at [name of city or tow n], in the county of [name of county, if known], and State [or country] of , on the [day and year of birth], and is now [number of years and months] old. (Signature of father, mother, guardian or custodian.) (City or town and date.) Then personally appeared before me the above-named [name of person signing], and made oath that the foregoing certificate by [him or her] signed is true to tne best of [his or her] knowledge and belief. I hereby approve the foregoing certificate of [name of m inor], height [feet and inches], complexion [fair or dark], hair [color], having no sufficient reason to doubt that [he or she] is oi the age therein certified. I hereby certify that [he or she] [can or can not] read at sight and [can or can not] write legibly simple sentences in the English language. This certificate belongs to [name of minor in whose behalf it is drawn], and is to be surrendered to [him or her] whenever [he or she] leaves the service of the cor poration or employer holding the same; but if not claimed b y said minor within thirty days from such time, it shall be returned to the superintendent of schools, or, if there is no superintendent of schools, to the school committee. (Signature of person authorized to approve and sign, with official character or authority.) (City or town and date.) 8674—No. 52—04----- 8 594 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. In the case of a minor who can notread at sight and write legibly simple sentences in the English language, the certificate shall continue as follows, after the word “ language” :— I hereby certify that [h e or she] is regularly attending the [name] public evening school. This certificate shall continue in force only so long as the regular attendance of said minor at the evening school is endorsed weekly by a teacher thereof. Whoever, being authorized to sign the foregoing certificate, knowingly certifies to any materially false statement therein shall be punished by a fine of not more than fifty dollars. Sec. 33. W hoever employs a minor under sixteen years of age, and whoever having under his control a minor under such age permits such minor to be employed, in violation of the provisions of sections twenty-eight and twenty-nine, shall for such offense be punished by a fine of not more than fifty dollars; and whoever con tinues to employ a minor in violation of the provisions of either of said sections, after being notified by a truant officer or an inspector of factories and public buildings thereof, shall for every day thereafter that such employment continues be punished by a fine of not less than five nor more than twenty' dollars. A fail ure to produce to a truant officer or inspector of factories and public buildings an age and schooling certificate or list required by law shall be prima facie evidence of the illegal employment of any person whose age and schooling certificate is not produced or whose name is not so listed. A corporation or employer who retains an age and schooling certificate in violation of the provisions of said certificate shall be punished by a fine of ten dollars. Sec. 34. Truant officers may visit the factories, workshops and mercantile estab lishments in their several cities and towns and ascertain whether any minors are employed therein contrary to the provisions of this chapter, and shall report any cases of such illegal employment to the school committee and to the chief of the district police or to the inspector of factories and public buildings. Inspectors of factories and public buildings and truant officers may require that the age and school ing certificates and lists of minors w ho are employed in such factories, workshops or mercantile establishments shall be produced for their inspection. Complaints for offenses under the provisions of this chapter shall be made by inspectors of factories and public buildings. Sec. 35 (as amended b y chapter 183, acts of 1902). W hile a public evening school is maintained in' the city or town in which any minor w ho is over fourteen years of age and who does not have a certificate signed by the superintendent of schools, or b y the school committee, or by some person acting under authority thereof, certify ing to the minor’ s ability to read at sight and write legibly simple sentences in the English language resides, no person shall employ him and no parent, guardian or custodian shall permit him to be employed unless he is a regular attendant at such evening school or at a day school; but, upon presentation by such minor of a certifi cate signed by a registered practising physician and satisfactory to the superintendent of schools, or, if there is no such superintendent, to the school committee, showing that his physical condition would render such attendance in addition to daily labor prejudicial 'to his health, said superintendent or school committee shall issue a per mit authorizing the employment of such minor for such period as said superintendent or school committee may determine. Said superintendent or school committee, or teachers acting under authority thereof, may excuse any absence from such evening school which arises from justifiable cause. A ny minor not holding the certificate described above shall furnish to his employer a record of his school attendance each week while the evening school is in session, and when this record shows unexcused absences from the sessions his attendance shall be deemed irregular according to this act. W hoever employs a minor in violation of the provisions of this section shall forfeit not more than one hundred dollars for each offense to the use of the evening schools of such city or town. A parent, guardian or custodian who permits a minor under his control to be employed in violation of the provisions of this section shall forfeit not more than twenty dollars to the use of the evening schools of such city or town. Sec. 36. * * * young persons, five or more in number, who are employed in the same factory shall be allowed their meal times at the same hour, except that any such persons who begin work in such factory at a later hour in the morning than other such persons employed therein may be allowed their meal times at a different time; but no such persons shall be employed during the regular meal hour in tend ing the machines or doing the work of any other * * * young persons in addi tion to their own. Sec. 37. No * * * young person shall be employed for more than six hours at one time in a factory or workshop in which five or more such persons are employed CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES, 595 without an interval of at least half an hour for a meal; but such person may be so emi en employment then dismissed from the factory or workshop for the remainder of the day; or for not more than seven and one-half hours at one time if he or she is allowed sufficient opportunity for eating a lunch during the continuance of such employment and if such employ ment ends not later than two o’ clock in the afternoon, and he or she is then dis missed from the factory or workshop for the remainder of the day. Sec. 38. The provisions of the two preceding sections shall not apply to iron works, glass works, paper mills, letter press establishments, print works, bleaching works or dyeing works; and the chief of the district police, if it is proved to his satisfaction that in any other class of factories or workshops it is necessary, by reason of the continuous nature of the processes or of special circumstances affecting such class, to exempt it from the provisions of the two preceding sections and that such exemp tion can be made without injury to the health of the women or young persons affected thereby, may, with the approval of the governor, issue a certificate granting such exemption, public notice whereof shall, without expense to the Commonwealth, be given in the manner directed by said chief. Sec. 39. If a minor under the age of eighteen years * * * shall, without the orders, consent or knowledge of the employer or of a superintendent, overseer or other agent of the employer, labor in a manufacturing or mechanical establishment, factory or workshop during a part of any time allowed for meals in such establish ment, factory or workshop, according to the notice required by section twenty-four, and if a copy of such notice was posted in a conspicuous place in the room where such labor was performed with a rule of the establishment, factory or workshop forbidding such minor * * * to labor during such time, then neither the employer nor a superintendent, overseer or other agent of the employer shall be held responsible for such labor. Sec. 40. W hoever either for himself or as a superintendent, overseer or agent violates the provisions of the four preceding sections shall be punished by a fine of not less than fifty nor more than one hundred dollars. Sec. 42. Whoever, either for himself or as superintendent, overseer or agent permits a child under fourteen years of age to clean any part of the machinery in a factory, if it is in motion b y the aid of steam, water or other mechanical power, or if it is in dangerous proximity to such moving part, shall be punished b y a fine of not less than fifty nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense. Sec. 43. W hoever employs or permits a child under fifteen years of age to have the care, custody, management or operation of an elevator, or employs or permits a child under eighteen years of age to have the care, custody, management or operation of an elevator running at a speed of over two hundred feet a minute shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense. Sec. 44. The State board of health shall, upon the application of any citizen of the Commonwealth, determine, after such investigation as it considers necessary, whether or not the manufacture of a particular acid is dangerous or injurious to the health of minors under eighteen years of age; and its decision shall be conclusive evidence thereof. W hoever employs a child under eighteen years of age in the manufacture of an acid after the State board of health has determined that such manufacture is dangerous or injurious to his health shall be punished b y a fine of one hundred dollars for each offense. Sec. 45. No person shall employ, exhibit or sell, apprentice or give away, a child under fifteen years of age for the purpose of employing or exhibiting him in dancing on the stage, playing on musical instruments, singing, walking on a wire or rope, or riding or performing as a gymnast, contortionist or acrobat in a circus, theatrical exhibition or in any public place, or cause, procure or encourage such child to engage therein; but the provisions of this section shall not prevent the education of children in vocal and instrumental music or dancing or their employment as musi cians in a church, chapel, school or school exhibition, or prevent their taking part in any festival, concert or musical exhibition upon the special written permission of the mayor and aldermen of a city or of the selectmen of a town. W hoever violates the provisions of this section shall be punished b y a fine of not more than two hun dred dollars or by imprisonment for not more than six months. Sec. 46. A license shall not be granted for a theatrical exhibition or public show in which children under fifteen years of age are employed as acrobats or contortion ists or in any feats of gymnastics or equestrianism, or in which such children who belong to the public schools are employed or allowed to take part as performers on the stage in any capacity, or if, in the opinion of the board authorized to grant 596 BULLETIN OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR. licenses, such children are employed in such a manner as to corrupt their morals or impair their health; but the provisions of this section shall not prevent the granting of special permission authorized by the preceding section. S ec . 51. A factory in which five or more persons and a workshop in which five or more women or young persons are employed shall, while work is carried on therein, be so ventilated that the air shall not become so impure as to be injurious to the health of the persons employed therein and so that all gases, vapors, dust or other impurities injurious to health, w hich are generated in the course o f the manufactur ing process or handicraft carried on therein shall, so far as practicable, be rendered harmless. S ec . 52. If, in a workshop or factory which is within the provisions of the pre ceding section, any process is carried on by which dust is caused which may be in haled to an injurious extent b y the persons employed therein, and it appears to an inspector of factories and public buildings that such inhalation would be substantially diminished without unreasonable expense by the use of a fan or b y other mechanical means, such fan or other mechanical means, if he so directs, shall be provided, maintained and used. Sec. 53. A criminal prosecution shall not be instituted for any violation of the provisions of the two preceding sections unless such employer neglects, for four weeks after the receipt of a notice in writing, to make such changes in his factory or workshop as shall be ordered by an inspector of factories and public buildings. S ec . 69. Deductions shall not be made from the wages of * * * minors who are paid by the day or hour, and are employed in manufacturing or mechanical establishments, for time during which the machinery is stopped, if said * * * minors are refused the privilege of leaving the mill while the damage to said ma chinery is being repaired; ana if such employees are detained in their workrooms during the time of the breaking down of machinery, they shall not be compelled to make up time lost by such breakdown unless they are compensated therefor at their regular rates of wages. W hoever violates the provisions of this section shall be pun ished b y a fine of not more than twenty dollars for each offense. S ec . 70. W hoever violates a provision of this chapter for which no specific penalty is provided shall be punished by a fine of not more than one hundred dollars. C h a p t e r 350.— Employment on elevators. S ection 1. A ll elevators for the carriage of freight or passengers, running at a speed of more than one hundred feet a minute, shall be operated by competent persons not less than eighteen years of age, and no other person shall operate or have the care or charge of such an elevator. Sec. 2. No elevator for the carriage of freight or passengers shall be operated by or placed in charge of any person under sixteen years of age. Sec. 3. Any person, firm or corporation violating any provision of this act by operating or causing an elevator to be operated or to be taken care or charge of in any manner contrary to the provisions of this act shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense. M ICHIGAN. COMPILED LAW S OF 1897. C h a p t e r 137.— H ours o f labor— Age limit— Cleaning machinery in motion. S ec t io n 5365. No male child under fourteen years of age or female under fifteen years of age shall be employed at labor in factories, or in manufacturing establish ments or mercantile industries in this State, for a longer period than fifty-four hours in any week. S ec . 5366. No child under twelve years of age shall be employed in any factory, manufacturing or mercantile establishment within this State. It shall be the duty of every person employing children under the age of fourteen years to keep a register in which shall be recorded the name, age and residence of every person so employed by him. A nd it shall be unlawful for any factory, manufacturing or mercantile establishment to hire or employ any child under the age of fourteen years without first receiving the permission, in writing, by the parent or guardian, stating the name and age of said child. If said child have no parent or guardian, there shall be a written statement under oath by said child. S ec . 5367. Every person, firm or corporation employing such children in any fac tory, manufacturing or mercantile establishment shall require the permit or affidavit CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 597 mentioned in section two of this act [section 5366] to be executed before such child shall be permitted to enter upon the discharge of his duties or employment. No person, firm or corporation employing less than ten persons or children shall be deemed a manufacturing or mercantile establishment within the meaning of this act. S ec . 5369. * * * no minor under fourteen years of age shall be allowed to clean machinery while in motion. * * * Sec. 5372. Any person who violates or omits to comply with any of the foregoing provisions of this act, or who suffers or permits any child to be employed in viola tion of its provisions, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be punished by a fine of not to exceed one hundred dollars, or sixty days’ imprisonment, or both in the discretion of the court. S ec . 5375. No person, company, or corporation shall employ any male child under fourteen years o f age nor any female under sixteen years of age for more than nine hours in any one day. S ec . 5376. A ny person violating the provisions of this act [sections 5375 to 5378] shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined a sum not exceeding fifty and not less than ten dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not more than thirty nor less than ten days, or by both fine and impris onment, at the discretion of the court. If any company or corporation shall violate any of the provisions of this act such company or corporation shall for each violation forfeit the sum of fifty dollars, to be recovered in an action of debt in any court of competent jurisdiction. S ec . 5377. It is hereby made the duty of the prosecuting attorney of the county where complaint shall be made to investigate all complaints made in violation of this act that may be brought before him, and, if there is probable cause, to prosecute in the name of the people of the State of Michigan in courts having competent juris diction thereof, all offenses contemplated by this act. S ec . 5378. This act shall not apply to persons engaged in agriculture, or in the per formance of domestic duties, or clerks in stores. C h a p t e r 141.— Certain employments forbidden. S ection 5553. A ny person having the care, custody, or control of any child under sixteen years of age, who shall exhibit, use, or employ, or who shall apprentice, give away, let out, or otherwise dispose of any such child to any person in or for the vocation, service or occupation of rope or wire walking, gymnast, contortionist, rider, or acrobat, dancing or begging, in any place whatsoever, or for any obscene, inde cent, or immoral purpose, exhibition or practice whatsoever, or for any exhibition injurious to the health or dangerous to the life or lim b of such child, or who shall cause, procure, or encourage such child to engage therein, and any person w ho shall take, receive, hire, employ, use, exhibit, or have in custody any such child for any of the purposes mentioned in this section, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. S ec . 5557. Any person who shall sell, give away, or in any way furnish to any minor child any book, pamphlet, or other printed paper or other thing, containing obscene language, or obscene prints, pictures, figures or descriptions tending to the corrup tion of the morals of youth, or any newspapers, pamphlets or other printed paper devoted to the publication of criminal new's, police reports, or criminal deeds, and any person w ho shall in any manner hire, use, or employ such child to sell, give away, or in any manner distribute such books, pamphlets, or printed papers, and any person having the care, custody, or control of any such child, who shall permit him or her to engage in any such employment, shall on conviction thereof be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. ACTS OF 1901. A ct N o . 113.— Hours o f labor— A ge limit— Night work— Dangerous employments forbidden. S ectio n 1. No male under the age of eighteen years and no female under the age of twenty-one years shall be employed in any manufacturing establishment in this State for any longer period than sixty hours in one week unless for the purpose of making necessary repairs to machinery in order to avoid the stoppage of the ordi nary running of the establishments, ana no male under the age of eighteen years and no female under the age of twenty-one years shall be employed in any store in this State employing more than ten persons for a longer period than sixty hours in one week: Provided , That no more than ten hours shall be exacted from such male minors or females under twenty-one years on any day unless for the purpose of making a shorter work day on the last day of the week. 598 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Sec. 2. No child under the age of fourteen years shall be employed in any manu facturing establishment, hotel or store within this State. It shall be the duty of every person employing children to keep a register, in which shall be recorded the name, birthplace, age and place of residence of every person employed by him under the age of sixteen years; and no child shall be employed between the hours of six o’ clock p. m. and seven o ’ clock a. m. in any manufacturing establishment or work shop in this State; and it shall be unlawful for any manufacturing establishment, hotel or store to hire or employ any child under the age of sixteen years without there is first provided and placed on file a sworn statement made by the parent or guardian, stating the age, date and place of birth of said child, and that the child can read and write. If said child have no parent or guardian, then such statement shall be made by the child, which statement shall be kept on file by the employer, and w hich said register and statement shall be produced for inspection on demand b y any factory inspector appointed under this act: Provided , That in the city of Detroit and the city of Grand Rapids all sworn statements must be made before a deputy factory inspector. Sec. 3. N o child under the age of sixteen years shall be employed by any person, firm or corporation conducting any manufacturing establishment in this State, at employment whereby its life or lim b is endangered, or its health is likely to be injured, or its morals may be depraved, by such employment. No female under the age of twenty-one years and no male under the age of eighteen years shall be allowed to clean machinery while in motion. Sec. 4. Factory inspectors shall have power to demand a certificate of physical fitness from the county physician, who shall make such examination free of charge, in case of persons who seem physically unable to perform the labor at which they may be employed, and shall have power to prohibit the employment of any person that can not obtain such a certificate: Provided , This section shall not apply except to children under sixteen years of age. ACTS OF 1903. A ct N o . 106.— Tender o f employment away from home. S ection 1. * * * it shall be unlawful for any person to make a tender of induce ment to go away from the home locality to work, to any child under sixteen years of age unless the written consent of the parents of such child has been first obtained, as well as the consent of the truant officer or county agent of the board of correc tions and charities for the locality where said child belongs; and in case such con sent is obtained and the child goes abroad under the influence of the inducements so offered, such child under sixteen years of age shall be safely returned to its home at any time when its parents shall request, in writing, such return. * * * Sec. 3. Every person found guilty of violating the provisions of this act shall be punished by a fine not exceeding twenty-five dollars or by imprisonment of not less than ten nor more than sixty days. MINNESOTA. G ENERAL STATUTES OF 1894. C h a p t e r 24.— H ours o f labor— Earnings o f minors. S ection 2240 (as amended b y chapter 49, acts of 1895). In all trades, professions, callings and departments of labor and in all manufactories, workshops, mills and other places wherein persons are employed to perform labor for hire or reward, in this State, the time of labor for the persons so employed and performing labor, shall not exceed ten hours for each day, and any owner, stockholder or overseer, employer, clerk or foreman who shall compel any person or shall permit any child under the age of fourteen years, so employed, to labor for any more than ten hours in any one day, where such owner, stockholder or overseer, clerk or foreman has control, such person so offending shall be liable to a prosecution in the name of the State of Minnesota, before any justice of the peace, o f [or] court of competent juris diction of the county wherein the same occurs, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in any sum not less than ten nor more than one hundred dollars; Provided, That the provisions of this section shall not apply to agricultural laborers and domestics employed b y the month and to persons engaged in the care of live stock; A n d provided further, That extra labor may be performed for extra compensation, except in the case of children under fourteen years. 599 CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. Sec. 2247. It shall be necessary for the parent or guardian of such minor person as may be in service to notify the party employing such minor that such parent or guardian claims the wages of such minor and in default of such notification payment to such minor of wages so earned shall be valid. C h a p t e r 66.— Earnings o f minors. S ection 5461. The earnings of any minor child of any debtor within this State, or the proceeds thereof, shall not be liable to attachment, garnishment, or sale on any final process of a court, in any action against such debtor, b y reason of any debt or liability of such debtor not contracted for the especial benefit of such minor child. C h a p t e r 92a.— Certain employments forbidden— Hours o f labor. S ection 6539. A person who employs, or causes to be employed, or who exhibits, uses, or has in his custody for the purpose of exhibiting or employing, any child apparently or actually under the age of sixteen years, or who, having the care, cus tody, or control of such child as parent, relative, guardian, employer, or otherwise, sells, lets out, gives away, or in any way procures or consents to tne employment or exhibition of such a child, either, 1. As a rope or wire walker, dancer, gymnast, contortionist, rider, or acrobat; or, 2. In begging or receiving alms, or in any mendicant occupation; or, 3. In any indecent or immoral exhibition or practice; or, 4. In any practice or exhibition dangerous or injurious to the life, limb, health, or morals of the child; * * * * * * Is guilty of a misdemeanor. Sec. 6541. A person who compels a child under sixteen years of age to labor more than ten hours in any day in any factory, workshop or mercantile or manufacturing business, is guilty of a misdemeanor. ACTS OF 1895. C h a p t e r 171.— A ge limit— Night work— Em ploym ent during school term— Illiterates— Employment on elevators. S ectio n 1 (as amended by chapter 360, acts of 1897). No child under fourteen (14) years of age shall be employed at any time in any factory or workshop, or about any mine. No such child shall be employed in any mercantile establishment nor in the service of any telegraph, telephone or public messenger company except during the vacation of the public schools in the town where such child is employed. No child under sixteen (16) years of age shall be employed at any occupation dangerous or injurious to life, limb, health or morals; nor at any labor of any kind outside of the family of such child’ s residence before six o’ clock in the morning, nor after seven o’ clock in the evening, nor more than ten (10) hours in any one day, nor more than sixty hours in any one week, except in accordance with the following express per mission or condition, to wit: Children not less than fourteen years of age may be employed in mercantile establishments on Saturdays and for ten days each year before Christmas until ten (10) o ’ clock in the evening: Provided, however, That this ermission shall not be so construed as to permit such children to toil more than ten ours in any one day, nor over sixty hours in any one week. Sec. 2. No child under the age jbelow which all children are by law required to attend school shall in the year next succeeding any birthday of said child be employed at any occupation during the hours in which the public schools in the town or city in which he resides are in session, unless or until in said year he has attended some school for at least a period of time equal to that required by law for attendance of school. Sec. 3. The commissioner of labor, the factory inspector or any assistant factory inspector shall have power to demand a certificate of physical fitness from some reg ularly licensed physician in the case of children who may seem physically unable to perform the labor at which they may be employed, and no minor shall be employed w ho can not obtain such a certificate. Sec. 4. No child under sixteen years of age who can not read and write simple sentences in the English language shall, except in vacations of the public schools be employed at any indoor occupation, Provided, Such child is not a regular attendant at a day or evening school. . Sec. 5 (as amended by chapter 360, acts of 1897). Whenever it appears upon due E 600 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. examination that the labor of any minor who would be debarred from employment under the provisions of sections two and four of this act is necessary for the support of the family to which said minor belongs, or for his own support, the school board or board of school trustees of the city, village or town in w hich said child resides may, in the exercise of their discretion, issue a permit or excuse authorizing the employment of such minor within such time or times as they may fix. Sec. 6. N o person, firm or corporation shall employ or permit any child under six teen (16) years of age to have the care, custody, management or operation of any elevator, or permit any person under eighteen (18) years of age to have the care, custody, management or operation of any elevator running at a speed of over two hundred (200) feet a minute. Sec. 7. No child actually or apparently under sixteen (16) years of age shall be employed in any factory, workshop or mercantile establishment, or in the service of any public telegraph, telephone or district messenger company or other corporation, unless the person, firm or corporation employing said child procures and keeps on file the certificate required in the case of such child by the following section, and also keep on file a full and complete list of such children employed therein. Sec. 8. The employment certificates of children under sixteen (16) years of age called for by this act shall, in cities and towns having a superintendent of schools, be signed b y said superintendent or some person authorized b y him in writing so to the same; in other cities and towns it shall be signed b y some member of the >ol board authorized by vote of said board to sign such certificates. Said certifi cate shall contain a statement of the name, birthplace, date of birth, age of child at date of statement. This statement shall be signed and acknowledged under oath or affirmation before the person authorized to issue the certificate. The certificate shall also contain a statement or certificate by the officer issuing the same that the child can read at sight and write legibly simple sentences in the English language, or that said child if unable so to read and write is regularly attending a day or evening school or has been excused by the school board from said attendance as provided by section five (5), and that if under the age required by law for the attendance of all children at school, said child has in the year next preceding the issuing of said cer tificate attended school as required by law. If attendance has been at a private school there must also be added the signature of the teacher in charge of the same followed by words certifying to school attendance. The person signing the certificate shall have authority to administer the oath provided therein but no fee shall be charged therefor. The commissioner of labor is hereby authorized and directed to prepare blank certificates such as are called for by this section and furnish the same to the superintendents of schools and school boards of the State. Sec. 9. The statement in the certificate giving the birthplace and age of the child shall be signed by the father, if living, and resident of the same city or town; if not, by his mother; or if his mother is not living, or if living is not a resident of the same city or town, by his guardian; if a child has no father or mother or guardian living in the same city or town his own signature to the certificate may be accepted by the person authorized to approve the same. Sec. 10. Every factory, workshop, mine, mercantile establishment or other place in which or in connection with which children are engaged at labor of any kind, shall at all times be subject to visitation by the members or agents of the board of education or board of trustees of the city, town or district in w hich said factory, work shop, mine, establishment or place is situated. Sec. 11. The words factory and workshop in this act shall have the same meaning as set forth in chapter seven (7) of the general laws of eighteen hundred and ninetythree (1898). Sec. 12. Every parent or guardian of a child under sixteen (16) years of age who permits the employment of any child contrary to the provisions of this act, or who m making the statement called for by section eight (8) of this act certifies to any materially false statement therein, and every owner, superintendent, agent or over seer of any factory, workshop or mercantile establishment, telegraph, or telephone company, district messenger company or other corporation who employs or permits to be employed therein or thereby any child contrary to the provisions of this act, and any person w ho employs a child contrary to the provisions of this act or violates the provisions of section ten (10) of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof before any competent court shall* be fined not less than twenty (20) nor more than (50) dollars for each and every offense. A failure to produce to an officer or employee of the bureau of labor, or to a member or author ized agent of the board of education or board of trustees of the city or school district in w hich the said child is employed, on demand, the certificate and register required by this act, shall be prima facie evidence of the illegal Employment of the child whose certificate is h ot produced. X CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 601 MISSISSIPPI. REVISED CODE OF 1892. C h a p t e r 29.— Enticing fo r purpose o f employment. S ection 1003. A ny person who shall persuade, entice, or decoy away from its father or mother, with whom it resides, any child under the age of twenty-one years if a male, or eighteen if a female, being unmarried, for the purpose of employing such child without the consent of its parents, or one of them, shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not more than twenty dollars, or imprisonment in the county jail not more than thirty days, or both. MISSOURI. REVISED STATUTES OF 1899. C h a p t e r 15.— A r t ic l e 8.— Certain employments forbidden— A ge limit. S ection 2186. It shall be unlawful for any person having the care, custody or con trol of any child under the age of fourteen years to exhibit, use or employ, or in any manner, or under any pretense, sell, apprentice, give away, let out or otherwise dispose of any such child to any person in or for the vocation or occupation, service or purpose of singing, playing on musical instruments, rope or wire walking, dancing, begging or peddling, or as a gymnast, contortionist, rider or acrobat in any place whatsoever, or for any obscene, indecent or immoral purpose, exhibition or practice whatsoever, or for or in any business, exhibition or vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to the life or limb of such child, or cause, procure or encourage any such child to engage therein. Nothing in this section contained shall apply to or affect the employment or use of any such child as a singer or musician in any church, school or academy, or at any respectable entertainment, or the teaching or learning the science or practice of music. S ec . 2187. It shall also be unlawful for any person to take, receive, hire, employ, use, exhibit or have in custody any child under the age and for the purposes pro hibited in section 2186 of this article. S ec . 2188. A ny person convicted under the provisions of the two preceding sections shall for the first offense be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars, or imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding three months, or both, in the discretion of the court, and, upon conviction for a second or any subsequent offense, shall be fined in any sum not exceeding five hundred dollars, or imprisoned in the penitentiary for a term not exceeding two years, or both, in the discretion of the court. S ec . 2189. No child under the age of fourteen years shall be employed in any manufacturing or mechanical establishment in this State wherein steam, water or any other mechanical power is used in the manufacturing process carried on therein, or, where the work to be done by such child would, in the opinion of two reputable physicians in the locality where such work is to be done, be dangerous to the health of such child. S ec . 2190. A ny person, firm or corporation, or its agent, who employs, and any parent or person in charge of such child who permits the employment of such child in violation of this article, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, upon conviction, be fined not less than ten nor more than one hundred dollars, or impris onment [imprisoned] in the county jail for a period of not less than two days nor more than ten days, or both fined and imprisoned, for each offense: Provided , That extreme poverty of the parent, or person in charge of such child, shall be a good defense to such proceeding. C h a p t e r 91.— A r t ic l e 17.— Cleaning machinery. S ection 6434. No minor * * * shall be required to clean any part of the mill, gearing or machinery in any such establishment in this State, while the same is in motion, or work between the fixed or traversing parts of any machine, while it is in motion by the action of steam, water or other mechanical power. C h a p t e r 133.— A r t ic l e 2.— Em ploym ent in mines. S ection 8811 (as amended by act approved March 22,1901, page 211, acts of 1901). * * * * * * * No male person under the age ot twelve years * * * shall be permitted to enter any mine to work therein, nor shall any boy under the age of fourteen years, 602 BULLETIN OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR. unless he can read and write, be allowed to work in any mine. Any party or person neglecting or refusing to perform the duties required to be performed by the pro visions of this article shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished by a fine in the discretion of the court trying the same. * * * S ec . 8812. No owner, agent or operator of any mine operated by shaft or slope shall place in charge of any engine whereby men are lowered into or hoisted out of the mines any but an experienced, competent and sober person not under eighteen years of age. * * * C h a p t e r 161.— A r t ic l e 4.— Night work in bakeries. S ection 10088. * * * No person under the age of sixteen years shall be employed in any bake shop between the hours of nine o’ clock at night and five o’ clock in the morning. M ONTANA. CODES AND STATUTES—SANDERS’ EDITION— 1895. P o l it ic a l C o d e . P a r t I I I .— Em ploym ent during school term — Illiterates. S ection 1920 (as amended b y chapter 45, acts of 1903). * * * Every parent, guardian or other person having charge of any child between the ages of eight and fourteen years shall send such child to a public, private, or parochial school, for the full time that the school attended is in session, w hich shall in n o case be for less than sixteen weeks during any current year, and said attendance shall begin within the first week of the school term, unless the child is excused from such attendance * * *, upon satisfactory showing, either that the bodily or mental condition of the child does not permit of its attendance at school, or that the child is being instructed at home b y a person qualified, * * * or that there is no school taught the required length of time within 2£ miles of the residence of such child by the nearest traveled road: Provided , That no child shall be refused admission to any public school on account of race or color. * * * S ec . 1921 (as amended b y chapter 45, acts of 1903). No child under fourteen years of age shall be employed or be in the employment of any person, company or corpo ration during the school term and while the public schools are in session, unless such child shall present to such person, company or corporation an age and schooling cer tificate herein provided for. An age and schooling certificate shall be approved only b y the superintendent of schools, or by a person authorized by him, in city or other districts having such superintendent, or b y the clerk of the board of trustees in vil lage and townsnip districts not having such superintendent, upon a satisfactory proof of the age of such minor and that he has successfully completed the studies enum erated in section 1920 of this article; or if between the ages of fourteen and sixteen years, a knowledge of his or her ability to read and write legibly the English language. The age and schooling certificate shall be formulated b y the superintendent of public instruction and the same furnished, in blank, by the clerk of the board of trustees or the clerk of the district. Every person [,] company, or corporation employing any child under sixteen years of age, shall exact the age and schooling certificate pre scribed in this section, as a condition of employment and shall keep the same on file, and shall upon the request of the truant officer hereinafter provided for, permit him to examine such age and schooling certificate. A ny person, company, or corpora tion, employing any minor contrary to the provisions of this section shall be fined not less than twenty five nor more than fifty dollars for each and every offense. S ec . 1922 (as amended by chapter 45, acts of 1903). All minors over the age of fourteen and under the age of sixteen years, w ho can not read and write the English language shall be required to attend school as provided in section 1920, of this article and all the provisions of said section shall apply to said minors; Provided , That such attendance shall not be required of such minors after they have secured a certificate from the superintendent of schools in districts having superintendents, or the clerk of the board of trustees in districts not having superintendents, that they can read, and write the English language. No person, company or corporation shall employ any such minor during the time schools are in session, or having such minor in their employ shall immediately cease such employment, upon notice from the truant officer w ho is hereinafter provided. Every person, company, or corporation violating the provisions of this section shall be fined not less than twenty-five nor more than fifty dollars for each and every offense. CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 603 S ec . 1924 (as amended by chapter 45, acts of 1903). * * * The truant officer shall be vested with police powers, the authority to serve warrants, and have authority to enter workshops, factories, stores and all other places where children may be employed, and do whatever may be necessary, in the way of investigation or otherwise to enforce the provisions of this act; * * * C iv il Code. Earnings o f minors, S ectio n 299. The wages of a minor employed in service may be paid to him until the parent or guardian entitled thereto gives the employer notice that he claims such wages. P en al Code. Certain employments forbidden. S ection 472. Any person, whether as parent, relative, guardian, employer or other wise, having in his care, custody or control any child under the age of sixteen years, who shall sell, apprentice, give away, let out or otherwise dispose of any such child to any person, under any name, title or pretense, for the vocation, use, occupation, calling, service, or purpose of singing, playing on musical instruments, rope walking, dancing, begging or peddling in any public street or highway, or in any mendicant or wandering business whatever; and any person who shall take, receive, hire, employ, use or have in custody any child for such purposes, or either of them, is guilty of a misdemeanor. Sec. 474. Every person who receives or employs any child under fourteen years of age in any underground works or mine, or in any similar business, is punishable by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars. NEBRASKA. COMPILED STATUTES OF 1881—TENTH EDITION, 1901. P a r t I I I . — C r im in a l C o d e . C h a p t e r 23.— Employment during school term. S ection 6953. Any male or female child under the age of ten years shall not be employed in any manufacturing, mechanical, industrial or mercantile establishment. Sec. 6954. A ny male or female child under the age of fourteen years shall not be employed in any manufacturing, mechanical, industrial or mercantile establishment, except during the vacations of the public schools; unless during the year next pre ceding such employment, said child has for at least twenty weeks attended some public or private day school where the English [language] is taught; nor shall such employment continue, unless such child shall in each and every year attend school as herein provided, and no child shall be so employed who does not present a cer tificate signed b y the president and secretary of the school board of the school district in which said child resides, of their compliance with the requirements of this sec tion. Nor shall any owner, superintendent or overseer of any such establishment, parent or guardian consent to or permit the employment of any child contrary to the provisions of this act. Sec. 6955. A ny owner, superintendent or overseer of any such establishment shall require and keep on file, open to the inspection of the public, a certificate of the age, place of birth and residence of every male and female child under sixteen years of age employed therein, so long as such child is so employed; which certificate shall also state, in case the child is under fourteen years of age, the amount of said child’ s school attendance during the year next preceding his employment, and such certifi cate thall be signed by the president and secretary of the school board of the school district in which such child resides, and the forms of certificate herein referred to shall be approved by the attorney general of this State. Sec. 6955a. A n y person who shall be convicted of a violation of any of the provi sions of this act shall pay for every such offense a fine of not less than twenty dollars nor more than fifty dollars: Providedy however, That no conviction shall be had under this act, unless the proceedings therefor shall be commenced within one year after the offense shall have been committed. 604 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. S ec . 6955b. It is hereby made the duty of the deputy labor commissioner of this State upon complaint being filed with him to inspect any and all establishments to which this act applies, and ascertain whether any of the provisions of this act have been violated. Whenever it shall come to his knowledge that any of the provisions of this act have been or [are] being violated, it shall be his duty to cause the same to be enforced: Provided , however, That nothing in this section contained shall be construed to prevent any other person from causing the enforcement of the provisions of this act. N E W HAM PSHIRE. PUBLIC STATUTES OF 1891. C h a p t e r 92.— Employment during school term . S ection 17 (as amended by chapter 70, acts of 1899). Truant officers shall, under the direction of the school board, enforce the laws and regulations relating to truants and children between the ages of eight and sixteen years not attending school and without any regular and lawful occupation, and the laws relating to the attendance at school of children between the ages of eight and sixteen years. S ec . 16 (as amended b y chapter 70, acts ot 1899). Truant officers shall, if required b y the school board, enforce the laws prohibiting the employment of children in manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishments who have not attended school the prescribed time; and for this purpose, they may, when so authorized and required by vote of the school board, visit the manufacturing, mechanical, and mer cantile establishments in their respective cities and towns, ana ascertain whether any children under the age of sixteen are employed therein contrary to the provisions of law, and they shall report any cases of such illegal employment to the school board; and the truant officers, when authorized as aforesaid, may demand the names of all children under sixteen years of age employed in such manufacturing, mechanical, and mercantile establishments, ana may require that the certificates and lists of such children provided for by law shall be produced for their inspection. Truant officers shall inquire into the employment, otherwise than such manufacturing, mechanical, and mercantile establishments, of children under* the age of sixteen years, during the hours when the public schools are in session, and may require that the certificates of all children under sixteen shall be produced for their inspection; and any such officer may bring a prosecution against a person or corporation employing any such child, otherwise than as aforesaid, during the hours when the public schools are in session, contrary to the provisions of law. A refusal or failure on the part of an employer of children under sixteen years of age to produce the certificate required by la w , when requested by a truant officer, shall be prim a facie evidence of the illegal employment of the child whose certificate is not produced. Truant officers shall have authority without a warrant to take and place in school any children found employed contrary to the laws relating to the employment of children, or violating the laws relating to the compulsory attendance at school of children between the ages of six and sixteen years. C h a p t e r 93.— A ge limit— Illiterates. S ectio n 10 (as amended b y chapter 61, acts of 1901). No child under the age of twelve years shall be employed in any manufacturing establishment. No child under tne age of fourteen years shall be employed in any manufacturing establish ment, nor in any mechanical, mercantile, or other employment during the time in which the public schools are in session in the district in w hich he resides. S ec . 11 (as am ended, b y chapter 61, acts of 1901). No child under the age of six teen years shall be employed in any manufacturing establishment, or in any mechan ical, mercantile, or other employment, during the time in which the public schools are in session in the district in which he resides, without first presenting a statement of his age from his parent or guardian, sworn to before the superintendent of schools or, if there is no superintendent of schools, by some person authorized by the school board of the district in which such child is employed. And no child under the age of sixteen years shall be employed as aforesaid during the time in which the public schools are in session in the district in which he resides without first presenting a certificate from the superintendent of schools or, if there is no superintendent of schools, some person authorized b y the school board, that such child can read at sight and write legibly simple sentences in the English language. And any superintendent of schools or person authorized by the school board wno CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 605 certifies falsely as to matters prescribed by this section shall be fined not less than twenty nor more than fifty dollars for each offense. Sec. 12 (as amended by chapter 61, acts of 1901). No minor shall be employed in any manufacturing establishment, or in any mechanical, mercantile, or other employment, w ho can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences in the English language, while a free public evening school is maintained in the district in which he resides, unless he is a regular attendant at such evening school or at a day school: Provided , That upon presentation b y such minor of a certificate signed by a regular practicing physician, and satisfactory to the superintendent of schools, or, where there is no superintendent of schools, the school board, showing that the physical condition of such minor would render such attendance in addition to daily labor prejudicial to his health, said superintendent of schools or school board shall issue a permit authorizing the employment of such minor for such period as said superintendent of schools or school board may determine. Said superintendent of schools or school board, or teachers acting under authority thereof, may excuse any absence from such evening school arising from justifiable cause. Any parent, guar dian, or custodian w ho permits to be employed any minor under his control in vio lation of the provisions of this section shall forfeit not more than twenty dollars for the use of the evening schools of such town or city. Sec. 13 (as amended by chapter 61, acts of 1901). If any owner, agent, superin tendent, or overseer of a manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, or any other person, shall employ any child in violation of the provisions of either of the three preceding sections, he shall be fined not exceeding fifty dollars for each offense, for the use of the district. Sec. 18. It shall be the duty of the school board to prosecute offenders for viola tions of the provisions of this chapter. If they neglect to perform this duty they shall forfeit twenty dollars for each neglect, for the use of the district, to be recov ered in the name of the district by the selectmen of the town. All necessary expenses incurred in such proceedings shall be paid by the district. Sec. 19. No prosecution under this chapter shall be sustained unless begun within one year after the offense is committed. Chapter 180.— Hours o f labor. Section 14. * * * no minor under eighteen years of age shall be employed in a manufacturing or mechanical establishment for more than ten hours in one day, except in the following cases: I. To make a shorter day’ s work for one day in the week. II. To make up time lost on some day in the same week in consequence of the stopping of machinery upon which such person was dependent for employment. III. When it is necessary to make repairs to prevent interruption o f the ordinary running of the machinery. In no case shall the hours of labor exceed sixty in one week. Sec. 15. The proprietors of every such establishment shall keep posted in a con spicuous place in every room where such persons are employed a notice printed in plain, large letters, stating the exact time of beginning and of stopping work in the forenoon and in the afternoon, and the number of hours’ work required of them each day of the week. Sec. 16. I f any owner, agent, superintendent, or overseer of any such establish ment shall willfully violate the provisions of either of the two preceding sections, he shall be fined not exceeding fifty dollars for each offense. Sec. 17. A certificate of the age of a minor, made by him and by his parents or guardian and presented to the employer at the time the minor is employed, shall be conclusive evidence of his age upon a prosecution for the violation of the provisions of section fourteen. Sec. 18. If any person shall make and utter a false certificate in regard to the age of a minor, with intent to evade the provisions of this chapter, he shall be fined twenty-five dollars, or be imprisoned thirty days, or both, for each offense. Sec. 19. * * * Prosecutions under sections sixteen and eighteen shall be barred unless begun within one year after the offense was committed. Chapter 265.— Certain employments forbidden. Section 3. If any person shall employ or exhibit a child under the age of fourteen years in dancing, playing on musical instruments, singing, walking on a wire or rope, or riding or performing as a gymnast, contortionist, or acrobat in any circus or theatrical exhibition, or in any public place whatsoever, or shall cause, procure, 606 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. or encourage any such child to engage therein, or if any person having the custody or control of any such child shall permit him to be so employed, such person shall be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars; but nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the education of children in vocal and instrumental music, or their employment as musicians in any church, chapel, or school, or school exhibition, or to prevent their taking part in any concert or musical exhibition. N E W JERSEY. G ENERAL STATUTES— 1895. Age limit. (Page 1900.) S ection 11 (as amended by chapter 201, acts of 1903). No child under the age of fourteen years shall be employed in any factory, workshop, mine or establishment where the manufacture of any goods whatever is carried on. S ec . 14. Every manufacturer, merchant or other employer, employing any per son contrary to the provisions of this act, or who shall be guilty o f any violation hereof, shall be liable to a penalty of fifty dollars for each offense, to be recovered in an action of debt in any district court in any city, or before any justice of the peace having due jurisdiction, and that any parent or guardian, w ho knowingly permits the employment of such child or children, shall be liable in a like action to a penalty of not more than fifty dollars, as the court shall fix; * * * an affidavit of the age of any minor, made by its parent or guardian at the time of its employment, shall be conclusive evidence of the age of such minor upon any trial against a manufacturer or employer for the violation of this act, but any parent or guardian that shall know ingly swear falsely in such affidavit shall be guilty of perjury, and the inspector or deputy inspector shall be authorized, in case they shall find' any minor employed under any false affidavit given as aforesaid, to order and compel such minor to desist from work; the provisions of this act in relation to the hours of employment shall not apply to or affect any person engaged in preserving perishable goods in fruit canning establishments. S ec . 19. The title of the inspector * * * , and the deputies hereinafter pro vided for, shall be respectively “ factory and workshop inspector” and “ deputy inspectors,” and it shall be their duty to enforce * * * all * * * laws relat ing to the * * * employment, safety, protection and compulsory attendance at school of minors, and to institute all suits or actions in the name of the inspector * * * , but no action shall be begun by any deputy inspector without the written direction of the inspector * * * . S ec . 21. The inspector and his deputies shall have power to demand a certificate of physical fitness from some regular practicing physician in the case of minors who may seem to them physically unable to work, and w ho shall have power to prohibit the employment of any minor that can not obtain such a certificate. S ec . 22. A ny parent or guardian, when so required by the inspector, or one of his deputies, shall furnish to such inspector or deputy a certificate from the office of registration of births, or in the absence of such certificate, an affidavit or affidavits of the age of such minor, and if any one shall knowingly swear falsely in any such affidavit, the person or persons so swearing shall be guilty of perjury, and liable to indictment and punishment accordingly. S ec . 29. It will be illegal for any one to delay the factory inspectors in the exercise of their duties, or conceal or attempt to conceal any child or children from examina tion by the inspectors. S ec . 30. Every manufacturer, merchant or other person who shall be guilty of any violation of the provisions of this act, shall be liable to a penalty of fifty dollars for each offense, * * * . Cleaning machinery— Unhealthful employments— H ours o f labor. (Page 2345.) S ection 30. No minor * * * shall clean any part of the m ill gearing or machinery in any factory or workshop while the same is in motion, or work between the fixed or traversing parts of any machine while it is in motion b y the action of steam, water or other mechanical power. Sec. 49. No minor below the age of sixteen shall be employed at any work danger ous to health, without a certificate of fitness from a reputable physician. CHILD LABOR IK THE UNITED STATES. 607 Sec. 66. * * * , fifty-five hours shall constitute a week’ s work in any factory, workshop, or establishment where the manufacture of any goods whatever is car ried on; and the periods of employment shall be from seven o ’ clock in the forenoon until twelve o’ clock noon, and from one o ’ clock in the afternoon until six o ’ clock in the evening of every working day except Saturday, upon w hich last named day the period of employment shall be from seven o ’ clock in the forenoon until twelve o’ clock noon. Sec. 67. No person under the age of eighteen years, male or female, * * * shall be employed in any factory, workshop, or manufacturing establishment except during the periods of employment hereinbefore mentioned: Provided , That the pro visions in this act in relation to the hours of employment shall not apply to or affect any person engaged in preserving perishable goods in fruit canning establishments or in any factory engaged in the manufacture of glass. Sec. 68. The inspector of factories shall investigate any reported violation of the provisions of this act and of the act to which this is a supplement, after it has been discovered by him or brought to his notice, and may proceed against the violator or violators in the manner prescribed by the act to which this is a supplement. Sec. 69. Any manufacturer or other employer w ho shall violate any of the pro visions of this act shall be liable to a penalty of one hundred dollars for each offense, to be recovered in the same way and for the same purpose as prescribed in the act to which this is a supplement. School attendance. (Page 3039.) S ection 146. No child under the age of fifteen years shall be employed by any person, company or corporation to labor in any business whatever, unless such child shall have attended, within twelve months immediately preceding such employ ment, some public day or night school, or some well-recognized private school; such attendance to be for five days or evenings every week during a period of at least twelve consecutive weeks, w hich may be divided into two terms of six consecutive weeks each, so far as the arrangement of school terms w ill permit, and unless such child or his or her parents or guardians shall have complied with the provisions of the act approved March fifth, eighteen hundred and eighty-three, limiting the employment hours of the labor of children. ACTS OF 1896. C h a p t e r 181.— Night work in bakeries. S ection 10 (added by chapter 64, acts of 1903). No person under the age of eight een years shall be employed, or required, permitted or suffered to work, in a biscuit, bread or cake bakery between the hours of seven o’ clock in the afternoon and seven o’ clock in the forenoon. ACTS OF 1898. C h a p t e r 235.— Certain employments forbidden. S ectio n 56. A ny person who, whether as parent, relative, guardian, employer, or otherwise, having in his or her custody or control, lawfully or unlawfully, any minor child under the age of eighteen years, w ho shall sell, apprentice, give away, let out, employ, hire or otherwise dispose of such minor or minors for the purpose of beg ging, singing and playing on a musical instruments [instrument], rope-walking, dancing, or for any mendicant or wandering business whatsoever, or in any immoral conduct or occupation in the streets, roads and other highways or public places of this State, and any person w ho shall take, receive, hire, employ, use or have in custody any such minor or minors, under the age of eighteen years, and use or employ him, her or them in any such purpose, or any of them, for any mendicant or immoral business whatsoever, either in public or private places within this State, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished accordingly; and if, upon such con viction, the minor or minors shall have no home or means of support and no one to take proper care of him, her or them, the court may, in its discretion, if it shall appear a humane and proper thing to do, commit such minor or minors to the State reform school for boys, or the State industrial school for girls, until such minor or minors attain the age of eighteen years, or for a less age, in the discretion of the court. 608 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOE. N E W YORK. REVISED STATUTES—TH IR D EDITION—1901. Certain employments forbidden. (Page 428.) S ection 18. A person who employs or causes to be employed, or who exhibits, uses, or has in custody, or trains for the purpose of the exhibition, use or employ ment of, any child actually or apparently under the age of sixteen years; or w ho having the care, custody or control of such a child as parent, relative, guardian, employer, or otherwise, sells, lets out, gives away, so trains, or in any way procures or consents to the employment, or to such training, or use, or exhibition of such child; or who neglects or refuses to restrain such child from such training, or from engaging or acting, either 1. As a rope or wire walker, gymnast, wrestler, contortionist, rider or acrobat; or upon any bicycle or similar mechanical vehicle or contrivance; or, 2. In begging or receiving or soliciting alms in any manner or under any pretense, or in any mendicant occupation; or in gathering or picking rags, or collecting cigar stumps, bones or refuse from markets; or in peddling; or, 3. In singing; or dancing; or playing upon a musical instrument; or in a theatrical exhibition; or in any wandering occupation; or 4. In any illegal, indecent or immoral exhibition or practice; or in the exhibition of any such child when insane, idiotic, or when presenting the appearance of any deformity or unnatural physical formation or development; or 5. In any practice or exhibition or place dangerous or injurious to the life, limb, health or morals of the child, is guilty of a misdemeanor. But this section does not apply to the employment of any child as a singer or musician in a church, school or academy; or in teaching or learning the science or practice of music; or as a musician in any concert or in a theatrical exhibition, with the written consent of the mayor of the city, or the president of the board of trustees of the village where such concert or exhibition takes place. Such consent shall not be given unless forty-eight hours previous notice of the application shall have been served in writing upon the society mentioned in section two hundred and ninety-three of the Penal Code [any incor porated society for the prevention of cruelty to children], if there be one within the county, and a hearing had thereon if requested, and shall be revocable at the w ill of the authority giving it. It shall specify the name of the child, its age, the names and residence of its parents or guardians, the nature, time, duration and number of performances permitted, together with the place and character of the exhibition. But no such consent shall be deemed to authorize any violation of the first, second, fourth or fifth subdivisions of this section. Em ploym ent during school term . (Page 645.) S ectio n 316 (as amended b y chapter 459, acts of 1903). It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to employ any child under fourteen years of age, in any business or service whatever, during any part of the term during which the public schools of the district in which the child resides are in session; or to employ any child between fourteen and sixteen years of age who does not, at the time of such employment, present a certificate signed by the superintendent of schools or by the principal or the principal teacher of the city or district in w hich the child resides or b y the principal or the principal teacher of the school where the child has attended or is attending, or b y such other officer as the school authorities may designate, cer tifying that such child during the school year next preceding his application for such certificate, has attended for not less than one hundred and thirty days the pub lic schools, or schools having an elementary course equivalent thereto, in such city or district and that such child can read and write easy English prose and is familiar with the fundamental operations of arithmetic; or to employ, in a city of the first class or a city of the second class, any child between fourteen and sixteen years of age who has not completed such course of study as the public elementary schools of such city require for graduation from such schools and w ho does not hold either a certificate of graduation from the public elementary school or the preacademic cer tificate issued by the regents of the university of the State of New Y ork or the cer tificate of the completion of an elementary school issued by the department of public CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 609 instruction, unless the employer of such child, if a boy, shall keep and shall display in the place where such child is employed and shall show whenever so requested b y any attendance officer, factory inspector, or representative of the police depart ment, a certificate signed by the school authorities or such school officers in said city as said school authorities shall designate, which school authorities, or officers designated by them, are hereby required to issue such certificates to those entitled to them not less frequently than once in each month during which said evening school is in session and at the close of the session of said evening school, stating that said child has been in attendance upon said evening school for not less than six hours each week for such number of weeks as will, when taken in connection with the number of weeks such evening school will be in session during the remainder of the current or calendar year, make up a total attendance on the part of said child in said evening school of not less than six hours per week for a period of not less than six teen weeks, and any person who shall employ any child contrary to the provisions of this section or who shall fail to keep and display certificates as to the attendance of employees in evening schools when such attendance is required by law shall, for each offense, forfeit and pay to the treasurer of the city or village, or to the super visor of the town in which such child resides, a penalty of fifty dollars, the same, when paid, to be added to the public school moneys of the city, village or district in which such child resides. Earnings o f m inors. (Page 1049.) S ectio n 42. Where a minor is in the employment of a person other than his parent or guardian, payment to such minor of his wages is valid, unless such parent or guardian notify the employer in writing, within thirty days after the commencement of such service, that such wages are claimed by such parent or guardian, but when ever such notice is given at any time payments to the minor shall not be valid for services rendered thereafter. A ge limit— Night work— H ours o f labor— Overtime work— Employment on elevators— Cleaning and operating machinery— Polishing. (Page 2098.) S ection 70 (as amended by chapter 184, acts of 1903). No child under the age of fourteen years shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work in or in connection with any factory in this State. No child between the ages of fourteen and sixteen years shall be so employed, permitted or suffered to work unless an employment certificate issued as provided in this artic[i]e shall have been theretofore filed in the office of the employer at the place of employment of such child. S ec . 71 (as amended by chapter 184, acts of 1903). Such certificate shall be issued b y the commissioner of nealth or the executive officer of the board or department of health of the city, town or village where such child resides, or is to be employed, or b y such other officer thereof as may be designated, by such board, department or commissioner for that purpose, upon the application of the parent or guardian or custodian of the child desiring such employment. Such officer shall not issue such certificate until he has received, examined, approved, and filed the following papers duly executed: (1) The school record of such child properly filled out and signed as provided in this article. (2) A passport or duly attested transcript of the certificate of birth or baptism or other religious record, showing the date and place of birth of such child. A duly attested transcript of the birth certificate filed according to law with a registrar of vital statistics, or other officer charged with the duty of recording births shall be conclusive evidence of the age of such child. (3) The affidavit of the parent or guardian or custodian of the child, w hich shall be required, however, only in case such last mentioned transcript of the certificate of birth be not produced and filed, showing the place and date of birth of such child; which affidavit must be taken before the officer issuing the employment certificate, who is hereby authorized and required to administer such oath, and w ho shall not demand or receive a fee therefor. Such employment certificate shall not be issued until such child farther has personally appeared before and been examined by the officer issuing the certificate, and until such officer shall, after making such examination, sign and file in his office a statement that the child can read and legibly write simple sentences in the English language and that in his opinion the child is fourteen years of age or upwards and has reached the normal development of a child of its age, and is in sound health and is physically able to perform the work which it intends to do. In doubtful cases such physical fitness shall be determined by a medical officer of the board or department 8674— No. 52—04-----9 610 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. of health. Every such employment certificate shall be signed, in the presence of the officer issuing the same, by the child in whose name it is issued. Sec. 72 (as amended by chapter 184, acts of 1903). Such certificate shall state the date and place of birth of the child, and describe the color of the hair and eyes, the height and weight and any distinguishing facial marks of such child, and that, the papers required by the preceding section have been duly examined, approved and filed and that the child named in such certificate has appeared before the officer sign ing the certificate and been examined. Sec. 73 (as amended b y chapter 184, acts of 1903). The school record required by this article shall be signed by the principal or chief executive officer of the school which such child has attended and shall be furnished, on demand, to a child entitled thereto or to the board, department or commissioner of health. It shall contain a statement certifying that the child has regularly attended the public schools or schools equivalent thereto or parochial schools for not less than one hundred and thirty days during the school year previous to his arriving at the age of fourteen years or during the year previous to applying for such school record and is able to read and write simple sentences in the English language, and has received during such period instruction in reading, spelling, writing, English grammar and geography and is familiar with the fundamental operations of arithmetic up to and including fractions. Such school record shall also give the age and residence of the child as shown on the records of the school and the name of its parent or guardian or custodian. Sec. 75. The board or department of health or health commissioner of a city, vil lage or town, shall transmit, between the first and tenth day of each month, to the office of the factory inspector a list of the names of the children to whom certificates have been issued. Sec. 76 (as amended by chapter 184, acts of 1903). Each person owning or operat ing a factory and employing children therein shall keep, or cause to be kept in the office of such factory, a register, in which shall be recorded the name, birthplace, age and place of residence of all children so employed under the age of sixteen years. Such register and the certificate filed in such office shall be produced for inspection, upon the demand of the commissioner of labor. On termination of the employment of a child so registered, and whose certificate is so filed, such certificate shall be forth with surrendered by the employer to the child or its parent dr guardian or custodian. Sec. 77 (as amended by chapter 184, acts of 1903). No minor under the age of sixteen years shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work in any factory in this State before six o ’ clock in the morning, or after nine o ’ clock in the evening of any day, or for more than nine hours in any one day. No minor under the age of eighteen years, and no female shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work in any factory in this State before six o ’ clock in the morning, or after nine o ’ clock in the evening of any day; or for more than ten hours in any one day except to make a shorter work day on the last day of the week; or for more than sixty hours in any one week, or more hours in any one week than will make an average of ten hours per day for the whole number of days so worked. A printed notice, in a form which shall be pre scribed and furnished b y the commissioner of labor, stating the number of hours per day for each day of the week required of such persons, and the time when such work shall bqgin and end, shall be kept posted in a conspicuous place in each room where they are employed. But such persons may begin their work after the time for begin ning and stop before the time for ending such work, mentioned in such notice, but they shall not otherwise be employed, permitted or suffered to work in such factory except as stated therein. The terms of such notice shall not be changed after the beginning of labor on the first day of the week without the consent of the commis sioner of labor. The presence of such persons at work in the factory at any other hours than those stated in the printed notice shall constitute prima facie evidence of a violation of this section of the law. Sec. 78 (as amended by chapter 184, acts of 1903). W hen in order to'make a shorter work day on the last day of the week, a minor over sixteen and under eighteen years of age, or a female sixteen years of age or upwards, is to be required or permitted to work in a factory more than ten hours in a day, the employer of such persons shall notify the commissioner of labor in writing, of such intention, stating the number of hours of labor per day, which it is proposed to require or permit, ana the time when it is proposed to cease such requirement or permission; a similar notification shall be made when such requirement or permission has actually ceased. A record of the names of the employees thus required or permitted to work overtime, with the amount of such overtime, and the days upon which such work was performed, shall be kept in the office of such factory, and produced upon the demand of the commis sioner of labor. * * * * * * * 611 CHILD LABOB IN THE UNITED STATES. The word custodian as used in this act [sections 70 to 78, inclusive] shall include any person, organization or society having the custody of said child. S ec . 79. * * * * * * * No child under the age of fifteen years shall be employed or permitted to have the care, custody or management of or to operate an elevator in a factory, nor shall any person under the age of eighteen years be employed or permitted to have the care, custody or management oi or to operate an elevator therein, running at a speed of over tw o hundred feet a minute. S ec . 81. * * * No male person under eighteen years or woman under twenty-one years of age shall be permitted or directed to clean machinery while in motion. Children under sixteen years of age shall not be permitted to operate or assist in operating dangerous machines of any kind. S ec . 92 (as amended by chapter 561, acts of 1903). No male child under the age of eighteen years * * * shall be employed in any factory in this State in operating or using any emery, tripoli, rouge, corundum, stone, carborundum or any abrasive, or emery polishing or buffing wheel, where articles of the baser metals or of iridium are manufactured. The owner, agent or lessee of a factory who employs any sueh person in the performance of such work is guilty of a misdemeanor and upon con viction thereof shall be fined the sum of fifty dollars for each such violation. The commissioner of labor, his assistants and deputies, shall enforce the provisions of this section. A ge limit— Hours o f labor— Night work— Lunch time— Em ploym ent in basements— Selling newspapers. (Page 2114.) S ection 160. The provisions of this article shall apply to all villages and cities w hich at the last preceding State enumeration had a population of three thousand or more, S ec . 161 (as amended by chapter 255, acts of 1903). No child under the age of six teen years shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work in or in connection with any mercantile establishment, business office, or telegraph office, restaurant, hotel, apartment house, or in the distribution or transmission of merchandise or messages, more than fifty-four hours in any one week, or more than nine hours in any one day, or before seven o’ clock in the morning or after ten o ’ clock in the evening of any day. No female employee .between sixteen and twenty-one years of age shall be required, permitted or suffered to work in or in connection with" any mercantile establishment more than sixty hours in any one week; or more than ten hours in any one day, unless for the purpose of making a shorter work day of some one day of the week; or before seven o ’ clock in the morning or after ten o’ clock in the evening of any day. This section does not apply to the employment of persons sixteen years of age or upwards on Saturday, provided the total number of hours of labor in a week of any such person does not exceed sixty hours, nor to the employment of such persons between the fifteenth day of December and the following first day of January. Not less than forty-five minutes shall be allowed for the noon day meal of the employees of any such establishment. S ec . 162 (as amended by chapter 255, acts of 1903). No child under the age of four teen years shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work in or in connection with any mercantile or other establishment specified in the preceding section, except that a child upwards of twelve \ears of age may be employed therein in villages ana cities of the third class, during the summer vacation of the public schools* of the city or district where such establishment is situated. No child under the age of sixteen years shall be employed in any such establishment, unless an employment certificate issued as provided in this article, shall have been theretofore filed in the office of the employer at the place of employment of such child. [Sections 163 to 165, inclusive, are identical with sections 71 to 73, pages 609,610 supra.] Sec. 166 (as amended by chapter 255, acts of 1903). Children of the age of twelve years or more who can read and write simple sentences in the English language, may be employed, in mercantile and other establishments specified in section one hun dred and sixty-one, in villages and cities of the third class during the summer vaca tion of the public schools in the city or school district where such children reside upon obtaining the vacation certificate herein provided. Such certificate shall be issued in the same manner, upon the same conditions, and on like proof that such child is twelve years of age or upwards, and in sound health, as is required for the 6 1 2 BULLETIH OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. issuance of an employment certificate under this article, except that a school record of such child shall not be required. The certificates provided for in this section shall be designated summer vacation certificates, and shall correspond in form and sub stance as nearly as practicable to such employment certificate, and shall in addition thereto specify the time in which the same shall remain in force and effect which in no case shall be other than the time in which the public schools where such children reside are closed for a summer vacation. Sec. 167 (as amended by chapter 255, acts of 1903). The owner, manager or agent of a mercantile or other establishment specified in section one hundred and sixtyone, employing children, shall keep or cause to be kept, in the office of such estab lishment, a register, in which shall be recorded the name, birthplace, age and place o f residence o f all children so employed under the age of sixteen years. Such reg ister and the certificates filed in such office shall be produced for inspection, upon the demand of an officer of the board, department or commissioner of health of the town, village or city where such establishment is situated. On termination of the employment of the child so registered and whose certificate is so filed, such certifi cate shall be forthwith surrendered by the employer to the child or its parent or guardian or custodian. Sec. 171. * * * children shall not be employed or directed to work in the basement of a mercantile establishment, unless permitted by the board or department of health, or health commissioner of the town, village or city where such mercantile establishment is situated. Such permission shall be granted unless it appears that such basement is not sufficiently lighted and ventilated, and it is not in good sanitary condition. Sec. 172 (as amended b y chapter 255, acts of 1903). The board or department of health or health commissioners of a town, village or city affected by this article shall enforce the same and prosecute all violations thereof. Proceedings to prosecute such violations must be begun within thirty days after the alleged offense was committed. A ll officers and members of such boards, or department, all health commissioners, inspectors, and other persons appointed or designated by such boards, departments or commissioners may visit and inspect at reasonable hours and when practicable and necessary, all mercantile or. other establishments herein specified within the town, village or city for which they are appointed. No person shall interfere with or pre vent any such officer from making such visitations and inspections, nor shall he be obstructed or injured by force or otherwise while in the performance of his duties. A ll persons connected with any such mercantile or other establishment herein speci fied shall properly answer all questions asked by such officer or inspector in reference to any of the provisions of this article. Sec. 173 (as amended by chapter 255, acts of 1903). A copy of this article shall be posted in three conspicuous places in each establishment affected by its provisions. Sec. 174 (added by chapter 151, acts of 1903). No male child "under ten, and no girl under sixteen years of age shall in any city of the first class sell or expose or offer for sale newspapers in any street or public place. Sec. 175 (added by chapter 151, acts of 1903). No male child actually or appar ently under fourteen years of age shall sell or expose or offer for sale said articles unless a permit and badge as hereinafter provided shall have been issued to him by the district superintendent of the board of education of the city and school district where said child resides, or by such other officer thereof as may be officially desig nated by such board for that purpose, on the application of the parent, guardian or other person having the custody of the child desiring such permit and badge, or in case said child has no parent, guardian or custodian then on the application of his next frien a, being an adult. Such permit and badge shall not be issued until the officer issu ing the same shall have received, examined, approved and placed on file in his office satisfactory proof that such male child is of the age of ten years or upwards. No per mit or badge provided for herein shall be valid for any purpose except during the period in which such proof shall remain on file, nor shall such permit or badge be authority beyond the period fixed therein for its duration. After having received, examined, approved and placed on file such proof the officer shall issue to the child a permit and badge. Sec. 176 (added by chapter 151, acts of 1903). Such permit shall state the date and place of birth of the child, the name and address of its parent, guardian, custodian or next friend as the case may be and describe the color of hair and eyes, the height and weightand any distinguishing facial mark of such child, and shall further state that the proof required by the preceding section has been duly examined, approved and filed; and that the child named in such permit has appeared before the officer issu ing the permit. The badge furnished by the officer issuing the permit shall bear on its face a number corresponding to the number of the permit, and the name of the CHILD LABOH IK THE UNITED STATES. 613 child. Every such permit, and every such badge on its reverse side, shall be signed in the presence of the officer issuing the same by the child in whose name it is issued. Sec. 177 (added by chapter 151, acts of 1903). The badge provided for herein shall be worn conspicuously at all times by such child while so working; and such permit and badge shall expire at the end of one year from the date of their issue. No child to whom such permit and badge are issued shall transfer the same to any other per son nor be engaged in any city of the first class as a newsboy, or shall sell or expose or offer for sale newspapers in any street or public place without having upon his person such badge, and he shall exhibit the same upon demand at any time to any police, or attendance officer. Sec. 178 (added by chapter 151, acts of 1903). The parent, guardian, custodian or next friend, as the case may be, of every child to whom such permit and badge shall be issued shall surrender the same to the authority b y which said permit and badge are issued at the expiration of the period provided therefor. Sec. 179 (added by chapter 151, acts of 1903). No child to whom a permit and badge are issued as provided for in the preceding sections shall sell or expose or offer for sale any newspapers after ten o ’ clock in the evening. Sec. 179a (added by chapter 151, acts of 1903). Any child who shall work in any city of the first class in any street or public place as a newsboy or shall sell or expose or offer for sale newspapers under circumstances forbidden b y the provisions of this article, must be arrested and brought before a court or magistrate having jurisdiction to commit a child to an incorporated charitable reformatory or other institution and be dealt with according to law; and if any such child is committed to an institution, it shall when practicable, be committed to an institution governed by persons of the same religious faith as the parents of such child. 2. Nothing in this act contained shall be deemed or construed to repeal, amend, modify, impair or in any manner affect any provision of the Penal Code or the Code of Criminal Procedure. Sec. 209 (as amended by chapter 380, acts of 1903). Any person who violates or does not com ply with: 1. The provisions of article six [sections 70 to 92] of the labor law, relating to fac tories; 4. The provisions of article eleven [sections 160 to 173] of the labor law, relating to mercantile establishments, and the employment of women and children therein; 5. And any person who knowingly makes a false statement in or in relation to any application made for an employment certificate as to any matter required by article six and eleven of the labor law to appear in any affidavit, record, transcript or certificate therein provided for, is guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be punished for a first offense by a fine of not less than twenty nor more than one hundred dollars; for a second offense by a fine of not less than fifty nor more than two hundred dollars, or by imprisonment for not more than thirty days or by both such fine and imprisonment; for a third offense by a fine of not less than two hundred and fifty dollars, or by imprisonment for not more than sixty days, or by both such fine and imprisonment. NORTH CAROLINA. ACTS OF 1891. Chapter 45.— Enticing minors. Section 1 . A ny person who shall employ and carry beyond the limits of this State any minor, or who shall induce any minor to go beyond the limits of this State for the purposes of employment without the consent in writing, duly authenticated, of the parent, guardian or other person having authority over such minor shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be fined not less than five hundred and not more than one thousand dollars for each offense. Sec. 2. The fact of the employment and going out of the State of the minor, or of the going out of the State by the minor, at the solicitation of the person for the purpose of employment, shall be prima facie evidence of knowledge that the person employed or solicited to go beyond the limits of the State is a minor. ACTS OF 1893. C hapter 309.— Contract o f employment with intent to defraud. Section 1. Whenever any person having a contract with any corporation, company or person for the manufacture or change of any raw material b y the piece or pound 614 BULLETIN OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR. shall hire and employ any minor to assist in said work upon the faith of and by color of said contract and with intent to cheat and defraud said minor, and shall secure the contract price and shall willfully fail to pay said minor when he shall have performed his part of said contract work, whether done by the day or by the job, the person so offending shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon convic tion shall be fined not more than fifty dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty days. ACTS OF 1897. C h a p t e r 251.— Employment in mines. S ection 7. * * * N o boy under twelve years of age shall be allowed to work in any mine, and in all cases of minors applying for work, the agent of such mine shall see that the provisions of this section are not violated; and the inspector may, when doubt exists as to the age of any minors found working in any mine, qualify and examine the said minor, or his parents as to his age. * * * Sec. 8. The provisions of this act shall not apply or affect any mine in which not more than ten men are employed at the same time; * * * whosoever knowingly violates any of the provisions of this act * * * , shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction fined not less than fifty dollars or imprisoned in the county jail not more than thirty days or both. ACTS OF 1903. C h a p t e r 473.— A ge limit— H ours o f labor. S ection 1. No child under twelve years of age shall be employed or work in any factory or manufacturing establishment within this State: Provided , This act shall not apply to oyster canning and packing manufactories in this State, where said canning and packing manufactories pay for opening or shucking oysters by the gallon or bushel. S ec . 2. Not exceeding sixty-six hours shall constitute a week’ s work in all facto ries and manufacturing establishments of this State, and no p e rs o n u n d e r 18 y ea rs of age shall be required to work in such factories or establishments a longer period than sixty-sik hours in one week: Provided, That this section shall not apply to engineers, firemen, machinists, superintendents, overseers, section and yard hands, office men, watchmen or repairers of break downs. S ec . 3. A ll parents, or persons standing in relation of parent, upon hiring their children to any factory or manufacturing establishment, shall furnish such establish ment a written statement of the age of such child or children being so hired, and any such parent, or person standing in the relation of parent to such child or children, who shall in such written statement misstate the age of such child or children being so employed, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be pun ished at the discretion of the court. A ny mill owner, superintendent or other person acting in behalf of a factory or manufacturing establishment who shall knowingly or willfully violate the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be punished at the discretion of the court. NORTH DAKOTA. CONSTITUTION. A r t ic l e 17.— A ge limit. S ection 209.— The labor of children undes twelve years of age shall be prohibited in mines, factories and workshops in this State. REVISED CODES OF 1899. P o l it ic a l C o d e . C h a p t e r 9.— A ge limit— School attendance. S ectio n 762. No child between eight and fourteen years of age shall be employed in any mine, factory or workshop or mercantile establishment, or, except by his parents or guardian, in any other manner, during the hours when the public schools CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 615 in the city, village or district are in session, unless the person employing him shall first procure a certificate from the superintendent of schools of the city or village, if one is employed, otherwise from the clerk of the school board or board of education, stating that such child has attended school for the period of twelve weeks during the year, as required by law, or has been excused from attendance as provided in section 759; and it shall be the duty of such superintendent or clerk to furnish such certificate upon application of the parent, guardian or other persons having con trol of such child, entitled to the same. S ec . 763. Each owner, superintendent or overseer of any mine, factory, workshop or mercantile establishment, and any other person who shall employ any child between eight and fourteen years of age contrary to the provisions of this article, is guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined for each offense in a sum not less than twenty nor more than fifty dollars and costs. Each person authorized to sign a certificate as prescribed in the preceding section, who certifies to any materially false statement therein, shall be fined not less than twenty nor more than fifty dollars and costs. Civil Code. Chapter 7.— Earnings o f minors. Section 2793. The wages of a minor employed in service may be paid to him or her until the parent or guardian entitled thereto gives the employer notice that he claims such wages. P e n a l Code. C h a p t e r 71.— H ours o f labor. S ectio n 7666. Every owner, stockholder, overseer, employer, clerk or foreman, of any manufactory, workshop or other place used for mechanical or manufacturing purposes, who, having control, shall compel * * * any child under eighteen years of age, or permit any child under fourteen years of age, to labor in any day exceeding ten hours, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be punished b y fine not exceeding one hundred and not less than ten dollars. OHIO. BATES’ ANNOTATED STATUTES—TH IR D EDITION. P art I.—P olitical. Employment in mines. Section 302. No child unaer fifteen years of age shall be allowed to work in any mine, during the school term of the puolic schools in the district in wThich such minor resides, and no child under fourteen years of age shall be employed in any mine during the vacation interim of the public schools in the school district in which such minor resides, and in all cases of minors applying for work the agent of such mine shall see that the provisions of this section are not violated; he shall also keep a record of all minors employed by him, or by any person employed in said mines, giving the name, age, place of birth, parents’ name and residence, with character of employment, and he shall demand from such minor proof that he has complied with the requirements of the school laws; and it shall be the duty of the mine inspector to inspect such record and to report to the chief inspector of mines the number of minors employed in or about such mines and to enforce the provisions of this section. Sec. 303. In case any coal mine does not, in appliances for the safety of the per sons working therein, conform to the provisions of this chapter, or the owner or agent disregards the requirements of this chapter, any court of competent jurisdic tion may, on application of the inspector, by civil action, in the name of the State, enjoin or restrain the owner or agent from working or operating such mine, until it is made to conform to the provisions of this chapter; and such remedy shall be cumulative, and shall not take the place of or affect any other proceedings against such owner or agent authorized by law for the matter complained of in such action. 616 BULLETIN OP THE BUEEAU OP LABOR. Employment in elevators. S ectio n 2575-91. No person under twenty-one years of age shall be employed in running or operating any electric, steam or hydraulic passenger or freight elevators, and it shall be unlawful for any firm, company or person in the State of Ohio, own ing, operating or having in charge any such passenger or freight elevator or elevators to employ a person under twenty-one years of age to run or operate any such ele vator. Sec. 2575-92. Any person, firm or corporation, or any agent, trustee, director, officer or employee oi any person, firm or corporation, who shall employ any per son contrary to the provisions of the foregoing section, or who shall violate any of its provisions, shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined in any sum not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars, or imprisonment not less than thirty nor more than sixty days. P a r t II.— C i v i l . Employment during school term — Illiterates. S ection 4022-1 (as amended by act, page 615, acts of 1902). A ll parents, guardians and other persons who have care of children, shall instruct them, or cause them to be instructed in reading, spelling, writing, English grammar, geography and arith metic. Every parent, guardian or other person having charge of any child between the ages of eight and fourteen years shall send such child to a public, private or parochial school, for the full time that the school attended is in session, which shall m no case be for less than twenty-four weeks, and said attendance shall begin within the first week of the school term, unless the child is excused from such attendance b y the superintendent of the public schools, in city or other districts having such superintendent, or b y the clerk of the board of education in village, special and township districts not having such superintendent, or by the principal of the private or parochial school, upon satisfactory showing, either that the bodily or mental con dition of the child does not permit of its attendance at school, or that the child is being instructed at home by a person qualified, * * * to teach the branches named in this section. * * * S ec . 4022-2 (as amended by act, page 615, acts of 1902). No child under fourteen years of age shall be employed or be in the employment of any person, company or corporation, during the school term and while the public schools are in session, unless such child shall present to such person, company or corporation an age and schooling certificate herein provided for. An age and schooling certificate shall be approved only by the superintendent of schools, or by a person authorized by him, in city or other districts having such superintendent, or by the clerk of the board of education in village, special and township districts not having such superintendent upon a satisfactory proof of the age of such minor and that he has successfully com pleted the studies enumerated in section 4022-1 of the Revised Statutes of Ohio; or if between the ages of fourteen and sixteen years, a knowledge of his or her ability to read and write legibly the English language. * * * Every person, company or corporation employing any child under sixteen years of age, shall exact the age and schooling certificate prescribed in this section, as a condition of employment and shall keep the same on file, and shall upon request of the truant officer hereinafter provided for, permit him to examine such age and schooling certificate. A ny per son, company or corporation, employing any minor contrary to the provisions of this section shall be fined not less than twenty-five nor more than fifty dollars. S ec . 4022-3 (as amended by act, page 615, acts of 1902). A ll minors over the age of fourteen and under the age of sixteen years, w ho can not read and write the Eng lish language shall be required to attend school as provided in section 4022-1 of the Revised Statutes of Ohio and all the provisions of said section shall apply to said minors: Provided , That such attendance shall not be required of such minors after they have secured a certificate from the superintendent of schools, in districts having superintendents or the clerk of the board of education in districts not having super intendents, that they can read and write the English language. No person, company or corporation shall employ any such minor during the time schools are in session, or having such minor in their employ shall immediately cease such employment, upon notice from the truant officer w ho is hereinafter provided for. Every person, company or corporation violating the provisions of this section shall be fined not less than twenty-five nor more than fifty dollars. S ec . 4022-9 (as amended by act, page 615, acts of 1902). W hen any truant officer is satisfied that any child, compelled to attend school by the provisions of this act, is unable to attend school because absolutely required to work, at home or elsewhere, m order to support itself or help support or care for others legally entitled to its CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 61? services, who are unable to support or care for themselves, the truant officer shall report the case to the authorities charged with the relief of the poor, and it shall be the duty of said officers to afford such relief as w ill enable the child to attend school the time each year required under this act. Such child shall not be considered or declared a pauper by reason of the acceptance of the relief herein provided for. * * * In all cases where relief is necessary it shall be the duty of the board of education to furnish text books free of charge and said board may furnish any further relief it may deem necessary, the expenses incident to furnishing said books and relief to be paid from the contingent funds of the school district. Retaining wages— Written contracts. S ection 4364-65. It shall be unlawful for any person, company or corporation doing business in the State of Ohio, to retain or withhold from an employee, male or female, who is a minor, the wages or compensation, or any part thereof, agreed to be paid to such employee, and due to the same for work performed or services rendered, because of presumed negligence or failure to comply with rules, or for breakage of machinery, or for alleged incompetency to produce work or to perform labor in accordance with any standard of merit set up; nor shall any firm, corpora tion, or individual as aforesaid, receive any guarantee, bonus, or money deposit, or any other form of security, in order to obtain or to secure for any such minor employ ment, or to insure faithful performance of labor, or to guarantee strict observance of rules, or to make good any losses which may be ascribed or charged to the incom petence, negligence, or inability of such minor employee. Sec. 4364-66 (as amended by act, page 598, acts of 1902). No person, company or corporation, as aforesaid, shall give employment to any minor, without agreeing with said minor what wages or compensation he or she shall be entitled to receive per day, week, month or year or per piece for work performed; and written evidence of such agreement shall be furnished to such minor, and on or before each pay day a statement of earnings due, and the amount thereof to be paid to him or her on such pay day shall be given to such minor, and no subsequent change shall be made in the wages or compensation of such minor without notice of the same being given to him or her at least twenty-four hours previous to its going into effect, and when such change is effected written agreement shall be given as in the first instance to said minor employee. S ec. 4364-67. A ny person, or officer, or agent of any company or corporation, who shall violate any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misde meanor, and upon conviction thereof in any court of competent jurisdiction, be fined in any sum not exceeding two hundred dollars, or imprisonment in the county jail for a period not exceeding six months, or both, at the discretion of the court; and it is hereby declared to be the duty of the State inspector of workshops and factories to see that the provisions of this act shall be enforced. P a r t IV . — P e n a l . Certain employments forbidden. S ect io n 6984. W hoever takes, receives, hires, employs, uses, exhibits, or in any manner, or under any pretense, sells, apprentices, gives away, lets out, or otherwise disposes of, to any person, any child under the age of fourteen years, for or in the vocation, occupation, service, or purpose of singing, playing on musical instruments, rope or wire walking, dancing, begging, or peddling, or as a gymnast, contortionist, rider, or acrobat, or for or in any obscene, indecent, or immoral purpose, exhibi tion, or practice, or for or in any business, exhibition, or vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to the life or limbs of such child, or causes, or procures, or encourages any such child to engage therein, or causes or permits any such child to suffer, or inflicts upon it, unjustifiable physical pain or mental suffering, or willfully causes or permits the life of any such child to be endangered, or its health to be injured, or such child to be placed in such situation that its life may be endangered, or its health injured, or has in custody any such child for any of the purposes afore said, shall be fined not more than two nundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than six months, or both. Sec. 6986-1. No child under the age of sixteen years shall be employed b y any person, firm, or corporation in this State, at employment whereby its life or limb is endangered, or its health is likely to be injured, or its morals may be depraved by such employment. Sec. 6986-2. Any person, firm, or corporation in this State who willfully causes or permits the life or lim b of any child under the age of sixteen years to be endangered, 618 BULLETIN OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR. or its health to be injured, or its morals to become depraved, from and while actually in their employ, or who willfully permits such child to be placed in such a position or to engage in such employment that its life or lim b is in danger, or its health likely to be injured, or its morals likely to be impaired by such position or employment, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in any sum not less than ten ($10) dollars nor more than fifty ($50) dollars, or imprisonment not less than thirty nor more than ninety days for each and every offense. S ec . 6986-3. It shall be the duty of the state inspector of workshops and factories to enforce the provisions of this act. A ge limit— Night work— H ours o f labor— Time fo r meals. S ection 6986-7 (as amended by act, page 598, acts of 1902). No child under the age of fourteen years shall be employed in any factory, workshop, mercantile or other establishment, directly or indirectly at any time; and no such child under said age shall be employed in any other manner, whether it be for compensation or otherwise, when the public schools in which district such child resides are in ses sion. It shall be the duty of every person employing minors under the age of eight een years to keep a register in which shall be recorded the name, birthplace, age and place of residence of every minor employed by him under the age of eighteen years. S ec . 6986-8 (as amended by act, page 598, acts of 1902). No boy under sixteen years of age and no girl under eighteen years of age, shall fee employed at any work at night time later than seven o ’ clock in the evening nor earlier than six o ’ clock in the morning, and no minor under eighteen years of age shall be employed in any of the places named in section 6986-7 o f the Revised Statutes of Ohio for a longer period than ten hours in one day, nor more than fifty-five hours in one week; and every such minor under eighteen years of age shall be entitled to no less than thirty min utes for mealtime at noon, but such mealtime shall not be included as part of the work hours of the day; and every employer shall post in a conspicuous place in every room where such minors are employed a printed notice stating the maximum number of work hours required in one week, and in each day of the week from such minors, such printed notice to be furnished by the chief inspector of workshops and factories, and approved by the attorney general. S ec . 6986-9. Any person or corporation who shall em ploy any minor contrary to the provisions of this act, or who shall violate any of tne provisions thereof, shall upon conviction be fined in any sum not less than twenty dollars nor more than fifty dollars, or imprisoned not less than ten nor more than thirty days. OKLAHOMA. STATUTES OF 1893. C h a p t e r 25.— H ours o f labor. P a r a g r a p h 2550. Every owner, stockholder, overseer, employer, clerk or foreman, of any manufactory, workshop, or other place used for mechanical or manufacturing purposes, who, having control, shall compel * * * any child under eighteen years of age, or permit any child under fourteen years of age, to labor in any day exceeding ten hours, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be punished by fine not exceeding one hundred and not less than ten dollars. C h a p t e r 59.— Earnings o f minors. P a r a g r a p h 3562. The wages of a minor employed in service may be paid to him or her until the parent or guardian entitled thereto gives the employer notice that he claims such wages. OREGON. ACTS OF 1903. Age limit— Em ploym ent during school hours— Night work— Lunch time— Illiterates. (Page 79.) S ection 1. No child, under fourteen years of age, shall be employed in any fac tory, store, workshop, in or about any mine, or in the telegraph, telephone, or public messenger service. CHILD LABOR IK THE UNITED STATES. 619 S ec * 2i No child, under the age of fourteen years, shall be employed in any work, or form, for wages or other compensation to whomsoever payable, during the hours when the public schools of the town, district* or city in which he or she resides are in session. S ec . 4. No child, under sixteen years of age, shall be employed at any work before the hour of 6 in the morning, or after the hour of 7 at night, nor employed for longer than ten hours for any one day, nor more than six days in any one week; and every such child, under sixteen years of age, shall be entitled to not less than thirty min utes for mealtime at noon, but such mealtime shall not be included as part of the work hours of the day; and every employer shall post, in a conspicuous place where such minors are employed, a printed notice stating the maximum work hours required in one week, and in every day of the week, from such minors. S ec . 5. N o person shall employ any minor under sixteen years of age, and no par ent, guardian, or custodian shall permit to be employed any such minor under his control, who can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences in the English language, while a school is maintained in the town or city in which such minor resides. S ec . 6. It shall be the duty of every person, or corporation, employing a child under the age of sixteen years, to keep a register, in which shall be recorded the name, age, date of birth, and place of residence of every child under the age of six teen years employed; and it shall be unlawful for any person, or corporation, to employ any child under the age of sixteen years, unless there is first provided and placed on file in the factory, store, workshop, or mine, or in the telegraph, tele phone, or messenger office, in which such child is employed, an affidavit made by the parents, or guardian, stating the name, date, and place of birth, and place of the school attended by such child. The register and affidavit herein provided for shall, on demand, be produced and shown for inspection to the persons hereinafter pro vided for in this act, w ho are created a board for the enforcement of the laws of this State. The persons hereinafter provided for in this act, who are created the board of inspection of child labor, shall have the power to demand a certificate of physical fitness from some regularly licensed physician, in the case of a child under sixteen years of age, who may seem physically unable to perform the labor at which such child may be employed, and no child, under sixteen, shall be employed who can not obtain such a certificate. Sec. 7. Any person, or corporation, who shall employ a minor contrary to the provisions of this act, or who shall violate any of the provisions thereof, shall, upon conviction, be fined in a sum not less than $10 nor more than $25 for the first offense, nor less than $25 nor more than $50 for the second offense, and be imprisoned for not less than ten and no more than thirty days for the third and each succeeding offense. Sec. 8. A ny parent or guardian who shall permit a child to be employed in viola tion of the provisions of this act shall, upon conviction, be fined not less than $5 nor more than $25. S ec . 9. It is hereby made the duty of the governor, immediately upon the passage of this law, to appoint five persons, three at least of whom shall be women, who shall constitute the board of inspectors of child labor of the State of Oregon, and shall serve without compensation. The term for which such inspectors shall serve is hereby made one, two, three, four, and five years, respectively; and immediately after the appointment of such board of inspectors by the governor, they shall draw lots among themselves to determine how long each inspector shall serve; the one receiving the long term shall serve the period of five years; the one receiving the second term shall serve four years; the one receiving the third term shall serve three years; the one receiving the fourth term shall serve two years, and the one receiv ing the short term shall serve one year. P E N N SYLV AN IA . B R IG H T L Y ’ S PURDON’ S DIGEST, TW E LFTH EDITION— 1895. Certain employments forbidden— Em ploym ent on elevators— Em ploym ent in mines. (Page 1015.) S ectio n 9. A ny person having the care, custody or control, lawful or unlawful, for [of] any minor child under the age of eighteen years, who shall use such minor or apprentice, give away, let out, hire or otherwise dispose of such minor, to any person, for the purpose o f singing, playing on musical instruments, begging, or 620 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. for any mendicant business whatsoever, in the streets, roads or other highways of this Commonwealth, and wThosoever shall take, receive, hire, employ, use or ha^e in custody, any such minor, for the vocation, occupation, calling, service or )se of singing, playing upon musical instruments or begging, upon the street, , or other highways of the Commonwealth, or for any mendicant business what ever, shall be guilty oi a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof in the manner provided in the first section of this act, shall be fined not less than fifty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars. Sec. 10. A ny person having the care, custody or control of any minor child under the age of fifteen years, who shall in any manner sell, apprentice, give away or permit such child to sing, dance, act, or in any manner exhibit, in any dance house what ever, or in any concert saloon, theatre or place of entertainment, where wines or spirituous or malt liquors are sold or given away, or with which any place for the sale of wines or spirituous or malt liquors is directly or indirectly connected, by any passageway or entrance, and any proprietor of any dance house whatever, or any such concert saloon, theatre or place of entertainment, so employing any such child, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof in the manner pro vided in the first section of this act, shall be fined not less than fifty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense. Sec. 11. A ny person having the care, custody or control of any minor child under the age of fifteen years, who shall in any manner sell, apprentice, give away or other wise dispose of such child, and any person who shall take, receive or employ such child for the vocation or occupation of rope or wire walking, or as an acrobat, gymnast, contortionist or rider, and any person who, having the care, custody or control of any minor child whatsoever, shall sell, apprentice, give away or otherwise dispose of such child, or who shall take, receive or employ such child, for any obscene, indecent or illegal exhibition or vocation, or any vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to the life or limb of such child engaged therein, or for the pur pose of prostitution, and any person who shall retain, harbor or employ any minor child in or about any assignation house or brothel, or in any place where any obscene, indecent or illegal exhibition takes place, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof before any justice of the peace, magistrate or court of record, snail be fined not less than fifty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense. S ec . 12. No person, firm or corporation shall employ or permit any minor under the age of fourteen years to have the care, custody, management or operation of any elevator. A ny person, firm or corporation, employing any minor under the age of fourteen years to operate, manage or otherwise have the care or custody of an ele vator, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be sen tenced to pay a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars. Sec. 13. Any person who shall take, receive, hire or employ any child under twelve years of age, in any underground work or mine, or like place whatsoever, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof in the manner provided in the first section of this act, shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than fifty dollars. Sec. 14. No boy under the age of fourteen (14) years, and no woman or girl of any age, shall be employed or permitted to be in any mine for the purpose of employ ment therein. Nor shall a boy under the age of twelve years or a woman or girl of any age, be employed or permitted to be in or about the outside structures or work ings of a colliery for the purpose of employment, but it is provided, however, that this prohibition shall not affect the employment of a boy or female of suitable age in an office or in the performance of clerical work at a colliery. Sec. 15. W hen an employer is in doubt as to the age of any boy or youth apply ing for employment in or about a mine or colliery, he shall demand and receive proof of the said lawful employment age of such boy or youth, by certificate from the parent or guardian, before said boy or youth shall be employed. Sec. 16. If any person or persons contravene or fail to com ply with the provisions of this act in respect to the employment of boys, young male persons or females, or if he or they shall connive with or permit others to contravene or fail to comply with said provisions, or if a parent or guardian of a boy or young male person make or give a false certificate of the age of such boy or young male person, or knowingly do or perform any other act for the purpose of securing employment for a boy or young male person under the lawful employment age and in contravention of the provisions of this act, he or they shall be guilty of an offense against this act. Sec. 17. N o boy under the age of twelve years, or any woman or girl of any age shall be employed or permitted to be in the workings of any bituminous coal mine for purpose of employment or for any other purpose; and no boy under the age of S CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 6 21 sixteen shall be permitted to mine or load coal in any room, entry or other working place, unless in company with a person over sixteen years of age. If the mine inspector or mine foreman has reason to doubt the fact of any particular boy being as old as this act requires for the service which said boy is performing at any mine, it shall be the duty of said mine inspector or mine foreman to report the fact to the superintendent, giving the name of said boy, and the said superintendent shall at once discharge the said boy. S ec . 86. A sober and competent person, not under eighteen (18) years of age, shall be engaged to run the breaker engine, and he shall attend to said engine wnile the machinery is in motion. S ec . 88. No person under fifteen (15) years of age shall be appointed to oil the machinery, and no person shall oil dangerous parts of such machinery while it is in motion. S ec . 112 (as amended by act No. 268, acts of 1903). No boy under the age of sixteen years, * * * or girl of any age, shall be employed or permitted to be in any mine for the purpose of employment therein. Nor shall a boy under the age of fourteen years, * * * or girl of any age, be employed of [or] permitted to be in or about the outside structures or workings of a colliery for the purpose of employment; but it is provided, however, that this prohibition shall not affect the employment of a boy * * * , of suitable age, in an office or in the performance of clerical work at a colliery. S ec . 113. W hen an employer is in doubt as to the age of any boy or youth apply ing for employment in or about a mine or colliery, he shall demand and receive proof of the said lawful employment age of such boy or youth, by certificate from the parent or guardian, before said boy or youth shall be employed. Sec. 114. If any person or persons contravene or fail to comply with the provisions of this act in respect to the employment of boys, young male persons * * * , or if he or they shall connive with or permit others to contravene or fail to com ply with said provisions, or if a parent or guardian of a boy or young male person make or give a false certificate of the age of such bov or young male person, or knowingly do or perform any other act for the purpose o f securing employment for a boy or young male person under the lawful employment age and m contravention of the provisions of this act, he or they shall be guilty of an offense against this act. Sec. 155. An engineer placed in charge of an engine whereby persons are hoisted or lowered in any mine shall be * * * of not less than twenty-one (21) years of age. S ec . 212. All offenses under this act are declared to be misdemeanors, and in default of payment of any penalty or cost by the party or parties sentenced to pay the same, he or they may be imprisoned for a period not exceeding three (3) months and not less than thirty (30) days. B R IG H T L Y ’ S DIGEST— 1893-1903. Employment in bakeries. (Page 62.) S ection 1. * * * N o person under the age of eighteen (18) years shall be employed in any bakehouse between the hours of nine (9) o’clock at night and five (5) in the morning. Excepted from this rule shall be the time on Sunday for set ting the sponges for the night’ s work following. S ec . 13. No minor male or female * * * shall be employed at labor or detained in any biscuit, bread, pie or cake bakery, pretzel or macaroni establishment, for a longer period than twelve h jurs in any one day, nor for a longer period than sixty hours in any one week. S ec . 23. Any person who violates any of the provisions of this act, * * * shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction before any justice of the peace, magistrate, alderman, mayor or burgess, shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty nor more than fifty ($50) dollars, for a first offense; and not less than fifty ($50) nor more than one hundred ($100) dollars, for a second offense, or imprison ment for not more than ten (10) days; and for a third offense, by a fine of not less than two hundred and fifty (250) dollars and more than thirty (30) days imprisonment. Names o f children employed. (Page 143.) S ection 128. * * * Any person employing a child or children shall furnish, pn or before the third Monday of the school term and quarterly thereafter, to the 622 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. superintendent of schools, to the secretary of the board of school directors or con trollers of the district in which such child or children reside, the names, age, place of residence, and name of parent or guardian of every person under the age of six teen years in his employ at the time of said report: * * * Hours o f labor— Age limit— Illiterates. (Page 254.) S ection 1. No minor male or female * * * shall be employed at labor or detained in any manufacturing establishment, mercantile industry, laundry, work shop, renovating works or printing office, for a longer period than twelve hours in any day, nor for a longer period than sixty hours in any week. Sec. 2. N o child under thirteen years of age shall be employed in any factory, manufacturing or mercantile industry, laundry, workshop, renovating works, or printing office within this State. Sec. 3. It shall be unlawful for any factory, manufacturing or mercantile industry, laundry, workshop, renovating works, or printing office to hire or employ any child between the age of thirteen and sixteen years, without there is first provided and placed on file an affidavit made by the parent or guardian stating the age, date and place of birth of said child. If said child have no parent or guardian, then such affidavit shall be made by the child, which affidavit shall be kept on file by the employer, and shall be returned to the child when employment ceases. Sec. 4. All persons authorized to administer oaths must examine all children as to their ability to read and write the English language. After a careful examination, if a child is found unable to read and write the English language, or has not attended school as required by law, or is under thirteen years of age, it will be unlawful to issue a certificate; ana in no case shall the officer who executes certificates charge more than twenty-five cents for administering the oath and issuing the certificate. S ec. 5. Every person, firm or corporation, employing men, women or children, or either, in any factory, manufacturing or mercantile industry, laundry, workshop, renovating works, or printing office, shall post and keep posted, in a conspicuous place in every room where such help is employed, a printed notice, stating the num ber of hours per day for each day of the week required of such persons; and, in every room where children under sixteen years of age are employed, a list of their names with their age. Sec. 8. * * * no minor under sixteen years of age shall be allowed to clean machinery while in motion. And no minor, under fourteen years of age, shall operate or otherwise have the care or custody of an elevator. Sec. 21. Any person who violates any of the provisions of this act, or who suffers any child or female to be employed in violation of its provisions, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be punished by fine of not more than five hundred dollars. In all such cases the hearing shall be conducted by the alderman or justice of the peace before whom information is lodged, and, after full hearing of parties in interest, the alderman or justice of the peace shall impose the fine herein provided, which shall be final unless an appeal be taken to the court of quarter sessions within twenty days from the date of the imposition of the fine, as herein provided. Sec. 84. [This section makes the same provision as to the employment of women and children in bituminous mines as is found in sec. 112, supra, for anthracite mines.] Employment as steam engineers. (Page 2535.) Section 165. It shall be unlawful for any person or persons to have charge of or to operate a steam boiler or steam engine over ten horsepower, in cities of the first class of this Commonwealth, except locomotive boilers used in transportation, and steam engines and steam boilers carrying less than fifteen pounds pressure per square inch, unless said person or persons are upwards of twenty-one years of age * * * PORTO RICO. REVISED STATUTES AND CODES— 1902. R e vised S ta t u te s . H ours o f labor— Inhumane treatment. Section 166. No child of either sex, under sixteen years shall be compelled to w ork in agricultural factories and manufacturing establishments over six hours per CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 623 day, three in the morning and three in the afternoon. All persons who shall violate this provision shall be fined in a sum of from five to fifteen dollars, or imprisonment not to exceed thirty days for each offense. S ec . 167. No foreman, teacher or other person having under his charge the work, care or education of a minor under sixteen years of age, shall resort to inhumane treatment to compel such minor to work or to study. Any violation of the provi sions hereof shall be punished with a fine of from five to fifteen dollars or imprison ment not to exceed thirty days for each offense. P en al C ode. Certain employments forbidden. S ection 265. A ny person, whether as parent, relative, guardian, employer or otherwise, having in his care, custody, or control any child under the age of twelve years, who shall sell, apprentice, give away, let out, or otherwise dispose of any such child to a n y person, under any name, title, or pretense, for the vocation, use, occu pation, calling, service of begging, or peddling, in any public street or highway, or in any mendicant or wandering business whatsoever, and any person who shall take, receive, hire, employ, use, or have in custody any child for such purposes, or either of them, is guilty of a misdemeanor. C iv il C o de. Earnings o f minors. S ection 225. Property acquired by an unemancipated child by labor or industry, or for any valuable consideration, belongs to the said child, but the usufruct thereof belongs to the parents having potestas over him whilst he lives in their company; but if the child, with the consent of his parents, lives independently, he shall be deemed emancipated for all effects as regards the said property, and he shall be the full owner and have the usufruct and administration thereof. RHODE ISLAND. GENERAL LAW S OF 1896. C h a p t e r 64.— Em ploym ent during school term. S ection 4 (as amended by chapter 1009, enacted 1902). No minor child who has not completed thirteen years of life shall be employed to labor or at service, or engaged in business, except during the vacations of the public schools of the city or town wherein such child resides, or as provided for by section one of this chapter. S ec . 5 (as amended by chapter 1009, enacted 1902). No minor child who has not completed fifteen years of life shall be employed to labor or at service unless he shall present to his employer a certificate made by or under the direction of the school committee of the city or town wherein such child resides; said certificate shall be made on a blank and in a form furnished by the secretary of the State board of education and shall state the name, place and date of birth of said child, and the name and residence of the person having control of said child. Sec. 6 (as amended by chapter 1009, enacted 1902). Every person, whether prin cipal or agent, who shall employ or permit to be employed or shall aid or abet the employment to labor or at service of anv minor child above described in section four, who has not complied with the provisions above recited in section five, shall for every such offense or neglect of such duty be fined not exceeding twenty dollars. C h a p t e r 68. — Age limit— Cleaning machinery. S ection 1. No child under twelve years of age shall be employed in any factory, manufacturing or mercantile establishment, within this State. It shall be the duty of every person, firm or corporation employing children, to keep a register in which shall be recorded the name, birthplace, age and place of residence of every person employed under the age of sixteen years; and said register shall be produced for inspection oh demand by either of the inspectors appointed under this chapter. Sec. 2. No person, firm or corporation employing less than five persons who are women or children shall be deemed a factory, manufacturing or m e rc a n tile establish ment within the meaning of this chapter. 624 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Sec. 6. N o minor under sixteen years of age shall be allowed to clean machinery while in motion, unless the same is necessary and is approved by said inspectors as not dangerous. * * * Sec. 8. Water-closets, earth-closets or privies shall be provided in all places where * * * children are employed, in such manner as shall, in the judgment of said inspectors, meet the demands of health and propriety. * . * * Sec. 12. A ny person who knowingly violates any of the provisions of this chapter, or w ho knowingly suffers or permits any child * * * to be employed in viola tion of its provisions, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars. Sec. 13. A printed copy of this chapter shall be posted by the inspectors in each workroom of every factory, manufacturing or mercantile establishment where per sons are employed who are affected by the provisions of this chapter. C h a p t e r 108.— Employment on elevators. S ection 16 (as amended by chapters 921, enacted 1901, and 973, enacted 1902). * * * no person under the age of eighteen years shall take charge of or operate any passenger elevator. . The lessee or owner or owners of any building, or in case such lessee or owner, or any of them, be non compos mentis or a minor, the guardian of any such lessee or owner, or in case such lessee or owner, or any of them, be a nonresident, the agent of any such lessee or owner having charge of such property, w ho shall neglect or fail to comply with the provisions of this * * * section shall be fined not less than five dollars nor more than ten dollars for each day that an elevator shall be used or operated in said building contrary to the provisions of this * * * sec tion. In case there shall be several such lessees or owners or agents in charge of any building in which an elevator shall be used or operated contrary to the provi sions of this * * * section, proceedings may be had against any or all of them jointly, or against any of them, for the recovery of such fine. C h a p t e r 115.— Certain employments forbidden. S ect io n 4 (as amended by chapter 475, enacted 1897). Every person having the cus tody or control of any child under the age of sixteen years, who shall exhibit, use or employ, or shall in any manner or under any pretense sell, apprentice or give away, let out or otherwise dispose of any such child to any person for or in the vocation, occu pation, service or purpose of rope or wire walking, or as a gymnast, wrestler, contor tionist, equestrian performer, acrobat, or rider upon any bicycle or mechanical con trivance, or in any dancing, theatrical or musical exhibition unless it be in connection with churches, schools, or private instruction in dancing or music or unless it be under the auspices of a Rhode Island society incorporated, or organized without incorporation, for a purpose authorized b y section 11 of chapter 176 of the Gen eral Laws, or unless it be with the written consent, previously obtained and revocable at will, of the mayor of the city or the president of the town council where such child is to be employed; or for or in gathering or picking rags, or collecting cigar stumps, bones, or refuse from markets, or in begging, or in any men dicant or wandering occupation, or in peddling in places injurious to the morals of such child; * * * or in any illegal, obscene, indecent, or immoral purpose, exhibition or practice whatsoever; or for or in any business, exhibition or vocation injurious to the health or morals, or dangerous to the life or lim b of such child, or who shall cause, procure or encourage any such child to engage therein, or who after being notified by an officer mentioned in section 6 of this chapter to restrain such child from engaging therein, shall neglect or refuse to do so, shall be held guilty of a misdemeanor and shall, for every such offense, be imprisoned not exceeding one year or be fined not exceeding two hundred [and] fifty dollars, or be both fined and imprisoned as aforesaid, and shall forfeit any right which he may have to the custody of such child. Sec. 5 (as amended by chapter 475, enacted 1897). Every person w ho shall take, receive, hire or employ, exhibit, or have in custody, or who shall cause to be taken, hired or employed, exhibited, or held in custody, any child under the age of sixteen years, for any of the purposes prohibited in the preceding section, shall be held guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished for every such offense in the manner provided in said section. Sec. 6 (as amended by chapter 475, enacted 1897). The town seigeant of any town, the chief of police of any city, or the general agent or agents of the R hode Island Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children may enter any place where any CHILD LABOB IN THE UNITED STATES. 625 child may be held, detained or employed, in violation of this chapter, and without process o f law, seize and detain such child and hold him as a witness to testify upon the trial of any person charged with violating the provisions of this chapter; * * * C h a p t e r 198.— Hours o f labor. S ectio n 22 (as amended by chapter 994). No minor under sixteen years of age * * * shall be employed in laboring in any manufacturing or mechanical estab lishment more than fifty-eight hours in any one week; and in no case shall the hours of labor exc ed ten hours in any one day, excepting when it is necessary to make repairs to prevent the interruption of the ordinary running of the machinery, or when a different apportionment of the hours of labor is made for the sole purpose of making a shorter day’ s work for one day of the week. Every employer snail post in a conspicuous place in every room where such per sons are employed a printed notice stating the number of hours’ work required of them on each day of the week; and the employment of any such person for a longer time in any day than so stated shall be deemed a violation of this section, unless it appears that such employment is to make up for time lost on some previous day of the same week in consequence of the stopping of the machinery upon which such person was employed or dependent for employment: Provided , That the provisions of this section shall not be construed to enlarge or impair any restriction placed upon the employment of any minor mentioned in chapter 64. Sec. 23. Every person who willfully employs, or has in his employment or under his charge any person, in violation of the provisions of the preceding section, and every parent or guardian who permits any such minor to be so employed, shall be fined not exceeding twenty dollars for each offense. A certificate of the age of a minor, made by him or by his parent or guardian, at the time of his employment in a manufacturing establishment, shall be conclusive evidence of his age upon any trial of any person other than the parent or guardian for a violation of the preceding section. SOUTH CAROLINA. CODE OF 1902. Civ il C ode. C h a p t e r 83.— Earnings o f minors. S ectio n 2694. If any person shall hire or employ any minor, or person under the age of twenty-one years, without the knowledge and consent of the parents or guard ian of such minor, such person shall pay to the said parents or guardian the full value of the labor of said minor from and after notice from the parents or guardian that payment of such service shall be made to him or them, as the case may be. ACTS OF 1903. A ct N o. 74.— A ge limit— Night work. S ectio n 1. From and after the first day of May, 1903, no child under the age of ten years shall be employed in any factory, mine or textile manufacturing establishment of this State; and from and after the first day of May, 1904, no child under the age of eleven shall be employed in any factory, mine or textile establishment of this State; from and after the first day of May, 1905, no child under the age of twelve years shall be employed in any factory, mine or textile establishment of this State, except as hereinafter provided. Sec. 2. From and after May first, 1903, no child under the age of twelve years shall be permitted to work between the hours of 8 o’ clock p. m. and 6 o’ clock in the morning in any factory, mine or textile manufactory of this State: Provided , That children under the age of twelve, whose employment is permissible, under the pro visions of this act, may be permitted to work after the hour of 8 p. m. in order to make up lost time, which has occurred from some temporary shut down of the mill, on account of accident or breakdown in the machinery, which has caused loss of time: Provided , however, That under no circumstances shall a child below the age of twelve w ork later than the hour of 9 p. m. Sec. 3. Children of a widowed mother and the children of a totally disabled father, w ho are dependent upon their own labor for their support, and orphan children who are dependent upon their own labor for their support, may be permitted to work in 8674—No. 52—04-----10 626 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. textile establishments of this State for the purposes of earning their support: Provided, That in the case of a child or children of a widowed mother or of a totally disabled father, the said mother or the said father, and in case of orphan children, the guard ian of said children or person standing, in loco parentis of said child or children, shall furnish to any of the persons named in section 4 of this act an affidavit duly sworn to by him or her before some magistrate or clerk of court of the county in which he or she resides, stating that he or she is unable to support the said children, and that the said children are dependent upon their own labor for their support, then, and in that case, the said child or children of the said widowed mother and the said disabled father and said orphan children shall not be affected b y the prohi bitions of section 1 of this act; and filing of said affidavit shall be full justification for their employment: Provided, further, That the officer before w hom the said affidavit shall be subscribed shall indorse upon the back thereof his approval and his consent to the employment of said child or children. Any person w ho shall swear falsely to the facts set forth in said acts shall be guilty of perjury and shall be indictable as provided by law: Provided, further, That the employment of said child or children shall be subject to the hours of labor herein limited. Sec. 4. A ny owner, superintendent, manager or overseer of any factory, mine or textile manmacturing establishment, or any other person in charge thereof or con nected therewith, w ho shall knowingly employ any child contrary to the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and for every such offense shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than fifty dollars, or be imprisoned not longer than thirty days, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 5. A ny parent, guardian or other person having under his or her control any child, w ho consents, suffers or permits the employment of his or her child or ward under the ages as above provided, or who knowingly or willfully misrepresents the age o f such child or ward to any of the persons named in section 4 of this act, in order to obtain employment for such child or ward, shall be deemed guilty of a mis demeanor, and for every such offense shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than fifty dollars, or be imprisoned not longer than thirty days, in the discretion of the court. Sec. 6. A ny parent, guardian or person standing in loco parentis, w ho shall furnish to the persons named in section 4 of this act a certificate that their child or ward has attended school for not less than four months during the current school year, jand that said child or children can read and write, may be permitted to obtain employ ment for such child or children in any of the textile establishments of this State during the months of June, July and August, and the employment of such child or children during the said months upon the proper certificate that such child or chil dren have attended school as aforesaid, shall not be in conflict with the provisions of this act. Sec. 7. In the employment of any child under the age of twelve years in any fac tory, mine or textile manufacturing establishment, the owner or superintendent of such factory, mine or textile manufacturing establishment shall require of the parent, guardian or person standing in loco parentis of such child, an affidavit giving the age of such child, which affidavit shall be placed on file in the office of the employer; and any person knowingly furnishing a false statement of the age of such child shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and for- every such offense shall, upon conviction, be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than fifty dollars, or be imprisoned not longer than thirty days, in the discretion of the court. SOUTH DAKOTA. REVISED CODES OF 1903. P olitical Code. Employment in mines. Section 145. A ll corporations or individuals working mines in South Dakota who shall employ, or permit to be employed, in such mines any children under fourteen years of age shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished b y a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars. Em ploym ent during session o f school. Section 2361. No child between eight and fourteen years of age shall be employed in any mine, factory or workshop or mercantile establishment, or, except b v his parent or guardian, m any other manner during the hours when the public schools CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 627 in the city, town, village or district, are in session unless the person, firm or cor poration employing him shall first procure a certificate from the superintendent of the schools of the city, town or village, if one be employed, otherwise from the clerk of the school board or board of education, stating that said child has attended school for the period of twelve weeks during the year, as required b y law, or has been excused from attendance as provided in section 2359; and it shall be the duty of such superintendent or clerk to furnish such certificate upon application of the parent, guardian or other person having control of such child, entitled to the same. Every owner, superintendent or overseer of any mine, factory, workshop, or mercantile establishment, and any other person who shall employ any child between eight and fourteen years of age contrary to the provisions of this article, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and for every such offense shall upon conviction thereof, be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than twenty dollars and costs. C iv il C ode. Earnings o f minors. Section 124. The wages of a minor employed in service may be paid to him or to her until the parent or guardian entitled thereto gives the employer notice that he claims such wages. P e n a l C ode. Hours o f labor. Section 764. Every owner, stockholder, overseer, employer, clerk or foreman of any manufactory, workshop or other place used for mechanical or manufacturing purposes, who, having control, shall compel * * * any child under eighteen years of age, or permit any child under fourteen years of age, to labor in any day exceeding ten hours, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred and not less than ten dollars. TENNESSEE. ACTS OF 1893. A ge limit. S ection 1 (as amended by chapter 34, acts of 1901). It shall be unlawful for a pro prietor, foreman, owner or other person to employ any child less than 14 years of age in any workshop, factory or mine in this State; unless said proprietor, foreman or owner shall know the age of the child, it shall be his or their duty to require the parent or guardian to furnish a sworn statement of its age, and any swearing falsely to such by the parent or guardian shall be perjury and punishable as such. Sec. 2 (as amended by chapter 34, acts of 1901). A n y proprietor, foreman or owner employing a child less than 14 years of age in conflict with the provisions of this act, except where such proprietor, foreman or owner has been furnished with a sworn statement of guardian or parent, that the child is more than 14 years of age, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than $25 and not more than $250. Sec. 3 (as amended by chapter 34, acts of 1901). The grand jury shall have inquisitorial powers to investigate violations of this act, and judges of the circuit and criminal courts of the State shall specially charge the grand jury at the beginning of each term of the court to investigate violations of this act. TEXAS. ACTS OF 1903. C hapter 28.— Age limit— Illiterates— Night work— Employment in mines, distilleries, or breweries. Section 1. A n y person or any agent or employee of any person, firm or corpora tion, w ho shall hereafter employ any child under the age of twelve years to labor in or about any mill, factory, manufacturing establishment, or other establishment using machinery, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined not less than fifty dollars, and not more than two hubdred dollars, and each day the provisions o f this act are violated shall constitute a separate offense, 628 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Sec. 2. A ny person, or any agent or employee of any person, firm or corporation, who shall hereafter employ any child between the ages of twelve and fourteen years (w ho can not read and write simple sentences in the English language) to labor in or about any mill, factory, manufacturing establishment, or other establishment using machinery, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined not less than fifty dollars, nor more than two hundred dollars; and each day the provisions of this act are violated shall constitute a separate offense: Provided , That such child w ho has a widowed mother, or parent incapacitated to support it, may be employed between the hours of 6 a. m. and 6 p. m .: Provided, further, That such parent is incapacitated from earning a living, and has no means of support other than the labor of such child; and in no event shall any child between the ages of twelve and fourteen years be permitted to work outside the hours between 6 a. m. and 6 p. m. Sec. 3. Any person, or agent or employee of any person, firm or corporation, own ing, operating or assisting in operating, any mine, distillery or brewery, who shall employ any child under the age of sixteen years to labor in or about any mine, dis tillery or brewery, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined not less than fifty, nor more than two hundred dollars. UTAH. CONSTITUTION. A rticle 16.— Employment in mines. Section 3. The legislature shall prohibit: (1) The employment of * * * children under the age of fourteen years, in underground mines. REVISED STATUTES— 1898. T itle 36.— Employment in mines and smelters. Section 1338. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to employ any child under fourteen years of age, * * * to work in any mine or smelter in the State of Utah. A n y person, firm, or corporation who shall violate any of the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. T itle 43.— Earnings o f minors. Section 1544. W hen a contract for the personal services of a minor has been made with him alone, and those services are afterward performed, payment made therefor to such minor in accordance with the terms of the contract* is a full satisfaction for those services, and the parent or guardian can not recover therefor a second time. T itle 73.— Exemption o f wages from execution, etc. Section 3243. The earnings of any minor child of any debtor within this State and the proceeds thereof are exempt from execution against such debtor by reason of any debts or liability of such debtor, not contracted for the special benefit of such minor child. VERMONT. STATUTES OF 1894. C hapter 38.— School attendance— Illiterates. Section 712. No child under fifteen years of age shall be employed in a mill or factory unless such child has attended public school twenty-six weeks during the current year, and deposited with the owner or overseer of such mill or factory a cer tificate of such attendance at school, signed by the teacher thereof. Sec. 713. A child under fourteen who can not read and wTrite shall not be employed during the sessions of the school such child should attend. Sec. 714. Any person violating the provisions of the three preceding sections shall be fined not more tfian twenty-five dollars and not less than five dollars to the use of the town in which the child resides. Truant officers shall make complaint for violations of this chapter to a justice or judge of a municipal court. CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 629 Sec. 715. The town superintendent may inquire of the owner or overseer of a mill or factory as to the employment of children therein, may call for the production of the certificate deposited with such owner or overseer, and satisfy himself that the requirements of law have been complied with. C h a p t e r 225.— A ge limit— H ours o f labor. Section 5146. An owner, agent, superintendent or overseer of a manufacturing or mechanical establishment who knowingly employs or permits to be employed in such establishment a child under ten years of age, or employs a child under fifteen years of age more than ten hours in one day, and a parent or guardian who allows or consents to such employment, shall be fined fifty dollars. ACTS OF 1902. A ct N o. 90.— Em ploym ent o f women and minors in barrooms. Section 24. * * * No female [shall] be employed on the premises or in the room in which the license is operated. No male person under the age of twenty-one [shall] be employed therein. The two prohibitions last named shall not apply to hotels, common victuallers or pharmacists holding a license of the fifth class [druggist’ s license]. V IR G IN IA . ACTS OF 1889-90. Chapter 193.— Hours o f labor. Section 1. N o * * * child under fourteen years of age shall work as an operative in any f a c t o r y or in any factory or manufacturing establishment in this State more than ten hours in any one day of twenty-four hours. All contracts made or to be made for the employment * * * of any child under fourteen years of age, as an operative in any factory or manufacturing establishment to work more than ten hours in any one day of twenty-four hours, are and shall be void. Sec. 2. Any person having the authority to contract for the employment of per sons as operatives in any factory or manufacturing establishment, who shall engage or contract with * * * any child under fourteen years of age to work as an operative in such factory or manufacturing establishment during more than ten hours in any one day of twenty-four hours, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and be fined not less than five nor more than twenty dollars. ACTS OF 1895-96. Chapter 644.— Certain employments forbidden. Section 2. It shall be unlawful for any person having the care, custody or control of any child under the age of fourteen years to sell, apprentice, give away, let, or hire out, or otherwise dispose of such child to any person in or for the vocation or occupation, service, or purpose of rope or wire walking, begging or peddling, or as a gymnast, contortionist, rider, or acrobat in any place whatsoever, or for any obscene, indecent or immoral purpose, exhibition, or practice whatsoever, or for or in any business, exhibition or vocation injurious to the health or morals or dangerous to the life or lim b of such child, or cause, procure, encourage or permit any such child to engage therein. Sec. 3. It shall also be unlawful for any person to take, receive, hire, employ, use, exhibit, or have in custody any child under the age aforesaid for any of the purposes prohibited in the second section of this act. Sec. 6. Whenever any person or persons having the care or custody of any child within the age previously mentioned in this act shall engage, hire out, or use such child in or for any business, exhibition, vocation, or purpose prohibited in this act, or shall permit the use of such child therefor, and shall be convicted of the same, the court or magistrate before whom such conviction is had may, at his discretion, if he should think it desirable for the welfare of such child, deprive the person or per sons so convicted of the custody of such child, and thereafter such child shall be deemed in the custody of the court, and thereupon such proceedings shall be had as 630 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. to the commitment, custody, care, and education of such child as are provided for in section five of this act. Sec. 7. A person convicted under any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two hundred dollars or by imprisonment in jail not exceeding twelve months, or both. Sec. 8. In this act the word “ person” shall be construed to include corporations, partnerships, companies, and associations, as well as individuals. ACTS OF 1897-98. C hapter 572.— Earnings o f minors. Section 1. The wages of a minor shall not be liable to garnishment or otherwise liable to the payment of the debts of parents. ACTS OF 1902-03. Chapter 156.— Night work— Age limit. Section 1. No child under the age of fourteen years and over twelve years of age shall be employed in any manufacturing, mechanical, or mining operations in this Commonwealth to work between the hours of six o ’ clock postmeridian and seven o ’ clock antemeridian; and no child under the age of twelve years shall be employed in any manufacturing, mechanical, or mining operation in this Commonwealtn; and any owner, agent, superintendent, overseer, foreman, or manager of any manufac turing, mechanical, or mining operation who shall knowingly employ, or permit to be employed, in the operation o f which he is owner, agent, superintendent, overseer, foreman, or manager any child contrary to the provisions of this act, and any parent or guardian who allows or consents to such employment of his child or ward, shall, upon conviction of such offense, be fined not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars. WASHINGTON. CODES AND STATUTES OF 1897. T itle 18.— Employment in mines. Section 3172. No boy under the age of fourteen years * * * shall be employed or permitted to be in any mine for the purpose of employment therein, nor shall a boy under the age of twelve years be employed or permitted to be in or about the outside structures or workings of a colliery for the purpose of employment: Provided , however, That this prohibition shall not affect the employment of a boy of suitable age in an office or in the performance of clerical work at a colliery. W hen an employer is in doubt as to the age of any boy applying for employment in or about a mine or colliery, he shall demand and receive proof of the age oi such boy by cer tificate from the parents or guardian of such boy before he shall be employed. T it l e 25.— Earnings o f minors. Section 4583. W hen a contract for the personal services of a minor nas been made with him alone, and those services are afterwards performed, payment made there for to such minor in accordance with the terms of the contract is a full satisfaction for those services, and the parents or guardian can not recover therefor. ACTS OF 1899. Chapter 140.— Employment during school term— Illiterates. Section 5. No child under the age of fifteen years shall be employed in any man ufacturing, mechanical or mercantile establishment, or by any telegraph or tele phone company in this State, except during the vacations of the public schools of CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 631 the city in which such child resides, unless during the twelve months next preced ing such employment, he shall have attended school as provided for in section one of this act, or has already attained a reasonable proficiency in the common school branches for the first eight years as outlined in the course of study for common schools of the State of Washington, or shall have been excused by the board of directors of the city in which such child resides; nor shall such employment con tinue unless such child shall attend school each year, or until he shall have acquired the elementary branches of learning taught in public schools as above provided. Sec. 6. N o child under the age of fifteen years shall be so employed who does not present a certificate made by or under the direction of the board of directors of the district in which such child resides, of his compliance with the requirements of sec tion five of this act; and said certificate shall also give the place and date o f birth of such child as nearly accurate as may be; and every owner, superintendent or over seer of any establishment or company employing any such child shall keep such certificate on file so long as such child is employed therein. The form of said cer' tificate shall be furnished by the superintendent of public instruction. Sec. 7. Every owner, superintendent, or overseer of any such establishment or company who employs or permits to be employed any child in violation of any of the provisions of the two next preceding sections, and every parent or guardian who permits such employment, shall be fined not exceeding twenty-five dollars. Sec. 8. The truant officers shall, at least once in every school term, and as often as the board of directors shall require, visit the establishments or companies employing such children in their respective cities, and ascertain whether the provisions of the three next preceding sections hereof are duly observed, and report all violations thereof to the said board. Sec. 9. The truant officers shall demand the names of the children under fifteen years of age employed in such establishments or companies in their respective cities, and shall require the certificates of age and school attendance, prescribed in section 6 of this act, to be produced for their inspection; and a refusal to produce such cer tificate shall be punished by a fine not exceeding twenty-five dollars. Sec. 10. Every owner, superintendent or overseer of any such establishment or company who employs or permits to be employed therein a child under sixteen years of age who can not write his name, age and place of residence legibly, while the pub lic schools in the city where such child lives are in session, shall for every such offense be fined not exceeding twenty-five dollars. ACTS OF 1903. C h a p t e r 135.— Night work in bakeries. S ection 9. No employer shall require, permit or suffer any person under sixteen years of age to work in his bake shop between the hours of eight o ’ clock in the even ing and five o’ clock in the morning. Sec. 10. A ny person who violates the provisions of this act * * * shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof before any court of competent jurisaiction, shall be fined not less than twenty-five nor more than fifty dollars or imprisoned not more than ten days for the first offense; and shall be fined not less than fifty nor more than one hundred dollars and imprisoned not less than ten nor more than thirty days for each offense after the first. C h a p t e r 136.— Female messengers— Age limit. Section 1. No female person under eighteen years of age shall be employed as pub lic messenger by any person, telegraph company, telephone company, or messenger company in this State, nor shall any child of either sex under the age of fourteen years be hired out to labor in any factory, mill, workshop or store at any time, pro vided that any superior court judge, living within the residence district of any such child, may issue a permit for the employment of any child between the ages of twelve and fourteen years at any occupation, not in his judgment, dangerous or injurious to the health or morals of such child, upon evidence, satisfactory to him, that the labor of such child is necessary for its support or for the assistance of any invalid parent. Such permits shall be issued for a definite time but shall be revocable at the discre tion of the judge by whom they are issued. Sec. 2. A ny employer, overseer, superintendent, or agent of such employer, who shall violate any of the provisions of this act shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined for each offense not less than $50 nor more than $100, or be imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding one month. 632 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. W EST V IR G IN IA . CODE— EDITION OF 1899. A p p e n d ix . Employment in mines. (Page 1047.) S ection 13. No boy under twelve years of age * * * shall be permitted to work in any coal mine, 'and in all cases of doubt, the parents or guardians of such boys shall furnish affidavits of their ages. Sec. 17. The operator or agent of any coal mine, who shall willfully neglect or refuse to perform the duties required of him by any section of this act, or w ho shall violate any of the provisions hereof, and any person who shall neglect or refuse to perform the duties required of him by sections * * * thirteen * * * or who shall violate any of the provisions thereof, * * * shall be guilty of a misde meanor, and upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not less than fifty dollars nor more than five hundred dollars; in default of payment of such fine and costs for the space of ten days, the defendant may in the discretion of the court, be imprisoned in the county jail for a period not exceeding three months. Sec. 18. The provisions of this act shall apply only to coal mines in which ten or more persons are employed in a period of twenty-four hours. Age limit. (Page 1055.) S ection 1. No minor under twelve years of age shall be employed in any mine or in any factory, workshop, manufactory or establishment where goods or wares are manufactured; and in all cases of minors applying for work, it shall be the duty of the manager, superintendent, foreman or operator, to see that the provisions of this section are complied with. Sec. 2. A ny manager, superintendent, foreman, or operator of such mine, factory, workshop, manufactory, or establishment, and parents or guardians, allowing a child, under twelve years of age, to work in violation of section first of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than twenty dollars for each and every such offense. ACTS OF 1901. C h a p t e r 14.— Certain employments forbidden. S ection 2. Any person having the care, custody, or control of any minor child under the age of fifteen years, who shall in any manner sell, apprentice, give away, or other wise dispose of such child, or any person who shall take, receive or employ such child for the vocation or occupation of rope or wire walking or as an acrobat, gymnast, con tortionist or rider, and any person who, having the care, custody, or control of any minor child whatsoever, shall sell, apprentice, give away or otherwise dispose of such child, or w ho shall take, receive or employ such child for any obscene, indecent or illegal exhibition or vocation, or any vocation injurious to the health, or dangerous to the life or limb, of such child engaged therein, or for the purpose of prostitution, and any person who shall retain, harbor, or employ any minor child in or about any assignation house or brothel, or any place where any obscene, indecent or illegal, exhibition takes place, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not less than five dollars, nor more than one hundred dollars, for each offense. Sec. 3. Any person having the care, custody, or control, lawful or unlawful, of any minor child under the age of eighteen years, who shall use such minor, or apprentice, give away, let out, hire or otherwise dispose of, such minor child to any person, for the purpose of singing, playing on musical instruments, begging or for any mendicant business whatsoever in the streets, roads, or other highways ot this State, and w ho soever shall take, receive, hire, employ, use or have in custody, any minor for the vocation, occupation, calling, service or purpose of singing, playing upon musical instruments or begging upon the streets, roads or other highways of this State, or for any mendicant business whatever, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be fined not less than five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars. CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 633 Sec. 4. Any person having the care, custody, or control of any minor child under the age of fifteen years, who shall in any manner sell, apprentice, give away or permit such child to sing, dance, act, or in any manner exhibit it in any dance house, con cert saloon, theater or place of entertainment where wines or spirituous or malt liquors are sold or given away, or with which any place for the sale of wines or spirituous or malt liquors is directly or indirectly connected by any passageway or entrance, and any proprietor of arty dance house whatever, or any such concert saloon, theater, or place of entertainment, so employing any such child, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not less than five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense. WISCONSIN. ANNOTATED STATUTES OF 1898. C h a p t e r 83.— H ours o f labor— A ge limit. S ection 1728. In all manufactories, workshops or other places used for mechanical or manufacturing purposes the time of labor of children under the age of eighteen years * * * employed therein shall not exceed eight hours in one day; and any employer, stockholder, director, officer, overseer, clerk or foreman who shall compel * * * any such child to labor exceeding eight hours in any one day, or who shall permit any child under fourteen years of age to labor more than ten hours in any one day in any such place, if he shall have control over such child sufficient to pre vent it, or who shall employ at manual labor any child under twelve years of age in any factory or workship where more than three persons are employed, or who shall employ any child of twelve and under fourteen years of age in any such factory or workshop for more than seven months in any one year shall be punished by fine not less than five nor more than fifty dollars for each such offense. Sec. 1728a. No child under fourteen years of age shall be employed at labor or service in any mine, factory, workshop or place of public entertainment or amuse ment except upon permit as hereinafter provided; but nothing herein shall interfere with or prohibit the employment of such child in the service of its parents outside of school hours. The county judge of the county wherein any child resides may, by order entered of record, grant a permit and deliver a copy thereof under seal to any child over twelve years of age exempting such child from the operation of this sec tion as to employment. Every such permit shall specify the conditions and the time during w hich such child may be employed and fix such limitations as to said judge shall seem proper; and in determining whether such permit shall be granted the judge shall consider the moral and physical condition of the child, his state of edu cation, the necessities of the family to which such child belongs and such other cir cumstances as, in the discretion of the judge, ought to affect the question of exemption. No charge or fee shall be required in any matter under this section: Provided, That where such child resides at a distance of more than ten miles from the county seat the power to grant permits herein conferred upon the county judge may, under the same limitations and with the same conditions, be exercised, by the mayor of the city or the president of the village in which or nearest to which said child or its parents resides. Any person, company, firm or corporation that employs or per mits to be employed at work any child in violation of the foregoing provisions and any parent or other person having the control of any such child w ho permits such employment shall be punished by a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than fifty dollars. C h a p t e r 186.— Certain employments forbidden. S ection 4587a. Any person having the care, custody or control of any child under the age of fourteen years who shall exhibit, use or employ, or in any manner or under any pretense sell, apprentice, give away, let out or otherwise dispose of such child to any person for any obscene, indecent or immoral purpose, exhibition or prac tice, or for any business, exhibition or vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to the life or lim b of such child, or who shall cause, procure or encourage any such child to engage therein, and any person who shall take, receive, hire, employ, use, exhibit or have in custody any such child for any such purpose shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months or by fine of not more than one hundred dollars, or by both imprisonment and fine. 634 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. ACTS OF 1899. C h a p t e r 79.— Em ploym ent in cigar factories. S ection 6. No person under eighteen years of age shall be employed or permitted to work in a cigar shop or a cigar factory at manufacturing cigars for longer than eight hours a day or forty-eight hours a week. S ec . 8. Any person violating any provision of this act shall be punished by fine not exceeding twenty-five dollars and no less than ten dollars for the first offense, and by fine not exceeding fifty dollars, and no less than twenty-five dollars for the second and each following offense. C h a p t e r 274.— Age limit— Employment during school term— H ours o f labor— Night work— Em ploym ent on elevators. S ection 1 (as amended by chapter 349, acts of 1903). No child between the ages of fourteen and sixteen years shall be employed at any time in any factory or work shop, bowling alley, barroom, beer garden, in or about any mine, store, office, hotel, mercantile establishment, laundry, telegraph, telephone, public messenger service or work for wages at any gainful occupation at any place, unless there is first obtained from the commissioner of labor, State factory inspector, any assistant factory inspector, or from the judge of the county court or municipal court or from the judge of a juvenile court where such child resides, a written permit authorizing the employment of such child within such time or times as the said commissioner of labor, State factory inspector, any assistant factory inspector, county judge, munici pal judge or judge of a juvenile court may fix. No child under fourteen years of age shall be employed at any time in any factory or workshop, bowling alley, barroom, bear [beer] garden, or in or about any mine. No child under fourteen years shall be employed, required or suffered to work for wages at any gainful occupation at any time except that during the vacation of the public school in the town, district or city where any child between the ages of twelve and fourteen years resides, it may be employed in any store, office, hotel, mercantile establishment, laundry, telegraph, telephone or public messenger service in the town, district or city where it resides, and not elsewhere: Provided , That there is first obtained from the commissioner of labor, State factory inspector, any assistant factory inspector, county judge, munici pal judge, or from the judge of a juvenile court where such child resides, a written permit authorizing the employment of such child within such time or times as the said commissioner of labor, State factory inspector, any assistant factory inspector, county judge, municipal judge or judge of a juvenile court may fix. The said com missioner of labor, State factory inspector, any assistant factory inspector, county judge, municipal, or judge of a juvenile court shall keep a record, stating the name, date and place of birth, and place of school attended by any such child, and the county judge, municipal judge or such judge of a juvenile court shall report when so requested by the commissioner of labor or State factory inspector, the number of permits issued by him from time to time as hereinbefore provided. When the commissioner of labor, State factory inspector, any assistant factory inspector, county judge, municipal judge, or judge of a juvenile court has reason to doubt the age of any child who applies for such permit, commissioner of labor, State factory inspector, any assistant factory inspector, county judge, municipal judge or judge of a juvenile court shall demand proof of such child’ s age by the production of a verified baptis mal certificate or a duly attested birth certificate, or in case such certificate can not be secured, by the record of age stated in the first school enrollment of such child, and if such proof does not exist or can not be secured then by the production of such other proof as may be satisfactory to said commissioner of labor, State factory inspector, any assistant factory inspector, county judge, municipal judge or judge of a juven ile court, and no permit shall be issued unless proof of such child’ s age is filed with the said commissioner of labor, State factory inspector, any assistant factory inspector, county judge, municipal judge or judge of a juvenile court. Whenever it appears that a permit has been obtained by a wrong or false statement as to any child’ s age, the commissioner of labor, State factory inspector, any assistant factory inspector, county judge, municipal judge or judge of a juvenile court of the county where such child resides shall revoke such permit. Sec. 2 (as amended by chapter 349, acts of 1903). It shall be the duty of every person, firm or corporation, agent or manager of any firm or corporation employing minors in any mine, factory or workshop, bowling alley, barroom, beer garden, store, office, hotel, mercantile establishment, laundry, telegraph, telephone or pub lic messenger service within this State to keep a register m the place where such CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 635 minor is employed and subject at all times to the inspector, or assistant factory inspector,, in which register shall be recorded the name, age and date of birth, place of residence, of every child employed, permitted or suffered to work therein, under the age of sixteen years, and it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation, agent or manager of any firm or corporation to hire or employ, permit or suffer to work in any mine, mercantile establishment, factory or workshop, bowling alley, barroom, beer garden, store, office, hotel, laundry, telegraph, telephone or public messenger service, any child under sixteen years of age unless there is first provided and placed on file in such mine, mercantile establishment, factory or workshop, bowling alley, barroom, beer garden, store, office, hotel, laundry, telegraph, tele phone or public messenger [office], a permit granted by either the commissioner of labor, State factory inspector, any assistant factory inspector, county judge, municipal judge, or judge of a juvenile court of the county where such child resides. S ec . 3 (as amended by chapter 349, acts of 1903). No person under the age of sixteen years shall be employed, required, permitted or suffered to work for wages at any gainful occupation longer than ten hours in any one day, nor more than six days in any one week, nor after the hour of nine at night nor before the hour of six in the morning: Provided , That this section shall not apply to boys carrying news papers between the hours of four and six in the morning. Sec. 4 (as amended by chapter 349, acts of 1903). It shall be the duty of the com missioner of labor, the factory or assistant factory inspector to enforce tne provisions of this act, and to prosecute violation of the same before any court of competent jurisdiction in this State. It shall be the duty of said commissioner of labor or the factory or assistant factory inspectors, and they are hereby authorized and empow ered to visit and inspect, at all reasonable times, and as often as possible, all places covered by this act. S ec . 5 (as amended by chapter 349, acts of 1903). The commissioner of labor, the factory or assistant factory inspector shall have the power to demand a certificate of physical fitness, from some regularly licensed physician, in the case of children who may seem physically unable to perform the labor at which they may be employed, and no minor shall be employed who can not obtain such a certificate. S ec . 6 (as amended by chapter 349, acts of 1903). No firm, person or corporation shall employ or permit any child under sixteen years of age to have the care, custody, management or operation of any elevator. S ec . 7 (as amended by chapter 349, acts of 1903). The words “ manufacturing establishment,” “ factory” or “ w orkshop” as used in this act, shall be construed to mean any place where goods or products are manufactured or repaired, dyed, cleaned or storted [sorted], stored or packed, in whole or in part, for sale or for wages, and not for the personal use of the maker or his or her family or employer. S ec . 8 (as amended by chapter 349, acts of 1903). Any person, firm or corpora tion, agent or manager of any corporation who, whether for himself or for such firm or corporation or by himself or through agents, servants, or foreman, shall violate or fail to com ply with any of the provisions of this act or shall hinder or delay the commissioner of labor, the factory or assistant inspectors or any or either of them in the performance of their duty or refuse to admit or shut or lock them out from any place required to be inspected by this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense. A n y corporation which, by its agents, officers or servants, shall violate or fail to com ply with any of the above provisions of this act shall be liable to the above penalties, which may be recovered against such cor porations in action for debt or assumpsit brought before any court of competent jurisdiction. Sec. 9 (as amended by chapter 349, acts of 1903). Any parent or guardian, who suffers or permits a child to be employed, or suffered or permitted to work, in viola tion of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof, shall -be fined not less than five nor more than twenty-five dollars. S ec . 10 (as amended by chapter 349, acts of 1903). When in any proceeding in any court under this section there is any doubt as to the age of any child, a verified baptismal certificate or a duly attested birth certificate shall be produced and filed with the court. In case such certificates can not be secured, upon proof of such fact, the record c f age stated in the first school enrollment of such child shall be admis sible as evidence thereof. C h a p t e r 330.— Certain employments forbidden . Section 3. No license shall be granted for a theatrical exhibition or public show in which children under fifteen years of age are employed as acrobats, contortionists or in any feats of gymnastics or equestrianism, when in the opinion of the board of 636 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. officers authorized to grant licenses such children are employed in such manner as to corrupt their morals or impair their physical health. Sec. 4. A ny person who shall violate any of the provisions of this act shall, upon conviction, be fined in a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars. ACTS OF 1903. C h a p t e r 402.— Female messengers. S ection 1. No female under eighteen years of age shall be employed as a messen ger b y any telegraph or telephone company, firm or corporation or by any company, firm, corporation or individual engaged in similar business. Sec. 2. W hoever violates the provisions of this act shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than tw o hundred dollars or by imprison ment for not more than six months. W YOM ING. CONSTITUTION. A r t ic l e 9.— Employment in mines. S ection 3. No boy under the age of fourteen years and no woman of any age shall be employed or permitted to be in or about any coal, iron or other dangerous mines for the purpose of employment therein: Provided, however, This provision shall not affect the employment o f a boy or female of suitable age in an office or in the per formance of clerical work at such mine or colliery. REVISED STATUTES— 1899. D iv is io n I. T it l e 16.— Certain employments forbidden— Em ploym ent in mines. S ection 2289. It shall be unlawful for any person having the care, custody or control of any child under the age of fourteen years to exhibit, use or employ, or in any manner, or under any pretense, sell, apprentice, give away, let out or other wise dispose of any such child to any person, in or for the vocation or occupation, service or purpose of singing, playing on musical instruments, dancing, rope or wire walking, begging or peddling, or as a gymnast, contortionist, rider or acrobat, in any place whatsoever; or as an actor or performer in any concert hall or room where intoxicating liquors are sold or given away, or in any variety theater, or for any illegal, obscene, indecent or immoral purpose, exhibition or practice whatsoever; or for or in any business exhibition or vocation, injurious to the health or dangerous to the life or lim b of such child, or cause, procure or encourage such child to engage therein. Nothing in this section contained shall apply to or affect the employment or use of any child as a singer or musician in any church, school or academy, or at any respectable entertainment, or the teaching or learning the science or practice of music. It shall be unlawful for any person to take, receive, hire, employ, use, exhibit or have in custody any child, under the age, and for the purposes prohibited in this section. Sec. 2295. Any person who shall take, receive, hire or employ, either in his or her own behalf, or as the agent, servant or employee of any person, persons, associa tion of persons, copartnership, company, corporation, any boy or male child under the age of fourteen years, or any woman or girl of any age, or shall allow or permit the said persons to be in or about any coal, iron or other dangerous mine, o r . underground works or dangerous place whatsoever in this State, for the purpose of employment therein or thereabouts, shall be fined not less than twenty-five dollars, nor more than one hundred dollars to which may be added imprisonment in the county jail not more than six months: Prowded} however, That the provisions of this section shall not affect or apply to the employment of a boy or female of suitable age in an office, or in the performance of clerical work at such mine, colliery or place. ACTS OF 1903. C h a p t e r 35.— Mining regulations. S ection 8. No person as hoisting engineer. * * * under eighteen years of age shall be employed CHILD LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. 637 UNITED STATES. ACTS OF 1890-91. C h a p t e r 561.— Employment in mines. S ectio n 12. No child under twelve years of age shall be employed in the under ground workings of any mine. And no father or other person shall misrepresent the age of anybody so employed. A n y person guilty of violating the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not to exceed one hundred dollars. [This section applies to coal mines in the Territories of the United States.] AGREEMENTS BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. [It is the purpose of this Bureau to publish from time to time important agree ments made between large bodies of employers and employees with regard to wages, hours of labor, etc. The Bureau would be pleased to receive copies of such agree ments whenever made.] BITU M IN OU S C O A L M INING. Indianapolis Interstate Agreement fo r Years Beginning April 1, 190b, and Ending March 31, 1906. It is hereby agreed, that the interstate agreement o f the present year shall be continued with the same conditions for two years from April 1, 1904, until March 31, 1906, with the follow ing exceptions, to wit: F irst . That the price fo r mining be reduced five cents (5 cents) per ton on inch and a quarter (1£ inch) screened lump coal, pick mining, in western Pennsylvania thin vein, the Hocking, the basing district of Ohio, and in both block and bituminous districts o f Indiana; three cents (3 cents) per ton on mine-run coal, pick mining, in the bituminous dis trict o f Indiana, and at Danville, the basing point o f Illinois. S econd . That the price fo r machine mining be reduced four cents (4 cents) per ton on screened lump coal in western Pennsylvania thin vein, and the Hocking, the basing district o f Ohio; five cents (5 cents) per ton on screened lump coal in the block and bituminous districts o f Indiana, and three cents (3 cents) per ton on mine-run coal in the bitu minous district o f Indiana, and at Danville, the basing point o f Illinois. T h ird . That the inside day wage scale shall be as follows, with the conditions o f the Columbus day wage scale agreement o f 1898, to wit: Track la y e r s................................................................................................................... $2.42 Track layers’ h elp ers............................................................................................... . 2.23 Trappers.......... ................................................................................................................ 1. 06*; Bottom cages................................................................................................................... 2.42 D rivers............................................................................................................................. 2.42 Trip riders....................................................................................................................... 2.42 Water haulers and machine haulers.......................................................................... 2.42 Timbermen, where such are em ployed.................................................................... 2.42 Pipe men, for compressed air plants.......................................................................... 2.36 Company men in long-wall mines of third-vein district of northern Illinois . . . 2.23 A ll other inside day labor............................................................................................ 2.23 F ourth . That yardage and dead work be reduced in the same proportion. F ifth . That internal differences in any o f the States or districts, both as to prices and conditions, shall be referred to the States or districts affected for adjustment. Further, in pursuance o f the authority vested in us, we hereby call a joint convention o f the coal operators and miners o f western Penn 638 AGREEMENTS BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 639 sylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois to meet at Indianapolis, Ind., at 10 o’clock a. m ., January 25, 1906. The foregoing scale having been unanimously agreed to by the duly qualified representatives o f the operators and miners o f the four States o f (western) Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, by virtue o f the authority vested in us by the operators and miners o f the States aforesaid, we hereunto attach our signatures. In behalf o f operators: In behalf o f miners: THIN VEIN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA. P. Dolan, Wm. Dodds. Francis L. Robbins, G. W . Schluederberg. OHIO. John H. W inder, J. J. Roby. W . H. Haskins, G .W . Savage. INDIANA (BLOCK DISTRICT). J. H. McClelland. Wm. M. Zeller, William Wilson. INDIANA (BITUMINOUS DISTRICT). W . S. Bogle, J. C. Kolsem. Geo. Hargrove, J. H. Kennedy. ILLINOIS. H. N. Taylor, J. H. Garaghty. Thos. J. Reynolds, W . D. Ryan. In behalf o f the United Mine W orkers o f America: John Mitchell, President. T. L. Lewis, Vice-President. W . B. W ilson, Sec.-Treas. Signed at Indianapolis, Ind., March 21, 1904. Attest: F. S. Brooks, Secretary. Illinois State Agreementfrom April 1, 190h t° March 31, 1906. Whereas, a contract between the operators o f the competitive coal fields o f western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the United Mine W'orkers o f America, has been entered into at the city of Indianapolis, Indiana, March 21,1904, fixing a scale o f mining prices, day wages and conditions, fo r certain base points therein set forth, to continue in force and effect fo r two years from A pril 1, 1904, and Whereas, this contract fixes the pick mining price o f bituminous mine-run coal at Danville at fifty-two (52 cents) per (on of two thou sand (2,000) pounds; therefore be it 640 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Resolved, That the prices for pick-mined coal throughout the State for two years beginning A pril 1, 1904, shall be as follows: FIRST DISTRICT. Streator, Cardiff, Clarke City and associated mines, including Toluca thick vein............................................................................................................................. $0.61 (N o te . — The matter of the clay parting at Streator to be referred to sub district convention for adjustment.) Third vein and associated mines, including third vein at Streator, including twenty-four inches of brushing.....................................................................................79 Wilmington and associated mines, including Cardiff long wall and Bloom ington thin vein, including brushing...........................................................................84 Bloomington thick vein...................................................................................................... 74 Pontiac, including twenty-four inches of brushing..................................................... 84 Pontiac, top v e in ..................................................................................................................61 Marseilles, Seneca and Morris. (Referred to a joint committee of two miners and two operators, who shall take action prior to May 15, 1904, the scale to be in force from April 1, 1904, and in default of an agreement the matter shall be referred to the two State executive boards.) Cornell, long wall, third vein con dition s......................................................................79 Cornell, room and p illar................................................................................................... 69 SECOND DISTRICT. Danville, Westville, Grape Creek and associated mines in Vermilion County. $0.52 THIRD DISTRICT. Springfield, Dawson and associated m in es............................................................ $0.52I50Lincoln and N iantic............................................................................................................56 C olfax..................................................................................................................................... 56 FOURTH DISTRICT. Mines on C. & A. south of Springfield, to and including Carlinville; includ ing Taylorville, Pana, Tower Hill, Litchfield, Hillsboro, W itt (Paisley), Divernon, and Pawnee............................................................................................ $0.52 Assumption long wall, including twenty-four inches of brushing.................... . 68J Assumption upper vein, including twenty-four inches of bru sh in g................ .87 Moweaqua, room and p illa r...................................................................................... .56 Decatur, long wall, present con dition s................................................................... .67 Decatur, room and pillar. (Referred to the State president of the United Mine Workers ana the commissioner of the Illinois Coal Operators’ Asso ciation to fix the mining price, and if they can not agree by May 1st it shall be taken up by the State executive boards; the rate so determined to be a part o f this contract.) Raymond, referred for local settlement. FIFTH DISTRICT. Glen Carbon, Belleville and associated mines, to and including Percy, Pinck ney ville, Willisville and Nashville...................................................................... $0.52 Coal five feet and u n d e r ................................................................................................... 57 SIXTH DISTRICT. Duquoin, Odin, Sandoval, Centralia and associated mines Salem and K in m u n d y ........................................... .................. $0.48 .53 641 AGREEMENTS BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. SE V E N T H D IS T R IC T . Mount V e rn o n ............................................................................................................. Jackson C ou n ty........................................................................................................... (A ll coal five feet and under, five cents extra per ton; this not to apply to lower bench, nor rolls or horsebacks.) Lower bench, Jackson County, for shipping mines, miners to carry fourteen inches brushing....................................................................................................... Saline County........................................ (Saline County question of low coal referred to joint subdistrict for ad justment. ) Williamson County..................................................................................................... $0.53 .48 .61 .48 .45 E IG H T H D IS T R IC T . Fulton and Peoria counties, thin or lower vein (third vein conditions)........ Fulton and Peoria counties, No. 5 v e i n ................................................................. Astoria, No. 5 vein (Fulton and Peoria counties conditions)............................ Fulton and Peoria counties, No. 6 vein (with Kewanee and Etherley condi tions, undercutting and wedging the coal; and if they can not obtain mem bers of the U. M. W . of A. to mine the coal under these terms and conditions, it shall be the privilege of the operators to call for a meeting of the joint executive boards of the miners and operators, and said joint executive boards shall fix a rate for shooting coal in that seam )................................... $0.79 .59 .59 .68 Gilchrist, Wanlock, Cable, Sherrard and Silvia mines, sixty-three cents per ton, with last year’ s conditions. In case of deficient work, where miner and mine manager can not agree as to compensation, the mine committee shall be called in, and, if they can not agree, the dispute shall be carried up under the thirteenth clause of the present scale. .68 Kewanee, Etherley and W y o m in g ......................................................................... Pottstown, No. 1 seam, scale to be the same as Gilchrist and Wanlock, except in the brushing of the top; that shall be settled b y the subdistrict. Colchester, referred for local settlement. Pekin, shipping mines only, mining rate and dead work scale to be referred to President Perry, Commissioner Justi, one member of the U. M. W. of Illinois, and one member of the Illinois Coal Operators’ Association, to be appointed b y the respective organizations, together with such fifth party as they may agree upon, whose decision shall be made by a majority vote, not later than May 1,1904, and be effective for two years from April 1,1904; such decision to be based upon the competitive and mining conditions, between such mines and shipping mines in the Peoria district.N IN T H D IS T R IC T . Mount Olive, Staunton, Gillespie, Clyde, Sorento, Coffeen and Worden, and mines on the Vandalia line as far east as and including Smithboro, and on B. & 0 . S. W . as far east as B u x to n ................................................................... Coal five feet and u n d e r ............................................................................................ $0.52 .57 NO IN C R E A S E IN COST E X C E P T AS P R O V ID E D . First. The Indianapolis interstate convention, having adopted a mining and underground day labor scale, in effect A pril 1, 1904, no changes or conditions shall be imposed in the Illinois scale for the coming tw o years that increase the cost o f production o f coal in any district in the State, except as may be provided. E M P L O Y E E S E X E M P T E D F R O M JU R IS D IC T IO N O F U . M . W . O F A . Second. No scale o f wages shall be made by the United Mine W orkers for mine manager, mine manager’s assistant, top foreman, company 8674—No. 52—04-----11 642 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. weighman, boss drivers, night boss, head machinist, head boiler maker, head carpenter, night watchman, hoisting engineers. The authority to hire and discharge shall be vested in the mine manager, top foreman and boss driver. The term “ assistant” shall apply only to such as are authorized to act in that capacity. The night watchman shall be exempt when employed in that capacity only. The terms “ head car penter” and “ head machinist” shall apply only to such as have gen eral charge o f carpentry or machine work at two or more mines, or at one mine and one or more washing plants. N O M A R K E T R E S T R IC T IO N . Third. A n y operators paying the scale rate o f mining and day labor under this agreement shall at ail times be at liberty to load any railroad cars whatever, regardless o f their ownership, with coal, and sell and deliver such coal in any market and to any person, firm or corporation that he may desire. Q U A L IT Y O F M IN E -R U N C O A L. P U SH IN G CO A L B Y M IN E R S P R O H IB IT E D . Fourth. The scale o f prices for mining per ton of two thousand pounds, run-of-mine coal herein provided for, is understood in every case to be fo r coal practically free from slate, bone and other impuri ties, loaded in cars at the face, weighed before screening; and that the practice o f pushing coal by the miners shall be prohibited. M IN IN G A N D SH O O TIN G TO B E A C C O R D IN G TO STATE M IN IN G L A W . Fifth, (a) W hether the coal is shot after being undercut or sheared by pick or machine, or shot without undercutting or shearing, the miners must drill and blast the coal in accordance with the State mining law o f Illinois, in order to protect the roof and timbers and in the interest o f general safety. A n y miner who persistently violates the letter or spirit o f this clause shall be discharged. (i) The system o f paying for coal before screening was intended to obviate the many contentions incident to the use o f screens, and was not intended to encourage unworkmanlike methods o f mining and blast ing coal, or to decrease the proportion o f screened lump, and the operators are hereby guaranteed the hearty support and cooperation o f the United Mine W orkers o f America in disciplining any miner who from ignorance or carelessness, or other cause, fails to properly mine, shoot and load his coal. P E N A L T IE S F O R L O A D IN G IM P U R IT IE S . Sixth. In case slate, bone, clay, sulphur or other impurities are sent up with the coal b y the miner, it shall be the duty o f whomever the com pany shall designate as inspector to report the same, with the estimated weight thereof, and the miner or miners so offending shall have such weight deducted from the established weight o f the car, and for the first offense in any given month shall be fined fifty cents; fo r the sec ond offense in the same month he or they shall, at the option o f the opertor be fined two dollars or suspended fo r two working days; and for the third, or any subsequent offense in the same month, or in malicious AGREEMENTS BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 643 or aggravated cases fo r the first, or any subsequent offense, the operator may indefinitely suspend or discharge. The company weighman shall post in a conspicuous place at the pit head the names o f all miners dealt with hereunder. The inspector designated by the operator shall be a member o f the U. M. W . o f A . , but in the discharge o f the duties herein specified shall not be subject to the jurisdiction o f the local union or president or pit committee, and against any miner or committeeman seeking in any way to embarrass the inspector in or because o f the discharge o f such duties the provisions o f the miners’ State constitution shall be invoked, and in addition he shall at the option of the operator be sus pended fo r two working days. In case it shall be alleged by either the local representative o f the miners, or by the operator, that the inspector is not properly per form ing his duties hereunder, it shall be so reported to the miners’ sub district president, who shall, within twenty-four hours after the receipt o f notification, take it up with the superintendent o f the com pany for adjudication; and, if it shall be found that the inspector is not faithfully perform ing such duties, he shall be discharged or trans ferred to other duties, as the operator may elect. The proceeds o f all fines hereunder shall be paid to the miners’ sub district treasurer, and under no circumstances shall any such fines be remitted or refunded. P A Y DAYS. A N D STATE M E N TS O F A C C O U N T. Seventh. The miners o f the State o f Illinois are to be paid twice a month, in lawful money, the balance due them, the dates o f pay to be determined locally, but in no event shall more than one-half month’s pay be retained by the operator. When any number o f men at any mine so demand, statements will be issued to all employees not less than twenty-four hours prior to pay day. The miners and operators shall decide locally as to the form and manner in which statements shall be issued. No commission will be charged for wages advanced to employees between pay days, but any advances between pay days shall be at the option or the operator. P O W D E R — P R IC E A N D Q U A L IT Y . Eighth. The price fo r powder per keg shall be $1.75. The miners agree to purchase their powder from the operators, provided it is fur nished o f standard grade and quality; that to be determined by the operators and expert miners jointly, where there is a difference. Powder to be delivered at the face wnen requested. B L A C K SM IT H IN G . Ninth. The price for blacksmithing for pick mining shall be sixtenths o f a cent per ton for room and pillar work, and twelve and onehalf cents per pav per man, or twenty-five cents per month, fo r long wall fo r pick and drill sharpening. O IL . Tenth. It is understood that there is no agreement as to the price o f oil. 644 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. IN S ID E D A Y W A G E SC A LE . Eleventh. Pursuant to the Indianapolis agreement o f March 21, 1904, the inside day wage scale shall be as follow s: T ra ck la y e rs........................................... ....................................................................... $2.42 Track layers’ h elpers.................................................................................................... 2.23 Trappers........................................................................................................................... 1.06J Bottom cagers................................................................................................................. 2.42 D rivers............................................................................................................................. 2.42 Trip riders and g rip pers.............................................................................................. 2.42 Water haulers and machine h au lers......................................................................... 2.42 lumbermen, where such are em ployed........ . .......................................................... 2.42 Pipe men, for compressed air plants......................................................................... 2.36 Brushers in long-wall mines, third vein and Wilmington fields, northern Illin o is......................................................................................................................... 2.42 Other company men in long-wall mines of third vein and Wilmington fields, northern Illin o is ....................................................................................................... 2.23 A ll other inside day la b o r .......................................................................................... 2.23 Provided, that all classes of underground day labor, not specified above, whose rates have been fixed locally, shall be reduced 5.55 per cent. D E F IN IT IO N O F E IG H T -H O U R D A Y F O R M IN E R S . Twelfth. The above scale o f mining prices is based upon an eighthour workday, and it is definitely understood that this shall mean eight hours’ work at the face, exclusive o f noon time, six days a week, or forty-eight hours in the week, provided the operator desires the mine to work, and no local ruling shall in any way affect this agreement, or impose conditions affecting the same. O V E R T IM E F O R D A Y L A B O R . A n y class o f day labor may be paid, at the option o f the operator, for the number o f hours and fractions thereof actually worked, at an hour rate based on one-eighth o f the scale rate per day. Provided, however, that when the men go into the mine in the morning they shall be entitled to two hours’ pay whether the mine hoists coal two hours or not, except in the event that they voluntarily leave their work during this time without the consent o f the operator, they shall fo r feit such two hours’ pay. Provided, further, that overtime by day laborers, when necessary to supply railroad chutes with coal by night or Sunday, where no regular men therefor are exclusively employed, or when necessary in order not to impede the operation o f the mine the day following, and for work which can not be performed or com pleted by the regular shift during regular hours without impeding the operation o f the mine, may be performed and paid fo r at the same rate per hour. D U T IE S A N D L IM IT A T IO N S OF P IT C O M M IT T E E . A D JU STM E N T O F D IS P U T E S A N D G R IE V A N C E S . Thirteenth, (a) The duties o f the pit committee shall be confined to the adjustment o f disputes between the pit boss and any o f the mem bers o f the United Mine W orkers o f America working in and around the mine, fo r whom a scale is made, arising out o f this agreement, or any subdistrict agreement made in connection herewith, where the pit boss and said miner, or mine laborers, have failed to agree. AGREEMENTS BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 645 (b) In case o f any local trouble arising at any shaft through such failure to agree between the pit boss and any miner or mine laborer, the pit committee and the miners’ local president and the pit boss are empowered to adjust it; and, in case o f their disagreement it shall be referred to the superintendent o f the company and the president o f the miners’ local executive board, where such exists, and shall they fail to adjust it— and in all other cases—it shall be referred to the superintendent o f the company and the miners’ president o f the sub district; and, should they fail to adjust it, it shall be referred in writing to the officials o f the company concerned and the State officials o f the U. M. W . o f A . for adjustment, and in all such cases, the miners and mine laborers and parties involved must continue at work pending an investigation and adjustment, until a final decision is reacned in the manner above set forth. W H E N D A Y M EN A R E TO B E F U R N IS H E D B Y P IT C O M M ITTE E . (c) I f any day men refuse to continue at w ork because o f a grievance which has or has not been taken up for adjustment in the manner pro vided herein, and such action shall seem likely to impede the operation o f the mine, the pit committee shall immediately furnish a man or men to take such vacant place, or places, at the scale rate in order that the mine may continue at w ork; and it shall be the duty of any member, or members, o f the United Mine W orkers, who may be called upon by the pit boss, or pit committee, to immediately take the place or places assigned to him or them in pursuance hereof. D U T IE S A N D L IM IT A T IO N S O F P IT C O M M ITTE E . (d) The pit committee, in the discharge o f its duties, shall under no circumstances g o around the mine for any cause whatever, unless called upon by the pit boss or by a miner or company man who may have a grievance that he cannot settle with the boss; and, as its duties are confined to the adjustment o f any such grievances, it is under stood that its members shall not draw any compensation except while actively engaged in the discharge o f said duties. A ny pit committee man who shall attempt to execute any local rule or proceeding in con flict with any provision o f this contract, or any other made in pursuance hereof, shall be forthwith deposed as committeeman. The foregoing shall not be construed to prohibit the pit committee from looking after the matter o f membership dues and initiations in any proper manner. (e) Members o f the pit committee employed as aay men shall not leave their places o f duty during working hours, except by permission o f the operator, or in cases involving the stoppage o f the mine. R IG H T TO H IR E A N D D IS C H A R G E . (f ) The right to hire and discharge, the management o f the mine, ana the direction o f the working force, are vested exclusively in the operator, and the U. M. W . o f A . shall not abridge this right. It is not the intention o f this provision to encourage the discharge o f employees, or the refusal o f employment to applicants because o f per sonal prejudiceoractivity inmattersaffectingtheU. M. W . o f A . I f any employee shall be suspended or discharged by the company, and it is 646 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. claimed that an injustice has been done him, an investigation to be con ducted by the parties and in the manner set forth in paragraphs (a) and (b) o f this section shall be taken up promptly, and, if it is proven that an injustice has been done, the operator snail reinstate said employee and pay him full compensation fo r the time he has been suspended and out o f employment; provided, if no decision shall be rendered within five days the case shall be considered closed, in so far as com pensation is concerned, unless said failure to arrive at a decision within five days is owing to delay on the part o f the operator, in which case a maximum o f ten days’ compensation shall be paid. (g) It is understood and agreed that there shall be no more than three members on the pit committee at any one mine. O U T SID E D A Y W A G E SC A LE . Fourteenth. The wages now being paid outside day labor at the various mines in this State, less a reduction o f 5.55 per cent, shall constitute the wage scale fo r that class o f labor during the life o f this agreement; provided, that no top man shall receive less than $1.91 per day. F A T A L A C C ID E N TS A N D F U N E R A L S . Fifteenth. In the event o f an instantaneous death by accident in the mine, the miners and underground employees shall have the privilege o f discontinuing work fo r the remainder o f that day; but work, at the option o f the operator, shall be resumed the day follow ing and con tinue thereafter. In case the operator elects to operate the mine on the day o f the funeral o f the deceased, as above, or where death has resulted from an accident in the mine, the individual miners and under ground employees may, at their option, absent themselves from work fo r the purpose o f attending such funeral, but not otherwise. And whether attending such funeral or not, each member o f the U. M. W . o f A . employed at the mine at which the deceased was employed, shall contribute fifty cents and the operator twenty-five dollars for the benefit o f the family o f the deceased, or his legal representatives, to be collected through the office o f the company. In the event that the mines are thrown idle on account o f the miners’ or other employees’ failure to report fo r work in the time intervening between the time o f the accident and the funeral or on the day o f the funeral, then the com pany shall not be called upon fo r the payment o f the twenty-five dollars above referred to. Except in case o f fatal accidents as above, the mine shall in no case be thrown idle because o f any death or funeral; but in the case o f the death o f any employee o f the company or member o f his family any individual miner may, at his option, absent himself from work for the purpose o f attending such funeral, but not otherwise. R E S P O N S IB IL IT Y F O R T IM B E R IN G A N D D E A D W O R K . Sixteenth, (a) The scale o f prices herein provided shall include, in ordinary conditions, the w ork required to load coal and properly tim ber the working places in the mine, and the operator shall be required to furnish the necessary props and timber in rooms or working face. And in long wall mines, it shall include the proper mining o f the coal AGREEMENTS BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 647 and the brushing and care o f the working places and roadway accord ing to the present method and rules relating thereto, which shall con tinue unchanged. (i) I f any miner shall fail to properly timber, shoot and care for his working place, and such failure has entailed falls o f slate, rock and the like, the miner whose fault has occasioned such damage, shall repair the same without compensation, and if such miner fails to repair such damage he may be discharged. A n y dispute that may arise as to the responsibility under this clause shall be adjusted b y the pit committee and mine foreman, and in case o f their failure to agree shall be taken up fo r settlement under the thirteenth section o f this agreement. In cases where the mine manager directs the placing of crossbars to permanently secure the roadway, then, and in such cases only, the miner shall be paid at the current price for each crossbar when properly set. The above does not contemplate any change from the ordinary method o f timbering by the miner for his own safety. CH ECK O FF. Seventeenth. The operators will recognize the pit committee in the discharge o f its duties as herein specified, but not otherwise, and agree to check off union dues, assessments and fines from the miners and mine laborers, when desired, on proper individual or collective continuous order, and furnish to the miners’ local representative a statement show ing separately the total amount o f dues, assessments and fines collected. W hen such collections are made, card day shall be abolished. In case any fine is imposed the propriety o f which is questioned, the amount of such fine shall be withheld by the operator until the question has been taken up for adjustment and a decision has been reached. E M E R G E N C Y W O R K A N D O R D IN A R Y R E P A IR S . Eighteenth. The operators shall have the right in cases o f emergency work or ordinary repairs to the plant, to employ in connection there with such men as, in their judgment, are best acquainted with and suited to the work to be performed, except where men are permanently employed fo r such work. Blacksmiths and other skilled labor shall make any necessary repairs to machinery and boilers. C O N STRU CTIO N A N D E X T E N S IV E R E P A IR S . Nineteenth. The erection o f head frames, buildings, scales, machin ery, railroad switches, etc., necessary fo r the completion o f a plant to hoist coal, all beingin the natureof construction work, are to be excluded from the j urisdiction o f the United Mine W orkers o f America. Exten sive repairs to or rebuilding the same class o f work shall also be included in the same exception. The employees thereon to be excluded as above, when employed on such work only. P E N A L T Y F O R A B SE N C E FR O M W O R K . Twentieth. W hen any employee absents himself from his work for a period o f two days, unless through sickness or by first having notified the mine manager and obtained his consent, he may be discharged. 648 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. M A C H IN E D IF F E R E N T IA L . Twenty-first, (a) Except at the basing point, Danville, the differential fo r machine mining throughout the State o f Illinois shall be seven cents per ton less than the pick mining rate. It being understood and agreed that the machine mining rate shall include the snubbing of coal either by powder or wedge and sledge, as conditions may war rant, where chain machine is used; but it is understood that this con dition shall not apply where two men have and work in one place only in the same shift, except at the option o f the miner; and it shall also be optional with the miner which system o f snubbing shall be followed. The division o f the machine mining rate shall be fixed in joint sub district meeting, SH E A R IN G M A C H IN E A N D A IR O R E L E C T R IC D R IL L S . (5) The established rates on shearing machines and air or electric drills as now existing, shall remain unchanged during the ensuing two years. R U L E S F O R U SE O F CAGE B Y E M P L O Y E E S . Twenty-second. A ny underground employee not on hand so as to go down to his work before the hour for commencing work, shall not be entitled to go below except at the convenience o f the company. W hen an employee is sick or injured he shall be given a cage at once. W hen a cage load o f men comes to the bottom o f the shaft who have been prevented from working by reason o f falls or other things over which they have no control, they shall be given a cage at once. F or the accommodation o f individual employees, less man a cage load, w h o. have been prevented from working as above, a cage shall be run mid forenoon, noon and mid-afternoon, o f each working day; provided, however, that the foregoing shall not be permitted to enable men to leave their work fo r otner than the reasons stated above. SH A FT S IN K IN G . Twenty-third. The scale for sinkers shall be two dollars and eightyseven cents, and for shift leaders three dollars and eighteen cents per day. The scale fo r top men handling dirt at sinking mines shall be the same as that o f dumpers in the subdistrict in which the mine is being sunk. D E F IN IT IO N O F E IG H T -H O U R D A Y F O R D A Y L A B O R . Twenty-fourth. A ll classes o f day labor are to work full eight hours, and the going to and coming from the respective working places is to be done on the day hand’s own time. A ll company men snail perform whatever day labor the foreman may direct. A n eight-hour day means eight hours’ work in the mines at the usual working places, exclusive o f noontime, fo r all classes o f inside day labor. This shall be exclusive o f the time required in reaching such working places in the morning and departing from same at night. AGREEMENTS BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 649 D R IV E R S — R U L E S TO G O V E R N . Drivers shall take their mules to and from the stables, and the time required in so doing shall not include any part o f the day’s labor; their time beginning when they reach the change at which they receive empty cars— that is, the parting drivers at the shaft bottom and the inside drivers at the parting—and ending at the same places; but in no case shall a driver’s time be docked while he is waiting for such cars at the points named. The inside drivers, at their option, may either walk to and from their parting or take with them, without compensa tion, either loaded or empty cars, to enable them to ride. This pro vision, however, shall not prevent the inside drivers from bringing to and taking from the bottom regular trips, if so directed by the oper ator, provided such work is done within the eight hours. H A R N E SSIN G A N D U N H A R N E SSIN G M U LE S. The methods at present existing covering the harnessing, unhar nessing, feeding and caring fo r the mules, shall be continued through out the life or this agreement; but in cases where any grievances exist in respect to the same, they shall be referred to the subdistrict meetings fo r adjustment. W hen the stables at which the mules are kept are located on the surface and the mules are taken in and out o f the mines daily by the drivers, the question o f additional compensation therefor, if any, is to be left to the subdistricts affected fo r adjustment at their joint sub district meetings. YARDAGE AND D EAD W O RK . Twenty-fifth. A ll yardage and dead work on which a scale has been established shall be reduced 5.55 per cent. O P E R A T O R TO K E E P PLA C E S D R Y AS P R A C T IC A B L E . Twenty-sixth, (a) The company shall keep the mine in as dry con dition as practicable by keeping the water off the road and out o f the working places. W hen a miner has to leave his working place on account o f water, through the neglect o f the company, they shall employ said miner doing company work when practicable, and pro vided that said miner is competent to do such work, or he will be given another working place until such water is taken out of his place. W H E R E TR A C K IS L A ID B Y O P E R A T O R . (i) W here it is an established condition or agreement that the track shall be laid by the company, and a miner has to leave his working place on account o f such track not being laid through the neglect o f the company, it shall employ said miner doing company work when practicable, provided said miner is competent to do such work, or he shall be given another place until such time as such track is laid in his place. 650 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. A M B U L A N C E S, B A N D A G E S, E T C . Twenty-seventh. The operators shall keep sufficient blankets, oil, bandages, etc., and provide suitable ambulance or conveyance readily available at each mine to properly convey injured persons to their homes after an accident. EQU AL TU RN . Twenty-eighth. The operator shall see that an equal turn is offered each miner, and that he be given a fair chance to obtain the same. The checkweighman shall keep a turn bulletin fo r the turn-keeper’s guidance. The drivers shall be subject to whomever the mine man ager shall designate as turn-keeper in pursuance hereof. In mines where there is both hand and machine mining, an equal turn shall mean approximately the same turn to each man in the machine part o f the mine, and approximately the same turn to each man doing hand work, but not necessarily the same to each hand miner as to each man working with the machines. C O N TR AC T N O T TO B E V O ID E D B Y M IN E R S’ C O N STITU TIO N O R R U L E S . Twenty-ninth. This contract is in no case to be set aside because o f any rules o f the U. M. W . o f A . now in force or which may hereafter be adopted; nor is this contract to be set aside by reason o f any pro vision in their national, State, or local constitutions. N O L O C A L D E M A N D S. There shall be no demands made locally that are not specifically set forth in this agreement, except as agreed to in joint subdistrict meet ings held prior to May 1st, 1901. W here no subdistricts exist, local grievances shall be referred to the United Mine W orkers’ State execu tive board and the mine owners interested. U nited M in e W orkers of A merica , D istrict No. 12, H erman C. P erry , President. W m . E. Sm ith , Vice-President. W . D . R yan , Secretary-Treasurer. T he I llinois C oal O perators’ A ssociation, O. L . G arrison , President. E. T. B ent , Secretary. Springfield , I I I ., April h 1904- RECENT REPORTS OF STATE BUREAUS OF LABOR STATISTICS. W ISCONSIN. Tenth Biennial Report o f the Bureau o f Labor and Industrial Statistics, 1900-1901. Halford Erickson, Commissioner, xlvi, 1232 pp. This report consists o f ten parts, as follow s: Manufacturers5returns for 1899 and 1900,97 pages; population o f Wisconsin, 1890, 1895, and 1900, 79 pages; sweating in the garment-making trades, and the consumers’ influence on production, 138 pages; a study o f the popula tion o f Racine, Richland, and Crawford counties, 50 pages; laws gov erning State officers, departments, boards, commissions, institutions, agents, and agencies, 276 pages; women employed in factories, 119 pages; free employment offices, 89 pages; employment and earnings in whole sale and retail mercantile establishments and in skilled trades, salaries o f officials in cities and villages, and labor organizations, 121 pages; manufacturers’ returns for 1900 and 1901, and the lead and zinc indus try o f southwestern Wisconsin, 120 pages; factory inspection, 110 pages. M anufactures. — These statistics are given in two series, one show ing returns from identical establishments for 1899 and 1900, and the other from identical establishments fo r 1900 and 1901. F or the first series the statistics are based upon returns from 1,152 establish ments, representing 16 industries, and for the second series upon returns from 1,135 establishments, representing 12 industries. W hile the returns do not cover all establishments in the State, they include the greater portion o f them. The follow ing table gives a summary o f the statistics fo r the two series: COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES, 1899 AND 1900, AND 1900 AND 1901. Items. 1899. 46 Industries........................................ ................. 1,162 Establishments.................................................. 671 Private firm s...................................................... 666 C orporations..................................................... 1,084 Partners.............................................................. 11,297 Stockholders..................................................... 79,871 Average persons em ployed.............................. Capital invested................................................ $172,179,926 1900. 1900. 46 1,152 567 669 977 15,322 80,159 $179,415,435 42 1,135 540 695 890 16,956 78,632 $180,451,482 $103,600,000 $205,068,157 $32,378,588 $412 272 Value o f goods m ade............ ............................ $193,565,785 $209,942,634 $32,983,769 Total wages paid............................................... $31,515,149 $411.48 $394.68 Average yearly earnings per em ployee.......... 280 278 Average days in operation .............................. 1901. 42 1,135 637 598 895 17,909 82,775 $195,686,029 $110,568,000 $219,657,581 $34,863,674 $422 276 a Not reported. 651 652 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. In the table follow ing is shown the number o f males and females employed in 1899, 1900, and 1901 receiving each specified weekly earnings: PERSONS EMPLOYED IN 1899,1900, AND 1901, BY CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS. Classified weekly earnings. 1899. 1900. 1901. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. 8,021 2,609 6,976 10,396 11,093 16,352 11,285 9,982 6,665 1,857 9,128 2,362 919 530 274 214 135 33 3 3 17,149 4,971 7,895 10,926 11,367 15,566 11,420 10,015 5,668 1,860 7,202 2,489 5,995 9,975 12,053 15,983 12,079 10,021 5,910 2,030 8,615 2,631 1,182 577 291 237 142 35 2 1 15,817 5,120 7,177 10,552 12,344 16,220 12,221 10,056 6,912 2,031 6,906 2,578 5,717 8,319 10,454 18,031 13,146 10,986 6,759 2,113 9,058 2,783 1,331 653 346 299 181 116 30 2 15,964 5,361 7,048 8,972 10,800 18,330 13,327 11,052 6,789 2,115 T o ta l...................... 83,236 ’ 13,601 96,837 83,737 13,713 97,450 84,959 14,799 99,758 Under 8 5 ......................... 85 or under 86................. 88 or under 87................. 87 or under 88................. 88 or under 89................. 89 or under 810............... 810 or under 812.............. 812 or under 815.............. 815 or under 820.............. 820 or oyer........................ Sw eating in the G arment-M aking T rades, etc . — This part of the report deals with conditions in the garment-making industries of Milwaukee. The part opens with a general discussion o f the sweat ing system, explains the conditions to which the term “ sweating” is applied, and gives a short review o f its history. There is also a dis cussion o f the housing problem in which some o f the evils o f bad housing are set forth and possible remedies presented. Conditions of employment and earnings in Milwaukee, as based upon these investi gations, are fully set forth and analyzed. The following statement shows by occupations and classified weekly earnings the number of employees o f each sex in the garment-making industry, during the last weeks o f 1900 and the first weeks o f 1901: EMPLOYEES OF EACH SEX IN THE GARMENT-MAKING INDUSTRY, BY OCCUPATIONS AND CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS. Occupation and classified w eekly earnings. Males. Females. Total. COAT AND PANTS MAKERS. 39 or over............................................................................................... 37 or under 39........................................................................................ 36 or under 37.......... ............................................................................. Under 36................................................................................................ 125 158 165 7 1 19 49 519 126 177 214 526 2 3 73 13 17 18 73 1 1 20 80 4 4 24 81 VEST AND CLOAK MAKERS. 39 or over............................................................................................... 37 or under 39........................................................................................ 36 or under 37........................................................................................ Under 36............................................................... ................................. 13 15 15 SHIRT, OVERALLS, AND JACKET MAKERS. 39 or over............................................................................................... 37 or under 39........................................................................................ 36 or under 37........................................................................................ Under 36................................................................................................. 3 3 4 1 REPOETS OF STATE BUREAUS OF LABOR---- WISCONSIN. 653 O f 79 shops inspected, 26 were located in one-story frame buildings, 13 in one-story frame with basement, 33 in two-story frame buildings, and the remaining 7 in a better class o f buildings. A brief history is given o f the National Consumers’ League, organ ized on M ay 1, 1899, the first and great specific task o f which is to aid in the abolishment o f the sweat-shop system o f manufacture. A n account is also given o f the operations o f the State and local leagues o f Wisconsin. W omen E mployed in F actories. — This is a study, made in 1901, o f the conditions under which women are employed in factories and workshops o f the State. The material fo r the study was obtained through personal visits, and is presented both in textual and tabular form. O f the total o f 769 women coming under this inquiry, 519 were born in Wisconsin, 86 in other States o f the Union, 98 in Germany, and 36 in other European countries. W eekly earnings were less than $3 for 61 o f the total number, $3 or under $1 fo r 215 o f the women, $1 or under $5 fo r 216 o f them, $5 or under $6 fo r 115 o f them, and $6 or upward fo r the remaining 159. The cost o f room and board was under $2 per week fo r 37 o f the women, $2 or under $3 fo r 250, $3 or under $1 for 167, and $1 or over fo r 13, the remainder not reporting. Out o f the total, 113 reported that they were able to save something out o f their earnings and the remainder that they were not able to save anything. F ree E mployment O ffices. — This part o f the report deals with the work o f the free employment offices in Milwaukee and Superior, which were established under the provisions o f the law o f 1901. There is a brief review o f the work o f such offices in other countries and in other States o f this country. Then follow s an account o f the work o f the offices in the above-mentioned cities during the first year o f their existence, showing number o f applications filed, positions filled, etc. During the year ending June 28,1902, the Milwaukee office reported that the male applicants fo r employment numbered 3,936, that the applicants fo r help numbered 3,121, and that 2,671 positions were filled, while the female applicants fo r employment numbered 673, the applicants fo r help 866, and 511 positions were filled. During the same period the Superior office reported 1,077 male applicants fo r employment, 1,257 applicants fo r help, and 3,916 positions filled, while the female applicants fo r employment were 316, the applicants for help 501, and the positions filled 279. L abor O rganizations. — A historical review o f labor organizations introduces this part o f the report. In 1901 75 organizations in the State reported a membership o f 5,330. The hours o f labor per day 654 BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB, and the average wages per hour were reported fo r 5,001 members as follows: HOURS OF WORK PER DAY AND AVERAGE WAGES PER HOUR OF MEMBERS OF LABOR ORGANIZATIONS, 1901. Hours o f work per day. 8.................................................................................................... 9.................................................................................................... 10.................................................................................................. 11.................................................................................................. 12.................................................................................................. 5 to 1 2 .......................................................................................... 8 to 1 3 .......................................................................................... Number o f members. Per cent of w hole number. 1,406 727 2,052 61 62 58 645 28.11 14.64 41.03 1.22 1.04 1.16 12.90 Average wages per hour. 80.254 .234 .224 .27 A .184 .35 .27 RECENT FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS. A U ST R IA . Die Arbeitseinstellungen und Aussperrungen in Osterreich wdhrend des Jahres 1901. Herausgegeben vom k. k. Arbeitsstatistischen Arate im Handelsministerium. 382 pp. This volume contains the eighth annual report o f the Austrian G ov ernment on strikes and lockouts. The information, which is com piled by the Austrian labor bureau, is given in the form o f an analysis and seven tables showing (1) strikes according to geographical distri bution, (2) strikes according to industries, (3) general summary o f strikes, (4) comparative summary o f strikes fo r each o f the years 1894 to 1901, (5) summary o f strikes for all the years 1894 to 1901, (6) details for each strike in 1901, (7) details for each lockout in 1901. A n appendix gives a brief review o f industrial and labor conditions in the leading countries o f the world, statistics o f trade associations in Austria, a copy o f the by-laws o f the Society for the Insurance o f Employers against Strikes, and notes concerning the strikes reported in the preceding pages. S trikes in 1901.— W hile the number o f strikes in 1901 was slightly above the average in Austria, there were fewer strikers and establish ments affected than in any year since complete strike statistics have been compiled. There were but 157,744 days lost in 1901 on account o f strikes, which is about one-half the lowest number previously reported fo r any year. During the year there were 270 strikes, which affected 719 estab lishments, and involved 24,870 strikers and 2,846 other employees who were thrown out o f employment on account o f strikes. The strikers represented 38.47 per cent o f the total number o f employees in the establishments affected. The average number o f strikers in each strike was 92. O f the total strikers, 84.66 per cent were males and 15.34 per cent were females. A fter the strikes 23,054 strikers were reemployed and 771 new employees took places form erly occupied by strikers. O f the 270 strikes, 56, or 20.74 per cent, were successful; 655 656 BULLETIN OF THE BUEEAU OF LABOE. 98, or 36.30 per cent, were partly successful, and 116, or 42.96 per cent, resulted in failure. The follow ing table shows, by industries, the number o f strikes, establishments affected, strikers and others thrown out of employment, etc., during the year 1901: STRIKES, BY INDUSTRIES, 1901. Strikers. Industries. Estab Total lish em ploy Strikes. ments. ees. Num ber. Others em Strikers New Percent thrown reem ployees out of o f total em after ploy ployed. strikes. em ploy ment. ees. M ining................................... Stone, glass, china, and earthen w a re.................... Metals and m etallic good s.. M achinery and instruments. W ooden and caoutchouc g o o d s.................................. Leather, hides, brushes, and feathers.............................. T extiles.................................. W earing apparel and m illi nery ................................... P aper..................................... Food p rod u cts...................... Hotels, restaurants, e tc ....... Chem ical products............... B uilding trades.................... Printing and publishing___ Heat, power, and lighting plants................................. C om m erce............................. T ransportation.................... Other industries................... 40 45 19,906 7,496 37.66 345 7,347 64 29 22 15 68 43 15 2,987 2,956 15,208 1,698 1,393 889 56.85 47.12 5.85 90 352 195 1,519 1,180 859 48 66 17 27 49 3,261 2,925 89.70 73 2,760 93 8 28 8 29 229 7,637 202 2,675 88.21 35.03 10 1,357 136 2,261 29 87 28 8 13 1 5 24 11 309 8 65 1 5 24 14 3,045 2,018 559 9 626 4,418 552 1,821 683 336 8 314 3,214 376 59.80 33.85 60.11 88.89 50.16 72.75 68.12 53 44 14 1 21 270 11 1,591 665 202 113 7 120 8 3 10 8 3 3 3 2 3 3 28 2 322 167 365 387 274 64 365 137 85.09 38.32 100.00 35.40 10 252 61 365 72 38 T otal............................ 270 719 64,652 24,870 38.47 2,846 23,054 771 311 3,114 359 # 60 The mining industry had the largest number o f strikes and strikers in 1901. Next in importance with regard to the number of strikers involved were the groups o f building trades and wooden and caout chouc goods. Over one-half o f all the strikers in 1901 were engaged in these three groups o f industries. In the presentation o f strikes by causes, the cause and not the strike is taken as the unit, and since several causes frequently operate to bring about one strike, the number o f causes usually exceeds the num ber o f strikes. Thus, the 270 strikes o f 1901 were produced by 313 causes. 657 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS---- AUSTRIA. The follow ing table shows the causes o f the strikes for 1901, by industries: CAUSES OF STRIKES, BY INDUSTRIES, 1901. Industries. For For For dis Against For in change re charge reduc crease min of fore eth duc tion o f of m en, of tion wages. wages. od of work pay hours. men, m ent. etc. M ining........................... Stone, glass, china, and earthen w a re............ Metals and m etallic goods ......................... M achinery and instru ments ......................... W ooden and caout chouc goods............... Leather, hides, brushes, and feath ers.............. T extiles......................... W earing apparel and m illin e ry ................... P aper............................ Food p rod u cts.............. Hotels, restaurants, etc. Chem ical products....... B uilding trades............ Printing and publish ing .............................. Heat, power, and light ing plants................... C om m erce.................... Transportation.............. Other industries............ Against Against Against obnox dis ox Other ious charge obn ious causes. Total. treat of em rules. m ent. ployees. 2 16 1 3 3 2 16 3 5 1 7 3 1 3 2 4 1 1 5 2 3 1 5 32 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 4 11 30 3 5 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 37 10 21 1 5 28 2 4 1 8 4 H 3 4 15 6 3 11 3 7 8 2 8 2 16 7 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 3 T otal.................. 28 2 1 6 1 10 3 1 1 32 3 2 1 23 1 15 11 1 4 4 3 2 33 313 1 2 1 116 7 46 4 28 44 36 15 A s in previous years, the most frequent causes of strikes were the demands for increased wages and fo r reduction o f hours, the former having been one o f the causes o f 37.06 per cent and the latter of 14.70 per cent o f all the strikes. The follow ing table shows the results o f strikes, by industries: RESULTS OF STRIKES, BY INDUSTRIES, 1901. Strikes. Industries. M ining................................................ Stone,glass,china,and earthen ware. Metals and m etallic goods............... M achinery and instrum ents............ W ooden and caoutchouc goods....... Leather, hides,brushes,and feathers. T extiles............................................... W earing apparel and m illinery....... P aper.................................................. Food produ cts................................... Hotels, restaurants, etc...................... Chemical products............................ B uilding trades.................................. Printing and publishing.................. Heat, power, and lighting plants___ Com m erce.......................................... Transportation................................... Other industries................................ 3 7 6 2 8 1 4 6 2 T otal.......................................... 56 3674—No. 52—04-----12 Strikers. Suc Suc Suc Suc ceeded Failed. Total. ceeded. Failed. Total. ceeded. ceeded partly. partly. 6 8 1 1 1 13 12 6 5 13 5 10 16 2 4 3 7 2 98 24 10 10 8 6 2 14 6 4 9 1 2 11 3 2 2 2 40 29 22 15 27 8 28 28 8 13 1 5 24 11 3 3 3 2 116 270 554 308 692 192 948 40 391 180 16 1,117 306 178 5 80 5,007 3,458 1,186 257 272 1,661 120 1,066 1,533 162 235 244 1,416 3,484 204 444 425 316 42 1,218 108 505 101 8 70 681 70 96 59 137 7,4% 1,698 1,393 889 2,925 202 2,675 1,821 683 336 8 314 3,214 376 274 64 365 137 7,968 24,870 285 11,895 658 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, O f the total number o f strikes in 1901, 20.74 per cent succeeded, 36.30 per cent succeeded partly, and 42.96 per cent failed. O f the total number o f strikers 20.13 per cent were engaged in strikes which succeeded, 47.83 per cent in strikes which succeeded partly, and 32.04 per cent in strikes which failed. The follow ing table shows the results o f the strikes in 1901, accord ing to their duration: RESULTS OF STRIKES, BY DURATION, 1901. Strikers. Strikes. Suc Suc Suc ceeded Suc Failed. Total. Failed. Total. ceeded. ceeded. ceeded partly. partly. Days of duration. 1 to 5.................................................... 6 to 10.................................................. 11 to 15................................................ 16 to 20................................................ 21 to 25................................................ 26 to 80................................................ 31 to 35................................................ 36 to 40................................................ 41 to 50................................................ 51 to 100............................................... 101 or over __ .. .. ___ 37 9 6 T otal.......................................... 56 1 2 1 46 21 7 4 5 5 3 2 2 3 77 14 10 4 5 2 1 1 98 116 160 ’ 3,919 44 620 23 284 8 11 7 7 6 165 3 12 3 5 2 270 5,007 4,802 2,703 1,266 282 348 160 936 940 292 166 6,030 645 549 86 220 284 75 19 60 14,751 3,968 2,099 368 575 444 1,176 959 304 226 11,895 7,968 24,870 Strikes during E ight Y ears. — The following table shows the number and extent o f the strikes in Austria for the period during which the ministry o f commerce has published reports on strikes: STRIKES, BY YEARS, 1894 TO 1901. Per cent Estab o f strik lish Strikes.' ments Strikers. ers of Days lost. total em affected. ployees. Year. 1894.............................................................................. 1895.............................................................................. 1896.............................................................................. 1897.............................................................................. 1898.............................................................................. 1899.............................................................................. 1900.............................................................................. 1901.............................................................................. 172 209 305 246 255 311 303 270 2,542 874 1,499 851 885 1,330 1,003 719 67,061 28,652 66,234 38,467 39,658 54,763 105,128 24,870 69.47 59.68 65.72 59.03 69.86 60.23 67.29 38.47 795,416 300,348 899,939 368,098 323,619 1,029,937 3,483,963 157,744 The number o f strikes and the number o f strikers fo r each year of the eight-year period are shown, by industries, in the following two tables: STRIKES, BY INDUSTRIES, 1894 TO 1901. M ining. Stone, glass, china, and earthen ware. 1894.............. 1895.............. 1896.............. 1897.............. 1898.............. 1899.............. 1900.............. 1901.............. 13 4 11 25 29 26 40 40 22 29 29 27 27 21 19 29 23 37 33 26 26 32 26 22 7 6 14 20 13 24 13 15 23 38 55 27 28 35 34 27 34 29 43 28 28 84 56 28 11 24 42 34 49 33 23 24 39 42 78 59 55 56 92 85 172 209 305 246 255 311 303 270 T o ta l. 188 203 225 112 267 330 240 506 2,071 Year. Metals M achin W ooden and and* ery and caout Textiles. Building m etallic instru trades. chouc goods. ments. goods. Other. Total. 659 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS---- AUSTRIA, STRIKERS, BY INDUSTRIES, 1894 TO 1901. M ining. Stone, glass, china, and earthen ware. . . . . . . . . 22,986 626 30,120 3,632 7,046 3,477 78,791 7,496 6,415 9,943 3,217 3,053 4,491 2,112 574 1,698 2,752 3,694 2,973 1,568 991 2,459 1,977 1,393 194 253 2,058 4,689 2,471 1,356 519 889 9,793 2,336 6,972 1,372 1,318 3,198 1,391 2,925 6,317 4,085 9,791 11,275 3,171 30,249 12,010 2,675 14,975 5,361 5,434 4,995 13,961 7,842 4,849 3,214 3,629 2,354 6,669 7,883 6,209 4,070 5,017 4,580 67,061 28,652 66,234 38,467 39,658 54,763 105,128 24,870 T o ta l. 154,174 31,503 17,807 12,429 28,305 79,573 60,631 40,411 424,833 Year. 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 ooden Metals M achin W and and ery and caout Textiles. Building m etallic instru trades. chouc goods. ments. goods. Other. Total. The causes o f strikes for the eight-year period are shown in the fol lowing table, the cause and not the strike being made the unit: CAUSES OF STRIKES, 1894 TO 1901. Year. For Against For in change For re reduc crease of in meth duction tion of wages. od of of hours. pay wages. ment. For dis charge Against Against Against of fore obnox dis Other men, ious charge obnox ious causes. Total. work treat of em men, ment. ployees. rules. etc. 1894.............. 1895.............. 1896.............. 1897.............. 1898.............. 1899.............. 1900.............. 1901.............. 23 19 28 26 33 29 26 28 53 89 140 116 124 143 152 116 5 6 8 7 8 5 6 7 19 31 67 47 54 73 69 46 12 22 32 26 29 17 13 28 5 2 5 13 9 5 10 4 34 31 40 32 36 40 36 36 16 8 12 18 20 18 14 15 32 37 34 45 39 40 53 33 199 245 366 330 352 370 379 313 T ota l. 212 933 52 406 179 53 285 121 313 2,554 The follow ing table shows, for both strikes and strikers, during each year o f the period, the results expressed in percentages: RESULTS OF STRIKES, 1894 TO 1901. Strikes. Year. Strikers. Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent P ercent Per cent Number. suc succeed Number. suc succeed ceeded. ed partly. failed. ceeded. ed partly. failed. 1894........................... 1895........................... 1896........................... 1897........................... 1898........................... 1899........................... 1900........................... 1901........................... 172 209 305 246 255 311 303 270 25.00 26.79 20.98 17.48 18.82 15.43 20.13 20.74 27.91 24.88 36.40 36.99 41.18 45.02 44.89 36.30 47.09 48.33 42.62 45.53 40.00 39.55 34.98 42.96 67,061 28,652 66,234 38,467 39,658 54,763 105,128 24,870 9.15 12.81 4.60 15.69 8.36 10.21 4.65 20.13 37.31 60.69 62.80 47.81 66.46 71.99 85.54 47.83 53.54 26.50 32.60 36.50 25.18 17.80 9.81 32.04 T ota l.............. 2,071 20.23 37.71 42.06 424,833 8.87 63.55 27.58 L ockouts. — There were but 3 lockouts reported in 1901, 2 being due to the observance o f Labor Day (May 1) and 1 to the refusal o f the 660 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. employees to w ork overtime. The follow ing table contains statistics o f lockouts fo r the period 1894 to 1901: LOCKOUTS, BY YEARS, 1894 TO 1901. Lock outs. Yea* 1894................................................................................ 1895................................................................................ 1896.............................................................................. 1897................................................................................ 1898................................................................................ 1899................................................................................ 1900................................................................................ 1901................................................................................ Per cent per Persons Estab Persons ofsons locked lish locked locked out and ments out. reem out of involved. total em ployed. ployees. 8 10 11 17 211 12 2,317 5,445 1,712 51.25 79.62 54.40 2,183 4,589 1,647 5 • 10 3 38 58 3 3,457 4,036 302 60.96 75.81 70.40 3,448 3,703 302 B E LG IU M . Statistique des Graves en Belgique, 1896-1900. Ministere de PIndustrie et du Travail. 1908. Office du Travail, lxix, 218 pp. Since 1896 the Belgian labor bureau has published in its monthly bulletin, Revue du Travail, statistics o f strikes and lockouts in Bel gium as they occurred from month to month. These statistics for the years 1896 to 1900 have been compiled and summarized, and appear in the present report. The report consists o f an analysis, statistical tables giving the details fo r each strike that occurred during the period, and summary tables. During the five-year period from 1896 to 1900 there were 610 strikes reported, affecting 1,519 establishments and 162,687 strikers. In addition to the strikers, 82,478 other persons were thrown out of work on account o f 598 strikes, the number not being reported in the case o f 12 strikes. The smallest number o f strikes and strikers occurred in 1898, but the follow ing year, 1899, shows the largest num ber o f strikers during the period. The follow ing table shows the number o f strikes and strikers each year from 1896 to 1900, by results: STRIKES, BY YEARS AND RESULTS, 1896 TO 1900. Strikers in strikes which— Strikes w hich— Year. Total strikes. Suc Suc ceeded. ceeded partly. Re Total m ained Suc Suc ceeded Failed. indefinite strikers. ceeded. partly. or unset tled. 1,591 1,960 2,379 5,081 5,449 1,372 4,390 1,065 981 4,973 19,912 28,374 9,657 51,809 20,412 329 1,234 1 7 23,204 35,958 13,101 57,931 32,443 19 162,637 16,460 12,781 130,164 3,232 1896.... 1897.... 1898___ 1899*. *.*.*. 1900.... 139 130 91 104 146 28 20 13 33 21 21 18 10 12 29 86 85 68 58 89 4 7 T otal. 610 115 90 386 Re m ained Failed. indefinite or unset tled. 60 1,609 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS---- BELGIUM. 661 It will be observed that during each year the greater number o f strikes failed. The percentage o f failure is even greater with regard to the number o f strikers. Thus, fo r the whole period, 18.85 per cent o f the strikes succeeded, 14.75 per cent succeeded partly, and 63.28 per cent failed, the result not being reported in the case o f 19, or 3.12 per cent, o f the strikes. O f the strikers 10.12 per cent participated in strike^ which succeeded, 7.86 per cent in strikes which succeeded partly, 80.03 per cent in strikes which failed, and 1.99 per cent in strikes the results o f which were not reported. The follow ing table shows the number o f strikes and strikers, by results and by industry groups: STRIKES, BY GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES AND RESULTS, 1896 TO 1900. Strikes w hich— Industries. Strikers in strikes w hich— Suc Total Re Total Suc ceed m ained strik strikes. ceed ed Fail ers. indefinite ed. part ed. or unset tled. ly. M ining Ceram ics...................... G lass............................. Chem icals...................*. Food products.............. T extiles........................ B uilding and construc tion w o rk ................. W ood and fu rn itu re... Hides and leather....... T obacco................... Paper............................. Printing and publish ing ............................. Art and instruments o f precision ................... Transportation............ Other industries.......... T o ta l................... 148 26 76 13 7 31 10 142 27 27 27 16 1 5 1 11 6 116 17 52 5 5 19 7 89 4 1 6 9 2 22 18 7 7 2 2 3 1 28 8 14 5 4 6 4 2 1 12 8 19 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 8 2 4 9 18 22 3 10 7 1 2 4 5 6 11 610 115 90 386 3 96,503 4,563 11,157 3,162 973 4,077 628 25,580 Re Suc Suc m ained ceed ceed Failed. indefinite ed ed. partly. or unset tled. 881 330 2,287 1,270 91,149 3,127 5,361 957 772 1,533 409 18,893 1,074 35 1,701 2,315 131 3,080 3,399 1,071 1,808 935 201 229 88 3,332 3,203 3,280 1,183 703 30 830 1,118 293 291 168 177 67 18 2,165 1,920 816 369 30 40 65 7 25 2,627 2,012 39 566 10 2,226 949 1,793 201 687 734 850 117 282 1,175 145 777 19 162,637 16,460 12,781 130,164 275 3,232 The largest number o f strikes occurred in the mining industry. O f these 3.49 per cent succeeded, 12.59 per cent succeeded partly, and 81.12 per cent failed, the result not being known in 2.80 per cent of the mine strikes. O f the total number o f strikers reported during the five years 96,503, or 59.34 per cent, were in the mining industry. O f these strikers 0.92 per cent were engaged in strikes which succeeded, 3.52 per cent in strikes which succeeded partly, 94.45 per cent in strikes which failed, and 1.11 per cent in strikes the results o f which were not known. The textile industry was next in importance, both with regard to the number o f strikes and o f strikers involved. In this industry, likewise, a large proportion o f the strikes were failures. 662 BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR. The next table shows the number o f strikes by industries and years: STRIKES, BY GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES AND YEARS, 1896 TO 1900. Strikers. Strikes. Industries. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. M ining................................... Quarrying.............................. M etals..................................... Ceram ics................................ G lass....................................... Chem icals.............................. Food prod u cts...................... T ex tiles................................. B uilding and construction w o rk ................................... W ood and furniture.............. Hides and leather................. T obacco.................................. Paper ..................................... Printing and publish ing___ Art ana instrum ents o f pre cision .................................. Transportation...................... Other industries.................... T o ta l............................. 35 3 51 3 11 5 1 1 1 11 2 42 23 8 7 10 2 6 8 20 4 7 7 1 12 2 1 6 28 8 22 5 10 16 4 32 4 4 4 5 7 1 2 2 2 1 3 6 14 4 4 29 7 3 7 3 139 15 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 10,454 340 2,340 399 56 70 4 6,218 27,571 405 1,989 935 5,970 459 1,316 935 45*657 2,307 6,851 1,052 4,402 660 672 204 1,137 893 145 1,554 276 2,561 1,121 144 13,763 125 637 127 405 30 16 429 332 280 145 640 438 316 43 1 2 5 3 8 2 555 1,763 456 73 3 3 4 97 3 2 6 11 146 2 3 4 2 3 9 3 130 91 104 1,901 1,454 110 4 37 588 64 304 858 44 255 130 23,204 35,958 13,101 *86 1,111 1900. 772 550 1,376 201 1,156 168 57,931 32,443 543 947 201 The causes which figured most frequently in strikes during the period were disputes concerning wages, hours o f labor, working con ditions, and demands fo r the reinstatement or fo r the discharge o f employees, nearly nine-tenths o f all the strikes being due to these causes. The follow ing table shows the causes o f strikes and their results fo r the five-year period 1896 to 1900: STRIKES, BY CAUSES AND RESULTS, 1896 TO 1900. Strikes w hich Cause or object. For increase o f w ages. . . Against reduction of w ages........................... Other causes affecting w ages........................... For reduction o f hours.. Other causes affecting hours o f lab or.............. For or against m odifica tion of conditions o f w o rk ............................. Against piecew ork ......... Against em ploym ent of fem ales......................... For or against m odifica tion o f shop ru le s....... Against fin es................... For discharge o f super intendents or other em ployees.................... For reinstatement of discharged em ployees. Trade unionism .............. Other causes.................... T ota l...................... Strikers in strikes w hich— Re Suc Total Suc ceed m ained Total strik strikes. ceed indefi ed Failed. ers. nite or ed. part unset ly. tled. 298 68 50 171 30 5 8 17 28 8 4 15 5 1 55 8 7 1 37 5 3 132 11 11 6 2 8 3 5 1 .2 46 10 1 34 71 7 3 7 55 610 a ll5 90 11 19 76,797 732 711 2,164 2,144 3,778 584 171 929 1,219 2,842 314 25 9,234 2,992 721 639 88 7,685 2,904 24,719 1,957 1,351 400 175 451 23,193 1,106 5,460 964 150 4,321 25 7,748 502 2,381 509 1,052 90 1,249 6,077 312 1,123 110 19 162,637 16,460 12,781 130,164 3,232 1 1 1 1 6 3 7 6 12 a 386 1 2 1 1 97,669 11,108 2,688 7,076 3,607 9 4 18 9 Re Suc m ained Suc ceed indefi ceed Failed. nite or ed ed. partly. unset tled. 170 7 289 189 132 66 34 9 aThe sumof the items does not agree with the total; the figures, however, are reproduced as they appear in the original. 663 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS---- BELGIUM, In the next table the strikes are shown by causes and years: STRIKES, BY CAUSES AND YEARS, 1896 TO 1900. Strikes. Cause or object. Strikers. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. For increase o f w ages.......... Against reduction o f w ages. Other causes affecting wages. For reduction o f hours......... Other causes affecting hours o f la b o r .............................. For or against m odification o f conditions o f w o rk ....... Against p iecew ork ............... Against em ploym ent o f fe m ales................................... For or against m odification o f shop rules........................ Against fin es......................... For discharge o f superin ten d en ts or other em ployees ................................ For reinstatement o f dis charged em ployees............ Trade unionism .................... Other cau ses......................... T ota l............................. 66 9 5 1 55 7 7 4 43 5 3 12 2 4 1 3 15 3 1 1 2 10 4 1 3 50 6 8 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 13 8 10 17 17 16 3 5 3 11 8 3 2 139 130 91 104 1 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 84 3 5 5 7,147 1,581 464 189 8,441 780 196 1,155 5,438 561 91 50,549 565 1,150 58 42 12 14 4,338 2,676 1,341 228 219 2,527 60 62 20,185 901 3,987 70 302 63 160 260 88 1900. 26,094 120 243 2,376 809 1 2 2 85 812 4 2,306 509 473 1,580 592 13 7 3,171 1,466 812 6 165 756 1,711 90 419 97 68 588 344 944 146 23,204 35,958 13,101 57,931 32,443 10 111 The strikes during the period were mostly o f short duration, 325 o f 573 strikes fo r which duration was reported having lasted 5 days or less, and but M over 30 days. O f the latter, 7 lasted longer than 100 days. The strikes were mostly small, 398, or nearly two-thirds of the total number, having involved 100 strikers or less each. Nineteen strikes involved over 1,000 persons each. Thirty-eight per cent of all the strikers during the 5-year period were engaged in two mine strikes— one, in 1897, involving 18,946 strikers, and the other, in 1899, involving 42,842 strikers. The follow ing table shows the strikes during the period according to method o f settlement and results: STRIKES, BY METHOD OF SETTLEMENT AND RESULTS, 1896 TO 1900. Method o f settlem ent. Strikes w hich— Strikers in strikes which— Re Total Suc Total Suc ceed m ained strik strikes. ceed indefi ed Failed. nite or ers. ed. part unset ly. tled. Re Suc mained Suc ceed indefi ceed Failed. nite or ed ed. unset partly. tled. Direct negotiation be tween the parties......... N egotiation between one party and a trade as sociation ...................... Negotiation between an em ployers’ and an em ployees’ trade associa tion ................................ Intervention o f councils of industry and la b or.. A rbitration...................... C onciliation.................... M ethod not reported___ T o ta l...................... 505 81 73 339 12 68,113 38 14 6 16 2 7,825 1,892 11 2 3 10,914 4 2,721 2 6 1 28 6 6 1 5 2 3 3 18 2,177 70,687 610 115 90 386 16 2 10 49,112 1,088 572 4,(808 553 3,481 95 7,338 1,872 90 1,816 146 239 610 112 249 68,037 1,591 19 al62,637 al6,460 12,781 130,164 3,232 100 6 7,063 10,850 513 10 aThe sumof the items does not agree with the total; the figures, however, are reproduced as they appear in the original. 664 BULLETIN- OF THE BUREAU OF LABOE. Eighty-three per cent o f the strikes were settled by direct negotia tion between the parties, the strikes resulting mostly in failure. Those settled in other ways were mostly either successful or partly successful. The next table shows the method o f settlement o f strikes for each year: STRIKES, BY METHOD OF SETTLEMENT AND YEARS, 1896 TO 1900. Strikes. Method o f settlement. Direct negotiation between the p arties......................... N egotiation between one garty and a trade associa- Strikers. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. I ll 115 75 87 117 15,982 14,643 8,903 9,117 19,468 14 5 8 5 6 2,445 888 805 215 3,472 2 1 2 2 2 2 4 2,417 151 1,443 990 5,913 4 1 615 1,237 100 5 1 4 4 14 418 90 87 1,765 351 i49 19,776 1,335 500 45,762 1,441 2,049 130 91 104 146 23,204 36,958 13,101 057,931 32,443 N egotiation between an em ployers’ and an em ployees’ trade association............... Intervention of councils o f industry and la b or............ A rbitration............................. C onciliation........................... M ethod not reported............ 4 T ota l............................. 139 1 3 4 5 1 1 10 a The sum of the items does not agree with the total; the figures, however, are reproduced as they appear in the original. FRANCE. Statistique des Greves et des Recours a la Conciliation et a VArbitrage Survenus Pendant VAnnee 1902. Direction du Travail, Ministere du Commerce, de PIndustrie, des Postes et des Telegraphes. 482 pp. xvi, This is the twelfth o f a series o f annual reports on strikes and con ciliation and arbitration issued by the French labor bureau. The information is presented in the same form as that contained in pre vious reports. Strikes . — During the year 1902 there were 512 strikes, involving 1,820 establishments, 212,704 strikers, and 9,461 persons thrown out o f work on account o f strikes. O f the strikers, 162,622 were men, 35,326 were women, and 14,756 were children. The strikes caused a total loss o f 4,472,477 working days by strikers and 202,604 by other employees thrown out o f work, or a total o f 4,675,081 working days. In 1901 there were 523 strikes, in which 111,414 strikers were involved and 10,147 other employees were affected, causing an aggregate loss o f 1,862,050 working days. The large number o f strikers and days lost in 1902 is due to a general strike o f miners in that year, which alone involved 115,240 strikers and caused a loss o f 3,210,957 work ing days. The average number o f days lost per striker in 1902 was 22. 665 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS---- FRANCE. O f the 512 strikes during 1902, 417 involved but 1 establishment each, 33 involved from 2 to 5 establishments, 23 from 6 to 10 estab lishments, 27 from 11 to 25 establishments, 9 from 26 to 50 establish ments, and 1 from 51 to 100 establishments. O f the 2 remaining strikes, 1 involved 115 and the other 133 establishments. The latter was the miners5 strike above mentioned. In 304 strikes all or a part o f the striking employees were organ ized. The employers were organized in 184 strikes. .Nine working men’s unions and 1 employers’ association were organized during the progress o f or immediately follow ing strikes. In 31 strikes regular aid was given by labor organizations to their striking members. O f the 512 strikes, 111, involving 23,533 strikers, succeeded; 184 strikes, involving 160,820 strikers, succeeded partly, and 217 strikes, involving 28,351 strikers, failed. The two tables following show, by groups o f industries, the number o f strikes, strikers, and establishments involved, according to the results o f strikes; also the days o f work lost by all employees and the number o f strikers per 1,000 working people in each group of industries: STRIKES AND ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED, BY GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES, 1902. Succeeded partly. Succeeded. Industries. Strikes. Agriculture, forestry, and fish eries .......................................... M ining.......................................... Q uarrying................................... Food prod u cts............................ Chem ical industries................... Paper and p rin tin g.................... Hides and lea th er...................... T extiles........................................ Clothing, cleaning, e tc............... W ood w orking............................. B uilding (w o o d w o rk ).................. Metal refin in g ............................. Metal w orking............................ Precious m etal w ork................... Stone, earthenware, glass, etc .. Building (stone, tile, excavat ing, roofing, etc., w o r k )......... Transportation and han dlin g... T otal................................... 2 3 6 3 10 43 3 8 1 5 1 6 13 8 111 Failed. Total. Estab Estab Estab Estab lish Strikes. lish Strikes. lish Strikes. lish ments. ments. ments. ments. 4 9 31 3 34 61 3 30 1 1 7 2 1 6 1 10 58 5 7 4 3 32 3 21 8 1 5 8 10 9 66 4 8 1 1 139 11 1 6 1 54 113 28 63 3 114 3 8 1 21 37 10 12 146 4 5 15 3 9 20 14 29 167 7 147 12 31 74 14 100 1 320 35 61 69 13 188 3 76 10 6 4 9 35 9 69 12 23 8 5 6 27 7 44 13 72 3 18 39 25 31 10 243 138 19 20 58 167 63 38 340 330 251 184 963 217 606 512 1,820 5 1 666 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, STRIKERS AND DAYS OF WORK LOST BY ALL EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK BY STRIKES IN 1902, BY INDUSTRIES. Strik '.rs in strikes w hich— Strikers Days of per 1,000 work lost w orking by all em Total people ployees Suc strikers. in Suc ceeded each thrown ceeded. partly. Failed. indus out of try. («) work. Industries. 211 Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.................... 132 118,605 Quarrying.............................................................. 146 Food products....................................................... 410 26 Chem ical industries............................................. 15,707 947 Paper and printing............................................... 17 123 1,252 Hides and leather................................................ 1,025 T ex tiles................................................................. 3,413 18,988 822 195 Clothing, cleaning, etc........................................ 402 W ood w orking....................................................... 477 Building (w oodw ork).......................................... 278 209 43 M etal refin in g....................................................... 112 5,439 Metal w ork in g ...................................................... 4 24 Precious m etal w ork............................................. 467 5,463 Stone, earthenware, glass, etc............................. B uilding (stone, tile, excavating, roofing, etc., w o r k ) ...................... ....................................................... 760 3,408 645 4,814 Transportation and h a n d lin g ................................... 0.10 343 404 119,009 172 26 572 1,008 18,252 1,698 299 439 355 2,632 12,292 34,693 226 1,243 336 1,215 80 358 2,583 2,835 1,429 6,980 9 37 382 6,312 'M ining................................................................................ T o ta l............................................................ 23,533 160,820 50.88 16.77 1.81 43.36 2,179 3,274,407 6,239 4,940 124.680 7,101 114,860 502,771 32,818 23,646 6,910 64,904 125.681 366 239,400 764.93 3.09 3.66 172.03 3.63 15.57 54.42 2.85 5.40 (6) 813 6,736 4,981 12,195 ol0.26 19.52 34,102 110,077 28,351 212,704 <*56.14 4,675,081 a Based on the census of 1896. &Included in building (stone, tile, excavating, roofing, etc., w ork). c Including building (w oodw ork). d Based on the total number of industrial working people in France. O f the 17 groups o f industries above shown, 3, namely, textiles, metal working, and building (stone, tile, excavating, roofing, etc.), together furnished over one-half o f the total number o f strikes during the year. W ith regard to the number o f strikers, however, Over one-half the total number were in the mining industry. The strikes in this industry involved over 76 per cent o f the total mining population o f France. The strike data are shown by causes in the two tables follow ing: STRIKES, BY CAUSES, 1902. [A considerable number o f strikes were due to tw o or more causes, and the facts in such cases have been tabulated under each cause; hence the totals for this table necessarily do not agree w ith those for the preceding tables.) Succeeded partly. Succeeded. Cause or object. For increase of wages................. Against reduction o f wages....... For reduction of hours of labor with present or increased w ages....................................... R elating to tim e and m ethod of payment, etc., of w ages___ For or against m odification o f conditions o f w ork................... Against piecew ork...................... For or against m odification of shop rules................................. For abolition or reduction of fin e s.......................................... Against discharge or for rein statement o f workmen, fore m en, or d irectors.................... For discharge o f workmen, forem en, or directors.............. Against em ploym ent o f wom en. For lim itation o f num ber o f ap prentices................................... R elating to deductions from wages for support o f insuran n n onH aif\ t n r w la Other causes................................ Failed. Total. Estab Estab Estab Estab Strikes. lish Strikes. lish Strikes. lish Strikes. lish ments. ments. ments. ments. 51 34 165 47 97 25 706 78 108 24 306 25 18 166 3 47 17 266 38 479 13 62 9 62 14 169 36 293 4 3 4 5 14 2 66 2 22 13 138 14 40 18 208 8 2 19 3 23 12 12 23 54 2 4 4 9 9 15 15 12 17 6 6 24 24 42 47 9 10 3 1 27 3 28 39 4 41 1 1 1 2 3 18 2 4 14 22 4 4 17 53 2 20 2 2 216 256 83 5 6 35 1,177 150 21 21 21 24 273 667 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS— FRANCE, STRIKERS AND DAYS OF WORK LOST BY ALL EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK BY STRIKES IN 1902, BY CAUSES. [A considerable number o f strikes were due to tw o or m ore causes, and the facts in such cases have been tabulated under each cause; hence the totals for this table necessarily do not agree w ith those for the preceding tables.] Strikers in strikes w hich— Cause or object. Suc ceeded. Suc ceeded partly. Failed. 5,793 2,454 131,327 10,481 9,787 1,357 1,813 8,040 1,554 963 3,705 576 5,626 749 For increase of w ages............................................... Against reduction o f w ages..................................... For reduction o f hours o f labor w ith present or increased wages..................................................... R elating to tim e and m ethod o f payment, etc., o f wages................................................................... For or against m odification of conditions of w ork. Against p iecew ork.................................................... For or against m odification of shop ru les.............. For abolition or reduction o f fin es......................... Against discharge or for reinstatement o f work m en, forem en, or directors................................... For discharge o f workmen, forem en, or directors. Against, em ploym ent of wom en.............................. For lim itation o f num ber o f apprentices............... R elating to deductions from wages for support o f insurance and aid fu n d s......................... ............ Other causes..................................................’. ......... Days of w ork lost by all em ployees Total strikers. thrown out of work. 146,907 14,292 3,695,660 227,783 124,162 134,015 3,545,118 116,185 7,633 813 729 791 118,702 11,559 1,531 6,901 1,650 3,242,890 157,493 9,492 274,232 4,847 3 389 410 140 141 2,532 1,999 141 44 5,677 4,161 281 188 76,603 42,374 5,961 892 895 14,725 1,926 90 117,778 985 134,429 8,454 3,407,476 221 142 546 110 2,656 1,752 A s in previous years the most frequent causes o f strikes were wage disputes, the demands fo r increased wages and attempts to reduce wages having figured in about one-half o f all the strikes that occurred during the year. The next two tables show, respectively, the results o f strikes, by duration, and the duration and results o f strikes, by number o f strikers involved: STRIKES AND STRIKERS, BY DURATION OF STRIKES, 1902. Strikes. Days o f duration. Strikers. Suc Suc Failed. Total. ceeded. ceeded partly. 7 or u n d e r............................. 8to 15..................................... 16 to 30................................... 31 to 100.................................. 101or o v e r............................. 83 13 13 102 38 22 20 2 128 46 18 21 313 97 53 43 T otal............................ 111 184 217 512 2 4 6 Suc ceeded. Suc ceeded partly. Failed. 6,745 2,291 14,300 197 11,294 4,488 18,246 11,509 115,283 6,986 5,164 7,049 8,500 652 25,025 11,943 39,595 20,206 115,935 23,533 160,820 28,351 212,704 Total. DURATION AND RESULTS OF STRIKES, BY NUMBER OF STRIKERS INVOLVED, 1902#. Strikes. Strikers involved. 25 or uhder........................... 26 to 50.................................. 51 to 100................................ 101to 200.............................. 201 to 500.............................. 501 to 1,000............................. 1,001or o y er......................... T ota l........................... Days o f duration. Suc Suc 7 or Failed. Total. under. ceeded. ceeded partly. 24 23 34 20 7 1 2 111 38 41 42 28 19 5 11 184 78 51 46 25 11 2 140 115 122 73 37 8 90 80 75 47 17 4 17 2 2 217 512 313 to 8to 15. 16 to 30. 31 100. 25 18 23 15 12 3 1 97 14 9 12 6 8 2 9 6 12 5 5 7 6 53 43 101or over. 2 2 1 1 6 668 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Most o f the strikes were small and o f short duration, 313, or 61 per cent, haying lasted seven days or less, and only 49 oyer thirty days. F ifty per cent o f the strikes involved less than 50 persons each. Seventeen strikes involved over 1,000 persons each. C onciliation and A rbitration . — During the year 1902 recourse to the law o f December 27, 1892, in regard to the conciliation and arbitration (a) o f labor disputes, was had in 107 disputes. In 4 cases recourse was had to the law before entire cessation o f work had occurred, but strikes were subsequently declared in 2 o f these cases, leaving 2 instances only where strikes were averted by application o f the law. Including these 2 cases the number o f disputes in which the application o f the law was requested in 1902 is equal to 20.89 per cent o f the number o f strikes that actually occurred during the year. During the preceding nine-year period such recourse was had in a number o f disputes, equal to 24.06 per cent o f the total strikes for the period. Requests fo r the application o f the law during 1902 were made by employees in 60 disputes, by employers in 5 disputes, and by employees and employers united in 2 disputes. In the other 40 disputes in which recourse was had to the law, the initiative was taken by justices o f the peace. As fo r results it was found that 6 strikes had terminated by agree ment between employers and employees before committees o f concil iation were formed. The offer of conciliation was rejected in 42 of the 101 remaining disputes, the rejection coming from employers in 35 cases, from the employees in 2 cases, and from both employers and employees in 5 cases. In 5 o f the 42 cases in which conciliation was rejected the dispute was terminated on the employees withdrawing their demands or accepting concessions previously offered, while in the 37 other cases strikes were declared or continued. O f these 37 strikes none succeeded, 14 succeeded partly, and 23 failed. Committees o f conciliation were constituted fo r the settlement o f the remaining 59 disputes. Thirty-two o f these disputes were set tled directly b y such committees, and o f the 27 disputes remaining 2 were settled by arbitration and 2 were settled by the parties them selves, after having appeared without success before committees o f concilation. Strikes were declared or continued after the failure o f conciliation and arbitration in the 23 remaining disputes. O f these strikes 3 succeeded, 11 succeeded partly, and 9 failed. «F or the provisions of this law see Bulletin of the Department of Labor, No. 25, pp. 854-856. 669 FOBEIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS---- FBANCE. The follow ing is a summary statement in regard to disputes in which recourse was had to the law concerning conciliation and arbitra tion during 1902, and for the preceeding nine years, taken collectively: SUMMARY OF CASES IN WHICH RECOURSE WAS HAD TO THE LAW CONCERNING CON CILIATION AND ARBITRATION, 1893 TO 1901 AND 1902. 1893 to 1901. Items. 1902. Total number o f strikes................................................................................................. Disputes in w hich recourse was had to the law of 1892............................................. 4,795 a 1,154 512 107 Disputes settled: Before the creation o f committees of con ciliation ............................................... After refusal of request for con cilia tion ............................................................... D irectly by com m ittees of con ciliation ................................................................. By arbitration.......................................................................................................... D irectly by the parties after having had recourse to con cilia tion .................... 77 51 6281 50 6 5 32 22 2 2 Total cases settled through the application o f the la w ................................... 478 47 Strikes resulting or continuing: After refusal o f request for con cilia tion ................................................................ After failure o f recourse to conciliation 8nd arbitration ................................... c391 <*280 37 23 Total cases of failure after application o f the la w ........................................... 668 60 a Relates to 1,146 disputes. Prior to 1900 the instances in w hich the application of the law were requested, and not the disputes themselves, were counted. 6There were hut 278 disputes settled by com m ittees o f conciliation. Three disputes have been counted tw ice because 2 comm ittees were form ed in each case. c Including 4 disputes that were submitted to com m ittees of conciliation after strike was declared. Hence the figures should be 387; but they are given as found in the report. d Figures here should be 281; those given are, however, according to the original. The above summary shows that o f 107 disputes considered in 1902, 47 were settled directly or indirectly through the application o f the law o f 1892, and in the case o f 60 the recourse to the law proved fruit less. O f the 47 disputes settled 9 were favorable to the demands o f the employees, 30 resulted in a compromise, and 8 were unfavorable to the employees. In the 60 disputes which continued after the fail ure o f attempts at conciliation and arbitration the employees succeeded in 8, succeeded partly in 25, and failed in 32 cases. G E R M A N Y. Streiks und Aussperrungen im Jahre 1902. Statistischen Amt. Bearbeitet im Kaiserlichen 300 pp. This is the fourth annual report on strikes and lockouts published by the German imperial statistical bureau. The report contains analy ses and summaries o f the strikes and lockouts in 1902, copies o f schedules o f inquiry, and tables showing in detail, by locality and by industry fo r each dispute, the duration, establishments affected, total number o f employees, strikers, and others thrown out o f employment, causes, results, manner o f settlement, etc. The data relate to disputes ending in 1902. During 1902 there were 1,060 strikes reported, affecting 3,437 estab lishments. Operations were completely suspended in 849 establish ments. O f a total o f 131,086 employees in the establishments affected 53,912 participated in the strikes, and 6,272 others were thrown out o f employment on account o f them. 670 BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOR. The follow ing table shows the results o f the strikes in 1902: RESULTS OF STRIKES, 1902. [The colum n headed “ Strikers” shows the maximum number of strikers engaged at any tim e during strike.] Result of strikes. Strikes. Total per sons em Establish ployed in ments establish affected. ments affected. Strikers. Others thrown out of work. Succeeded.................................................... Succeeded partly........................................ F ailed .......................................................... 228 235 597 405 1,929 1,103 19,544 47,490 64,052 8,529 22,004 23,379 734 1,904 3,634 T ota l.................................................. 1,060 3,437 131,086 53,912 6,272 Fifty-six per cent o f all the strikes in 1902 were complete failures, although the proportion o f persons participating in unsuccessful strikes was 43 per cent o f the total number o f strikers. Only about 16 per cent o f the strikers were engaged in successful strikes. The following table shows, b y principal groups o f industries, the number and results o f strikes, the number o f establishments and strikers involved, and the number o f other employees thrown out o f work on account o f strikes during the year 1902: SUMMARY OF STRIKES, BY GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES, 1902. [The colum n headed “ Strikers” shows the m aximum number of strikers at any tim e during strike.] Strikes which— Industries. Gardening, florist, and nursery trades. . . . M ining, sm elting, salt, and peat extraction. Stonework and earthenware.................... Metal w ork.................................................. M achinery, tools, and instrum ents.......... Chem icals.................................................... Forestry products, lighting m aterials, and varnishes.................................................. T ex tiles....................................................... Paper............................................................ L eath er....................................................... W ooden ware and carved g o o d s.............. Food products............................................. Clothing and clean in g.............................. B uilding trades.......................................... Printing and pu blish in g........................... Painting, sculpture, decoration, and artistic w o rk ......................................................... Commercial em ploym ent......................... Transportation............................................ Other industries.......................................... T o ta l.................................................. Total strikes. 1 68 68 48 1 2 101 4 20 14 135 35 60 467 7 3 9 16 1 1,060 Other em Estab Strik ployees lish Suc Suc ceeded ers. thrown Failed. ments. ceeded. partly. out of work. X 1 13 14 10 1 22 3 20 5 23 105 2 1 2 4 20 22 9 28 1 6 28 7 20 85 9 35 32 29 1 1 51 3 5 16 94 258 58 1 2 117 8 11 161 218 57 409 1,997 7 2 87 23 17 277 5 31 2,572 2,185 2,761 2,516 16 50 7,569 35 611 3,544 1,128 2,070 27,330 279 254 677 445 67 322 i 74 198 17 4,175 3 5 2 4 9 3 9 16 1 17 520 665 13 39 228 235 597 3,437 53,912 6,272 3 1 The group o f building trades, as in previous years, had the largest number o f strikes, strikers, and establishments affected, over one-half o f all the strikers during 1902 being persons engaged in this industry. The building-trades strikes were mostly failures. Next in importance with regard to the number o f persons involved are the groups o f tex tiles and o f wooden ware and carved goods. Seventy-one per cent o f all the strikers belonged to these three groups. The next two tables show, respectively, the results o f strikes accord ing to their duration and according to the number o f strikers involved. 671 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS— GERMANY. SUMMARY OF STRIKES, BY DURATION, 1902. [The colum n headed “ Strikers” shows the maximum number o f strikers at any tim e during strike.] Strikes w hich— Days o f duration. Less than 1 ................................ 1to 5 .......................................... 6to 1 0 ........................................ 11to 2 0 ....................................... 21 to 3 0 ....................................... 31 to 5 0 ....................................... 51 to 100..................................... 101or over.................................. T ota l................................ Total strikes. lit 391 172 117 75 101 65 28 1,060 Suc ceeded. 35 111 41 28 7 4 2 228 Suc ceeded partly. Failed. 11 65 199 87 55 46 75 49 81 44 34 22 22 14 7 21 597 235 Estab lish ments. Strikers. Other em ployees thrown out of work. 114 579 360 482 718 650 283 251 3,600 16,921 7,693 3,758 6,414 8,522 3,778 3,226 537 2,455 367 477 361 1,722 133 3,437 53,912 6,272 220 SUMMARY OF STRIKES, BY NUMBER OF STRIKERS INVOLVED, 1902. [The colum n headed “ Strikers ” shows the maximum number o f strikers at any tim e during strike.] Strikes w hich— Strikers involved. 2 t o 5 .......................................... 6to 10........................................ 11to 2 0 ...................................... 21 to 3 0 ...................................... 31 to 5 0 ....................................... 61 to 100..................................... 101to 200................................... 201 to 500................................... 501 or over.................................. T ota l................................ Total strikes. 102 Suc ceeded. 30 25 46 55 31 29 24 14 4 1,060 228 196 241 142 145 128 66 10 Suc ceeded partly. 11 Failed. 66 Estab lish ments. 25 29 32 43 49 24 15 7 125 157 79 73 55 28 3 113 235 298 206 399 336 578 515 757 235 597 3,437 11 Strikers. Otheremployees thrown out of work. 400 1,537 3,719 3,547 5,684 9,329 9,273 9,653 10,770 167 566 493 1,190 586 858 480 854 1,078 53,912 6,272 The follow ing table shows the causes and results o f strikes in 1902, the cause and not the strike being taken as the unit: STRIKES, BY CAUSES, 1902. [A considerable number of strikes were due to two or more causes, and the facts in such cases have been tabulated under each cause; hence the totals for this table necessarily do not agree w ith those for the preceding tables.] Strikes w hich— Cause or object. Against reduction o f w ages........................................................ For increase of w ages.................................................................. For extra rate for overtim e....................................................... . For extra pay for secondary w o rk ............................................. Other causes affecting wages..................................................... . Against increase o f h ou rs.......................................................... . For reduction o f hours................................................................ For abolition or lim itation o f overtim e w o rk ......................... . For reduction o f hours on Saturday........................................... For regular h ou rs......................................................................... Other causes affecting hours o f labor........................................ For change in m ethod o f paym ent........................................... . Against cnange in m ethod o f paym ent................................... . For reinstatement o f discharged em ployees.............................. For discharge or against em ploym ent of certain persons........ For discharge o f forem en, e tc ..................................................... Against being com pelled to work on h olidays......................... For better sanitary conditions, e tc........................................... . Against use o f m aterial from establishment in w hich strike was p en d in g .............................................................................. For better treatm ent, .................................................................. For recognition o f com m ittee o f em ployees.............................. For adoption, retention, or change o f wage scale.................... Other cau ses................................................................................. Total strikes. 131 532 33 34 66 10 160 13 21 9 9 37 17 141 48 14 8 24 22 16 34 89 114 Suc ceeded. 25 106 4 5 16 1 36 1 1 1 6 2 20 6 1 6 6 6 23 27 Suc ceeded partly. Failed. 29 155 15 77 271 14 17 28 40 9 13 5 3 84 3 7 4 5 23 12 22 1 8 5 22 3 3 4 10 4 23 32 44 8 10 99 39 10 4 8 16 6 11 34 43 672 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. G R E A T B R ITA IN . Report on Strikes and Lockouts in the United Kingdom in 190%, and on Conciliation and Arbitration Boards. 1903. 182 pp. (Pub lished by the Labor Department o f the British Board o f Trade.) The report on strikes and lockouts in the United Kingdom, prepared by the labor department o f the board o f trade, is the fifteenth issued since the commencement o f the series in 1888. The report shows in detail fo r each dispute, beginning in 1902, the locality, the number o f establishments involved, the number and occupations o f working peo ple thrown out o f work, the cause or object o f the dispute, the date o f beginning and ending, and the result; also statements o f the work o f boards o f conciliation and arbitration and o f certain agreements and awards terminating trade disputes. The tables giving details are preceded b y summary tables, by tables presenting comparative data for the years 1898 to 1902, and by an analysis o f the statistics o f strikes and lockouts and o f conciliation and arbitration. The general method o f inquiry and the plan o f presentation are the same as for the past few years. Disputes involving fewer than 10 employees (and those which lasted less than one day) have been omitted from the tabulations, except when the aggregate duration exceeded 100 working days. S trikes and L ookouts in 1902.— The number o f labor disputes arising in 1902 was less than in any o f the preceding four years (1898 to 1901), but the number o f working people directly and indirectly affected was greater than in any o f those years. The aggregate days o f duration was less than in 1901, but greater than in 1900 and 1899. During 1902 there were 442 strikes and lockouts, involving 116,824 employees directly and 139,843 indirectly, or throwing out o f work a total o f 256,667 working people and resulting in an aggregate loss of 3,479,255 working days. The follow ing tables show the number o f strikes and lockouts and the number o f employees involved in 1902, classified according to the principal causes and the results: STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS, BY CAUSES AND RESULTS, AND WORKING DAYS LOST, 1902. [“ Aggregate working days lost by all em ployees thrown out of w ork” includes the aggregate dura tion in 1902 o f disputes beginning in previous years and excludes the duration in 1903 o f disputes beginning in 1902.] Strikes and lockouts the results of w hich were— Principal cause or object. Aggregate working Total days strikes by alllost em Indefi and In favor In favor Com nite or lock ployees pro unset outs. o f em o f em thrown ployees. ployers. m ised. tled. out of work. W ages..................................................................... Hours o f labor....................................................... Employment o f particular classes or persons... W orking arrangements, rules, and d iscip lin e... Trade unionism .................................................... Sympathetic disputes.......................................... Other cau ses......................................................... 53 5 14 17 18 T ota l............................................................ 107 128 10 30 23 8 1 2 202 80 5 13 23 1 1 123 6 1 1 2 267 3 2,673,183 104,101 169,810 348,389 170,409 1,042 12,321 10 442 3,479,255 20 58 64 29 1 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS---- GREAT BRITAIN. 673 STRIKERS AND EMPLOYEES LOCKED OUT, BY CAUSES AND RESULTS, 1902. Strikers and em ployees locked out in disputes the results of w hich were— Principal cause or object. Total Other strikers em ploy and em ees Indefi ployees thrown In favor In favor Compro nite or lock ed out of of em o f em work. out. ployees. ployers. mised. unset tled. W ages................................................................... Hours o f la b o r..................................................... Employment o f particular classes or persons .. W orking arrangements, rules, and disciplin e.. Trade unionism .................................................... Sympathetic disputes.......................................... Other causes......................................................... 5,525 438 5,523 3,212 22,219 18,749 2,328 4,129 6,967 3,149 14 179 30,282 278 1,384 9,610 T otal............................................................ 36,917 35,515 41,645 11 2,177 400 60 56,733 3,044 11,436 19,849 25,489 14 259 117,859 6,340 6,243 8,382 1,019 2,747 116,824 139,843 110 80 A s in previous years, the disputes in 1902 related mostly to wages, 267 out o f a total o f 442 strikes and lockouts, or 60.4 per cent, result ing from this cause. O f the total o f 116,824 strikers and employees locked out in disputes from all causes, 56,733, or 48.6 per cent, were involved in wage disputes. Hours of labor was the cause o f but 20 disputes, or 4.5 per cent o f the total, and directly affected but 3,044 working people. In 29 disputes, or 6.6 per cent of the total, trade unionism was the cause, and directly affected 25,489, or 21.8 per cent, o f the working people. .O f the 442 disputes, 107, or 24.2 per cent, resulted in favor of the employees, 202, or 45.7 per cent, in favor o f the employers, 123, or 27.8 per cent, were compromised, and 10, or 2.3 per cent, remained indefinite or unsettled. O f the 116,824 strikers and employees locked out, 36,917, or 31.6 per cent, were engaged in disputes which resulted in favor o f employees; 35,515, or 30.4 per cent, in disputes which resulted in favor o f employers; 41,645, or 35.7 per cent, in disputes which were compromised, and 2,747, or 2.3 per cent, in disputes which remained indefinite or unsettled at the close o f the year. Employees involved in disputes relating to wages and hours of labor were mostly unsuccessful, while in disputes relating to trade unionism they were mostly successful. 8674— No. 52—04-----13 674 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. In 1902, as in previous years, a large proportion o f disputes affected comparatively few working people. This is brought out in the fol lowing table: STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS, BY GROUPS OF EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK, 1902. [“ Aggregate working days lost by all em ployees thrown out of w ork” includes the aggregate dura tion o f disputes beginning in 1902 and embraces w orking days lost in 1903 in disputes extending beyond 1902.] Groups of em ployees thrown out of work. Strikes and lock outs. Employees thrown out of work. Number. Per cent. Number. 46.7 5.0 18.9 940,913 535,926 842,670 263,935 385,501 377,677 154,727 53,702 18,839 26.3 15.0 23.6 7.4 3,573,890 100.0 5,000 or o v er........................................................................ 2,500 or under 5,000............................................................ 1,000 or under 2,500............................................................ 500 or under 1,000............................................................... 250 or under 500 ................................................................. 100 or under 250 ................................................................. 50 or under 100................................................................... 26 or under 6 0 .................................................................... Under 2 5 ............................................................................. 3 4 35 43 61 93 84 119,872 12,957 48,568 30,405 21,179 14,610 6,050 51 816 8.3 5.7 2.4 .9 .3 T o ta l......................................................................... 442 256,667 100.0 68 Aggregate work ing days lost by all em ployees thrown out of work. 11.8 2,210 Per cent. 10.8 10.6 4.3 1.5 .5 From the above table it is seen that out o f 442 disputes, 203, or 45.9 per cent, involved less than 100 employees each, or only 3.6 per cent o f all the employees thrown out o f work and 6.3 per cent o f the time lost in all the disputes o f the year. On the other hand, the 7 largest disputes involved 132,829, or 51.7 per cent, o f the employees thrown out o f w ork and 41.3 per cent o f the time lost in all the disputes of the year. The tables follow ing show the extent to which each o f the various groups o f industries was involved in the strikes and lockouts o f 1902, and the results o f the dispute in each case: STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS, BY INDUSTRIES AND RESULTS, AND WORKING DAYS LOST, 1902. [“ Aggregate w orking days lost by all em ployees thrown out of w ork” includes the aggregate dura tion in 1902 of disputes beginning in previous years and excludes the duration in 1903 o f disputes beginning in 1902.] Strikes and lockouts the results of w hich were— Industries. In favor In favor Compro of em o f em ployees. ployers. mised. 6 B uilding trades ...................................... M ining and qu arryin g........................... M etal, engineering, and shipbuilding.. T e x tile ...................................................... Clothing.................................................... Transportation........................................ M iscellaneous.......................................... Employees o f public authorities............ 20 40 11 15 10 3 7 2 1 9 26 3 T ota l............................................... 107 202 13 63 33 49 6 Indefi nite or unset tled. 59 25 17 7 6 2 1 7 1 123 10 Total strikes and lockouts. Aggregate working days lost by all em ployees thrown out o f work. 39 168 71 82 23 14 41 4 115 860 2,55M47 420,362 238,380 54,044 10,027 84,133 6,402 442 3,479,255 675 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS---- GREAT BRITAIN. STRIKERS AND EMPLOYEES LOCKED OUT, BY INDUSTRIES AND RESULTS, 1902. Strikers and em ployees locked out in disputes the results o f w hich were— Total strikers and em In favor In favor Compro Indefinite ployees or un o f em o f em locked mised. ployees. ployers. settled. out. Industries. B uilding trades....................................... M ining and qu arryin g........................... Metal, engineering, and shipbuilding.. T ex tile ..................................................... Clothing.................................................... Transportation........................................ M iscellaneous.......................................... Employees o f public authorities............ 1,936 30,212 747 1,858 563 453 327 821 1,832 20,726 3,682 4,589 T ota l............................................... 36,917 35,515 1,211 734 1,536 1,205 1,061 32,259 4,835 2,010 482 148 850 41,645 2,320 366. 29 82 2,747 Other em ploy ees thrown out of work. 4,829 85,517 9,630 8,486 2,256 1,335 2,745 2,026 527 123,009 6,284 116,824 .139,843 8,220 534 255 934 80 The mining and quarrying industry shows the largest number o f disputes, working people involved, and working days lost. The largest measure o f success on the part o f employees seems tb have been attained by those involved in disputes in the building trades and in the mining and quarrying industry. Strikes and L ockouts D uring F iv e Y ears. — During the 5-year period 1898 to 1902 there was a yearly average o f 632.4 disputes, in which there was affected an average o f 211,775 working people. The follow ing table presents some o f the principal statistics o f strikes and lockouts fo r each year from 1898 to 1902: STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS, EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK, AND WORKING DAYS LOST, 1898 TO 1902. 1“ Aggregate w orking days lost by all em ployees thrown out o f w ork” includes the aggregate dura tion in each year of disputes beginning in previous years.] Aggregate Strikers Otherem- Total em working Strikes and em ployees ployees days lost and lock ployees thrown thrown by all em outs. lock ed out of out of ployees work. work. thrown out out. of work. Year. 711 719 648 642 442 1898............................................................................. 1899............................................................................. 1900............................................................................. 1901............................................................................. 200,769 138,058 135,145 111,437 116,824 53,138 42,159 53,393 68,109 139,843 253,907 180,217 188,538 179,546 256,667 15,289,478 2,516,416 3,152,694 4,142,287 3,479,255 The following table shows the number o f strikes and lockouts and the employees thrown out o f work during each year from 1898 to 1902, by industries: STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS, AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK, BY INDUSTRIES, 1898 TO 1902. Strikes and lockouts. Industries. Building trades...................... M ining and quarrying.......... Metal, engineering, and ship building ..... ........................ T extile..................................... C lothing.................................. T ransportation...................... M iscellaneous....................... Em ployees of public au thorities .............................. 183 129 180 109 146 136 152 99 53 140 124 37 47 71 111 6 11 11 5 Total.............................. 711 719 648 642 Employees thrown out of work. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 22 67 96 38 50 60 104 210 103 96 39 20 65 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 89 16,684 168 177,029 30,524 46,831 9,797 19,178 74,364 112,981 5,356 208,526 71 82 23 14 41 21,432 24,978 3,561 3,478 6,261 21,119 61,499 2,258 12,611 4,212 19,810 24,143 2,154 23,026 24,968 22,489 16,609 4,135 2,682 10,489 15,914 16,706 2,790 1,590 3,679 4 484 1,163 895 364 2,106 442 253,907 180,217 188,538 179,546 256,667 676 BULLETIN OF THE BUKEAU OF LABOR. The above table shows that in each year, except 1899, the mining and quarrying industry had the largest number o f employees involved in disputes. In 1899 the great dispute o f the year was in the jute industry. Probably the most noteworthy point shown in the table is the decrease in 1901 and in 1902 in the number o f persons affected by disputes in the building trades. The follow ing table shows the principal causes o f strikes and lock outs and the number o f disputes and employees directly involved in each cause from 1898 to 1902: STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS, AND STRIKERS AND EMPLOYEES LOCKED OUT, BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1898 TO 1902. Strikes and lockouts. Strikers and em ployees locked out. Principal cause or object. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 94,651 3,857 82,903 718 58,865 4,198 56,733 3,044 1902. W ages..................................... Hours o f la b o r........................ Employment o f particular classes or persons............... W orking arrangements,rules, and d iscip lin e.................... Trade unionism ...................... Sympathetic disputes............ Other causes........................... 449 19 460 17 438 6 402 29 87 102 68 93 84 58 9,203 8,187 10,427 10,524 11,436 8 46 24 79 38 64 29 3 2 57 45 5 4 11,742 2,215 345 95 17,895 5,130 8,233 105 18,956 19,573 1,018 1,550 23,185 11,531 1,890 1,244 19,849 25,489 14 259 Total.............................. 711 719 648 642 442 200,769 138,058 135,145 111,437 116,824 94 51 6 4 267 176,392 20 777 1 3 During this 5-year period, 1898 to 1902, 63.76 per cent o f all the strikes and lockouts related to wages. Next in the order of impor. tance were disputes relating to the employment o f particular classes or persons, to working arrangements, rules, and discipline, to trade unionism, and to hours o f labor. The follow ing table shows the number o f strikes and lockouts and the strikers and employees locked out each year during the 5-year period 1898 to 1902, classified according to results: STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS, AND STRIKERS AND EMPLOYEES LOCKED OUT, BY RESULTS, 1898 TO 1902. Strikes and lockouts. Result. Strikers and em ployees locked out. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 45,490 36,808 60,275 40,237 738 40,612 33,497 56,390 4,646 1902. In favor o f em ployees.......... In favor o f em ployers............ Com prom ised......................... Indefinite or unsettled.......... 238 227 243 3 230 245 236 202 211 221 14 163 280 192 7 202 120,667 123 34,501 m 10 30,591 37,675 40,955 2,216 36,917 35,515 41,645 2,747 Total.............................. 711 719 648 642 442 200,769 138,058 135,145 111,437 116,824 8 107 O f the 3,162 disputes reported during the 5-year period, 940, or 29.7 per cent, resulted in favor o f employees; 1,165, or 36.9 per cent, resulted in favor o f employers; 1,015, or 32.1 per cent, were compro mised, and 42, or 1.3 per cent, remained indefinite or unsettled. O f 702,233 strikers and employees locked out during the period, 190,418, or 27.1 per cent, were engaged in disputes resulting in favor o f employees; 287,629, or 41.0 per cent, in disputes resulting in favor o f FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS---- GREAT BRITAIN. 677 employers; 213,728, or 30.4 per cent, in disputes which were com pro mised, and 10,458, or 1.5 per cent, in disputes which remained indefi nite or unsettled. In the table following the disputes beginning in each o f the years 1898 to 1902 and the employees thrown out o f work are classified according to the various methods o f settlement: STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS, AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK, BY METHOD OF SETTLEMENT, 1898 TO 1902. Strikes and lockouts. M ethod o f settlem ent. A rbitration............................. C on ciliation ........................... D irect arrangement or nego tiation between the parties or their representatives___ Submission of em ployees___ Replacem ent o f em ployees.. Closing o f w orks.................... Indefinite or unsettled.......... T otal.............................. Employees thrown out o f work. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 3,350 16,167 3,319 8,386 7,118 8,593 8,349 8,465 4,481 7,129 1902. 16 19 13 23 18 562 6 22 88 3 6 487 45 71 4 9 456 45 89 5 6 316 206,926 156,743 155,025 143,470 7,054 40 17,590 8,895 9,362 47 9,616 6,415 3,980 4,918 3 95 1,288 300 7 258 640 3,689 2,197 222,547 16,570 3,188 230 2,522 711 719 648 642 442 253,907 180,217 188,538 179,546 256,667 13 30 495 71 96 22 16 13 The great majority o f the strikes and lockouts were settled by direct negotiation between the parties concerned or their representatives. O f the total*of 442 disputes in 1902, not fewer than 316, or 71.5 per cent, were so settled, and these embraced 222,547, or 86.7 per cent, o f all the persons involved. The number o f disputes settled by arbi tration and by conciliation in 1902 and the number o f persons involved under each method show a decrease from the figures o f the previous year. DECISIONS OE COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. [This subject, begun in Bulletin No. 2, has been continued in successive issues. A ll material parts of the decisions are reproduced in the words of the courts, indi cated when short b y quotation marks, and when long by being printed solid. In order to save space, matter needed simply b y way of explanation is given in the words of the editorial reviser.] DECISIONS U N D ER ST A T U T O R Y L A W . E ight -H our L aw — H ours of L abor of M in e E mployees— Con Statute —State v. Ccmtwell et al., Supreme Court stitutionality of o f Missouri, 78 Southwestern Reporter)page 569.—This case came to the supreme court on appeal from the circuit court o f Madison County, in which Henry J. Cantwell and others were convicted o f the violation o f a statute regulating the hours o f employment in mines. The judg ment o f the court below was affirmed. The law in question was enacted March 23, 1901 (secs. 8793, 8794, Rev. Stat.), and forbids the employment o f persons engaged in mining operations for longer than eight hours in a day o f twenty-four hours, and provides a pen alty. From the remarks o f Judge F ox sustaining the constitution ality o f this law the follow ing is quoted: Our first inquiry must necessarily be as to the power o f the legis lature to enact a reasonable police regulation which secures the health and safety o f the employees. This court has indicated, in no doubtful expressions, its views upon this subject. In State v. Loomis, 115 M o., loc. cit., 315; 22 S. W ., 350; 21 L . R. A ., 789, Black, J ., in speaking fo r the court, unqualifiedly announced this rule: “ There can be no doubt but the legislature may regulate the business o f mining and manufacturing, so as to secure the health and safety o f the employees, but that is not the scope o f the two sections o f the statute now in uestion.” W hile that case did not present the question before us, it id involve, in a general way, the pow er o f the legislature to enact laws regulating the business o f mining. It is insisted that this act makes a distinction between those working underground in search o f minerals and those working underground not in search o f minerals. This act only applies to the class searching for minerals. A s to that class, it makes no distinction. The legisla ture doubtless realized the necessity o f the provisions o f this act being made applicable to those in searcn o f minerals. The operation of mines is a permanent business, lasting frequently for many years. On the other hand, the digging o f a well or the running o f a tunnel is 678 Q DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 679 not to be classed as a business. It is work that is completed in a com paratively short time. Hence there was absolutely no reason or neces sity for including in the act those who might, in the construction o f railroads or other work, incidentally be required to work beneath the surface o f the earth. The crucial test as to the validity o f this act is narrowed down to the simple question, is the business o f operating mines and searching fo r minerals beneath the surface o f the earth, in this State, o f that character which would reasonably justify the lawmaking power in distinguishing this class in such business, for the purposes o f preserva tion o f the health and safety o f the employees engaged in such work? This court, in no uncertain terms, has indicated its views as to the situation and condition o f miners in the performance o f labor beneath the surface o f the earth. In sustaining the validity o f the law which provided fo r the recovery by the widow and children o f a miner killed by the negligence o f his employer a greater amount o f damages than is provided for under the general damage act, Burgess, J ., in Hamman v. Cen. Coal & Coke Co., 156 M o., loc. cit. 241; 56 S. W . 1093, very tersely and clearly announced the views of this court on that subject. Me said: “ It is o f common knowledge that no class o f laborers are so much exposed to danger as miners, and that none, in proportion to the number engaged, meet with so many fatal disasters; and the legislature, doubtless fo r that reason, in order to protect human life, and to prevent such occurrences as far as possible, thought that the necessity fo r increasing the maximum amount o f damages over that fixed by law in other cases existed, in order to stimulate operators o f such mines to all needful and proper precau tions for their protection. M oreover, 6class legislation is not neces sarily obnoxious to the constitution. It is a settled construction o f similar constitutional provisions that a legislative act which applies to and embraces all persons “ who are or who may come into like situa tions and circumstances” is not partial.5” (Humes v. Railroad, 82 M o., loc. cit., 231.) The proposition is not disputed that legislation for the promotion o f public health must have a reasonable relation to the end to be accomdished. I f the act is a mere pretense, under the guise o f police reguation, to invade the constitutional rights o f the citizen, it can not and should not be upheld. But that is not this case. The legislature o f Mis souri presumably had before them the conditions surrounding the prose cution o f the work in the mining industries o f this State— the rapid and unparalleled development o f that industry, the immense amount of labor required to perform the work, the nature and character o f the underground work, the depth o f the mineral shafts, and the danger to the health o f the employees by reason o f being confined beneath the surface o f the earth. In view o f this situation, we have reached the conclusion that the lawmakers o f Missouri, fully recognizing the duty o f the State to its citizens, were reasonably justified in recognizing the necessity fo r additional precautions in the preservation o f the health and safety o f those in the performance o f work beneath the surface o f the earth in search o f minerals or other valuable substances. There is but one remaining question. Defendants sought to introduce testimony o f expert witnesses tending to show that the underground work contemplated by this act o f the legislature was not attended with f 680 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. danger to the health o f those engaged in the performance of such work. This testimony was excluded by the court, and, in our opinion, correctly so. The validity o f laws enacted in the exercise o f the police power o f the State can not be made dependent upon the views o f experts as to the necessity o f such enactment. I f the constitutionality o f all laws enacted for the promotion o f public health and safety can be assailed in this manner, truty and sadly would it be declared that our laws rest upon a very weak and unstable foundation. E mployers5 L iability — A ssumption of R isk — E ffect of Stat ute — St. Louis Cordage Company v. Miller, United States Circuit Court o f Appeals, Eighth Circuit, 126 Federal Reporter, page 1$5.— Mary Miller had obtained a judgment fo r damages in the circuit court o f the United States fo r the eastern district o f Missouri for injuries received while in the employment of the St. Louis Cordage Company, and from this judgment an appeal was taken. It appeared from the evidence that Miss Miller was 20 years o f age, and had worked in factories for many months, having been employed in the factory of the cordage company for about eight months. She ordinarily tended a feeding machine, but had frequently operated a forming machine fo r ten or fifteen minutes at a time, and had done so daily for about six weeks prior to the time o f the accident. This form ing machine was controlled by means o f a lever, which was pulled forward to start the machine and pushed back to stop it, and when pushed back was about 5 or 6 inches from engaging cogs. This cog gearing had been covered from the time o f Miss M iller’s first employment in July until December 25, 1901, after which time it had remained uncovered, of which fact she was informed. She gave no notice to her employer that the gearing was exposed, and made no protest against its condi tion. On February 14, 1902, as the plaintiff was pushing the lever back to stop the machine her hand slipped and her fingers were caught in the cogs, necessitating the amputation o f all of one finger and a part o f another. The appeal was based on a contention o f the company that the court below erred in submitting the case to the jury on a charge that the plaintiff, by remaining at work even with full knowledge o f the situa tion and o f the fact that the gearing was not guarded, as required by section 6433 o f the Missouri statutes, can not be held to have so assumed the risk or to have so contributed to her own injury as to preclude a recovery if the danger was not so imminent that persons o f ordinary prudence under similar circumstances would have declined to incur it. The result o f the appeal was a reversal o f the judgment o f the court below, Judge Thayer dissenting. Judge Sanborn, who announced the DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 681 opinion o f the court, discussed very fully the principles and cases bearing on the question. From his remarks the following is quoted: The defendant did not plead in this case that the plaintiff was guilty o f contributory negligence. Its only defense was that the rapidly revolving cogs were seen and known by the plaintiff, that the danger from them was apparent, and that she assumed the risk o f it. These are the questions, therefore, which the instruction to the jury presents: A re the risks from defective place o f employment, appliances, and fellow-servants which employees assume by entering and continuing in the service o f a master with knowledge o f the situation and its dan gers and without complaint, limited to those risks the danger from which is so imminent that persons o f ordinary prudence would not incur them ? Or do the risks capable o f assumption in this way include those less serious chances which servants o f ordinary prudence would and do incur? The charge o f the court answered the first o f these questions in the affirmative, and the second in the negative. It was, in effect, that the defense o f assumption o f risk and the defense o f contributory negli gence were identical in effect and coterminous in extent, that no serv ant in the exercise o f due care can lawfully assume the risk o f a defective place, defective machinery, or defective appliances, and that it is only where the danger from them is so grave that no prudent per son would chance it that a servant can lawfully contract to take the chance o f the injury which they may inflict upon him. There is an exception to the law o f assumption o f risk as well estab lished as the rule itself. It is that, where a servant makes complaint to his master o f a dangerous defect in his place of work or in the appli ances furnished him, the risk o f that defect is cast upon the master, and the servant is relieved from it for a reasonable time to enable the employer to remove it, unless the danger from the defect is so immi nent that a person o f ordinary prudence would not continue in the employment after the defect is discovered. Hough v. E ailw ayC o., 100 U. S., 225; 25 L. Ed., 612. O f course, cases which fall under the exception are not governed by the rule, and the only defense remain ing in such cases is that o f contributory negligence. It is said that if, by entering or continuing in the service, an employee may assume the risk o f a defect which arises from the viola tion o f the duty o f the master to exercise ordinary care to provide a reasonably safe place or reasonably safe appliances, the master may be in large part relieved from the discharge o f this duty, and may be led to furnish more defective places and appliances than he otherwise would do, and that fo r this reason the doctrine o f assumption o f risk ought not to be permitted to apply in cases in which the danger is not so imminent that prudent persons would not incur it. The answer to this contention is: (1) That the servant is constantly at liberty to accept or reject the employment, and may do so at any time in case the wages do not in his opinion compensate him fo r the hazards as well as the work o f his avocation; that he ought in the first instance to assume the known or obvious risks o f the employment, because his constant use o f the place and appliances necessarily makes him more familiar with them than in the nature o f things his master or inspector can ordinarily be; and (2) that by a simple complaint to his employer he may relieve himself from the assumption o f the risk for a reason able time to enable the master to remove the defect. 682 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. The doctrine o f assumption o f risk is placed by the authorities and sustained upon two grounds. That doctrine is that, while it is the duty o f the master to exercise ordinary care to provide a reasonably safe place for the servant to work and reasonably safe appliances for him to use, and while, unless he knows or by the exercise o f reason able care would have known that this duty has not been discharged by the master, he may assume that it has been, and may recover fo r any injury resulting from the failure to discharge it, yet he assumes all the ordinary risks and dangers incident to the employment upon which he enters and in which he continues, including those resulting from the negligence o f his master which are known to him, or which would have been known to a person o f ordinary prudence and care in his situ ation by the exercise o f ordinary diligence. The first ground upon which this rule o f law rests is the maxim, Volenti non fit injuria. A servant is not compelled to begin or continue to work fo r his master. Ordinarily, he does not work for him under a contract for a stated time. He is at liberty to retire from his employment, and his master is free to discharge him, at any time. The latter constantly offers him day by day his wages, his place to work, and the appliances which he is to use. The form er day by day voluntarily accepts them. B y the continuing acceptance o f the work and the wages he voluntarily accepts and assumes the risk o f the defects and dangers which a per son o f ordinary prudence in his place would have known. No one can justly be held liable to another fo r an injury resulting from a risk which the latter knowingly and willingly consented to incur. [Cases cited.] The second ground upon which assum ption o f risk is based is that every servant who enters or continues in the employment o f a master without complaint thereby either expressly or impliedly agrees with him to assume the risks and dangers incident to the employment which a person o f ordinary prudence in his situation would have known by the exercise o f ordinary diligence and care, and to hold his master free from liability therefor. The truth is tnat, while assumption o f risk and contributory negligence both apply to prevent a recovery in cases in which’ the servant nas knowingly and willingly exposed him self to dangers too imminent fo r prudent persons to incur, they are neither identical in effect nor coincident in extent, and the latter has no application and constitutes no defense in that great majority o f cases in which assumption o f risk is an impregnable bar to a recovery where prudent persons assume the obvious dangers o f their employ ments which are neither imminent nor great. Assumption o f risk is the voluntary contract o f an ordinarily prudent servant to take the chances o f tne known or obvious dangers o f his employment and to relieve his master o f liability therefor. Contributory negligence is the causal action or omission o f the servant without ordinary care o f consequences. The one rests in contract, the other in tort. Contrib utory negligence is no element or attribute o f assumption o f risk. The latter does not prevail because the servant was or was not neglient in making his contract and in exposing himself to the defect and anger which injured him, but because he voluntarily agreed to take the risk o f them. No right o f action in his favor in such a case can arise against the master, because the latter violates no duty in failing to protect the servant against risks and dangers which the latter has voluntarily agreed to assume and to hold the form er harmless from. S DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 683 This clear distinction between assumption o f risk and contributory negligence has been repeatedly announced and constantly maintained in the Federal courts and in most o f the courts o f the States. The law upon this subject which controls this case and all cases o f this character in the Federal courts is stated in Washington, etc., R. Co. v. McDade, 135 U. S. 554, 570, 10 Sup. Ct. 1044, 34 L . Ed. 235, in the quotation which follows, and, so far as our investigation has extended, the rules o f law thus announced have never been disregarded or modified by that court in any subsequent decision: “ Neither individuals nor corporations are bound, as employers, to insure the absolute safety o f the machinery or mechanical appliances which they provide fo r the use o f their employees. Nor are they bound to supply the best and safest or newest o f those appliances, for the purpose o f securing the safety o f those who are thus employed. They are, however, bound to use all reasonable care and prudence for the safety o f those in their service, by providing them with machinery reasonably safe and suitable fo r the use o f the latter. I f the employer or master fails in this duty o f precaution and care, he is responsible fo r any injury which may happen through a defect o f machinery which was, or ought to have been, known to him, and was unknown to the employee or servant. But if the employee knew o f the defect in the machinery from which the injury happened, and yet remained in the service and continued to use the machinery without giving any notice thereof to the employer, he must be deemed to have assumed the risk o f all danger reasonably to be apprehended from such use, and is enti tled to no recovery. And further, if the employee himself has been wanting in such reasonable care and prudence as would have prevented the happening o f the accident, he is guilty o f contributory negligence, and the employer is thereby absolved from responsibility for the injury, although it was occasioned by the defect o f the machinery, through the negligence o f the em ployer.” The judge then cited a large number o f cases in which this doctrine has been followed and continued: Nor is the distinction between assumption o f risk and contributory negligence less marked, nor is the form er defense less applicable in cases o f defects and dangers which arise during the continuance o f the employment than in those involving defects which exist when the employee enters upon the service. The suggestion that in the former class o f cases there is no consideration fo r the contract o f assumption because the wages are not increased with the hazards is not persuasive. The answer to it is: (1) The doctrine o f assumption o f risk is founded on the maxim, Volenti non fit injuria, as well as upon the express or implied contract arising from the employment, and continuance in the employment after new defects and dangers become obvious is con clusive evidence o f a willing assumption o f the risk which they entail; and (2) since, in ordinary employments, contracts for times certain do not exist, and either party is at liberty to terminate the service at any time, there is in fact a constantly recurring daily offer and daily acceptance o f the risks o f the known or obvious dangers and defects o f the place and o f the appliances, and o f the wages tendered to induce an assumption o f the work and the hazards. The reason which under lies the entire rule is that the servant who is constantly working in the place provided fo r him and daily using the tools and appliances 684 BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OP LABOR. furnished to him is more likely to know and to appreciate the dangers from defects in them than the master or his inspector, who, in the very nature o f things, can not see and know them so frequently and intimately as the employee who constantly uses them. This was the reason which induced the application o f this rule to defects and dangers existing when servants enter upon their engagements, and when, in the nature o f things, they are far less familiar with the defects and dangers incident to their avocations than they subsequently become after they have been long in the service. The reason o f the rule applies with much greater force to dangers which arise and become known or are obvious to servants during their employment, because they have then become more familiar with their place and their appliances, and have earlier and better means o f knowledge, and generally a better knowledge o f changes in them, and o f the effect and dangers o f such changes, than they had o f the dangers and defects incident to the original employment, and than their master or his inspectors can possibly obtain. Hence the rule declared by the Supreme Court in Washington, etc., Railroad Co. v. McDade [supra], that if an injury is inflicted upon an employee on account o f a defect and danger which arose during his employment, yet “ if the employee knew o f the defect in the machinery from which the injury happened, and yet remained in the service and continued to use the machinery without giving any notice thereof to the employer, he must be deemed to have assumed the risk o f all danger reasonably to be apprehended from such use, and is entitled to no recovery.” The authorities and opinions to which reference has now been made have forced our minds irresistibly to the conclusion that the following rules o f law have become irrevocably settled by the great weight of authority in this country, and by the opinions o f the Supreme Court, which, upon well-settled principles, must be permitted to control the opinion and action o f this court: A servant by entering or continuing in the employment o f a master without complaint assumes the risks and dangers o f the employment which he knows and appreciates, and also those which an ordinarily prudent person o f his capacity and intelligence would have known and appreciated in his situation. A servant who knows, or who by the exercise o f reasonable prudence and care would have known, o f the risks and dangers which arose during his service, but who continues in the employment without.complaint, assumes those risks and dangers to the same extent that he undertakes to assume those existing when he enters upon the employ ment. A m ong the risks and dangers thus assumed are those which arise from the failure o f the master to completely discharge his duty to exercise ordinary care to furnish the servant with a reasonably safe place to work and reasonably safe appliances and tools to use. Assumption o f risk and contributory negligence are separate and distinct defenses. The one is based on contract, the other on tort. The form er is not conditioned or limited by the existence o f the latter, and is alike available whether the risk assumed is great or small, and whether the danger from it. is imminent and certain or remote and improbable. The court below fell into an error when it instructed the jury that although the plaintiff continued in the employment o f the defendant DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 685 by the side o f the visible unguarded gearing with full knowledge that the cogs which injured her were uncovered, still she could not be held to have assumed the risk o f working by their side unless the danger from them was so imminent that persons o f ordinary prudence would have declined to incur it under similar circumstances. There is another alleged error specified. A preliminary question fo r the judge always arises at the close o f the evidence before a case can be submitted to the jury. That question is, not whether or not there is any evidence, but whether or not there is any substantial evi dence upon which a jury can properly render a verdict in favor o f the party wno produces it. The factory act o f Missouri (2 Rev. St. 1899, sec. 6433) does not abolish the defense o f assumption o f risk in cases which fall under its provisions. In this respect it differs from the act o f the Congress o f the United States (act March 2, 1893, c. 196, 27 Stat. 531 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3174]), which requires cars engaged in interstate commerce to be equipped with automatic couplers. Congress in that act expressly provided that in case the railroad companies failed to com ply with its terms the employees should not be deemed to have assumed the risk thereby occasioned. (A ct March 2,1893, c. 196, sec. 8, p. 532, 27 Stat. 532 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3176]). The legisla ture o f Missouri had power to apply a similar provision to cases in which employers failed to keep their machinery safely and securely guarded, but they did not do so. The negligence o f the master to safely and securely guard his machinery in accordance with the pro visions o f the law o f Missouri is o f the same nature as his negligence in providing a reasonably safe floor or ax or other tool or appliance, and there is no reason wny an action for a resulting injury should not be subject to the defense o f assumption o f risk in the one case to the same extent as in the other. And so it is under the law here under consideration. The factory act o f Missouri (2 Rev. St. 1899, sec. 6433) does not abolish the defense o f assumption o f risk in cases in which the absence o f the guards and the risks and dangers from the gearing and machinery are obvious or well known to the employee and he enters or continues in the service without complaint. [Cases cited.] The machinery, the cogs, the slippery lever, and their relation to each other, were open, visible, known. There was nothing recondite, imperceptible, uncertain, in the danger impending from them. It was plain and certain that if the employee permitted her hand to slip between the revolving cogs that hand would be injured. The defect o f the unguarded gearing was obvious, the danger from it was appar ent, and, without a disregard o f the rules to which we have adverted and the decisions o f the Supreme Court and o f the other courts o f the country to which reference has been made, there is no escape from the conclusion that the evidence in this case established without contradic tion or dispute the facts that the plaintiff, by continuing in her employ ment without complaint, in the presence o f an obvious and known defect and o f a plain and apparent danger, assumed the risk o f the injury which she sustained, so that she never had any cause o f action against the defendant; and the court below should have so instructed the jury. The judgment below is accordingly reversed, and the case is remanded to the circuit court fo r a new trial. 686 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. From the dissenting opinion o f Judge Thayer, the following is quoted: I do not concur in the foregoing opinion. The laws o f Missouri (Rev. St. 1899, sec. 6133) required the defendant company to keep the gearing which occasioned the plaintiff’s injury “ safely and securely guarded when possible” fo r the protection o f its employees. This statute was enacted in pursuance o f a sound public policy; that is to say, to insure, as far as possible, the safety o f the many thousand artisans and laborers who are daily employed in mills and factories throughout the State, and while so employed are exposed to unneces sary risks o f getting hurt if belting, gearing, drums, etc., in the establishments where they work are left uncovered when so situated that they may be covered readily. The act was inspired by the same motives which induced the Congress o f the United States (act March 2,1893, c. 196, 27 Stat. 531 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3174]) to require cars to be equipped with automatic coupling appliances, when it was discovered that hundreds o f brakemen were annually killed or made cripples fo r life by the use o f the old-fashioned couplers that do not couple bv impact. A wise policy demands that as far as possible human lire shall be preserved, and that there shall not be in any com munity a large class o f persons who are unable to earn a livelihood because they have become maimed and crippled through exposure to unnecessary risks. The statute in question is not only a wise measure o f legislation, but was prompted by a humane spirit. F or these rea sons it should not be so applied or construed by the courts as to defeat the objects which the legislature had in view, nor in such a way as to render it less efficient than it was intended to be in the promotion of such objects. I do not regard the question whether “ contributory negligence” and “ assumption o f risk,” considered as defenses to an action for personal injuries, are identical or are different defenses as o f much Tactical importance. That is rather a question fo r the schoolmen, t matters very little whether we say o f a servant who has used a defective tool or appliance, which the master has supplied, with a full knowledge o f the defect and a full appreciation o f the danger incident to its use, that such servant is as much at fault as the master and is guilty o f contributory negligence, or whether we say that he has agreed to assume the risk and absolve the master from liability. The result, as respects the master’s liability, is the same in whatever way we may choose to designate the defense. The other questions, however, that are discussed in the opinion, and are decided in the manner above stated, are o f great moment, affecting, as they do, the rights o f thousands o f people who are daily engaged in service and are liable to sustain injuries because reasonable precautions are not taken, by those who employ them, to prevent their being injured. The doctrine, that the servant can not rely upon the master to discharge the duty which the law imposes upon him to provide tools, appliances, and a place to work that is reasonably safe, but must be astute to discover defects therein and to appreciate dangers incident thereto, and that he must either quit work or secure the master’s promise to supply better tools and safer appliances, or else be denied compensation for any injury which he may sustain, is a doctrine that is eminently well calculated to make employers less vigilant in the dis charge o f their duties to their employees, and less ready to obey the { DECISION’S OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 687 provisions o f such laws as may be enacted to prevent the occurrence o f distressing accidents. When forced to the alternative o f losing his situation or working with defective tools or in a situation that might be made safer, many an employee will choose the latter. Besides, many servants, especially those who are most worthy, will hesitate to make a demand fo r better and safer implements when they ought to be supplied, or to have the place where they work made safer, for fear o f falling into disfavor with their employers and being classed as malcontents and grumblers. Another large class of persons who are young and venturesome, or by disposition and temperament are not prone to anticipate injuries or to appreciate dangers to which they are exposed, will continue to work with tools or appliances when they have become unsafe, utterly unconscious o f the risks which they incur. Take the case at bar as an example. It is by no means improbable that the plaintiff, although she worked ten or fifteen minutes each day at the form ing machine with the gearing uncovered, for several weeks before she was hurt, had never thought o f such an accident as eventu ally befell her, and had never had a realizing sense or a conscious appreciation o f the danger which my associates say, with so much con fidence, she must have had, and accordingly decline to permit a jury to pass upon the question. And yet the legislature foresaw that such an accident might happen, and fo r the protection o f persons like the plaintiff enjoined upon the defendant company the duty o f covering these gearings and keeping them covered so that such accidents might not happen. In other words, the legislature made it the duty o f the defendant company to protect the plaintiff from the risk to which they caused her to be exposed. On grounds o f public policy, therefore, and to insure the faith ful discharge by employers o f the duty which the law devolves on them, and to prevent them from forcing their employees to assume risks which they o f right ought to assume, the law ought to be as it was declared by the learned trial judge, that the plaintiff was not debarred from recovering compensation fo r the injuries which she sus tained, merely by reason o f the fact that she had worked at the form ing machine at intervals with the gearing uncovered, unless the jury believed that the risk o f getting hurt was so grave and imminent that a person o f ordinary prudence would not have incurred it. The prin ciple so enunciated being just, both as it affects masters and servants, in that it places the responsibility for defective tools and appliances where it o f right belongs, and the rule announced being easy o f appli cation and one that will tend to the protection o f life and limb, there is, in my judgment, abundant authority to sustain it. [Cases cited.] The defendant company having failed to perform its statutory duty o f keeping the gearing or the form ing machine covered, and the plain tiff below having been injured by reason o f such neglect, I think, for the reasons already stated, that the trial court properly advised the jury that she mignt recover, unless the risk which was incurred by working in proxim ity to the uncovered gearing was so great and imminent that a prudent person o f the plaintiff’s age and in her situa tion would not have incurred it. I f such a duty can be evaded by voluntary agreements made by employers with their employees, and by implication only, then the existence o f such agreements, when alleged, should be found by a jury. In no other way, in my judgment, will such statutes prove enective for the protection o f human life. 688 BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR. DECISIONS UNDER COMMON L A W . as E mployers’ L ia bility — A ccident I nsurance— N otice— D isease A ccidental I njury . — Columbia, Paper Stock Company v. Fidelity and Casualty Company o f New York, Court o f Appeals at St. Louis, 78 Southwestern Reporter, page 820.— In this case the Columbia Paper Stock Company sued the Fidelity and Casualty Company of New Y ork to recover an amount claimed as due the first-named company on a judgment recovered by one o f its employees. The Paper Stock Company held a policy o f the insurance company covering employers’ liability fo r accidental injuries occurring to its employees incurred in the course o f their employment. One o f such employees, Anna Nickel, had recovered a judgment on account o f bodily disease contracted by her by the handling o f infected rags, or other poisonous material, in the course o f her employment as sorter in the Paper Stock Company’s business. Her illness became evident on the 14th day o f A pril, after which date she perform ed no labor fo r her employers. On the 24th o f A pril the forewoman under whom Mrs. Nickel worked first learned o f the continued illness o f the claimant, but the employing company was not notified o f such fact until the 31st o f May, at which time the insurance company was promptly notified o f the claim and action, after the suit had been instituted by Mrs. Nickel to recover damages for the injury. One element o f the contract between the Paper Stock Company and the insurance company was that upon the* occurrence o f an accident immediate notice thereof, with the fullest information obtainable at the time, should be given to the home office o f the com pany at New Y ork City or its duly authorized local agent. It was contended by the insurance company that this condition had not been complied with, and further, that disease produced by a known cause was not included under the protection against accidental injuries. The St. Louis circuit court rendered judgment in favor o f the Paper Stock Company, from which judgment this appeal was taken, with the result that the judgment o f the court below was affirmed. Judge Reyburn, who delivered the opinion o f the court, used in part the following language: Under this state o f facts, appellant [the insurance company] insists that respondent failed to comply with the provision o f the policy respecting notice. The demand o f such notice, under the qualifica tions presently defined, is reasonable, and it is material and important to the insurer. The purpose, manifestly, is to advise appellant prom ptly o f the existence o f any claim, putting it upon inquiry, and so afford it full opportunity to investigate the facts attending the occurrence, and to enable it to adjust and pay the loss, or prepare to resist it, as it may conclude just or expedient. As indicated by an eminent commentator on the law o f insurance, to give the word “ immediate,” in such contracts, a literal significance, in most cases, DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 689 would deprive the insured o f indemnity, and policies o f insurance would be converted into instruments o f fraud. (2 May, Insurance (4th ed.) sec. 462.) In McFarland v. Accident Ass’n, 124 M o., 218; 27 S. W . 436, the legal translation o f the word “ immediate,” as applied to notice, was directly considered, and it was held that this term could not be construed literally without in many cases causing a fo r feiture, and that it was frequently impossible, under the circumstances o f the accident, to give immediate notice, and that this and similar words should be construed to mean within a reasonable time. The decision continued: “ So, though the time in which the notice shall be given is fixed under the contract, if the circumstances o f the accident are such as to make it impossible to com ply with the condition, g iv ing the notice within a reasonable time after it becomes possible nas been held sufficient.” This language is adopted as expressive o f the true rule in the well-considered case o f Woodmen, etc., Ass’n v. Pratt, 62 Neb. 673, 87 N. W . 546, 55 L. R. A . 291, 89 Am. St. Rep. 777. Provisions o f this description also affecting the action o f the assured subsequent to the event, the subject o f indemnity, and conse quently after the loss, if any, has ensued, and the liability measurably attached, have received in this State a construction o f the utmost liberalty toward the beneficiary, to obviate a forfeiture. Our conclusion, therefore, is that, if no time is specified or notice is required to be given immediately, notice given with diligence and in a reasonable time, due regard being had to the attending circumstances, is a legal compliance with such condition. [Cases cited.] Nor can the knowl edge o f the assistant forewoman o f respondent o f the original attack o f sickness o f the sufferer, its continuance, and its assigned cause be imputed to respondent. Respondent, as employer and principal, would not be charged with any knowledge o f or notice to its fore woman, unless such knowledge or notice was in respect to a matter within the scope o f her duties in respondent’s employ. It is obvious that so ordinary an occurrence as the illness and consequent absence o f an employee imported no claim or liability under the policy, and it is equally apparent that the knowledge o f the forewoman was not derived as the result or consequence o f any notice sought to be given her by virtue o f her service in respondent’s employ or as its represent ative. Knowledge o f those in the control and the conduct and super intendence o f respondent’s business at its premises at Kansas City, its eneral manager and assistant manager, if they had possessed the nowledge o f the forewoman— especially that, upon the continuation o f her illness, Anna Nickel had claimed that her sickness was attribu table to handling infected rags and poisonous paper in respondent’s employ— might have been asserted to have been the knowledge o f the respondent, but not such knowledge on the part o f an assistant fore woman, an employee o f power and authority proven to have been so limited. A corporate principal is affected with notice to its agents to the same extent and in the same manner as an individual, and can only be charged with notice o f those facts in the knowledge of its agents, within the scope o f the business intrusted to them. Appellant further puts forward the contention that a disease pro duced by a known cause can not be accidental, and therefore such a disease as acute kidney disease or dropsy produced by the absorption o f poison, consequent on handling infected paper or rags in the course o f employment, is not covered by the policy; and the legal question is 8674— No. 52—04----- 14 f 690 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. thus sharply presented whether the injuries consequent on such illness resulted from a cause against which the insurance was issued. In the construction o f such contracts, it is well established that not only should they be given a fair and reasonable construction, so as to give effect to the objects intended by the parties thereto, but any obscurity in the language employed in the contract is to be resolved against the insurer, and to receive a broad and liberal interpretation in favor o f the assured. Again borrowing from the eminent authority on the law o f insurance, above referred to: “ No rule in the interpretation o f a policy is more fully established, or more imperative and controlling, than that which declares that in all cases it must be liberally construed in favor o f the insured, so as not to defeat, without a plain necessity, his claim to the indemnity which, in making the insurance, it was his object to secure. W hen the words are, without violence, susceptible o f two interpretations, that which will sustain his claim and cover the loss must, in preference, be adopted.” (1 May, Insurance (4th ed.) secs. 174, 175.) In conclusion, after full consideration, upon a fair and legal con struction o f the terms o f this policy, which were for indemnity against loss from common-law or statutory liability for damages on account o f bodily injuries, fatal or nonfatal, accidentally suffered, the injury sustained by respondent’s employee upon its premises in handling the infected rags and wall paper fell fairly within the true meaning and intent. The judgment below was rendered for the right party, and is affirmed. I njunction— Strikes— Criminal L aw — B onds to K eep P eace — P roperty R ights— A dequate R emedy — Underhill v. Murphy et al., Court o f Appeals o f Kentucky, 78 Southwestern Reporter, page Ifi®.— In this case John T. Underhill sought an injunction in the circuit court o f Kenton County against W alter M urphy and others. Under hill was an employing plumber, and had been engaged in the business in Covington, K y ., for a number o f years and had built up a profitable trade. He had on hand at the time o f the trouble giving rise to this action a number o f important contracts. His workmen were members o f a labor union, and, a difference having arisen between Underhill and his employees, they left his service. Underhill then employed nonunion men to assist him in carrying out his contracts, whereupon his form er employees instituted measures to break up his business by the use o f threats, intimidation, force, and violence, all o f which was pleaded and sufficiently proved, it appearing that not only was the plaintiff’ s place o f business picketed, but that actual assaults had been made and the assistance o f the police had been required at different times to safeguard Underhill and his workmen. The court stated that “ the proof shows a determined effort by conspiracy on the part o f the defendants to break up and destroy the plaintiff’s business by force and violence unless he acceded to the demands o f the union to which they belonged.” The prayer for an injunction had been denied in the court below (see Bulletin o f the Department o f Labor No. 37, p. 1203), DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING- LABOR. 691 from which judgment Underhill appealed to the court o f appeals and obtained a reversal, the granting o f an injunction being directed. The follow ing selections from the remarks o f Judge Hobson, who deliv ered the opinion o f the court, set forth the grounds o f the court’s action: W hen a man has, by years o f toil and fair dealing with his cus tomers, built up a valuable business and good will, he is as much enti tled to protection by the law in this species o f property as in the home that shelters him, or the coat that protects him from the winter’s cold. The right o f the plaintiff to carry on his business and to carry out the contracts which he had made was a valuable property right, and no less intrinsically property than if the same amount o f money had been invested in a stock o f merchandise or a city lot. I f the defendants had conspired together by force and violence to burn up the merchan dise, or to carry off the surface o f the lot, upon elementary principles, the chancellor would protect the plaintiff from the destruction o f his property. The acts o f the defendant as truly destroyed the plaintiff’s property when they broke up his business by force and intimidation as they would have done in the case o f visible property by burning it or carrying it off. Am ong the inalienable rights which by the first section o f the State constitution are guarantied as inherent m all men is “ the right o f acquiring and protecting property.” The right to acquire and protect property is as sacred in the case o f intangible property as tangible, and an injunction may be granted to protect intangible rights no less than those that are tangible. The learned circuit judge refused to interfere on the ground that the acts committed by the defendants are criminal in nature, and pun ishable by the police department; that, if he had jurisdiction to enjoin the commission o f the acts, it necessarily followed that he had j urisdiction to enforce a penalty fo r a violation o f his order; and that this would amount, in substance, to holding that he could try and convict the defendants fo r a criminal act without the intervention o f a jury. W e cannot concur in this reasoning. I f the defendants were undermining the plaintiff’s house, or about to slide it with his family in it into the Ohio River, an injunction would not be refused on the idea that, if they thus drowned any o f the people in the house, they might be pun ished fo r murder, or, if they destroyed the house only, they might be indicted under the statute fo r the willful destruction o f private prop erty. The reason is plain: The punishment o f the defendants for mur der or fo r the destruction o f the house, while it would vindicate the majesty o f the law, would not help the plaintiff in any way. T o relegate him to the processes o f the criminal law is to allow his property to be destroyed, and to give him no remedy therefor but the satisfaction o f seeing the wrongdoers punished. The inherent and inalienable right o f acquiring and protecting property which is guarantied by the constitution means nothing if it means only this. I f a man must stand by and see his property destroyed, and has no remedy but the slow process o f the criminal law, which only punishes the offender, but restores nothing to him, then the constitutional guaranty o f the enjoyment o f life, lib erty, and property under the law is a meaningless generality. If, in this case, the defendants are fined in the police court, this will not restore to the plaintiff the loss he has sustained by reason o f the inter ruption o f his business and his consequent inability to carry out his 692 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. contracts. W hen his customers are driven away, and the good will o f his business is destroyed, it will be too late, so far as he is concerned, for the punishment o f the appellees by the criminal law to reestablish his ruined business, or even prevent future loss. I f the circuit court had granted the injunction, and the defendants had disobeyed it, and he had punished them fo r contempt, the punishment would have been for their disobedience o f the order o f the court, regardless o f whether their acts were also a violation o f the criminal law o f the land fo r which they might be indicted and punished in the criminal court. His judg ment punishing them fo r contempt would have been no bar to the crim inal proceeding against them fo r their violation o f the law, and would not have affected this proceeding in any way. His judgment would have established nothing more than that they were guilty o f contempt o f court in disobeying his orders. W hether they were also guilty o f a criminal offense would have to be tried in the proper forum, and not in this action. The power o f a court to punish fo r contempt is as old as the common law, and inherent in every court. The punishment for contempt would relate only to acts done after the injunction was granted, in disobedience o f it; and even in this proceeding the defend ants are protected as to a jury trial by section 1291, K y. St., 1903, which provides: “ A court shall not fo r contempt impose upon the offender a fine exceeding thirty dollars ($30), or imprison him exceed ing thirty hours, without the intervention o f a ju ry .” It is also urged that the plaintiff had an adequate remedy under the criminal code by having the defendants to give security to keep the peace and be o f good behavior. The rule that an injunction will not be granted where there is an adequate remedy af. law refers to legal remedies, and not to criminal proceedings. In no case has it ever been otherwise applied, so far as we can find. It looks to the prevention o f offenses, and not to the redress o f private wrongs. It is begun by a warrant issued in the name o f the Commonwealth, and is a prosecu tion by the Commonwealth, under the control o f its officers. I f a bond is required, it is taken to the Commonwealth. When the plain tiff’s property is about to be destroyed, he is entitled to a remedy in his own name, and which he can himself control to protect him in the enjoyment o f his own. The fact that the Commonwealth might also take out a proceeding to require the defendant to give security for good behavior is immaterial, for both proceedings may be prosecuted at the same time— one in the criminal court by the Commonwealth, and the other in equity by the plaintiff; one to prevent the commis sion o f offenses, the other to preserve the plaintiff’s property from destruction. L abor O rganizations— B enefit F unds— R ules— Steinertv. United Brotherhood o f Carpenters and Joiners o f America, Supreme Court o f Minnesota, 97 Northwestern Reporter, page 668.— In this case Augusta Steinert, as administratrix o f the estate o f Ferdinand Steinert, deceased, sued the United Brotherhood o f Carpenters and Joiners o f America fo r a payment alleged to be due the said Steinert’s estate from the benefit fund o f the brotherhood above named. There was no question as to the facts in the case. Mr. Steinert had been a mem DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 693 ber o f the organization in good standing for a number of years prior to his death and was at that time a member unless he had ceased to be so because he had engaged in the sale o f liquors a short time before. The constitution provided that “ No person who engages in the sale of intoxicating drinks can be admitted or retained as a member. 55 Another provision was to the effect that: “ Each member will be entitled to all the benefits, rights, and privileges o f this United Brotherhood, as prescribed in this constitution, by strictly adhering to his obligation, and by him and his local union obeying the constitution and rules.55 The municipal court o f Minneapolis had allowed the claim against the brotherhood, whereupon an appeal was taken to the supreme court, which affirmed the judgment o f the court below. The question involved and the grounds on which the award was made are set forth in the remarks o f Judge Collins, who delivered the opinion o f the court, from which the follow ing is quoted: The question is: Must charges be preferred, and an opportunity to defend given, to an accused member before his membership ceases, or does the act o f selling intoxicating drinks terminate the membership without any further proceedings ? That Steinert disregarded the laws o f the order stands admitted, but it does not follow that this fact o f itself ended all liability o f the defendant on his certificate o f member ship, issued when he was eligible, under which he had good standing, and in which he had acquired a property right. This depends entirely on the contract o f membership, o f which the constitution was a part. It was express^ provided in the certificate that a member must strictly adhere to his obligation, and obey the constitution and all rules o f the union based thereon. No person who engages in the sale o f intoxicat ing drinks can be “ retained55 as a member. Provisions o f this kind, which may deprive one o f property rights acquired when paying dues from time to time, are to be construed strictly, for forfeitures are not favored in the law. A member should not be deprived o f benefits aris ing out o f his certificate o f membership, unless a construction o f the constitution makes such a result absolutely necessary. W e do not regard these constitutional provisions, taken as a whole, as indicating an intent to make the one above quoted self-executing or operative. It would have been very easy fo r the association, which undoubtedly prepared its own constitution, if such had been the intent, to have provided explicitly that in case a member engaged in the sale o f intoxi cating drinks his membership should forthwith and immediately cease, his certificate should stand canceled, and that he should have no further rights under it. No such language, or its equivalent, was used. By the use o f the words “ retain55 in one place and “ retained55in another, the provisions were made ambiguous and indefinite. The difficulty in construing is increased by the provisions which seem to be applicable respecting the preferring o f charges and the methods prescribed for trials o f offending members. One who has properly united with a beneficial association, and has paid his assessments in due season, can not be declared to have forfeited his rights upon doubtfully constructed provisions in the constitution; and the one in question was not selfexecuting or operating. LAW S OF VARIOUS STATES RELATING TO LABOR ENACTED SINCE JANUARY 1, 1896. [The Second Special Report o f this Bureau contains all laws o f the various States and Territories and of the United States relating to labor in force January 1,1896. Later enactm ents are reproduced in successive issues of the Bulletin from tim e to time as published.] ILLINOIS. ACTS OF 1903. P a g e 187.— Employment o f children. S ectio n 1. No child under the age of fourteen years shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work at any gainful occupation in any theater, concert hall or place of amusement where intoxicating liquors are sold, or in any mercantile institution, store, office, hotel, laundry, manufacturing establishment, bowling alley, passenger or freight elevator, factory or workshop, or as a messenger or driver therefor, within this State. No child under fourteen years of age shall be employed at any work performed for wages or other compensation, to whomsoever payable, during any por tion of any month when the public schools of the town, township, village or city in which he or she resides are in session, nor be employed at any work before the hour of seven o ’ clock in the morning or after the hour of six o ’ clock in the evening: P ro vided, That no child shall be allowed to work more than eight hours in any one day. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of every person, firm or corporation, agent or manager of any firm or corporation employing minors over fourteen years and under sixteen years of age in any mercantile institution, store, office, hotel, laundry, manufactur ing establishment, bowling alley, theater, concert hall or place of amusement, pas senger or freight elevator, factory or workshop, or as messenger or driver therefor, within this State, to keep a register in said mercantile institution, store, office, hotel, laundry, manufacturing establishment, bowling alley, theater, concert hall or place of amusement, factory or workshop in which said minors shall be employed or per mitted or suffered to work, in which register shall be recorded the name, age and place of residence of every child employed or suffered or permitted to work therein, or as messenger or driver therefor, over the age of fourteen and under the age of six teen years; and it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation, agent or manager, of any firm or corporation to hire or employ, or to permit or suffer to work in any mercantile institution, store, office, hotel, laundry, manufacturing establish ment, bowling alley, theater, concert hall or place of amusement, passenger or freight elevator, factory or workshop, or as messenger or driver therefor, any child under the age of sixteen years and over fourteen years of age, unless there is first produced and placed on file in such mercantile institution, store, office, hotel, laun dry, manufacturing establishment, bowling alley, factory or workshop, theater, con cert hall or place of amusement, an age and school certificate approved as hereinafter provided. Sec. 3. Every person, firm or corporation, agent or manager of a corporation employing or permitting or suffering to work five or more children under the age of sixteen years and over the age of fourteen in any mercantile institution, store, office, laundry, hotel, manufacturing establishment, factory or workshop, shall post and keep posted in a conspicuous place in every room in which such help is employed, or permitted or suffered to work, a list containing the name, age and place of resi dence of every person under the age of sixteen years employed, permitted or suffered to work in such room. S ec . 4. No child under sixteen years of age and over fourteen years of age shall be employed in any mercantile institution, store, office, hotel, laundry, manufacturing LABOR LAWS---- ILLINOIS---- ACTS OF 1903. 695 establishment, bowling alley, theater, concert hall, or place of amusement, passen ger or freight elevator, factory or workshop, or as messenger or driver therefor, unless there is first produced and placed on file in such mercantile institution, store, office, hotel, laundry, manufacturing establishment, bowling alley, theater, concert hall or place of amusement, factory or workshop, and accessible to the State factory inspector, assistant factory inspector or deputy factory inspector, an age and school certificate as hereinafter prescribed; and unless there is kept on file and produced on demand of said inspectors of factories a complete and correct list of all the minors under the age of sixteen years so employed* who can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences, unless such child is attending night school as hereinafter provided. S ec . 5. An age and school certificate shall be approved only by the superintendent of schools or by a person authorized by him in writing; or where there is no super intendent of schools by a person authorized by the school board: Provided , That the superintendent or principal of a parochial school shall have the right to approve an age and school certificate, and shall have the same rights and powers as the superin tendent of public schools to administer the oaths herein provided for children attend ing parochial schools: Provided , further, That no member of a school board or other person authorized as aforesaid shall have authority to approve such certificates for any child then in or about to enter his own establishment, or the employment of a firm or corporation of which he is a member, officer or employee. The person approving these certificates shall have authority to administer the oath provided herein, but no fee shall be charged therefor. It shall be the duty of the school board or local school authorities to designate a place (connected with their office, when practicable) where certificates shall be issued ana recorded, and to establish and maintain the necessary records and clerical service for carrying out the provisions of this act. S ec . 6. An age and school certificate shall not be approved unless satisfactory evi dence is furnished by the last school census, the certificate of birth or baptism of such child, the register o f birth of such child with a town or city clerk, or by the records of the public or parochial schools, that such child is of the age stated in the certificate: Provided, That in cases arising wherein the above proof is not obtainable, the parent or guardian of the child shall make oath before the juvenile or county court as to the age of such child, and the court may issue to said child an age certificate as sworn to. S ec . 7. The age and school certificate of a child under sixteen years of age shall not be approved and signed until he presents to the person authorized to approve and sign the same, a school attendance certificate, as hereinafter prescribed, duly filled out and signed. A duplicate of such age and school certificate shall be filled out and shall be forwarded to the State factory inspector’ s office. A n y explanatory matter may be printed with such certificate in the discretion of the school board or superintendent of schools. The employment and the age and school certificates shall be separately printed and shall be filled out, signed, and held or surrendered as indicated in the following forms. SCHOOL CERTIFICATE. . (Name of school). (City or town and date). This certifies (name of minor) of the —th grade, can read and write legibly simple sentences. This also certifies that according to the records of this school, and in m y belief, the said (name of minor) was born at (name of city or tow n) in (name of county) on the (date) and is now (number of years and months) old. (Name of parent or guardian), (Residence). (Signature of tea ch er)------ grade. (Name of principal). Correct. (Name of school). EVENING SCHOOL ATTENDANCE CERTIFICATE. (Date). This certifies that (name of minor) is registered in and regularly attends th e --------evening school. This also certifies that according to the records of m y school and in m y belief the said (name of minor) was born at (name of city or town) on the — day of (year), and is now (number of years and months) old. (Name of parent or guardian), (Residence). (Signature of teacher). (Signature of principal). 696 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. A g e a n d S ch o o l C e r t if ic a t e . This certifies that I am (father, mother, guardian or custodian) of (name of minor), and that (he or she) was born at (name oi town or city) in the (name of county, if known) and State or county o f ------ , on the (day of birth and year of birth) and is now (number of years and months) old. (Signature of parent, guardian or custodian), (City or town and date). There personally appeared before me the above named (name of person signing) and made oath that the foregoing certificate by (him or her) signed is true to the best of (his or her) knowledge. I hereby approve the foregoing certificate of (name of child), height (feet and inches), w eigh t------ , com plexion (fair or dark), hair (color), having no sufficient reason to doubt that (he or she) is of the age therein certified. O w n e r o f C e r t if ic a t e . This certificate belongs to (name of child in whose behalf it is drawn) and is to be surrendered to (him or her) whenever (he or she) leaves the service of the cor poration or employer holding the same; but if not claimed by said child within thirty days from such time it shall be returned to the superintendent of schools, or where there is no superintendent of schools, to the school board. (Signature of person authorized to approve and sign, with official character authority) (town, or city and date.) In the case of a child who can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences, the certificate shall continue as follows, after the word sentences: “ I hereby certify that (he or she) is regularly attending the (name of public or parochial evening school ) .’ 1 This certificate shall continue in force j ust as long as the regular attendance of said child at said evening school is certified weekly by the teacher and principal of said school. In any city or town in which there is no public or parochial evening school, an age and school certificate shall not be approved for a child under the age of sixteen years who can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences. W hen the public or parochial evening schools are not in session, an age and school certificate shall not be approved for any child who can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences. The certificate of the principal of a public or parochial school shall be prima facie evidence as to the literacy or illiteracy of the child. Sec. 8 No person shall em ploy any minor over fourteen years of age and under sixteen years, and no parent, guardian or custodian shall permit to be employed any such minor under his control, who can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences, while a public evening school is maintained in the town or city in which such minor resides, unless such minor is a regular attendant at such evening school. Sec. 9. The State inspector of factories, his assistants or deputies, shall visit all mercantile institutions, stores, offices, laundries, manufacturing establishments, bowl ing alleys, theaters, concert halls or places of amusement, factories or workshops, and all other places where minors are or may be employed in this State, and ascertain whether any minors are employed contrary to the provisions of this act. Inspectors of factories may require that age and school certificates, and all lists of minors employed in such factories, workshops, mercantile institutions and all other places where minors are employed as provided for in this act, shall be produced for their inspection on demand: A n d, provided further, That upon written complaint to the school board or local school authorities of any city, town, district or municipality, that any minor (whose name shall be given in such complaint) is employed m any mercantile institution, store, office, laundry, manufacturing establishment, bowling alley, theater, concert hall or place of amusement, passenger or freight elevator, fac tory or workshop, or as messenger or driver therefor, contrary to the provisions of this act, it shall be the duty of such school board or local school authority to report the same to the State inspector of factories. S ec. 10. No person under the age of sixteen years shall be employed or suffered or permitted to work at any gainful occupation more than forty-eight hours in any one week, nor more than eight hours in any one day; or before the hours of seven o’ clock in the morning or after the hour of seven o ’ clock in the evening. Every employer shall post in a conspicuous place in every room where such minors are employed, a printed notice stating the hours required of them each day of the week, the hours of commencing and stopping work, and the hours when the time or times allowed for dinner or for other meals begins and endsL The printed form of such notice shall be . LABOR LAWS---- ILLINOIS---- ACTS OF 1903. 697 furnished by the State inspector of factories, and the employment of any such minor for longer time in any day so stated shall be deemed a violation of this section. S ec . 11. No child under the age of sixteen years shall be employed at sewing belts, or to assist in sewing belts, in any capacity whatever; nor shall any child adjust any belt to any machinery; they shall not oil or assist in oiling, wiping or cleaning machinery; they shall not operate or assist in operating circular or band saws, wood-shapers, 'wool [wood]-jointers, planers, sandpaper or wood-polishing machin ery, emery or polishing wheels used for polishing metal, wood-turning or boring machinery, stamping machines in sheet metal and tinware manufacturing, stamping machines in washer and nut factories, operating corrugating rolls, such as are used in roofing factories, nor shall they be employed m operating any passenger or freight elevators, steam boiler, steam machinery, or other steam generating apparatus, or as pin boys in any bowling alleys; they shall not operate or assist in operating dough brakes, or cracker machinery of any description; wire or iron straightening machin ery; or shall the [they] operate or assist in operating rolling mill machinery punches or shears, washing, grinding or mixing m ill or calender rolls in rubber manufactur ing, nor shall they operate or assist in operating laundry machinery; nor shall children be employed in any capacity in preparing any composition in which dan gerous or poisonous acids are used, and they snail not be employed in any capacity in the manufacture of paints, colors or white lead; nor shall they be employed in any capacity whatever in operating or assisting to operate any passenger or freight elevator; nor shall they be employed in any capacity whatever m the manu facture of goods for immoral purposes, or any other employment that may be con sidered dangerous to their lives or limbs, or where their health may be injured or morals depraved; nor in any theater, concert hall, or place of amusement wherein intoxicating liquors are sola; nor shall females under sixteen years of age be em ployed in any capacity where such employment compels them to remain standing constantly. S ec . 12. The presence of any person under the age of sixteen years in any manu facturing establishment, factory or workshop, shall constitute prima facie evidence of his or her employment therein. S ec . 13. It shall be the special duty of the State factory inspector to enforce the provisions of this act, and to prosecute all violations of the same before any magis trate or any court of competent jurisdiction in this State. It shall be the duty of the State factory inspector, assistant State factory inspector and deputy State factory inspectors under the supervision and direction of the State factory inspector, ana they are hereby authorized and empowered to visit and inspect, at all reasonable times, and as often as possible, all places covered by this act. S ec . 14. Whoever, having under his control a child under the age of 16 years, permits such child to be employed in violation of the provisions of this act, shall for each offense be fined not less than $5 nor more than $25, and shall stand committed until such fine and costs are paid. A failure to produce to the inspector of factories, his assistants or deputies, any age and school certificates, or lists required by this act, shall constitute a violation of this act, and the person so failing shall, upon con viction, be fined not less than $5 nor more than $50 for each offense. Every person authorized to sign the certificate prescribed by section 7 of this act, who certifies to any materially false statement therein shall be guilty of a violation of this act, and upon conviction, be fined not less than $5 nor more than $100 for each offense, and shall stand committed until such fine and costs are paid. A ny person, firm or cor poration, agent or manager, superintendent or foreman of any firm or corporation, whether for himself or for such firm or corporation, or by himself or through sub agents or foreman, superintendent or manager, who shall violate or fail to com ply with any of the provisions of this act, or shall refuse admittance to premises, or otherwise obstruct the factory inspector, assistant factory inspector or deputy fac tory inspector in the performance of their duties, as prescribed by this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $100 for each offense, and shall stand committed until such fine and costs are paid. S ec . 15. “ An act to prevent child labor,” approved June 17, 1891, in force July 1, 1891, and all other acts and parts of acts in conflict with this act are hereby Approved May 15, 1903. P a g e 193.— Inspectors o f factories. S ec tio n 1. Section nine (9) of an act entitled, “ An act to regulate the manufac ture of clothing, wearing apparel and other articles in this State, and to provide for the appointment of State inspectors to enforce the same, and to make an appropria 698 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. tion therefor,” approved June 17, 1893, in force July 1, 1893, is hereby amended to read as follows: S ec . 9. The governor shall, upon the taking effect of this act, appoint a factory inspector at a salary of tw o thousand dollars ($2,000) per annum, an assistant fac tory inspector at a salary of one thousand two hundred and fifty dollars ($1,250) per annum and eighteen (18) deputy factory inspectors of whom seven shall be women, at a salary of one thousand dollars ($1,000) per annum. The term of office of the factory inspector shall be for four years, and the assistant factory inspector and the deputy factory inspectors shall hold their office during efficient service and good behavior. Said inspector, assistant inspector and deputy inspectors shall be empowered to visit and inspect at all reasonable hours and as often as practicable, the workshops, factories and manufacturing establishments in this State, where the manufacture of goods is carried on. And the inspector shall report in writing to the governor on the 15th day [of] December, annually, the result of their inspections and investigations, together with such other information and recommendations as they may deem proper. And said inspectors shall make a special investigation into alleged abuses m any such workshops whenever the governor shall direct, and report the results of the same to the governor. It shall also be the duty of said inspectors to enforce the provisions of this act, and to prosecute all violations of the same before any magistrate or any court of competent jurisdiction in the State, and perform such other duties as now are or shall hereafter be prescribed b y law. And it shall be the duty of the state’ s attorney of the proper county, upon request of the factory inspector or his deputy, to prosecute any violation of this act. Said inspec tor shall, b y written order filed with the governor, divide the State into fifteen inspection districts, due regard being had to the number of factories and the amount of work required to be performed in each district. And he shall assign to each dis trict a deputy inspector w ho shall have charge of the inspections in the district to which he is assigned under the supervision of the inspector and assistant inspec tor. The inspector may at any time, when in his discretion the good of the service requires, change a deputy inspector from one district to another, or reassign the dis tricts of the State among the several deputy inspectors under his charge. H e may at any time, when the conditions are changed or in his discretion the good of the service requires, b y a like order filed with the governor, redivide the State in inspec tion districts, changing the territory embraced within the several districts as to him may seem advisable. Approved May 15, 1903. P a g e 194.— Free public employment offices. S ec tio n 1. Free employment offices are hereby created as follows: One in each city of not less than fifty thousand population, and three in each city containing a population of one million or over, for the purpose of receiving applications of persons seeking employment, and applications of persons seeking to employ labor. Such offices shall be designated ana known as Illinois Free Employment Offices. Sec. 2. W ithin sixty days after this act shall have been in force, the State board of commissioners of labor shall recommend, and the governor, with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint a superintendent and assistant superintendent and a clerk for each of the offices created by section 1 of this act, w ho shall devote their entire time to the duties of their respective offices. The assistant superintend ent or the clerk shall in each case be a woman. The tenure of such appointment shall be two years, unless sooner removed for cause. The salary of each superin tendent shall be fifteen hundred (1,500) dollars per annum, the salary of such assist ant superintendent shall be one thousand two hundred (1,200) dollars per annum. The salary of such clerk shall be one thousand (1,000) dollars per annum, together with proper amounts for defraying the necessary costs of equipping and maintaining the respective offices. S ec. 3. The superintendent of each such free employment office shall, within sixty days after appointment, open an office in such locality as shall have been agreed upon between such superintendent and the secretary of the bureau of labor statis tics, as being most appropriate for the purpose intended; such office to be provided with a sufficient number of rooms and apartments to enable him to provide, and he shall so provide, a separate room or apartment for the use of women registering for situations or help. Upon the outside of each such office, in position and manner to secure the fullest public attention, shall be placed a sign w hich shall read in the English language, Illinois Free Em ployment Office, and the same shall appear either upon the outside windows or upon signs in such other languages as the location of each such office shall render advisable. The superintendent of each such free LABOR LAWS---- ILLINOIS---- ACTS OF 1903. 699 employment office shall receive and record in books kept for that purposes [purpose], names of all persons applying for employment or help, designating opposite the names and addresses of each applicant, the character of employment or help desired. Separate registers for applicants for employment shall be kept, showing the age, sex, nativity, trade or occupation of each applicant, the cause and duration of nonem ployment, whether married or single, the number of dependent children, together with such other facts as may be required b y the bureau of labor statistics to be used by said bureau: Provided , That no special registers shall be open to public inspec tion at any time, and that such statistical and sociological data as the bureau of labor may require shall be held in confidence b y said bureau, and so published as not to reveal the identity of any one: A n d, provided further, That any applicant who shall decline to furnish answers as to the questions contained in special registers shall not thereby forfeit any rights to any employment the office might secure. Sec. 4. Each such superintendent shall report on Thursday of each week to the State bureau of labor statistics the number of applications for positions and for help received during the preceding week, and the number of positions secured, also those unfilled applications remaining on the books at the beginning of the week. It shall also show the number and character of the positions secured during the preceding week. Upon receipt of these lists, and not later than Saturday o f each week, the secretary of the said bureau of labor statistics shall cause to be printed a sheet showing separately, and in combination, the lists received from all such free employment offices. Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of each such superintendent of a free employment office to immediately put himself in communication with the principal manufacturers, merchants and other employers of labor, and to use all diligence in securing the cooperation of the said employers of labor, with the purposes and objects of said employment offices. To this end it shall be competent for such superintendents to advertise in the columns of newspapers, or other medium, for such situations as he has applicants to fill, and he may advertise in a general way for the cooperation of large contractors and employers in such trade journals or special publication as reach such employers, whether such trade or special journals are published within the State of Illinois or not. Sec. 6 It shall be the duty of each such superintendent to make report to the State bureau of labor statistics annually, not later than December first of each year, concerning the work of his office for the year ending October first of the same year, together with a statement of the expenses of the same, including the charges of an interpreter when necessary, and such report shall be published by the said bureau of labor statistics annually with its coal report. Each such superintendent shall also perform such other duties in the collection of statistics of labor as the secretary of the bureau of labor statistics may require. Sec. 7. N o fee or compensation shall be charged or received, directly or indirectly, from persons applying for employment or help through said free employment offices, and any superintendent, assistant superintendent or clerk, who shall accept, directly or indirectly, any fee or compensation from any applicant or from his or her repre sentative, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than twenty-five nor more than fifty dollars and imprisoned in the county jail not more than thirty days. Sec. 8. The term, 4‘ applicant for employment,” as used in this act, shall be con strued to mean any person seeking work of any lawful character, and “ applicant for help” shall mean any person or persons seeking help in any legitimate enterprise; arid nothing in this act shall be construed to limit the meaning of the term work to manual occupation, but it shall include professional service, and all other legitimate service. Sec. 9. N o person, firm or corporation in this State shall open, operate or main tain a private employment agency for hire, or where a fee is charged to either appli cant for employment or for help without first obtaining a license for the same from the State commissioners of labor. Such license fee, in cities of fifty thousand (50,000) population and over, shall be fifty dollars ($50) per annum. In all cities containing less than fifty thousand (50,000) population a uniform fee of twenty-five dollars ($25) per annum will be required. Every license shall contain a designation of the city, street and number of the building in which the licensed party conducts said employ ment agency. The license, together with a copy of this act, shall be posted in a conspicuous place in each and every employment agency. No agency shall print, publish or paint on any sign, window, or insert in any newspaper or publication, a name similar to that of the Illinois Free Employment Office. The commissioners of labor shall require with each applicant for a license a bond in the penal sum of five hun dred dollars ($500), with one or more sureties, to be approved by the said commis sioners, and conditioned that the obligor will not violate any of the duties, terms, . 700 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. conditions, provisions or requirements of this act. The said commissioners are authorized to cause an action or actions to he brought on said bond in the name of the people of the State of Illinois for any violation of any of its conditions, and they may also revoke, upon a full hearing, any license, whenever, in their judgment, the party licensed shall have violated any ot the provisions of this act. It shall be the duty of every licensed agency to keep a register, in w hich shall be entered the name and address of every applicant. Such licensed agency shall also enter into a reg ister the name and address of every person who shall make application for help or servants; and the name and nature of the employment for w hich such help shall be wanted. Such register shall, at all reasonable hours, be open to the inspection and examination of the commissioners of labor or their agents. W here a registration fee is charged for receiving or filing applications for employment or help, said fee shall in no case exceed the sum of two dollars ($2), for w hich a receipt shall be given, in w hich shall be stated the name of the applicant, the amount of the fee, the date, the name or character of the work or situation to be procured. In case the said applicant shall not obtain a situation or employment through such licensed agency within one month after registration as aforesaid, then said licensed agency shall forthwith repay and return to such applicant, upon demand being made therefor, the full amount of the fee paid or delivered by said applicant to said licensed agency, provided that such demand be made within thirty (30) days after the expiration of the period aforesaid. No agency shall send or cause to be sent any female help or servants to any place of bad repute, house of ill-fame or assignation house, or to any house or place of amusement kept for immoral purposes. No such licensed agency shall publish or cause to be published any false or fraudulent notice or advertisement, or to give any false information, or to make any false promise concerning or relating to work or employment to anyone w ho shall register for employment, and no licensed agency shall make any false entries in the register to be kept as herein provided. No person, firm or corporation shall conduct the business of any employment office in, or in connection with, any place where intoxicating liquors are sold. Sec. 10. It shall be the duty of the commissioners of labor, and the secretary thereof, to enforce this act. When informed of any violation, it shall be their duty to institute criminal proceedings for the enforcement of its penalties before any court of competent jurisdiction. A ny person convicted of a violation of the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be fined not less [than] fifty dollars ($50) nor more than one hundred (100) dollars for each offense, or by imprisonment in the county jail for a period not exceeding six (6) months, or both, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 11. A private employment agency is defined and interpreted to mean any person, firm or corporation furnishing employment or help or giving information as to where employment or help may be secured, or who shall display any employment sign or bulletin, or through the medium of any card, circular or pamphlet, ottering employment or help, shall be deemed an employment agency, and subject to the provisions of this act, whether a fee or commission is charged or not: Provided , That charitable organizations are not included. Sec. 12. A ll m oney or moneys received from fees and fines shall be held b y the said commissioners of labor, and shall constitute a fund for the purpose of enforcing the provisions of this act; and the said commissioners shall, at the end of each fiscal year, make an account of said fund and pay into the State treasury whatever balance shall remain after paying the necessary disbursements for the purpose of enforcing the provisions of this act. Sec. 13. A ll printing, blanks, blank books, stationery and such other supplies as may be necessary for the proper conduct of the business of the offices herein created shall be furnished by the secretary of state upon requisition for the same made by the superintendents of the several offices. Approved May 11, 1903. P a g e 198.— Payment o f wages. S e ctio n 1. It shall be unlawful for any corporatian doing business within this State to withhold from any of its laborers, servants or employees any part or per cent of the wages earned b y such laborer, servant or employee, beyond the date of the regu lar pay day of said corporation, under the guise or pretext, that the amount of wages so withheld, is to be given or presented to such laborer, servant or employee as a present or gratuity from said corporation, at the expiration of any future date, on condition that the services of such laborer, servant or employee have been performed to the entire satisfaction of said corporation, or upon condition that such laborer, servant or employee shall, unless sooner discharged by said corporation, remain in LABOR LAWS— ILLINOIS— ACTS OP 1903. 701 its em ploy until the expiration of some future date designated by said corporation, or under any other similar pretext or condition, but all such wages shall be paid in full by said corporation on its regular pay day: Provided , That nothing in this act contained shall be held to abridge the right of any corporation not making or requir ing contracts of the class specified above, to make such contract or arrangement as may be legal, concerning the payment of wages to employees: A n d provided further, Nothing herein contained shall be construed to affect the right of any corporation to contract for the retention of a part of the wages of said laborers, servants and employ ees for the purpose of giving to said servants, laborers and employees insurance, hospital, sick or other similar relief. Sec. 2. A ll contracts or agreements of the kind and character referred to and described in section 1 of this act, hereafter made by any corporation doing business in this State, are hereby declared to be illegal, against public policy and null and void, and no such agreement or contract shall constitute a defense upon the part of any such corporation, to any action brought by any such laborer, servant or employee, for the recovery of any wages due him, and withheld from him by any such corpora tion, contrary to the provisions of this act. Sec. 3. A n y such corporation doing business in this State, who shall violate the provisions of this act, shall, for each offense, forfeit the sum of two hundred dollars to be recovered from it in any [an] action of debt in the name of the people of the State o f Illinois, or by any person w ho may sue for the same. Sec. 4. It is hereby made the duty of the several state’ s attorneys of this State in their respective counties, to prosecute all actions commenced in the name of the peo ple of the Skate of Illinois, under the provisions of this act. Approved May 14, 1903. P age 217.— Exem ption o f wages from garnishment. Section 1. Wages earned out of this State, and payable out of this State, shall be exempt from attachment or garnishment in all cases where the cause of action arose out o f this State, unless the defendant in the attachment or garnishment suit is per sonally served with process; and, if the writ of attachment or garnishment is not personally served on the defendant, the court, justice of the peace or police mag istrate issuing the writ of attachment or garnishment, shall not entertain jurisdiction of the cause, but shall dismiss the suit at the cost of the plaintiff. Approved May 13, 1903. P age 217.— Right o f action fo r injuries causing death. Section 1. Section two (2) of an act entitled, “ An act requiring compensation for causing death by wrongful act, neglect or default,” [shall] be amended to read as follows: Sec. 2. Every such action shall be brought by, and in the names of the personal representatives of such deceased person, and the amount recovered in every such action shall be for the exclusive benefit of the widow and next of kin of such deceased person, and shall be distributed to such widow and next of kin, in the proportion provided b y law in relation to the distribution of personal property left b y persons dying intestate; and in every such action, the jury may give such damages as they shall deem a fair and just compensation with reference to the pecuniary injuries resulting from such death, to the wife and next of kin of such deceased person not exceeding the sum of ten thousand dollars: P rodded, That every such action shall be commenced within one year after the death of such person: P rodded further, That no action shall be brought or prosecuted in this State, to recover damages for a death occurring outside of this State, and that the increase from five thousand to ten thou sand dollars in the amount hereby authorized to be recovered, shall apply only, in cases when death hereafter occurs. Approved May 13, 1903. P age 250.— Mine regulations— Doortenders. Section 1. Section nineteen (19), paragraph f, of an act entitled, “ An act to revise the laws in relation to coal mines and subjects relating thereto, ” * * * [shall] be amended to read as follows: Sec. 19. Trappers.] (f.) A t all principal doorways, through which cars are hauled, trips of cars are passing^to and from the workings!6 Places for shefter shall be pro vided at such doorways to protect the attendants from being injured by the cars 702 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. while attending to their duties: Provided , That in any or all mines, where doors are constructed in such a manner as to open and close automatically, attendants and places for shelter shall not be required. Approved May 13, 1903. P age 250.— Mine regulations— Board o f mine inspectors. Section 1. Section 6, [paragraph a] of an act entitled, “ An act to revise the law in relation to coal mines and subjects relating thereto,” * * * is hereby amended to read as follows: (a) This board shall be composed of five members, two of whom shall be practical coal miners, one a practicing hoisting engineer, and two coal operators, one of whom shall be an expert mining engineer. Approved May 14, 1903. P ag e 252.— Mine regulations— Explosives. Section 1. In all coal mines in this State, where coal is blasted, the quantity of powder used in the preparation of shots shall not in any case exceed sixty inches in coal seams five and one-half feet and over; and shall not exceed forty-eight inches in coal seams under five and one-half feet in thickness. S ec. 2. For the purpose of determining the quantity of powder, prescribed in sec tion one (1) of this act, to be used in the preparation of any given shot, an inch of powder shall be one lineal inch, one and one-half inches in diameter, and it shall be measured in a metallic charger not to exceed twelve inches in length and one and one-half inches in diameter. S ec. 3. No person shall drill or shoot what is known as a “ dead” hole for any part of its depth; nor tamp any drill hole with drill dust, or other combustible material. Sec. 4. A ny violation of any of the conditions or requirements of this act shall be deemed a misdemeanor, punishable b y a fine of not less than ten dollars ($10) and not exceeding one hundred dollars, ($100), or by imprisonment in the county jail for a period not exceeding three months or both, at the discretion of the court. Approved May 14, 1903. P ag e 252.— Mine regulations— Wash rooms. S ection 1. Every owner or operator of a coal mine in this State shall provide and maintain a wash room at a convenient place at the top of each mine for the use of the miners and other employees of such mine; and such wash room shall be so arranged that such miners ana other employees may hang therein their clothes, for the purpose of drying the same. Sec . 2. A n y mine owner or operator who shall fail or refuse to com ply with the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on convic tion thereof, shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars, and shall stand com mitted to the county jail until such fine is fully paid. Approved May 14, 1903. P ag e 289.— Protection o f employees on street railways— Inclosed platforms. Section 1. Every cable, grip, electric, horse or other street car, other than trail cars, w hich are attached to m otor cars, shall be provided during the months of November, December, January, February and March of each year, at both ends with a screen or vestibule constructed of glass or other material, which shall fully and completely protect the driver or motorman or gripman or conductor, or other per sons stationed on both ends and guiding or directing the motor power b y which they are propelled from wind and storm. S ec. 2. A n y person, agent, or officer of any association or corporation violating the provisions of this act shall, upon conviction, be fined in any sum not less than $25 nor more than $100 for each day each car belonging to and used by any such person, association or corporation is directed or permitted to remain unprovided with the screen required in section 1 of this act; and it is hereby made the duty of the prose cuting attorney of each county in this State, to institute the necessary proceedings to enforce the provisions o f this act. Approved May 11, 1903. LEADING ARTICLES IN PAST NUMBERS OF THE BULLETIN, No. 1. Private and public debt in the United States, by George K. Holmes. Em ployer and employee under the common law, by V. H. Olmsted and S. D. Fessenden. No. 2. The poor colonies of Holland, by J. Howard Gore, Ph. D. The industrial revolution in Japan, b y William Eleroy Curtis. Notes concerning the money of the U. S. and other countries, by W. C. Hunt. The wealth and receipts and expenses of the U. S., by W. M. Steuart. No. 3. Industrial communities: Coal Mining Co. of Anzin, by W . F. Willoughby. No. 4. Industrial communities: Coal Mining Co. of Blanzy, by W . F. W illoughby. The sweating system, by Henry White. No. 5. Convict labor. Industrial communities: Krupp Iron and Steel Works, by W. F. Willoughby. No. 6. Industrial communities: Familistere Society of Guise, by W . F. W illoughby. Cooperative distribution, by Edward W . Bemis, Ph. D. No. 7. Industrial communities: Various communities, by W . F. Willoughby. Rates of wages paid under public and private contract, by Ethelbert Stewart. No. 8. Conciliation and arbitration in the boot and shoe industry, by T. A. Carroll. Railway relief departments, by Em ory R. Johnson, Ph. I). No. 9. The padrone system and padrone banks, by John Koren. The Dutch Society for General Welfare, by J. Howard Gore, Ph. D. No. 10. Condition of the Negro in various cities. Building and loan associations. No. 11. Workers at gainful occupations at censuses of 1870, 1880, and 1890, by W. C. Hunt. Public baths in Europe, by Edward Mussey Hartwell, Ph. D., M. D. No. 12. The inspection of factories and workshops in the U. S., by W . F. Willoughby. Mutual rights and duties of parents ana children, guardianship, etc., under the law, by F. J. Stimson. The municipal or cooperative restaurant of Grenoble, France, by C. O. Ward. No. 13. The anthracite mine laborers, by G. 0 . Virtue, Ph. D. No. 14. The Negroes of Farmville, V a.: A social study, by W. E. B. Du Bois, Ph. D. Incomes, wages, and rents in Montreal, by Herbert Brown Ames, B. A. No. 15. Boarding homes and clubs for working women, by Mary S. Fergusson. The trade-union label, b y John Graham Brooks. No. 16. Alaskan gold fields and opportunities for capital and labor, by S. C. Dunham. No. 17. Brotherhood relief and insurance of railway employees, by E. R. Johnson, Ph. D. The nations of Antwerp, by J. Howard Gore, Ph. D. No. 18. Wages in the United States and Europe, 1870 to 1898. No. 19. Alaskan gold fields and opportunities for capital and labor, by S. C. Dunham. Mutual relief and benefit associations in the printing trade, by W. S. Waudby. No. 20. Condition of railway labor in Europe, by Walter E. Weyl, Ph. D. No. 21. Pawnbroking in Europe and the United States, by W. R. Patterson, Ph. D. No. 22. Benefit features of American trade unions, by Edward W . Bemis, Ph. D. The Negro in the black belt: Some social sketches, by W. E. B. DuBois, Ph. D. Wages m Lyon, France, 1870 to 1896. No. 23. Attitude of w om ens clubs, etc., toward social economics, by Ellen M. Henrotin. The production of paper and pulp in the U. S. from Jan. 1 to June 30, 1898. No. 24. Statistics of cities. No. 25. Foreign labor laws: Great Britain and France, by W. F. Willoughby. No. 26. Protection of workmen in their employment, by Stephen D. Fessenden. Foreign labor laws: Belgium and Switzerland, by W. F. Willoughby. No. 27. Wholesale prices: 1890 to 1899, by Roland P. Falkner, Ph. D. Foreign labor laws: Germany, by W . F. W illoughby. No. 28. Voluntary conciliation and arbitration in Great Britain, by J. B. McPherson. System of adjusting wages, etc., in certain rolling mills, by J. H. Nutt. Foreign labor laws: Austria, by W. F. W illoughby. No. 29. Trusts and industrial combinations, b y J. W . Jenks, Ph. D. The Y ukon and Nome gold regions, by S. C. Dunham. Labor Day, b y Miss M. C. de Graffenried. No. 30. Trend of wages from 1891 to 1900. Statistics of cities. Foreign labor laws: Various European countries, by W . F. W illoughby. No. 31. Betterment of industrial conditions, by V . H. Olmsted. Present status of employers’ liability in the U. S., by S. D. Fessenden. Condition of railway labor in Italy, by Dr. Luigi Einaudi. No. 32. Accidents to labor as regulated by law in the U. S., b y W . F. W illoughby. Prices of commodities and rates of wages in Manila. The Negroes of Sandy Spring, M d .: A social study, b y W . T. Thom, Ph. D. The British workmen’ s compensation act and its operation, by A. M. Low. No. 33. Foreign labor laws: Australasia and Canada, b y W . F. W illoughby. The British conspiracy and protection of property act and its operation, by A. M. Low. No. 34. Labor conditions in Porto Rico, by Azel Ames, M. D. Social economics at the Paris Exposition, b y Prof. N. P. Gilman. The workmen’ s compensation act of Holland. No. 35. Cooperative communities in the United States, b y Rev. Alexander Kent. The Negro landholder of Georgia, by W . E. B. Du Bois, Ph. D. No. 36. Statistics of cities. Statistics of Honolulu, H. I. No. 37. Railway employees in the United States, by Samuel McCune Lindsay, Ph. D. The Negroes of Litwalton, V a.: A social study of the ‘ ‘ Oyster Negro,” by William Taylor Thom, Ph. D. No. 38. Labor conditions in M exico, by Walter E. Weyl, Ph. D. The Negroes of Cinclare Central Factory and Calumet Plantation, La., by J. Bradford Laws. No. 39. Course of wholesale prices, 1890 to 1901. No. 40. Present condition of the hand-working and domestic industries of Germany, by Henry J. Harris, Ph. D. W orkmen’ s compensation acts of foreign countries, by Adna F. Weber. No. 41. Labor conditions in Cuba, by Victor S. Clark, Ph. D. Beef prices, by Fred C. Croxton. No. 42. Statistics o f cities. Labor conditions in Cuba. No. 43. Report to the President on anthracite coal strike, by Carroll D. Wright. No. 44. Factory sanitation and labor protection, by C. F. W . Doehring, Ph. D. No. 45. Course of wholesale prices, 1890 to 1902. No. 46. Report of Anthracite Coal Strike Commission. No. 47. Report o f the Commissioner of Labor on Hawaii. No. 48. Farm colonies of the Salvation Army, by Commander Booth Tucker. The Negroes of Xenia, Ohio, by Richard R. Wright, jr., B. D. No. 49. Cost of living. Labor conditions in New Zealand, by Victor S. Clark, Ph. D. No. 50. Labor unions and British industry, by A. Maurice Low. Land values and ownership in Philadelphia, by A. F. Davies. No. 51. Course of wholesale prices, 1890 to 1903. The union movement among coal mine workers, by Frank Julian Warne, Ph. D.