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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR, BULLETIN BUREAU OF LABOR. No. 5T—MARCH, 1905. ISSUED EVERY OTHER MONTH. W A S H IN G T O N : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1905. EDITOR, CH AS. P. N E ILL, COMMISSIONER. ASSOCIATE EDITORS, G. W . W . H A N G E R , CHAS. H . VE R R IL L , G. A . W E B E R . ii CONTENTS. Page. Course of wholesale prices, 1890 to 1904....................................................................... Street railway employment in the United States, by Walter E. W eyl, Ph. I). State Cooperative Accident Insurance Fund of Maryland..................................... Digest of recent reports of State bureaus of labor statistics: New Y o r k ........................................................................................................................ O h io .................................................................................................................................. Statistics of manufactures in Massachusetts: Seventeenth Annual Report. . . Digest of recent foreignstatistical publications........................................................... Decisions of courts affecting labor.................................................................................... Laws of various States relating to labor enacted since January 1, 1904........... iii 389-549 550-644 645-648 649-655 656-658 659-663 664-677 678-702 703-720 B U L L E T IN OF THE BUREAU No. 57. OF L A B O R . W A S H IN G T O N . M arch, 1905. COURSE 0E WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. In Bulletin No. 39, the issue for March, 1902, data relating to wholesale prices for the period from 1890 to 1901 were presented; in Bulletin No. 45, the issue for March, 1903, this compilation was con tinued for the year 1902, and in Bulletin No. 51, the issue for March, 1904, this compilation was continued for the year 1903. In this Bul letin are presented the actual prices for 1904, and the relative prices for the fifteen years from 1890 to 1904. A s was explained in Bulletin No. 45, changes in the actual prices of single commodities may readily be seen by the inspection of a series of quotations covering a number of years, but in order to ascertain the changes in the general price level from year to year, the quota tions for a number of commodities of a more or less dissimilar char acter must be examined and in some manner combined. The method quite generally adopted for this purpose by statisticians and economists is the use of what is commonly known as the index number or relative price. Before proceeding to the discussion of the data which enter into the present compilation, it seems desirable to define the index ilumber or relative price, and explain the various methods adopted in securing the same. Briefly, an index number or relative price of any given article at any given date is the percentage which the price of that article at that date 4s of the price of the same article at a date or a period which has been selected as a base or standard. This base or standard varies in the different series of index numbers which have been presented to the public. In the London Economist’s index numbers the average price for the years 1845 to 1850, inclusive, is taken as the base; in those cal culated by M r. Sauerbeck, and published in the Journal of the Royal 389 390 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Statistical Society, the average for the eleven years 1867 to 1877 is taken; in Doctor Soetbeer’s index numbers the average for the four years 1847 to 1850 is used, while in the United States Senate Finance Committee’s statement of relative prices (Senate Report No. 1394, Fiftysecond Congress, second session) the price for the year 1860 is taken as the base or standard. In order to secure the index number or relative price for any article at any date in the period covered, the price of the article for that date is divided by the price at the date or by the average price for the period selected as the base. The quotient thus obtained multiplied by 100 is the per cent that the price at that date is of the base or standard price, and is called the index number or rel ative price. For example, the percentage for flour in 1885 in Mr. Sauerbeck’s series of index numbers is 63, meaning that the average price of flour in 1885 was 63 per cent of the average price of the same article during the base period (1867 to 1877). This base being always 100, a fall of 37 per cent is indicated. These percentages having been made in the case of each separate arti cle included in the particular scheme under consideration, and for each year of the period covered, a series of total index numbers or relative prices for each of the years covered is usually constructed by adding together the index numbers of all the articles for each year and divid ing the result by the number of articles considered, thus securing an average of the same. This course has been followed by Sauerbeck, Soetbeer, the United States Senate Finance Committee, and some others. In the case of the London Economist index numbers, how ever, simply the sum of the index numbers of the individual articles is used. For example, the total of the index numbers for the base period (1845 to 1850) is 2,200, or the sum of the base figures (100) for the 22 articles considered, and the total of the percentages for 1873 is 2,947. These sums, however, may be readily reduced to the average form given in other series of index numbers by dividing each by 22, the number of articles considered. It will be seen, then, that the index numbers or relative prices for all the commodities combined do not represent averages of the actual prices of such dissimilar commodities as a loaf of bread, a pound of meat, a ton of pig iron, etc., but are averages of the index numbers or relative prices of the articles. In the Bulletin for March, 1902 (No. 39), a history of the principal price indexes— those published by the London Economist, Palgrave, Sauerbeck, Soetbeer, the United States Senate Finance Committee, Commons, and Dun— was presented and need not be repeated here. In the record of prices for the fifteen years, from 1890 to 1904, pub lished by the Bureau of Labor, 249 series of quotations were secured for the ^entire period and an additional 12 for some portion of the period. No quotations are shown for imported tin plate since 1898, and no quotations are shown for Ashton’s salt during 1904, which leaves COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 391 260 series of quotations for the years 1899 to 1903, and 259 series of quotations for the year 1904. Although in the case of commodities of great importance more than one series of quotations have been used, in no case has an article of a particular description been represented by more than one series of quotations. For this reason the term “ series of quotations” and “ commodities ” have been used interchangeably in the pages which follow. The actual prices from which the index numbers or relative prices, 1890 to 1901, were computed were shown in Table 1, Bulletin 39, in detail; those from which the relative prices for 1902 were com puted were shown in detail in Table I, Bulletin 45; those from which the the relative prices for 1903 were computed were shown in detail in Table I, Bulletin 51; and those from which the relative prices for 1904 were computed are shown in detail in Table I in this Bulletin. In securing these prices the effort has been made to include staple commodities only. In a number of instances it was found possible to secure prices for the same commodities that were included in the Report on Whole sale Prices, W ages, and Transportation, submitted by Mr. Aldrich from the Senate Committee on Finance, March 3,1893. Many articles which were included in that report are no longer manufactured, or, if still manufactured, have ceased to be important factors in the market. On the other hand, a number of articles not shown in that report have become of such importance as to render necessary their inclusion in any study of the course of prices. The commodities covered in 1904 by the 259 series of quotations have been classified under 9 general groups, as follows: Farm products, 16 series of quotations. Food, etc., 53 series of quotations. Cloths and clothing, 76 series of quotations. Fuel and lighting, 13 series of quotations. Metals and implements, 38 series of quotations. Lumber and building materials, 27 series of quotations. Drugs and chemicals, 9 series of quotations. House furnishing goods, 14 series of quotations. Miscellaneous, 13 series of quotations. The further description of the kind of prices quoted, the source of these quotations, the market for which they were secured, their fre quency, etc., will be taken up in connection with the discussion of Table I, which follows: Table I . — Wholesale prices o f com m odities in 1 9 0 Paffos 4^7 to 4S7. This table shows in detail the actual prices from which the subsequent tables of index numbers are calculated. A s stated previously, the 259 series of quotations have been classified under 9 groups of commodi ties, and this grouping has been uniformly adhered to in the several tables which are given. The prices quoted in every instance are wholesale prices. Whole 392 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. sale prices have invariably been used in compilations which have been made for the purpose of showing changes in the general price level of all commodities. They are more sensitive than retail prices and more quickly reflect changes in conditions. Retail prices usually follow the wholesale, but not generally in the same proportion. The margin between them in the case of some commodities is so great that slight changes in the wholesale price do not affect the retail. Changes in the wholesale price which last for a short time only do not usually result in corresponding changes in the retail price. The net cash prices are shown for textiles and all articles whose list prices are subjebt to large and varying discounts. In the case of a number of articles, such as white pine, nailsj etc., however, whose prices are subject to a small discount for cash, no deduction has been made. The prices have been collected from the best available sources, such as standard trade journals, officials of boards of trade, chambers of commerce, and produce exchanges, and leading manufacturers or their selling agents. The prices quoted are usually the prices in the New York market, except for such articles as have their primary market in some other locality. For grains, live stock, etc., for example, Chicago prices are quoted; for fish, except salmon, Boston prices; for tar, Wilmington, N. C ., prices; for white pine, Buffalo prices; for Elgin creamery butter, Elgin, 111., prices, etc. The prices for textiles are the prices in the general distributing markets, such as New York, Boston, and Phila delphia; and where no market is mentioned in the prefatory note to Table I, it should be understood that the prices are for the general market. The following table shows the different markets and the number o f articles quoted for each market: NUMBER OF COMMODITIES OR SERIES OF QUOTATIONS IN 1904, CLASSIFIED BY MARKETS FOR WHICH SECURED. Market. Lum Fuel Metals ber Farm Food, Cloths and and and and im build prod etc. cloth light ple ucts. ing. ing. ments. ing ma terials. New Y o rk ............................ C hicago............................... Factorv, mine, wells, e tc.. Pittsburg............................. B uffalo................................ Philadelphia...................... B osto n ................................ Trenton, N .J ...................... Cincinnati........................... Eastern markets (Balt., Boston, N. Y., P h ila .). . . Elgin, 111............................. Lasalle, 111.......................... Peoria, 111........................... Washington, D. C .............. Wilmington, N. C .............. General m arket................. 2 14 T o ta l.......................... 16 43 5 2 9 3 21 1 1 7 21 Drugs House Mis and fur chem nishing cella Total. icals. goods. neous. 9 1 6 12 3 4 4 3 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 75 13 259* 1 1 1 72 53 76 2 13 38 2 27 9 14 125 20 5 7 4 4 3 3. 2 393 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. A s regards the description of the commodity, it should be stated that the greatest care has been taken to secure prices throughout the period from 1890 to 1904 for a commodity of precisely the same description. Changes in quality are, of course, reflected in prices, and for this reason note has been made of any important changes which have occurred. In the case of certain commodities, such as butter, eggs, etc., prices for the best quality have invariably been taken in order to avoid frequent changes in grade. It should also be stated in this connection that in the case of commodities for which prices were secured from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter the low est quotations were invariably taken where a range of prices was found because of the fact that these represent the prices of large lots, while the high quotations represent the prices of smaller lots. W eekly quotations have been secured in the case of all articles which are subject to frequent fluctuations in price, such as butter, cheese, eggs, grain, live stock, meats, etc. In the case of articles whose prices are more stable, monthly or annual quotations have been taken. The following table shows the number of series of weekly, monthly, and annual price quotations: NUMBER OF COMMODITIES OR SERIES OF QUOTATIONS, CLASSIFIED AS TO THEIR FRE QUENCY OF QUOTATION IN 1904. Frequency of quotation. Lum Fuel Metals ber Farm Food, Cloths and and and and prod etc. cloth build light imple ucts. ing ma ing. ing. ments. terials. Drugs House Mis fur cella Total and chem nishing neous. icals. goods. W eekly............................... M onthly............................. A n n u ally........................... 13 3 22 31 1 64 11 1 12 38 27 9 14 1 12 38 210 11 Total.......................... 16 53 76 13 38 27 9 14 13 259 The character of each series of quotations as regards frequency is shown in all cases in Table I in a prefatory note which states fully the date of the quotations and, if weekly, whether the quotations are for some particular day of the week, the average for the week, or the range for the week. The majority of the weekly quotations show the price on Tuesday, and if for any reason Tuesday’s price was not obtainable, the first price in the week has been taken. The quotations from trade and other journals, when credited to the first of each month, are not in all instances the price for the exact day stated, as it is a common practice of the daily papers which make a specialty of market reports to devote certain days to the review of the market of certain articles. For example, the Boston Herald quotes fish on Saturday only. The prices are, however, the earliest prices quoted in the journal to which the article is credited. It should also be stated that the monthly prices credited to weekly publications are the earliest quotations shown in such publications for each month. The weight of a loaf of bread is, in some localities, regulated by 394 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. statute, while in many others the price per loaf is not affected by changes in the price of flour, yet the weight of the loaf is changed from time to time. During 1904, with the advance in the price of flour, the weight of the loaf has in some cities been decreased. For this reason the relative prices of bread are computed on the price per pound and not per loaf. Table I shows the price per loaf, the price per pound, and the weight each month during 1904. The average price for the year was obtained by dividing the sum of the quotations for a given commodity by the number of quotations shown. For example, the sum of the Tuesdays5 prices of cotton for 1904 (shown in Table I) was $6.2920, and the number of quotations 52. The former figure divided by the latter gives $0.1210 as the average price for the year. Where a range was shown the mean price for each date was found, and this was used in computing the yearly average. The average yearly price of all articles was computed as above described. The reader will Understand that, in order to secure for any commodity a strictly scientific average price for the year, one must know the quantity marketed and the price for which each unit of quantity was sold. It is manifestly impossible to secure such detail, and even were it possible the work of compilation would be much greater than the results would justify. It is believed that the method adopted here, which is also that used in the construction of other index numbers, secures results which are quite as valuable for all practical purposes. An examination of Table I in the present Bulletin, in connection with Table I in Bulletin Nos. 39, 45, and 51, shows that the prices of some of the commodities included in these index numbers were subject to frequent and decided fluctuations, while the prices of others were almost, and in two cases altogether, uniform throughout the period. The following table shows the lowest and highest quotations and the dates of the same for each of the commodities during the fifteen-year period. Only the commodities for which the quotations throughout the period have been for practically the same description of article are included in this table: LO W EST A N D H IG H E ST QUOTATIONS, 1890 TO 1904. [For a more detailed description of the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.] FARM PRODUCTS. Lowest. Highest. Unit. Article. Date. Price. Barley: by sample................ 3d week Aug 1896 $0.18* -$0.35 Cattle: steers, choice to ex tra. 4th week Apr 1896. 3.85 - 4.25 Cattle: steers, good choice. 2dTues Jan 1890 3.00 -3 .9 0 to Date. Price. 4th week Oct 1890. 3d,4thTuesAug, 1st Tues Sept 1902. 2d, 3d, 4th Tues Aug, 1st, 2d TuesSeptl902. $0.58 -$0.81 Bushel 7.60 - 9.00 100 lbS 6.70 - 7.60 100 lbs 395 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. LO W E ST A N D H IG H E ST QUOTATIONS, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [For a more detailed description o f the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.] FARM I*M O D U C T S —Concluded. Lowest. Article. Bate. Highest. Price. Bate. Price. Coen: No. 2, cash................. **>* i t-i® 00 2d Tues Sept 1896 #0.194 -$0.20 5th Tues May $0.484-$1.00 1892. Cotton: upland, m iddling.. 1st Tues Feb, 1st, 1st Tues Feb .16$ 2d Tues Nov 1904. 1898. Flaxseed: No. 1.................... Sept 1896............ .634 - .64 July 1901............ 1.88 Hay: timothy, No. 1............ 3d,4th Toes July 6.50 -8 .0 0 •3d TuesApr 1891 15.50 -16.50 1898. Hides: green, salted, pack June 1894.......... .0500- .0513 Sept 1902............ .1491 ers, heavy native steers. Hogs: heavy......................... 4th Tues July 2.50 -3 .1 5 2dTuesFebl893 8.10 - 8.65 1896. Hogs: light........................... 3dT»esSeptl896 2.80 -3 .3 5 2d Tues Febl893 7.90 - 8.25 Hops: N. Y. State, ch o ice ... Sept 1895........... .06 - .07 Nov 1890............ .45 - .47 Oats: cash............................. 2d Tues Sept 1896 .14$ 4thTuesJulyI902 .634- .64 Rye: No. 2, cash................... 5th Tues June .97 - 1.00 .284 3dTuesAugl891 1896. Sheep: n a tiv e...................... 5thTuesOctl894 .75 - 3.26 >4th Tues Mar 4.50 - 7.00 1903. Sheep: W estern................... 5th Tues Aug , 1.00 - 3.00 5th Tues Mar 3.50 - 7.00 1893. 1908. Wheat: contract grades, 5thTuesJan 1895 2dTuesMayl898 1.73 - 1.85 cash. Unit. Bushel Pound Bushel Ton Pound 100 lbs 100 lbs Pound Bushel Bushel 100 lbs 100 lbs Bushel FOOD, ETC. Beans: medium, ch o ice__ Bread: crackers, Boston X. Apr 1897............ May, June 1897. $0.85 .05 Jan to May 1898. Sept 1901.......... June 1898, July 1900 to July 1903, Apr to Dee 1904. .054 June 1898.......... .0267 Aug 1896, Nov 1901 .0240 Oct to Bee 1904. Jan to May 1896. .0267 Oct to Bee 1904. Bread: crackers, soda......... May to B ee1897. Bread: loaf (Wash.market) May to July 1895 Bread: loaf, homemade (N. Y. market). Bread: loaf, Vienna (N. Y. market). Butter: creamery, Elgin (Elgin market). Butter: creamery, extra (N. Y. market). Butter: dairy, N. Y. State.. Cheese: N. Y. State, full cream. 1st Mon June $0,134- .14 1890. 2d Tues June .134- .14 1890 .13 - .134 3d Tues Apr 1896 3d Tues Mayl895 Coffee: Rio No. 7 ................. May, June, Aug, Sept 1903. Eggs: new-laid, fancy, 1st Tues Apr 1897 near-by. Fish: cod, dry, bank, large. Mar toSept 1896, Aug 1897. Fish: herring, shore, round. May to Aug 1892. Fish: mackerel, salt, large June 1897.......... No. 3s. Fish: salmon, canned......... Apr 1898............ Flour: bu ckw h eat.............. Apr 1897............ Flour: r y e ........................... July 1897 .......... Flour: wheat, spring pat 1st TuesNov 1894 ents. Flour: wheat, winter 2d Tues Oct to straights. 1st Tues Nov 1894. Fruit: apples, evaporated, Apr 1897............ choice. Fruit: apples, sun-dried, May 1897 .......... Southern, sliced. Fruit: currants, in barrels.. Apr, May 1894.. Fruit: prunes, California, June 1897.......... in boxes.. Fruit: raisins, California, Apr 1896............ London layer. .06 - .064 .054- .054 . 104- .104 4.00 - 4.25 2.00 - 2.25 8.00 - 9.90 1.10 1.00 2.00 3.15 - 1.30 - 1.15 - 2.40 - 3.40 2.40 - 2.65 $2.75 .08 .084 Pound .0444 Pounda .0376 Pounda .0400 Pounda 1st Mon Mar 1891. 2d Tues Mar 1891. 2d Tues Mar 1891. 4th Tues Mar to 4th Tues Apr 1903. Oct 1890............ $0.34 - .354 Pound .35 - .364 Pound .38 Pound .18|- .19 Pound 1st Tues Jan 1904. Feb, Mar 1892, Mar 1904. Oct to Bee 1904. Sept, Oct 1890... .3 8 - .47 Bozen 7.75 - 8.00 Quintal 6.00 20.00 Barrel Barrel 1.75 - 2.00 3 .5 0 -3 .6 5 5 .1 5 -5 .9 0 7.00 - 7.75 12 cans 100 lbs Barrel Barrel 6.25 - 6.75 Barrel Mar 1899............ Sept 1891............ Nov 1891............ 2d Tues May 1898. 2d Tues May 1898. .144- .141 .m - . 03$ Feb 1891............ .144- .154 . 014- .024 May 1891............ .1 1 - . 014.04 - .« ! .04| Oct 1900 ............ Oct 1890 ............ .1 2 - .124 .124- .13 .80 - .90 Jan 1890............ a Before baking. Bushel Pound .13 2.25 - 2.75 Pound Pound Pound Pound Pound Box 396 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. LO W EST AN D H IG H E ST QUOTATIONS, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [For a more detailed description of the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.] F O O D , E T C .—Concluded. Highest. Lowest. Article. Date. Price. 80.92| Glucose: 41° and 42° m ixing. June 1897.......... .0340 Lard: prime co n tra ct......... 4th Tues July 1896. Meal: com , fine w h ite ....... Sept 1896 .......... 80.63 - .65 . 62 - .63 Meal: corn' fine y e llo w ___ Sept 1896 .......... .04 - .04* Meat: bacon, short clear 4th Tues July, 1st Tues Aug sides. 1896. .03|- .04 Meat: bacon, short rib sides. 4th Tues July, 1st Tues Aug, all Sept 1896. Meat: beef, fresh, native 4th Tues Mar .0 5 - .07 1894. sides. Meat: beef, salt, extra mess. 2d, 3d, 4th weeks 6.00 - 6.50 Aug 1892. 4th Tues Oct 12.00 -12.50 1890, 2d Tues Nov 1891, 3d Tues Oct 1892. Meat: hams, smoked.......... 3d, 4th Tues .07*- .07* Sept, 1st Tues Oct 1898. Meat: mutton, dressed....... 5th Tues Oct .0 3 - .06 1895. Meat: beef, Western. salt, hams, Meat: pork, salt, mess, old to new. 4th Tues July, 7.50 - 8.00 3d Tues Sept 1896. Milk: fresh........................... June 1897, June .0175 1898. Molasses: New Orleans, June, July 1897 . .2 3 - .24 open kettle, prime. Rice: domestic, ch oice....... Sept to Dec 1904. .03*- .04 Salt: American..................... 3d week Aug .55 1896 to 3d week Feb 1897,1st, 2d, 3d weeks Oct 1898,1st week May to 5th week Sept 1899,1st week June to 2d week July 1903. Soda: bicarbonate of, Oct, Nov 1901, .0095 American. June to Aug 1902. Spices: nutmegs................... Aug to Oct 1902. .18*- .19* Spices: pepper, Singapore.. Feb 1895, Jan, .04*- .04* Feb 1896. Starch: pure c o r n ............... July 1901........... .04 Sugar: 89° fair refining....... 4th Thurs Apr, .02310 IstThursMay 1894. Sugar: 96° centrifugal......... 1st Thurs Jan, 3d Thurs Apr, 4thThursMay 1894. Sugar: granulated............... 1st, 2d Thurs Feb 1895. T a llo w .................................. 4th Tues May 1897. Tea: Formosa, fine.............. Oct 1903 ............ Vegetables, fresh: on ion s.. May 1896............ Vegetables,fresh: potatoes, 3d week May, Burbank. 3d, 4th weeks June 1896. Vinegar: cider, M onarch... Oct 1895 to Sept 1898, July 1900 to Sept 1901, Nov 1902 to Sept 1904. Date. Price. Unit. $2.32 June 1902.......... .1315 3d Tues Feb 1893. 1.69 May 1891.......... May 1891.......... $1.67 - 1.68 .12|- .12* 3d, 4th Tues Oct 1902. 100 lbs Pound .12 - .12* 4th Tues May 1893, 3d, 4th Tues Oct 1902. .09 - .12* 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th Tues July 1902. 14.00 3d week May to 2d week June 1902. 1st Tues Aug 27.50 -29.00 1899. Pound Pound Barrel Barrel .16 Pound .10*- .12 1st, 2d Tues May 1891, 4th Tues May 1892. 5th Tues May 21.50 -22.50 1893. Pound 4th, 5th Tues Jan 1893. Dec 1902, Dec 1904. Jan to July 1900. Aug to Nov 1891. 1st week Nov 1900 to 1st weekAprl901. Apr 1890, Mar to June 1891. Mar 1890............ Nov 1900............ .1 5 - 100 lbs 100 lbs Pound Barrel .0375 Quart .55 Gallon .03*- .07 1.15 Pound Barrel .4 4 - .0X0 .64 - .65 .13*- .13* Pound Pound Pound Nov, Dec 1890... 1st, 2d Thurs Sept, 2d, 3d, 4th Thurs Oct 1890. .02750 1st, 2d Thurs Sept 1890. .06* Pound .05311 Pound .03680 1st Thurs June 1890. 3d Tues Feb 1893 .06615-. 06676 Pound .02*- .03 .2 0 - .21 .50 - 1.00 .1 0 - .15 .13 .05921 Pound .08* Pound .3 3 - .35 Sept 1890 .......... Feb 1890............ 5.00 -10.00 2d week June 1.10 - 1.35 1891. Pound Barrel Bushel .18 Gallon Nov 1890 to May 1892. 397 COURSE OF 'WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. LO W E ST A N D H IG H E ST QUOTATIONS, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [For a more detailed description of the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.J CLOTHS AND CLOTHING. Lowest. Article. Bags: 2-bushel, Am oskeag.. Blankets: 11-4, 5 lbs. to the pair, all wool. Blankets: 11-4, 5 lbs. to the pair, cotton warp, all wool filling. Blankets: 11-4, 51bs. to the pair, cotton warp, cotton and wool filling. Boots and shoes: men’s brogans, split. Date. Highest. Price. Date. Price. Unit. Jan to Mar 1895. 1895 to 1897 ....... S0.10£ .75 Apr to July 1904. 1903,1904............ SO. 18£ ,92£ Bag Pound 1895.................... .54 1900.................... .75 Pound 1895,1896............ .40 1900,1904............ .52£ Pound Jan to June 1898. .90 Boots and shoes: m en’s calf July 1898 to Dec 1900. bal. shoes, Goodyear welt, dongola top. Boots and shoes: men’s Jan to Dec 1895. split boots, kip top, 16-in., | double sole, (a) Boots and shoes: men’s yici Jan 1897 to Oct 1904. kid shoes, Goodyear welt. Boots and shoes: women’s Jan 1893 to Dec 1894. solid grain shoes, leather, polish or polka. Broadcloths: first quality, Jan 1895 to Dec 1896. black, 54-in., made from X X X wool. Calico: Cocheco prints....... Jan 1898 to June 1899. 2.24 Jan 1890 to June 1892, July to Sept 1895. Jan 1890 to June 1898. Carpets: Brussels, 5-frame, Bigelow. Carpets: ingrain, 2-ply, Lowell. Carpets: Wilton, 5-frame, Bigelow. Cotton flannels: 2$ yds. to the pound. Cotton flannels: 3£ yds. to the pound. Cotton thread: 6-cord, 200yd. spools, J. & P. Coats. Cotton yarns: carded, white, mule-spun, North ern, cones, 10/1. Cotton yams: carded, white, mule-spun, North ern, cones, 22/1. Denims: A m oskeag............ Drillings: brown, Pepperell. Drillings: 30-in., Stark A . . . Flannels: white, 4-4, Bal lard Vale No. 3. Ginghams: Amoskeag......... Jan 1894 to June 1897. July 1895 to June 1897. Jan 1895 to June 1897. Jan 1897 to Dec 1898. Jan to Dec 1898 Pair 2.40 Pair 15.00 Oct to Dec 1901, Nov, Dec 1904. 19.00 2.00 Jan 1890 to Dec 1894. Oct tb Dec 1904.. 2.50 Pair .95 Pair 1.38 Jan 1890 to Dec 1893. 1.97 Yard .045 Jan to Dec 1890, Jan 1892 to June 1893. Jan 1891 to Mar 1892. Jan to Dec 1891. .065 Yard .75 .936 .408 1.68 .05| May 1903 to Dec 1904. Jan to Apr 1904. .04| Jan to Apr 1904. July 1896 to Dec 1899. Dec 1898 to June 1899. .030503 Jan 1900 to Dec 1904. .131 Feb 1904............ Dec 1898 to Mar 1899. •16£ .Jan to Mar 1899. Nov 1898 to Jan 1899. Feb 1898............ Aug, Sept 1896.. 12pairs 1.128 Yard .552 Yard 2.04 Yard .09£ Yard .07$ Yard . 037240 Spool ,24£ Pound Feb 1904............ .27 Pound .081 .04£ Feb to June,1904. Mar, Apr 1904... .13 .08 Yard Yard .0410 .29 Feb 1904............ July 1903 to Dec 1904. Jan 1891 to Mar 1893. .0726 ,44£ Yard Yard .0650 Yard .07 Yard .0425 Apr to June 1895, July to Sept 1896, Apr to Sept 1897, Jan to Mar, July to Dec 1898. .04£ May 1890 to Mar Ginghams: Lancaster......... Feb to May 1895, 1893. June to Aug 1896. .52 1904.................... Horse blankets: 6 lbs. each, 1896.................... all wool. ,62£ 1890,1891............ Hosiery: men’s cotton half 1899.................... hose, seamless, standard quality, 84 needles. 1901.................... 1.75 Hosiery: women’s combed 1899.................... Egyptian cotton hose, high spliced heel, double , sole, full-fashioned. .6615 1890-................... Hosiery women’ s cotton 1901.................... hose, seamless, fast black, 26 to 28 oz., 160 to 176 needles. a In 1903 and 1904, russet bound top, 17-inch, £ double sole 1.05 .70 Pound .97£ 12 pairs 2.00 12 pairs 1.2250 12 pairs 398 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, LO W EST A N D H IG H E S T QUOTATIONS, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [For a more detailed description of the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.] CLOTHS A N » CLOTHING—Continued. Lowest. Highest. Article. Date. Price. Leather: sole, hemlock, May 1892 .......... SO. 16 nonacid, Buenos Ayres, middle weights, 1st qual ity. Leather: sole, oak............... Sept to Nov 1896, 80.28 - .29 June 1897. Leather: wax calf, 30 to 40 Jan to June 1890, .55 - .60 lbs. to the doz., B grade. Feb, June 1891, Aug 1894 to Jan 1895,Sept, Oct 1896, Apr, June 1897. Linen shoe thread: 10s, Jan 1903 to Nov .8460 Barbour. 1904. Linen thread: 3-cord, 200- Apr to Dec 1891. .7623 yard spools, Barbour. Overcoatings: beaver, Mos cow, all wool, black. Overcoatings: chinchilla, B-rough, all wool. Overcoatings: chinchilla, cotton warp, C. C. grade. Overcoatings: covert cloth, lig h t weight, staple goods. Overcoatings: kersey, standard, 27 to 28 oz. Print cloths: 28-in., 64x64 .. Shawls: standard, all wool, 72x144 in.,42-oz., made of high-grade wool. Sheetings: bleached, 10-4, Atlantic. Sheetings: bleached, 10-4, Pepperell. Sheetings: bleached, 10-4, Wamsutta S. T. Sheetings: brown, 4-4, At lantic A. Sheetings: brown, 4-4, In dian Head. Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Pep perell R. Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, Fruit of the Loom. Shirtings; bleached, 4-4, Hope. Shirtings: bleached, Lonsdale. Date. Price. Unit. Apr, May 1900... 80.26 - $0.27 Pound Mar 1903............ .39 -.4 0 Pound July to Nov 1895. .80 - .85 Sqfoot .9405 Pound 1895 to 1897....... 1.7670 Nov 1893 to Sept 1894. Jan 1890 to Mar 1891, Aug 1897 to Dec 1902. 1900.................... 2.4994 Yard 1895 to 1897....... 1.8774 1900..................... 2.4994 Yard .8910 12 spools Not 1896............ .41 Yard 1.9458 Oct 1892, June, Sept 1893. 1890 to 1893 ....... .55 1897..................... 2.4616 Yard Jan to May 1897. 1.00 Sept to Dec 1904. 1.70 Yard 2d week May 1898. Jan 1896 to Nov 1897, Apr 1898 to Dec 1899. Nov 1898............ .01875 2d week Dec 1892. Jan 1890 to Dec 4.08 1895, Jan 1900 to Dec 1904. .1402 Feb 1904............ .04063 Yard 4.90 Each .2910 Yard Apr, May 1895 .. .I5| Feb to June 1904. .26 Yard Apr 1894 to Nov 1895, May to Dec 1904. Dec 1898............ .270 Oct 1890 to Jan 1891. .329 Yard .0421 Apr to June 1904. .0783 Yard June 1898, Jan 1899. Apr, Nov, Dec 1898. Dec 1898............ .05 Mar to June1904. .08* Yard .0450 MartoJunel904. .0725 Yard .0538 Feb to June 1904. .0863 Yard Dec 1898............ .0475 4-4, i Dec 1898 ............ .0623 .6870 June 1890 to Jan .0736 Yard 1891, Feb to June 1904. June 1890to Jan .0855 Yard 1891, Dec 1892 to June 1893. May 1890 to .0976 Yard June 1891. .1021 Yard June 1890 to June 1891,Apr to July 1898. Apr, May 1893 .. 5.7213-5.8456 Pound Feb 1890, Dec 5.3350-5.5775 Pound 1899. 1.2012 Yard Nov 1899............ .7963 Jan 1900............ 1.4625 Yard 1.0465 Jan 1890to June 1893. 1.5470 Yard 1.5903 1900..................... 2.2C61 Yard .6143 Oct, Nov 1899... .9328 Yard .08$ Apr to June 1904. .13* Yard Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, N.Y. Mills. Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, Wamsutta^0^* Silk: raw, Italian, classical. Silk: raw, Japan,filatures.. Mar to Nov 1899. .0711 Dec 1897 to Jan 1899. .0807 June 1894.......... 3.4328-3.4825 Aug 1896............ 2.9100-3.3950 Suitings: clay worsted di Feb to Apr 1897. agonal, 12-oz., Washing ton Mills. Suitings: clay worsted di Feb to Apr 1897. agonal, 16-oz., Washing ton Mills. Suitings: indigo blue, all ; Jan to Dee 2897. wool, 54-inch, 14-oz., Mid dlesex standard. Suitings: indigo blue, all 1895..................... wool, 16-oz. Suitings: serge, Washing Jan 1896 to Aug 1897. ton Mills 6700. Tickings: Amoskeag A. C. Oct to Dec 1898. A. 399 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. LO W EST A N D H IG H E ST QUOTATIONS, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [For a more detailed description of the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.] CLOTHS AND CLOTHING—Concluded. Highest. Lowest. Article. Underwear: shirts and drawers, white, all wool, full-fashioned, 18-gauge. Women’s dress goods: al paca, cotton warp, 22-in., Hamilton. Women's dress goods: cashmere, all wool, 10-11 twill, 38-in., Atlantic Mills J. Women's dress goods: cashmere, cotton warp, 9-twill, 4-4, Atlantic Mills F. Women’s dress goods: cashmere, cotton warp, 22-in., Hamilton. Women's dress goods: cashmere, cotton warp, 27-in., Hamilton. Women’s dress goods: Franklin sackings, 6-4. Wool: Ohio, fine fleece (X and X X grade), scoured. Wool: Ohio, medium fleece (1 and * grade), scoured. Worsted yarns: 2-40s, Aus tralian fine. Worsted yams: 2-40s, X X X ot its equivalent in qual ity, white, in skeins, (o) Date. Jan 1894 to Dec 1898. Price. 321.60 Date. Jan 1891 to Dec 1893. TTni + unit. Price. 325.65 12 gar ments Jan 1895 to July 1899. .0637 Sept to Dec 1904. .0833 Yard Jan to Dec 1896 .1960 Apr 1891 to Dec 1892, June to Aug 1900. .3724 Yard Oct 1895 to May 1896. .1127 .1813 Yard July 1896 to July 1899. .0686 Jan 1890 to Dec 1891, July to D e c 1892, Nov,Dec 1904. Oct to Dec 1904.. .0882 Yard Oct 1896 to Mar 1899. .0784 Sept to Dec 1904 .1029 Yard July 1896 to July 1897. June 1895.......... .40f .66* Yard June 1895, June to Sept 1896. Nov 1895 to Mar 1896, Oct to Dec 1896. Oct 1896 to Feb 1897. .2903 June to Sept 1900. Dec 1899 to Feb. 1900. June,July,Aug, Nov 1890. Nov 1889 to Apr 1900. .3478 .72 .70 Jan, Feb 1900... .7609 Pound .6210 Pound 1.90 Pound 1.35 Pound 30.11 Pound FUEL AND LIGHTING. Candles: adamantine, 6s, June 1897 to Jan 30.06* 1900. 14-oz. 3.111 Coal: anthracite, brok en ... June 1899 to Aug 1899. 2.701 Coal: anthracite, chestnut. Sept 1895............ Coal: anthracite, egg........... Sept 1895............ 2.827 2.891 Coal: anthracite, s t o v e ..,.. Aug 1895............ .75 Coal: bituminous, Georges Apr to July 1894, Jan to June Creek (at mine). 1895, Jan to Mar 1896. Coal: bituminous, Georges Apr 1898 to Mar 2.10 Creek ( t o. b. N. Y. Har 1899. bor). Coal: bituminous, Pitts 2d Tues Mar to 30.04*- .04* burg (Youghiogheny). 1st Tues Apr 1899. Coke: Connellsville, fur Apr, May 1894.. .92 nace. 1.50 Matches: parlor, dom estic.. Sept 1894 to Mar 1895, May 1902 to Dec 1904. Petroleum: cru d e ............... Oct 1892 ............ .51* Petroleum: refined, for ex May 1893 .......... .051 port. Petroleum: refined, 150° Feb, Mar 1893... .07* fire test, water white. Febl900toJune 1903. Aug 1903............ 4.4744 Ton Jan 1904............ Jan 1904............ Jan 1904............ Oct 1902 . . . . . . . . 4.958 4.9725 4.9614 5.00 Ton Ton Ton Ton Oct 1902 ............ 8.25 Ton 3d, 4th Tues Nov 1891. .11 (Bushel Ton Mar, Apr 1900... 33.25-4.25 Jan to Oct 1890.. 2.00 ^box es. Dec 1903............ Jan to Mar 1900. 1.88* .099 Barrel Gallon Nov 1903 to Feb 1904. .15 Gallon METALS AND IMPLEMENTS. Augers: extra, |-in.............. Oct 1894 to Apr 1896, Feb 1899. Axes: M. C. O., Y ankee....... Oct 1897 to Dec 1898. Bar iron: best refined, from July 1897............ mill (Pittsburg market). 30.1333 Jan to Dec 1904.. .375 Apr to Dec 1904. .605 Each Oct 1899.............. .0260 Pound ~ .0095 a From 1902 to 1904 designated as X X X X . 30.24 Each 400 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, LOWEST AND HIGHEST QUOTATIONS, 1890 TO 1904—Continued. [For a more detailed description of the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.] METALS AND IMPLEMENTS—Concluded. Lowest. Article. Date. Bar iron: best refined, from Nov 1894, Jan, store (Philadelphia mar Feb 1895. ket). Barb wire: galvanized......... Aug 1897............ Highest. Price. Hammers: Maydole No. 1£. Lead: pig............................... Lead pipe............................... Locks: common mortise___ Nails: cut, 8d., fence and common. Nails: wire, 8d., fence and common. Unit. Sept 1899 to Jan 1900. $0,025 Pound 1.65 Dec 1899 to Mar 1900. Feb to May 1900. 4.13 100 lbs .0292 Feb to July 1895, June 1897 to Jan 1900. .171 Chisels: extra, s o c k e t Apr 1894 to Dec firmer, 1-inch. 1895, Dec 1896 to Nov 1898. Copper: ingot, lake.............. June 1894.......... $0.0890- .0900 Copper: sheet, hot-rolled Jan, Apr 1896... .131 (base sizes). Copper wire: bare............... July 1894............ .11 Files: 8-inch mill bastard.. Price. $0,012 Butts: loose joint, cast, 3x3 inch. Doorknobs: steel, bronze plated. Date. .1660 Jan 1890 to Apr 1895, Mar 1896 to June 1900. .77. July 1896 to June 1897. Jan 1890 to Nov .350 .1895. Sept 1896............ .0273- .0275 Nov 1896 to Jan 3.60 1897. Jan 1898 to Apr .075 1902. JulytoSept 1898 1.15 .0130 Pair Jan to Dec 1904.. .300 Each May 1899............ July 1890............ .1925 .25 Pound Pound July, Oct 1890, Apr 1899. Feb to Nov 1904. .20 Pound .25 Pair Nov 1899 to Aug 1.10 1900. .466 Jan 1903, Dec 1904. Oct 1890.............. $0.0538- .0540 Oct to Dec 1890.. 6.40 Feb to Nov 1904. .105 Each Pound 100 lbs Each May to Nov 1896. 2.90 100 lbs 3.35- 3.40 100 lbs Dec 1896, Aug 1897, Aug, Dec 1898. Pig iron: Bessemer.............. July 1897............ 1.35 ^an, Feb 1890 . . . 9.39 Pig iron: foundry No. 1 ___ July 1898............ 11.25 Pig iron: foundry No. 2 ___ June 1897........... Pig iron: gray forge, South May 1897............ ern, coke. Planes: Bailey No. 5............ Mar 1895 to Dec 1899. Quicksilver........................... Jan to Mar 1894. Saws: crosscut, Disston....... Uniform during period. Saws: hand, DisstonNo. 7 ... Jan 1891 to Dec • 1904. Shovels: Ames No. 2............ Jan 1894 to Mar 1896. Silver: bar, fin e ................... .Tan 1903............ Spelter: W estern................. Feb 1895............ Steel billets........................... May 1897............ Steel rails............................... July, Nov 1898.. Steel sheets: black, No. 27.. May 1897............ Tin: p ig ................................ Oct 1896 ............ Tin plates: domestic, Bes Apr 1898............ semer, coke, 14x20 inch. Trowels: M. C. O., brick, Uniform during period. < lOHnch. Vises: solid box, 50-lb......... July 1897 to Feb 1899 Wood screws: 1-in., No. 10, Apr to Dec 1897. flat head. Zinc: sheet........................... May 1894............ 9.40 - 9.50 8.00 Dec 1899, Feb 25.00 1900. Nov 1899 to Jan 25.00 1900. Nov 1902............ 24.00-25.00 Jan 1903............ 20.75-21.25 1.23 Dozen Ton Ton Ton Ton 1.53 Each .79 1.6038 Pound Each 12.60 Jan 1903 to Dec 1901. Oct, Nov 1890 . . . Uniform during period. Jan to Dec 1890. 14.40 Dozen 7.45 Apr to Nov 1902. 9.61 Dozen .45 1.6038 .48213 . 0315- . 0325 13.96 17.00 .0180- .0185 .1270 2.721 - 2.771 .34 3.28 .08 3.56 Aug 1890............ 1.16995 May 1899............ .0695- .0700 Sept, Oct 1899... 41.50 35.25 Jan 1890............ .0375 Sept 1901............ .3425 Mar 1900............ 4.84 Dec 1899 to Sept 1900. Uniform during .34 period. 5.75 Apr, May, Aug, Sept 1903. .21 Jan 1892 to Mar 1894. 7.59 June 1899.......... Ounce Pound Ton Ton Pound Pound 100 lbs Each Each Gross 100 lbs LUMBER AND BUILDING M ATERIALS. Jan, Feb 1904... $8.00-$8.50 $4.25 Brick: common domestic .. Sept 1894, Sept 1900. .0683 .0483' Nov 1890 to Jan Carbonate of lead: Ameri Feb 1894............ 1891. can, in oil. Apr 1900............ 2.20- 2.35 Cement: Portland, domes-, Oct, Nov 1904... $1?25- 1.35 tic. M Pound Barrel 401 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. LO W EST AN D H IG H E ST QUOTATIONS, 1890 TO 1904r-Continued. [For a more detailed description of the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.] LUMBER AND BUILDING MATERIALS—Concluded. Highest. Lowest. Article. Date. Price. Price. Apr 1892............ Aug to Dec 1902. $1.20-$l. 25 2.25 Barrel Door Mar to May 1900. 18.00 M feet Jan to July, Oct to Nov 1890, Septl891,Sept 1892 to Apr 1893, May 1898. July, Aug 1901.. .29 24.0Q-27.00 June to Dec 1903. 32.00-34.00 June 1903 to Dec 1904. Dec 1903 to July 47.00-48.00 1904. .0325 Jan to June 1900. Apr 1902 to Dec 15.00-16.00 1903. Jan to June 1904. 43.00-45.00 Nov 1899 to May 15.50-16.00 1900. 1.00 Barrel * .82 32.00-34.00 45.00-48.00 Gallon M feet M feet 80.00-85.00 M feet Cement: R osendale............ Nov 1898............ $0.60 .80 Doors: p i n e .......................... Last qr 1896,1st 3 qrs 1897. H em lock............................... Nov 1894 to Jan $10.75-11.25 1895. Lime: com m on..................... Sept to Dec 1896, .60 July to Sept 1900. Linseed oil: r a w ................. Maple: hard......................... Oak: white, p la in ............... Feb, July 1897.. JunetoSeptl901 June to Aug 1901 Oak: white, quartered....... Jan, Feb 1890... Oxide of zinc........................ Pine: white, boards, No. 2 barn. Pine: white, boards, uppers. Pine: y e llo w ........................ Jan to June 1895. May 1897 to Jan 1899. Jan to Nov 1890. Jan to Apr 1896, June to Nov 1897. 1897.................... Plate glass: polished, unsil vered, area 3 to 5 sq. feet. Plate glass: polished, unsil 1897.................... vered, area 5 to 10 sq. feet. Poplar.................................... Sept 1897 to Jan 1 1899. Putty..................................... Oct, Nov 1904... Resin: good, strained......... Sent 1893............ Shingles: cypress................. Jan to Dec 1897.. Spruce.................................... July to Oct 1894. T ar......................................... Sept 1893, Dec 1893 to May 1894, Jan to Apr, June 1896, Apr 1898. Turpentine: spirits o f ......... Aug, Sept 1896.. Window glass: American, May to July1895. single, firsts, 6x8 to 10x15 inch. Window glass: American, July, Aug 1892.. single, thirds, 6x8 to lOx 15 inch. TT«U uniu Date. .0475 Pound 24.00 M feet 82.00 21.00-23.00 M feet M feet .20 1890.................... .53 Sq.foot .32 1890.................... .70 Sq.foot 51.00-52.50 M feet 29.00-31.00 June1903 to June 1904. .0100 May 1902 to Mar 1903. 1.00 June 1904.......... 2.35 Jan to Dec 1890.. 11.50-12.50 Sept 1903 to Dec 1904. SepML891, May .90 Apr 1903............ .24 1.3894 Apr 1901............ 1.2113 Apr 1901............ .0225 Pound 3.05 3.35 19.50-21.50 Barrel M M feet 2.00 Barrel .67- .67* 4.80 Gallon 50sq.ft. 3.8250 50sq.fL DRUGS AND CHEMICALS. Alcohol: grain, 94$.............. Jan to May 1890. Alcohol: wood, refined, 95$. Sept to Dec 1903. Alum: lum p......................... Dec 1891 to Feb 1892 Brimstone: crude,seconds.. Sept, Dec 1895, Feb, Mar1896. Glycerin: refined................. Aug 1894............ Muriatic acid: 20°............... July 1895 to Dec 1896. Opium: natural, in cases... Aug 1892............ Quinine: A m erican............ Feb toJuly 1897. Sulphuric acid: 66°.............. Nov 1890 to Mar 1891, Apr to Aug, Oct, Nov 1894, Jan 1895 to Nov 1896. 16818— No. 57— 05----- 2 $1.98 Dec 1901............ .50 Feb to Sept 1893. .0145 Jan to June 1890. Gallon $2.53 Gallon 1.40 .0188 Pound 15.00 35.00 Apr 1891, May 1898. Jan to Apr, June to Aug 1890. .0075 Nov 1901 to Apr 1902. 1.50 Aug 1898............ .15 Apr 1899............ .007 Nov 1901 to Jan 1902. .11* .18 Ton Pound .0185 Pound 3.75 .40 .014 Pound Ounce Pound 402 BULLETIN OF THE BUEEAU OF LABOE, LO W EST A N D H IG H E ST QUOTATIONS, 1890 TO 1904— Concluded. [For a more detailed description of the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.] HOUSE FURNISHING GOODS. Highest. Lowest. Article. Earthenware: plates, cream-colored. Earthenware: plates, white granite. Earthenware: teacups and saucers, white granite. Furniture: bedroom sets, a sh ..................................... Furniture: chairs, bed room, maple. Date. July 1895 to Dec 1897. July 1895 to Dec 1897. July 1895 to Dec 1897. Jan 1896 to Dec 1897. Jan 1897 to Sept 1898. Furniture: chairs, kitchen. Jan to Sept 1898. Furniture: tables, kitch en . Jan 1896 to June 1899. Glassware: nappies, 4 -in . . . Jan 1896 to Dec 1900. Glassware: pitchers, *-gal- Jan 1897 to Dec lon, common. 1900. Glassware: tumblers, *-pint, Jan to Dec 1899. common. Table cutlery: carvers, stag 1897 to 1901, Jan 1902 to Dec handles. 1904. Table cutlery: knives and 1897..................... forks, cocobolo handles. Wooden ware: pails, oak Apr 1895 to Jan 1896, Feb to grained. May 1898. Wooden ware: tubs, oak Oct 1894 to Nov grained. 1899. Price. Date. $0.3807 Jan to Dec 1903. .3991 Jan 1901 to Dec 1902. 3.0907 Jan 1901 to Dec 1902. Mar 1903 to Dec 8.75 1904. 5.00 Jan to Dec 1900, Mar 1903 to Dec 1904. 3.25 Jan to Nov 1900. Dec 1899 to Dec 13.80 1904. Jan 1901 to Dec .10 1904. Jan 1901 to Dec 1.00 1903. .13 Jan to Dec 1891. T Tr*4+ unit* Price. $0.4775 Dozen .5096 Dozen 3.7632 Gross 12.25 Set 8.00 Dozen 5.25 15.60 Dozen Dozen .14 Dozen 1.30 Dozen .20 Dozen Pair .75 1893..................... .95 5.00 1890,1891............ 7.75 Gross 1.10 Oct 1903 to Dec 1904. 1.70 Dozen 1.25 Jan 1890 to Aug 1891. 1.65 Nest of 3 $33.60 .61 2,000 lbs Gallon MISCELLANEOUS. Cotton-seed m eal................. Cotton-seed oil: summer yellow, prime. Jute: r a w ............................. Malt: Western made ... Paper: n ew s ........................ Paper: wrapping, manila .. Proof spirits......................... Feb 1895............ 1$16.00-$17.00 Nov, Dec 1897... .21* Jan 1902............ Feb 1893............ Dec 1894, Mar, Apr, May 1895. July 1897 .......... Oct 1899 ............ Apr 1898............ 1st wk Jan to 3d wk May 1890. Mar 1892............ $0.04* - .05* Rope: manila, f-in (a)......... Aug, Sept 1896, Sept,Oct 1897. Rubber: Para Islan d.......... Sept 1891............ Soap: castile,mottled, pure. May 1895 to Nov 3896, Mar 1897. Starch: laundry................... Aug, Sept, Oct 1896. Tobacco: plug, Horseshoe.. July, Aug 1892, Oct 1896 to May 1897. Tobacco: smoking, granu Jan 3890 to June lated, Seal of N. C. 3898. .02* - .03* Apr to Aug 1891. Jan 1890............ Sept 1893 .......... 1st wk Dec 1901 to 4th wk Jan 1902, 1st wk Sept to 3d wk Dec 1902. .0591 Dec 1899............ .50 - .53 .0175- .0200 .0375- .0400 1.03 .60 - .63 .05 Dec 1904............ Oct 1904.............. .0275 Aug, Sept, Dec 1902, Jan 1903. July to Dec 1904. .36 .50 Aug to Dec 1904. .95 -1.00 .0375- .0450 .0600- .0675 1.32 Pound Bushel Pound Pound Gallon .1576 Pound 1.26 -1.27 .07* Pound Pound .0500 Pound .49 Pound .60 Pound a In 1903 and 1904, /g-inch. In a number of instances the lowest or highest price, as shown in the foregoing table, lasted for only a short time, in some cases but a few days or even a part of a day. The groups of farm products and food, etc., show the widest variations. Good to choice steers varied from $3.00-$3.90 on the second Tuesday of January, 1890, to $6.70$7.60 on the last three Tuesdays of August and the first two Tuesdays COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 403 of September, 1902. Corn ranged from 19^—20 cents the second Tuesday of September, 1896, to $0.48£-$1.00 the fifth Tuesday of May, 1892, the high price being due to an attempt to corner corn in the Chicago market. The failure of those interested in the corner to take all com offered at the high price, however, and the rumor that they had failed, resulted in a drop from $1.00 to 4 8 i cents within a few hours. Cotton varied from 5T\- cents on the first Tuesday of February and the first and second Tuesdays of November, 1898, to 16f cents on the first Tuesday of February, 1904. Heavy hogs on the fourth Tuesday of July, 1896, were $2.50-$3J 5 and on the second Tuesday of February, 1893, $8.10-$8.65. Hops ranged from 6-7 cents in September, 1895, to 45-47 cents in November, 1890. Oats ranged from 141 cents on the second Tuesday of September, 1896, to 63J-64 cents on the fourth Tuesday of July, 1902. Native sheep ranged from $0.75-$3.25 on the fifth Tuesday of October, 1894, to $4.50-17.00 on the fourth Tuesday of March, 1903. Western sheep show a sim ilar range. W heat ranged from 4 8 j-4 9 f cents the fifth Tuesday of January, 1895, to $1.73-$1.85 the second Tuesday of May, 1898. The high price is said to have been due to an attempt to control the price of that commodity and also, to some extent, to the war with Spain and the fear of other foreign complications. The most marked variations in the food group are in fresh vegetables, onions having varied from $ 0 .5 0 -$ l in May, 1896, to $5-$10 in February, 1890, and potatoes from 10-15 cents the third week of May and the third and fourth weeks of June, 1896, to $1.10-$1.35 the second week of June, 1891. Currants and dried apples show wide variations. Eggs varied from 1 0 i-1 0 i cents the first Tuesday of April, 1897, to 38-47 cents the first Tues day of January, 1904. Lard also shows a wide variation. Almost all the articles in the food group show wide variations, which may be seen by referring to the foregoing table. In the cloths and clothing group the variations are not so marked, as the price of many of the articles in this group depends more largely upon the cost of labor in producing them. Print cloths varied from 1.875 cents the second week of M ay, 1898, to 4.063 cents the second week of Decem ber, 1892. O f the raw materials in this group wool, medium fleece, scoured, varied from 29.03 cents in June, 1895, and June to Septem ber, 1896, to 62.10 cents in June, July, August, and November, 1890. In the fuel and lighting group Youghiogheny coal varied from 4|—4 t cents (per bushel) in March and April, 1899, to 11 cents in November, 1891; coke from 92 cents in April and May, 1894, to $3.25-$4.25 in March and April, 1900; and petroleum, crude, from 5 1f cents in October, 1892, to $1.88f in December, 1903. In the group of metals and implements best refined bar iron from mill varied from 0.95 cent (per pound) in July, 1897, to 2.60 cents in October, 1899; barb wire from $1.65 in August, 1897, to $4.13 in December, 1899, to 404 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. March, 1900; pig iron, foundry No. 2, from $9.40-$9.50 (per ton) in June, 1897, to $24-$25 in November, 1902; while bar silver varied from 48.213 cents in January, 1903, to $1.16995 in August, 1890. In lumber and building materials, cement, doors, linseed oil, plate glass, resin, tar, turpentine, and window glass varied widely. In drugs and chemicals, wood alcohol shows the greatest variation— from 50 cents in September to December, 1903, to $1.40 in February to Sep tember, 1893. In house furnishing goods, kitchen chairs were $3.25 (per dozen) from January to September, 1898, and $5.25 from Janu ary to November, 1900. In the miscellaneous group, cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed oil, newspaper, rope, and rubber show wide variations. Owing to the unusual method of fixing the scale of prices of cut and wire nails and the difficulties encountered in securing satisfactory quotations of prices, it was thought best to enter into a somewhat lengthy explanation in Bulletin No. 39, and the reader is referred to pages 226 to 231 of that number. The base prices of nails are the prices quoted by the trade, and while they could not be used, for reasons explained in Bulletin No. 39, in computing relative prices, they form the basis from which are calculated the actual prices for eight-penny nails as given in Table I, and therefore the base prices of both cut and wire nails during 1904 are given in the following table: NAILS: CUT, BASE SIZES. [Price per 100-pound keg, f . o. b. Pittsburg, on the first of each month; quotations from the Iron Age.] Month. January......... February....... M arch............ Month. Price. $1.90 1.70 1.70 A p ril............ M ay.............. J u n e ............ Price. $1.75 1.75 1.75 Month. Price. J u ly .............. $1.75 1.75 A ugust......... September... 1.60-1.65 Month. Price. October....... $1.60-$l. 65 November .. 1.60- 1.65 Decem ber... 1.70 Average. 1.7188 NAILS: WIRE, BASE SIZES. [Price per 100-pound keg, f. o. b. Pittsburg, on the first of each month; quotations from the Iron Age.] Month. January......... February....... M arch............ Month. Price. $1.85 1 90 1.90 A p ril............ M ay.............. J u n e ............ Price. $1.90 1.90 1.90 Month. Ju ly .............. A ugust......... September... Price. $1.90 1.90 1.60 Month. Price. O ctober....... November .. Decem ber... $1.60 1.60 1.70-1.75 Average. 1.8063 In previous Bulletins quotations have been published for two descriptions of scoured wool, but in view of the fact that such a large proportion of the wool is now being marketed unwashed, monthly price quotations for a standard grade of unwashed wool have been secured. For comparative purposes the quotations on the scoured basis are COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 405 continued in Table I. No relative prices were computed from the quotations of unwashed wool. It may be necessary at some future time to use these quotations in the index number, and it was consid ered advisable to secure them from year to year. The quotations of actual prices of unwashed wool on the first of each month from 1890 to 1903 were shown in Bulletin 51 (page 237). The prices for 1904 follow: WHOLESALE PRICES OF UNWASHED, OHIO, MEDIUM FLEECE WOOL (ONE-FOURTH AND THREE-EIGHTHS GRADE), 1904. [Price per pound in the eastern markets (Baltimore, Boston, New York, and Philadelphia) on the first of each month.] Month. January......... February....... M arch............ Price. Month. $0.25 A p ril............ .25 M ay.............. •25| J u n e ............ Price. Month. $0.25* Ju ly .............. .25* A ugust......... .26 September... Price. Month. Price. $0.27* O ctob er....... .27* N ovem ber... .28 D ecem ber. . . $0.28* .30* .32 Average. .2721 Table I I . B ase prices (average f o r 18 9 0 -1 8 99 ), and m onthly actual and, relative p rices o f commodities in 190h pages 488 to 5 0 6 .— This table shows for each commodity the base price (average price for the 10-year period, 1890-1899), either the average price or the price on some one day of each month, and the relative price for each month of 1904. In addition this table shows for each commodity the average price and the relative price for the year 1904. The monthly prices for such articles as are quoted weekly in Table I were found by dividing the sum of the quotations in each month as shown in Table 1 by the num ber of quotations in each month. In Table I single quotations for 1904 are shown for 11 articles. The price of one of these is maintained throughout the year, the prices of four represent the bulk of the sales and are maintained generally, and the prices of four are averages for the year; for each of these nine articles the annual price has been shown in Table II as the price during each month. The other two articles for which single quotations for 1904 are shown in Table I have a September price which represents the bulk of the sales for the year, and the relative price for 1904 was, therefore, computed from that price, but the price at which sales were made from January to March was the price of September, 1903; from April to August the price of April, 1904, and from September to December the price of September, 1904; consequently these prices were used in this table presenting monthly prices. It was impossible to secure quotations during all of the months of the year for 5 of the 259 articles, viz: Herring; buckwheat flour; onions; potatoes; and sheetings, bleached, 10-4, Atlantic. The average price for 1904 was obtained, as has already been explained, by dividing the sum of the quotations for the year as shown in Table I bjr the number of quotations for the year. The average price for the 10-year period, 1890 to 1899, was obtained by dividing 406 BULLETIN OF THE BUEEAU OF LABOE. the sum of the average prices of the 10 years by 10. This average price for 10 years has been adopted as the base for all relative prices. For the ten articles which do not show prices for the entire period of 10 years, 1890 to 1899, the base in each case is the average of the years prior to and including 1899. In explanation of the term base or standard as used in connection with relative prices or index numbers, it may be stated that in reducing a series of actual prices to relative prices a base must first be chosen, and this may be either a single quotation, the average price for 1 year, or the average for 2 or more years. If the price for a single year is chosen, it is essential that that year be a normal one, for if prices are high in the year chosen for the base any subsequent fall will be unduly emphasized, while, on the other hand, if prices are low any subsequent rise will be emphasized. Upon examination of the prices since 1890 it was found that all the commodi ties did not present a normal condition as regards prices in any one year. For this reason it was decided that an average price for a num ber of years would better reflect average or approximately normal conditions and form a more satisfactory base than would the price for any single year. The period chosen as this base was that from 1890 to 1899— a period of ten years. The average price for the base period was found, as previously stated, by adding together the average prices for all of the 10 years and dividing by 10. The relative prices as shown in this and succeeding tables have been calculated in tbe usual manner and represent simply the percentage which each monthly or yearly price is of the base price. The average price for the first 10 years of the period, or the base, always represents 100, and the percentages for each month or year enable the reader to measure readily the rise and fall from month to month or from year to year of the prices of each single commodity, of any group of com modities, or of all the 259 commodities involved. These commodities are arranged in alphabetical order under each of the nine general groups, as in Table I. In order that the method pursued may be more readily understood, the reader is referred to the table itself, as given on pages 488 to 506. Taking up the first commodity shown, barley, weiind that the average price per bushel for the base period, 1890 to 1899, inclusive, was 45.34 cents; the average price for January, 1904, was 56.90 cents; that for February was 56.75 cents; that for March 55.38 cents, etc. The rela tive price for the base period, as heretofore explained, is always placed at 100 and is so given in the table. The relative price for Janu ary, 1904, is shown to be 125.5, or 25.5 per cent higher than the base or average for the 10 years. In February the relative price was 125.2, or 25.2 per cent above the base; in March the relative price was 122.1, or 22.1 per cent above the base; in April it was 122.4, or 22.4 per cent above the base; in May it rose to 124.1, or 24.1 per cent above the COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 407 base; in June it was 124.9, or 24.9 per cent above the base; in July it dropped to 112.0, or 12.0 per cent above the base, and again in August to 111.7, or 11.7 per cent above the base; in September it was 113.6, or 13.6 per cent above the base; it declined in October, advanced again in November, and declined in December to 105.0, the lowest price for any month of the year. The relative price for the year 1904 was 116.9, or 16.9 per cent above the base. The figures in each case were secured according to the method already explained, that for January, 1904, being expressed as follows: Average Average Relative Relative price price price price for base period.......................................................................................... $0.4534 for January, 1904............................................................................................. 5690 for base period............................................................ ............................. 100.0 for January, 1904...................................................................................... 125.5 The remainder of the table may be analyzed in a similar manner. The value of prices given in this relative form, it will readily be seen, consists in the means afforded for tracing and measuring the changes from month to month, from year to year, or from period to period, and in the combination of prices of a sufficient number of commodities to show the general price level. It must not be assumed that a system of relative prices of representative commodities will enable one to trace the causes of changes in the general price level or to determine the effect of such changes on any class of consumers or on all consumers. The use of such a system is to show the general course of prices from time to time of one commodity, of a group of commodities, or of all commodities. No attempt has been made in any way to go into the causes of the rise and fall of prices. The aim has been to give the prices as they actually prevailed in the market. The relative prices or index num bers must be accepted merely as showing the course of prices both of the individual articles and the market in general. The causes are too complex, the relative influence of each too uncertain, in some cases involving too many economic questions, to permit their discus sion in connection with the present article. It will be sufficient to enumerate some of the influences that cause changes in prices. Such influences include variations in harvest, which not only restrict or increase the supply and consequently tend to increase or decrease the price of a commodity, but also restrict or increase, to a greater or less degree, the purchasing power of such communities as are dependent in whole or in part upon such commodity; changes in demand due to changes.in fashions, seasons, etc.; legislation altering internal-revenue taxes, import duties, or bounties; use of substitutes— as, for instance, an advance in the price of beef will cause an increased consumption of pork and mutton and, it may be added, a probable increase in the price of both pork and mutton; improvements in methods of produc tion which will tend either to give a better article for the same price 408 BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB. or an equal article for a lower price; cheapening of transportation or handling; speculative manipulation of the supply or of the raw prod uct; commercial panic or depression; overproduction; unusual demand owing to steady employment of consumers; short supply owing to disputes between labor and capital in industries of limited producing capacity, as in the anthracite coal industry in 1902; organization or combination of mills or producers, thus enabling, on the one hand, a greater or less control of prices or, on the other hand, economies in production or in transportation charges through the ability to supply the article from the point of production or manufacture nearest the purchaser. So far as individual commodities are concerned, no con clusion can safely be formed as to causes without an examination of the possible influence of several— in some cases perhaps all— of these causes. For example, the various internal-revenue and tariff acts have, in a marked degree, no doubt affected the prices of proof spirits, of tobacco, and of sugar. But, on the other hand, they have not been alone in their influences, and it probably would not in all cases be accurate to give the change of tax or duty as representing the measure of a certain and definite influence on the prices of those commodities. It is important that the greatest care be exercised in the choice of commodities in order that a simple average of their relative prices shall show a general price level. In the present compilation 259 com modities are shown, and it has been the aim of the Bureau to select only important and representative articles in each group. The num ber of articles included is larger than has heretofore been used in simi lar compilations, but the use of a large number of articles, carefully selected, minimizes the effect on the general price level of an unusual change in the price of any one article or of a few articles. It will be seen that more than one series of prices have been given in the case of articles of great importance. This has been done for the purpose of giving due weight to these important commodities, no other method o f accomplishing this having been found satisfactory in this country. The same means have been employed by Mr. Sauerbeck in his English prices, as explained in Bulletin No. 39, and the approximate accuracy of the same, as an indication of the variation of prices, has been proved by various tests based on the amount of production, etc. Various methods of weighting have been attempted in connection with previous compilations of relative prices. One method employed by European statisticians is to measure the importance of each com modity by its annual consumption by the entire nation, the annual consumption being found by adding to the home production the amount imported and subtracting the amount exported. The impos sibility of securing even approximately accurate figures for annual consumption in the United States of the commodities included in this compilation renders this method unavailable here. The method COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 409 employed in the Aldrich report consisted in giving to the various com modities or groups of commodities an importance based upon their consumption in normal families. There are, of course, many commod ities whose importance can not be measured by this method. It has been thought best in the present series of index numbers, after a care ful consideration of all methods of weighting, simply to use a large number of representative staple articles, selecting them in such a man ner as to make them, to a large extent, weight themselves. Upon a casual examination it may seem that by this method a comparatively unimportant commodity— such, for instance, as cotton-seed meal— has been given the same weight or importance as one of the more impor tant commodities, such as wheat. A closer examination, however, shows that cotton-seed meal enters into no other commodity under consideration, while wheat is not only quoted as the raw material, but enters into the two descriptions of wheat flour, the two descriptions of crackers, and the three descriptions of loaf bread. Material changes in the description of three articles were made in 1902, of two articles in 1903, and of one article in 1904. For two of these articles the trade journals no longer supply regular quotations, the manufacture of the particular grades of three pre viously quoted has been discontinued by the establishments heretofore furnishing quotations, and for one article the substituted description more nearly represents the present demands of the trade. The articles in which changes occur are— “ Hosiery: men’s cotton half hose, seamless, fast black, 20 to 22 ounce, two-thread goods,” for which has been substituted u Hosiery: men’s cotton half hose, seamless, fast black, 20 to 22 ounce, single-thread goods;” 66Leather: harness, oak, country middles, 14 pounds and up (except overweights, 20 pounds and up),” for which has been substituted “ Leather: harness, oak, packers’ hides, heavy No. 1 ; ” u Sheetings: brown, 4 -4 , Stark, A . A . , ” for which has been substituted “ Sheetings: brown, 4 -4 , Massachusetts Mills, Flying Horse brand;” “ Trouserings: fancy worsted, 22 to 23 ounce, worsted filling, wool and worsted backs,” for which has been substituted a Trouserings: fancy worsted, 21 to 22 ounce, all worsted warp and filling, wool and worsted back;” “ Underwear: shirts and drawers, white, merino, full-fashioned, 52 per cent wool, 48 per cent cotton, 24 gauge,” for which has been substituted “ Underwear: shirts and drawers, white, merino, full-fashioned, 60 per cent wool, 40 per cent cotton, 24 gauge;” and “ Shingles: white pine, 18 inches long, X X X X , ” for which has been substituted “ Shingles: Michigan white pine, 16 inches long, X X X X . ” In making these substitutions articles were supplied corresponding as closely as possible to those which had been previously used. Some explanation of the method of computing the relative price of these articles is necessary, and shingles will be used as an illustration^. 410 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. It must be understood that during the years when 18-inch shingles were quoted they were assumed to represent the several lengths and grades of white pine shingles; that is, that the course of prices of a standard grade of white pine shingles in an index number of prices fairly represents the course of prices of the various grades of white pine shingles. Therefore when it became necessary to substitute, in 1902, the 16-inch shingles for the 18-inch, prices were secured for 16-inch shingles for both 1901 and 1902, and it was found that the average price for the year 1902 was 9.96 per cent above the average price for the year 1901. The relative price of 18-inch shingles in 1901, as shown in Table IV , was 111.9 (average price for the 10 years, 1890 to 1899, equals 100), and if 18-inch shingles represented white pine shingles at that time and 16-inch shingles now represent the class, shingles (shown by the increase in price of 16-inch shingles) advanced, in 1902, 9.96 per cent above the price in 1901, and the relative price in 1902 was therefore 109.96 per cent of 111.9, the relative price in 1901, which gives 123 as the relative price in 1902. The same method was followed in computing relative prices for each of the months of 1902. The average price in 1904 was 2.05 per cent below the price in 1903; therefore the relative price in 1904 was 97.95 per cent of 125.1, the relative price in 1903, which gives 122.5 as the relative price in 1904. The same method was followed for hosiery, leather, and sheetings. For trouserings and underwear the exact grade quoted for 1903 was not manufactured in 1902. The manufacturer of trouserings, how ever, estimates that one-half the advance in price over the price for the grade quoted for previous years was due to the fact that it was a better article and the other half to the advance in price of material and cost of manufacture. The advance was $0.1125 per yard over the price in 1902; one-half of this, $0.05625, was added to the 1902 price of the 22 to 23 ounce trouserings to secure a theoretical 1902 price for the 21 to 22 ounce trouserings, and the 1903 relative price was then computed as above. Underwear was arbitrarily given the same rela tive price in 1903 as in 1902, as the all-wool underwear manufactured by the same firm showed no change in price. The 1904 relative prices of trouserings and underwear were found in the same way as was explained above for shingles. Table 1 1 1 — R elative p rices o f commodities in 190^ pages 507 to 518 .— This table is taken from Table II and shows the relative prices of each of the commodities included there. In this table similar commodities have been grouped, and the average of the relative prices shown for the commodities in each subgroup and in each of the nine general groups. The averages in all cases were found by dividing the sum of the relative prices by the number of commodities in the group under consideration. It should be borne constantly in mind that the term commodity is used here and elsewhere in a specific sense, “ native” 411 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. and “ W estern” sheep, for example, being'considered different com modities. The method of securing average relative prices in this and other tables was as follows: The average relative price of cattle was found by adding the relative prices of the two grades of cattle and dividing the sum by 2. The average for hogs was found in the same manner, and also the average for sheep. The average for live stock was found by dividing the sum of the relative prices of the two grades of cattle, the two grades of hogs, and the two grades of sheep by 6, the total number of different descriptions of commodities or series of quo tations in the live-stock group. The average relative price of each of the nine general groups was found by dividing the sum of the relative prices of the different descriptions of commodities for each month by the number of these commodities or series of quotations considered. The sum of the relative prices in January, 1904, of the commodities shown under the general group, “ food, etc^” for example, is 5,635.8, which amount divided by 53, the number of different descriptions of commodities or series of quotations considered in that group, gives 106.3 the average for the group “ food, etc.,” for January, 1904. A s explained in the discussion of Table II, it was impossible to secure quotations during all of the months of the year for 5 of the 259 arti cles. In order of arrangement these are herring, buckwheat flour, onions, potatoes, and sheetings— bleached, 10-4, Atlantic. In present ing monthly relative prices for these articles a nominal relative price (which is the same as the relative price for the month in which the article was last quoted) has been entered in this table for the months for which no price quotation is shown in Table I. This nominal price enters into the average for the subgroup, the general group, and “ all commodities” for that month. The average relative price of each of the nine general groups for each month of 1904 and for the year 1904, and the average relative price of all commodities for each month and for the year, are shown in the following summary: SUMMARY OF RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904, BY CROUPS. [Average price for 1890—1899=100.] Lum House- Miscel All ber and Drugs fur and com lane modi build chem nishing ing ma icals. goods. ous. ties. terials. Month. Farm prod ucts. Food, etc. Cloths and cloth ing. Fuel and light ing. Metals and imple ments. January................... February................ M a rch ..................... April........................ May.......................... Ju n e........................ July......................... August..................... September.............. O ctober................... N ovem ber.............. December................ 120.8 127.2 130.3 129.2 127.6 126.8 125.2 125.3 126.0 125.4 126.4 122.2 106.3 108.3 108.7 107.4 105.2 105.1 105.2 106.3 108.5 107.8 110.2 111.4 110.4 112.1 111.9 111.7 110.9 110.5 108.8 108.6 108.4 108.4 108.3 108.6 143.6 141.9 138.7 130.6 129.1 129.4 127.8 128.2 128.8 129.1 130.8 133.9 108.9 109.0 109.6 111.0 110.6 109.3 108.6 108.3 107.6 107.7 110.7 113.4 123.6 124.4 123.5 123.6 123.9 125.5 124.4 123.6 120.4 119.5 119.4 120.1 111.7 110.4 110.6 111.8 112.3 110.6 109.9 109.6 108.5 108.2 107.7 109.1 111.9 111.5 111.5 lll.'S 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 110.2 111*2 112.9 112.6 112.7 111.6 112.9 111.6 111.2 111.6 109.7 111.5 113.2 114.4 114.6 114.0 113.2 112.9 112.0 112.0 112.0 111.8 112.7 113.5 1904............... 126.2 107.2 109.8 132.6 109.6 122.7 110.0 111.7 111.7 113.0 412 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. In this table the average relative prices of farm products are based on 16 articles; of food, etc., on 53 articles; of cloths and clothing, on 76 articles; of fuel and lighting, on 13 articles; of metals and imple ments, on 38 articles; of lumber and building materials, on 27 articles; of drugs and chemicals, on 9 articles; of house furnishing goods, on 14 articles; and of miscellaneous, on 13 articles. The average relative prices of all commodities are based on 259 articles. The table shows that the group of farm products reached the lowest average in January and the highest in March; that of food, etc., the lowest in June and the highest in December; that of cloths and cloth ing, the lowest in November and the highest in February; that of fuel and lighting, the lowest in July and the highest in January; that of metals and implements, the lowest in September and the highest in December; that of lumber and building materials, the lowest in November and the highest in June; that of drugs and chemicals, the lowest in November and the highest in M ay; that of house furnishing goods, the lowest in February, March, and April, and the highest in January; while in the miscellaneous group the lowest average was reached in November and the highest in March and July. A ll com modities combined reached the lowest average of the year in October and the highest in March. The course of prices during the months of 1904 as represented by the 259 commodities is clearly shown in the graphic table which follows: R E L A T IV E PRICES OF A L L COMMODITIES IN 1904. [Average price for 1890 to 1899=100.] RELATIVE PRICES. "JAN. FEB. MAR. lie 114 112 no 108 106 104 102 100 APR. M A Y. JUN. JU L. AUG. SEP. OCT. N O V. DEC. COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 413 Many students of price statistics desire to distinguish between raw commodities and manufactured commodities, or those which have been prepared for consumption by the application of manufacturing proc esses and in which manufacturing labor forms a considerable part of the cost. To meet the wishes of this class of readers, therefore, the commodities included in this price series have been divided into the two classes, raw and manufactured, and simple averages made for each class. O f course, hard and fast definitions of these classes can not be made, but the commodities here designated as raw may be said to be such as are marketed in their natural state and such as have been sub jected to only a preliminary manufacturing process, thus converting them into a marketable condition, but not to a suitable form for final consumption, while the commodities here designated as manufactured are such as have been subjected to more than a preliminary factory manipulation and in which the manufacturing labor cost constitutes an important element in the price. In the group designated as raw are included all farm products, beans, coffee, eggs, milk, rice, nutmegs, pepper, tea, vegetables, raw silk, wool, coal, crude petroleum, copper ingots, pig lead, pig iron, bar silver, spelter, pig tin, brimstone, jute, and rubber— a total of 50 articles. A ll the other articles are classed as manufactured commodities. The table follows: RELATIVE PRICES OP RAW COMMODITIES, MANUFACTURED COMMODITIES, AND ALL COMMODITIES, IN 1904. [Average price for 1890-1899=100.] Month. Manufac Raw All tured commod commod commod ities. ities. ities. January............................................................................................................ February.......................................................................................................... M arch............................................................................................................... A p ril................................................................................................................. M ay................................................................................................................... June................................................................................................................... J u ly ................................................................................................................... A ugu st.............................................................................................................. September......................................................................................................... October..........................................................................................*................... November............................................................. ........................................... Decem ber......................................................................................................... 121.8 123.6 123.2 121.1 119.7 118.5 117.5 118.7 119.1 117.3 120.7 122.1 111.1 112.2 112.5 112.3 111.6 111.5 110.7 110.4 110.3 110.5 110.8 111.5 113.2 114.4 114.6 114.0 113.2 112.9 112.0 112.0 112.0 111.8 112.7 113.5 1904.......................................................................................................... 119.7 111.3 113.0 The raw commodities reached the lowest average of the year in October and the highest in February; manufactured commodities reached the lowest in September and the highest in March. The average for raw commodities ranged from 17.3 per cent to 23.6 per cent above the base price, while the average for manufactured com modities ranged from 10.3 per cent to 12.5 per cent above the base price. 414 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. The course of prices of raw and manufactured commodities during 1904 is shown in the graphic table which follows: R E L A T IV E PRICES OF R A W A N D M A N U FA C TU R E D COMMODITIES IN 1904. [Average price for 1890 to 1899=100.] RELATIVE PRICES. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. 124 122 / \ / X 120 4✓ f r N v / n s N \ i / / r 116 H 4 If2 110 108 K>6 104 102 (00 raw COMMODITIES. ......... . ' ■ MANUFACTURED COMMODITIES. Table I V ,— B a se prices (average f o r 1 8 90-1899), and average yearly actual and relative p rices o f com m odities, 1890 to 1 9 0 4 ,pages 519 to 537 ,— This table shows for each commodity the base price (average price for the 10-year period 1890-1899), the average price for each of the 15 years from 1890 to 1904, and the relative price for each year. The average price for each year was obtained, as has been explained, by dividing the sum of the quotations for each year as shown in Table I by the number of quotations for each year. The average price for the 10-year period 1890 to 1899 was obtained by dividing the sum of the average prices of the 10 years by 10. The relative prices for each year were computed in the same way as for each month, as explained in the discussion of Table II. Table V — R elative prices o f com m odities, 1890 to 190h, pages 587 to 51$ . — This table is taken from Table I V and shows the relative prices 415 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. of each of the commodities included there. In this table similar com modities have been grouped and the average of the relative prices shown for the commodities in each subgroup and in each of the nine general groups. The averages in all cases were found by dividing the sum of the relative prices by the number of commodities in the group under consideration, as explained in the discussion of Table III. The average relative price of each of the nine general groups was ^found by dividing the sum of the relative prices of the different descriptions of commodities for each year by the number of these com modities or series of quotations considered in that year. The sum of the relative prices in 1890 of the commodities shown under the general group, “ food, etc.,” for example, is 5,958.2, which amount, divided by 53, the number of different descriptions of commodities or series of quotations considered that year, gives 112.4, the average for the group “ food, etc.,” for 1890. For 1893 to 1903, 5 4 -commodities are quoted in this group, and that number is accordingly the divisor for each of those years. For 1904, 53 commodities are included in this group. The average relative price of each of the nine general groups for each year of the period, and the average relative price of all com modities for each year, are shown in the summary following: SUMMARY OF RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904, BY GROUPS. [Average price for 1890-1899=100.] Year. 1890......... 1891......... 1892......... 1893......... 1894......... 1895......... 1896......... 1897......... 1898......... 1899......... 1900......... 1901......... 1902......... 1903......... 1904......... Farm prod ucts. 110.0 121.5 111.7 107.9 95.9 93.3 78.3 85.2 96.1 100.0 109.5 116.9 130.5 118.8 126.2 Food, etc. 112.4 115.7 103.6 110.2 99.8 94.6 83.8 87.7 94.4 98.3 104.2 105.9 111.3 107.1 107.2 Cloths and cloth ing. 113.5 111.3 109.0 107.2 96.1 92.7 91.3 91.1 93.4 96.7 105.8 101.0 102.0 106.6 109.8 Fuel and light ing. 104.7 102.7 101.1 100.0 92.4 98.1 104.3 96.4 95.4 105.0 120.9 119.5 134.3 149.3 132.6 Metals Lumber Drugs House and com and and furnish Miscel All ing im ple building chemic laneous. modi inateties. ments. als. goods. rials. 119.2 111.7 106.0 100.7 90.7 92.0 93.7 86.6 86.4 114.7 120.5 111.9 117.2 117.6 109.6 111.8 108.4 102.8 101.9 96.3 94.1 93.4 90.4 95.8 105.8 115.7 116.7 118.8 121.4 122.7 110.2 103.6 102.9 100.5 89.8 87.9 92.6 94.4 106.6 111.3 115.7 115.2 114.2 112.6 110.0 111.1 110.2 106.5 104.9 100.1 96.5 94.0 89.8 92.0 95.1 106.1 110.9 112.2 113.0 111.7 110.3 109.4 106.2 105.9 99.8 94.5 91.4 92.1 92.4 97.7 109.8 107.4 114.1 113.6 111.7 112.9 111.7 106.1 105.6 96.1 93.6 90.4 89.7 93.4 101.7 110.5 108.5 112.9 113.6 113/0 In this table the average relative prices of farm products are based on 16 articles; of food, etc., on 53 articles from 1890 to 1892 and 1904, and 54 from 1893 to 1903; of cloths and clothing, on 70 articles in 1890 and 1891, 72 in 1892, 73 in 1893 and 1894, 75 in 1895 and 1896, and 76 from 1897 to 1904; of fuel and lighting, on 13 articles; of metals and implements, on 37 articles from 1890 to 1893, 38 in 1894 and 1895 and from 1899 to 1904, and 39 from 1896 to 1898; of lumber and building materials, on 26 articles from 1890 to 1894, and 27 from 1895 to 1904; of drugs and chemicals, on 9 articles; of house furnishing goods, on 14 articles; and of miscellaneous, on 13 articles. The average relative prices of all commodities are based on 251 articles in 1890 and 1891, 416 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOB. on 253 in 1892^ on 255 in 1893, on 256 in 1894, on 259 in 1895 and 1904, on 260 in 1896 and from 1899 to 1903, and on 261 in 1897 and 1898. A study of the table shows that the group of farm products reached the lowest average in 1896 and the highest in 1902; that of food, etc., the lowest in 1896 and the highest in 1891; that of cloths and cloth ing, the lowest in 1897 and the highest in 1890; that of fuel and light ing, the lowest in 1894 and the highest in 1903; that of metals and implements, the lowest in 1898 and the highest in 1900; that of lumber and building materials, the lowest in 1897 and the highest in 1904; that of drugs and chemicals, the lowest in 1895 and the highest in 1900; that of house furnishing goods, the lowest in 1897 and the highest in 1903, while in the miscellaneous group the lowest average was reached in 1896 and the highest in 1902. The average for all commodities com bined was the lowest in 1897 and the highest in 1903. O f the nine groups it is seen that one reached its lowest point in 1894, one in 1895, three in 1896, three in 1897, and one in 1898. The highest point was reached by one group in 1890, by one in 1891, by two in 1900, by two in 1902, by two in 1903, and by one in 1904. The average relative prices of the 249 commodities for which quo tations were secured for the entire period involved do not differ mate rially from the average relative prices of all commodities shown in the above table. Eliminating the commodities for which quotations could be secured for only a portion of the period, we find that the average relative prices of the 249 commodities remaining was 112.9 in 1890, 111.7 in 1891, 106.0 in 1892, 105.4 in 1893, 95.9 in 1894, 93.5 in 1895, 90.3 in 1896, 89.5 in 1897, 93.2 in 1898, 101.5 in 1899, 110.2 in 1900, 108.3 in 1901, 112.8 in 1902, 113.7 in 1903, and 113.2 in 1904. In the table which follows, all commodities under consideration have been divided into two classes or groups. The 50 articles which are included in the group of raw commodities are shown on page 413. A ll the other articles are classed as manufactured commodities. RELATIVE PRICES OF RAW COMMODITIES, MANUFACTURED COMMODITIES, AND ALL COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904. [Average price for 1890-1899=100.] Year. 1890................................................................................................................. 1891................................................................................................................. 1892................................................................................................................. 1893................................................................................................................. 1894................................................................................................................. 1895................................................................................................................. 1896................................................................................................................. 1897................................................................................................................. 1898................................................................................................................. 1899................................................................................................................. 1900................................................................................................................. 1901................................................................................................................. 1902................................................................................................................. 1903................................................................................................................. 1904................................................................................................................. Manu Raw factured All com commod commod modities. ities. ities. 115.0 116.3 107 9 104.4 93.2 91.7 84.0 87.6 94.0 105.9 111.9 111.4 122.4 122.7 119.7 112.3 110.6 105.6 105.9 96.8 94.0 91.9 90.1 93.3 100.7 110.2 107.8 110.6 111.5 111.3 112.9 111.7 106.1 105.6 96.1 93.6 90.4 89.7 03.4 101.7 110.5 108.5 112.9 113.6 113.0 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 417 The course of wholesale prices during the 15 years 1890 to 1904, as represented by all commodities considered, is shown in the graphic table which follows: R E L A T IV E PRICES OF A LL COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904. [Average price for 1890 to 1899=100.] In 1890 and 1891, when prices in general were high, the raw com modities were higher than the manufactured, and remained so until 1893, when prices of raw commodities declined and manufactured com modities were slightly above the prices of 1892. From 1894 to 189(4 there was a marked decline in both groups, the raw being lower than, the manufactured in each of these years. In 1897 raw advanced and manufactured declined. From 1898 to 1900 there was a decided advance in both groups each year, raw advancing to a higher point, than manufactured. In 1901 there was a very slight decline in raw and a more marked decline in manufactured. In 1902 both raw and manufactured commodities made a decided advance. In 1903 raw com modities advanced to the highest point reached in the 15 years under consideration, and manufactured commodities were at the highest poin t. 16818— No. 57— 05------3 418 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. in 1890. In 1904 both raw and manufactured commodities declined slightly. For the 15 years included in this table, with the single exception of 1893, it will be seen that during the years of high prices raw com modities were higher than manufactured, and during the years of low prices, with the exception of 1898, raw were lower than manufactured. This is clearly shown in the graphic table which follows: R E L A T IV E PRICES OF R A W A N D M A N U FAC TU R ED COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904. [Average price for 1890 to 1899=100.] COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904, 419 The following table shows for each of the nine general groups the relative prices of 1904 compared with the average for 1890 to 1899. Only the 249 commodities for which quotations were secured for the whole period of 15 years have been included. The average price for 1890 to 1899 is in every case the base or 100 per cent. It should be kept in mind in using this table that the comparison is between the prices for 1904 and the average prices for the base period. RELATIVE PRICES, 1904 COMPARED WITH AVERAGE PRICE FOR 1890-1899. [For a more detailed description of the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.] Farm products, 16 articles. Rela tive price, Article. PRICE INCREASED. Article. Rela tive price, p r i c e i n c r e a s e d — c o n c lu d e d . Sheep: Western............................................ Cattle: steers, good to choice...................... Sheep: native....... , ...................................... Cattle: steers, choice to extra.................... Hay: timothy, No. 1..................................... Hogs: lig h t .................................................. Hogs: h ea vy................................................. Barley: by sam ple...................................... Hides: green, salted, packers, heavy na tive steers................................................. . Corn: No.-2, cash .......................................... 107.8 109.7 110.3 112.0 112.5 116.5 116.8 116.9 124.4 132.6 Rye: No. 2, ca sh ...................... . Oats: cash ................................ . Wheat: contract grades, cash . Cotton: upland, m iddling....... Hops: New York State, choice, 133.4 135.8 138.3 155.9 196.2 PRICE DECREASED. Flaxseed: N o .l........................ . 99.6 Average, farm products. 126.2 Food, etc., 52 articles. p r i c e in c r e a s e d — c o n c lu d e d . PRICE INCREASED. Butter: creamery, Elgin (Elgin m arket).. Sugar: granulated........... ........................... Sugar: 89° fair refining............................... Bread: loaf (Washington m arket)............ Fish: mackerel, salt, large No. 3s.............. Sugar: 96° centrifugal................................ Cheese: New York State, full cream......... Meat: mutton, dressed................................ Vegetables, fresh: onions........................... Bread: loaf, Vienna (New York m arket). T allow ........................................................... Meat: beef, fresh, native sides................... Milk: fr e sh ................................................... Molasses: New Orleans, open kettle, prime. Meat: hams, smoked................................... Meat; beef, salt, extra mess........................ Salt: A m erican............................................ Bread: loaf, homemade (New York mar ket) ............................................................. Lard: prime contract.................................. Meat: bacon, short clear sides................... Bread: crackers, Boston X ......................... Meat: bacon, short rib sides...................... Fish: salmon, ca n n e d ................................ Flour: buckw heat....................................... Beans: medium, choice.............................. Meat: pork, salt, mess, old to n ew ............ Meat: beef, salt, hams, W estern............... Flour: wheat, spring patents.................... Flour: wheat, winter straights................... 100.4 101.0 102.1 102.5 102.6 102.7 103.2 103.2 104.6 105.1 105.5 106.1 107.8 107.8 108.9 109.4 109.4 110.4 111.8 114.8 115.2 115.4 117.1 120.1 120.4 120.6 123.5 125.2 125.5 Meal: corn, fine w h it e ............................. Fruit: currants, in barrels......................... Fish: cod, dry, bank, large........................ Flour: rye..................................................... Meal: corn, fine y e llo w ............................. Eggs: new-laid, fancy, near-by................. Fish: herring, shore, rou n d ...................... Vegetables, fresh: potatoes, B urbank___ Spices: pepper, Singapore.......................... 127.8 130.1 130.4 131.1 131.1 135.0 144.4 146.3 164.1 p r ic e d e c r e a s e d . Fruit: raisins, California, London layer.. Butter: creamery, extra (New York mar ket) ........................................................... Butter: dairy, New York State................. Tea: Formosa, fin e..................................... Starch: pure c o r n ....................................... Bread: crackers, sod a ................................ Vinegar: cider, Monarch........................... Rice: domestic, ch oice.............................. Fruit: apples, evaporated, ch oice............ Fruit: apples, sun-dried, Southern,sliced. Soda: bicarbonate of, American............... Coffee: Rio No. 7 ......................................... Fruit: prunes, California, in boxes.......... Spices: nutmegs.......................................... 98.2 Average, food, e tc ............................... 106.8 97.6 97.3 97.1 95.8 91.6 78.6 71.2 64.7 62.2 59.6 59.6 50.3 420 BULLETIN OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR, RELATIVE PRICES, 1904 COMPARED WITH AVERAGE PRICE FOR 1890-1899—Continued. [For a more detailed description of the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.] Cloths and clothing, 70 articles. Article. Rela tive price, 1904. Article. PRICE INCREASED. p r i c e in c r e a s e d — c o n c lu d e d . Underwear: shirts and drawers, white, all wool, full-fashioned, 18-gauge.......... Leather: sole, o a k ....................................... Ginghams: Am oskeag................................ Overcoatings: chinchilla, B-rough, all w o o l........................................................... Linen thread: 3-cord, 200-yard spools, Barbour .................................................... Leather: wax calf, 30 to 40 pounds to the dozen, B g r a d e ......................................... Women’s dress goods: cashmere, cotton warp, 22-inch, Hamilton......................... Wool: Ohio,medium fleece (£ andfgrade), scoured...................................................... Shawls: standard, all wool, 72 by 144 inch, 42-ounce, made of high-grade w ool....... Carpets: ingrain, 2-ply, L o w e ll................. Suitings: indigo blue, all wool, 54-inch, 14-ounce, Middlesex standard............... Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, Lonsdale............ Leather: harness, o a k ................................ Blankets: 11-4, 5 pounds to the pair, all w o o l........................................................... Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, Fruit of the Loom Carpets: Brussels, 5-frame, B igelow ......... Broadcloths: first quality, black, 54-inch, made from X X X w ool............................. Women’s dress goods: cashmere, cotton warp, 27-inch, Hamilton.......................... Carpets: Wilton, 5-frame, Bigelow............ Overcoatings: beaver, Moscow, all wool, b la c k .......................................................... Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, Hope................... Boots and shoes: women’ s solid grain Shoes, leather, polish or polka............... Women’s dress goods: alpaca, cotton warp, 22-inch, Hamilton......................... Women’s dress goods: Franklin sackings, 6-4................. ............................................... Boots and shoes: men’s split boots, kip top, 16-inch, £ double sole ?«).......................... Suitings: indigo blue, all wool, 16-ounce. Tickings: Amoskeag A. C. A ...................... Women’s dress goods: cashmere, cotton warp, 9-twill, 4-4, Atlantic Mills F ......... Cotton yarns: carded, white, mule-spun, Northern, cones, 22/1............................... Worsted yarns: 2-40s, X X X or its equiva lent in quality, white, in skeins (o )....... Leather: sole, hemlock, nonacid, Buenos Ayres, middle weights, first q u ality___ Denims: Amoskeag..................................... Worsted yarns: 2-40s, Australian fin e....... Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Stark A. A. ( c ) ....... Print cloths: 28-inch, 64 by 6 4 ................... Flannels: white, 4-4, Ballard Vale No. 3.. Women’s dress goods: cashmere, all wool, 10-11 twill, 38-inch, Atlantic Mills J ___ Blankets: 11-4, 5 pounds to the pair, cotton warp, all wool fillin g ................. Cotton thread: 6-cord, 200-yard spools, J. & P. Coats..................................................... Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Pepperell R .......... Horse blankets: 6 pounds each, all w ool. Cotton yams: carded, white, mule-spun, Northern, cones, 10/1............................... Blankets: 11-4, 5 pounds to the pair, cotton warp, cotton and wool fillin g... Wool: Ohio, fine fleece (X a n d X X g ra d e), scoured...................................................... Cotton flannels: 2£ yards to the p ou n d ... Cotton flannels: S£ yards to the p ou n d ... Drillings: 30-inch, Stark A ........................ Drillings: brown, Pepperell...................... Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Indian Head......... Sheetings: bleached, 10-4, Atlantic.......... Bags: 2-bushel, Amoskeag.......................... Sheetings: bleached, 10-4, Pepperell....... Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Atlantic A ............ 100.4 102.6 102.8 103.1 103.7 105.0 106.7 106.7 107.0 109.1 109.1 109.5 110.0 110.1 110.2 110.3 110.5 110.5 110.7 111.7 111.9 112.3 112.4 113.4 113.7 114.1 114.3 114.5 115.7 116.3 116.5 116.6 116.6 117.0 117.3 117.6 117.7 118.3 120.1 121.4 122.2 123.2 123.8 124.2 125.4 125.7 126.3 127.1 128.1 128.3 128.4 128.7 129.8 PRICE DECREASED. Boots and shoes: men’s calf bal. shoes, Goodyear welt, dongola top................... Linen shoe thread: 10s, Barbour.............. Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, Wamsutta Ginghams: Lancaster................................. Hosiery: men’ s cotton half hose, seam less, standard quality, 84 n eed les......... Calico: Cocheco prints............................... Underwear: shirts and drawers, white merino, full-fashioned, 52 per cent wool, 48 per cent cotton, 24-gauge (<*) .. Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, New York Mills. Sheetings: bleached, 10-4, Wamsutta S.T. Overcoatings: covert cloth, light weight, staple g o o d s.............................................. Boots and shoes: men’s brogans, split___ Overcoatings: chinchilla, cotton warp, C. C. g ra d e ................................................ Silk: raw, Italian, classical...................... Silk: raw, Japan, filatures........................ Boots and shoes: men’s vici kid shoes, Goodyear w e l t ......................................... Hosiery: men’s cotton half hose, seam less, fast black, 20 to 22 ounce, 160 needles, two-thread goods ( e ) ............... Hosiery: women’s cotton hose, seamless, fast black, 26 to 28 ounce, 160 to 176 needles...................................................... Average, cloths and clo th in g ......... a In 1903 and 1904, russet bound top,'' 17-inch, £ double sole. 5 From 1902 to 1904, designated as X X X X . c From 1902 to 1904, quotations are for Massachusetts Mills, Flying Horse brand, d in 1903 and 1904, 60 per cent wool, 40 per cent cotton. e In 1904, single-thread goods. Rela tive price, 1904. 97.2 97.2 97.0 95.7 94.1 94.0 93.5 93.3 90.8 90.6 87.3 82.1 81.6 109.8 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 421 RELATIVE PRICES, 1904 COMPARED WITH AVERAGE PRICE FOR 1890-1899—Continued. [For a more detailed description of the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.] Fuel and lighting , 13 articles. Rela tive price, 1904. Article. Article. Rela tive price, 1904. PRICE in c r e a s e d — concluded. PRICE INCREASED. Candles: adamantine, 63,14-ounce.......... Coal: bituminous, Georges Creek (f. o. b. New York H a rb or).................................. Coal: anthracite, b ro k e n ........................... Coal: anthracite, stov e............................... Petroleum: refined, for export................... Coal: bituminous, Pittsburg (Youghiogh en y)........................................................ Coal: anthracite, chestnut......................... Coa.1: ftnthrfl.cit.ej e g g T„ T........................... 115.1 116.5 126.1 127.1 127.3 132.5 134.2 134.2 Petroleum: refined, 150° fire test, w. w ___ Petroleum: cru d e....................................... Coal: bituminous, Georges Creek (at m in e )........................................................ 153.6 178.8 196.9 PRICE DECREASED. Coke: Connellsville, furnace.................... Matches: parlor, dom estic........................ 96.4 85.4 Average, fuel and lighting.............. 132.6 Metals and implements , 36 articles. PRICE in c r e a s e d — c o n c lu d e d . PRICE SAME AS BASE. Saws: crosscut, Disston.............................. Trowels: M. C. O., brick, lO H n ch ............ 100.0 100.0 PRICE INCREASED. Bar iron: best refined, from mill (Pitts burg m ark et).......................................... . Steel billets............................................ Pig iron: foundry No. 2 .............................. Bar iron: best refined, from store (Phila delphia m ark et)..................................... . Pig iron: foundry No. 1.............................. Pig iron: gray forge, Southern, coke........ Quicksilver................................................. Zinc: sheet.................................................... Copper: ingot, la k e ..................................... Steel rails.................................................... . Copper: sheet, hot rolled (base sizes)----Vises: solid box, 50-lb.................................. Spelter: Western.......................................... Planes: Bailey No. 5 ................................... Lead: p ig ...................................................... Files: 8-inch mill bastard........................... 102.1 103.0 104.4 104.9 105.2 105.3 105.5 105.6 106.2 107.4 108.5 109.1 113.9 115.7 116.3 122.0 Axes: M. C. O., Y ankee.................... Locks: common mortise................... . Butts: loose joint, cast, 3x3 in c h __ Hammers: Maydole No. 1£.............. Doorknobs: steel, bronze plated....... Augers: extra, 3-inch.....................4.. Tin: p ig ............................................... Chisels: extra, socket firmer, 1-inch. 123.3 125.5 126.6 129.0 144.8 149.3 152.5 153.4 PRICE DECREASED. Pig iron: Bessemer..................................... Lead p ip e ................................................. Nails: cut, 8-penny, fence and com m on.. Barb wire: galvanized............................... Saws: hand, Disston No. 7....... ................. Copper wire: bare....................................... Shovels: Ames No. 2.................................... Nails: wire, 8-penny, fence and common. Silver: bar, fin e ...................... , .................. Wood screws: 1-inch, No. 10, flat h ea d ... 99.5 89.3 £8.6 98.2 97.3 88.2 77.2 62.6 Average, metals and implements .. 110.1 99.8 Lumber and building materials , 36 articles. PRICE INCREASED. Carbonate of lead: American, in o il....... . Oxide of z in c ............................................... Pine: yellow ................................................. Maple: h a rd ................................................. Shingles: white p in e ................................ . Oak: while, plain....................................... . Window glass: American, single, thirds, 6x8 to 10x15 i n c h .................................... W indow glass: American, single, firsts, 6x8 to 10x15 i n c h ..................................... Pine: white, boards, No. 2 barn............... Brick: common domestic.......................... Tar................................................................ H em lock...................................................... . Spruce.......................................................... Oak: white, quartered............................... Doors: p in e ................................................. P op la r...................................................... PRICE INCREASED— c o n c lu d e d . 103.6 115.8 116.0 117.0 122.5 124.2 128.0 134.2 134.4 134.7 139.4 142.1 142.9 15a 4 154.6 160.5 Turpentine; spirits o f .......... Pine: white, boards, uppers. Resin: good, strained.......... 172.2 174.0 196.8 PRICE DECREASED. Lime: c o m m o n .......................................... Shingles: cypress........................................ Linseed oil: r a w ........................................ Cement: R osendale................................... Plate glass: polished, unsilvered, area 5 to 10 square feet....................................... Putty........................................................... . Plate glass: polished, unsilvered, area 3 to 5 square feet....................................... . Average, lumber and building ma terials ............................................. 99.0 92.2 91.7 90.4 70.3 62.7 124.6 422 BULLET1H OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR RELATIVE PRICES, 1901 COMPARED WITH AVERAGE PRICE FOR 1890-1899—Concluded. [For a more detailed description of the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.] Drugs and chemicals, 9 articles. Rela tive price, 1904. Article. Article. Rela tive price, 1904. PRICE DECREASED. p r ic e in c r e a s e d . Alum: lu m p ................................................ Brimstone: crude, seconds........................ Alcohol: grain, 94 per c e n t........................ Opium: natural, in cases........................... Sulphuric acid: 66°..................................... Muriatic acid: 20°....................................... 104.8 105.2 108.6 116.5 144.9 153.8 Glycerin: refined......................................... Quinine: A m erican.................................... Alcohol: wood, refined, 95 per cen t......... 99.8 94.8 61.6 Average, drugs and chem icals....... 110.0 House furnishing goods , Ik articles. PRICE INCREASED. p r i c e i n c r e a s e d —concluded. Earthenware: teacups and saucers, white g r a n ite ..................................................... W ooden ware: tubs, oak-grained.............. Furniture: tables, kitchen......................... Table cutlery: knives and forks, cocofcolo handles...................................................... Earthenware: plates, white granite......... Earthenware: plates, cream -colored....... Furniture: bedroom sets, ash..................... Furniture: chairs, k itch e n ........................ Glassware: nappies, 4-in ch ........................ Furniture: chairs, bedroom, m aple......... Wooden ware: pails, oak-grained............ 106.4 107.6 108.1 110.0 110.4 113.8 116.1 124.7 125.0 129.1 130.9 PRICE DECREASED. Glassware: pitchers, ^-gallon, com m on.. Table cutlery: carvers, stag h a n d les..... Glassware: tumblers, j-pint, common . . . 97.9 93.8 90.1 Average, house furnishing goods .. 111.7 Miscellaneous, IS articles. PRICE INCREASED. Cotton-seed oil: summer y ellow ,p rim e... Starch: la u n d ry .................................. ....... Proof spirits................................................... Soap: castile, mottled, p u r e ...................... Tobacco: smoking, granulated, Seal of North C arolina......................................... Tobacco: plug, Horseshoe.......................... Cotton-seed m e a l......................................... Jute: ra w ...................................................... Rope: m anila................................................ p r i c e in c r e a s e d — c o n c lu d e d . 103.0 106.0 110.4 113.7 114.4 116.6 119'. 3 123.7 125.4 Rubber: Para Island............... 135.8 p r ic e d e c r e a s e d . Malt: Western m a d e ............... Paper: wrapping, m anila___ Paper: news............................. . 95.8 89.3 Average, miscellaneous. 111.7 The farm-products group was 26.2 per cent higher in 1904 than the average price for the ten years, 1890 to 1899, only one of the 16 arti cles being lower in 1904 than the average price for 1890 to 1899. The 1904 price, compared with the average price for 1890 to 1899, shows hops to be 96.2 per cent above; cotton, 55.9 per cent above; wheat, 38.3 per cent above; oats, 35.8 per cent above; corn, 32.6 per cent above; hides, 24.4 per cent above; barley, 16.9 per cent above; heavy hogs, 16.8 per cent above; light hogs, 16.5 per cent above, etc. Considering the articles shown in this table, it is seen that the food group was 6.8 per cent higher in 1904 than the average price for 1890 to 1899. Thirty-eight of the 52 articles considered in this table were higher, and 14 lower, than the average price for 1890 to 1899. In 1904 potatoes were 46.3 per cent above the average price for 1890 to 1899; herring, 44.4 per cent above; eggs, 35 per cent above; COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 423 yellow meal, 31.1 per cent above; rye flour, 31.1 per cent above; cod fish, 30.4 per cent above; currants, 30.1 per cent above; white meal, 2T.8 per cent above; winter wheat flour, 25.5 per cent above; spring wheat flour, 25.2 per cent above, etc. Coffee was 40.4 per cent below the average price for 1890 to 1899; rice, 21.4 per cent below; dairy butter, 2.7 per cent below; creamery butter (New York market), 2.4 per cent below, etc. O f the 70 articles considered in the cloths and clothing group, 53 were in 1904 above, and 17 below, the average price for 1890 to 1899. In 1904 brown sheetings, Atlantic A , were 29.8 per cent above the average price for 1890 to 1899; bleached sheetings, Pepperell, were 28.7 per cent above; bags, 28.4 per cent above, etc. W omen’s cotton hosiery, 160 to 176 needles, were 18.4 per cent below the. average price for 1890 to 1899; men’s cotton hosiery, 160 needles, 17.9 per cent below; men’s vici kid shoes, 12.7 per cent below, etc. O f the 13 articles included in the fuel and lighting group in 1904 two articles were below the average price for 1890 to 1899. The aver age price for the group was 32.6 per cent above the average for 1890 to 1899. Georges Creek coal at the mine was 96.9 per cent above the average price for 1890 to 1899. Crude petroleum was 78.8 per cent above the average price for 1890 to 1899; 150° refined, petroleum, 53.6 per cent above; anthracite coal, egg size, 34.2 per cent above; chestnut size, 34.2 per cent above, etc. Thirty-six articles are considered in the metals and implements group. Two were the same price in 1904, 24 were above, and 10 were below the average price for 1890 to 1899. Chisels were 58.4 per cent above the average for 1890 to 1899; pig tin, 52.5 per cent above; pig iron, gray forge, 5.3 per cent above; pig iron, foundry No. 1, 5.2 per cent above, etc. W ood screws were 37.4 per cent below the average for 1890 to 1899; bar silver was 22.8 per cent below; wire nails were 11.8 per cent below, etc. O f the 26 articles considered in the lumber and building materials group, 19 were above and 7 were below the average price for 1890 to 1899. White pine boards, uppers, were 74.0 per cent above the aver age price for 1890 to 1899; spirits of turpentine, 72.2 per cent above; poplar, 60.5 per cent above; pine doors, 54.6 per cent above, etc. Plate glass, area 3 to 5 square feet, was 37.3 per cent below the average price for 1890 to 1899; putty, 30.4 per cent below; plate glass, area 5 to 10 square feet, 29.7 per cent below, etc. O f the 9 articles included in the group of drugs and chemicals, 6 were above and 3 were below the average price for 1890 to 1899. O f the 14 articles in the group of house furnishing goods, the 1904 424 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. prices of 11 articles were above the average price for 1890 to 1899, and the prices of 3 articles were below that average. O f the 13 articles included in the miscellaneous group, the 1904 prices of 10 were above and the prices of 3 were below the average price for 1890 to 1899. The facts presented in the foregoing table are summarized in the following, which shows the changes in prices of articles in each group, classified by per cent of change: CHANGES IN PRICES OP ARTICLES IN EACH GROUP, CLASSIFIED BY PER CENT OF CHANGE, 1904 COMPARED WITH AVERAGE PRICE FOR 1890-1899. Groups. Farm products................................... Food, e t c ............................................. Cloths and clothing1........................... Fuel and lighting............................... Metals and im plem ents.................... Lumber and building materials....... Price increased. Price decreased. Num Price ber of 50 to 25 to 50 10 to 25 Less same Less 10 to 25 25 to 50 than arti 100 per per as than per 10 per per per base. 10 per cent. cles. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. Drugs and ch em ica ls............................ H ouse furnishing g ood s........ .............. M iscella n eou s.................: ..................... 16 52 70 13 36 26 9 14 13 T o ta l.......................................... 249 2 1* 3 2 6 1 15 1 4 10 9 6 5 7 1 3 2 7 10 32 2 5 5 1 5 6 2 17 12 i2 1 3 3 2 2 47 73 52 2 6 14 1 7 4 2 3 2 40 2 3 1 2 6 1 3 1 1 9 11 It is seen in the above comparison of the prices of 1904 with the average for 1890 to 1899 that of the 16 articles in the farm products group, 15 show an increase and only 1 a decrease; of the 52 in the food, etc., group, 38 show an increase and 14 a decrease; of the 70 in the cloths and clothing group, 53 show an increase and 17 show a decrease; of the 13 in the fuel and lighting group, 11 show an increase and 2 a decrease; of the 36 in the metals and implements group, 24 show an increase, 2 show the same price as the average for the base period, and 10 show a decrease; of the 26 in the lumber and building materials group, 19 show an increase and 7 a decrease; of the 9 in the drugs and chemicals group, 6 show an increase and 3 a decrease; of the 14 in the house furnishing goods group, 11 show an increase and 3 a decrease; of the 13 in the miscellaneous group, 10 show an increase and 3 a decrease. O f the 249 commodities, for which prices were secured for the whole period from 1890 to 1904, 187 show an increase, 2 show the same price as the average for the base period, and 60 show a decrease. The number of articles according to classified per cents of increase and decrease is also shown in this table. O f the 187 commodities that showed an increase in 1904 over the average for 1890 to 1899, 52 advanced less than 10 per cent, 73 advanced from 10 to 25 per cent, 47 advanced from 25 to 50 per cent, and 15 advanced from 50 to 100 per cent. O f the 60 commodities which showed a decrease, 40 decreased less than 10 per cent, 9 decreased from 10 to 25 per cent, and 11 decreased from 25 to 50 per cent. 425 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. The number and per cent of articles which showed each specified increase or decrease are given in the following table: NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ARTICLES, BY CLASSIFIED PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE, 1904 COMPARED WITH AVERAGE PRICE FOR 1890-1899. Number Per cent of of articles. articles. Number Per cent of of articles. articles. Price decreased: Less than 10 per c e n t ___ 10 to 25 per c e n t .............. 25 to 50 per c e n t .............. Price increased: 50 to 100 per c e n t.............. 25 to 50 per c e n t............... 10 to 25 per c e n t ............... Less than 10 per cent....... 15 47 73 52 6.0 18.9 29.3 20.9 T o ta l........................ 187 75.1 Total........................ 60 24.1 Price same as b a se ................. 2 0.8 Grand tota l............ 249 100.0 40 9 11 16.1 3.6 4.4 O f the 249 articles for which prices were secured for the whole period from 1890 to 1904, it is seen that 187, or 75.1 per cent, show an increase in price; 2 articles, or 0.8 per cent, show the same price as the average for the base period, and 60 articles, or 24.1 per cent, show a decrease in price in 1904, as compared with the average price for the base period. O f the 259 commodities, considered in this compilation of prices, the average price of 123 commodities was higher in 1904 than in 1903, the average price of 27 was the same in 1904 as in 1903, and the average price of 109 was lower in 1904 than in 1903. To assist in making easy a comparison of 1904 prices of the general groups and of all commodities with prices of the other years, the fol lowing table has been prepared, showing the per cent of increase of 1904 prices over the prices of each year from 1890 to 1903. PER CENT OF INCREASE IN WHOLESALE PRICES OF THE GENERAL GROUPS OF COM MODITIES IN 1904 OVER PRICES IN PREVIOUS YEARS. Per cent of increase in 1904 over— Groups. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. Farm products..................... Food, etc............................... Cloths and clothing............ Fuel and lighting................ Metals and implements___ Lumber and building ma terials................................ Drugs and chemicals.......... House furnishing goods___ Miscellaneous...................... 14.7 <*4.6 <*3.3 26.6 <*8.1 All comm odities....... .1 3.9 13.0 17.0 31.6 35.3 a 7.3 3.5 a 2.7 7.4 13.3 o l.3 .7 2.4 14.3 18.4 29.1 31.2 32.6 43.5 35.2 o l.9 3.4 8.8 20.8 19.1 61.2 27.9 20.3 27.1 17.0 9.7 13.2 19.4 20.4 27.4 30.4 31.4 o .2 6.2 6.9 9.5 22.5 25.1 18.8 .5 1.4 4.9 6.5 11.6 15.8 18.8 1.8 2.1 5.2 5.5 11.9 18.2 22.2 1.2 6.5 48.1 22.2 20.5 37.6 26.6 31.3 13.6 17.6 39.0 26.9 26.2 15.3 8.0 a 3.3 6.2 9.1 2.9 1.2 o3.7 .1 13.5 2.8 8.7 7.6 3.0 26.3 9.7 11.0 a 1.8 o ll.2 a4.4 o9.0 a2.1 o6.5 06.8 35.7 28.1 16.0 6.1 5.1 3.3 1.1 16.5 3.2 o l.2 o4.9 a4.5 a3.7 o2.3 24.4 21.4 17.5 5.3 .7 o .4 o l.2 21.3 20.9 14.3 1.7 4.0 o2.1 o l.7 7.0 17.6 20.7 25.0 26.0j 21.0 11.1 2.3 4.1 .1 o .5 a Decrease. From this table it is seen that the group farm products in 1904 was 14.7 per cent higher than in 1890, 3.9 per cent higher than in 1891,13.0 per cent higher than in 1892, 17.0 per cent higher than in 1893, 31.6 per cent higher than in 1894, 35.3 per cent higher than in 1895, 61.2 per cent higher than in 1896, 48.1 per cent higher than in 1897, 31.3 per cent higher than in 1889, 26.2 per cent higher than in 426 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. 1899, 15.3 per cent higher than in 1900, 8.0 per cent higher than in 1901, 3.3 per cent lower than in 1902, and 6.2 per oent higher than in 1903. The average for all commodities combined in 1904 was 0.1 per cent higher than in 1890, 1.2 per cent higher than iii 1891, 6.5 per cent higher than in 1892, 7.0 per cent higher than in 1893, 17.6 per cent higher than in 1894, 20.7 per cent higher than in 1895, 25.0 per cent higher than in 1896, 26.0 per cent higher than in 1897, 21.0 per cent higher than in 1898, 11.1 per cent higher than in 1899, 2.3 per cent higher than in 1900, 4.1 per cent higher than in 1901, 0.1 per cent higher than in 1902, and 0.5 per cent lower than in 1903. In the following table the December, 1904, relative price is com pared with the average for 1890 to 1899. The average price for 1890 to 1899 is in every case the base, or 100 per cent. Only the 249 com modities for which quotations were secured for the whole period of 15 years have been included. In using this table it must be borne in mind that the comparison is between the prices for December, 1904, and the average prices for the base period. RELATIVE PRICES, DECEMBER, 1904, COMPARED WITH AVERAGE PRICE FOR 1890-1899. [For a more detailed description of the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.] Farm products , 16 articles. Rela tive price, Dec., 1904. Article. Article. Rela tive price, Dec., 1904. p r i c e in c r e a s e d —concluded. PRICE SAME AS BASE. Cotton: upland, m idd lin g.......................... 100,0 PRICE INCREASED. Hogs* lig h t................................................... Flaxseed: No. 1............................................ Hogs: h eavy................................................. Hay: timothy, No. 1 .................................... Barley: b y sam ple....................................... Oats: c a s h ....... ............................................. Sheep: Western............................................ 101.1 102.9 103.3 104.9 105.0 109.3 111.1 Sheep, n a tiv e................. ............................ Cattle: steers, good to c h o ic e ................... Corn: No. 2, cash......................................... Cattle: steers, choice to e x tr a ................... Rye: No. 2, cash.......................................... Hides: green, salted, packers, heavy native steers............................................. Wheat: contract grades, cash ................... Hops: New Yofk State, c h o ic e ................. 114.9 116.9 122.1 126.2 139.5 Average, farm products................... 122.2 148.9 154.9 194.8 Food , etc., 62 articles. PRICE INCREASED. Starch.: pure corn......................................... Bread: loaf (Washington m arket)............ Meat: mutton, dressed............................. . Meat: bacon, short clear sides................... Fish: mackerel, salt, large No. 3s.............. Molasses: New Orleans, open kettle, prime. T allow ........................................................... Meat: bacon, short rib sides...................... Meat: beef, fresh, native sides................... Lard: prime contract.................................. Bread: loaf, Vienna (N. Y. m arket)......... Flour: buckw heat....................................... Salt: A m erican............................................ Beans: medium, choice............................... Meat: beef, salt, extra m ess...................... Meat: pork, salt, mess, old to new ............ Sugar: granulated....................................... Fish: salmon, ca n n e d ................................ Bread: loaf, homemade (N. Y. m arket).. Bread: crackers, Boston X .......................... p r i c e in c r e a s e d — c o n c lu d e d . 100.4 100.6 101.2 106.1 106.2 106.3 107.1 107.2 107.8 110.7 113.6 114.5 115.0 115.3 115.4 115.5 115.5 117.1 118.6 118.9 Cheese: New York State, full cream........ Butter: creamery, extra (N. Y. m arket). Butter: dairy, New York State ............... Butter: creamery, Elgin (Elgin m arket). Sugar: 96° ce n trifu g al............................... Vegetables, fresh: on ion s.......................... Meat: beef, salt, hams, W estern.............. Sugar: 89° fair refin in g ............................. Fish: cod, dry, bank, la r g e ...................... Fruit: currants, in barrels.......................... Flour: wheat, winter straights................. Flour: wheat, spring patents................. Meal: corn, fine w h ite ............................... Flour: ry e..................................................... Meal: corn, fine y e llo w ............................. Milk: fresh................................................... Fish: herring, shore, roun d ...................... Spices: pepper, Singapore.......................... Eggs: new-laid, fancy, n ea r-b y ............... 119.0 120.4 122.3 124.0 124.7 125.0 125.8 127.3 129.8 130.1 136.5 137.6 138.3 138.7 142.6 147.1 158.9 165.3 179.6 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904, 427 RELATIVE PRICES, DECEMBER, 1904, COMPARED WITH AVERAGE PRICE FOR 1890-1899— Continued. [For a more detailed description of the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.] Food , etc., 52 articles— Concluded. Rela tive price, Dec., 1904. Article. PRICE DECREASED. Meat: hams, sm oked................. ................. Tea: Formosa, fin e....................................... Vinegar: cider, monarch............................. Bread: crackers, sod a .................................. Fruit: raisins, California, London layer... R ice: dom estic, c h o ic e ................................... Vegetables, fresh: potatoes, Burbank....... Fruit: apples, sun-dried, Southern, sliced.. 99.1 96.9 94.7 90.5 90.0 70.2 68.5 68.0 Article. Rela tive price, Dec., 1904. p r i c e d e c r e a s e d — concluded. Coffee: Rio No. 7......................................... Soda: bicarbonate of, Am erican.............. Fruit: apples, evaporated, choice............ Fruit: prunes, California, in b o x e s......... Spices: nutm egs......................................... 65.2 62.2 62.0 56.6 45.7 Average, food, e t c ........................... 111.1 Cloths and clothing , 70 articles. PRICE INCREASED. PRICE in c r e a s e d — c o n c lu d e d . Underwear: shirts and drawers, white, all wool, full-fashioned, 18-gauge.......... Linen shoe thread: 10s, B arbour.............. Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, Fruit of the L o o m .......................................................... Overcoatings: chinchilla, B-rough, all w o o l........................................................... Print cloths: 28-inch, 64 x 64...................... Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, Lonsdale............ Linen thread: 3-cord, 200-yard spools, Barbour...................................................... Cotton yarns: carded, white, mule-spun, Northern, cones, 22/1................................ Leather: sole, o a k ....................................... Cotton flannels: 3£ yards to the pound . . . Leather: wax calf, 30 to 40 pounds to the dozen, B grade.......................................... Denims: Amoskeag..................................... Shawls: standard, all wool, 72 by 144 inch, 42-ounce, made of high-grade w o o l....... Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, Hope................... Carpets: ingrain, 2-ply, L o w e ll................. Sheetings: bleached, 10-4, Atlantic.......... Blankets: 11-4, 6 pounds to the pair, all w o o l........................................................... Carpets: Brussels, 5-frame, B ig e lo w ......... Leather: harness, o a k ................................ Carpets: Wilton, 5-frame, Bigelow............ Overcoatings: beaver, Moscow, all wool, b la c k .......................................................... Cotton yarns: carded, white, mule-spun, Northern, cones, 10/1................................ Suitings: indigo blue, all wool, 54-inch, 14-ounce, Middlesex standard............... Broadcloths: first quality, black, 54-inch, made from X X X w o o l............................. Cotton flannels: 2f yards to the pound .. . Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Pepperell R .......... Suitings: indigo blue, all wool, 16-ounce . Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Stark A. A. (a )___ Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Atlantic A ............ Boots and shoes: men s split boots, kip top, 16-inch, 4 double sole (*>)................. Boots and shoes: women’s solid grain shoes, leather, polish or p o lk a ............... Women's dress goods: cashmere, cotton warp, 22-inch, Hamilton.......................... Women’s dress goods: cashmere, cotton warp, 27-inch, Hamilton......................... Sheetings: bleached, 10-4, Pepperell......... Leather; sole, hemlock, nonacid, Buenos Ayres, m iddle weights, 1st quality......... Flannels: white, 4-4, Ballard Vale No. 3.. Wool: Ohio, medium fleece (£ and § grade), scoured........................... ,............ Blankets: 11-4, 5 pounds to the pair, cot ton warp, all wool fillin g ........................ Women’s dress goods: cashmere, cotton warp, 9-twill, 4-4, Atlantic Mills F ....... Women’s dress goods: cashmere, all wool, 10-11 twill, 38-inch, Atlantic Mills J ___ Cotton thread: 6-cord, 200-yard spools, J. & P. C oats............................................ Worsted yarns: 2-40s, X X X or its equiva lent in quality, white, in skeins ( o ) ___ Horse blankets: 6 pounds each, all wool. Drillings: brown, Pepperell...................... Women’s dress goods: alpaca, cotton warp, 22-inch, H am ilton........................ Drillings: 30-inch, Stark A ........................ Worsted yarns: 2-40s, Australian fin e ___ Blankets: 11-4, 5 pounds to the pair, cot ton warp, cotton and wool fillin g......... Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Indian H ea d ....... Women’s dress goods: Franklin sackings, 6— 4........................................................... .. Bags: 2-bushel, Amoskeag......................... Wool: Ohio, fine fleece (X and X X grade), scoured......................................... 100.4 102.1 103.0 103.1 103.1 103.2 103.7 104.1 104.1 104.3 105.0 105.4 107.0 107.5 109.1 109.5 119.8 120.1 120.1 122.2 122.4 122.5 122.8 122.8 123.8 123.8 124.5 128.7 128.9 PRICE DECREASED. 110.1 117.7 Tickings: Amoskeag A. C. A ..................... Boots and shoes: men’s calf bal. shoes, Goodyear welt, dongola top................... Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, New York Mills. Underwear: shirts and drawers, white merino, full-fashioned, 62 per cent wool, 48 per cent cotton, 24-gauge ( d ) . . Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, Wamsutta^0^ . Overcoatings: chinchilla, cotton warp, C. C. grade................................................. Overcoatings: covert cloth, light weight, staple g o o d s.............................................. Ginghams: Amoskeag................................ Boots and shoes: men’s brogans, split___ Silk: raw, Japan, filatures.......................... Hosiery: men’s cotton half hose, seam less, standard quality, 84 needles.......... Sheetings: bleached, 10-4, Wamsutta S. T. Calico: Cocheco p rin ts............................... Boots and shoes: men’s vici kid shoes, Goodyear w e l t ........................................ Ginghams: Lancaster................................ Silk: raw, Italian, classical...................... Hosiery: men’s cotton half hose, seam less, fast black, 20 to 22 ounce, 160 needles, two-thread goods («•)................ Hosiery: women’s cotton hose, seamless, fast black, 26 to 28 ounce, 160 to 176 needles...................................................... 118.3 Average, cloths and clothing 110.3 110.4 110.7 111.7 111.9 112.2 112.9 113.3 113.4 114.1 114.5 115.2 116.2 116.2 116.4 116.5 116.8 117 3 117.6 a From 1902 to 1904, quotations are for Massachusetts Mills, Flying Horse brand. b in 1903 and 1904, russet bound top, 17-inch, i double sole. e From 1902 to 1904, designated as X X X X . d in 1903 and 1904, 60 per cent wool, 40 per cent cotton. «In 1904, single-thread goods. 319.3 99.0 95.9 94.9 94.2 94.0 93.8 93.5 92.9 92.4 91.6 90.4 Oi.O 87.2 82.1 81.6 108.1 428 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, RELATIVE PRICES, DECEMBER, 1904, COMPARED WITH AVERAGE PRICE FOR 1890-1B99— Continued. [For a more detailed description of the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.] Fuel and lighting , IS articles. Rela tive price, Dec., 1904. Article. PRICE INCREASED. PRICE Coal: bituminous, Georges Creek (f. o. b. New York H arbor).................................... Candles: adamantine, 6s, 14-ounce.......... Petroleum: refined, for export................... Coal: anthracite, broken............................. Coal: anthracite, stove................................ Coke: Connellsville, furnace...................... Coal: anthracite, chestnut......................... C o a l; a n t h r a c i t e , e g g ................................ Coal: bituminous, Pittsburg (Youghioghen y)........................................................ 114.8 115.1 122.5 125.6 130.5 132.5 137.7 137.8 140.0 Rela tive price, Dec., 1904. Article. in c r e a s e d — concluded. Petroleum: refined, 150° fire test, w. w . . . Petroleum: cru d e....................................... Coal: bituminous, Georges Creek (at m in e )........................................................ 146.1 172.5 180.0 PRICE DECREASED. Matches: parlor, domestic.......................... 85.4 Average, fuel and lighting.............. 133.9 Metals and implements , 36 articles. PRICE in c r e a s e d — c o n c lu d e d . PRICE SAME AS BASE. Saws: crosscut, Disston............................... Trowels: M. C. O., brick, 10|-mch............ 100.0 100.0 p r ic e in c r e a s e d . Vises: solid box, 50-lb............................... Steel r a ils .................................................. . Lead pipe...................................................... Copper: sheet, hot-rolled (base sizes)___ Locks: common m ortise........................... . Bar iron: best refined, from store (Phila delphia m arket)..................................... Copper wire: bare....................................... Planes: Bailey No. 5 .................................. Pig iron: foundry No. 1 ............................. Files: 8-inch m ill bastard......................... Zinc: sh eet................................................. Bar iron: best refined, from m ill (Pitts burg m arket).......................................... Pig iron: Bessem er.................................... Copper: ingot, lake.................................... Lead: p ig ..................................................... Butts: loose joint, cast, 3x3 in ch .............. 106.1 107.4 107.9 108.5 110.2 110.4 111.0 115.7 119.0 120.8 121.3 121.4 121.4 121.6 122.0 126.6 Spelter: W estern................................. Axes: M. C. O., Y ankee..................... Hammers: Maydole No. 1£................ Pig iron: foundry No. 2 ..................... Doorknobs: steel, bronze p la te d ___ Pig iron: gray forge,-Southern, coke Augers: extra, f- in c h ........................ Chisels: extra, socket firmer, 1-inch Tin: p ig ................................................ 128.5 128.9 129.0 129.1 132.6 183.0 149.3 158.4 159.0 PRICE DECREASED. Saws: hand, Disston No. 7 ........................ Nails: cut, 8-penny, fence and com m on.. Quicksilver.................................. ................ Steel billets................................................... Shovels: Ames No. 2 .................................. Barb wire: galvanized............................... Nails: wire, 8-penny, fence and common. Silver: bar, fin e ........................................... Wood screws: 1-inch, No. 10, flat h ea d ... 98.6 98.5 98.3 97.6 96.9 92.2 84.4 81.7 62.6 Average, metals and im plem ents.. 114.2 Lumber and building materials, 26 articles. PRICE INCREASED— c o n c lu d e d . PRICE INCREASED. Lime: com m on........................................... Carbonate of lead: American, in o i l ....... Oxide of z in c .............................................. Window glass: American, single, thirds, 6x8 to 10x15 in ch ..................................... Maple: h a rd ................................................ Pine: yellow ................................................ Shingles: white p in e ................................. Oak: white, p la in ...................................... Window glass: American, single, firsts, 6x8 to 10x15 in ch ..................................... Pine: white, boards, No. 2 b a rn .............. Brick: common domestic.......................... T a r ............................................................... Hem lock...................................................... Doors: p in e ................................................. Spruce......................................................... Turpentine: spirits o f................................ 104.4 106.2 115.8 116.8 117.0 119.1 120.0 124.2 126.4 134.4 137.1 141.1 142.1 142.7 142.9 149.6 Oak: white, quartered........... Poplar....................................... Pine: white, boards, uppers.. Resin: good, strained............ 151.8 154.6 171.8 204.9 PRICE DECREASED. Shingles: cypress..................... Linseed oil: raw...................... Cement: R osendale................ Putty............................................................. Plate glass: polished, unsilvered, area 5 to 10 square feet....................................... Plate glass: polished, unsilvered, area 3 to 5 square feet......................................... Average, lumber and building ma terials .............................................. 78.9 66.5 65.5 59.2 122.1 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 429 .RELATIVE PRICES, DECEMBER, 1904, COMPARED WITH AVERAGE PRICE FOR 1890-1899— Concluded. [For a more detailed description of the articles see Table I, page 437 et seq.] Drugs and chemicals, 9 articles. Rela tive price, Dec., 1904. Article. Article. p r ic e in c r e a s e d . Rela tive price, Dec., 1904. PRICE DECREASED. Brimstone: crude, seconds.......................... Alum: lum p................................................... Alcohol: grain, 94 per ce n t.......................... Opium: natural, in cases............................. Sulphuric acid: 6 6 °..................................... Muriatic acid: 20°......................................... 103.9 104.8 107.1 115.5 146.1 153.8 Glycerin: refined......................................... Quinine: American..................................... Alcohol: wood, refined, 95 per cent.......... 94.7 93.5 62.9 Average, drugs and chem icals......... 109.1 House furnishing goods , 1U articles. PRICE INCREASED. p r i c e in c r e a s e d — c o n c lu d e d . Earthenware: teacups and saucers, white granite........................................................ Woodenware: tubs, oak-grained............... Furniture: tables, k itch e n ......................... Earthenware: plates, white granite.......... Table cutlery: knives and forks, cocobolo handles...................................................... Earthenware: plates, cream-colored........ Furniture: bedroom sets, a s h ................... Furniture: chairs, kitchen......................... Glassware: nappies, 4-inch......................... Furniture: chairs, bedroom, maple.......... Woodenware: pails, oak-grained.............. 106.4 107.6 108.1 110.4 111.4 113.8 116.1 124.2 125.0 129.1 130.9 p r ic e d e c r e a s e d . Glassware: pitchers, J-gallon, com m on... Table cutlery: carvers, stag handles....... Glassware: tumblers, j-pint, com m on___ 97.9 93.8 Average, house furnishing goods... 111.8 Miscellaneous, IS articles . PRICE INCREASED. Proof sp irits................................................ Soap: castile, mottled, pure........................ Tobacco: smoking, granulated, Seal of North Carolina........................................... Cotton-seed m eal......................................... Tobacco: plug, Horseshoe.......................... Jute: ra w ...................................................... Rope: m anila................................................ Rubber: Para Island.................................... PRICE DECREASED. 107.8 114.2 117.9 118.4 123.7 125.3 133.8 158.0 Paper: wrapping, m anila......................... Starch: laundry.......................................... Paper: news................................................. Malt: W estern m a d e ..................................... Cotton-seed oil: summer yellow, prim e.. 94.9 93.4 92.0 88.9 81.3 Average, m iscellaneous................... 111.5 The farm products group was 22.2 per cent higher in December, 1904, than the average price for the ten years 1890 to 1899, 15 of the 16 articles being higher in that month than the average price for 1890 to 1899, and the remaining article, cotton, being the same price in December, 1904, as the average for 1890 to 1899. The December, 1904, price, compared with the average price for 1890 to 1899, shows hops 94.8 per cent above; wheat, 54.9 per cent above; hides, 48.9 per cent above; rye, 39.5 per cent above; choice to extra steers, 26.2 per cent above; corn, 22.1 per cent above, etc. In December, 1904, the food group was 11.1 per cent higher than the average price for the ten years, 1890 to 1899. Eggs were 79.6 per cent above the average price for 1890 to 1899; herring, 58.9 per cent above; milk, 47.1 per cent above; yellow corn meal, 42.6 per cent above; spring wheat flour, 37.6 per cent above, etc. 430 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. For the other groups of articles the reader is referred to the table. The facts presented in the foregoing table are summarized in the following, which shows the changes in prices of articles in each group, classified by per cent of change: CHANGES IN PRICES OF ARTICLES IN EACH GROUP, CLASSIFIED BY PER CENT OF CHANGE, DECEMBER, 1904, COMPARED WITH AVERAGE PRICE FOR 1890-1899. Group. Price increased. Price decreased. Num Price Less 50 ber 100 50 to 25 to 10 to Less same than 1025to 2550to per per of 100 25 than as 50 cent 10 10 arti cent per per per per base. per per per or or cles. more. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. more. Farm products.......................... Food, e t c .................................... Cloths and clothing................. Fuel and lig h tin g ..................... Metals and im plem ents.......... Lumber and building mate rials ......................................... Drugs and chemicals................ House furnishing goods. ... Miscellaneous................... ........ 16 52 70 18 36 T o ta l................................ 2 3 2 2 26 9 14 13 1 3 1 249 1 3 11 2 7 8 4 16 34 3 11 6 9 16 1 4 2 1 8 1 3 2 6 1 5 4 2 3 3 1 14 45 84 44 1 5 1 2 7 2 2 3 3 1 3 1 33 12 4 13 3 6 1 1 2 12 1 It is seen in the above comparison of the prices of December, 1904, with the average for 1890 to 1899, that of the 16 articles in the farm products group, 15 show an increase and 1 shows the same price as the average for the base period; of the 52 in the food, etc., group, 39 show an increase and 13 a decrease; of the 70 in the cloths and clothing group, 52 show an increase and 18 a decrease; of the 13 in the fuel and lighting group, 12 show an increase and 1 shows a decrease; of the 36 in the metals and implements group, 25 show an increase, 2 show the same price as the average for the base period, and 9 show a decrease; of the 26 in the lumber and building materials group, 20 show an increase and 6 a decrease; of the 9 in the drugs and chemicals group, 6 show an increase and 3 a decrease; of the 14 in the house furnishing goods group, 11 show an increase and 3 a decrease; of the 13 in the miscellaneous group, 8 show an increase and 5 a decrease. O f the 249 commodities, for which prices were secured for the whole period from 1890 to 1904,188 show an increase, 3 show the same price as the aver age for the base period, and 58 show a decrease, The number of articles according to classified per cents of increase and decrease is also shown in this table. O f the 188 commodities that showed an increase in December, 1904, over the average for 1890 to 1899,44 advanced less than 10 per cent, 84 advanced from 10 to 25 per cent, 45 advanced from 25 to 50 per cent, 14 advanced from 50 to 100 per cent, and 1 advanced 100 per cent or more. O f the 58 commodi ties which showed a decrease, 33 decreased less than 10 per cent, 12 decreased from 10 to 25 per cent, 12 decreased from 25 to 50 per cent, and 1 decreased 50 per cent or more. 431 COUKSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. The number and per cent of articles which showed each specified increase or decrease are given in the following table: NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ARTICLES, BY CLASSIFIED PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE, DECEMBER, 1904, COMPARED WITH AVERAGE PRICE FOR 1890-1899. Number Per cent of arti of arti cles. cles. Number Per cent of arti of arti cles. cles. Price increased: 100 per cent or m ore......... 50 to 100 per c e n t.............. 25 to 50 per c e n t............... 10 to 25 per c e n t............... Less than 10 per ce n t....... 1 14 45 84 44 0.4 5.6 18.1 33.7 17.7 Price decreased: Less than 10 per c e n t ___ 10 to 25 per cent............... 25 to 50 per cent............... 50 per cent or m o re ......... T ota l....................... 188 75.5 Total........................ 58 23.3 Price same as base................... 3 1.2 Grand tota l............ 249 100.0 33 12 12 1 13.3 4.8 4.8 .4 O f the 249 articles for which prices were secured for the whole period from 1890 to 1904, it is seen that 188, or 75.5 per cent, show an increase in price; 3 articles, or 1.2 per cent, show the same price as the average for the base period, and 58 articles, or 23.3 per cent, show a decrease in price in December, 1904, as compared with the average price for the base period. O f the 259 commodities considered in this compilation of prices, the average price of 110 commodities was higher in December, 1904, than in December, 1903; the average price of 51 was the same in December, 1904, as in December, 1903, and the average price of 98 was lower in December, 1904, than in December, 1903. The following table shows the relative prices of certain related arti cles, so grouped as to render easy a comparison of the course of their prices during the year 1904: RELATIVE PRICES OF CERTAIN GROUPS OF RELATED ARTICLES IN 1904. [Average price for 1890-1899==100.] Dairy products. Cattle and cattle products. Month. Cattle. Jan___ Feb___ Mar . . . A pr___ M ay... June .. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . Oct — Nov . . . D ec— 1901.... 106.0 103.4 105.5 103.7 104.6 113.5 116.1 109.7 110.6 117.1 119.2 121.6 110.9 Beef, fresh. 103.0 102.6 98.3 97.3 97.9 113.9 123.2 112.8 103.8 105.4 108.9 107.8 106.1 Beef, hams. 117.5 117.5 117.5 117.5 114.7 116.8 123.0 131.1 136.8 134.7 129.1 125.8 123.5 Beef, mess. 102.9 110.7 115.4 106.7 102.9 102.9 109.1 109.1 109.9 112.3 115.4 115.4 109.4 Tallow. 117.9 116.6 115.6 107.6 98.6 97.0 99.3 102.3 102.8 104.6 99.8 107.1 105.5 Hides. 117.4 114.7 112.3 114.3 116.8 119.3 120.7 126.6 125.4 131.4 146.1 148.9 124.4 Milk. 122.4 117.6 117.6 107.8 92.9 78.4 82.0 88.2 98.0 112.5 130.2 147.1 107.8 Butter. 100.9 108.2 108.3 105.3 91.6 81.9 80.6 82.7 89.1 96.0 113.4 122.2 98.4 Cheese. 121.6 121.6 121.6 117.8 97.3 81.8 77.3 82.9 91.2 98.8 108.4 119.0 103.2 432 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. RELATIVE PRICES OF CERTAIN GROUPS OF RELATED ARTICLES IN 1904—Continued. [Average price lor 1890-1899=100.] Hogs and hog products. Month. Hogs. J a n ....... F e b ....... M ar....... A p r ....... M ay....... June — J u l y ___ A u g....... Sept....... O c t ....... N ov....... D e c ....... 1904....... Hams, smoked. Bacon. 110.2 116.6 123.6 114.7 106.3 115.2 124.4 122.0 132.9 125.2 108.3 102.2 116.7 110.4 114.8 115.9 108.1 102.8 116.1 117.9 120.5 127.8 127.8 114.8 106.7 115.1 Corn, etc. 110.6 113.1 110.8 106.1 104.2 108.6 111.8 116.9 114.9 110.3 102.1 99.1 103.9 Flaxseed, etc. Sheep and sheep products. Mess pork. Lard. 126.0 137.0 135.4 122.0 112.8 122.0 123.8 119.1 111.5 112.3 110.9 115.5 120.6 Sheep. 111.9 119.3 113.1 107.2 104.4 108.0 109.5 110.1 115.7 120.3 113.6 110.7 111.8 Rye and rye flour. Mutton. 99.3 103.9 113.7 130.3 124.6 119.4 103.5 97.5 95.7 96.4 109.3 113.0 109.1 Wool. 99.5 105.3 94.8 106.9 124.0 112.7 111.9 111.4 88.7 88.7 91.5 101.2 103.2 Wheat and wheat flour. 112.3 112.3 112.3 112.3 113.1 113.9 114.8 116.4 117.4 117.4 119.8 123.3 115.5 Flour, etc Month. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . A p r .... M ay... Ju n e... J u ly . . . Aug . . . S ep t. . . O ct.... Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... Corn. Glue" cose.a 118.2 131.9 137.2 134.3 127.1 128.3 129.2 142.1 140.5 137.3 139.8 122.1 132.6 119.9 130.4 137.5 144.5 13.7.5 130.4 130.4 113.5 120.6 113.5 110.0 127.6 126.3 Meal. Flax Lin seed. seed oil. Rye. Rye flour. 117.5 125.9 130.8 123.5 123.5 133.2 136.8 129.4 132.1 124.7 135.6 140.5 129.5 90.3 101.1 102.2 101.1 94.1 92.8 94.1 107.8 109.6 99.3 100.2 102.9 99.6 101.0 105.5 140.2 135.7 133.4 132.6 131.9 133.4 138.7 140.2 141.7 138.7 131.1 81.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 88.2 86.0 99.2 99.2 94.8 90.4 90.4 91.7 101.5 122.9 134.5 128.6 138.8 122.9 130.3 137.0 137.9 146.6 149.9 139.5 133.4 Wheat Crack Loaf Wheat. Wheat flour. flour. ers. bread. 114.6 128.6 128.3 128.8 131.1 130.7 134.7* 144.2 153.4 155.2 154.6 154.9 138.3 106.8 114.6 123.0 120.8 119.5 118.6 116.5 127.8 138.1 139.6 139.7 137.1 125.4 106.8 114.6 123.0 120.8 119.5 118.6 116.5 127.8 138.1 139.6 139.7 137.1 125.4 97.3 97.3 97.3 108.2 108.2 104.7 104.7 104.7 104.7 104.7 104.7 104.7 103.4 102.7 102.7 102,7 102.7 102.7 102.7 102.7 106.6 106.6 110.9 119.2 110.9 106.0 Cotton and cotton goods. Cotton: Bags: Month. upland, Calico: Cotton Cotton 2-bushel, Cocheco mid Amosprints. flannels. thread. dling. keag. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . A pr___ M ay... June .. J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . O c t .... Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... 185.7 191.0 198.9 185.5 172.8 148.6 139.8 140.8 141.7 132.9 128.6 100.0 155.9 110.8 128.7 128.7 132.2 132.2 132.2 132.2 128.7 128.7 128.7 128.7 128.7 128.4 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 90.4 90.4 90.4 90.4 90.4 95.7 134.7 134.7 134.7 134.7 125.0 325.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 117.2 117.2 108.8 125.6 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 Cotton and cotton goods. Month. J a n ___ F e b .... M ar___ A p r. . May___ J u n e. . . J u ly .... A u g .... Sept— Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ 1904.... Print cloths. 130.4 140.9 140.9 132.6 120.0 111.2 107.5 105.7 105.7 105.7 105.7 103.1 117.3 Sheet ings. 121.0 127.6 128.2 128.5 126.8 126.8 119.6 119.6 115.9 113.9 111.9 112.1 121.1 Shirt ings. 126.3 141.0 134.0 134.7 126.3 118.1 110.9 104.9 106.5 111.8 108.6 108.0 119.5 *119.7 124.5 124.5 124.5 124.5 124.5 114.9 110.2 110.2 110.2 105.4 105.4 116.6 Drill ings. Ging hams. Hosiery. 130.4 135.2 139.0 132.6 130.1 123.8 120.7 120.1 121.5 124.0 120.7 122.6 126.7 101.8 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 97.1 90.6 90.6 90.6 99.9 90.5 90.5 90.5 91.3 91.3 91.3 91.3 90.6 89.2 89.2 88.4 88.4 89.2 Wool and woolen goods. Tick ings. 107.0 108.6 108.8 108.6 108.8 109.6 101.6 101.2 100.5 100.4 100.0 100.9 104.7 Cotton Denims. yarns. 122.5 122.5 122.5 127.2 127.2 127.2 108.4 108.4 108.4 99.0 99.0 99.0 114.3 Wool. 112.3 112.3 112.3 112.3 113.1 113.9 114.8 116.4 117.4 117.4 119.8 123.3 115.5 Blan kets (all Broad Carpets. wool). cloths. 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 a Average for 1893-1899=100. 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 112.9 110.5 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 Flan nels. 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 Horse blan kets. 122.2 122.2 122.2 122 2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 433 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. RELATIVE PRICES OF CERTAIN GROUPS OF RELATED ARTICLES IN 1904—Concluded. [Average price for 1890-1899=100.] 1 1 Wool and woolen goods. Month. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . A pr___ M a y ... June .. J u ly ... A u g... S e p t... O c t .... Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... Over coat ings Shawls. (all wool). Suit ings. 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 108.0 10T.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.7 107.7 109.4 109.4 112.2 112.2 114.1 109.0 109.8 109.8 109.8 109.8 109.8 109.8 109.8 109.8 111.3 111.3 111.3 111.3 110.3 Hides, leather, and boots and shoes. Under Women’s dress Worst Boots wear ed goods Hides. Leather. and (all yams. (all shoes. wool). wool). 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 114.0 114.0 114.0 114.0 114.0 114.0 114.0 114.0 116.3 116.3 119.9 122.2 115.6 115.8 115.8 115.8 115.8 114.8 114.8 114.8 114.8 114.8 119.0 120.2 121.5 116.5 117.4 114.7 112.3 114.3 116.8 119.3 120.7 126.6 125.4 131.4 146.1 148.9 124.4 109.9 108.8 108.8 109.5 109.9 108.2 106.4 107.1 106.7 108.8 108.8 109.2 108.5 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.5 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.7 102.8 102.8 101.1 Petroleum. Re Crude. fined. 203.3 200.0 189.0 181.7 178.0 174.3 167.0 164.8 168.8 171.4 174.4 172.5 178.8 154.4 154.4 146.1 144.2 141.5 141.5 134.3 132.4 133.6 134.4 134.4 134.4 140.5 A study of this table shows that of the 6 articles grouped uncler cat tle and cattle products, cattle, fresh beef, tallow, and hides were lower in February than in January, beef hams the same price, and mess beef higher; March compared with February shows fresh beef, tallow, and hides lower, hams the same ^rice, and cattle and mess beef higher; April compared with March shows cattle, fresh beef, mess beef, and tallow lower, hams the same price, and hides higher; May compared with April shows hams, mess beef, and tallow lower, cattle, fresh beef, and hides higher; June compared with May shows tallow lower, mess beef the same price, and all others higher; July compared with June shows all the articles higher; August compared with July shows cat tle and fresh beef lower, mess beef the same price, hams, tallow, and hides higher; September compared with August shows fresh beef and hides lower and all the other articles higher; October compared with September shows hams lower and all the other articles higher; Novem ber compared with October shows hams and tallow lower and all the other articles higher; December compared with November shows fresh beef and hams lower, mess beef the same price, and cattle, tallow, and hides higher. The lowest monthly relative price during 1904 for cattle was 103.4 in February, the highest 121.6 in December; the lowest for fresh beef was 97.3 in April, the highest 123.2 in July; the lowest for beef hams was 114.7 in M ay, the highest 136.8 in September; the lowest for mess beef was 102.9 in January, M ay, and June, the highest 115.4 in March, November, and December; the lowest for tallow was 97.0 in June, the highest 117.9 in January; the lowest for hides was 112.3 in March, the highest 148.9 in December. The facts for the other groups may be seen by reference to the table. 16818— No. 57— 05------1 434 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, In the following table a similar comparison of the course of prices for the 15 year period, 1890 to 1904, is shown by years: RELATIVE PRICES OF CERTAIN GROUPS OF RELATED ARTICLES, 1890 TO 1904. [Average price for 1890-1899=100.] Dairy products. Cattle and cattle products. Year. Cattle. 1890.......... 1891.......... 1892.......... 1893.......... 1894.......... 1895.......... 1896.......... 1897.......... 1898.......... 1899.......... 1900.......... 1901.......... 1902.......... 1903.......... 1904.......... Beef, hams. Beef, fresh. 89.5 109.2 95.4 103.0 96.3 103.7 88.3 99.5 102.2 113.2 111.3 116.6 139.5 105.8 110.9 89.2 106.2 98.8 105.4 97.0 102.7 90.5 99.7 101.3 108.3 104.3 102.1 125.9 101.7 106.1 Beef, . Tallow. mess. 80.4 85.8 80.5 98.6 101.5 95.9 88.1 125.1 118.8 125.6 114.2 112.6 118.0 117.2 123.5 86.8 104.4 84.8 102.2 101.0 101.4 93.7 95.7 114.2 115.9 121.7 116.3 147.1 113.1 109.4 Hides. 105.7 111.0 106.4 125.1 110.3 99.8 78.9 76.3 81.8 104.1 111.5 119.1 144.6 117.2 105.5 99.6 101.5 92.8 79.9 68.4 109.7 86.6 106.3 122.8 131.8 127.4 132.0 142.8 124.8 124.4 Hogs and hog products. Year. Hogs. 1890.......... 1891.......... 1892.......... 1893.......... 1894.......... 1895.......... 1896.......... 1897........... 1898.......... 1899.......... 1900.......... 1901.......... 1902........... 1903.......... 1904........... Bacon. 89.2 99.2 115.7 148.6 112.2 96.6 78.3 82.8 85.6 91.8 115.5 134.5 155.2 137.2 116.7 Corn, etc. Mess pork. 101.1 99.8 109.3 126.9 103.6 96.2 95.8 . 90.9 82.0 93.8 104.2 109.2 123.1 129.2 108.9 104.4 97.2 99.1 157.6 121.4 101.7 76.8 76.6 84.8 80.3 107.5 134.2 154.2 143.1 120.6 Flaxseed, etc. 103.1 104.7 105.1 109.4 103.1 99.2 91.8 92.2 93.7 99.2 107.5 102.7 112.9 112.9 107.8 Butter. Cheese. 100.4 116.1 116.4 121.3 102.2 94.5 82.3 84.1 86.8 95.8 101.7 97.7 112.1 105.7 98.4 97.1 102.4 107.2 mo 107.4 94.1 92.0 98.1 83.3 108.9 114.3 102.4 114.1 123.3 103.2 Sheep and sheep products. Hams, smoked. 89.3 103.7 116.6 154.7 111.8 96.3 73.1 79.9 89.4 85.8 111.5 132.3 159.3 142.6 115.1 Milk. Lard. Rye and rye flour. 96.8 100.9 117.9 157.5 118.2 99.8 71.7 67.4 84.4 85.0 105.5 135.3 161.9 134.1 111.8 Sheep. 119.3 117.8 125.2 103.8 73.6 78.4 , 78.7 94.2 104.9 104.3 112.0 92.0 103.2 98.4 109.1 Wheat and wheat flour. Mutton. Wool. 123.7 114.9 121.2 106.5 80.2 82.2 82.9 96.6 98.0 94.3 96.4 89.5 97.9 98.7 103.2 132.1 125.8 113.2 101.6 79.1 70.1 70.6 88.7 108.3 110.8 117.7 96.6 100.8 110.3 115.5 Flour, etc. Year. Corn. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... 103.8 151.0 118.3 104.2 113.7 104.0 67.8 66.9 82.6 87.6 100.2 130.6 156.9 121.1 132.6 Glu coses Meal. Flax Linseed Rye. seed. oil. 124.3 111.4 109.2 81.7 86.0 91.8 95.6 104.9 116.0 153.6 129.7 126.3 100.8 142.0 114.0 105.8 105.6 103.3 77.4 76.5 83.7 91.2 97.0 115.5 148.2 124.7 129.5 125.5 97.1 91.4 97.7 121.6 111.8 72.9 78.1 99.8 104.0 145.7 145.8 135.0 94.1 99.6 135.8 106.8 90.0 102.2 115.6 115.6 81.2 72.2 86.5 94.1 138.7 140.0 130.8 91.9 91.7 103.0 157.6 127.7 92.6 88.1 91.2 66.5 74.9 93.8 104.4 97.9 100.8 102.5 97.5 133.4 Rye flour. 101.4 148.3 121.1 93.0 83.8 94.5 80.9 84.6 92.9 99.4 103.3 100.1 103.8 94.9 131.1 Wheat Crack Loaf Wheat. Wheat flour. flour. ers. bread. 118.9 128.1 104.9 90.1 74.4 79.9 85.4 105.8 117.8 94.7 93.7 95.7 98.7 105.1 138.3 o Average for 1893-1899=100. 120.9 125.6 104.2 89.3 77.6 84.4 91.2 110.1 109.0 87.9 88.3 87.4 89.7 97.1 125.4 120.9 125.6 104.2 89.3 77.6 84.4 91.2 110.1 109.0 87.9 88.3 87.4 89.7 97.1 125.4 107.7 107.7 104.3 100.6 98.8 95.6 94.1 85.3 107.3 99.1 102.7 108.2 108.2 101.3 103.4 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 98.7 94.5 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 106.0 435 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. RELATIVE PRICES OF CERTAIN GROUPS OF RELATED ARTICLES, 1890 TO 1901—Concluded. [Average price for 1890-1899=100.] Cotton and cotton goods. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Cotton: Bags: Calico: Cotton Cotton upland, 2-bushel, Cocheco Amosmid prints. flannels. thread. dling. keag. 142.9 110.8 99.0 107.2 90.2 94.0 102.0 92.2 76.9 84.7 123.8 111.1 115.1 144.7 155.9 117.5 104.0 117.5 113.0 99.5 94.9 94.9 90.4 81.4 87.3 94.9 90.4 90.4 91.1 95.7 113.9 111.7 110.8 106.8 91.1 82.2 91.6 „ 92.9 95.6 103.4 112.6 101.0 102.4 104.2 128.4 121.8 121.8 115.9 101.4 95.7 91.7 93.9 88.6 81.0 * 88.0 101.6 95.4 96.1 106.8 125.6 Cotton Denims. yarns. 101.6 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.7 99.6 98.4 98.4 98.4 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 111.7 112.8 117.0 110.5 93.0 92.1 93.0 90.6 90.8 88.5 115.5 98.3 94.0 112.9 119.5 Cotton and cotton goods. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Print cloths. 117.7 103.5 119.3 114,6 96.8 100.9 90.9 87.6 72.6 96.3 108.6 99.3 108.9 113.3 117.3 Shirt ings. Sheet ings. Tick ings. Wool. 113.1 110.7 108.4 111.3 102.2 94.8 96.0 91.9 84.3 87.0 102.2 95.5 99.0 104.1 114.3 Blanketsfall wool). 132.1 125.8 113.2 101,6 79.1 70.1 70.6 88.7 108.3 110.8 117.7 96.6 100.8 110.3 115.5 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Over coat ings (all Shawls. wool). 111.9 111.9 111.9 108.6 97.5 90.8 86.7 87.8 97.1 100.6 116.1 105.3 105.3 110.2 110.3 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 89.1 89.5 90.2 89.1 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 121.1 114.6 102.2 105.6 97.1 93.2 100.2 90.4 86.8 88.5 105.0 102.2 102.0 109.9 126.7 Suit ings. Under wear (all wool). Wom en’s dress goods (all wool). 113.1 113.1 113.4 112.7 98.3 89.2 87.8 88.7 103.4 106.1 115.8 104.9 105.8 109.0 109.0 106.2 110.0 110.0 110.0 92.7 92.7 92.7 92.7 92.7 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 117.6 123.0 124.1 114.7 90.6 82.7 74.1 82.2 88.5 102.7 118.7 107.9 109.8 114.4 115.6 108.3 106.0 107.1 107.1 101.2 89.3 89.3 89.3 107.1 95.2 107.1 101.2 101.2 110.1 110.1 Broad Carpets. cloths. 113.7 113.7 113.7 113.7 91.2 79.7 79.7 98.2 98.2 98.2 108.0 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.5 105.3 112.8 104.5 104.5 98.7 91.0 90.2 93.5 100.2 99.4 102.7 101.9 102.5 108.6 110.0 Hides, leather, and boots and shoes. Wool and woolen goods. Year. Ging hams. 119.1 122.1 122.1 114.9 89.5 87.0 88.0 84.2 83.1 89.7 96.3 92.3 99.2 101.8 99.9 Ho siery. 129.7 122.8 117.4 109.4 100.8 94.4 90.5 86.7 83.4 82.5 87.3 85.9 85.2 90.1 89.2 Wool and woolen goods. 112.9 110.2 107.4 110.2 99.9 97.6 97.9 92.0 83.8 87.8 100.4 98.9 98.8 103.2 104.7 117.6 112.3 103.8 107.7 95.9 94.6 97.4 91.8 86.7 92.2 105.9 101.8 101.4 110.6 121.1 112.5 109.6 109.6 112.5 105.4 94.6 94.6 89.2 85.9 85.8 102.8 100.2 100.6 108.0 116.6 Drill ings. Flan nels. 116.8 116.8 115.9 109.5 94.1 81.7 85.4 82.6 97.8 99.5 108.7 100.8 105.8 114.3 117.6 99.6 101.5 92.8 79.9 68.4 109.7 86.6 106.3 122.8 131.8 127.4 132.0 142.8 124.8 124.4 100.6 100.9 97.0 96.9 91.5 108.0 95.2 96.1 104.4 109.3 113.2 110.8 112.7 112.0 108.5 104.8 103.5 102.7 100.9 99.4 98.7 99.6 97.2 96.3 96.8 99.4 99.2 98.9 100.2 101.1 109.1 104.7 109.1 104.7 96.0 92.5 90.8 99.5 99.5 94.2 118.7 109.9 109.9 117.8 122.2 Petroleum. Worst Boots and Crude. ed Hides. Leath er. shoes. yarns. 122.3 123.4 117.2 109.5 91.3 74.0 72.9 82.5 100.5 106.7 118.4 102.2 111.7 118.0 116.5 Horse blan kets. 95.4 73.6 61.1 70.3 92.2 149.2 129.5 86.5 100.2 142.1 148.5 132.9 135.9 174.5 178.8 Re fined. 112.4 102.2 91.5 81.0 80.5 106.6 112.5 96.6 99.5 118.0 132.6 119.3 118.8 142.8 140.5 This table shows for all of the 6 articles grouped under cattle and cattle products (cattle, fresh beef, beef hams, mess beef, tallow, and 436 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. hides) an advance in price in 1891, but not in the same degree; in 1892, a decline in all of the articles in this group; in 1893, an increase, except for hides, for which there was a further decline; in 1894, a decline, except f<*r beef hams, which increased; in 1895, an increase, except for beef hams and tallow; in 1896, a decline in all of the articles; in 1897, an increase, except for tallow; in 1898, an increase for all of the articles, except beef hams; in 1899, an increase for all; in 1900, a decline, except for mess beef and tallow; in 1901, an increase for cattle, tallow, and hides, and a decline for fresh beef, beef hams, and mess beef; in 1902, an increase for all; in 1903, a decrease for all, and in 1904 an increase for cattle, fresh beef, and hams, and a decrease for mess beef, tallow, and hides. For the 15 years from 1890 to 1904 the lowest relative price for cattle was 88,3 in 1896, the highest 139.5 in 1902; the lowest for fresh beef 89.2 in 1890, the highest 125.9 in 1902; the lowest for beef hams 80.4 in 1890, the highest 125.6 in 1899; the lowest for mess beef 84.8 in 1892, the highest 147.1 in 1902; the lowest for tallow 76.3 in 1897, the highest 144,6 in 1902; the lowest for hides 68.4 in 1894, the highest 142.8 in 1902. The facts for the other groups may be seen by reference to the table. General Tables I, II, III, IV , and V follow. 437 COURSE OF W H O LE SA LE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. Table I .— W H O LE SA LE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904. FAR M PRODUCTS. B A R LE Y: Choice to fancy m alting, by sample* [Price per bushel in Chicago, weekly range; quotations furnished by the secretary of the Chicago Board of Trade.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . Price. $0.51-80.60 .53- .60 .54- .61 .56- .61 .53- .60 .52- .60 .53- .58 .55- .60 .55- .61 .53- .60 .52- .60 .52- .58 .52- .56 Month. Apr___ M ay . . . June .. Price. $0.52-80.56 .53- .57 .53- .60 .53- .58 .55- .58 .55- .58 .52- .58 .55- .58 .55- .59 .57- .59 .55- .59 .55- .59 .53- .66 Month. J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . Price. 80.50-80.55 .49- .54 .48- .52 .48- .52 .48- .52 .46- .50 .47- .52 .50- .55 .50- .55 .50- .55 .49- .55 .49- .55 .49- .54 .47- .52 Month. Price. Oct . . . . 80.45-80.52 .45- .50 .45- .52 .45- .54 Nov — D ec.... Average .48.48.48.48.47.45.45.45.45- .52 .53 .52 .53 .52 .51 .50 . 48 .48 80.5300 CATTLE: Steers, choice to extra* [Price per hundred pounds in Chicago, on Tuesday of each week; quotations from the Daily Trade Bulletin. Beginning in October the two descriptions here quoted were subdivided by the Daily Trade Bulletin into three descriptions, as follows: Extra well finished, choice to extra, and good to choice.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ 85.50-86.00 5.40- 5.80 5.40- 5.90 5.40- 5.90 5.20- 5.75 5.20- 5.75 5.20- 5.70 5.25- 6.00 5.255.305.405.255.25- 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.80 5.85 Apr___ M ay... June .. 85.25-85.85 5.25- 5.85 5.15- 5.70 5.15- 5.70 5.15- 5.70 5.30- 5.70 5.30- 5.75 5.40- 5.85 5.40- 5.85 5.60- 6.40 5.70- 6.65 6.70- 6.65 5.90- 6.75 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sep . .. 85.90-86.60 5.90- 6.60 5.90- 6.65 5.90- 6.60 5.65- 6.40 5.65- 6.40 5.60- 6.10 5.50- 5.90 5.50- 6.15 5.50- 6.10 5.50- 6.30 5.50- 6.25 5.60- 6.45 Oct....... N ov.... D e c ___ Average 85.674-86.40 5.874- 6.60 5.974- 6.80 6.074- 7.00 5.85 - 7.00 6.05 - 7.00 5.95 - 6.85 5.924- 7.00 6.124- 7.30 6.124- 7.50 6.124- 7.60 6.124- 7.60 5.874- 6.75 85.9562 CATTLE: Steers, good, to choice* [Price per hundred pounds in Chicago on Tuesday of each week; quotations from the Daily Trade Bulletin. Beginning in October the two descriptions here quoted were subdivided by the Daily Trade Bulletin into three descriptions as follows: Extra well finished, choice to extra, and good to choice.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ 84.70-85.40 4.70- 5.20 4.70- 5.30 4.70- 5.30 4.50- 5.20 4.50- 5.20 - 4.50- 5.20 4.60- 5.40 4.604.604.604.604.60- 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 Apr___ M a y ... J u n e... 84.60-85.40 4.60- 5.40 4.50- 5.25 4.50- 5.25 4.50- 5.25 4.65- 5.25 4.65- 5.25 4.80- 5.30 4.80- 5.30 4.80- 5.60 4.80- 5.65 4.80- 5.60 5.00- 5.80 J u ly .. . Aug . . . S ept. . . 85.00-85.80 5.00- 5.80 5.10- 5.80 5.10- 5.80 4.85- 5.50 4.85- 5.50 4.85- 5.50 4.75- 5.35 4.75- 5.60 4.75- 6.50 4.75- 5.75 4.75- 5.70 4.90- 5.65 Oct . . . . N ov ___ D ec.... Average 84.90 -85.674 4.97f- 5.874 5.10 - 5 974 5.25 - 6.074 4.95 - 5.85 5.15 - 6.05 5.00 - 6.95 4.80 - 5.924 5.05 - 6.124 6.05 - 6.124 5.05 = 6.124 5.05 - 6.124 4.874- 5.874 85.1923 438 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. T a b l e I . — W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COM M ODITIES IN 1904— Continued, FARM P R O D U C T S — Continued. CORN: No. 2 , cash. [Price per bushel in Chicago on Tuesday of each week; quotations furnished by the secretary of the Chicago Board of Trade.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... Mar. . . . Price. Month. 80.42| .44* .46* 80.46|- .46} .47* .50 .51 .52 A pr___ .51| .51*- .52 .51* .51 .55 June . M ay... Price. 80.54*-80.54* .52*- .52* .4 9 - .53 .46* .47* .48*- .48* .49 .48* .48* .49*- .50 .49* .47*- .48* .48* Month. Price. 80.48* .48* .49* .49* .53* .53* .54* .55* .52* .53* .54* .52* .52* J u ly . . . Aug . . . S ept. . . Month. O c t .... Nov . . . B ee___ Average Price. 80.52*-80.53 .50*- .51 .52* .52 - .53* .54 .54 - .56* .55 .50*- .53 .50 .46* .45*- .46* .46 - .46* .46*- .47 80.5046 COTTON: Upland, m iddling. [Price per pound in New York on Tuesday of each \yeek; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... $0.1390 .1400 .1460 .1525 .1675 .1425 .1350 .1480 Apr___ .1530 .1625 .1645 .1400 .1490 June .. M a r ___ M ay . . . 80.1500 .1475 .1410 .1375 .1355 .1375 .1365 .1335 .1275 .1180 .1240 .1110 .1085 J u ly ... 80.1060 .1115 .1095 .1070 .1050 .1065 .1065 Aug . . . Oct . . . . Nov — .1120 .1165 .1110 .1090 .1110 .1090 S e p t... B e e ___ Average 80.1030 .1055 .1035 .1005 .1000 .1025 .1025 .0990 .0950 .0800 .0800 .0770 .0735 80.1210 FLAXSEED: No. 1. [Price per bushel in Chicago on the first of each month; quotations furnished by the secretary of the Chicago Board of Trade.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ 80.97*-81.03* 1.09 - 1.16 1.11 - 1.16* Apr___ M ay... June .. 81.09-81.16 1.01- 1.08* 1.00- 1.06* J u ly . . . Aug . . . S e p t... 81.02 -81.07* 1.16 - 1.24 1.18*- 1.25* O c t ___ N ov ___ Dec — 81.10* 81.08- 1.15 1.11- 1.18 Average 81 1088 H A T : Tim othy, No. 1. [Price per ton in Chicago on Tuesday of each week; quotations from the Daily Inter Ocean.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . 810 00-811 00 11.00- 11.50 11.00- 11.50 11.00- 11.50 11.00- 11.50 11. 00- 11.50 11.00- 11.50 10.50- 11.00 10.5010.5010.5011.0011.00- ii.o o 11 00 11.00 12.00 12.00 Apr___ M a y ... J u n e ... 811.00-812.00 11.00- 12.00 12.00- 13 00 12.50- 13 00 12 50- 13 00 12.50- 13.00 12 50- 13. 00 12.50- 13.00 12.50- 13 00 12.00- 13 00 12.00- 13.00 12 00- 13.00 12.00- 13. CO J u ly . . . Aug . . . S e p t... 812.00-812 50 12 00- 12.50 12 00- 13 00 12.00- 13.00 12.00- 13.00 12.50- 13.50 12.50- 13.50 12.50- 13 50 11.50- 12.50 11.50- 12.00 11.00- 11.50 11.00- 11.50 10.50- 11.00 Oct....... N ov ___ Bee — Average 810.50-811.00 11.50- 12.50 11.50- 12.50 11.00- 11.50 11.00- 11.50 11 00- 11.50 11.00- 11.50 11.00- 11.50 11.00- 11,50 11.00- 11.50 10.50- 11.50 10.50- 11.00 10 50- 11 00 811.7308 OOTTRSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 439 Table I .— W H O L E SA L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. FARM P R O D U C T S — Continued. H IDES: Green, salted, packers, heavy native steers. [Average monthly price per pound in Chicago; quotations from the Shoe and Leather Reporter.] Month. J a n ....... F eb....... Mar....... Price. $0.1100 .1075 .1052 Month. Apr___ M ay . . . June .. Price. $0.1071 .1094 .1118 Month. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . Price. $0.1131 .1186 .1175 Month. Price. Oct....... N o v ___ D e c ___ $0.1231 .1369 .1395 Average $0.1166 HOGS: Heavy. [Price per hundred pounds in Chicago on Tuesday of each week; quotations from the Daily Inter Ocean.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $4.65-$5.07* 4.70- 5.00 4.80- 5.05 4.95- 5.20 4.80- 5.05 5.10- 5.35 5.20- 5.45 5.45- 5.65 5.405.455.455.155.50- 5.70 5.72* 5.70 5.45 5.67* Apr___ M ay... J u n e... $5.20-$5.45 5.00- 5.37* 4.80- 5.20 4.70- 5.15 4.50- 4.85 4.65- 4.95 4.65- 4.92* 4.45- 4.67* 4.55- 4.80 4.70- 4.90 4.90- 6.10 5.20- 5.40 5.20- 5.45 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $5.40-$5.62* 5.15- 5.40 5.40- 5.90 5.15- 5.65 5.00- 5.47* 5.20- 5.70 4.95- 5.40 4.85- 5.45 5.00- 5.70 5.05- 5.60 5.40- 6.00 5.70- 6.25 5. €5- 6.25 Oct....... N o v ___ D e c ___ Average $5.70-$6.20 5.50- 6.05 4.80- 5.35 5.00- 6.50 4.70- 5.17* 4.90- 5.20 4.65- 4.90 4.45- 4.70 4.50- 4.70 4.50- 4.62* 4.40- 4.62* 4.55- 4.65 4.45- 4.65 $5.1550 HOGS: L ig h t [Price per hundred pounds in Chicago on Tuesday of each week; quotations from the Daily Inter Ocean.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $4.50-$4.95 4.50- 5.00 4.55- 5.00 4.80- 5.15 4.45- 4.90 4.90- 5.25 4.80- 5.40 5.05- 5.60 5.105.155.305.055.40- 5.55 5.67* 5.65 5.40 5.65 Apr---- M ay. . . * June .. $5.10-$5.40 4.85- 5.30 4.65- 5.10 4.65- 5.10 4.60- 4.75 4.65- 4.90 4.70- 4.87* 4.45- 4.65 4.55-4.75 4.70- 4.87* 4.80- 5.05 5.15- 5.35 5.20- 5.40 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $5.45-$5.60 5.20- 5.25 5.65- 5.90 5.45- 5.70 5.30- 5.45 5.50- 5.70 5.35- 5.55 5.35- 5.50 5.55- 5.80 5.55- 5.80 5.85- 6.05 6.05- 6.32* 6.00- 6.37* Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ Average $5.75-$6.20 5.60- 6.00 4.90- 5.35 5.10- 5.50 4.70- 5.10 4.95- 5.20 4.70- 4.87* 4.40- 4.65 4.50- 4.65 4.40- 4.60 4.30- 4.60 4.40- 4.65 4.25- 4.55 $5.1481 HOPS: New Y ork State, choice. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.34-$0.37 .36- .38 .36- .38 A pr___ M ay . . . Ju ne... $0.34-$0.36 .33- .35 .33- .35 J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . $0.32-$0.34 .32- .34 .33- .35 Oct....... N ov.-... D e c ___ $0.34-$0.36 .34- .36 .34- .35 Average $0.3475 440 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Table I .— W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. FARM P R O D U C T S — Continued. OATS: Contract grades, cash. [Price per bushel in Chicago on Tuesday of each week; quotations furnished by the secretary of the Chicago Board of Trade.] Month. J a n ....... F eb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. $0.36*-$O36* Apr___ .36|- .37* .39 - .41* .39*- .39* .41*- .44 M a y ... .4 1 - .41* .40*- .44 .42*- .42* .39*.40*.39*.38 .39*- .40 June .. .41* .40* .38* .40* Price. Month. Price. $0.39*-$0.39* J u ly ... .37 - .37* .37*- .38* .36*- .40 .39*- .40 Aug . . . .40*- .41* .41*- .42* .40*- .40* .40*- .40* .41*- .42* Sept. . . .41*- .41* .40*- .41 .40* RITE: No. Month. Price. $0.38*-$0.39* O c t ___ .39*- .40* .41* .40* .34*- .40 N o v .... .33*- .34* .34*- .35* .33*- .35 .31*- .32* .31*- .32* Dec — .31*- .33* .31* .29* $0.30* $0 .2 9 - .31* .28*- .30* .29* .29 - .29* .29*- .31* (a) .32 oo .30* .28* .28*- .30* .29 - .30* .29* Average $0.3649 2, casli. [Price per bushel in Chicago on Tuesday of each week; quotations furnished by the secretary of the Chicago Board of Trade.] J a n ....... F eb....... M a r ___ $0.51-$0.51* Apr___ .53* .55 .55 .60 M a y . . . .58*- .62 .65 .73*- .76 .73* ^June... .69 .72* .6 9 - .70 .71 $0.70 .68 .68 .66 .70 $0.72- .73 .73 .75 .7 5 - .78 («) J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . .65 .65 $0.64 O c t ___ $0 .65- .66 .74 .72 (a) Nov — .7 1 - .73* .72 .74 .71* .69*- .70 Dec . . . . .74* .7 3 - .75 .73* $0.76 .78 $0.77*- .78 .78 - .78* .79* .81 .81 .78 .77 .74 .75 .73 .73 Average $0.7056 % SHEEP: Native. [Price per hundred pounds in Chicago on Tuesday of each week; quotations from the Daily Inter Ocean.] J a n ....... F eb....... M a r ___ $3.25-$4.50 3.50-4.40 3.25- 4.00 3.00- 4.25 3.25- 3.75 3.50- 3.75 3.60- 4.10 4.00- 4.75 3.754.402.504.004.50- 4.55 4.80 5.00 5.00 6.30 A pr___ M ay... June .. $4.65-$5.25 4.00- 5.25 4.00- 5.25 4.50- 5.25 4.50- 5.50 4.50- 5.50 3.50- 5.40 2.75- 5.65 5.00- 5.40 4.50- 5.50 4.25- 4.75 4.25- 4.60 3.75- 5.25 J u ly . . . A u g ... S e p t... $3.75-$4.25 3.00- 3.75 4.00- 4.25 3.75- 4.25 3.85- 4.25 3.50- 4.00 3.50- 4.00 3.50- 3.75 3.25- 4.00 3.00- 4.00 2.50- 4.00 * 3.35-4.00 3.40- 4.25 Oct . . . . N o v ___ Dec — ' Average a No quotation for week. $3.50-$4.10 3.15- 3.80 3.25- 4.15 2.25- 4.75 4.00-4.75 3.50- 4.75 3.75- 4.75 3.75- 4.85 4.35- 4.75 3.75- 4.75 4.25- 4.80 3.75- 5. CO 3.00- 5.25 $4.1457 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 441 Table I . -W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. FARM P R O D U C T S — Concluded. SHEEP: Western* [Price per hundred pounds in Chicago on Tuesday of each- week; quotations from the Daily Inter Ocean.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . Price. SB. 50-S4.25 3.50- 4.40 3.25- 4.00 4.00- 4.15 3.70- 3.35 3.50- 4.50 4.10- 4.55 4.00-4.75 3.75- 4.55 4.40- 4.80 2.50- 5.00 4.00-5.00 4.50- 5.30 Month. Apr___ M a y ... J u n e ... Price. S4.65-S5.50 5.00- 5.60 5.20- 5.60 5.30- 5.40 4.50- 5.50 5.00-5.35 3.00- 5.50 4.00- 5.60 4.50- 5.35 4.50- 5.50 4.50-5.25 4.25- 4.85 3.50- 4.40 Month. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . Price. $3.90h$4.10 4.00- 4.50 3.85- 4.50 3.50- 4.50 3.50- 4.00 3.60-3.80 3.60- 3.90 3.60- 3.65 3.60- 4.25 3.50- 3.90 3.50- 4.10 3.50- 4.00 3.85- 4.20 Month. O c t___ Nov . . . D ec___ Average Price. S3.65-S4.00 3.75- 4.00 3.50- 4.37* 2.65- 4.60 4.10- 4. 35 4.00- 4.50 4.10- 4.25 3.75- 4.40 3.25- 4.25 3.50-4.85 3.75 4.65- 5.15 4.25- 5.25 S4.2608 W H E A T : Regular grade, cash. [Price per bushel in Chicago on Tuesday of each week; quotations furnished by the secretary of the Chicago Board of Trade.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . S0.81f-S0.86l A p r .... .82|- .87$ . 8 5 - .90 .831- .91 .87*- .94 M a y ... .91*- .97* .93 - 1.00 1.00*- 1.10 .95*.891.94*.91*.95f- 1.02 Ju ne... .96* .99* .95* 1.02* SO. 93*-Sl. 00* J ^ ly ... .95*- .99* .95*- .97 .95*- .96* .87*- 1.02 Aug . . . .91*- 1.04 .93*- 1.06 .93*- 1.06 .93*- 1.06 .96*- 1.06 Sept. . . .92*- 1.02 .94*- .99 .94*-1.00 S0.95*-S1.00 Oct....... .98*- 1.05 1.03 - 1.04* .99*- 1.02* .95 - 1.03 N o v ___ 1.02*- 1.10 1.04*- 1.18 1 .0 9 -1 .1 8 1.07*- 1.16 1.05*- 1.18 D e c ___ 1.15*- 1.20 1.11 - 1.20 1.11*- 1.20 Sl.12f-Sl.20 1.09*- 1.17 1.15*- 1.20 1.17*- 1.20 1.14*- 1.19 1.15*- 1.19 1.14*- 1.20 1.11*- 1.18 1.10 - 1.18 1.14*- 1.22 1.10*- 1.18* 1.12 - 1.18 1.14*- 1.20 Average SI. 0390 FO O D , ETC. BEANS: Medium, choice* [Price per bushel in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar — $2.10 2.00- 2.05 2.20 A pr___ M ay . . . Ju ne... S2.00-S2.05 2.05 2.05 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . Sl.95-S2.00 1.95 1.90 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ S1.90-S1.95 2.00 1.90- 1.95 Average $2.0104 BREAD : Crackers, Roston, in boxes* [Price per pound in New York on the first of each m onth; quotations from the Merchants’ Review.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ SO. 07 .07 .07 Apr___ M ay... Ju ne... SO. 08 .08 .08 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . SO. 08 .08 .08 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ SO. 08 .08 .08 Average SO. 0775 442 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Table I .— W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COM M ODITIES IN 1904— Continued. F O O D , E T C . — Continued. BREAD : Crackers, soda, N. B* € ., In boxes. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Merchants’ Review.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. Price. $0.06* Apr___ .06| M a y ... .06* J u n e... Month. Price. $0.07 J u ly ... .07 A u g . . . .06* S e p t... Month. Price. $0.06* Oct....... .06* Nov — .06* D e c ___ $0.06* .06* .06* Average $0.0658 BREAD : Loaf, 1 pound after baking. [Price per loaf in Washington, D. C., on the first of each month. Weight before baking, 18 ounces. Price per pound (before baking), January to October and December, $0.0356; November, $0.0444; average for the year, $0.0363.] Jan....... F eb....... Mar . . . . $0.04 .04 .04 Apr---M ay... Ju ne... $0.04 .04 .04 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.04 .04 .04 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.04 .05 .04 Average $0.0408 BREAD : Loaf, homemade. [Price per loaf in New York on the first o f each month. Weight before baking, January to July, 19 ounces; August and September, Is ounces; October to December, 17 ounces. Price per pound (before baking), January to July, $0.0337; August and September, $0.0356; October to December, $0.0376; average for the year, $0.0350. Standard weight and standard prices charged by the Bakers’ Association, w hich includes leading large bread manufacturers in New York, Brooklyn, and one or two in New Jersey w ho deliver their bread in Manhattan.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $0.04 .04 .04 A p r.. . . M a y ... June .. $0.04 .04 .04 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.04 .04 .04 Oct....... N ov ___ Dec — $0.04 .04 .04 Average $0.04 B R E A D : Loaf, Vienna. [Price per loaf in New York on the first of each month. Weight before baking, January to July, 18 ounces; August and September, 17 ounces; October to December, 16 ounces. Price per pound (before baking), January to July, $0.0356; August and September, $0.0376; October to December, $0.04; average for the year, $0.0370. Standard weight and standard prices charged by the Bakers’ Association, which includes leading large bread manufacturers in New York, Brooklyn, and one or two in New Jersey who deliver their bread in Manhattan.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.04 .04 .04 A p r .... M ay. . . June .. $0.04 .04 .04 J u ly ... A u g ... Sept. . . $0.04 .04 .04 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.04 .04 .04 Average $0.04 443 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T a b l e I . — W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. F O O D , E T C .— Continued. B U T T E R : Creamery, E lgin . [Price per pound in Elgin, 111., on Monday of each week; quotations furnished by D. W. Willson, editor of the Elgin Dairy Report.] Month. Month. Price. Jan....... $0.24 .24 .22 .22 .23 .24* .26 .26 .26 .24* .24; .24; .24* Feb....... M a r ___ Price. Apr___ $0.24* .24* .23 .23 M ay . . . .23 .20 .19* .18* .17* .17* .17* .17* .17* Ju ne... Month. J u ly ... Price. Month. 80.17* .17 .17 .17 O ct....... .17 .17 .18 .18* .19 .19 .19 .19* .20 N ov ---- Aug .. S ept. . . Price. 80.20 .20 .21 .21* .23 .25 .25 .25 .25 D e c ___ .26* .26* .26* .27 .28 Average 80.2178 B U TTER : Creamery, extra. [Price per pound in New York on Tuesday of each week; quotations from the New Y ork Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ 80.24 -80.24* .23 - .23* .22 - .22* .22 - .22* .23 - .23* . 24*— .25 .26 - .26* .26 - .26* .26 .24 .24 .24 .25 - .26* .24* .24* .24* .25* Apr---- M ay . . . June .. 80.23* 80.22 - .22* .22 - .22* .23*- .24 .24 - .24* .20 - .20* .20 - .20* .18 - .18* .18 - .18* .18 - .18* .18 - .18* .17|- .18 .18 - .18* J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . 80.18 $0.17*- .17* .17*- .17* .17*- .17* .17*- .17* .17*- .17* .1 8 - .18* .1 8 - .18* .1 9 - .19* ,1 9 - .19* .1 9 - .19* .19*- .19* .20*- .21 O ct.___ N ov ___ D e c ___ 80.20*-$0.21 .20 - .20* .21 - .21* .21*- .21* .23 - .23* .25 - .25* .25 - .25* .25 - .25* .26 - .26* .27 - .27* ,27 - .27* .26 - .26* .27 - .27* Average 80.2189 RU TTER : Bairy, New Y ork State, tubs and h a lf tubs, fancy. [Price per pound in New York on Tuesday of each week; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] J a n ......... F e b ......... M a r ___ 80.19-80.21 .1 9 - .20 .1 8 - .19 .1 8 - .19 .1 8 - .19 .1 8 - .20 .1 9 - .21 .2 0 - .22 .2 0 .2 0 .1 9 .1 9 .2 0 - .22 .21 .21 .21 .22 A p r ___ M ay... June .. 80.19-80.21 .21 .21 .2 2 - .22* .2 2 - .23 .19 .1 9 - .19* .1 7 - .17* .1 7 - .17* .1 7 - .17* .1 7 - .17* .17 .17 J u ly ... Aug ... S ep t... 80.17 .17 .17 .17 .17 .17 .17 .17 80.1 7*- .18 .1 7 * - .18 .1 7 * - .18 . 1 8 - .18* . 1 9 - .19* O c t ----- N o v ----- D e c ___ A verage 80.19 -80.19* .19 .20 .20 - .20* .2 1 * - .22 .23 .23 .23 .24 .25 .25 .24 .25 80.1970 444 BULLETIN OF THE BUBEATJ OF LABOB. Table I .— W H O L E S A L E PBIOES OF CO M M ODITIES IN 1904— Continued, F O O D , E T C . — Continued. CHEESE: New Y ork , fu ll cream, large, colored, best grades* [Price per pound in New York on Tuesday of each week; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Month. Price. Month. $0.12 Jan....... A p r.. . . .12 .12 .12 .12 .12 .12 .12 .12 .12 .12 .12 .12 Feb....... Mar . . . . M ay... June .. Price. Month. 60.12 60 .11.1 1 .101.101.10i- .12 .H i .H i .11 .11 .11 .07i .03 .08 .071 .081 .081 J u ly ... Aug .. Sept. . . Price. 60.071 .071 .071 .071 .071 .071 .081 .081 .081 .081 .081 .09 .091 Month. Oct....... Price. 60.10 .10 .091 .091 .091 N ov ___ .101 .101 .111 •111 D e c ___ •111 .111 .111 •111 Average 60.1019 COFFEE: R io No. 7, R razll grades. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... 60.071 -60.071 F eb....... Mar . . . . Apr___ M a y ... June .. 60.061-60.07 .071- .071 .061- .071 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . 60.071-60.07f .07f- .071 .081- .081 Oct....... N o v ---D ec.... 60.081-60.081 .081- .081 .081- .08f Average 60.0782 EGOS: N ew -laid, fancy, near-by. [Price per dozen in New York on Tuesday of each week; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . 60.88 .31 .31 .36 .33 .33 .35 .32 -60.47 - .35 - .35 - .40 - .35 - .38 - .38 - .35 .211.22 .20 .17 .191- ,241 .25 .28 .19 .21 Apr___ M ay... Ju n e... 60.181-60.21 .181- .191 .181- .20 .1 9 - .20 .19 - .20 .1 9 - .20 .1 9 - .21 .1 8 - .20 .1 8 - .21 .1 9 - .21 .1 9 - .21 .1 9 - .21 .1 9 - .21 J u ly . . . Aug . . . S e p t... 60.191-60.21 .21 - .23 .22 - .24 .22 - .24 .21 - .24 .21 - .26 .23 - .26 .23 - .26 .23 - .26 .23 - .27 .25 - .28 .25 - .28 .25 - .28 Oct....... Nov — D e c ___ Average 60.25-60.30 .26- .30 .27- .30 .27- .30 .27- .32 .29- .35 .30- .38 .32- .38 .32- .38 .35- .40 .33- .40 .32- .36 .31- .35 60.2650 FISH : Cod, dry, bank, large. [Price per quintal in Boston on the first of each month; quotations from the Boston Herald.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ 66.50-66.75 6.50- 6.75 7.75- 8.00 Apr___ M ay... June .. 66.621-66.871 7 .5 0 -8 .0 0 7.50 - 8.00 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept.. . 67.50-68.00 7.00- 7.50 7.00- 7.50 O c t .... Nov . . . D ec___ 67.00-67.50 7.00- 7.50 7.00- 7.50 Average 67.2813 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904, 445 T a b l e I . — W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. F O O D , E T C , — Continued. FISH: Herring, shore, round, large, [Price per barrel in BQston on the first of each month; quotations from the Boston Herald.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . Month. Price. Apr___ M a y ... June .. $4.50-$5.50 5.00- 5.25 5.00- 5.50 Price. $5.00-65.50 5.00 («) Month. Price. Month. J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... («) (a) («) Oct...*. Nov . . . D e c .... $6.00 6.00 6.00 Average $5.4531 Price. FISH: Mackerel, salt, large No, 3s, [Price per barrel in Boston on the first of each month; quotations from the Boston Herald.] Apr---- $15.00- $16.00 M a y . . . 14.00- 15.00 J u n e... 12.00- 13.00 Ja n ....... $15.50 15.50 Feb....... Mar . . . . $15.00- 16.00 J u ly ... $12.00- $13.00 Aug . . . 13.00- 14.00 Sept. . . 14.00 Oct....... N ov ___ Dec — $14.50- $15.50 14.50- 15.50 14.50- 15.50 Average $14.50 FISH: Salmon, canned, Columbia River, 1-pound tails, [Price per dozen cans in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . Apr___ M ay. . . Ju ne... $1.70-$l. 75 1.70- 1.75 1.70- 1.75 $1.70-$l. 75 1.70- 1.75 1.70- 1.75 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $1.70-$l. 75 1.70- 1.75 1.70- 1.75 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $1.70-$l. 75 1.70- 1.75 1.70- 1.75 Average $1.7250 FLOUR: Buckwheat. [Price per hundred pounds in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $2.30-$2.35 2.00 («) Apr___ M ay. . . June .. («) (« «) J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . («) (aj &$2.65 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c .. . $2.50-$2.65 2.20- 2.25 2.20- 2.25 Average $2.3333 FLOUR: Rye, [Price per barrel in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal o f Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $3.20-$3.50 3.40- 3.60 4.50- 4.80 Apr---M a y ... June .. $4.25-$4.75 4.20- 4.65 4.20- 4.60 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $4.00-$4.75 4.15- 4.70 4.30- 4.90 a No quotation for month. b Quotation from the New York Commercial. Oct....... N ov---D e c ___ $4.50-$4.80 4.50- 4.90 4.40- 4.80 Average $4.3479 446 T able BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, I .— W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COM M ODITIES IN 1904— Continued. F O O D , E T C .— Continued. FLOUR: Wheat, spring patents. [Price per barrel in New York on Tuesday of each week; quotations furnished by the statistician of the New York Produce Exchange.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. $4.30-$4.90 4.30- 4.90 4.35- 4.95 4.45- 5.00 4.45- 5.00 4.60- 5.10 4.70- 5.20 5.00- 5.50 5.004.804.754.754.75- 5.60 5.40 5.40 5.35 5.35 A pr___ M ay. . . J u n e... Price. $4.75-$5.35 4.75- 5.35 4.75- 5.35 4.75- 5.20 4.75- 5.20 4.75- 5.25 4.70- 5.30 4.70- 5.30 4.70- 5.30 4.70- 5.30 4.65- 5.30 4.60- 5.25 4.60- 5.25 Month. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . Price. $4.50-$5.15 4.50- 5.15 4.60- 5.25 4.60- 5.25 5.00- 5.65 5.10- 5.80 5.30- 5.90 5.50- 6.35 5.75- 6.35 5.75- 6.40 5.90- 6.60 5.90- 6.50 5.75- 6.40 Month. Price. Oct....... $5.75-$6.40 5.75- 6.40 5.80- 6.50 5.80- 6.50 5.80- 6.50 5.80- 6.50 5.75- 6.50 5.60- 6.25 5.60- 6.25 5.70- 6.26 5.70- 6.10 5.70- 6.10 5.65- 6.10 N o v ___ D e c ___ Average $5.3784 FLOUR: W heat, winter straights. [Price per barrel in New York on Tuesday of each week; quotations furnished by the statistician of the New York Produce Exchange.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar....... $3.80-$4.20 3.85- 4.20 3.90- 4.25 3.95- 4.30 3.90- 4.30 4.00- 4.40 4.20- 4.70 4.60- 5.00 4.754.654.604.604.60- 5.25 5.10 5.10 5.10 5.10 A pr___ M ay... J u n e... $4.60-$5.00 4.60- 5.00 4.60- 5.00 4.60- 4.90 4.60- 4.90 4.50- 4.90 4.50- 4.95 4.50- 4.95 4.50- 4.90 4.50- 4.90 4.50- 4.90 4.50- 4.90 4.40- 4.85 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $4.40-$4.80 4.40- 4.80 4.40- 4.80 4.35- 4.80 4.35- 4.65 4.45- 4.80 4.60- 4.95 4.80- 5.10 4.75- 5.10 4.80- 5.15 5.00- 5.35 5.00- 5.30 5.00- 5.30 Oct . . . . N o v ___ D e c ___ Average $5.00-$5.40 5.00- 5.40 5.10- 5.50 6.20- 5.55 5.20- 5.55 5.20- 5.55 5.20- 5.55 5.10- 5.40 5.10- 5.40 5.15- 5.40 5.15- 5.35 5.15- 5.35 5.10- 5.35 $4.8264 FR U IT : Apples, evaporated, choice. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.05*-$0.06* .05*- .06 .05*- .06 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.06*-$0.06* .06*- .06* .06 - .06* J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . $0.06*-$0.06$ .06*- .06$ .06*- .06$ Oct . . . . N ov___ D e c ___ $0.05$-$0.06 .05*- .05* .05 - .05* Average $0.0603 FRUIT: Apples, sun-dried, Southern, sliced. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.03*-$0.04 .035- .04 .034- .04 Apr.. M ay. June 80.034-S0.04 .03 - .04 .0 3 - .04 July Aug Sept $0.02 -$0.03 .02 - .03 .0 2 - .03 Oct Nov Dec Average $0.03 -$0.04 .0 3 - .04 .0 3 - .04 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 447 T a b l e I . — W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. F O O D , E T C . —Continued. FRUIT: Currants, amalias, in barrels. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. $0.04f-$0.05 .04|- .05 ,04f- .05 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. Price. Month. $0.04f-$0.05 J u ly ... .04| Aug . . . .04| S e p t... Price. SO. 04|-80.05 .04f- .05 .04|- .05 Month. Price. Oct....... N ov ---B e e ___ $0.041-80.05 .041- . 04* .041- .05 Average $0.0488 FRUIT: Prunes, California, Santa Clara, 60s to 70s, in 25-pound, boxes. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ 80.05H0.05f .041- .051 .041- .051 Apr---M ay. . . June .. $0,041-80.05 .041- .041 .041- ,04| J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.04i-$0.04i .041- .04* .041- .04* Oct....... N o v ___ D e c ---- $0.041-80.04* .04*- .04* .04*- .04* Average 80.0461 FRU IT: Raisins, California, London layer. [Price per box in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $1.55 1.60 $1.50-1.55 Apr — M a y ... J u n e... $1.50-81.55 a 1.40- 1.45 1.40- 1.55 J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... $1.40-81.55 1.50- 1.55 1.50- 1.55 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ---- $1.30-81.40 1.30- 1.40 1.30- 1.40 Average $1.4729 GLUCOSE: 41° and 42° mixing. [Price per hundred pounds in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] J a n ....... Feb....... M a r ___ $1.70 1.85 1.95 Apr___ M ay... Ju ne... $2.05 1.95 1.85 J u ly . . . Aug . .. Sept. . . $1.85 1.61 1.71 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $1.61 1.56 1.81 Average $1.7917 UARR: Prime contract. [Price per pound in New York on Tuesday of each week; quotations furnished by the statistician of the New York Produce Exchange.] $0.0715 Apr___ $0.0730 J u ly ... $0.0715-80.0740 .0712* .0C85 .0710- .0725 .0687* .0730 .0700- .0720 .0770 .0695- .0720 $0.0687*- .0715 Feb....... $0.0760 - .0770 M ay. . . .0675 - .0700 Aug . . . .0710- .0730 .0785 - .0790 .0700 .0690- .0715 .0680 . 0720 .0750 - .0775 .0675 - .0680 .0670 .0730 .0800 - .0810 .0690 .0715- .0735 .0695 S ept. . . .0725- .0750 M a r ___ .0775 June .. .0737*- .0760 .0675 - .0705 .0730- .0755 .0755 .0712*- .0735 .0730 - .0750 .0790 .0700 - .0730 .0710 .0715 - .0735 Jan....... Oct . . . . $0.08121-80.0825 .0800 - .0805 .0765 .0760 .0745 N ov ___ .0750 .0750 .0725 - .0740 .0735 .0730 D e c ___ .0730 .0715 - .0725 .0710 - .0720 Average a Quotation from the New York Commercial. $0.0731 448 BULLETIN;OF -THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Table I . — W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. F O O D , E T C . — Continued. jnEAL: Corn, fine white. [Price per bag of 100 pounds in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Month. Month. Price. Ja n ....... Feb....... M a r ___ $1.20 1.30 1.35 Price. Apr___ M ay... June .. $1.20-81.35 1.25- 1.30 1.37- 1.38 Month. July . . . A u g .... S e p t. . . Price. $1.45 $1.40- 1.45 1.15- 1.45 Month. Price. O ct.... Nov . . . Dec — $1.25-$l. 30 1.35- 1.45 1.40- 1.50 Average . $1.3396 MEAL: Corn, fine yellow. [Price per bag of 100 pounds in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... F e b ;.... Mar — $1.20-$1.25 1.30 1.35 A p r___ M ay... Ju n e... $1.20-81.35 1.25^ 1.30 1.37- 1.38 J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . $1.35-81.40 1.15- 1.35 1.40- 1.45 Oct....... Nov . . . D ec___ $1.30 $1.35- 1.45 1.40- 1.50 Average $1.3333 MEAT: Bacon, short clear sides, smoked, loose. [Prices per pound in Chicago on Tuesday o f each week; quotations from the Daily Trade Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... -08g .071 .08 .071 .071 80.07f-80.071 .071- .071 .071- .071 .061- .07 M ay. . . .061- .07 .061- .061 .061- .07 .061- .07 .07 - .071 .07}- .07? J u n e... . .071- .071 .08 - .081 .08 - .081 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0,071-80.08 Oct....... .071- .08 .071- .08 .071- .07} .071- .07} » N ov___ .08 - .08} .08§- .08} .08}- .08} .08}- .08} .08}- .08} D e c ___ .081- .08} .08}- .081 .09 - .09} $0.091-80.09} .081- .08} .08}- .08} .08 - .08} .07}- .071 .07}- .071 .071- .07} .071- .071 Average $0.0775 s s .081.071.071,07f,07|- Apr___ 11 £•£* OO Mar....... $0.07}-$0.07$ .07J- -071 .071- .07f .071- .071 .071- .07| .07|- .071 .071- .071 .08 - .081 .07}- .07} .07 - .07} .06}- .07 MEAT: Bacon, short rib sides, smoked, loose. [Price per pound in Chicago on Tuesday of each week; quotations from the Daily Trade Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $0.07}-$0.07} .07 •2Z* .07 - .07} .07}- .07} .07 - .07} .07}- .07} .07}- .071 .07}- .08 .08 .074.07}.07}.071- .08} .07} .071 .07} .07} A p r .... M a y ... Ju n e... $0,071-80.07} .07}- .07} .06}- .07 .06$- .061 .06}- .061 .06}- .061 .06|- .061 .06|- .061 . 065- .07 .07 .071- :o7i .071- .08 .07}- .08 J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... $0 071-80.07} .071- .07} .071- .07} .07|- .071 .07g- .071 .07}- .08 .071- .08 .0 8 - .08} .08 - .08} .07}- .08 .08}- .08} .08}- .08} .081- .09 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ Average 80.08}-$0.09 .08}- .081 .08}- .08} .07*- .07} .07}- .07} .07}- .07} .07}- .071 .07}- .07} .07}- .07} .07}- .07} .07 - .07} .06}- .07 .061- .06} 80.0757 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able I .— 449 W H O L E SA L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. F O O D , E T C .—Continued. MEAT: Beef, fresli, native sides. [Price per pound in New York on Tuesday of each week; quotations from the New York Daily Tribune.] Month. Price. Month. Price. Month. Price. Month. Jan....... $0.06 -$0.08f .071- .091 .07 - .09 .07 - .09 .07 - .081 .08 - .081 .07 - .081 .07 - .081 Apr___ $0.06!-$0.081 .061- .081 .061- .081 .061- .081 .061- .081 .061- .081 .061- .081 .07 - .081 .07 - .081 .071- -081 .081- -10 .0 8 - .10 .071- .101 J u ly ... $0.07f-$0.101 .071- .101 .0 9 - .111 .081- .11 .0 8 - .101 .071- .101 .071- -10 .07 - .091 .07 - .09 .061- .091 .061- .091 .061- .091 .061- .091 Oct....... Feb....... M a r ___ .07 .061.061.061.061- .081 .081 .081 .081 .081 M ay . . . June .. A u g ... Sept. . . N o v ___ D e c ___ Average Price. $0.06!-$0.09i .061- .091 .061- .10 .061- .10 .061- .10 . 0 7 - .10 .0 7 - .10 .07 - .091 .07 - .091 .07 - .091 .07 - .091 .0 7 - .10 .07 - .091 $0.0818 MEAT: Beef, salt, extra mess. [Average weekly price per barrel in New York: quotations furnished by the statistician of the New York Produce Exchange.] Ja n ....... Feb....... M a r ___ $8.00-$8.50 8.00- 8.50 8.00- 8.50 8.00- 8.50 8.00- 8.50 8.50 8.50 9.00- 9.50 9.00- 9.50 9.00- 9.50 9.00- 9.50 9.00- 9.50 9.00- 9.50 A p r .... M ay... Ju n e... $8.50-$9.00 8.50- 9.00 8.50 8.50 8.00- 8.50 8.00- 8.50 8.00- 8.50 8.00- 8.50 8.00- 8.50 8.00-8.50 8.00- 8.50 8.00- 8.50 8.00- 8.50 J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... $8.50-$9.00 8.50- 9.00 8.50- 9.00 8.50- 9.00 8.50- 9.00 8.50- 9.00 8.50- 9.00 8.50- 9.00 8.50- 9.00 8.50- 9.00 8.50- 9.00 8.50- 9.00 8.50- 9.50 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ Average $8.50-$9.50 8.50-9.50 8.50- 9.50 8.50- 9.50 8.50- 9.50 9.00- 9.50 9.00- 9.50 9.00- 9.50 9.00- 9.50 9.00- 9.50 9.00- 9.50 9.00- 9.50 9.00- 9.50 9.00- 9.50 $8.7689 MB AT: Beef, salt, hams, western. [Price per barrel in New York on Tuesday of each week; quotations furnished by the statistician o f the New York Produce Exchange.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $20.50-$22.00 20.50- 22.00 20.50- 22.00 20.50- 22.00 20.50- 22.00 20.50- 22.00 20.50- 22.00 20.50- 22.00 20.5020.5020.5020.5020.50- 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 Apr___ M ay... J u n e... $20.50-$22.00 20.50- 22.00 20.50- 22.00 20.50- 22.00 20.00- 21.50 20.00- 21.50 20.00- 21.50 20.00- 21.50 20.00- 21.50 20.00- 21.50 20.50- 22.00 20.50- 22.00 20.50- 22.00 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $21.50-$23.00 21.50- 23.00 21.50- 23.00 21.50- 23.00 22.00- 24.00 22.00- 24.00 22.25- 24.00 24.00- 25.50 24.00- 25.50 24.00- 25.50 24.00- 25.50 24.00- 25.50 24.00- 25.50 Oct....... N ov___ Dec — Average 16818—No. 57—06-----5 $24.00-$25.50 24.00- 25.50 23.50- 25.00 23.00- 24.50 23.00- 24.50 22.50- 24.00 22.50- 24.00 22.50- 24.00 22.50- 24.00 22.00- 23.50 22.00- 23.50 22.00- 23.50 22.00- 23.50 $22.3341 450 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. T a b l e I . — W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904—Continued. F O O D , E T C ,—Continued. M EAT: Mams, smoked, loose. [Price per pound in Chicago on Tuesday of each week; quotations from the Daily Trade Bulletin.] Month. Price. Month. Price. Month. Price. Month. Jan------ 80.09*-80. I lf .10*- .I l f •10*.— .11* .10*- .11* .10*- .11* .10f- .I l f .10*- .11* .10f- .I l f Apr___ 80.10*-S0.10f .10*- .I0f .10*- ,•lOf .1 0 - ,.10* .10 - ,.10* .10 - ,.10* .1 0 - .10* .1 0 - ,.10* .10 - ,.10* .10 - ,.10* .10*- .10f .10f- ,.11* .10f- ,.11* J u ly ... 80.10f-80.11* .10f- .11* .10f- .11* .10f- .11* .11*- .I l f .11*- .I l f .11*- .I l f .11*- .I l f .11*- .I l f .11*- .I l f .11 - . 11* .1 1 - .11* .1 1 - .11* Oct------ Feb....... M a r ___ .10f.10f.10f.10*.10*- .11* .11* .11* .11 .10f M ay... Ju n e... A u g... Sept. . . N ov___ D e c ___ Average Price. 80.11 -80.11* .10f- ,11* .10*- .11 .10*- .10f . 09f- .10* .09f- .10* .09*- .10* .09*- .10* .09*- .10* .09*- .10* .09*- .10* .09*- .10* . 0 9 - .10 80.1072 MEAT: Mutton, dressed. [Price per pound in New York on Tuesday of each week; quotations from the New York Daily Tribune.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ 80.06-80.07* .07- ..08 .07- .08* .07- .09 .07- .08* .07- .09 .07- .09 .07- .09 .07.06.06.06.06- .08* .08 .08 .08 .08 Apr___ M a y ... June -- 80.06 -80.08* .0 6 - .09 .07 - .09 .08*- .10* .0 8 - .10* .0 8 - .10* .08*- .10* .08*- .11 .0 8 - .10 .0 8 - .10 .07*- .10 . 0 7 - .10 .06*- .09 J u ly . . . Aug . . . S ep t. . . 80.06 -80.08 .06*- .09 .09 - .11 .08 - .10 .08 - .11 .07 - .10 .07 - .10 .07 - .10 .06 - .08 .05 - .08 .05 - .08* .05 - .08* .05 - .08* Oct....... Nov . . . Dec___ Average 80.05 -80.08 .05 - .08* .0 5 - .08* .0 5 - .08* .0 5 - .08* .05*- .08* .05*- .08* .05*- .08* .05*- .08 .0 7 - .08 .0 7 - .09 .06*- .08* .06*- .08* 80.0778 M EAT: Pork, salt, mess, old to new. [Price per barrel in New York on Tuesday of each week; quotations furnished by the statistician of the New York Produce Exchange.] Jan....... Ffeb........ M a r ___ 814.25-815.00 14.25- 15.00 14.25- 15.00 14.50- 15.00 14.75- 15.25 15.25- 16.00 15.75- 16.50 16.75- 17.25 16.5015.5015.5015.0015.00- 17.00 16.00 16.00 15.50 15.50 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. 814.75-815.25 14.00- 14.50 13.50- 14.00 13.50- 14.00 13.00- 13.75 13.00- 13.50 12.75- 13.25 12.50- 13.00 13.00- 13.50 13.25- 13.75 14.00- 14.50 14.25- 14.75 14.25- 14.75 J u ly ... A ug... S ept. . . 814.25-814.75 14.00- 14.75 14.25- 14.75 14.00- 14.50 14.25- 14.75 14.00- 14.50 13.25- 13.75 13.25- 13.75 13.25- 13.75 12.75- 13.00 12.50- 13.00 12.75- 13.25 13.00- 13.50 Oct . . . . Nov — D e c ___ Average 813.25-813.75 13.25- 13.75 12.50- 13.00 12.00- 13.00 12.50- 13.00 12.50*- 13.00 12.50- 13.00 12.50- 13.00 13.25- 13.75 13.25- 13.75 13.25- 1*3.75 13.25- 13.75 13.00-13.50 814.0288 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 451 T a b l e I . — W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. F O O D , E T C * — Continued. MILK: Fresh* [Average monthly exchange price per quart; net price at shipping stations subject to a freight rate to New Y ork o f 26 cents per can of 40 quarts; quotations from the Milk Reporter.], Month. Jan....... F eb....... M a r ___ Price. $0.0312 .0300 .0300 Month. Price. Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.0275 .0237 .0200 Month. Price. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.0209 .0225 .0250 Month. Price. Oct....... N ov ---D e c ___ $0.0287 .0332 . 0375 Average $0.0275 MOLASSES: New Orleans, open kettle. [Price per gallon in New York on the first o f each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.31-$0.37 .31- .37 .31— .37 Apr---M ay. . . June .. $0.31-$0.37 .31- .37 .31- .37 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.31-$0.37 .31- .37 .31- .37 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.31-80.37 .32- .36 .30- .37 Average $0.3396 R1CF: Domestic, choice* [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.04$-$0.05 .041- .04| .04|- .04| Apr___ M ay. . . June ... $0.04$-$0.04$ .04$- .04| .04$- .044 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept__ $0.04$-$0.04$ .04$- .04$ .03$- .04 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.03$-$0.04 .03$- ,04 .03$- .04 Average $0.0441 SALV: American, medium* [Price per barrel in Chicago, each week; quotations furnished by th e Secretary of the Chicago Board of Trade.] Jan....... F eb ...... M a r ___ $0.75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .81 .81 .81 .81 .81 O c t .... $0.81 .81 .81 .81 Nov . . . Dec___ .81 .81 .81 .81 .81 .81 .81 .81 .81 Average $0.7704 SALT: Ashton’s No* 2 2 4 . [Price per bag of 224 pounds in New York on the first of each month; quotations supplied* by the New York Journal o f Commerce and Commercial Bulletin. Beginning with 1904' this article does not enter into the relative figures in Tables II to V. For the years 1890 to 1903 the price was erroneously quoted per bushel instead o f per bag of 224 pounds.] J a n ....... F e b .___ M a r ___ $2.00 2.00 2.00 A p r .... M a y ... June .. $2.00 2.00 2.00 J u ly . . . A u g ... S ept. . . $2.00 2.00 2.00 O ct___ Nov . . . Dec___ $2.00 2.00 2.00 Average $2.00 452 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, T a b l e I*— W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. F O O D , E T C .—Continued. SODA: Bicarbonate of, American* [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . Month. Price. $0.0130 .0130 .0130 Price. Apr___ M a y ... June .. $0.0130 .0130 .0130 Month. J u ly . . . Aug . . . S e p t... Price. $0.0130 .0130 .0130 Month. Price. O c t .... Nov . . . D ec___ $0.0130 .0130 .0130 Average $0.0130 SPICES: .Nutmegs, 105s to 110s* [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.27-$0.28 .26- .27 .25- .254 A p r .... M ay. . . Ju ne... $0.21-$0.23 .20- .21 .19- .20 J u ly ... A u g... S e p t... $0.19-$0.194 .19- .194 .20- .21 Oct . . . . N ov ___ Dec . . . . $0.204-$0.21 .20 - .204 .194- .20 Average $0.2175 SPICES: Pepper, Singapore* [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... F eb....... M a r ___ $0.124-$0.12f .124- .124 .124- .124 A pr___ M a y ... Ju ne... $0.124-$0.124 .12 - .124 .114- .12 J u ly . . . A u g ... Sept.. . $0. llf-$ 0 .114 .114- .12 .114- .12 Oct....... N o v ___ D e c ___ $0.12|-$0.13 .124- .13 .124- -124 Average $0.1229 STARCH: Pure corn, for culinary purposes* [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Merchants’ Review.] $0,054 .054 .054 Apr___ M a y ... June .. $0.054 .054 .054 $0,054 .054 .054 J u ly ... A u g ... S e p t... Oct . . . . N ov ___ D e c ___ $0,054 .054 .054 Average $0.0525 SUGAR: 89° fair refining. [Price per pound in New York on Thursday of each week, including import duty of 1.44 cents per pound; quotations from Willett & Gray’s Weekly Statistical Sugar Trade Journal.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.0300 .0300 .02874 .0281 .02874 .0284 .0284 .0284 .02874 .0294 .0297 .0300 .0309 .0316 Apr___ M ay... June .. $0.0316 .0313 .0304 .0319 .0322 .0325 .0338 .0344 .0350 .03374 .03374 .0344 .0344 J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . $0.0344 .0350 .0350 .0350 .0356 .03624 .0369 .0369 .0375 .0375 .0375 .0375 .0375 Oct . . . . $0.0375 .0375 .0375 .0375 D e c ___ .0375 .03874 .04124 .0425 .0425 .0425 .04374 .04374 .04374 Average $0.03470 N ov ---- COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 453 T a b l e I ___W H O L E SA L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. F O O D , E T C .— Continued. SUGAR: 96° centrifugal. [Price per pound in New York on Thursday of each week, including import duty of 1.681 cents per pound; quotations from Willett & Gray’s Weekly Statistical Sugar Trade Journal.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . Month. Price. «0.0347 .0347 .0335 .0331 .0331 .0335 .0335 .0335 .03371 .0344 .0344 .0350 .0360 .0367 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. Price. $0.0367 .0361 .0354 .0370 .0373 .0375 .0388 .0395 .0395 .03871 .0384 .0394 .0394 Month. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . Price. $0.0394 .0394 .0394 .0394 .0406 .04321.0425 .0425 .0431 .0431 .0431 .0425 .0431 Month. Oct . . . . Price. $0.0429 .0425 .0425 .0422 D e c ___ .0441 .0441 .04621 .0475 .0475 .0475 .04871 .04871 .04871 Average $0.03974 N ov___ SUGAR: Granulated, in barrels. [Price per pound in New York on Thursday of each week, including import duty of 1.95 cents per pound; quotations from Willett & Gray’s Weekly Statistical Sugar Trade Journal.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.0436 .0436 .0436 .0436 .0426 .0426 .0426 .0426 .0426 .0431 .0441 .0450 .0450 .0450 Apr___ $0.0440 .0440 .0440 .0455 J u ly . . . $0.0480 .0485 .0485 .0495 Oct....... $0.0490 .0490 .0480 .0480 M ay... .0455 .0455 .0475 .0480 .0480 .0475 .0475 .0475 .0475 Aug . . . .0500 .0500 .0495 .0495 .0500 .0503 .0495 .0495 .0500 N ov ___ D e c ___ .0500 .0520 .0530 .0530 .0530 .0540 .0550 .0550 .0560 Average $0.04772 J u n e... S e p t... TALLOW. [Price per pound in New York on Tuesday of each week; quotations furnished by the statistician of the New York Produce Exchange.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.05H0.05f .051 .05 .05 .05 .05 .051 .051 .051 .051 .041 .041 .041 Apr___ $0,041 $0,041- .04f .041 .041 •04& M a y ... .041 .04 - .041 .041 .041 .041 June .. .041 .041 .041 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $0,041 .041 $0,041- .041 .041- .041 .041 .041 .041 .04f .041 .041 .041 .041 .041 Opt . . . . N ov___ Dec — Average $0.04f .041 $0,041- .041 .041 .041 .041 .041- .041 .041 .041 .041 .041 .041 .041 $0.0459 454 BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OP LABOR. T able I ___W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. F O O D , E T C .—Concluded. TEA: Formosa, fine. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. Apr___ M ay... June ... $0.25-$0.27 .25- .27 .27- .29 Price. $0.27-$0. 29 .27- .29 .27- .29 Month. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . Price. $0.27-80.29 .27- .29 .27- .29 Month. Price. Oct . . . . Nov — Dec — $0.27-80.29 .26- .29 .26- .29 Average ii $0.2758 TIG ETAB LE S, FRESH : Onions. [Price per barrel in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . Apr___ M a y ... June .. $2.00-85.50 2.00- 5.00 2.50- 5.50 $2.50-$5.00 (a) 3.00- 4.00 J u ly ... A u g ... Sept. . . $3.25 $3.00- 3.25 2.00- 3.00 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $2.00-85.00 2.00- 6.00 ZOO- 6.50 Average $3.5568 VEGETAB1ES, F R E SH : Potatoes, Burbank. [Price per bushel in Chicago, weekly range; quotations furnished by the secretary of the Chicago Board of Trade.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.62-80.70 .68- .71 .68- .73 .70- .85 .90- .95 .85- .91 .86- .89 .87- .90 .87- .90 .86- 1.02 .88- .91 .89- .91 .87- .93 Apr___ M ay... June .. $0.89-81.00 .96- 1.12 1.04- 1.16 1.10- 1.22 1.10- 1.18 .95- 1.16 .95- 1.08 1.02- 1.10 1.04- 1.10 l . l f - 1.18 (&) (6 (*) J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . O c t ..... (&) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) N ov ___ D e c ___ \b) Average (&) $0.35-80.38 .33- .37 .31- .37 .34- .40 .35- .38 .35- .39 .37- .42 .32- .38 .32- .38 .32- .37 .32- .36 .32- .35 .32- .36 $0.7301 VINEGAR: Cider, Monarch, in barrels. [Price per gallon in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Merchants’ Review.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.13 .13 .13 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.13 .13 .13 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.13 .13 .13 Oct . . . . N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.14 .14 .14 Average $0.1325 Oct . . . . N o v .... D e c ___ $0.18 .18 .18 Average $0.1796 C E O T H S ASTD C E O T H IK G . BAGS: 2-bushel, Amoskeag. [Price per bag on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $0.15| .18 .18 Apr___ M ay... June .. a No quotation for month. $0.18| .18* •18p J u ly . . . A u g ... Sept. . . $0.18* .18 .18 6 No quotation for week. 455 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. Table I . — W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES CLOTHS A N D IN 1904— Continued. C L O T H I N G — Continued. B L M K 1 T S : 11-4, 5 pounds to the pair, all wool* [Average price per pound.] Year. Price. 1904............................................................................ ................................................................ $0.92* BLANKETS: 11-4, 5 pounds to the pair, cotton warp, all w ool filling. [Average price per pound.] Year. Price. 1904........................... ................................................................................................................. $0.72* BLANKETS: 11-4, 5 pounds to the pair, cotton warp, cotton and w ool filling. [Average price per pound.] Year. Price. 1904.............................................................................................................................................. $0.52* BOOTS AND SHOES: Men’s brogans, split. [Price per pair on the first of each month.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. $0.92* .92* .92* Apr___ M a y ... June .. Price. $0.92* .92* .92* Month. J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... Price. $0.92* .92* .92* Month. Price. O c t ___ N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.92* .92* .92* Average $0.9250 BOOTS AND SHOES: Men’ s c a l! hal. shoes, Goodyear welt, dongola top. [Price per pair on the first o f each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $2.35 2.35 2.35 Apr . . . M a y ... June .. $2.35 2.35 2.35 J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . $2.35 2.35 2.35 O c t ___ N ov ___ D e c ___ $2.35 2.35 2.35 Average $2.35 BOOTS AND SHOES: Men’s split hoots, russet bound top, 17-inch, one-hall double sole. [Price per dozen pairs on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $13.50 13.50 18.50 Apr___ M a y ... Ju ne... $18.50 18.50 18.50 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $18.50 18.50 18.50 Oct....... N o v .... D e c ___ $18.50 19.00 19.00 Average $18,583 456 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. T a b l e I . — W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. C L O T H S AN TI) C L O T H I N G — Continued. BOOTS AND SHOES: Men’ s vici kid shoes, Goodyear welt* [Price per pair on the first of each month.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... Mar — Price. $2.00 2.00 2.00 Month. Apr___ M a y .. . Ju ne... Price. $2.00 2.00 2.00 Month. Price. J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $2.00 2.00 2.00 Month. Price. Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $2.00 2.05 2.05 Average $2.0083 BOOTS AND SHOES: W om en’ s solid grain shoes, leather, polish or polka* [Price per pair on the first of each month.] J a n .,... Feb....... M a r ___ Apr___ M ay . . . June... $0.90 .90 .90 $0.90 .90 .90 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.92* .92* .92* Oct....... N o v ___ D e c ___ $0.95 .95 .95 Average $0.9183 BROADCLOTHS: First quality, black, 54-inch, made from X X X wool* [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $1.91 1.91 1.91 Apr___ M ay... June .. $1.91 1.91 1.91 J u ly ... Aug .. . Sept. . . $1.91 1.91 1.91 Oct....... N o v ___ D e c ___ $1.91 1.91 1.95* Average $1,914 Oct....... N o v ___ D e c ___ $0,050 .050 .050 Average $0.0529 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $1,104 1.104 1.104 Average $1.1040 Oct....... N o v ___ D e c ___ $0.5184 .5184 .5184 Average $0.5184 CALICO: Cocheco prints* [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Ja n ....... Feb....... M a r ___ A pr___ M a y .. . June .. $0,055 .055 .055 $0,055 .055 .055 J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... $0,055 .050 .050 CARPETS: Brussels, 5-frame, Bigelow* [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $1.101 1.104 1.104 Apr___ M ay .. . June .. $1,104 1.104 1.104 J u ly ... A u g ... S ept.. . $1,104 1.104 1.104 CARPETS: Ingrain, 2-ply, Lowell* [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.5184 .5184 .5184 A pr___ M ay... Ju ne... $0.5184 .5184 .5184 J u ly .. . Aug . . . Sept. . . 1 $0.5184 .5184 .5184 457 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. Table I .— W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COM M ODITIES IN 1904— Continued. CLOTHS A N D C L O T H I N G — Continued. CARPETS: W ilton, 5-frame, Bigelow. [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. $2.04 2.04 2.04 A pr___ M a y .. . June .. Price. $2.04 2.04 2.04 COTTON FLANNELS: Month. J u ly . . . Aug . . . S e p t... Price. $2.04 2.04 2.04 Month. Price. Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $2.04 2.04 2.04 Average $2.04 yards to the pound. [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.09* A pr___ •.09| M a y . . . .094 J u n e... $0,094 J u ly ... .084 Aug . . . .084 Sept. . . $0,084 Oct....... .084 Nov — .084 D e c ___ $0.084 .084 .08 Average $0.0885 COTTON FLANNELS: 34 yards to the pound. [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... F eb....... Mar . . . . $0,074 Apr___ .074 M ay .. . .074 June .. $0,074 J u ly . . . .074 Aug . . . .074 Sept. . . $0,074 Oct....... .074 N ov ___ .074 D e c ___ $0,064 .064 .06 Average $0.0723 COTTON THREAD : 6 -cord, 200-yard spools, J. A P. Coats. [Price per spool, freight paid, on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.03724 .03724 .03724 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.03724 .03724 .03724 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.03724 .03724 .03724 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.03724 .03724 .03724 Average $0.03724 COTTON YARNS: Carded, white, mule-spun, Northern, eones, 10/1. [Price per pound on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.21 | Apr___ .244 M ay. . . .224 June .. $0,224 J u ly ... .21 Aug . . . .20 Sept. . . $0,184 Oct....... .17 Nov — .174 D e c ___ Average $0.18 .174 .18 $0.1981 COTTON YARNS: Carded, white, mule-spun, Northern, cones, 2211. [Price per pound on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.24 Apr___ .27 M a y . . . .254 Ju ne... $0,254 J u ly ... .24 Aug .. . .22 Sept. . . $0.21 Oct....... .204 Nov — .204 D e c ___ $0.22 .21 .204 Average $0.2279 458 T able BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, I .— W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. CLOTHS A N D C L O T H I N G — Continued. DENIMS: Amoskeag. [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ---- Month. Price. Price. $0.12* A pr___ .13 M a y . . . .13 J u n e... $0.13 .13 .13 Month. Price. J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . Month. Price. $0.12 Oct....... .11* N ov ___ .11* D e c ___ $0.11* .11 .11 Average $0.1217 Oct....... Nov — D e c ___ $0.07 .07 .07 Average $0.0727 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.0654 .0620 .0640 Average $0.0658 D B II jLINGS: Brown, Pepperell. [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $0.07* Apr___ .07* M a y . . . .08 June .. $0.08 J u ly ... .07* Aug . . . .07 Sept. . . $0.07 .07 .07 DRILLINGS: 30-ineh, StarJk A. [Average monthly price per yard.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.0698 .0726 .0719 Apr___ M ay . . . June .. $0.0653 .0672 .0652 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.0620 .0613 .0628 FLANNELS: White, 4 -4, Ballard Vale No. 3. [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.44* .44* .44* Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.44* .44* .44* J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.44* .44* .44* Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.44* .44* •44* Average $0.4433 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.05 .05 .05 Average $0.0548 Oct....... N o v ___ D e c ___ $0.05 .05 .05 Average $0.0556 GINGHAMS: Amoskeag. [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.05* .05* .05* Apr___ M ay . . . June .. $0.05* .05* .05* J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.05* .05* .05 GINGHAMS: Lancaster. .[Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $0.05* .05* .05* A pr___ M ay... Ju n e... $0.05* .05* .05* J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.05* .05* .05* COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 459 Table I .— W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. CLOTHS A N D C L O T H INTO— Continued. HORSB 6 pounds each, all w ool. [Average price per pound.] Year. Price. 1904.............................................................................................................................................. $0.70 HOSIERY: Men’ s cotton h a lf hose* seamless* fast black* 2 0 to 22 ounce, 160 needles* single thread. [Price per dozen pairs in September. Represents bulk of sales.] Month. Price. September.................................................................................................................................. $0,637 HOSIERY: Men’s eotton h a lf hose* seamless* standard quality* 84 needles. [Price per dozen pairs on the first of each month.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . Month. Price. Apr---M ay... Ju ne... $0.75 .75 .75 Price. $0.77 .77 .77 Month. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . Price. $0.77 .75 .75 Month. Price. Oct....... N ov ___ Dec — $0.75 .72* .72* Average $0.7525 HOSIERY: Wom en’ s combed Egyptian cotton hose* high spliced heel* double sole* full-fashioned. [Price per dozen pairs m aintained throu ghou t the year.] Price. Year. 1904.............................................................................................................................................. $1.8000 HOSIERY: Wom en’ s cotton hose* seamless* fast black* 26 to 28 ounce, 160 to 176 needles. [Price per dozen pairs in September. Represents bulk of sales.] Month. Price. pAptcrnber- .....................................................................................................„......................... $0.7595 LEATH ER: Harness* oak* packers’ hides, heavy, No. 1. [Price per pound on the first of each month in the general market; quotations from the Shoe and Leather Reporter.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Price. Month. Price. Month. Apr___ M ay... J u n e... , $0.31-$0.33 .31- .33 .31- .33 J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... $0.31-$0.33 .31- .33 .31- .33 Price. $0.31-$0.33 .31- .33 .31- .32 Month. Price. Oct....... N ov___ D e c ___ $0.31-$0.32 .31- .32 .31- .33 Average $0.3188 460 T BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, able I .— W H O L E S A L E PEICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. CLOTHS A N D C L O T H I N G — Continued. LEATH ER: Sole, hemlock, Buenos Ayres and. Montana, middle weights, first quality. [Price per pound on the first of each month in the general market; quotations from the Shoe and Leather Reporter.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. $0.23 .23 .23 Apr___ M a y ... June .. Price. Month. $0.23 J u ly ... .23 Aug . . . $0.22-$0.22£ S ept. . . Price. Month. $0.22 .22 .22 Price. Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.22 -$0.23 .22 - .23 .221- .23 Average $0.2258 L EATH ER: Sole, oak, scoured hacks, heavy, No. 1. [Price per pound on the first of each month in the general market; quotations from the Shoe and Leather Reporter.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar — A p r.... M ay... J u n e... $0.35-$0.36 .34 .34 $0.35 J u ly . . . $0.35- .36 i A u g . . . .34- .35 S ep t. . . $0.32-$0.33 .33- .34 .33- .34 Oct....... N o v ___ D e c ___ $0.35-$0.36 .35- .36 .35 Average $0.3450 L EATH ER: W a x calf, 30 to 40 pounds to the dozen, R grade. [Price per square foot on the first of each month in the general market; quotations from the Shoe and Leather Reporter.] Jan---Feb---Mar . . . Apr___ M ay . . . J u n e... $0.67£-$0.70 .671- .70 .671- .70 $0.67!-$0.70 .671- .70 .671- .70 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.67!-$0.70 .671- .70 .671- .70 Oct....... N o v ___ Dec — $0.67!-$0.70 .671- .70 .671- .70 Average $0.6875 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0,846 .846 .893 Average $0.8499 LINEN SHOE THR EAD : 10s, Rarhour. [Price per pound on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Apr---M a y .. . J u n e... $0,846 .846 .846 $0,846 .846 .846 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $0,846 .846 .846 LINEN TH R EAD : 3-cord, 200-yard spools, Barbour. [Price per dozen spools on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $0.8835 .8835 .8835 A pr___ M ay... J u n e... $0.8835 .8835 .8835 J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . $0.8835 .8835 .8835 Oct....... N o v ___ D e c ___ $0.8835 .8835 .8835 Average $0.8835 OVERCOATINGS: Beaver, Moscow, all w ool, black. [Price per yard maintained, generally, throughout the year. Represents bulk of sales.] Year. 1904. Price. $2.8250 461 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able I— W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. CLOTHS A N D C L O T H I N G — Continued. OVERCOATINGS: Chinchilla, B-rough, all wool. [Price per yard maintained, generally, throughout the year. Represents bulk of sales.] Year. Price. 1904.............................................................................................................................................. $2.2088 OVERCOATINGS: Chinchilla, cotton warp, C. C. grade. [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... Mar — Month. Price. $0.45 .45 .45* Apr___ M a y ... J u n e... Price. $0.45 .46 .45* Month. Price. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.45* .45* .46 Month. Price. Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.46 .46 .46 Average $0.4558 OVERCOATINGS: Covert cloth, light weight, staple goods. [Price per yard maintained until December 10.] Year. Price. 1904............................................................................................................................................. $2.1899 OVERCOATINGS: Kersey, standard, 27 to 28 ounce. [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Month. Jan----Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. $1.62* 1.62* 1.62* A pr___ M ay. . . June .. Price. $1.62* 1.62* 1.62* Month. Price. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept.. . $1.62* 1.62* 1.70 Month. Price. Oct....... N ov ___ Dec — $1.70 1.70 1.70 Average $1.6500 Oct....... $0.0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0287* .0287* .0287* PRINT CLOTHS: 28-inch, 64 hy 64. [Average weekly price per yard.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $0.0350 .0362* .0362* .0375 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0400 Apr___ M ay... J u n e... $0.0400 .0400 .03681 .0362* .0350 .0350 .0337* .0337* .0337* .0325 .0325 .0312* .0300 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.0325 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 N o v ___ Dec — Average $0.033290 462 T able BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. I .— W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. CLOTHS A N I) C L O T H I N G — Continued. SHAWLS: Standard.* all w ool, 72 b y 144 inch, 42-ounce, made o f high-grade w ool. [Price per shawl on the first of each month.] Month, Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. $4.90 4.90 4.90 Month. Price. Apr___ M ay... Ju n e... $4.90 4.90 4.90 Month. Price. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . Price. Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $4.90 4.90 4.90 Average $4.90 O c t ___ N ov ___ D e c ___ («) $0.1980 .2010 Average $0.2355 $4.90 4.90 4.90 SHEETINGS: Bleached, 10-4, Atlantic. [Average monthly price per yard.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.2514 .2910 .2415 Apr___ M ay... J u n e... $0.2400 .2400 .2400 J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... («) («) $0.2218 SHEETINGS: Bleached, 10-4, Pepperell. [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... F eb....... M a r ___ Apr___ M ay... Ju n e... $0.25 .26 .26 $0.26 .26 .26 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.24 .24 .22 O c t ___ N ov ___ Dec — $0.22 .22 .22 Average $0.2425 SHEETINGS: Bleached, 10-4, Wamsutta S. T . [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Apr___ M a y ... June .. $0.2925 .2925 .2925 $0.2925 .2700 .2700 J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . $0.2700 .2700 .2700 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.2700 .2700 .2700 Average $0.2775 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.0643 .0653 .0637 Average $0.0718 SHEETINGS: Brown, 4 -4 , Atlantic A. [Average m onthly price per yard.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar — Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.0671 .0710 .0767 $0.0783 .0783 .0783 Ju ly . . . A u g... Sept. . . $0.0730 .0730 .0721 SHEETINGS: Brow n, 4 -4 , Indian Head. [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar — $0.07* .071 .08| Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.08i .08* .08k J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... a No sales during month. $0.08 .08 .07f O c t .... Nov . . . Dec___ $0,071 .071 .071 Average $0.0802 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able 463 I*— W H O L E SA L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. C liO T H S A N D C liO T H U S T O — Continued. SHEETINGS: Brown, 4 -4 , Massachusetts M ills, Flying Horse brand, 2 ,^ yards to the pound* [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. - Price. $0.07 •07* •07* Apr___ M ay.. . June .. Price. $0.07* .07* .07* Month. J u ly ... A u g ... Sept. . . Month. Price. $0.07 .07 .07 Price. O c t .... Nov . . . Dec— $0.07 .07 .07 Average $0.0715 Oct....... Nov — D e c ___ $0.06* .06* .06* Average $0.0669 SHEETINGS: Brown, 4 -4, Pepperell R* [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.06* .07 .07* A pr___ M ay... J u n e ... $0.07* .07* .07* J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.06* .06* .06* SHIRTINGS: Bleached, 4 -4, Fruit or the Loom* [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.08* .08* .08* Apr___ M ay... Ju ne... $0.08* .08* .08* J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... $0.07* .07* .07* O c t ..... N ov ___ D e c ___ Average SHIRTINGS: Bleached, 4 -4 , Hope. [Price per yard on the first of each month.} Jan....... Feb....... Mar ..".. $0.0713 .0736 .0736 Apr___ M a y ... June .. $0.0736 .0736 .0736 J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... $0.0677 .0677 .0677 Oct . . . . N ov___ D e c ___ $0.0677 .0677 .0677 Average $0.0705 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.07* .07* .07* Average $0.0796 SHIRTINGS: Bleached, 4 -4 , Lonsdale. [Price per yard on the first of each'month.] Jan....... F eb....... M a r ___ $0.08 .08* .08* A pr___ M a y ... June .. $0.08* .08* •08* J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... $0.07* .07* .07* SHIRTINGS: Bleached, 4 -4, New York Mills* [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.0877 .0795 .0802 A pr___ M ay... Ju ne... $0.0795 .0801 .0885 J u ly . . . Aug . . . S e p t... $0.0857 .0839 .0854 Oct....... N ov ___ D e e ___ $0.0816 .0800 .0840 Average $0.0830 464 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. T able I.—W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COM M ODITIES IN 1904— Continued. CJLOTH S A N D C L O T H I N G — Continued. SHIRTINGS: Bleached, 4 -4 , Wamsutta < °> . [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Price. $0.0950 .0950 .0950 Month. Apr___ M ay... Ju ne... Price. $0.0950 .0950 .0900 Month. J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . Price. $0.0900 .0900 .0900 Month. Price. Oct....... N o y ___ D e c ___ $0.0900 .0900 .0900 Average $0.0921 SILK: R aw , Italian, classical* [Net cash price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the American Silk Journal.] Jan....... $4.2570-84.3560 F eb....... 4.2570- 4.3560 Mar....... 4.1085- 4.2075 Apr___ $3.8610-$3.9600 M a y ... 3.7620- 3.9105 June .. 3.5888- 3.6630 J u ly ... $3.6135-$3.6630 A u g ... 3.7125- 3.8115 S e p t... 3.6630- 3.7373 Oct . . . . $3.6630-83.7620 N ov___ 3.6630- 3.7620 Dec — 3.6630- 3.7620 Average $3.8651 SILK: R aw , Japan, filatures, No* 1* [Net cash price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the American Silk Journal.] Jan....... $3.7345-83.8315 Feb....... 3.7345- 3.8800 M a r ___ 3.5890- 3.6375 Apr___ $3.4920-83.5890 M ay. . . 3.4920- 3.6375 June .. 3.4920- 3.5890 J u ly ... $3.4920 A u g . . . $3.5890- 3.6860 S e p t... 3.6133- 3.6860 Oct....... $3.5405-83.6618 N ov___ 3.6860- 3.7830 D e c ___ 3.6860- 3.7830 Average $3.6416 SUITINGS: Clay worsted diagonal, 12-ounce, Washington Mills* [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Ja n ....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.9225 .9000 .9000 Apr___ M ay . . . June .. $0.9000 .9000 .9000 J u ly ... Aug .. . Sept. . . $0.9000 .9225 .9225 O c t ___ N ov----D e c ___ $0.9675 .9675 .9900 Average $0.9244 SUITINGS: Clay worsted diagonal, 16-ounce, Washington Mills* [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Ja n ....... Feb....... M a r ___ $1.1025 1.0800 1.0800 A pr___ M ay... June .. $1.0800 1.0800 1.0800 J u ly .. . Aug . . . S ept.. . $1.0800 1.0980 1.0980 Oct....... N o v ___ Dec — $1.1475 1.1475 1.1700 Average $1.1036 SUITINGS: Indigo blue, all w ool, 54-in£h, 14-ounce, Middlesex standard* [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $1.44 1.44 1.44 Apr___ M ay... June .. $1.44 1.44 1.44 J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . $1.44 1.44 1.44 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $1.44 1.44 1.48| Average $1.4438 465 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able I.—W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. CLOTHS A N D C L O T H I N G — Continued. SUITINGS: Indigo blue, all w ool, 16-ounce. [Price per yard maintained, generally, throughout the year. Represents bulk of sales.] Year. Price. 1904.............................................................................................................................................. $2.1855 SUITINGS: Serge, Washington m i l s 6700. [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. $0.7425 .7425 .7425 Apr___ M ay... Ju ne... Price. $0.7425 .7425 .7425 Month. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . Price. Month. Price. Oct . . . . N ov___ D e c ___ $0.8325 .8325 .8550 Average $0.7744 $0.11* Oct....... .11* N ov ___ .11* D e c ___ $0.10* .10* .10* Average $0.121$ $0.7425 .7875 .7875 TICKINGS: im oskeag A. €• A. [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.13 .13 .13 A pr___ M ay... J u n e... $0.13s J u ly ... .131 Aug . . . .13* Sept. . . TROUSERINGS: Fancy worsted, 21 to 22 ounce, all worsted warp and filling, w ool and worsted bach. [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $2.09* 2.07 2.07 Apr___ M ay... Ju n e... $2.07 2.07 2.16 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $2.16 2.16 2.16 Oct....... N ov ___ Dec $2.16 2.16 2.16 Average $2.1244 UNDERWEAR: Shirts and drawers, white, all w ool,full-fashioned, 18-gauge. [Price per dozen garments on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar-— $23.40 23.40 23.40 Apr___ M ay. . . Ju ne... $23.40 23.40 23.40 J u ly . . . Aug . . . S e p t... $23.40 23.40 23.40 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $23.40 23.40 23.40 Average $23.40 UNDERWEAR: Shirts and drawers, w hite, merino, full-fashioned, 60 per cent w ool, 40 per cent cotton, 24-gauge. [Price per dozen garments on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $16.20 16.20 16.20 Apr___ M a y ... June .. 16818— No. 57— 05----- 6 $16.20 16.20 16.20 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $16.20 16.20 16.20 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $16.20 16.20 16.20 Average $16.20 466 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. T able I___ W H O L E SA L E PRICES OF COM M ODITIES IN 1904— Continued. C L O T H S A N D C L O T H IN G —Continued. WOMEN’ S DRESS GOODS: Alpaca, cotton warp, 22*lnch, Hamilton* [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Month. Jan....... F e b ..,.. Mar . . . . Price. $0.0711 .0711 .0711 Month. A p r .... M ay . . . June .. Price. $0.0711 .0711 .0760 Month. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . Price. $0.0760 .0760 .0833 Month. Price. Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.0833 .0833 .0833 Average $0.0764 WOMEN’ S DRESS GOODS: Cashmere, all w ool, 10-11 tw ill, 3 8-ineli, Atlantic Mills J. [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... F eb....... M a r ___ $0.3406 .3406 .3406 A p r ,... M a y ... Ju n e... $0.3406 .3406 .3406 J u ly ... A u g ... S ep t. . . $0.3406 .3406 .3406 O ct___ Nov . . . D ec___ $0.3406 .3479 .3479 Average $0.3418 WOMEN’ S DRESS GOODS: Cashmere, cotton warp, 9 -tw ill, 4 -4, Atlantic Mills F* [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... F e b ..... M ar.... $0.1715 .1715 .1715 Apr---M ay... Ju n e... $0.1715 .1715 .1715 J u ly . . . Aug . . . S ept. . . $0.1740 .1740 .1740 O c t .... Nov . . . D ec___ $0.1740 .1813 .1813 Average $0.1740 WOMEN’ S DRESS GOODS: Cashmere, cotton warp, 22-incli, Hamilton* [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $0.0760 .0760 .0760 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.0760 .0760 .0760 J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . $0.0833 .0833 .0833 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.0882 .0882 .0882 Average $0.0809 WOMEN’ S DRESS GOODS: Cashmere, cotton warp, 27-inch, Hamilton* [Price per yard on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r .... $0.0931 .0931 .0931 Apr___ M ay . . . June .. $0.0931 .0931 .0980 J u ly ... A u g ... S e p t... $0.0980 .0980 .1029 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.1029 .1029 .1029 Average $0.0976 WOMEN’ S DRESS GOODS: Franklin Sackings, 6-4* [Price per yard on the first of each m onth.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.57 .57 .57 Apr___ M ay . . . J u n e... $0.57 .57 .57 J u ly ... A u g ... Sept. . . $0.57 .57 . 59f O c t ..... N ov ___ Dec . . . . $0.59* .611 .64* Average $0.5839 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 467 Table I . — W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. C L O T H S A N 3> C L O T H IN G —Concluded. WOOL: Ohio, fine fleece (X and. X X grade), scoured. [Price per pound in the Eastern markets (Baltimore, Boston, New York, and Philadelphia) on the first of each month.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. Apr___ M a y .... Ju n e... #0.6809 .6809 .6809 Price. #0.6809 .6809 .6809 Month. J u ly . . . A u g... Sept. . . Priee. #0.6809 .6809 .6915 Month. Price. Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ #0.6915 .6915 .7128 Average #0.6862 WOOL: Ohio, medium fleece (one-fourth and three-eighths grade), scoured. [Price per pound in the eastern markets- (Baltimore, Boston, New York, and Philadelphia) on the first of eaeh month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Apr___ M a y ... June .. #0.4627 .4627 .4627 #0.4627 .4701 .4776 Ju ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . #0.4851 .5000 .5000 O c t ___ N ov ___ D e c ___ #0.5000 .5224 .5373 Average #0.4869. WORSTED YARNS: 2-40s, Australian fine. [Price per pound on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Apr___ May Ju ne... #1.174 1.171. 1.174 #1.174 1.174. 1.174 J u ly ... A u g ... Sept. . . #1.174 1.174 1.174 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $1.20 1.224 1.25 Average $1.1875 WORSTED. YARNS: 2-40s, X X X X or its equivalent in quality, white, in skeins. [Price per pound on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ---- Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $1.17 1.17 1.17 $1.17 1.15 1.15 J u ly ... Aug — Sept. . . $1.15 1.15 1.15 O c t ___ N ov ---D e c ___ $1.21 1.21 1.21 Average $1.1717 F U E X j A]STD l i g h t i n g . CANDLES: Adamantine, 6s, 14-ounce. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month. Reporter.] Ja n ....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.09 .09 .09 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.09 .09 .09 Quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug J u ly . . . Aug .. . S ep t. . . #0.09 .09 .09 O c t ___ N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.09 .09 .09 Average $0.09 COAL: Anthracite, broken. [Average monthly selling price per ton, at tide water, New York Harbor.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $4.2995 4.3553 4.2663 Apr___ May .. . Ju ne... $4.2000 4.2460 4.2198 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $4.2283 4.2226 4.2047 O c t ___ N ov___ D e c ___ $4.2518 4.2450 4.2285 Average $4.2473 468 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, T a b l e I . — W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. FUEL AN D L I G H T E N G — Continued. COAL: Anthracite, chestnut* [Average m onthly selling price per ton, at tide water, New York Harbor.] Month. J a n ...... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. A p r..*. M ay . . . Ju n e... $4.9580 4.9537 4.9516 Price. $4.4600 4.5441 4.6375 Month. Price. J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $4.7500 4.8500 4.9495 Month. Price. O c t ___ N ov ___ D e c ___ $4.9549 4.9505 4.9506 Average $4.8250 COAL: Anthracite, egg* [Average monthly selling price per ton, at tide water, New York Harbor.] J a n ..... Feb....... Mar ...I $4/9725 4.9521 4.9539 Apr___ M a y ... June .. $4.4500 4.5410 4.6$L8 J u ly ... A u g ... S e p t... $4.7388 4.8476 4.9326 Oct . . . . N ov ___ D e c ___ $4.9500 4.9503. 4.9517 Average $4.8227 COAL: Anthracite, stove* [Average monthly selling price per ton, at tide water, New York Harbor.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $4.9614 4.9576 4.9540 Apr___ M a y ... June .. $4.4505 4.5437 4.6368 J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . $4.7488 4.8478 4.9423 O c t ___ N ov ___ Dec — $4.9509 4.9507 4.9510 Average $4.8246 COAL: Bituminous, Georges Creek* [Price per ton at the mine on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $2.25 2.15 2.10 Apr___ M a y ... June .. $1.70 1.60 1.60 J u ly ... A u g ... Sept. . . $1.60 1.60 1.60 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $1.60 1.60 1.60 Average $1.7500 COAL: Bituminous, Georges Creek* [Price per ton, f. o. b. New York Harbor, on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $3.45 3.35 3.20 Apr___ M ay... June .. $3.15 3.15 3.15 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $3.15 3.15 3.15 Oct....... N o v ___ D e c ___ $3.15 3.15 3.15 Average $3.1958 469 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able I .— W H O L E SA L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. FUEL AN D L I G H T I N G — Continued. COAL: Bituminous, Pittsburg (Ifougliioglieny), lump* [Price per bushel on Tuesday of each week, Cincinnati, afloat; quotations furnished by the superin tendent of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... Mar — Month. Price. $0.09 .09 .09 .09 .09 .09 .09 .09 .09 .09 .09 .09 .09 Apr___ M ay . . . June .. Month. Price. $0.09 .08| .08* .08* .081 .08$ .08k .08k .08k .08k .08k .08k .08k Price. Month. J u ly ... $0.08| O ct..-... Aug . . . .08k .08k .08k .08k .08k .08k ,08k N ov---- .08| .08 .08 .08 .08 Sept. . . Price. $0.08 .08 .08 .08 .08 .08 .08 .08 .08 .09 D e c ___ («) M (a) $0.0852 Average COKE: Connellsville, furnace. [Contract price per ton, f. o. b. at the ovens, on the first of each month; quotations from the Iron Age.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar — $1.65-$l. 75 1.60- 1.65 1.60- 1.65 Apr___ M ay.. . June .. $1.65 $1.50- 1.60 1.50- 1.65 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $1.40-$l. 45 1.45- 1.50 1.50 Oct....... N ov ___ Dec . . . . $1.45-$l. 50 1.75- 1.85 2.15- 2.35 Average $1.6375 MATCHES: Parior, domestic* [Price per gross of boxes (200s) in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Mer chants’ Review.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $1.50 1.50 1.50 Apr___ M ay . . . Ju ne... $1.50 1.50 1.50 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $1.50 1.50 1.50 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $1.50 1.50 1.50 Average $1.50 PETROLEUM: Crude, Pennsylvania* [Average monthly price per barrel at wells; .quotations from the Oil City Derrick.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar — $1.85 1.82 1.72 Apr___ M ay... J u n e... $1.65| 1.62 1.58| J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $1.52 1.50 1.53| Oct....... N o v ___ D e c ___ $1.56 1.58$ 1.57 Average $1.6270 PETROLEUM: Refined, in barrels, cargo lots, for export* [Price per gallon, New York loading, on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar — $0.0910 .0910 .0875 A p r .;.. M ay .. . June... $0.0850 .0815 .0815 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . a No quotation for week. $0.0795 .0770 .0785 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.0795 .0795 .0795 Average $0.0826 470 T able BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. I.—W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COM M ODITIES IN 1904— Continued. F U E L A N D L I G H T I N G — Concluded. PETROLEUM: Refined, 150° fire test, water white, in barrels, packages inelttded (jobbing lots). [Price per gallon in New York on the first o f each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Month. Jan....... F e b ... . M a r ___ Month. Price. $0.15 .15 .14 A pt — M ay... June .. Price. $0.14 .14 .14 Month. Price. J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.13 .13 .13 Month. Price. Oct....... N ov ___ Dec — $0.13 .13 .13 Average $0.1367 M E T A L S A N D IM P L E M E N T S . AUGERS: Extra, f-inch. [Priee per auger in New York on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.24 .24 .24 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.24 .24 .24 J u ly ... A u g ... S ept. . . $0.24 .24 .24 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.24 .24 .24 Average $0.24. AXES: M. €• O., Yankee. [Price per ax in New York on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ---- $0,500 .500 .500 Apr___ M a y ... June .. $0,605 .605 .605 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $0,605 .605 .605 Oct....... N ov ----D e c ---- $0,605 .605 .605 Average $0.5788 BA R IRON: Rest refined, from m ill. [Average monthly price per pound in Pittsburg; quotations from the Bulletin of the American Iron and Steel Association.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.0130 .0131 .0138 A pr___ M ay . . . June .. $0.0150 .0150 .0150 J u ly ... A u g... S ept. . . $0.0150 .0150 .0150 O c t ___ N ov___ Dec — $0.0150 .0152 .0176 Average $0.0148 BAR IRON: Rest refined, from store. [Average monthly price per pound in Philadelphia; quotations from the Bulletin of the American Iron and Steel Association.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.0171 .0171 .0171 Apr___ M ay . . . June .. $0.0171 .0171 .0171 J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . $0.0171 ,0171 .0171 Oct . . . . N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.0171 .0171 .0181 Average $0.0172 471 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T a b l e I . — W H O L E SA L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. M E T A L S A N T E I M P L E M E N T S — Continued. B A R B W IR E : Galvanized. [Average m onthly price per hundred pounds in Chicago; quotations from the Iron Age.] Month. J a n .___ Feb....... Mar — Month. Price. Apr— M ay. . . June .. $2.64 2.65 2.69 Price. $2.70 2:70 2.68 Month. Month. Price. J u ly ... A u g ... S e p t... Price. $2.65 Oct . . . . 2.42J N ov___ 2.20 B e e ___ $2.20 2.224 2.33 Average $2.5075 BUTTS* Loose joint, east, 3 by a ineb. [Price per pair in New York on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $0.04 .04 .04 Apr— M a y ... June... $0.04 .04 .04 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.04 .04 .04 Oct....... Nov — D e c ___ $0.04 .04 .04 Average $0.04 CHISELS: Extra, socket firmer, 1-inch. [Price per chisel in New York on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar — Apr___ May . . . Ju ne... $0.30 .30 .30 $0.30 .30 .30 J u ly . . . Ang . . . Sept. . . $0.30 .30 .30 Oct....... N ov ---Dec — $0.8Q .30 .30 Average $0.30 COPPER: Ingot, lake. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Iron Age.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar — $0.12|-$0.121 .121- .121 .12*- .124 A p r .... M a y ... Ju ne... $0.13|-$0.13| .134- .134 . 1 3 - .134 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.12|-$0.124 .12*- .124 .12|- ,12| Oct....... N ov___ Bee — $0.12|-$0.13 .13|- .14 .14*- .15* Average $0.1311 COPPER: Sheet, hot-rolled (base sizes). [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.18 .18 .18 Apr___ M ay . . . J u n e... $0.18 .18 .18 J u ly ... A u g ... S e p t... $0.18 .18 .18 Oct....... N o v ---D e c ___ $0.18 .18 .18 Average $0.18 COPPER W IR E : Bare, No. 8, B. and S. gauge, and heavier (base sizes). [Price per pound, f. o. b. New York, on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $0.13| .13* .134 Apr___ M ay... Ju ne... $0.14* .14* .134 J u ly .. . Aug .. . Sept. . . $0,134 .134 .134 Oct....... N ov ___ Dec — $0.14* .16 .164 Average $0.1438 472 T able BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. I. —W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. M ETALS AN D I M P L E M E N T S — Continued. DOORKNOBS: Steel, bronze plated. [Price per pair in New York on the first of each month.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Price. Month. $0,225 .250 .250 Price. $0,250 .250 .250 A p r .... May — Ju ne,.. Month. Price. J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $0,250 .250 .250 Month. Price. Oct....... N o v ___ D e c ___ $0,250 .250 .225 Average $0.2458 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $1.03 1.03 1.03 Average $1.0400 FILES: 8-incli m ill bastard, Nicholson. [Price per dozen on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $1.05 1.05 1.05 A pr___ M ay... Ju n e... $1.05 1.04 1.04 J u ly . . . Aug .. . Sept. . . $1.04 1.04 1.04 H A U E R S : Itlaydole No. 1£. ' [Price per hammer in New York on the first of each month.] Ja n ....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0,466 .466 .466 Apr___ M ay... J u n e... $0,466 .466 .466 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0,466 .466 .466 Oct....... N o v ___ D e c ---- $0,466 .466 .466 Average $0,466 LEAD: Pig, desilverized. [Price per pound in New York, from store, on the first of each month; quotations from the Iron Age.] Jan....... $0.0435 Feb....... .0440 M a r ___ $0.0460- .0465 Apr___ $0.0460-$0.0465 M a y . . . .0460- .0465 Ju n e... .0435- .0440 J u ly ... $0.0425-$0.0435 Aug . . . .0420- .0425 Sept. . . .0420- .0430 Oct....... $0.0420-$0.0430 N ov ___ .0440- .04-15 D e c ___ .0460- .0470 Average $0.0443 LEAD PIPE* [Price per hundred pounds, f. o. b. New York, on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $4.67 4.74 4.77 Apr___ M ay... J u n e... $4.82 4.86 4.75 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $4.64 4.56 4.73 Oct....... N ov ___ Dec — $4.60 5.20 5.20 Average $4.795Q LOOKS: Common mortise. [Price per lock in New York on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0,090 .105 .105 Apr___ M ay... Ju n e... $0,105 .105 .105 J u ly .. . Aug . .. Sept.. . $0,105 .105 .105 Oct....... N ov___ D e c ___ $0,105 .105 .090 Average $0.1025 473 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T a b l e I . — W H O L E SA L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. M ETALS A N D I M P L E M E N T S — Continued. NAILS: Cut, 8-penny, fence and common. [Price per 100-pound keg, f. o. b. Pittsburg, on the first of each month; quotations computed from base prices published in the Iron Age. See explanation on page 404.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . Month. Price. Apr— M ay . . . Ju ne... $2.00 1.80 1.80 Price. $1.85 1.85 1.85 Month. J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... Price. $1.85 1.85 $1.70- 1.75 Month. Price. O c t..... N ov ___ D e c ___ $1.70-$l. 75 1.70- 1.75 1.80 Average $1.8188 NAILS: Wire, 8-penny, fence and common. [Price per 100-pound keg, f. o. b. Pittsburg, on the first of each month; quotations computed from base prices published in the Iron Age. See explanation on page 401.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Apr---M ay .. . Ju ne... $1.95 2.00 2.00 $2.00 2.00 2.00 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $2,00 2.00 1.70 Oct....... Npv___ D e c ___ $1,70 1.70 $1.80- 1.85 Average $1.9063 PIG IRON: Bessemer. [Average monthly price per ton in Pittsburg; quotations from the Bulletin of the American Iron and Steel Association.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Apr— M a y . .. Ju ne... $13.90 13.66 14.03 $14.19 13.60 12.81 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $12.46 12.76 12.69 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $13.10 15.15 16.72 Average $13.7558 PIG IRON: Foundry No. 1. [Average m onthly price per ton in Philadelphia; quotations from the Bulletin of the American Iron and Steel Association.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . Apr___ M a y .. . J u n e... $15.50 15.50 15.45 $15.75 15.40 15.19 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $14.94 15.00 15.00 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $15.12 16.40 17.62 Average $15.5725 PIG IRON: Foundry No. 2, Northern. [Price per ton, f. o. b. Pittsburg, on the first of each month; quotations from the Iron Age.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $13.85 13.35 13.25 Apr___ M ay... June .. $14.10 $13.25- 13.35 13.00- 13.10 J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . $12.60 12.85 $12.60- 12.85 Oct . . . . N ov ___ D e c ___ $12.85 $14.60- 14.85 16.85 Average $13.625Q PIG IRON: Gray forge, Southern, coke. [Price per ton, f. o. b. Cincinnati, on the first of each month; quotations from the Iron Age.] Jan....... Feb . . . . Mar — $10.75-$ll. 25 11.00- 11.50 10.75- 11.00 Apr___ M ay.. . June .. $11.50-$ll. 75 11.50- 11.75 10.75- 11.00 J u ly ... Aug . .. Sept. . . $10.75-$ll. 00 11.00- 11.25 11.00- 11.25 O c t .... Nov . . . D ec___ $11.00-$ll. 25 13.75- 14. CO14. 50- 15.00 Average $11.6771 474 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. T able I.—W H O L E SA L E PRICES OF COM M ODITIES IN 1904-Continued. M E T A L S A N D IM P L E M E N T S —Continued. P L i p i S : Bailey No, 5. [Price per plane in New York on the first o f each month.,] Month. J a n ..... Feb....... Mar — Price. Month. $1.53 1.53 1.53 Apr___ M a y ... June .. Price. $1.53 1.58 1.53 Month. J u ly . . . A u g ... S e p t... Price. $1.53 1.53 1.53 Month. Price. O c t .... Nov . . . D ec___ $1.53 1.53 1.53 Average $1.53 QUICKSILVER. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $0.62 .611 .62 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.62 .62 .61 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.61 .561 .56 O c t ..... N o v ___ $0.55 D e c ___ .54 .55 Average $0.5900 SAWS: Cretteat, BisstonNe. 2, 6-l'oot. [Price per saw to small jobbers, f. o. b. Philadelphia, on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 Apr___ M a y ... June .. $1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 J u ly ... Aug — Sept. . . $1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 Average $1.6038 SAWS: Hand,. JDisston No. 7, 26-ineli. [Price per dozen to small jobbers, f. o. b. Philadelphia, on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $12.60 12.60 12.60 Apr___ M ay.. . June .. $12.60 12.60 12.60 J u ly ... Aug .. . Sept . . . $12.60 12.60 12.60 Oct....... N ov ---D e c ___ $12.68 12.60 12.60 Average $12.60 SHOVELS: Ames No. 2, cast steel, D handle, square point, back strap, black. [Price per dozen on the first o f each month.] Jan....... F e b ..... M a r ___ $8.02 7.62 7.62 Apr___ M ay . . . Ju ne... $7.62* 7.62 7.62 J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t ... $7.62 7.62 7.62. Oct . . . . N ov---D e c ___ $7.62 7.62 7.62 Average $7.6533 SILVER: Bar, line. [Average monthly price per ounce in New York; quotations furnished by the Director of the Mint.] Jan....... Ffeb....... M a r ___ $0.57634 .58335 .57347 Apr___ M ay... Ju n e... $0.54775 .56045 .56269 J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... $0.58697 .58486 .57692 O ct---Nov . . . D ec___ $0.58572 .59091 .61182 Average $0.57844 475 COURSE OF W H O L E SA L E PRICES, 18C0 TO 1904. T a b l e I . — W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. M E T A L S AN TD I M P I iE M E N T T S — Continued. SPELTER: Western* [Price per pound in New York, on the first o f each month; quotations from the Iron Age.] Month. Price. Month. Jan....... $0.0500-80.0520 Feb....... .0490- .0500 .0505- .0515 Mar — Price. A p r .... $0.0525-80.0530' M a y ... .0520- . 0525 Ju ne... .04871- .0500 Month. Price. Month. Price. J u ly ... 80.0485-80.0495 Oct . . . . 80.0510-80.0520 Aug . . . .0485- .0495 Nov . . . .0585- .0540 Sept.. . .0500- .05121 D e c ___ .0575- .05871 Average 80.0515 STEEL MILLETS* [Average monthly price per. ton at m ills $£ Pittsburg; quotations from the Bulletin of the American Iron and Steel Association.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ----- 823.00 23.00 23.00 Apr.___ M ay. . . June .. 820.00 23.00 23.00 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . 823.00 23.00 21.25 O ct;-.... Nov — D e c ___ $19.50 20.40 21.00 Average 822.1792 STEEL RAILS. [Average monthly price per ton at mills in Pennsylvania; quotations from the Bulletin of the American Iron and Steel Association.] Jan....... Feb____ M a r ___ 828; 0D 28.00 28.00 STEEL SHEETS: A p r.. . . M ay. . . June .. 828.00 28.00 28.00 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . 828-.O0 28.00 28.00 O ct.---N ov ___ D e c ___ 828.00 28.00 28.00 Average $28.(0 No* 27* box annealed, one pass threngh eold rolls. [Price per pound in Pittsburg on the first of each month; quotations from the Iron Age.J Jan....... $0.0220-80.0225 Feb....... .0215- .0220 M a r ___ .0220 Apr___ 80.0215-80.0220 M ay. . . .0210- .0215 June .. .0210- .0215 J u ly ... 80.02C0-80.0205 Aug . . . .0200 Sept. . . .0200 Oet....... N ov___ D e c ___ Average - 80.02C0 .0200 .0210 $0.0210 TIN: Pig. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Iron Age.] Jan....... $0.2900 Feb....... $0.2750- .2800 M a r ___ .2800- .2840 Apr___ $0.2835-80.2865 M a y . . . .2795- .2810 June .. .2680- .2720 J u ly ... 80.2560-80.2580 Aug.. . . .2700- .2720 S e p t... .2750- .2775 O c t .... 80.2825-80.2850 Nov . . . .2900- .2970* .29121- . 2927£ Dec— Average 80.2790 TIN PLATES: Domestic, Bessemer, coke, 14 by 20 incli. [Price per 100 pounds*in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Iron Age.] Ja n ....... F eb....... M a r ----- $3.79 3.64 3.64 A pr___ M ay... June .. 83.64 3.64 3.64 J u ly ... A u g ... Sept. . . $3.64 3.49 3.49 O c t .... Nov . . . Dee___ $3.49 3.49 3.64 Average $3.6025 476 BULLETIN OF THE BUEEAU OF LABOE. T a b l e I . — W H O L E S A L E PEICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. M ETALS AND I M P L E M E N T S — Concluded. TROWELS: JR. €. O., brick, 10£-incb. [Price per trowel in New York on the first of each month.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. Price. Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.34 .34 .34 $0.34 .34 .34 Month. Price. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.34 .34 .34 Month. Price. Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.34 .34 .34 Average $0.34 VISES: Solid box, 50-pound. [Price per vise in New York on the first of each month. ] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $4.60 4.60 .4.60, A p r___ M a y .. . J u n e... $4.14 4.14 4.14 J u ly . . . Aug . . . S ep t.. . $4.14 4.14 4.14 Oct....... Nov___ D e c ___ $4.14 4.14 4.14 Average $4.2550 WOOD SCREWS: 1-incb, No. 10, flat bead. [Price per gross in New York on the first of each month.] Jan....... F eb....... Mar . . . . $0.0945 .0945 .0945 A p r___ M ay... J u n e... $0.0945 .0945 .0945 J u ly . . . Aug . . . S ept. . . $0.0945 .0945 .0945 Oct....... Nov . . . D ec___ $0.0945 .0945 .0945 Average $0.0945 ZINC: Sbeet, ordinary numbers and sizes, packed in OOO-pound casks. [Price per hundred pounds, f. o. b. Lasalle, 111., on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $5.17 5.29 5.43 A p r___ M ay . . . Ju ne... $5.61 5.70 5.52 LUM BER A N D July . .. Aug . . . S ept.. . $5.43 5.52 5.61 Oct....... Nov . . . Dec — $5.70 5.89 6.44 Average $5.6092 B U IL D IN G M A T E R IA L S . BRICK: Common domestic building. [Price per thousand on dock in New York on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $8.00-$8.50 8.00- 8.50 7.50- 8.00 Apr___ M ay... J u n e... $5.75-$7.00 J u ly ... 5.75- 7.25 Aug . . . 7.25- 7.37± S e p t... $7.25-$7.50 7.50- 7.75 7.50- 7.75 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $7.50-$7.75 7.50- 7.75 7.50- 7.75 Average $7.4948 CARBONATE OF LEAD: American, in oil. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.0588 .0588 .0588 Apr___ M ay... J u n e... $0.0588 .0588 .0613 J u ly . . . Aug . .. S ept. .. $0.0613 .0613 .0613 Oct....... » N ov ___ Dec — $0 0588 .0588 .0613 Average $0.0598 477 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able I .— W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. LUM BER AN D B U I L D I N G M A T E R I A L S — Continued. CEMENT: Portland, domestic* [Price per barrel in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] . Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Price. Month. $1.60-81.90 Apr___ M ay. . . 1 .4 5 1.60 1.45- 1.60 J u n e... Price. $1.45-41.60 1.40- 1.60 1.50 Month. J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . Month. Price. Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $1.25-$1.35 1.25- 1.35 1.30- 1.35 Average $1.4604 Price. $1.50 $1.40-1.50 1.30- 1.35 CEMENT: Rosendale* [Price per barrel in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.85 $0.80- .85 .85- .90 A pr___ M ay... J u n e... $0.85-$0.90 .85 .80- .90 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.80-$0.85 .80 .75 Oct....... N ov ___ Dec — $0.70-40.75 .70 .70 Average $0.8021 BOORS: Pine, unmolded, 2 feet 4 inelies by 6 feet 8 inches, 1£ incites thick. [Price per door in Buffalo on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $1.62 1.62 1.62 Apr___ M ay. . . Ju ne... $1.62 1.62 1.98 Ju ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $1.98 1.98 1.56 Oct....... N ov___ D e c ___ $1.56 1.56 1.56 Average $1.6900 HEMLOCK: 2 by 4 inch, 12 to 14 feet long, Pennsylvania stock* [Price per M feet in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Lumber Trade Journal.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $17.00 17.00 17.00 Apr___ M ay. . . Ju ne... $17.00 17.00 17.00 $17.00 17.00 17.00 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $17.00 17.00 17.00 Average $17.00 LIME: Eastern, common* [Price per barrel in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.80-30.82 .80- .82 .80- .82 Apr___ M ay... June .. $0.80-30.82 .80- .82 .80- .82 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.80-$0.82 .85- .87 .85- .87 Oct....... N ov___ D e c ___ $0.80-30.85 .80- .82 .87 Average $0.8246 LINSEEB OIL: R aw , city, in barrels* ‘rice per gallon in N ew York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar — $0.37 .42 .42 Apr___ M ay .. . June .. $0.42 .42 .40 J u ly ... Aug .. . Sept. . . $0.39 .45 .45 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.43 .41 .41 Average $0.4158 478 T BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, able I*— W H O L E SA L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. L U M B E R AISTL B U I L D I N G M A T E R I A L S — Continued. MAPLE: Hard, 1-inch, firsts and. seconds,, 6 Incites and up wide. [Price* per M feet in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Lumber Trade Journal.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Price. $30.00-832.00 30.00- 32.00 30.00- 32.00 Month. Price. Month. Price. Month. Apr___ May . June .. $30.00-832.00 30.00- 32.00 30.00- 32.00 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $30.00-$32.00 30.00- 32.00 30.00—32.00 Oct........ N ov ___ D e c ___ $30.00-832.00 30.00- 32.00 30.00- 32.00 Average $31.0000 Price. OAK: W hite, plain, 1-inch, 6 inches and up wide. [Price per M feet in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Lumber Trade Journal.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $45.00-848.00 4 5 .0 0 - 48.00 4 5 .0 0 - 48.00 Apr___ M a y ... June .. $45.00-848.00 4 5 .0 0 - 48.00 4 5 .0 0 - 48.00 J u ly ... A u g ... Sept. . . $45.00-848.00 4 5 .0 0 - 48.00 4 5 .0 0 - 48.00 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $45.00-848.00 4 5.0 0- 48.00 45.0@- 48. CO Average $46.5000 OAK: White, quartered, clear and good seconds, 1-inch, 6 inches and up wide,. 12 to 16 feet long. [Price per M feet in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Lumber Trade Journal.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $80.00-885.00 80.0 0- 85.00 8 0 .0 0 - 85.00 Apr___ M ay. .. June .. $80.00-885.00 8 0.00- 85.00 8 0.0 0- 85.00 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $80.00-885.00 75s 0 0- 80.00 75.0 0- 80.00 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $75.00-880.00 7 5.0 0- 80.00 8 0 .0 0 - 83.00 Average $80.7500 OX1BE OF ZINC: American, extra dry. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Keporter.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ 80.041 .04| .04f Apr___ M ay . . . June .. $0.04* .04* .041 J u ly . .. Aug ... S e p t... $0.04f .04* .04$ Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.04$ .04$ .04$ Average $0.0463 FINE: W hite, boards, No. 2 barn, 1 inch by 10. inehes w ide, rough*. [Price per M feet in Buffalo on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Lumber Trade Journal.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $23.00 23.00 23.00 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $23.00 23.00 23.00 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $23.00 23.00 23.00 O c t ___ N ov ___ D e c ___ $23.00 23.00 23.00 Average $23.0000 479 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T a b l e I . — W H O L E SA L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. D U M B E R A N D B U I L D I N G M A T E R I A L S — Continued. PINE: W hite, hoards, uppers, 1-iuch, 8 inches and up wide, rough. [Price per M feet in Buffalo on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Lumber Trade Journal.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. Apr---M a y ... June .. $82.00 82.00 82.00 Price. $82.00 82.0Q 82.00 Month. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . Price. $80.00 80.00 80.00 Month. Price. O c t ___ N ov---Dec — $80.00 80.00 80.00 Average $81.0000 PINE: Y ellow , long leaf*, boards, heart-face sidings, 1-inch and l£-inch. [Price per M feet in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Lumber Trade Journal.] Jan....... Feb . . . . M a r ___ Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $20.50-$21.50 20.50- 21.50 20.50- 21.50 $20.50-421.50 20.50- 21.50 20.50- 21.50 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $20.50-$21.50 21.50- 22.50 21.50- 22.50 Oct . . . . Nov — Dec — $21.50-$22.50 21.50- 22.50 21.50- 22.50 Average $21.4167 PLATE OLASS: Polished, unsilvered, area 3 to 5 square Teet. [Price per square foot, f. o. b. New York, on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Apr___ M ay. . . June... $0.24 .24 .24 $0.23 .23 .23 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.22! .22| .22! O c t ___ N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.21! .21! .21! Average $0.2275 PLATE GLASS: Polished, unsilvered, area 5 to lO square feet. [Price per square foot, f. o. b. New York, on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ A pr___ M a y ... June .. $0.39 .39 .39 $0.37 .37 .37 J u ly . . . Aug . . . S ep t. . . $0.36 .36 .36 Oct . . . . N ov___ D e c ___ $0.34 .34 .34 Average $0.3650 POPLAR: Y ellow , 1-inch, 8 inches and up wide, firsts and seconds, rough. [Price per M feet in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Lumber Trade Journal.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $51.00452.50 51.00- 52.50 51.00- 52.50 Apr___ M ay . . . June .. $51.00-$52.50 51.00- 52.50 51.00- 52.50 Ju ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $49.00450.50 47.00- 50.00 47.00- 50.00 O c t ___ N ov___ D e c ___ $47.00-$50.00 47.00- 50.00 47.00- 50.00 Average $50.3292 P U TTY: Bulk. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $o.oi! .01! .01! Apr___ M ay.. . June .. $0.01! :8t J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept.. . $0.01! .01! .01! O c t ___ N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.0100 .0100 .0105 Average $0.0110 480 BULLETIN OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR, T a b l e I . — W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. L U M B E R A N D B U I L D I N G M A T E R I A L S — Continued. RESIN: Common to good, strained* [Price per barrel in New, York on the first of each m onth; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. $2.55-82.60 2.95- 3.00 2.70 Apr— M a y ... June .. Month. Price. $2.80 2.85 3.05 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . Price. $3.00 2.65 2.70 Month. Price. O c t ---Nov — D e c ___ $2.80 2.95 2.95 Average $2.8333 SHINGLES: Cypress, all Heart, 5 and 6 incites wide, 16 incites long* [Price per M, f. o. b. mills, on the first of each month.] Ja n ....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $2.60 /2.60 2.60 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $2.60 2.60 2.60 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $2.60 2.60 2.60 O c t ___ N ov ---D e c ___ Average SHINGLES: Michigan white pine, 16 incites long, X X X X . [Price per M in Buffalo on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Lumber Trade Journal.] Ja n ....... Feb....... M a r ___ $3.65 3.65 3.65 Apr---M ay... June .. $3.65 3.65 3.65 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $3.50 3.50 3.50 O c t ___ N o v ---Dec — $3.50 3.50 3.50 Average $3.5750 SPRUCE: 6 to 9 inch, cargoes* [Price per M feet in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Lumber Trade Journal.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $19.50-821.50 19.50- 21.50 19.50- 21.50 Apr---M a y ... June .. $19.50-821.50 19.60- 21.50 19.50- 21.50 Ju ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $19.50-821.50 19.50- 21.50 19.50- 21.50 O c t ___ Nov — D e c ___ $19.50-821.50 19.50- 21.50 19.50- 21.50 Average $20.5000 TAR. [Price per barrel in Wilmington, N. C., on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $1.60 1.40 1.45 A pr___ M a y ... June .. $1.90 2.00 1.80 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $1.80 1.70 1.60 Oct . . . . Nov — D e c ___ $1.60 1.60 1.7.0 Average $1.6792 TURPENTINE: Spirits of, in machine barrels* [Price per gallon in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.59| .64* .62* A pr___ M ay... Ju n e... $0.59 ‘ J u ly . . . Aug . . . .58 $0.571- 0.57£ Sent. . . $0.66h .56f .56 Oct....... Nov — Dec — $0.56 .54* .50 Average $0.5757 481 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able I.— W H O L E SA L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. DUM BER AND B U ID D IN G M A T E R I A L S — Concluded. WINDOW GLASS: American, single, firsts, 25-inch bracket (6 by 8 to 10 by 15 inch). [Price per 50 square feet in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Month. Month. Price. Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . Price. A pr___ M ay... Ju ne... $2.97 2.97 2.97 $2.97 2.97 2.97 Month. July l .. Aug . . . Sept. . . Price. $2.97 2.97 2.72 Month. Price. Oct....... N ov.... Dec — $2.72 2.72 2.72 Average $2.8867 WINDOW GLASS: American, single, thirds, 25-inch bracket (6 by 8 to 10 by 15 inch)* [Price per 50 square feet in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Apr___ M $y . . . J u n e... $2,430 2.430 2.430 $2,430 2.430 2.430 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept.. . $2,430 2.430 2.125 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $2.125 2.125 2.125 Average $2.3283 1 D R U G S A N D C H E M IC A L S . ALCOHOL: Grain, 94 per cent* [Price per gallon, rebate deducted, in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar ; . . . $2.44 2.44 2.46 Apr___ M ay... June .. $2.45 2.45 2.45 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $2.45 2.45 2.40 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $2.40 2.40 2.40 Average $2.4325 ALCOHOL: W ood, refined, 95 per cent* [Price per gallon in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.55 .55 .55 $0.60 .60 .60 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept .*.. $0.60 .60 .60 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.60 .60 .60 Average $0.5875 ALUM: Lump* [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.0175 .0175 .0175 1 16818— No. 57— 05------7 $0.0175 .0175 .0175 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.0175 .0175 .0175 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.0175 .0175 .0175 Average $0.0175 482 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, T a b l e I . — W H O L E SA L E PRICES OF COM M ODITIES IN 1904— Continued. DRUGS A N TD C H E M I C A L S — Concluded. BRIMSTONE: Crude, seconds. [Price per ton in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. 822.00 22.25 22.00 Apr___ M ay. . . J u n e... Price. 822.00 22.00 22.25 Month. Month. Price. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . 821.75 21.65 21.60 Price. Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ 821.40 20.90 21.50 Average 821.7750 GLYCERIN: Refined, chemically pure, in hulk. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Jan....... F eb....... M a r ___ 80.14* .14* •14* Apr___ M a y ... J u n e... 80.14* .14* •14* J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... 80.14* 1|Oct....... .13* N ov ___ .13* c ---- 80.13* .13* .13* erage 80.1396 MURIATIC ACID: 20°. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Jan....... F e b .. . . . M a r ___ Apr___ M ay . . . Ju ne... 80.0160 .0160 .0160 80.0160 .0160 .0160 J u ly . . . Aug . . . S ept. . . 80.0160 .0160 .0160 Oct....... N ov ---D e c ___ 80.0160 .0160 .0160 Average 80.0160 OPIUM: Natural, in cases. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Apr___ M ay. . . Ju ne... 82.92* 2.92* 2.87* 82.82* 2.72* 2.62* J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... 82.62* 2.67* 2.67* Oct....... N o v ---D e c ---- 82.65 2.75 2.72* Average 82.75 QUININE: American, in lOO-ounce tins. [Price per ounce in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ 80.25 .22 .23 Apr___ M ay... Ju ne... 80.25 .27 .24 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . 80.23 .23 .21 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ 80.21 .23 .23 Average 80.2333 SULPHURIC ACID: 66°. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ 80.0130 .0130 .0130 A pr___ M ay . . . June .. 80.0130 .0130 .0130 J u ly . . . Aug . . . S ept. . . 80.0130 .0130 .0130 Oct....... N o v ___ D e c ___ 80.0130 Average 80.0129 .0120 .0130 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able I .— 483 W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. H O U S E E U R N I S H I N 'G G O O D S . EA RTH EN W ARE: Plates, cream-colored, 7-inch. [Price per dozen, to purchasers of bills amounting to $8,000, f. o. b. Trenton, N. J., on the first of each month.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. $0.4705 .4705 .4705 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. Month. Price. $0.4705 .4705 .4705 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . Month. Price. $0.4705 .4705 .4705 Price. Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.4705 .4705 .4705 Average $0.4705 EARTH EN W ARE: Plates, white granite, 7-incli. [Price per dozen, to purchasers of bills amounting to $8,000, f. o. b. Trenton, N. J., on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $0.4943 .4943 .4943 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.4943 .4943 .4943 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.4943 .4943 .4943 Oct....... N ov ---D e c ___ '$0.4943 .4943 .4943 Average $0.4943 EARTHEN W AR P: Teacups and saucers, white granite, w ith handles. [Price per gross (6 dozen cups and 6 dozen saucers), to purchasers of bills amounting to $8,000, f. o. b. Trenton, N. J., on the first of each month.J Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $3.6503 3.6503 3.6503 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $3.6503 3.6503 3.6503 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $3.6503 3.6503 3.6503 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $3.6503 3.6503 3.6503 Average $3.6503 FURNITURE: Redroom sets, ash, 3 pieces, bedstead, bureau, and wash stand. [Price per set in New York on the first of each month.] Ja n ....... Feb....... M a r ___ $12.25 12.25 12.25 Apr___ M ay... June .. $12.25 12.25 12.25 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $12.25 12.25 12.25 Oct..*... N o v ___ D e c ___ $12.25 12.25 12.25 Average $12.25 FURNITURE: Chairs, bedroom, maple, cane seat. [Price per dozen in New York on the first of each month.] J a n ....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $8.00 1 Apr___ 8.00 M ay . . . 8.00 June .. $8.00 8.00 8.00 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $8.00 8.00 8.00 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $8.00 Average $8.00 8.00 8.00 FURNITURE: Chairs, kitchen, common spindle. [Price per dozen in New York on the first of each month.] J a n ....... Feb....... M a r ___ $5.00 4.75 4.75 Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $4.75 4.75 4.75 J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . $4.75 4.75 4.75 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $4.75 4.75 4.75 Average $4.7708 484 T able BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. I .— W H O L E SA L E PRICES OF COM M ODITIES IN 1904— Continued. H O U S E F U R N IS H IN G GOOJDS—Continued. FURNITURE: Tables, kitchen, 31-foot. [Price per dozen in New York on the first of each month.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. $15.60 15.60 15.60 Apr___ M ay. . . Ju ne... Price.' $15.60 15.60 15.60 Month. J u ly ... A u g .. . Sept. . . Price. $15.60 15.60 15.60 Month. Price. Oct....... N o v ---D e c ___ $15.60 15.60 15.60 Average $15.60 GLASSWARE: Nappies, 4-incb. [Price per dozen, f. o. b. factory, on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.14 .14 .14 Apr___ M ay. . . Ju ne... $0.14 .14 .14 J u l y ... A u g .... S ep t. . . $0.14 .14 .14 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.14 .14 .14 Average $0.14 GLASSWARE: Pitchers, one-lialf gallon, common. [Price per dozen, f. o. b. factory, on the first of each month.] J a n ........ F e b ........ Mar . . . . $1.15 1.15 1.15 A p r ___ M ay... J u n e ... $1.15 1.15 1.15 J u l y .’. . A ug . . . S ep t.. . $1.15 1.15 1.15 O ct........ N o v ___ D e c ___ $1.15 1.15 1.15 Average $1.15 GLASSWARE: Tumblers, table, one-third pint, common. [Price per dozen, f. o. b. factory, on the first of each month.] J a n ......... F e b ......... M a r ___ $0.16 .16 .16 A p r ___ M ay... J u n e ... $0.16 .16 .16 J u ly . . . Aug ... S ep t... $0.16 .16 .16 O c t ......... N o v ___ D e c ----- $0.16 .16 .16 A verage $0.16 TABLE CIJTLERY: Carvers, stag bandies. [Price per pair on the first of each month.] J a n ......... F e b ......... M a r ___ $0.75 .75 .75 A p r ___ M a y... J u n e ... $0.75 .75 .75 J u ly ... Aug ... S e p t.. . $0.75 .75 .75 O c t ......... N o v ___ D ec — $0.75 .75 .75 A verag e $0.75 TABLE CUTLERY: Knives and forks, cocobolo bandies, metal bolsters. [Price per gross on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... Mar . . . . $6.50 6.50 6.50 Apr___ M a y .. . Ju ne... $6.50 6.75 6.75 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $6.75 6.75 6.75 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $6.75 6.75 6.75 Average $6.6667 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 485 T a b l e I . — W H O L E SA L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES in 1904— Continued. H OUSE F U R N IS H IN G G O O D S — Concluded. WOODEN W A R E : Pails, oak-grained, 3-lioop, wire ear* [Price per dozen in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Merchants’ Review.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. $1.70 1.70 1.70 Apr___ M ay... Ju ne... Price. $1.70 1.70 1.70 Month. Price. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $1.70 1.70 1.70 Month. Price. Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $1.70 1.70 1.70 Average $1.70 WOODEN W A R E : Tubs, oak-grained* 3 in nest* [Price per nest of 3 in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Merchants’ Review.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $1.45 1.45 1.45 Apr___ M ay. . . Ju ne... $1.45 1.45 1.45 J u ly ... A u g ... Sept. . . $1.45 1.45 1.45 Oct....... N ov___ D e c ___ $1.45 1.45 1.45 Average $1.45 M IS C E L L A N E O U S . COTTON-SEED MEAL* [Price per ton of 2,000 pounds in New York on the first of each month.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $27.10 26.60 27.00 Apr___ M ay . . . J u n e... $26.60 26.00 25.35 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $25.35 26.10 26.10 Oct....... N ov___ D e c ___ $26.10 26.10 26.00 Average $26.2000 COTTON-SEED OIL: Summer yellow, prime* [Price per gallon in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.36 .38 .38* Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.35* .29* .28* J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... $0.31 .28 .29* Oct . . . . N ov___ D e c ___ $0.29} .27* .24} Average $0.3135 JCTTE: Raw* [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month. From January to November the prices are for R. B. No. 2, and December for R. F. D. Block; quotations from the New York Commercial.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.04* .04* .04* Apr___ M ay. . . June .. $0.04* .04* .04* J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... $0.04* .04* .04* O c t ___ N ov___ D e c ___ $0.04* .04* .04* Average $0.0444 MALT: Western made* [Price per bushel in New York on the last of each month; quotations from the Brewers’ Journal.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.68-$0.73 .68- .73 .68- .73 Apr___ M ay . . . June .. $0.68-$0.73 .68- .73 .68- .73 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept.. . $0.66-$0.71 .63- .68 .63- .68 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.61-$0.66 .59- .66 .59- .66 Average $0.6758 486 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. T a b l e I . — W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. M I S C E L L A N E O U S — Continued. PAPER: News, wood. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Month. Jan....... F eb....... M a r ___ Month. Price. 80.02| .02* .02* A pr---M ay... J u n e... Price. $0.02* $0.02*-. 08 .02*-. 03 Month. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . Month. Price. Price. Oct....... Nov — Dec — $0.02*-$0.03 .02*- .03 .02*- .03 Average $0.0267 $0.02*-$0.03 .02*- .03 .02*- .03 PAPER: Wrapping, manlla, No. 1, jute. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.05-$0.05* .05- .05* .05- .05* Apr___ M ay . . . J u n e... $0.05-$0. C5f .05- .05| .05— . 03| Ju ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $0.05-$0.05* .05- .05| .05- .05* Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ $0.05-$0.05* .05- .05* .05- .05* Average $0.0530 PROOF SPIRITS. [Price per gallon, including tax, in Peoria, 111., on Tuesday of each week; quotations from the Peoria Herald-Transcript.] Jan....... F eb....... M a r ___ $1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 Apr___ 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.28 Ju ne... May . . . $1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.-28 1.28 J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . $1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 l.<8 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.26* Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ Average $1.26* 1.26* 1.26* 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 $1.2692 ROPE: Manila, x7 s-incli and larger. [Price per pound, f. o. b. New York or factory, on the first of each month; quotations from the Iron Age.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ $0.11* .11* .12 Apr___ M ay .. . Ju n e... $0.12 .12 $0.11- .11* J’d y . . . A u g ... S ept. . . $0.11* .11* .11* Oct....... Nov — D e c ___ $0.11* $0.11*- .12 .12* Average $0.1171 RURRER: Para Island, new. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin.] Jan....... Feb____ M a r ___ $0.90-$0.92 .98- .99 1.02- 1.03 Apr___ M ay. . . Ju n e... $1.08-$1.10 1.08- 1.09 1.09- 1.10 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . $1.08-11.09 1.15- 1.16 1.13- 1.14 Oct....... N ov___ D e c ___ $1.09-$l. 10 1.12- 1.13 1.26- 1.27 Average $1.0875 487 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able I.—W H O L E S A L E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Concluded. M I S C E L L A N E O U S — Concluded. SOAP: Castile, mottled, pure. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter.] Month. Jan....... Feb....... Mar — Price. Month. $0.06$ .06| .06$ Apr___ M ay. . . Ju n e... Price. 80.061 .06$ .06$ Month. J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . Price. 80.06$ .06$ .06$ Month. Price. Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ 80.07$ .06$ .06$ Average 80.0647 STARCH: Laundry, Austin, Nicbols & Co., 40-pound boxes, in bulk. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Merchants’ Review.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ 80.03$ .03$ .03$ Apr___ M a y .. . Ju ne... 80.03$ .04$ .04$ J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . 80.04$ .03$ .03$ Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ 80.03$ .03$ .03$ Average 80.0369 TOBACCO: Plug, Horseshoe. [Price per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Merchants’ Review.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ 80.45 .45 .45 Apr___ M a y .. . Ju ne... 80.45 .45 .45 J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . 80.49 .49 .49 Oet....... N o v ___ D e c ___ Average 80.4<T .49 .49 80.4700 TOBACCO: Smoking, granulated, Seal o f Nortli Carolina. IPrice per pound in New York on the first of each month; quotations from the Merchants’ Review.] Jan....... Feb....... M a r ___ 80.57 .57 .57 Apr___ M ay... Ju ne... 80.57 .57 .57 July . . . Aug .. . Sept. . . 80.57 .60 .60 Oct....... N ov ___ D e c ___ 80.60 .60 .60 Average 80.5825 488 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. T able II.-B A S E PRICES (AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899), AND MONTHLY ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904. [F or a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I. A verage for 1904 com p uted from quota tions in T able I; for expla nation o f m ethod, see page 394.] Farm products. Month. Barley: by sample. Price Rela per tive bushel. price. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.4534 J a n .......................... .5690 .5675 F e b .......................... .5538 M ar.......................... .5550 A p r .......................... .5625 May.......................... .5663 J u n e ........................ .5080 July......................... .5063 A u g :........................ .5150 Sept.......................... .4850 Oct..............; ........... .5025 N o v .......................... .4760 D e c .......................... .5300 Average, 1904 ......... 100.0 125.5 125.2 122.1 122.4 124.1 124.9 112.0 111.7 113.6 107.0 110.8 105.0 116.9 Cattle: steers, Cattle: steers, choice to extra. good to choice. Corn: No. 2, cash. Cotton: upland, middling. Price Rela per tive 100 lbs. price. Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela per per tive per tive tive 100 lbs. price. bushel. price. pound. price. $5.3203 5.6625 5.5063 5.6100 5.4875 5.5400 6.1688 6.2563 5.8850 5.9000 6.3000 6.5150 6.7125 5.9562 $4.7347 100.0 5.0000 105.6 4.8875 103.2 5.0000 105.6 4.9375 .104.3 4.9750 105.1 5.2563 111.0 5.4250 114.6 5.1500 108.8 5.2188 110.2 5.4781 115.7 5.4850 115.8 5.5344 116.9 5.1923 109.7 100.0 106.4 103.5 105.4 103.1 104.1 115.9 117.6 110.6 110.9 118.4 122.5 126.2 112.0 $0.3804 .4497 .5019 .5218 .5108 .4835 .4881 .4913 .5405 .5344 .5222 .5318 .4644 .5046 100.0 $0.07762 118.2 .14413 131.9 .14825 137.2 .15440 134.3 .14400 127.1 .13410 128.3 .11538 129.2 .10850 142.1 .10930 140.5 .11000 137.3 .10313 139.8 .09980 122.1 .07763 132.6 .12100 100.0 185.7 191.0 198.9 185.5 172.8 148.6 139.8 140.8 141.7 132.9 128.6 100.0 155.9 Farm products. Month. Hides: green, timothy, salted, packers, Flaxseed: No. 1. Hay:No. 1. heavy native Hogs: heavy. steers. Hogs: light. Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela tive per per tive tive per 100 tive per 100 tive lbs. bushel. price. per ton. price. pound. price. price. price. lbs. Average, 1890-1899.. $1.1132 J a n .......................... 1.0050 F e b .......................... 1.1250 M ar.......................... 1.1375 A p r .......................... 1.1250 M a y ........................ 1.0475 J u n e........................ 1.0325 July.......................... 1.0475 A u g .......................... 1.2000 Sept.......................... 1.2200 Oct........................... 1.1050 N o v .......................... 1.1150 D e c .......................... 1.1450 Average, 1904......... 1.1088 100.0 $10.4304 90.3 11.0625 101.1 11.1250 102.2 11.0500 101.1 12.0625 94.1 12.7500 92.8 12.5000 94.1 12.3750 107.8 12.7000 109.6 11.2500 99.3 11.5000 100.2 11.2500 102.9 10.9375 99.6 11.7308 100.0 106.1 106.7 105.9 115.6 122.2 119.8 118.6 121.8 107.9 110.3 107.9 104.9 112.5 $0.0937 .1100 .1075 .1052 .1071 .1094 .1118 .1131 .1186 .1175 .1231 .1369 .1395 .1166 100.0 117.4 114.7 112.3 114.3 116.8 119.*8 120.7 126.6 125.4 131.4 146.1 148.9 124.4 $4.4123 4.9281 5.2563 5.5200 5.1094 4.7000 5.1063 5.4594 5.2725 5.7375 5.5125 4.7875 4.5563 5.1550 100.0 111.7 119.1 125.1 115.8 106.5 115.7 123.7 119.5 130.0 124.9 108.5 103.3 116.8 $4.4206 4.8063 5.0438 5.3925 5.0188 4.6875 5.0656 5.5250 5.5050 6.0000 5.5500 4.7725 4.4688 5.1481 100.0 108.7 114.1 122.0 113.5 106.0 114.6 125.0 124.5 135.7 125.5 108.0 101.1 116.5 Farm products. Month. Hops: N. Y., choice. Oats: cash. Rye: No. 2, cash. Rela Price Rela Price Price per tive per per tive pound. price. bushel. price. bushel. Average,1890-1899.. $0.1771 J a n ......................... .3550 F e b ......................... .3700 M ar.......................... .3700 A p r .......................... .3500 .3400 May.......................... J u n e........................ .3400 July.......................... .3300 A u g .......................... .3300 .3400 Sept......................... .3500 O ct........................... .3500 N o v ......................... .3450 D e c ......................... .3475 Average, 1904.......... 100.0 200.5 208.9 208.9 197.6 192.0 192.0 186.3 186.3 192.0 197.6 197.6 194.8 196.2 $0.2688 .3836 .4211 .3983 .3822 .4086 .4131 .4017 .3444 .3132 .3000 .3050 .2938 .3649 100.0 142.7 156.7 148.2 142.2 152.0 153.7 149.4 128.1 116.5 111.6 113.5 109.3 135.8 $0.5288 .5369 .6500 .7110 .6800 .7340 .6500 .6888 .7244 .7294 .7750 .7925 .7375 .7056 Sheep: native. Sheep: West ern. Rela Price tive per price. 100 lbs. Rela Price Rela tive per tive price. 100 lbs. price. 100.0 101.5 122.9 134.5 128.6 138.8 122.9 130.3 137.0 137.9 146.6 149.9 139.5 133.4 100.0 100.3 102.1 116.6 126.9 126.9 122.6 103.1 100.1 94.8 96.3 115.0 114.9 110.3 $3.7580 3.7688 3.8375 4.3800 4.7688 4.7700 4.6063 3.8750 3.7600 3.5625 3.6188 4.3200 4.3188 4.1457 $3.9541 3.8813 4.1813 4.3800 5.2313 4.8300 4.5938 4.1063 3.7500 3.8188 3.8156 4.0950 4.3938 4.2608 100.0 98.2 105.7 110.8 133.6 122.2 116.2 103.8 94.8 96.6 96.5 103.6 111.1 107.8 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 489 II.—BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), AN D M O N T H L Y AC T U A L AN D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Cont’ d. T able [For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I. Average for 1904 computed from quota tions in Table I; for explanation of method, see page 394,] Food , etc. Farm products. Wheat: con tract, cash. Beans: me dium, choice. Bread: crack ers, Boston X . Bread: loaf Bread: crack (Wash, market) ers, soda. Month. Price Rela per Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela Price lb. Rela tive per tive per per per tive tive tive before bushel. price. bushel. price. pound. price. pound. price. baking. price. Average,1890-1899.. 80.7510 .8605 J a n ......................... .9660 F e b ......................... .9633 M ar...................... .. .9674 A n r .......................... .9845 May....... *................ .9816 Ju ne........................ July.......................... 1.0113 A u g .......................... 1.0833 Sept.......................... 1.1521 1.1653 Oct........................... N o v .......................... 1.1609 D e c .......................... 1.1632 1.0390 Average, 1904.......... 100.0 114.6 128.6 128.3 128.8 131.1 130.7 134.7 144.2 153.4 155.2 154.6 154.9 138.3 81.6699 2.1000 2.0250 2.2000 2.0250 2.0500 2.0500 1.9750 1.9500 1.9000 1.9250 2.0000 1.9250 2.0104 100.0 125.8 121.3 131.7 121.3 122.8 122.8 118.3 116.8 113.8 115.3 119.8 115.3 120.4 80.0673 .0700 .0700 .0700 .0800 .0800 .0800 .0800 .0800 .0800 .0800 .0800 .0800 .0775 100.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 118.9 118.9 118.9 118.9 118.9 118.9 118.9 118.9 118.9 115.2 80.0718 .0650 .0650 .0650 .0700 .0700 .0650 .0650 .0650 .0650 .0650 .0650 .0650 .0658 80.0354 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0444 .0356 .0363 100.0 90.5 90.5 90.5 97.5 97.5 90.5 90.5 90.5 90.5 90.5 90.5 90.5 91.6 100.0 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 125.4 100.6 102.5 Food, etc. Month. Butter: cream Butter: cream Butter: dairy, Bread: loaf, Bread: loaf, ery, extra New York Vienna ery, Elgin homemade state. (N. Y. market). (N. Y. market). (Elgin market). (N. Y. market). Price per Rela Price per Rela Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela pound tive pound tive per tive tive per per tive before price. before price. pound. price. pound. price. pound. price. baking. baking. Average, 1890-1899.. 80.0317 .0337 J a n .......................... .0337 F e b .......................... .0337 M ar.......................... .0337 Apr .......................... .0337 May.......................... .0337 Ju n e.......... ............ .0337 July...................— .0356 A u g .......................... .0356 S e p t........................ .0376 Oct........................... .0376N o v .......................... .0376 D e c .......................... .0350 Average*, 1904......... 100.0 106.3 106.3 106.3 106.3 106.3 106.3 106.3 112.3 112.3 118.6 118.6 118.6 110.4 80.0352 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0376 .0376 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0370 100.0 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 106.8 106.8 113.6 113.6 113.6 105.1 80.2170 .2300. .2510 .2450 .2375.1970 .1750. .1713 .1790 .1938 .2110 .2500 .2690 .2178 100.0 106.0 115.7 112.9 109.4 90.8 80.6 78.9 82.5 89.3 97.2 115.2 124.0 100.4 80.2242 .2288 .2507 .2483 .2294 .2015 .1807 .1772 .1815 .1966 .2100 .2503 .2700 .2189 80.2324 .1913 .1963 .2050 .2106 .1905 .1713 .1700 .1715 .1825 .1963 .2295 .2475 .1970 100.0 102.1 111.8 110.7 102.3 89.9 80.6 79.0 81.0 87.7 93.7 111.6 120.4 97.6 100.0 94.5 97.0 101.3 104.1 94.1 84.6 84.0 84.7 90.2 97.0 113.4 122.3 97.3 Food, etc. Month. Cheese: N. Y. full cream. Coffee: Rio No. 7. Price Rela Price Rela tive per per tive pound. price. pound. price. Average, 1890-1899.. 80.0987 J a n .......................... .1200 .1200 F e b .......................... M ar.......................... .1200 .1163 A p r .......................... M ay.......................... .0960 .Tune....... .... .0807 •Tilly.......................... .0763 A u g .......................... .0818 S e p t............................ .0900 .0975 Oct........................... N o v .......................... .1070 .1175 D e c .......................... .1019 Average, 1904 ......... 100.0 121.6 121.6 121.6 117.8 97.3 81.8 77.3 82.9 91.2 98.8 108.4 119.0 103.2 80.1313 100.0 .0775 59.0 70.9 .0931 .0688 52.4 .0688 52.4 .0725 55.2 53.3 .0700 55.2 .0725 57.1 .0750 ‘ 0856 65.2 .0841 64.3 .0844 64.3 65.2 .0856 .0782 59.6 Eggs: new-laid, fancy, near-by. Fish: cod, dry, Fish: herring, shore, round. bank, large. Price per dozen. Rela Price Rela Price per tive per tive price. quintal. price. barrel. 80.1963 .3663 .3488 .2125 .1931 .1950 .2000 .2206 .2390 .2613 .2813 .3310 .3525 .2650 100.0 186.6 177.7 108.3 98.4 99.3 101.9 112.4 121.8 133.1 143.3 168.6 179.6 135.0 a N o quotation for m onth. 85.5849 6.6250 6.6250 7.8750 6.7500 7.7500 7.7500 7.7500 7.2500 7.2500 7.2500 7.2500 7.2500 7.2813 300.0 118.6 118.6 141.0 120.9 138.8 138.8 138.8 129.8 129.8 129.8 129.8 129.8 130.4 1 Rela tive price. 83.7763 5.0000 5.1250 5.2500 5.2500 5.0000 100.0 132.4 135.7 139.0 139.0 132.4 6.0000 6.0000 6.0000 5.4531 158.9 158.9 158.9 144.4 (a) (a) (a) (a) 490 T BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB, II.— BASE PBICES (AVEBAGE FOB 1890-1899), AND MONTHLY ACTUAL AND BELATIYE PBICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904~Cont,d. able [F or a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I. A verage fo r 1904 com puted from quota tion s in Table I; for ex p la n a tion o f m eth od, see page 394.] Food, etc. Month. Fish: mackerel, Fish: salmon, salt, large 33. canned. Price per barrel. Average, 1890-1899.. J a n .......................... F e b .......................... M ar.......................... A p r .......................... May.......................... J u n e........................ July.......................... A u g .......................... Sept.......................... Oct........................... N o v .......................... D e c .......................... Average, 1904......... $14.1306 15.5000 15.5000 15.5000 15.5000 14.5000 12.5000 12.5000 13.5000 14.0000 15.0000 15.0000 15.0000 14.5000 Flour: buck wheat. Flour: rye. Flour: wheat, spring patents. Rela Price Rela Price per per tive tive price. 12 cans. price. 100 lbs. Rela Price per tive price.* barrel. Rela tive price. Price per barrel. 100.0 109.7 109.7 109.7 109.7 102.6 88.5 88.5 95.5 99.1 106.2 106.2 106.2 102.6 100.0 119.7 102.9 $3.3171 3.3500 3.5000 4.6500 4.5000 4.4250 4.4000 4.3750 4.4250 4.6000 4.6500 4.7000 4.6000 4.3479 100.0 101.0 105.5 140.2 135.7 133.4 132.6 131.9 133.4 138.7 140.2 141.7 138.7 131.1 $4.2972 100.0 4.6438 108.1 4.9438 115.0 5.1150 119.0 5.0313 117.1 4.9950 116.2 4.9563 ' 115.3 4.8750 113.4 5.6700 131.9 6.1500 143.1 6.1125 142.2 6.0550 140.9 5.9125 137.6 5.3784 125.2 $1.4731 1.7250 1.7250 1.7250 1.7250 1.7250 1.7250 1.7250 1.7250 1.7250 1.7250 1.7250 1.7250 1.7250 100.0 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 $1.9428 2.3250 2.0000 (a) y*) (a) la) (a) (a) 2.6500 2.5750 2.2250 2.2250 2.3333 136.4 132.5 114.5 114.5 120.1 Rela tive price. Food, etc. Month. Flour: wheat, winter straights. Price per barrel. Average, 1890-1899.. $3.8450 Ja n ........................... 4.0563 Feb .......................... 4.3875 M a r .......................... 4.8850 A p r........................... 4.7875 M a y .......................... 4.7200 J u n e ....................... 4.6813 J u ly .......................... 4.5938 A u g .......................... 4.7550 S ep t.......................... 5.1125 O c t ........................... 5.2688 N o v .......................... 5.3250 D ec........................... 5.2500 Average, 1994.......... 4.8264 Fruit: apples, Fruit: apples, Fruit: currants, Fruit: prunes, evaporated, sun-dried, in barrels. California. choice. Southern, sliced. Rela Price tive per price. pound. Rela Price Rela Price per tive per tive price. pound. price. pound. Rela Price Rela tive per tive price. pound. price. 100.0 105.5 114.1 127.0 124.5 122.8 121.8 119.5 123.7 133.0 137.0 138.5 136.5 125.5 100.0 69.4 67.9 67.9 75.3 75.3 73.8 76.7 76.7 76.7 69.4 63.5 62.0 71.2 100.0 130.1 131.7 130.1 130.1 130.1 130.1 130.1 130.1 131.7 130.1 128.3 130.1 130.1 $0.0847 .0588 .0575 .0575 .0638 .0638 .0625 .0650 .0650 .0650 .0588 .0538 .0525 .0603 $0.0515 .0375 .0375 .0375 .0375 .0350 .0350 .0250 .0250 .0250 .0350 .0350 .0350 .0333 100.0 72.8 72.8 72.8 72.8 68.0 68.0 48.5 48.5 48.5 68.0 68.0 68.0 64.7 $0.0375 .0488 .0494 .0488 .0488 .0488 .0488 .0488 .0488 .0494 .0488 .0481 .0488 .0488 $0.0774 .0525 .0500 .0500 .0475 .0450 .0450 .0438 .0438 .0438 .04:38 .0438 .0438 .0461 100.0 67.8 64.6 64.6 61.4 58.1 58.1 56.6 56.6 56.6 56.6 56.6 56.6 59.6 Food, etc. Month. Fruit: raisins, Glucose: 41° California, London layer. and 42° m ixing. Lard: prime contract. Meal: corn, fine white. Rela Price Rela Price Rela Price Price per per tive per tive per box. tive price. 100 lbs. price. pound. price. 100 lbs. Average, 1890-1899.. $1.5006 J a n .......................... 1.5500 F e b .......................... 1.6000 M ar......................... 1.5250 A p r .......................... 1.5250 May.......................... 1.4250 J u n e........................ 1.4750 July.......................... 1.4750 A u g .......................... 1.5250 Sept.......................... 1.5250 Oct........................... 1.3500 N ov ........., ............... 1.3500 D e c .......................... 1.3500 Average, 1904......... 1.4729 100.0 a$1.4182 103.3 1.7000 106.6 1.8500 101.6 1.9500 101.6 2.0500 95.0 1.9500 98.3 1.8500 98.3 1.8500 101.6 1.6100 101.6 1.7100 90.0 1.6100 90.0 1.5600 90.0 1.8100 98.2 1.7917 100.0 119.9 130.4 137.5 144.5 137.5 130.4 130.4 113.5 120.6 113.5 110.0 127.6 126.3 $0.0654 .0732 .0780 .0740 .0701 .0683 .0706 .0716 .0720 .0757 .0787 .0743 .0724 .0731 o Average for 1893-1899. 100.0 111.9 119.3 113.1 107.2 104.4 108.0 109.5 110.1 115.7 120.3 113.6 110.7 111.8 $1.0486 *1.2000 1.3000 1.3500 1.2750 1.2750 1.3750 1.4500 1.4250 1.3000 1.2750 1.4000 1.4500 1.3396 Meal: corn, fine yellow. Rela Price per tive price. 100 lbs. 100.0 114.4 124.0 128.7 121.6 121.6 131.1 138.3 135.9 124.0 121.6 133.5 138.3 127.8 $1.0169 1.2250 1.3000 1.3500 1.2750 1.2750 1.3750 1.3750 1.2500 1.4250 1.3000 1.4000 1.4500 1.3333 Rela tive price. 100.0 120.5 127.8 132.8 125.4 125.4 135.2 135.2 122.9 140.1 127.8 137.7 142.6 131.1 491 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904, T I I « — BASE PRICES (AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899), AND MONTHLY ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Cont’d. able [F or a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see Table I. A verage for 1904 com p uted from quota tions in T able I; for ex pla nation of m eth od, see page 394.] Food, etc. Month. Meat: bacon, short clear sides. Meat: bacon, short rib sides. Meat: beef, fresh, native sides. Meat: beef, salt, extra mess. Meat: beef, salt, hams, Western. Rela Price Rela Rela Price Price tive tive per per per tive pound. price. pound. price. pound. price. Price per barrel. Rela Price per tive price. barrel. 100.0 103.0 102.6 98.3 97.3 97.9 113.9 123.2 112.8 103.8 105.4 108.9 107.8 106.1 $8.0166 8.2500 8.8750 9.2500 8.5500 8.2500 8.2500 8.7500 8.7500 8.8125 9.0000 9.2500 9.2500 8.7689 100.0 $18.0912 102.9 21.2500 110.7 21.2500 115.4 21.2500 106.7 21.2500 102.9 20.7500 102.9 21.1250 109.1 22.2500 109.1 23.7250 109.9 24.7500 112.3 24.3750 115.4 23.3500 115.4 22.7500 109.4 22.3341 Average, 1890-1899.. $0.0675 100.0 .0743 110.1 J a n .......................... Feb .......................... .0772 114.4 .0784 116.1 M ar.......................... .0732 108.4 A p r .......................... .0694 102.8 May.......................... .0778 115.3 Ju n e........................ .0791 117.2 July.......................... A u g .......................... .0809 119.9 Sept.......................... .0860 127.4 Oct........................... .0859 127.8 .0774 114.7 N ov .......................... .0716 106.1 D e c .......................... .0775 114.8 Average, 1904......... $0.0656 .0726 .0756 .0769 .0707 .0674 .0766 .0778 .0794 .0841 .0841 .0754 .0703 .0757 100.0 110.7 115.2 115.7 107.8 102.7 116.8 118.6 121.0 128.2 128.2 114.9 107.2 115.4 $0.0771 .0794 .0791 .0758 .0750 .0755 .0878 .0950 .0870 .0800 .0813 .0840 .0831 .0818 Rela tive price. 100.0 117.5 117.5 117.5 117.5 114.7 116.8 123.0 131.1 136.8 134.7 129.1 125.8 123.5 Food, etc. Month. Meat: hams, smoked. Milk: fresh. Price per barrel. Rela tive price. Price per quart. Rela Price Rela per tive tive price. gallon. price. 100.0 $11.6332 99.5 14.6563 105.3 15.9375 94.8 15.7500 106.9 14.1875 124.0 13.1250 112.7 14.1875 111.9 14.406$ 111.4 13.8500 88.7 12.9688 88.7 13.0625 91.5 12.9000 101.2 13.4375 103.2 14.0288 100.0 126.0 137.0 135.4 122.0 112.8 122.0 123.8 119.1 111.5 112.3 110.9 115.5 120.6 $0.0255 .0312 .0300 .0300 ,0275 .0237 ,0200 .0209 .0225 .0250 .0287 .0332 .0375 .0275 100.0 122.4 117.6 117.6 107.8 92.9 78.4 82.0 88.2 98.0 112.5 130.2 147.1 107.8 Meat: mutton, dressed. Rela Price Rela Price per tive tive per pound. price. pound. price. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.0984 J a n .......................... .1088 F e b .......................... .1113 M ar.......................... .1090 A p r .......................... .1044 M ay.......................... .1025 J u n e........................ .1069 July......................... .1100 A u g .......................... .1150 Sept......................... .1131 Oct........................... .1085 N o v ......................... .1005 D e c ......................... .0975 Average, 1904 ......... .1072 100.0 110.6 113.1 110.8 106.1 104.2 108.6 111.8 116.9 114.9 110.3 102.1 99.1 108.9 $0.0754 .0750 .0794 .0715 .0806 .0935 .0850 .0844 .0840 .0669 .0669 .0690 .0763 .0778 Molasses: New Orleans, open kettle. Meat: pork, salt, mess, old to new. $0.3151 .3400 .3400 .3100 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3350 .3396 100..0 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 106.3 107.8 Food, etc. Month. Rice: domestic, Salt: American. choice. Price Rela per tive pound. price. Average, 1890-1899. $0.0561 J a n ......................... .0488 F e b .......................... .0481 M ar.......................... .0481 A p r .......................... .0481 May.......................... .0481 Ju ne........................ .0438 J u ly ........................ .0425 A u g..................... .0444 Sept.......................... .0394 O c t .......................... .0394 .0394 N ov .........................0394 D e c .......................... .0441 Average, 1904......... 100.0 87.0 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 78.1 75.8 79.1 70.2 70.2 70.2 70.2 78.6 Soda: bicar bonate of, American. Price per barrel. Rela Price Rela per tive tive price. pound. price. $0.7044 .7500 .7500 .7500 .7500 .7500 .7500 .7500 .7500 .8100 .8100 .8100 .8100 .7704 100.0 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 115.0 115.0 115.0 115.0 109.4 $0.0209 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 100.0 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 Spices: nut megs. Spices: pepper, Singapore. PriGe Rela per tive pound. price. Price Rela per tive pound. price. $0.4322 .2750 .2650 .2525 .2200 .2050 .1950 .1925 .1925 .2050 .2075 .2025 .1975 .2175 100.0 63.6 61.3 58.4 50.9 47.4 45.1 44.5 44.5 47.4 48.0 46.9 45.7 50.3 $0.0749 .1263 .1263 .1231 .1256 .1213 .1194 .1144 .1175 .1194 .1288 .1294 .1238 .1229 100.0 168.6 168.6 164.4 167.7 161.9 159.4 152.7 156.9 159.4 172.0 172.8 165.3 164.1 492 BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOE, II.— BASE PEICES (AVEEAGE FOE 1890-1899), AND MONTHLY ACTUAL AND KELATIVE PEICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Cont’d. T a b ie [F or a m ore detailed d escription o f the articles, see Table I. A verage for 1904 com p uted from quota tions in T able I; for ex pla nation o f m ethod, see page 394.] Food, etc. Month. Starch: pure corn. Sugar: 89° fair refining. Sugar: 96° cen Sugar: granu trifugal. lated. Tallow. Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela per per tive per tive tive per tive per tive pound. price. pound. price. pound. price. pound. price. pound. price. Average, 1890-1899 . $0.0548 J a n .......................... .0513 F e b .......................... .0513 M ar.......................... .0513 A p r .......................... .0513 May.......................... .0513 Ju ne........................ .0513 July......................... .0513 A u g.......................... .0513 Sept.......................... .0550 Oct........................... .0550 N ov ......................... .0550 D e c .......................... .0550 Average, 1904 ......... .0525 100.0 $0.03398 .02912 93.6 93.6 .02849 .03032 93.6 93.6 .03130 93.6 .03323 .03426 93.6 .03485 93.6 .03641 93.6 100.4 .03750 100.4 .03750 100.4 .04000 100.4 .04325 95.8 .03470 100.0 $0.03869 85.7 .03382 83.8 .03356 89.2 .03530 92.1 .03630 97.8 .03828 100.8 .03909 102.6 .03940 107.2 .04171 110.4 .04298 110.4 .04253 117.7 .04549 127.3 .04826 102.1 .03974 100.0 $0.04727 87.4 .04340 86.7 .04260 91.2 .04444 93.8 .04438 98.9 .04663 101.0 .04760 101.8 .04863 107.8 .04975 111.1 .04980 109.9 .04850 117.6 .05200 124.7 .05460 102.7 .04772 100.0 91.8 90.1 94.0 93.9 98.6 100.7 102.9 105.2 105.4 102.6 110.0 115.5 101.0 Average, 1890-1899 J a n ........................ Feb . : ....... ............ M a r .:....... ............ A p r .......... ............ May.......... ............ Ju n e...................... J u ly.: .................... A u g ........................ Sept........................ Oct.......................... N o v ....... ................ D e c ........................ Average, 1904....... 100.0 117.9 116.6 115.6 107.6 98.6 97.0 99.3 102.3 102.8 104.6 99.8 107.1 105.5 Cloths and clothing. Food, etc. Month. $0.0435 .0513 .0507 .0503 .0468 .0429 .0422 .0432 .0445 .0447 .0455 .0434 .0466 .0459 Tea: Formosa, fine. Vegetables, Vinegar: cider, Bags: 2-bushel, Vegetables, potatoes, fresh: onions. fresh: Monarch. Amoskeag. Burbank. Price Rela per tive pound. price. Price per barrel. Rela Price Rela Price Rela tive per tive per tive price. bushel. price. gallon. price. $0.2839 .2600 .2600 .2800 .2800 .2800 .2800 .2800 .2800 .2800 .2800 .2750 .2750 .2758 $3.3995 3.7500 3.5000 4.4000 3.7500 («) 3.5000 3.2500 3.1250 2.5000 3.5000 4.0000 4.2500 3.5568 100.0 110.3 103.0 117.7 110.3 100.0 91.6 91.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 96.9 96.9 97.1 103.0 95.6 91.9 73.5 103.0 117.7 125.0 104.6 $0.4991 .7520 .8813 .9088 1.0730 1.0500 1.1650 («) («) (a) .3563 .3700 .3420 .7301 100.0 150.7 176.6 182.1 215.0 210.4 233.4 71.4 74.1 68.5 146.3 $0.1478 .1300 .1300 .1300 .1300 .1300 .1300 .1300 .1300 .1300 .1400 .1400 .1400 .1325 100.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 94.7 94.7 94.7 89.6 Price per bag. $0.1399 .1550 .1800 .1800 .1850 .1850 .1850 .1850 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1796 Rela tive price. 100.0 110.8 128.7 128.7 132.2 132.2 132.2 132.2 128.7 128.7 128.7 128.7 128.7 128.4 Cloths and clothing. Month. Blankets: 11-4, 5 Blankets: 11-4, 5 Blankets: 11-4, 5 to the pair, pounds to the pair, pounds to the pair, pounds cotton warp, all cotton warp, cotton all wool. wool filling. and w ool filling. Boots and shoes: men’s brogans, split. Price per Relative Price per Relative Price per Relative Price per Relative pound. price. pound. pound. price. pair. price. price. Average, 1890-1899 .. J a n ........................... F e b ........................... M ar........................... A p r ........................... M ay........................... J u n e.......................... July........................... A u g ........................... Sept........................... Oct............................. N o v ........................... D e c ........................... Average, 1904.......... $0,840 .925 .925 .925 .925 .925 .925 .925 .925 .925 .925 .925 .925 .925 100.0 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 $0,613 .725 .725 .725 .725 .725 .725 .725 .725 .725 .725 .725 .725 .725 100.0 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 a N o quotation for m onth. $0,424 .525 .625 .525 .525 .525 .525 .525 .525 .525 .525 .525 .525 .525 100.0 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 $0.9894 .9250 .9250 .9250 .9250 .9250 .9250 .9250 .9250 .9250 .9250 .9250 .9250 .9250 100.0 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 493 COURSE OE WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904, T I f . — BASE PRICES (AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899), AND MONTHLY ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Cont’ d. able [F or a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I. A verage for 1904 com puted from quota tions in T able I; for expla nation o f m ethod, see page 394.] Cloths and clothing. Boots and shoes: Boots and shoes: Boots and shoes: Boots and shoes: Broadcloths: men’s vici kid women’s solid men’s calf bal. first quality, men’s split shoes, Good shoes, Good black, 54-inch, grain shoes. boots. year welt. year welt. X X X wool. Month. Rela Price tive per pair. price. Average, 1890-1899.. Jan..............; ........... F eb.......................... Mar........................ A p r........................... M a y .......................... June............ ............ J u ly .......................... Aug.............. ............ S e p t............ ............ O c t ........................... N ov.......................... D e c..............: ........... Average, 1904.......... $2,376 2.350 2.350 2.350 2.350 2.350 2.350 2.350 2.350 2.350 2.350 2.350 2.350 2.350 100.0 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 Price per 12 pairs. Rela Price Rela Price Rela tive tive tive price. per pair. price. per pair. price. $16,350 18.500 18.500 18.500 18.500 18.500 18.500 18.500 18.500 18.5C0 18.500 19.000 19.000 18.583 100.0 113.1 113.1 113.1 113.1 113.1 113.1 113.1 113.1 113.1 113.1 116.2 116.2 113.7 $2.3000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0500 2.0500 2.0083 100.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 ’87.0 87.0 89.1 89.1 87.3 $0.8175 .9000 .9000 .9000 .9000 .9000 .9000 .9250 .9250 .9250 .9500 .9500 .9500 .9183 100.0 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 113.1 113.1 113.1 116.2 116.2 116.2 112.3 Price per yard. $1,732 1.910 1.910 1.910 1.910 1.910 1.910 1.910 1.910 1.910 1.910 1.910 1.955 1.914 Rela tive price. 100.0 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 112.9 110.5 Cloths and clothing. Month. Brus Calico: Cocheco Carpets: sels, 5-frame, prints. Bigelow. Price per yard. Rela tive price. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.0553 100.0 .0550 99.5 J a n .......................... .0550 99.5 F e b .......................... .0550 99.5 M ar.......................... .0550 99.5 A p r .......................... .0550 99.5 M ay......................... 99.5 .0550 Ju n e........................ .0550 99.5 July......................... .0500 . 90.4 A u g ......................... .0500 90.4 Sept......................... .0500 Oct........................... 90.4 .0500 90.4 N o v ......................... 90.4 .0500 D e c .............., .......... Average, 1904......... .0529 95.7 Price per yard. Rela tive price. $1.0008 1.1040 1.1040 1.1040 1.1040 1.1040 1.1040 1.1040 1.1040 1.1040 1.1040 1.1040 1.1040 1.1040 100.0 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 Carpets: in grain, 2-ply, Lowell. Carpets: Wil Cotton flannels: ton, 5-frame, 2f yards to the pound. Bigelow. Price Rela per tive yard. . price. Price per yard. Rela tive price. Price per yard. $1.8432 2.0400 2.0400 2.0400 2.0400 2.0400 2.0400 2.0400 2.0400 2.0400 2.0400 2.0400 2.0400 2.0400 100.0 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 $0.0706 .0950 .0950 .0950 .0950 .0875 .0875 .0875 .0875 .0875 .0825 .0825 .0800 .0885 $0.4752. .5184 .5184 .5184 .5184 .5184. .5184 .5184 .5184 .5184 .5184 .5184 .5184 .5184 100.0 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 Rela tive price. 100.0 134.6 134.6 134.6 134.6 123.9 123.9 123.9 123.9 123.9 116.9 116.9 113.3 125.4 Cloths and clothing. Month. Cotton yarns: Cotton thread: carded, Cotton flannels: 6-cord, white, 3£ yards to the spools,200ryard mule-spun, J. & P. pound. Northern, Coats. cones, 10/1. Price per yard. Average,1890-1899. $0.0575 J a n ........................ .0775 F e b ........................ .0775 M ar........................ .0775 A p r ........................ .0775 M a y ...................... .0725 Ju n e...................... .0725 J u ly ...................... .0725 A ug........................ .0725 .0725 Sept........................ O c t ........................ .0675 .0675 N ov ........................ D e c ........................ .0600 Average, 1904....... .0723 Cotton yarns: carded, white, mule-spun, Northern, cones, 22/1. Rela Price per Rela tive tive price. spool, (a) price. Price Rela Price Rela per tive per tive pound. price. pound. price. 100.0 $0.031008 134.8 .037240 134.8 .037240 134.8 .037240 134.8 .037240 126.1 .037240 126.1 .037240 126.1 .037240 126.1 .037240 126.1 .037240 117.4 .037240 117.4 .037240 104.3 .037240 125.7 .037240 $0.1608 .2100 .2425 .2225 .2250 .2100 .2000 .1850 .1700 .1750 .1800 .1775 .1800 .1981 100.0 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 a Freight paid. 100.0 130.6 150.8 138.4 139.9 130.6 124.4 115.0 105.7 108.8 111.9 110.4 111.9 123.2 $0.1969 .2400 .2700 .2550 .2550 .2400 .2200 .2100 .2050 .2050 .2200 .2100 .2050 .2279 100.0 121.9 137.1 129.5 129.5 121.9 111.7 106.7 104.1 104.1 111.7 106.7 104.1 115.7 Denims: Amoskeag. Price per yard. $0.1044 .1250 .1300 .1300 .1300 .1300 .1300 .1200 .1150 .1150 .1150 .1100 .1100 .1217 Rela tive price. 100.0 119.7 124.5 124.5 124.5 124.5 124.5 114.9 110.2 110.2 110.2 105.4 105.4 116.6 494 T BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, I I . — BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), AN D M O N T H L Y A C TU A L AN D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Cont’d. able [For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I. Average for 1904 computed from quota tions in Table I; for explanation of method, see page 394.] Cloths and clothing. Month. Drillings: brown, Pepperell. Price per yard. Average,1890-1899.. $0.0572 J a n .......................... .0725 F e b .......................... .0750 M ar.......................... .0800 A p r .......................... .0800 May.......................... .0750 Ju n e........................ .0700 J u l y ........................ .0700 A u g .......................... .0700 Sept.......................... .0700 O c t .......................... .0700 N o v ......................... .0700 D e c .......................... .0700 Average, 1904......... .0727 Drillings: 30inch, Stark A. Flannels: white, 4-4, Bal lard Vale No. 3. Ginghams: Amoskeag. Ginghams: Lancaster. Rela tive price. Price per yard. Rela tive price. Price per yard. Rela tive price. Price per yard. Rela tive price. Price per yard. 100.0 126.7 131.1 139.9 139.9 131.1 122.4 122.4 122.4 122.4 122.4 122.4 122.4 127.1 $0.0521 .0698 .0726 .0719 .0653 .0672 .0652 .0620 .0613 .0628 .0654 .0620 .0640 .0658 100.0 134.0 139.3 138.0 125.3 129.0 125.1 119.0 117.7 120.5 125.5 119.0 122.8 126.3 $0.3768 .4433 .4433 .4433 .4433 .4483 .4433 .4433 .4433 .4433 .4433 .4433 .4433 .4433 100.0 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 $0.0533 .0550 .0575 .0575 .0575 .0575 .0575 .0575 .0575 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0548 100.0 103.2 107.9 107.9 107/9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 102.8 $0.0573 .0575 .0575 .0575 .0575 .0575 .0575 .0575 .0575 .0575 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0556 Rela tive price. 100.0 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 87.3 87.3 87.3 97.0 Cloths and clothing. Month. Hosiery: men’s Hosiery: m en s Hosiery: wom Hosiery: wom Horse blankets: cotton half en’s combed en’s cotton cotton half 6 pounds each, hose, seamless, hose, Egyptian cot hose, seamless, seamless, ton fast black, all wool. hose, high fast black, 84 needles. 20 to 22 ounce. spliced heel. 26 to 28 ounce. Rela Price Rela Price per per 12 tive tive pound. price. pairs, a price.a Average,1890-1899.. J a n .......................... F e b .......................... M ar.......................... A p r .......................... M ay.......................... J u n e ........................ July......................... A u g .......................... Sept......................... Oct........................... N o v ......................... D e c .......................... Average, 1904......... $0,573 .700 .700 .700 .700 .700 .700 .700 .700 .700 .700 .700 .700 .700 100.0 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 $0.9555 *. 6370 *■. 6370 *.6370 .6615 d . 6615 d .6615 d . 6615 d . 6615 .6370 e . 6370 e.6370 *.6370 /.6370 100.0 c 82.1 * 82.1 *82.1 85.3 <*85.3 <*85.3 <*85.8 <*85.3 82.1 *82.1 *82.1 *82.1 / 82.1 Price per 12 pairs. $0.7845 .7500 .7500 .7500 .7700 .7700 .7700 .7700 .7500 .7500 .7500 .7250 .7250 .7525 Rela tive price. Price per 12 pairs. Rela tive price. Price per 12 pairs. Rela tive price. 100.0 b $1,850 95.6 1.800 95.6 1.800 95.6 1.800 98.2 1.800 98.2 1.800 98.2 1.800 98.2 1.800 95.6 1.800 95.6 1.800 95.6 1.800 92.4 1.800 92.4 1.800 95.9 1.800 100.0 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 $0.9310 * .8085 *.8085 *.8085 .7840 <*.7840 <*.7840 <*.7840 <*.7840 .7595 e . 7595 *.7595 *.7595 / .7595 100.0 * 86.8 *86.8 *86.8 84.2 <*84.2 <*84.2 <*84.2 <*84.2 81.6 *81.6 *81.6 *81.6 / 81.6 a Average price for 1890-1899 is for two-thread goods. Prices during 1904 are for single-thread roods. For method of computing relative price, see pages 409 and 410. Price of single-thread goods, >0.6125 in April, 1903, and $0.6370 in September, 1903. b Average for 1893-1899. c September, 1903, price. <*April, 1904, price, e September, 1904, price. / September, 1904, price, which represents bulk of sales during the year. 495 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904, T I I . — BASE PRICES (AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899), AND MONTHLY ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Cont’d. able [F or a m ore detailed description of the articles, see T able I. A verage for 1904 com p uted from quota tions in Table I; for explanation o f m ethod, see page 394.] Cloths and clothing. Month. Leather: har sole, ness, oak, pack Leather: hemlock, er’ s hides, Buenos Ayres. heavy, No. 1. Price Rela per tive pound. price. Average, 1890-1899.. a$0.2590 100.0 J a n .......................... .3200 &110.4 F e b .......................... .3200 &110.4 M ar.......................... .3200 &110.4 A p r .......................... .3200 5110.4 May.......................... .3200 5110.4 .3200 5110.4 J u n e........................ July......................... .3200 5110.4 .3200 5110.4 A u g.......................... .3150 5108.7 Sept.......................... .3150 5108.7 Oct........................... .3150 5108.7 N o v .......................... .3200 5110.4 D e o .......................... .3188 5110.0 Average, 1904......... Leather: wax Leather: sole, calf, 30 to 40 lbs. oak. to the dozen, B grade. Linen shoe thread: 10s., Barbour. Price Rela Price Rela Price per per tive tive per sq. pound. price. pound. price. foot. Rela Price Rela tive per tive price. pound. price. $0.1939 .2300 .2300 .2300 .2300 .2300 .2225 .2200 .2200 .2200 .2250 .2250 .2275 .2258 100.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 100.0 118.6 118.6 118.6 118.6 118.6 114.7 113.5 113.5 113.5 116.0 116.0 117.3 116.5 $0.3363 .3550 .3400 .3400 .3500 .3550 .3450 .3250 .3350 .3350 .3550 .3550 .3500 .3450 100.0 105.6 101.1 101.1 104.1 105.6 102.6 96.6 99.6 99.6 105.6 105.6 104.1 102.6 $0.6545 .6875 .6875 .6875 .6875 .6875 .6875 .6875 .6875 .6875 .6875 .6875 .6875 .6875 $0.8748 .8460 .8460 .8460 .8460 .8460 .8460 .8460 .8460 .8460 .8460 .8460 .8930 .8499 100.0 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 102.1 97.2 Cloths and clothing. Month. Linen thread: Overcoatings: Overcoatings: chinchilla, 3-cord, 200-yard beaver,Moscow, B-rough, all spools, Barbour. all wool, black. wool. Overcoatings: chinchilla, cotton warp, C. C. grade. Overcoatings: covert cloth, light weight, staple. Price per dozen spools. Rela tive price. Price per yard. Rela tive price. Price per yard. Rela tive price. Price per yard. Rela tive price. Price per yard. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.8522 J a n .......................... .8835 F e b .......................... .8835 .8835 M ar___-**................. A p r .......................... .8835 May.......................... .8835 Ju n e........................ .8835 July......................... .8835 A u g ......................... .8835 Sept.......................... .8835 Oct........................... .8835 N o v .......................... .8835 D e c .......................... .8835 Average, 1904......... .8835 100.0 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 $2.0817 2.3250 2.3250 2.3250 2.3250 2.3250 2.3250 2.3250 2.3250 2.3250 2.3250 2.3250 2.3250 2.3250 100.0 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 $2.1419 2.2088 2.2088 2.2088 2.2088 2.2088 2.2088 2.2088 2.2088 2.2088 2.2088 2.2088 2.2088 2.2088 100.0 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 $0.4883 .4500 .4500 .4550 .4500 .4600 .4550 .4550 .4550 .4600 .4600 .4600 .4600 .4558 100.0 92.2 92.2 93.2 92.2 94.2 93.2 93.2 93.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 93.3 $2.3286 2.1899 2.1899 2.1899 2.1899 2.1899 2.1899 2.1899 2.1899 2.1899 2.1899 2.1899 2.1899 2.1899 Rela tive price. 100.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 a Leather: harness, oak, country middles, 14 pounds and up (except overweights, 20 pounds and up). b For method of computing relative price, see pages 409 and 410. Average price for 19J3, $0.3313. 496 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, I I . — BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), AN D M O N T H L Y AC T U A L A N D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Cont’ d. Table [For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I. Average for 1904 computed from quota tions m Table I; for explanation o f method, see page 394.] Cloths and clothing. Month. Overcoatings: Shawls: stand Sheetings: Sheetings: kersey, stand Print cloths: 28- ard, all wool, bleached, 10-4, bleached, 10-4, ard, 27 to 28 inch, 64x64. 72x144 inch, 42Atlantic. Pepperell. ounce. ounce. Price per yard. Average, 1890-1899.. a 31.2472 1.6250 J a n ............ : ........... F e b .......................... 1.6250 M ar.......................... 1.6250 A p r .......................... 1.6250 1.6250 M ay.......................... 1.6250 Ju n e........................ 1.6250 1.6250 A u g .......................... 1.7000 Sept.......................... 1.7000 Oct........................... 1.7000 N o v ......................... 1.7000 D e c .......................... 1.6500 Average, 1904......... Rela tive price. Price per yard. 100.0 30.02838 130.3 .037000 130.3 .040000 130.3 .040000 130.3 .037625 130.3 .034063 130.3 .031563 130.3 .030500 130.3 .030000 136.3 .030000 136.3 .030000 136.3 .030000 136.3 .029250 132.3 .033290 Rela tive price. 100.0 130.4 140.9 140.9 132.6 120.0 111.2 107.5 105.7 105.7 105.7 105.7 103.1 117.3 Price per shawl. $4.5787 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 Rela tive price. Price per yard. 100.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 $0.1836 .2514 .2910 .2415 .2400 .2400 .2400 (&) (6) .2218 ( b) .1930 .2010 .2355 Rela tive price. 100.0 136.9 158.5 131.5 130.7 130.7 130.7 120.8 105.1 109.5 128.3 Price per yard. $0.1884 .2500 .2600 .2600 .2600 .2600 .2600 .2400 .2400 .2200 .2200 .2200 .2200 .2425 Rela tive price. 100.0 132.7 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 127.4 127.4 116.8 116.8 116.8 116.8 128.7 Cloths and clothing. Month. Sheetings: bleached, 10-4, Wamsutta S. T. Price per yard. Average, 1890-1899.. 30.2949 J a n ......................... .2925 .2925 F e b .......................... M ar.......................... .2925 .2925 A p r .......................... .2700 May......................... .2700 Ju n e........................ J u ly ........................ .2700 A u g ......................... .2700 .2700 Sept.......................... .2700 O c t ......................... .2700 N ov.......................... .2700 D e c .......................... .2775 Average, 1904......... Sheetings: brown , 4-4. Atlantic A. Sheetings: brown,4-4, In dian Head. Rela tive price. Price per yard. Rela tive price. Price per yard. 100.0 99.2 99.2 99.2 99.2 91.6 91.6 91.6 91.6 91.6 91.6 91.6 91.6 94.1 $0.0553 .0671 .0710 .0767 .0783 .0783 .0783 .0730 .0730 .0721 .0643 .0653 .0637 .0718 100.0 121.3 128.4 138.7 141.6 141.6 141.6 132.0 132.0 130.4 116.3 118.1 115.2 129.8 $0.0626 .0750 .0775 .0850 .0850 .0850 .0850 .0800 .0800 .0775 .0775 .0775 .0775 .0802 .Rela tive price. Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Mass. Mills, Flying Horse brand. Sheetings: brown .4-4. Pepperell R. Price per yard. Price per yard. Rela tive price. 100.0 c$0.0525 100.0 119.8 .0700 <*114.5 123.8 .0725 0II8.6 135. S .0750 <*122.7 135.8 .0750 <*122.7 135.8 .0725 <*118.6 135.8 .0725 <*118.6 127.8 .0700 <*114.5 127.8 .0700 <*114.5 123.8 .0700 <*114.5 123.8 .0700 <*114.5 123.8 .0700 <*114.5 123.8 .0700 <*114.5 128.1 .0715 <*117.0 $0.0551 .0675 .0700. .0725 .0725 .0725 .0725 .0625 .0625 .0625 .0625 .0625 .0625 .0669 Rela tive price. 100.0 122.5 127.0 131.6 131.6 131.6 131.6 113.4 113.4 113.4 113.4 113.4 113.4 121.4 a Average for 1897-1899. &No sales during month, c Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Stark A. A. d For method of computing relative price, see pages 409 and 410. Average price for 1903, 30.0623. 497 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. I I . — BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), AN D M O N T H L Y A C T U A L AN D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Cont’ d. T able [For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I. Average for 1904 computed from quota tions in Table I; for explanation of method, see page 394.] Cloths and clothing. Month. Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, Fruit of the Loom. Price per yard. Average,1890-1899.. 80.0728 J a n .......................... .0813 F e b .......................... .0863 M ar.......................... .0863 A p r .......................... .0863 May.......................... .0863 .0863 Ju ne........................ J u ly ........................ .0763 A u g .......................... .0763 Sept.......................... .0725 .0750 Oct........................... .0750 N o v .......................... D e c .......................... .0750 Average, 1904......... .0802 Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, Hope. Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, Lonsdale. Shirtings: Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, bleached, 4-4, New York W am sutta^^* Mills. Rela tive price. Price per yard. Rela tive price. Price per yard. Rela tive price. Price per yard. Rela tive price. Price per yard. 100.0 111.7 118.5 118.5 118.5 118.5 118.5 104.8 104.8 99.6 103.0 103.0 103.0 110.2 80.0630 .0713 .0736 .0736 .0736 .0736 .0736 .0677 .0677 .0677 .0677 .0677 .0677 .0705 100.0 113.2 116.8 116.8 116.8 116.8 116.8 107.5 107.5 107.5 107.5 107.5 107.5 111.9 80.0727 .0800 .0850 .0850 .0850 .0850 .0850 .0750 .0750 .0750 .0750 .0750 .0750 .0796 100.0 110.0 116.9 116.9 116.9 116.9 116.9 103.2 103.2 103.2 103.2 103.2 103.2 109.5 80.0876 .0877 .0795 .0802 .0795 .0801 .0885 .0857 .0839 .0854 .0816 .0800 .0840 .0830 100.0 100.1 90.8 91.6 90.8 91.4 101.0 97.8 95.8 97.6 93.2 91.3 95.9 94.7 80.0948 .0950 .0950 .0950 .0950 .0950 .0900 .0900 .0900 .0900 .0900 .0900 .0900 .0921 Rela tive price. 100.0 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 M .9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 97.2 Cloths and clothing. jxLonxii* Suitings: clay Suitings: clay Suitings: indigo Silk: raw, Silk: raw, Ital worsted diag worsted diag blue, all wool, ian, classical. Japan, filatures. onal, 12-ounce, onal, 16-ounce, 54-in., 14-oz., Wash. Mills. Wash. Mills. Middlesex. Price Rela Price Rela per tive per tive pound. price. pound. price. Average, 1890^-1899.. 84.2558 J a n .......................... 4.3065 F e b .......................... 4.3065 M ar.......................... 4.1580 A p r .......................... 3.9105 May.......................... 3.8363 Ju ne........................ 3.6259 July......................... 3.6383 A u g ............... .......... 3.7620 Sept......................... 3.7002 Oct........................... 3.7125 N o v .......................... 3.7125 D e c .......................... 3.7125 Average, 1904......... 3.8651 100.0 101.2 101.2 97.7 91.9 90.1 85.2 85.5 88.4 86.9 87.2 87.2 87.2 90.8 84.0187 3.7830 3.8073 3.6133 3.5405 3.5648 3.5405 3.4920 3.6375 3.6497 3.6012 3.7345 3.7345 3.6416 Price per yard. 100.0 080.8236 94.1 .9225 94.7 .9000 89.9 .9000 88.1 .9000 88.7 .9000 88.1 .9000 86.9 .9000 90.5 .9225 90.8 .9225 89.6 .9675 92.9 .9675 92.9 .9900 90.6 .9244 aAverage for 1895-1899. 16818— No. 57— 05------8 Rela tive price. Price per yard. m o <*81.0068 112.0 1.1025 109.3 1.0800 109.3 1.0800 109.3 1.0800 109.3 1.0800 109.3 1.0800 109.3 1.0800 112.0 1.0980 112.0 1.0980 117.5 1.1475 117.5 1.1475 120.2 1.1700 112.2 1.1036 Rela tive price. Price per yard. 100.0 109.5 107.3 107.3 107.3 107.3 107.3 107.3 109.1 109.1 114.0 114.0 116.2 109.6 81.3230 1.4400 1.4400 1.4400 1.4400 1.4400 1.4400 1.4400 1.4400 1.4400 1.4400 1.4400 1.4850 1.4438 Rela tive price. 100.0 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 112.2 109.1 498 BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OP LABOR, BASE PRICED (AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899), AND MONTHLY ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Cont’d. T able I I .— [For a m ore d eta iled description o f the articles, see T able I. A verage for 1904 com p u ted from quota tions in T able I; for expla nation of m ethod, see page 394.] Cloths and clothing. Month. Underwear: Suitings: indigo Suitings: serge, Tickings: Amos- Trouserings: blue, all wool, Washington fancy worsted, shirts and draw keag A. C. A. 21 Mills 6700. 16-ounce. to 22 ounce. ers, white, all wool, etc. Price per yard. Average, 1890-1899.. $1.9154 J a n .......................... 2.1855 F e b .......................... 2.1855 M ar.......................... 2.1855 A p r .......................... 2.1855 M ay....................... 2.1855 J u n e................... . 2.1855 July......... - .............. 2.1855 A u g .......................... 2.1855 Sept.......................... 2.1855 Oct........................... 2.1855 N o v .......................... 2.1855 Dec ......................... 2.1855 Average, 1904......... 2.1855 Rela tive price. Price per yard. Rela? tive price. 100.0 o$0.7526 114.1 .7425 114.1 .7425 114.1 .7425 114.1 .7425 114.1 .7425 114.1 .7425 114.1 .7425 114.1 .7875 114.1 .7875 114.1 .8325 114.1 .8325 114.1 .8550 114.1 .7744 Price per yard. 100.0 $0.1061 98.7 .1300 98.7 .1300 98.7 .1300 98.7 .1350 98.7 .1350 98.7 .1350 .1150 98.7 104.6 .1150 104.6 .1150 110.6 .1050 110.6 .1050 .1050 113.6 102.9 .1213 Rela tive price. Price per yard. Rela Price tive 12per gar price. ments. 100.0 5$1.9456 100.0 122.5 2.0925 cl04.6 122.5 2.0700 *103.5 122.5 2.0700 *103.5 127.2 2.0700 *103.5 127.2 2.0700 *103.5 127.2 2.1600 *108.0 108.4 2.1600 *108.0 108.4 2.1600 *108.0 108.4 2.1600 *108.0 99.0 2.1600 *108.0 99.0 2.1600 *108.0 99.0 2.1600 *108.0 114.3 2.1244 *106.2 $23.31 23.40 23.40 23.40 23.40 23.40 23.40 23.40 23.40 23.40 23.40 23.40 23.40 23.40 Rela tive price. 100.0 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 Cloths and clothing. Month. Underwear: shirts and drawers, white, merino, 60$ wool, etc. Price per 12 gar ments. Rela tive price. Average, 1890-1899. d$15.57 100.0 J a n .......................... 16.20 *95.4 F e b ......................... 16.20 *95.4 M ar.......................... 16.20 *95.4 A p r .......................... 16.20 e95.4 M ay.......................... 16.20 *95.4 J u n e ........................ 16.20 *95.4 July.......................... 16.20 *95.4 A u g .......................... 16.20 *95.4 Sept.......................... 16.20 *95.4 O c t .......................... 16.20 *95.4 N ov .......................... 16.20 *95.4 D e c .......................... 16.20 *95.4 Average, 1904......... 16.20 *95.4 Women’ s dress goods: alpaca, cotton warp, 22inch, Hamilton. Women’s dress Women’s dress Women’s dress goods: cashgoods: cashgoods: cashmere, all wool, mere, cotton mere, cotton 10-11 twill, 38- warp, 9-twill, warp, 22-inch, inch, Atlantic J. 4— 4, Atlantic F. Hamilton. Price per yard. Rela tive price. Price per yard. $0.0680 .0711 .0711 .0711 .0711 .0711 .0760 .0760 .0760 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0764 100.0 104.6 104.6 104.6 104.6 104.6 111.8 111.8 111.8 122.5 122.5 122.5 122.5 112.4 $0.2905 .3406 .3406 .3406 .3406 .3406 .3406 .3406 .3406 .3406 .3406 .3479 .3479 .3418 Rela tive price. Price per yard. 100.0 $0.1520 117.2 .1715 117.2 .1715 117.2 .1715 117.2 .1715 117.2 .1715 117.2 .1715 117.2 .1740 117.2 .1740 117.2, .1740 117.2 .1740 119.8 .1813 119.8 .1813 .1740 117.7 Rela tive price. Price per yard. 100.0 112.8 112.8 112.8 112.8 112.8 112.8 114.5 114.5 114.5 114.5 119.3 119.3 114.5 $0.0758 .0760 .0760 .0760 .0760 .0760 .0760 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0882 .0882 .0882 .0809 Rela tive price. 100.0 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 109.9 109.9 109.9 116.4 116.4 116.4 106.7 a Average for 1892-1899. b Average for 1892-1899; 22 to 23 ounce. * For method o f computing relative price, see pages 409 and 410. Average price for 1903, $2.0925. d 52 per cent wool and 48 per cent cotton. eFor method of computing relative price, see pages 409 and 410. Average price for 1903, $16.20. 499 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T I I . — BASE PRICES (AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899), AND MONTHLY ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Cont’d. able [For a m ore detailed description o l the articles, see T able I. A verage fo r 1904 com p uted from qu ota tions in T able I; for ex pla n ation o f m eth od, see page 394.] Cloths and clothing. Month. Women’s dress Women’s dress Wool: Ohio, fine Wool: Ohio, me goods: cashyarns: goods: Frank fleece (X and dium fleece (£ Worsted mere, cotton 2-40s, Austra X X grade), and f grade), warp, 27-incb, lin sackings, lian fine. scoured. scoured. 6-4. Hamilton. Price per yard. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.0883 J a n .......................... .0931 F e b .......................... .0931 M ar.......................... .0931 A p r .......................... .0931 M ay.......................... .0931 J u n e ........................ .0980 July.......................... .0980 A u g .......................... .0980 Sept.......................... .1029 Oct........................... .1029 .1029 N o v .......................... D e c .......................... .1029 Average, 1904......... .0976 Rela tive price. Price per yard. 100.0 105.4 105.4 105.4 105.4 105.4 111.0 111.0 111.0 116.5 116.5 116.5 116.5 110.5 $0.5151 .5700 .5700 .5700 .5700 .5700 .5700 .5700 .5700 .5938 .5938 .6175 .6413 .5839 Rela Price Rela per tive tive price. pound. price. 100.0 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 115.3 115.3 119.9 124.5 113.4 $0.5526 .6809 .6809 .6809 .6809 .6809 .6809 .6809 .6809 .6915 .6915 .6915 .7128 .6862 Cloths and clothing. Month. Coal: anthra cite, broken. Price Rela Price Rela per per tive tive pound. price. pound. price. 100.0 116.2 116.2 116.2 116.2 114.2 114.2 114.2 114.2 114.2 120.1 120.1 120.1 116.3 $0.4564 .4627 .4627 .4627 .4627 .4701 .4776 .4851 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5224 .5373 .4869 100.0 101.4 101.4 101.4 101.4 103.0 104.6 106.3 109.6 109.6 109.6 114.5 117.7 106.7 $1.0183 1.1750 1.1750 1.1750 1.1750 1.1750 1.1750 1.1750 1.1750 1.1750 1.2000 1.2250 1.2500 1.1875 100.0 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 117.8 120.3 122.8 116.6 Fuel and lighting. Worsted yarns: Candles: ada 2-40s, X X X X , mantine, white, in skeins. 6s, 14-ounce. Average, 1890-1899.. $1.0071 J a n .......................... 1.1700 F e b .......................... 1.1700 M ar.......................... 1.1700 A p r .......................... 1.1700 May.......................... 1.1500 J u n e........................ 1.1500 July.......................... 1.1500 A ug.......................... 1.1500 Sept.......................... 1.1500 Oct........................... 1.2100 N ov .......................... 1.2100 D e c .......................... 1.2100 Average, 1904......... 1.1717 100.0 123.2 123.2 123.2 123.2 123.2 123.2 123.2 123.2 125.1 125.1 125.1 128.9 124.2 Rela Price Rela Price per tive per tive pound. price. pound. price. $0.0782 .0900 .0900 .0900 .0900 .0900 .0900 .0900 .0900 .09C0 .0900 .0900 .0900 .0900 100.0 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 Coal: anthra cite, chestnut. Price per ton. Rela tive price. Price per ton. Rela tive price. $3.3669 4.2995 4.3553 4.2663 4.2000 4.2460 4.2198 4.2283 4.2226 4.2047 4.2518 4.2450 4.2285 4.2473 100.0 127.7 129.4 126.7 124.7 126.1 125.3 125.6 125.4 124.9 126.3 126.1 125.6 126.1 $3.5953 4.9580 4.9537 4.9516 4.4500 4.5441 4.6375 4.7500 4.8500 4.9495 4.9549 4.9505 4.9506 4.8250 100.0 137.9 137.8 137.7 123.8 126.4 129.0 132.1 134.9 137.7 137.8 137.7 137.7 134.2 Coal: anthra cite, egg. Price per ton. $3.5936 4.9725 4.9521 4.9539 4.4500 4.5410 4.6318 4.7388 4.8476 4.9326 4.9500 4.9503“ 4.9517 4.8227 Rela tive price. 100.0 138.4 137.8 137.9 123.8 126.4 128.9 131.9 134.9 137.3 137.7 137.8 137.8 134.2 Fuel and lighting. Month. Coal: anthra cite, stove. Price per ton. Average, 1890-1899.. $3.7949 J a n .......................... 4.9614 F e b .......................... 4.9576 M ar.......................... 4.9540 A p r .......................... 4.4505 May.......................... 4.5437 Ju n e........................ 4.6368 July.......................... 4.7488 A u g .......................... 4.8478 Sept.......................... 4.9423 Oct........................... 4.9509 N o v .......................... 4.9507 D e c .......................... 4.9510 Average, 1904......... 4.8246 Rela tive price. 100.0 130.7 130.6 130.5 117.3 119.7 122.2 125.1 127.7 130.2 130.5 130.5 130.5 127.1 Coal: bitumi nous, Georges Creek (at mine). Price per ton. Rela tive price. $0.8887 100.0 2.2500 253.2 2.1500 241.9 2.1000 236.3 1.7000 191.3 1.6000 180.0 1.6000 180.0 1.6000 180.0 1.6000 180.0 1.6000 180.0 1.6000 180.0 1.6000 180.0 1.6000 180.0 1.7500 196.9 Coal: bitumi Coal, bitumi nous, Georges nous, Pittsburg Coke: ConnellsCreek (f.o.b. (Youghville, furnace. N .Y . Harbor). iogheny). Price per ton. $2.7429 3.4500 3.3500 3.2000 3.1500 3.1500 3.1500 3.1500 3.1500 3.1500 3.1500 3.1500 3.1500 3.1958 Rela Price Rela per tive tive price. bushel. price. 100.0 125.8 122.1 116.7 114.8 114,8 114.8 114.8 114.8 114.8 114.8 114.8 114.8 116.5 $0.0643 .0900 .0900 .0900 .0863 .0850 .0850 .0850 .0850 .0800 .0800 .0800 .0900 .0852 100.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 134.2 132.2 132.2 132.2 132.2 124.4 124.4 124.4 140.0 132.5 Price per ton. $1.6983 1.7000 1.6250 1.6250 1.6500 1.5500 1.5750 1.4250 1.4750 1.5000 1.4750 1.8000 2.2500 1.6375 Rela tive price. 100.0 100.1 95.7 95.7 97.2 91.3 92.7 83.9 86.9 88.3 86.9 106.0 132.5 96.4 500 BULLETIN OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR, II.— BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), AN D M O N T H L Y A C TU A L AN D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Cont’ d. T able [For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I. Average for 1904 computed from quotations in Table I; for explanation of method, see page 394.] Metals and implements. Fuel and lighting. Month. Matches: parlor, domestic. Petroleum: crude. Petroleum: re Petroleum: re Augers: extra, fined, for fined, 150° fire 3-inch. export. test, w. w. Price per gross Rela tive of boxes price. (200s). Price per barrel. Rela Price per tive price. gallon. Rela Price tive per price. gallon. Rela tive price. Price per auger. Average, 1890-1899.. 81.7563 100.0 J a n .......................... 1.5000 85.4 85.4 F e b ......................... 1.5000 M ar.......................... 1.5000 85.4 A p r .......................... 1.5000 85.4 85.4 M ay.......................... 1.5000 85.4 J u n e ........................ 1.5000 July.......................... 1.5000 85.4 85.4 A u g .......................... 1.5000 1.5000 85.4 Sept......................... 1.5000 • 85.4 Oct........................... 85.4 N o v .......................... 1.5000 D e c .......................... 1.5000 85.4 1.5000 Average, 1904.......... 85.4 80.9102 1.8500 1.8200 1.7200 1.6538 1.6200 1.5863 1.5200 1.5000 1.5363 1.5600 1.5875 1.5700 1.6270 100.0 203.3 200.0 189.0 181.7 178.0 174.3 167.0 164.8 168.8 171.4 174.4 172.5 178.8 100.0 140.2 140.2 134.8 131.0 125.6 125.6 122.5 118.6 121.0 122.5 122.5 122.5 127.3 100.0 168.5 168.5 157.3 157.3 157.3 157.3 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 153.6 80.1608 .2400 .2400 .2400 .2400 .2400 .2400 .2400 .2400 .2400 .2400 .2400 .2400 .2400 80.0649 .0910 .0910 .0875 .0850 .0815 .0815 .0795 .0770 .0785 .0795 .0795 .0795 .0826 80.0890 .1500 .1500 .1400 .1400 .1400 .1400 .1300 .1300 .1300 .1300 .1300 .1300 .1367 Rela tive price. 100.0 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 Metals and implements. Month. Bar iron: best Bar iron: best refined, from Axes: M. C. O., refined, from m ill (Pittsburg store (Philadel Yankee. phia market). market). Price per ax. Average,1890-1899.. 80.4693 J a n .......................... .5000 F e b .......................... .5000 M ar.......................... .5000 A p r .......................... .6050 May.......................... .6050 J u n e........................ .6050 J u l y ........................ .6050 A ug.......................... .6050 Sept.......................... .6050 Oct-----*................... .6050 N ov .......................... .6050 D e c .......................... .6050 Average, 1904.......... .5788 Barb wire: galvanized. Rela Price Rela Price Rela Rela Price per per tive tive per 100 tive tive price. pound. price. pound. price. pounds. price. 100.0 106.5 106.5 106.5 128.9 128.9 128.9 128.9 128.9 128.9 128.9 128.9 128.9 123.3 80.0145 .0130 .0131 .0138 .0150 .0150 .0150 .0150 .0150 .0150 .0150 .0152 .0176 .0148 100.0 89.7 90.3 95.2 103.4 103.4 103.4 103.4 103.4 103.4 103.4 104.8 121.4 102.1 80.0164 .0171 .0171 .0171 .0171 .0171 .0171 .0171 .0171 .0171 .0171 .0171 .0181 .0172 100.0 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 110.4 104.9 82.5261 2.6400 2.6500 2.6900 2.7000 2.7000 2.6800 2.6500 2.4250 2.2000 2.2000 2.2250 2.3300 2.5075 100.0 104.5 104.9 106.5 106.9 106.9 106.1 104.9 96.0 87.1 87.1 88.1 92.2 99.3 Butts: loose joint, cast, 3 x 3 inch. Price per pair. 80.0316 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0400 .0400 Rela tive price. 100.0 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 Metals and implements. Month. Chisels: extra, Copper: ingot, socket firmer, lake. 1-inch. Price per chisel. Average,1890-1899.. 80.1894 J a n ......................... .3000 F e b ......................... .3000 M ar.......................... .3000 A p r .......................... .3000 May......................... .3000 Ju n e........................ .3000 July......................... .3000 A u g ......................... .3000 Sept......................... .3000 Oct........................... .3000 N o v ......................... .3000 D e c ......................... .3000 Average, 1904.......... .3000 Copper: sheet, hot-rolled (base sizes). Copper wire: bare. Doorknobs: steel, bronze plated. Rela Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela per per per tive tive tive tive tive price. pound. price. pound. price. pound. price. per pair. price. 100.0 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 80.1234 .1256 .1250 .1263 .1325 .1350 .1306 .1275 .1263 .1269 .1294 .1381 .1500 .isr 100.0 101.8 101.3 102.4 107.4 109.4 105.8 103.3 102.4 102.8 104.9 111.9 121.6 106.2 80.1659 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1800 100.0 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.6 108.5 108.5 60.1464 .1388 .1363 .1388 .1450 .1438 .1388 .1388 .1388 .1388 .1450 .1600 .1625 .1438 100.0 94.8 93.1 94.8 99.0 98.2 94.8 94.8 94.8 94.8 99.0 109.3 111.0 98.2 60.1697 .2250 .2500 .2500 .2500 .2500 .2500 .2500 .2500 .2500 .2500 .2500 .2250 .2458 100.0 132.6 147.3 147.3 147.3 147.3 147.3 147.3 147.3 147.3 147.3 147.3 132.6 144.8 501 COURSE OE WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904, I I . — BASE PRICES (AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899), AND MONTHLY ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904—Cont’d. T able [F or a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I. A verage for 1904 com p uted from quota tions in T able I; for expla nation o f m ethod, see page 394.] Metals and implements. Month. Hammers: Files: 8-inch mill bastard. Maydole No. 1£. Price per dozen. Average,1890-1899.. $0.8527 J a n .......................... 1.0500 1.0500 F e b ......................... M ar.......................... 1.0500 A p r .......................... 1.0500 l.(&00 M ay......................... Ju n e........................ 1.0400 J u ly ........................ 1.0400 A u g .......................... 1.0400 Sept.......................... 1.0400 Oct........................... 1.0300 N ov .......................... 1.0300 D e c .......................... 1.0300 Average, 1904........... 1.0400 Lead: pig. Lead pipe. Rela Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela tive per per tive tive per ham tive mer. price. pound. price. 100 lbs. price. price. 100.0 123.1 123.1 123.1 123.1 122.0 122.0 122.0 122.0 122.0 120.8 120.8 120.8 122.0 $0.3613 .4660 .4660 .4660 .4660 .4660 .4660 .4660 .4660 .4660 .4660 .4660 .4660 .4660 100.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 $0.0381 .0435 .0440 .0463 .0463 .0463 .0438 .0430 .0423 .0425 .0425 .0443 .0465 .0443 100.0 114.2 115.5 121.5 121.5 121.5 115.0 112.9 111.0 111.5 111.5 116.3 122.0 116.3 $4.8183 4.6700 4.7400 4.7700 4.8200 4.8600 4.7500 4.6400 4.5600 4.7300 4.6000 5.2000 5.2000 4.7950 100.0 96.9 98.4 99.0 100.0 100.9 98.6 96.3 94.6 98.2 95.5 107.9 107.9 99.5 Locks: common mortise. Price per lock. $0.0817 .0900 .1050 .1050 .1050 .1050 .1050 .1050 .1050 .1050 .1050 .1050 .0900 .1025 Rela tive price. 100.0 110.2 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 110.2 125.5 Metals and implements. Month. Nails: cut, Nails: wire, 8-penny, fence 8-penny, fence and common. and common. Pig iron: Bessemer. Pig iron: Pig iron: foundry No. 1. foundry No. 2. Rela Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela Price tive per ton. tive per ton. tive per 100 tive per 100 tive per ton. price. price. price. lbs. price. lbs. price. Average,1890-18199.. $1.8275 J a n .......................... 2.0000 F e b .......................... 1.8000 M ar.......................... 1.8000 A p r .......................... 1.8500 May.......................... 1.8500 J u n e........................ 1.8500 July.......................... 1.8500 A u g ......................... 1.8500 Sept.......................... 1.7250 Oct........................... 1.7250 N ov .......................... 1.7250 D e c .......................... 1.8000 Average, 1904.......... 1.8188 100.0 109.4 98.5 98.5 101.2 101.2 101.2 101.2 101.2 94.4 94.4 94.4 98.5 99.5 $2.1618 1.9500 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 1.7000 1.7000 1.7000 1.8250 1.9063 100.0 $13.7783 90.2 13.9000 92.5 13.6600 92.5 14.0300 92.5 14.1900 92.5 13.6000 92.5 12.8100 92.5 12.4600 92.5 12.7600 78.6 12.6900 78.6 13.1000 78.6 15.1500 84.4 16.7200 88.2 13.7558 100.0 $14.8042 100.9 15.5000 99.1 15.5000 101.8 15.4500 103.0 15.7500 98.7 15.4000 93.0 15.1900 90.4 14.9400 92.6 15.0000 92.1 15.0000. 95.1 15.1200 110.0 16.4000 121.4 17.6200 99.8 15.5725 100.0 $13.0533 104.7 13.8500 104.7 13.3500 104.4 13.2500 106.4 14.1000 104.0 13.3000 102.6 13.0500 100.9 12.6000 101.3 12.8500 101.3 12.7250 102.1 12.8500 110.8 14.7250 119.0 16.8500 105.2 13.6250 100.0 106.1 102.3 101.5 108.0 101.9 100.0 96.5 98.4 97.5 98.4 112.8 129.1 104.4 Metals and implements. Month. Average, 1890-1899.. J a n .......................... F e b .......................... M ar.......................... A p r .......................... May.......................... Ju n e........................ July.......................... A u g .......................... Sept.......................... Oct........................... N ov .......................... D e c .......................... Average, 1904........... Pig iron: gray Planes: Bailey forge, South No. 5. ern, coke. Quicksilver. Saws: crosscut, Disston. Rela Price tive per ton. price. Price per plane. Rela tive price. Price Rela Price Rela per tive tive pound. pridie. per saw. price. $11.0892 11.0000 11.2500 10.8750 11.6250 11.6250 10.8750 10.8750 11.1250 11.1250 11.1250 13.8750 14.7500 11.6771 $1.3220 1.5300 1.5300 1.5300 1.5300 1.5300 1.5300 1.5300 1.5300 1.5300 1.5300 1.5300 1.5300 1.5300 100.0 115.7 115.7 115.7 115.7 115.7 115.7 115.7 115.7 115.7 115.7 115.7 115.7 115.7 $0.5593 .6200 .6150 .6200 .6200 .6200 ,.6100 .6100 .5650 .5600 .5500 .5400 . 5500 .5900 100.0 99.2 101.5 98.1 104.8 104.8 98.1 98.1 100.3 100.3 100.3 125.1 133.0 105.3 100.0 110.9 110.0 110.9 110.9 110.9 109.1 109.1 101.0 100.1 98.3 96.5 98.3 105.5 $1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Saws: hand, Disston No. 7. Price per dozen. $12.780 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 Rela tive price. 100.0 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 502 T BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OP LABOR. I I ___ BASE PRICES (AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899), AND MONTHLY ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904—Cont’d. able [For a m ore deta iled d escription o f the articles, see T able I. A verage for 1904 com p u ted from quota tions in T able I; for explanation o f m eth od, see page 394.] Metals and implements. Month. Shovels: Ames No. 2. Silver: bar, fine. Spelter: West ern. Steel billets. Steel rails. Price per dozen. Rela Price per tive price. ounce. Rela Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela per tive tive tive tive price. pound. price. per ton. price. per ton. price. Average,1890-1899.. $7.8658 J a n .......................... 8.0200 7.6200 F e b ......................... M ar.......................... 7.6200 A p r .......................... 7.6200 7.6200 M a y ........................ Ju n e........................ 7.6200 J u ly ........................ 7.6200 7.6200 A u g......................... Sept.......................... 7.6200 O c t .......................... 7.6200 N ov.......................... 7.6200 7.6200 D e c ......................... Average, 1904.......... 7.6533 100.0 $0.74899 .57634 102.0 .58335 96.9 .57347 96.9 .54775 96.9 .56045 96.9 .56269 96.9 96.9 .58697 90.9 .58486 .57692 96.9 .58572 96.9 96.9 .59091 .61182 96.9 . 57844 97.3 100.0 76.9 77.9 76.6 73.1 74.8 75.1 78.4 78.1 77.0 78.2 78.9 81.7 77.2 $0.0452 .0510 .0495 .0510 .0528 .0523 .0494 .0490 .0490 .0506 .0515 .0538 .0581 .0515 100.0 $21.5262 112.8 23.0000 109.5 23.0000 112.8 23.0000 116.8 23.0000 115.7 23.0000 109.3 23.0000 108.4 23.0000 108.4 23.0000 111.9 21.2500 113.9 19.5000 119.0 20.4000 128.5 21.0000 113.9 22.1792 100.0 $26.0654 106.8 28.0000 106.8 28.0000 106.8 28.0000 106.8 28.0000 106.8 28.0000 106.8 28.0000 106.8 28.0000 106.8 28.0000 98.7 28.0000 90.6 28.0000 94.8 28.0000 97.6 28.0000 103.0 28.0000 100.0 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 Metals and implements. Month. Steel sheets: black, No. 27. Price Rela per tive pound. price. Average,1890-1899. a$0.0224 J a n ...................... . .0223 F e b ...................... . .0218 M ar...................... .0220 A p r ...................... .0218 May...................... .0213 J u n e ...................... .0213 J u ly ...................... .0203 A u g ...................... .0200 Sept...................... .0200 Oct........................ .0200 N o v ...................... .0200 D e c ...................... . .0210 Average, 1904....... . .0210 100.0 99.6 97.3 98.2 97.3 95.1 95.1 90.6 89.3 89.3 89.3 89.3 93.8 93.8 Tin: pig. Tinplates: do mestic, Bes semer, coke, 14 x 20 in. Rela Price Rela Price per per tive tive pound. price. 100 lbs. price. Price Rela per tive trowel. price. $0.1836 .2900 .2775 .2820 .2850 .2803 .2700 .2570 .2710 .2763 .2838 .2935 .2920 .2799 $0.3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .34G0 .3400 .3400 .3400 100.0 6$3.4148 158.0 3.7900 151.1 3.6400 153.6 3.6400 155.2 3.6400 3.6400 152.7 147.1 3.6400 140.0 3.6400 147.6 3.4900 3.4900 150.5 3.4900 154.6 159.9. 3.4900 3.6400 159.0 3.6025 152.5 Metals and implements. Month. Average, 1890-1899 J a n ...................... . F e b ...................... M ar...................... . A p r ...................... May...................... . Ju n e..................... July...................... A u g ...................... Sept...................... Oct........................ N o v ...................... D e c ...................... Average, 1904___ Wood screws: 1-inch, No. 10, flat head. Zinc: sheet. Brick: common domestic. Rela Price Rela Price tive per 100 tive per M. lbs. pried. price. $0.1510 .0945 .0945 .0945 .0945 .0945 .0945 .0945 .0945 .0945 .0945 .0945 .0945 .0945 100.0 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 $5.3112 5.1700 5.2900 5.4300 5.6100 5.7000 5.5200 5.4300 5.5200 5.6100 5.7000 5.8900 6.4400 5.6092 100.0 97.3 99.6 102.2 105.6 107.3 103.9 102.2 103.9 105.6 107.3 110.9 121.3 105.6 100.0 111.0 106.6 106.6 106.6 106.6 106.6 106.6 102.2 102.2 102.2 102.2 106.6 105.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Price per vise. $3.9009 4.6000 4.6000 4.6000 4.1400 4.1400 4.1400 4.1400 4.1400 4.1400 4.1400 4.1400 4.1400 4.2550 Rela tive price. 100.0 117.9 117.9 117.9 106.1 106.1 106.1 106.1 106.1 106.1 106.1 106.1 106.1 109.1 Lumber and building materials. Price per gross. $5.5625 8.2500 8.2500 7.7500 6.3750 6.5000 7.3125 7.3750 7.6250 7.6250 7.6250 7.6250 7.6250 7.4948 a Average for the period July, 1894, to December, 1899. 6 Average for 1896-1899. Trowels: M. C. Vises: solid box, O., brick., 10£50-pound. inch. Carbonate of lead: Ameri can, in oil. Cement: Port land, domestic. Rela Price Rela Price tive per per tive price. pound. price. barrel. 100.0 148.3 148.3 139.3 114.6 116.9 131.5 132.6 137.1 137.1 137.1 137.1 137.1 134.7 $0.0577 .0588 .0588 .0588 .0588 .0588 .0613 .0613 .0613 .0613 .0588 .0588 .0613 .0598 100.0 c$l. 9963 1.7500 101.9 101.9 1.5250 1.5250 101.9 1.5250 101.9 101.9 1.5000 106.2 1.5000 1.5000 106.2 1.4500 106.2 1.3250 106.2 1.3000 101.9 1.3000 101.9 1.3250 106.2 1.4604 103.6 c Average for 1895-1899. R ela-' tive price. 100.0 87.7 76.4 76.4 76.4 75.1 75.1 75.1 72.6 66.4 65.1 65.1 66.4 73.2 503 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. I I . — BASE PRICES (AVERAGE FOR- 1890-1899), AND MONTHLY ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904—Cont’d. T able [F or a m ore detailed description o f the articles* see T able I. A verage for 1904 com p u ted from quota tions in T able I; for explanation o f m eth od, see page 394.] Lumber and building materials. Month. Cement: Rosendale. Doors: pine. Price per barrel. Rela tive price. Price per door. Rela tive price. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.8871 J a n .......................... .8500 F e b ............ ............. .8250 M ar................... .. .8750 A p r .......................... .8750 M a y ........................ .8500 Ju n e........................ .8500 J u ly ........................ .8250 A u g ......................... .8000 Sept.......................... .7500 Oct........................... .7250 N ov ................... ...... .7000 D e c .......................... .7000 Average, 1904......... .8021 100.0 95.8 93.0 98.6 98.6 95.8 95.8 93.0 90.2 84.5 81.7 78.9 78.9 90.4 $1.0929 1.6200 1.6200 1.6200 1.6200 1.6200 1.9800 1.9800 1.9800 1.5600 1.5600 1.5600 1.5600 1.6900 Hemlock. Price per M feet. 100.0 $11.9625 148.2 17.0000 148.2 17.0000 148.2 17.0000 148.2 17.0000 148.2 17.0000 181.2 17.0000 181.2 17.0000 181.2 17.0000 142.7 17.0000 142.7 17.0000 142.7 17.0000 142.7 17.0000 154.6 17.0000 Lime: com mon. Rela Price tive per price. barrel. 100.0 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 $0.8332 .8100 .8100 .8100 .8100 .8100 .8100 .8100 .8600 .8600 .8250 .8100 .8700 .8246 Linseed oil: raw. Rela Price per tive price. gallon. 100.0 97.2 97.2 97.2 97.2 97.2 97.2 97.2 103.2 103.2 99.0 97.2 104.4 99.0 $0.4535 .3700 .4200 .4200 .4200 .4200 .4000 .3900 .4500 .4500 .4300 .4100 .4100 .4158 Rela tive price. 100.0 81.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 88.2 86.0 99.2 99.2 94.8 90.4 90.4 91.7 Lumber and building materials. Maple: hard. Month. Oak: white, plain. Price Rela Price Rela per tive p er tive M feet. price. M feet. price. Average, 1890-1899.. J a n .......................... F e b .......................... M ar............ ............. A p r .......................... May.......................... J u n e........................ July.......................... A u g .......................... Sept.......................... Oct....... .................... N o v ......... ................ D e c ...................... .. Average, 1904.......... $26.5042 31.0000 31.0000 31.0000 31.0000 31.0000 31.0000 31.0000 31.0000 31.0000 31.0000 31.0000 31.0000 31.0000 100.0 $37.4292 117.0 46.5000 117.0 46.5000 117.0 46.5000 117.0 46.5000 117.0 46.5000 117.0 46.5000 117.0 46.5000 117.0 46.5000 117.0 46.5000 117.0 46.5000 117.0 46.5000 117.0 46.5000 117.0 46.5000 Oak: white, quartered. Oxide of zinc. Pine: white, boards, No. 2 barn. Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela per tive per tive per tive M feet. price. pound. price. M feet. price. 100.0 $53.6771 124.2 82.5000 124.2 82.5000 124.2 82.6000 124.2 82.5000 1242 82.5000 1242 82.5000 124.2 82.5000 124 2 77.5000 1242 77.5000 124 2 77.5000 1242 77.5000 124.2 81.5000 124.2 80.7500 100.0 153.7 153.7 153.7 153.7 153.7 153.7 153.7 1444 144.4 1444 144.4 151.8 150.4 $0.0400 .0463 .0463 .0463 .0463 .0463 .0463 .0463 .0463 .0463 .0463 .0463 .0463 .0463 100.0 $17.1104 115.8 23.0000 115.8 23.0000 115.8 23.0000 115.8 23.0000 115.8 23.0000 115.8 23.0000 115.8 23.0000 115.8 23.0000 115.8 23.0000 115.8 23.0000 115.8 23.0000 115.8 23.0000 115.8 23.0000 100.0 134.4 134.4 134 4 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 1344 134.4 134.4 Lumber and building materials. Month. Pine: white, boards, uppers. Price per M feet. Average, 1890-1899.. J a n ......................... F e b .......................... M ar.......................... A p r .......................... M ay.......................... J u n e ........................ July.......................... A u g .......................... Sept.......................... O ct........................... N o v ...................... .. D e c .......................... Average, 1904......... $46.5542 82.0000 82.0000 82.0000 82.0000 82.0000 82.0000 80.000Q 80.0000 80.0000 80.0000 80.0000 80.0000 81.0000 Rela tive price. Pine: yellow. Price per M feet. 100.0 $18.4646 176.1 21.0000 176.1 21.0000 176.1 21.0000 176.1 21.0000 176.1 21.0000 176.1 21.0000 171.8 21.0000 17LS 22.0000 171.8 22.0000 171.8 22.0000 171.8 22.0000 171.8 22.0000 1740 21.4167 Plate glass: polished, area 3 to 5 sq. ft. Plate glass: polished, area 5 to 10 sq. ft. Rela 1Price per Rela Price per Rela tive square tive square tive foot. price. foot. price. price. 100.0 113.7 113.7 113.7 113.7 113.7 113.7 113.7 119.1 119.1 119.1 119.1 119.1 116.0 $0.3630 .2400 .2400 .2400 .2300 .2300 .2300 .2250 .2250 .2250 .2150 .2150 .2150 .2275 100.0 66.1 66.1 66.1 63.4 634 63.4 62.0 62.0 62.0 59.2 59.2 59.2 62.7 $0.5190 .3900 .3900 .3900 .3700 .3700 .3700 .3600 .3600 .3600 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3650 Poplar. Price per M feet. 100.0 $31.3667 75.1 51.7500 75.1 51.7500 75.1 51.7500 71.3 51.7500 71.3 51.7500 71.3 51.7500 69.4 49.7500 69.4 48.5000 69.4 48.5000 65.5 48.5000 65.5 48.5000 65.5 48.5000 70.3 50.3292 Rela tive price. 100.0 165.0 165.0 165.0 165.0 165.0 165.0 158.6 154.6 154 6 154.6 154.6 154.6 160.5 504 T BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR, II.—BASE PRICES (AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899), AND MONTHLY ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Cont’d. able [F or a m ore deta iled description o f the articles, see T able I. A verage for 1904 com p uted from quota tions in T a b le I; for ex p la n a tion o f m eth od, see page 394.] Lumber and building materials. Month. Resin: good, strained. Putty. Rela Price per tive pound. price. Price per barrel. 100.0 $1.4399 2.5750 2.9750 2.7000 2.8000 2.8500 3.0500 3.0000 2.6500 2.7000 2.8000 2.9500 2.9500 2.8333 Average,1890-1899.. $0.0158 J a n .......................... .0113 F e b .......................... .0113 .0113 M ar.......................... .0113 A p r ........................ M ay......................... .0113 .0113 J u n e........................ .0113 .0113 A u g .......................... .0113 Sept.......................... .0100 O c t .......................... .0100 N ov .......................... .0105 D e c .......................... .0110 Average, 1904......... 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.6 71.5 71.5 71.5 63.3 63.3 66.5 69.6 Mich. Shingles: cy Shingles: white pine, press. 16-in., X X X X . Rela tive price. Price per M. Rela tive price. Price per M. Rela tive price. Price per M feet. 100.0 $2.8213 2.6000 2.6000 2.6000 2.6000 2.6000 2.6000 2.6000 2.6000 2.6000 2.6000 2.6000 2.6000 2.6000 100.0 «$3.7434 3.6500 3.6500 3.6500 3.6500 3.6500 3.6500 3.5000 3.5000 3.5000 3.5000 3.5000 3.5000 3.5750 6125.1 6125.1 6125.1 6125.1 6125.1 6125.1 6120.0 6120.0 6120.0 6120.0 6120.0 6120.0 6122.5 100.0 $14.3489 20.5000 20.5000 20.5000 20.5000 20.5000 20.5000 20.5000 20.5000 20.5000 20.5000 20.5000 20.5000 20.5000 178.8 206.6 187.5 194.5 197.9 211.8 208.3 184.0 187.5 194.6 204.9 204.9 196.8 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 Month. Turpentine: spirits of. Price per barrel. Average, 1890-1899.. $1.2048 J a n .......................... 1.6000 F e b .......................... 1.4000 M ar.......................... 1.4500 A p r .......................... 1.9000 M ay.......................... 2.0000 J u n e........................ 1.8000 1.8000 A u g .......................... 1.7000 Sept.......................... 1.6000 Oct........................... 1.6000 1.6000 N o v ......................... D e c .......................... 1.7000 Average, 1904......... 1.6792 Price per 50 sq. ft. Rela tive price. Price per 50 sq. ft. Rela Price per tive price. gallon. 100.0 $2.1514 2.9700 2.9700 2.9700 2.9700 2.9700 2.9700 2.9700 2.9700 2.7200 2.7200 2.7200 2.7200 2.8867 100.0 $1.8190 2.4300 2.4300 2.4300 2.4300 2.4300 2.4300 2.4300 2.4300 2.1250 2.1250 2.1250 2.1250 2.3283 100.0 $0.3343 .5975 .6450 .6250 .5900 .5800 .5738 .5650 .5675 .5600 .5600 .5450 .5000 .5757 100.0 178.7 192.9 187.0 176.5 173.5 171.6 169.0 169.8 167.5 167.5 163.0 149.6 172.2 100.0 » 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 a42. 9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 Window glass: Window glass: American, American, single, firsts, single, thirds, A lcohol: grain, 6 x 8 to 10 x 15 6x 8 to 10 x 15 94 per cent. inch. inch. Rela Price Rela tive per tive price. gallon. price. 132.8 116.2 120.4 157.7 166.0 149.4 149.4 141.1 132.8 132.8 132.8 141.1 139.4 Rela tive price. Drugs and chemicals. Lumber and building materials. Tar. Spruce. 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 126.4 126.4 126.4 126.4 134.2 133.6 133.6 133.6 133.6 133.6 133.6 133.6 133.6 116.8 116.8 116.8 116.8 128.0 $2.2405 2.4400 2.4400 2.4600 2.4500 2.4500 2.4500 2.4500 2.4500 2.4000 2.4000 2.4000 2.4000 2.4325 Rela tive price. 100.0 108.9 108.9 109.8 109.4 109.4 109.4 109.4 109.4 107.1 107.1 107.1 107.1 108.6 Drugs and chemicals. Month. Alcohol: wood, refined, 95 per cent. Alum: lump. Price Rela Price Rela per tive per tive gallon. price. pound. price. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.9539 J a n .......................... .5500 F e b .......................... .5500 M ar......................... .5500 A p r .......................... .6000 May.......................... .6000 J u n e........................ .6000 July.......................... .6000 A u g ......................... .6000 Sept......................... .6000 Oct........................... .6000 .6000 N o v ......................... D e c .......................... .6000 .5875 Average, 1904 ......... 100.0 57.7 57.7 57.7 62.9 62.9 62.9 62.9 62.9 62.9 62.9 62.9 62.9 61.6 $0.0167 .0175 .0175 .0175 .0175 .0175 .0175 .0175 .0175 .0175 .0175 .0175 .0175 .0175 100.0 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 Brimstone: crude, seconds. Price per ton. $20.6958 22.0000 22.0000 22.0000 22.0000 22.2500 22.2500 21.7500 21.6500 21.6000 21.4000 20.9000 21.5000 21.7750 Glycerin: refined. Muriatic acid: 20°. Rela Price Rela Rela Price per tive per tive tive price. pound. price. pound. price. 100.0 106.3 107.5 106.3 106.3 106.3 107.5 105.1 104.6 104.4 103.4 101.0 103.9 105.2 $0.1399 .1425 .1425 .1425 .1425 .1425 .1425 .1425 .1375 .1375 .1375 .1325 .1325 .1396 100.0 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 98.3 98.3 98.3 94.7 94.7 99.8 $0.0104 .0160 .0160 .0160 .0160 .0160 .0160 .0160 .0160 .0160 .0160 .0160 .0160 .0160 100.0 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 o Shingles: white pine, 18-inch, X X X X . b For method of computing relative price, see pages 409 and 410. Average price for 1903, $3.65. 505 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T a b l e I I . — BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), AN D M O N T H L Y AC T U A L AN D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Cont’ d. [For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I. Average for 1904 computed from quota tions In Table Ij for explanation o f method, see page 394.] Drugs and chemicals. Month. Opium: natural, in cases. Price Rela per tive pound. price. Average, 1890-1899.. 82.3602 J a n .......................... 2.9250 F e b ......................... 2.9250 M ar......................... 2.8750 A p r ......................... 2.8250 May......................... 2.7250 Ju n e........................ 2.6250 July........................ 2.6250 A u g ........................ 2.6750 Sept.......................... 2.6750 Oct........................... 2.6500 N ov ......................... 2.7500 D e c .......................... 2.7250 Average, 1904......... 2.7500 100.0 123.9 123.9 121.8 119.7 115.5 111.2 111.2 113.3 113.3 112.3 116.5 115.5 116.5 Quinine: American. House furnishing goods. Earthenware: Sulphuric acid: plates, cream66°. colored. Earthenware: plates, white granite. Price per ounce. Rela Price Rela per tive tive price. pound. price. Price per dozen. Rela tive price. Price per dozen. $0.2460 .2500 .2200 .2300 .2500 .2700 .2400 .2300 .2300 .2100 .2100 .2300 .2300 .2333 100.0 101.6 89.4 93.5 101.6 109.8 97.6 93.5 93.5 85.4 85.4 93.5 93.5 94.8 80.0089 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0130 .0120 .0130 .0129 80.4136 .4705 .4705 .4705 .4705 .4705 .4705 .4705 .4705 .4705 .4705 .4705 .4705 .4705 100.0 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 80.4479 .4943 .4943 .4943 .4943 .4943 .4943 .4943 .4943 .4943 .4943 .4943 .4943 .4943 100.0 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 134.8 146.1 144.9 Rela tive price. 100.0 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 House furnishing goods. Month. Earthenware: teacups and saucers, white granite. Price per gross Rela (6 dozen tive cupsand 6 dozen price. saucers). Average,1890-1899.. 83.4292 J a n .......................... 3.6503 F e b .......................... 3.6503 M ar.......................... 3.6503 A p r .......................... 3.6503 May......................... 3.6503 Ju n e....................... 3.6503 July.......................... 3.6503 A u g .......................... 3.6503 Sept......................... 3.6503 O c t .......................... 3.6503 N o v .......................... 3.6503 D e c .......................... 3.6503 Average, 1904......... 3.6503 100.0 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 Furniture: bedroom sets, ash. Furniture: chairs, bed room, maple. Furniture: chairs, kitchen. Furniture: tables, kitchen. Price per set. Rela tive price. Price per dozen. Rela tive price. Price per dozen. Rela tive price. Price per dozen. 810.555 12.250 12.250 12.250 12.250 12.250 12.250 12.250 12.250 12.250 12.250 12.250 12.250 12.250 100.0 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 86.195 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 100.0 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 83.8255 5.0000 4.7500 4.7500 4.7500 4.7500 4.7500 4.7500 4.7500 4.7500 4.7500 4.7500 4.7500 4.7708 100.0 130.7 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.7 814.435 15.600 15.600 15.600 15.600 15.600 15.600 15.600 15.600 15.600 15.600 15.600 15.600 15.600 Rela tive price. 100.0 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 House furnishing goods. Month. Average,1890-1899.. J a n .......................... F e b .......................... M ar.......................... A p r .......................... May.......................... Ju n e........................ July.......................... A u g .......................... Sept.......................... Oct........................... N ov ......................... D e c .......................... Average, 1904......... Glassware: nappies, 4-mch. Glassware: pitchers, £-gallon, common. Glassware: tumblers, i-pint, com mon. Table cutlery: carvers, stag handles. Table cutlery: knives and forks, cocobolo handles. Price per dozen. Rela tive price. Price per dozen. Rela tive price. Price per dozen. Rela tive price. Price per pair. Rela tive price. Price per gross. 80.112 .140 .140 .140 .140 .140 .140 .140 .140 .140 .140 .140 .140 .140 100.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 81.175 1.150 1.150 1.150 1.150 1.150 1.150 1.150 1.150 1.150 1.150 1.150 1.150 1.150 100.0 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 80.1775 .1600 .1600 .1600 .1600 .1600 .1600 .1600 .1600 .1600 .1600 .1600 .1600 .1600 100.0 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 80.80 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 - .75 .75 .75 .75 100.0 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 86.0600 6.5000 6.5000 6.5000 6.5000 6.7500 6.7500 6.7500 6.7500 6.7500 6.7500 6.7500 6.7600 6.6667 Rela tive price. 100.0 107.3 107.3 107.3 107.3 111.4 111.4 111.4 111.4 111.4 111.4 111.4 111.4 110.0 506 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. T able I I . — BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), AN D M O N T H L Y A C T U A L A N D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Conel’ d. [For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I. Average for 1904 computed from quota* tions in Table I; for explanation, of method, see page 394.] House furnishing goods. Month. Wooden ware: pails, oak grained. Price per dozen. Average, 1890-1899.. $1.2988 J a n .......................... 1.7000 F e b .......................... 1.7000 M ar.......................... 1.7000 A p r .......................... 1.7000 May.......................... 1.7000 Ju n e........................ 1.7000 J u l y ........................ 1.7000 A u g .......................... 1.7000 Sept.......................... 1.7000 Oct........................... 1.7000 N ov .......................... 1.7000 B e e ......................... 1.7000 Average, 1904 ......... 1.7000 Miscellaneous. Wooden ware: tubs, oak grained. Cotton-seed meal. Cotton-seed oil: summer yel low, prime. Jute: raw. Price Rela Price Rela Rela Price Rela per ton tive per nest tive of 2,000 per tive tive price. o f 3. price. price. gallon. price. lbs. Price Rela per tive pound. price. 100.0 t l . 3471 1.4500 130.9 130.9 1.4500 130.9 1.4500 130.9 1.4500 130.9 1.4500 130.9 1.4500 130.9 1.4500 130.9 1.4500 130.9 1.4500 130.9 1.4500 130.9 1.4500 130.9 1.4500 130.9 1.4500 t0.0359 .0425 .0425 .0450 .0450 .0450 .0450 .0450 .0450 .0450 .0450 .0425 .0450 .0444 100.0 t21.9625 107.6 27.1000 107.6 26.6000 107.6 27.0000 107.6 26.6000 107.6 26.0000 107.6 25.3500 107.6 25.3500 107.6 26.1000 107.6 26.1000 107.6 26.1000 107.6 26.1000 107.6 26.0000 107.6 26.2000 100.0 123.4 121.1 122.9 121.1 118.4 115.4 115.4 118.8 118.8 118.8 118.8 118.4 119.3 t0 .3044 .3600 .3800 .3850 .3525 .2975 .2850 .3100 .2800 .2950 .2975 .2725 .2475 .3135 100.0 118.3 124.8 126.5 115.8 97.7 93.6 101.5 92.0 96.9 97.7 89.5 81.3 103.0 100.0 118.4 118.4 125.3 125.3 125.3 125.3 125.3 125.3 125.3 125.3 118.4 125.3 123.7 Miscellanous. Month. Malt: Western made. Paper: news. Paper: wrap ping, manila. Proof spirits. Price Rela Price Rela Price Rela Price per tive per tive per per tive bushel. price. pound. price. pound. price. gallon. Average,1890-1899.. f0 .7029 J a n .......................... .7050 F e b .......................... .7050 M ar.......................... .7050 A p r .......................... .7050 M ay.......................... .7050 J u n e........................ .7050 July.......................... .6850 A u g .......................... .6550 Sept.......................... .6550 Oct........................... .6350 .6250 N o v .......................... B e e .......................... .6250 Average, 1904......... .6758 100.0 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 97.5 93.2 93.2 90.3 88.9 88.9 96.1 t0.0299 .0250 .0250 .0250 .0250 .0275 .0275 .0275 .0275 .0275 .0275 .0275 .0275 .0267 100.0 83.6 83.6 83.6 83.6 92.0 92.0 92.0 92.0 92.0 92.0 92.0 92.0 89.3 t0.0553 .0531 .0531 .0531 .0531 .0531 .0531 .0531 .0531 .0531 .0525 .0525 .0525 .0530 100.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 94.9 94.9 94.9 95.8 tl. 1499 1.2700 1.2700 1.2760 1.2800 1.2800 1.2800 1.2800 1.2800 1.2763 1.2588 1.2400 1.2400 1.2692 Rela tive price. Rope: manila, / g-inch. Price Rela per tive pound. price. 100.0 «t0.0934 110.4 .1150 110.4 .1150 111.0 .1200 111.3 .1200 111.3 .1200 111.3 .1125 111.3 .1150 111.3 .1150 111.0 .1150 109.5 .1150 107.8 .1175 107.8 .1250 110.4 .1171 100.0 123.1 123.1 128.5 128.5 128.5 120.4 123.1 123.1 123.1 123.1 125.8 133.8 125.4 Miscellaneous. Month. Rubber: Para Island. Soap: castile, mottled, pure. Starch: laundry. Price Rela Price Rela Price per tive per tive per pound. price. pound. price. pound. Average, 1890-1899.. to. 8007 J a n .......................... .9100 F e b .......................... .9850 M ar.......................... 1.0250 A p r .......................... 1.0900 May.......................... 1.0850 Ju ne........................ 1.0950 J u ly ........................ 1.0850 A ug.......................... 1.1550 Sept.......................... 1.1350 O c t .......................... 1.0950 N ov .......................... 1.1250 B e e .......................... 1.2650 Average, 1904......... 1.0875 100.0 113.7 123.0 128.0 136.1 135.5 136.8 135.5 144.2 141.8 136.8 140.5 158.0 135.8 tO. 0569 .0638 .0638 .0638 .0638 .0638 .0638 .0638 .0638 .0638 .0725 .0650 .0650 .0647 100.0 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 J12.1 112.1 112.1 127.4 114.2 114.2 113.7 to. 0348 .0375 .0375 .0375 .0375 .0425 .0425 .0425 .0350 .0325 .0325 .0325 .0325 .0369 a f-inch. Tobacco: plug, Horseshoe. Tobacco: smoking, granulated, Seal of N. C. Rela Price Rela tive per tive price. pound. price. Price Rela per tive pound. price. 100.0 107.8 107.8 107.8 107.8 122.1 122.1 122.1 100.6 93.4 93.4 93.4 93.4 106.0 t0.5090 .5700 .5700 .5700 .5700 .5700 .5700 .5700 .6000 .6000 .6000 .6000 .6000 .5825 t0.3962 .4500 .4500 .4500 .4500 .4500 .4500 .4900 .4900 .4900 .4900 .4900 .4900 .4700 100.0 113.6 113.6 113.6 113.6 113.6 113.6 123.7 123.7 123.7 123.7 123.7 123.7 118.6 m o 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 117.9 117.9 117.9 117.9 117.9 114.4 507 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able I I I __ RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904. [A verage price for 1890-1899 = 100. For a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I. tive price for 1904 com p uted from average p rice for the year as sh ow n in T able I.] R ela Farm products. Grain. Month. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . Apr___ M a y ... June .. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . O ct___ Nov . . . Dec___ 1904.... Cotton: up land, mid dling. 185.7 191.0 198.9 185.5 172.8 148.6 139.8 140.8 141.7 132.9 128.6 100.0 155.9 Flax seed: No. 1. Barley: Corn: by No. 2, sample. cash. 90.3 101.1 102.2 101.1 94.1 92.8 94.1 107.8 109.6 99.3 100.2 102.9 99.6 125.5 125.2 122.1 122.4 124.1 124.9 112.0 111.7* 113.6 107.0 110.8 105.0 116.9 118.2 131.9 137.2 134.3 127.1 128.3 129.2 142.1 140.5 137.3 139.8 122.1 132.6 Oats: cash. Rye: No. 2, cash. Wheat: con tract grades, cash. 142.7 156.7 148.2 142.2 152.0 153.7 149.4 128.1 116.5 111.6 113.5 109.3 135.8 101.5 122.9 134.5 128.6 138.8 122.9 130.3 137.0 137.9 146.6 149.9 139.5 133.4 114.6 128.6 128.3 128.8 131.* 130.7 134.7 144.2 153.4 155.2 154.6 154.9 138.3 Aver age. 120.5 133.1 134.1 131.3 134.6 132.1 131.1 132.6 132.4 131.5 133.7 126.2 131.4 Hides: Hops: Hay: green, salted, New timo packers, York thy, State, heavy No. 1. native choice. steers. 106.1 106.7 105.9 115.6 122.2 119.8 118.6 121.8 107.9 110.3 107.9 104.9 112.5 117.4 114.7 112.3 114.3 116.8 119.3 120.7 126.6 125.4 131.4 146.1 148.9 124.4 200.5 208.9 208.9 197.6 192.0 192.0 186.3 186.3 192.0 197.6 197.6 194.8 196.2 Farm products. Live stock. Month. Cattle. Steers, Steers, choice good to to extra. choice. Jan---F e b .... Mar . . . A pr---M ay... Ju ne... J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . O c t .... Nov . . . Dec — 1904.... 106.4 103.5 105.4 103.1 104.1 115.9 117.6 110.6 110.9 118.4 122.5 126.2 112.0 105.6 103.2 105.6 104.3 105.1 111.0 114.6 108.8 110.2 115.7 115.8 116.9 109.7 Hogs. Sheep. Aver age. Heavy. Light. 106.0 103.4 105.5 103.7 104.6 113.5 116.1 109.7 110.6 117.1 119.2 121.6 110.9 111.7 119.1 125.1 115.8 106.5 115.7 123.7 119.5 130.0 124.9 108.5 103.3 116.8 108.7 114.1 122.0 113.5 106.0 114.6 125.0 124.5 135.7 125.5 108.0 101.1 116.5 Aver Native. West ern. age. 110.2 116.6 123.6 114.7 106.3 115.2 124.4 122.0 132.9 125.2 108.3 102.2 116.7 100.3 102.1 116.6 126.9 126.9 122.6 103.1 100.1 94.8 96.3 115.0 114.9 110.3 98.2 105.7 110.8 133.6 122.2 116.2 103.8 94.8 96.6 96.5 103.6 111.1 107.8 Aver age. 99.3 103.9 113.7 130.3 124.6 119.4 108.5 97.5 95.7 96.4 109.3 113.0 109.1 Aver age. 105.2 108.0 114.3 116.2 111.8 116.0 114.6 109.7 113.0 112.9 112.2 112.3 112.2 Aver age, farm prod ucts. 120.8 127.2 130.3 129.2 127.6 126.8 125.2 125.3 126.0 125.4 126.4 122.2 126.2 Food, etc. Bread. Month. Crackers. Beans: medium, choice. Boston. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . A pr---M ay . . . June .. J u ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . O c t .... Nov . . . D ec— 1904..'.. 125.8 121.3 131.7 121.3 122.8 122.8 118.3 116.8 113.8 115.3 119.8 115.3 120.4 104.0 104.0 104.0 118.9 118.9 118.9 118.9 118.9 118.9 118.9 118.9 118.9 115.2 Soda. 90.5 90.5 90.5 97.5 97.5 90.5 90.5 90.5 90.5 90.5 90.5 90.5 91.6 Loaf. Average. 97.3 97.3 97.3 108.2 108.2 104.7 104.7 104.7 104.7 104.7 104.7 104.7 103.4 Washing Home made ton (N. Y. market. market). 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 125.4 100.6 102.5 106.3 106.3 106.3 106.3 106.3 106.3 106.3 112.3 112.3 118.6 118.6 118.6 110.4 Vienna Average. (N.Y. Average. market). 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 106.8 106.8 113.6 113.6 113.6 105.1 102.7 102.7 102.7 102.7 102.7 102.7 102.7 106.6 106.6 110.9 119.2 110.9 106.0 100.5 100.5 100.5 104.9 104.9 103.5 103.5 105.8 105.8 108.4 113.4 108.4 105.0 508 BULLETIN OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR, T able III.— RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. [A verage p rice for 1890-1899=100. F or a m ore detailed descrip tion o f the articles, see T able I. tive price for 1904 com p u ted from average price for the year as sh ow n in T able I.] R ela Food, etc. CreamMonth. ery; El gin (Elgin mar ket). J a n .... Feb . . . M a r ... Apr___ M a y ... June .. J u ly ... A u g... S e p t... O c t .... Nov . . . Dec___ 1904.... Butter. Fish. Eggs: Cheese: Cream newN.Y. Coffee: laid, Cod, Her Mack ery, Dairy, Rio fancy, dry, extra New Aver State, ring, erel, Salmon, Aver full salt, canned. age. (N.Y. York age. cream. No. 7. near bank, shore, large mar State. by. large. round. No. 3s. ket). 106.0 115.7 112.9 109.4 90.8 80.6 78.9 82.5 89.3 97.2 115.2 124.0 100.4 94.5 97.0 101.3 104.1 94.1 84.6 84.0 84.7 90.2 97.0 113.4 122.3 97.3 102.1 111.8 110.7 102.3 89.9 80.6 79.0 81.0 87.7 93.7 111.6 120.4 97.6 100.9 108.2 108.3 105.3 91.6 81.9 80.6 82.7 89.1 96.0 113.4 122.2 98.4 121.6 121.6 121.6 117.8 97.3 81.8 77.3 82.9 91.2 98.8 108.4 119.0 103.2 69.0 70.9 52.4 52.4 55.2 53.3 55.2 57.1 65.2 64.3 64.3 65.2 59.6 186.6 177.7 108.3 98.4 99.3 101.9 112.4 121.8 133.1 143.3 168.6 179.6 135.0 118.6 118.6 141.0 120.9 138.8 138.8 13818 129.8 129.8 129.8 129.8 129.8 130.4 132.4 135.7 139.0 139.0 132.4 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 109.7 109.7 109.7 109.7 102.6 am.u 88.5 al32.U 88.5 am.u 95.5 am.u 99.1 158.9 106.2 158.9 106.2 158.9 106.2 144.4 102.6 119.5 120.3 126.7 121.7 122.7 119.2 119.2 118.7 119.6 128.0 128.0 128.0 123.6 Food, etc. Flour. Month. Buck wheat. Ja n . . . . F e b .... Mar . . . A p r .... M a y ... Ju n e... J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . O c t .... Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... Fruit. Apples. Wheat. 119.7 102.9 am. 9 am . 9 am. 9 a 102.9 am. 9 a102.9 136.4 132.5 114.6 114.5 120.1 Rye. Spring Winter patents. straights. Average. 101.0 105.5 140.2 135.7 133.4 132.6 131.9 133.4 138.7 140.2 141.7 138.7 131.1 108.1 115.0 119.0 117.1 116.2 115.3 113.4 131.9 143.1 142.2 140.9 137.6 125.2 Average. 106.8 114.6 123.0 120.8 119.5 118.6 116.5 127.8 138.1 139.6 139.7 137.1 125.4 105.5 114.1 127.0 124.5 122.8 121.8 119.5 123.7 133.0 137.0 138.5 136.5 125.5 Evapo rated, choice. 108.6 109.4 122.3 120.1 118.8 118.2 116.9 123.0 137.8 138.0 133.9 131.8 125.5 Sun-dried, Southern, Average. sliced. 69.4 67.9 67.9 75.3 75.3 73.8 76.7 76.7 76.7 69.4 63.5 62.0 71.2 72.8 72.8 72.8 72.8 68.0 68.0 48.5 48.5 48.5 68.0 68.0 68.0 64.7 71.1 70.4 70.4 74.1 71.7 70.9 62.6 62.6 62.6 68.7 65.8 65.0 68.0 Food, etc. Meal: corn. Fruit. Month. Ja n ___ F e b .... Mar . . . A p r___ M ay... June .. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . O c t .... Nov . . . D ec— 1904.... Glucose: Lard: 41° and Raisins, prime Prunes, California, 42° m ix contract. Currants, California, Average. ing. (5) in barrels. in boxes. London layer. 130.1 131.7 130.1 130.1 130.1 130.1 130.1 130.1 131.7 130.1 128.3 130.1 130.1 67.8 64.6 64.6 61.4 58.1 58.1 56.6 56.6 56.6 56.6 56.6 56.6 59.6 103.3 106.6 101.6 101.6 95.0 98.3 98.3 101.6 101.6 90.0 90.0 90.0 98.2 100.4 101.0 98.8 97.7 94.4 95.5 95.0 96.1 96.6 92.2 91.6 92.2 96.0 119.9 130.4 137.5 144.5 137.5 130.4 130.4 113.5 120.6 113.5 110.0 127.6 126.3 Fine white. 111.9 119.3 113.1 107.2 104.4 108.0 109.5 110.1 115.7 120.3 113.6 110.7 111.8 a Nominal price; see explanation on page 411. b Average for 1893-1899 = 100. 114.4 124.0 128.7 121.6 121.6 131.1 138.3 135.9 124.0 121.6 133.5 138.3 127.8 Fine yellow. Average. 120.5 127.8 132.8 125.4 125.4 135.2 135.2 122.9 140.1 127.8 137.7 142.6 131.1 117.5 125.9 130.8 123.5 123.5 133.2 136.8 129.4 132.1 124.7 135.6 140.5 129.5 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. 509 Table I I I . — RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. [A verage price for 1890-1899=100. For a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I. tive price for 1904 com p uted from average p rice for the year as sh ow n in T able I.] R ela Food, etc. Meat. Beef. Month. Jan — F e b .... Mar . . . A pr___ M ay... Ju n e... J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . O c t .... Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... • Pork. Fresh, native sides. Salt, extra mess. Salt, hams, West ern. Aver age. 103.0 102.6 98.3 97.3 97.9 113.9 123.2 112.8 103.8 105.4 108.9 107.8 106.1 102.9 110.7 115.4 106.7 102.9 102.9 109.1 109.1 109.9 112.3 115.4 115.4 109.4 117.5 117.5 117.5 117.5 114.7 116.8 123.0 131.1 136.8 134.7 129.1 125.8 123.5 107.8 110.3 110.4 107.2 105.2 111.2 118.4 117.7 116.8 117.5 117.8 116.3 113.0 Bacon, Bacon, Hams, short short smok clear ed. sides. rib sides. 110.1 114.4 116.1 108.4 102.8 115.3 117.2 119.9 127.4 127.3 114.7 106.1 114.8 110.7 115.2 115.7 107.8 102.7 116.8 118.6 121.0 128.2 128.2 114.9 107.2 115.4 110.6 113.1 110.8 106.1 104.2 108.6 111.8 116.9 114.9 110.3 102.1 99.1 108.9 Salt, mess, old to new. 126.0 137.0 135.4 122.0 112.8 122.0 123.8 119.1 111.5 112.3 110.9 115.5 120.6 Mutton, Aver dressed. age. 114.4 119.9 119.5 111.1 105.6 115.7 117.9 119.2 120.5 119.5 110.7 107.0 114.9 99.5 105.3 94.8 106.9 124.0 112.7 111.9 111.4 88.7 88.7 91.5 101.2 103.2 Aver age. 110.0 114.5 113.0 109.1 107.8 113.6 117.3 117.7 115.2 114.9 110.9 109.8 112.7 Food, etc. Month. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . A pr___ M a y ... June .. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . O c t .... Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... Milk: fresh. 122.4 117.6 117.6 107.8 92.9 78.4 82.0 88.2 98.0 112.5 130.2 147.1 107.8 Molasses: New Or Rice: do leans, mestic, open ket choice. tle, prime. 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 106.3 107.8 87.0 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 78.1 75.8 79.1 70.2 70.2 70.2 70.2 78.6 Salt: Ameri can. 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 115.0 115.0 115.0 115.0 109.4 Spices. Soda: bi carbonate Pepper, of, Ameri Nutmegs. Singa Average. can. pore. 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.2 63.6 61.3 58.4 50.9 47.4 45.1 44.5 44.5 47.4 48.0 46.9 45.7 50.3 168.6 168.6 164.4 167.7 161.9 159.4 152.7 156.9 159.4 172.0 172.8 165.3 164.1 116.1 115.0 111.4 109.3 304.7 102.3 98.6 100.7 103.4 110.0 109*9 105.5 107.2 Starch: pure corn. 93.6 93.6 93.6 93.6 93.6 93.6 93.6 93.6 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 95.8 Food, etc. Month. Sugar. 89° fair 96° cen Granu Aver Tallow. refin trifu lated. age. ing. gal. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . Apr . . . M ay... Ju n e... J u ly ... Aug . . . S ep t. . . O c t___ Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... 85.7 87.4 83.8 86.7 89.2 91.2 92.1 93.8 97.8 98.9 100.8 101.0 102.6 101.8 107.2 107.8 110.4 111.1 110.4 109.9 117.7 117.6 127.3 ' 124.7 102.1 102.7 91.8 90.1 94.0 93.9 98.6 100.7 102.9 105.2 105.4 102.6 110.0 115.5 101.0 88.3 86.9 91.5 93.3 98.4 100.8 102.4 106.7 109.0 107.6 115.1 122.5 101.9 ' 117:9 116.6 115.6 107.6 98.6 97.0 99.3 102.3 102.8 104.6 99.8 107.1 105.5 Vegetables, fresh. Tea: Vinegar: For cider, Average, mosa, Onions. Potatoes, Mon food, etc. Aver Bur fine. arch. age. bank. 110.3 91.6 91.6 103.0 98.6 117.7 98.6 110.3 98.6 a 110, S 98.6 103.0 98.6 95.6 98.6 91.9 98.6 73.5 98.6 103.0 96.9 117.7 96.9 125.0 97.1 104.6 150.7 176.6 182.1 215.0 210.4 233.4 a 238. h a 238. U a 283. U 71.4 74.1 68.5 146.3 a N om inal price; see ex pla nation on page 411. 130.5 139.8 149.9 162.7 160.4 168.2 164.5 162.7 153.5 87.2 95.9 96.8 125.5 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 94.7 94.7 94.7 89.6 106.3 108.3 108.7 107.4 105.2 105.1 105.2 106.3 108.5 107.8 110.2 111.4 107.2 510 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OP LABOR. T able I I I . — RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. [A verage p rice for 1890-1899=100. For a m ore d eta iled description o f the articles, see T able I. tive p rice for 1904 com p uted from average p rice for the year as sh ow n in T able I.] R ela Cloths and clothing. Blankets. Month. Jan___ Feb___ Mar . . . A p r .... M ay. . . June .. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . O ct___ Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... Bags: 2-bu., Amoskeag. Boots and shoes. 11-4, all wool. 11-4, cotton warp, all wool filling. 11-4, cotton warp, cotton and wool filling. Aver age. 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 117.4 117.4 117.4 117.4 117.4 117.4 117.4 117.4 117.4 117.4 117.4 117.4 117.4 110.8 128.7 128.7 132.2 132.2 132.2 132.2 128.7 128.7 128.7 128.7 128.7 128.4 Men’s Men’s calf bal. broshoes, gans, Good split. year welt. 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 Men’s Wo kid men’s Men’s vici shoes, split solid Good boots. grain year shoes. welt. 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 113,1 113.1 113.1 113.1 113.1 113.1 113.1 113.1 113.1 113.1 116.2 116.2 113.7 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 89.1 89.1 87.3 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.1 113.1 113.1 113.1 116.2 116.2 116.2 112.3 Aver age. 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.5 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.7 102.8 102.8 10J.1 Cloths and clothing. Broad cloths: Month. first qual Calico: ity, black, Cocheco 54-inch, prints. XXX wool. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . A p r .... M ay... June... J u ly ... A u g ... Sept. . . O c t___ Nov . . . Dec___ 1904.... 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 112.9 110.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 90.4 90.4 90.4 90.4 90.4 95.7 Carpets. Brussels, 5-frame, Bigelow. 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 Cotton flannels. Ingrain, Wilton, 2f yards 5-frame, Average. to the 2-ply, Lowell. Bigelow. pound. 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 109.1 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 134.6 134.6 134.6 134.6 123.9 123.9 123.9 123.9 123.9 116.9 116.9 113.3 125.4 31 yards to the Average. pound. 134.8 134.8 134.8 134.8 126.1 126.1 126.1 126.1 126.1 117.4 117.4 104.3 125.7 134.7 134.7 134.7 134.7 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 117.2 117.2 108.8 125.6 Cloths and clothing. Cotton yams. Month. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . A pr___ M a y ... June .. J u ly ... A u g... S e p t... O c t .... Nov . . . Dec___ 1904.... Cotton thread: Carded, Carded, 6-cord, Denims: white, white, 200-yard Brown, Amosmulemulespools, keag. * Average. spun, spun, J .& P . Northern, Northern, PX r' Coats. cones, 10/1. cones, 22/1. 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 130.6 150.8 138.4 139.9 130.6 124.4 115.0 105.7 108.8 111.9 110.4 111.9 123.2 121.9 137.1 129.5 129.5 121.9 111.7 106.7 104.1 104.1 111.7 106.7 104.1 115.7 126.3 144.0 134.0 134.7 126.3 118.1 110.9 101.9 106.5 111.8 108.6 108.0 119.5 119.7 124.5 124.5 124.5 124.5 124.5 114.9 110.2 110.2 110.2 105.4 105.4 116.6 126.7 131.1 139.9 139.9 131.1 122.4 122.4 122.4 122.4 122.4 122.4 122.4 127.1 Drillings. Flannels: white, 4-4, Bal 30-inch, Stark A. Average. lard Yale No. 3. 134.0 139.3 138.0 125.3 129.0 125.1 119.0 117.7 120.5 125.5 119.0 122.8 126.3 130.4 135.2 139.0 132.6 130.1 123.8 120.7 120.1 121.5 124.0 120.7 122.6 126.7 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 117.6 511 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able I I I * —RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904—Continued. [A verage price for 1890-1899=100. F or a m ore d eta iled d escription o f the articles, see T able I. tive price for 1904 com p uted from average price for the year as show n in T able I.] R ela Cloths and elothing. Hosiery. Horse blan Women’s kets: 6 Men’ s cotton Men’s cotton Women’ s combed half hose, cotton hose, Aver Amos- Lan Aver pounds half hose, Egyptian each, seamless, seamless, keag. caster. age. cotton hose, fast black, seamless, age. all fast black, 20 84 needles. high spliced 26 wool. to 22 oz. to 28 oz. heel, (a) Ginghams. Month. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . A pr___ M ay... .lune .. J u ly ... A u ff. . . Sept. . . O c t .... Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... 103.2 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 102.8 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 87.3 87.3 87.3 97.0 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 101.8 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 97.1 90.6 90.6 90.6 99.9 6 82.1 682.1 682.1 85.3 085.3 085.3 0 85.3 0 85.3 82.1 <*82.1 <*82.1 <*82.1 0 82.1 95.6 95k6 95.6 98.2 98.2 98.2 98.2 95.6 95.6 95.6 92.4 92.4 95.9 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 6 86.8 686.8 686.8 84.2 c84.2 o84.2 084.2 C84.2 81.6 <*81.6 <*81.6 <*81.6 08I.6 90.5 90.5 90.5 91..3 91.3 91.3 91.3 90.6 89.2 89.2 88.4 88.4 89.2 Cloths and clothing. Leather. Month. Sole, hem lock, non acid, Buenos Ayres. Harness, oak. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . A p r .... M ay... June .. Ju ly . . . Aug . . . Sept. . . O ct___ N o v ... D ec___ 1904.... 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 108.7 108.7 108.7 110.4 110.0 Linen thread. Sole, oak. 118.6 118.6 118.6 118.6 118.6 114.7 113.5 113.5 113.5 116.0 116.0 117.3 116.5 Wax calf, 30 to 40 lbs. to the dozen, B grade. Aver age. Shoe, 10s, Bar bour. 3-cord, 200-yard spools, Barbour. 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 109.9 108.8 108.8 109.5 109.9 108.2 106.4 107.1 106.7 108.8 108.8 109.2 108.5 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 102.1 97.2 108.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 105.6 101.1 101.1 104.1 195.6 102.6 96.6 99.6 99.6 105.6 105.6 104.1 102.6 Aver age. 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 102.9 100.5 Cloths and clothing. Overcoatings. Month. Ja n ___ F e b .... Mar . . . A p r___ May Ju ne-.. J u ly . . . A u g... Sept. . . O c t___ Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... Beaver, Moscow, all wool, black. 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7 Covert Kersey, Chinchilla, Chinchilla, cloth, light standard, cotton B-rough, warp, weight, C. C. 27 to 28 all wool. grade. staple. ounce. (/) 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 92.2 92.2 93.2 92.2 94.2 93.2 93.2 93.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 93.3 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 130.3 130.3 130.3 130.3 130.3 130.3 130.3 130.3 136.3 136.3 136.3 136.3 132.3 Aver age. 106.3 106.3 106.5 106.3 106.7 106.5 106.5 106.5 107.9 107.9 107.9 107.9 106.9 Print cloths, 28-inch, 64 x 64. Shawls: standard, all wool, 72 x 144 inch, 42-ounee. 130.4 140.9 140.9 132.6 120.0 111.2 107.5 105.7 105.7 105.7 105.7 103.1 117.3 a Average for 1898-1899=100. &Computed from September, 1908, price. c Computed from April, 1904, price. <*Computed from September, 1904, price. e Computed from September, 1904, price, which represents bulk of sales during the year. /A verage for 1897-1899=100. 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107,0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 512 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Table I I I — RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. [A verage p rice for 1890-1899=100. F or a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I. tive p rice for 1904 com p uted from average p rice for the year as sh ow n in T able I.] R ela Cloths and clothing. Sheetings.. Bleached. Brown. Month. 10-4, Wamsutta S. T. 10-4, At P 10-4, e ^ e rlantic. Jan — F e b .... Mar . . . A p r .... M ay... Ju ne... J u ly . . . Aug . . . S e p t... O c t___ Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... 136.9 158.5 131.5 130.7 130.7 130.7 « 130.7 a ISO. 7 120.8 am . 8 105.1 109.5 128.3 132.7 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 127.4 127.4 116.8 116.8 116.8 116.8 128.7 99.2 99.2 99.2 99/2 91.6 91.6 91.6. 91.6 91.6 91.6 91.6 91.6 94.1 Aver age. 4-4, At lantic A. 4-4, Indian Head. 122.9 131.9 122.9 122.6 120.1 120.1 116.6 116.6 109.7 109.7 104.5 106.0 117.0 121.3 128.4 138.7 141.6 141.6 141.6 132.0 132.0 130.4 116.3 118.1 115.2 129.8 119.8 123.8 135.8 135.8 135.8 135.8 127.8 127.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 123.8 128.1 4-4, Mass. Mills, Flying Horse brand. 4-4, Pepperell R. Aver age. 122.5 127.0 131.6 131.6 131.6 131.6 113.4 113.4 113.4 113.4 113.4 113.4 121.4 119.5 124.5 132.2 132.9 131.9 131.9 121.9 121.9 120.5 117.0 117.5 116.7 124.1 114.5 118.6 122.7 122.7 118.6 118.6 114.5 114.5 114.5 114.5 114.5 114.5 117.0 Aver age. 121.0 127.6 128.2 128.5 126.8 126.8 119.6 119.6 115.9 113.9 111.9 112.1 121.1 Cloths and clothing. Shirtings: bleached. Month. Ja n ___ F e b .... Mar . . . A pr___ M ay... Ju n e... J u ly ... Aug . . . S ep t. . . O c t .... Nov . . . D ec— 1904.... 4-4, Fruit of the Loom. 111.7 118.5 118.5 118.5 118.5 118.5 104.8 104.8 99.6 103.0 103.0 103.0 110.2 4-4, Hope. 4-4, Lons dale. 113.2 116.8 116.8 116.8 116.8 116.8 107.5 107.5 107.5 107.5 107.5 107.5 111.9 110.0 116.9 116.9 116.9 116.9 116.9 103.2 103.2 103.2 103.2 103.2 103.2 109.5 4-4, New York Mills. Silk: raw. 4-4, Wamsutta Italian, Average. classical. <o>. Japan, filatures. Average. XX 100.1 90.8 91.6 90.8 91.4 101.0 97.8 95.8 97.5 93.2 91.3 95.9 94.7 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 97.2 107.0 108.6 108.8 108.6 108.8 109.6 101.6 101.2 100.5 100.4 100.0 100.9 104.7 101.2 101.2 97.7 91.9 90.1 85.2 85.5 88.4 86.9 87.2 87.2 87.2 90.8 94.1 94.7 89.9 * 88.1 88.7 88.1 86.9 90.5 90.8 89.6 92.9 92.9 90.6 97.7 98.0 93.8 90.0 89.4 86.7 86.2 89.5 88.9 88.4 90.1 90.1 90.7 Cloths and clothing. Suitings. Month. Clay worst Clay worst Indigo blue, ed diago ed diago all wool, 54nal, 12nal, 16inch, 14ounce, ounce, Washing Washing ounce, Mid dlesex. ton Mills.* ton Mills.* Jan___ F e b .... M a r.... A p r .... M ay... June .. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . O ct___ Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... 112.0 109.3 109.3 109.3 109.3 109.3 109.3 112.0 112.0 117.5 117.5 120.2 112.2 109.5 107.3 107.3 107.3 107.3 107.3 107.3 109.1 109.1 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 114.0 108.8 114.0 116.2 109.6 Indigo blue, all wool, 16-ounce. Serge, Washing ton Mills 6,700.(c) Trouser ings, fancy worsted, (c) 114.1 114.1 114.1 114.1 114.1 114.1 114.1 114.1 114.1 114.1 114.1 114.1 114.1 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.7 104.6 104.6 110.6 110.6 113.6 102.9 104.6 103.5 103.5 103.5 103.5 108.0 108.0 108.0 108.0 108.0 108.0 108.0 106.2 108.8 112.2 109.1 « Nominal price; see explanation on page 411. * Average for 1895-1899=100. Aver age. 108.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.7 107.7 109.4 109.4 112.2 112.2 114.1 109.0 c Average for 1892-1899=100. Tick ings: Amoskeag A .C .A . 122.5 122.5 122.5 127.2 127.2 127.2 108.4 108.4 108.4 99.0 99.0 99.0 114.3 513 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES,. 1890 TO 1904. T able III__ RELATIVE PRICES OP COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. [Average p rice for 1890-1899=100. For a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I. tive p rice for 1901 com p uted from average p rice for the year as show n in T able I.] R ela Cloths and clothing. Underwear. Women’s dress goods. CashCashShirts Alpaca, mere, Month. Shirts and all mere, cotton and cotton wool, drawers, drawers, white, Aver warp, 10-11 warp, 22-inch, white, twill, 38- 9-twill, merino, age. Hamil inch, all wool, wool At 4-4, At and ton. etc. cotton. lantic J. lantic F. Ja n ___ F e b .... Mar . . . Apr___ M ay... Ju n e... J u ly . . . Aug . . . S ep t. . . O c t .... Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.4 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 104.6 104.6 104.6 104.6 104.6 111.8 111.8 111.8 122.5 122.5 122.5 122.5 112.4 117.2 117.2 117.2 117.2 117.2 117.2 117.2 117.2 117.2 117.2 119.8 119,8 117.7 112.8 112.8 112.8 112.8 112.8 112.8 114.5 114.5 114.5 114.5 119.3 119.3 114.5 Cashmere, cotton warp, 22-inch, Hamil ton. 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 109.9 109.9 109.9 116.4 116.4 116.4 106.7 Cashmere, Frank cotton lin warp, sack Aver age. 27-inch, ings, Hamil 6-4. ton. 105.4 105.4 105.4 105.4 105.4 111.0 111.0 111.0 116.5 116.5 116.5 116.5 110.5 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 110.7 115.3 115.3 119.9 124.5 113.4 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 110.6 112.5 112.5 116.0 117.1 119.1 119.8 112.5 Cloths and clothing. Wool. Month. Ohio, fine fleece (X and X X grade), scoured. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . A p r .... M ay... Ju n e... J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept.. . O c t___ Nov . . . Dec___ 1904.... Worsted yarns. Ohio, me dium fleece U and | grade), scoured. Average. 101.4 101.4 101.4 101.4 103.0 104.6 106.3 109.6 109.6 109.6 114.5 117.7 106.7 112.3 112.3 112.3 112.3 113.1 113.9 114.8 116.4 117.4 117.4 119.8 123.3 115.5 123.2 123.2 123.2 123.2 123.2 123.2 123.2 123.2 125.1 125.1 125.1 128.9 124.2 2-40s, 2-40s, X X X X , Australian white, in fine. skeins. 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 117.8 120.3 122.8 116.6 116.2 116.2 116.2 116.2 114.2 114.2 114.2 114.2 114.2 120.1 120.1 120.1 116.3 Average. Average, cloths and clothing. 115.8 115.8 115.8 115.8 114.8 414.8 114.8 114.8 114.8 119.0 120.2 121.5 116.5 110.4 112.1 111.9 111.7 110.9 110.5 108.8 108.6 108.4 108.4 108.3 108.6 109.8 Fuel and lighting. Coal. Candles: ada Month. man tine, 6s, 14ounce. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . Apr___ M a y ... June .. J u ly ... A u g ... S e p t... Oct — Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 115.1 Anthracite. Bro ken. 127.7 129.4 126.7 124.7 126.1 125.3 125.6 125.4 124.9 126.3 126.1 125.6 126.1 Chest nut. 137.9 137.8 137.7 123.8 126.4 129.0 132.1 134.9 137.7 137.8 137.7 137.7 134.2 16818— No. 57— 05------9 Egg. 138.4 137.8 137.9 123.8 126.4 128.9 131.9 134.9 137.3 137.7 137.8 137.8 134.2 Bituminous. Stove. 130.7 130.6 130.5 117.3 119.7 122.2 125.1 127.7 130.2 130.5 130.5 130.5 127.1 Pitts Georges Georges Aver Creek burg Aver Creek Aver age. (Yough(f. o.b. age. (at age. ioghemine). NewYork Harbor). ny). 133.7 133.9 133.2 122.4 124.7 126.4 128.7 130.7 132.5 133.1 133.0 132.9 130.4 253.2 241.9 236.3 191.3 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 196.9 125.8 122.1 116.7 114.8 114.8 114.8 114.8 114.8 114.8 114.8 114.8 114.8 116.5 140.0 140.0 140.0 134.2 132.2 132.2 132.2 132.2 124.4 124.4 124.4 140.0 132.5 173.0 168.0 164.3 146.8 142.3 142.3 142.3 142.3 139.7 139.7 139.7 144.9 148.6 150.5 148.5 146.5 132.8 132.2 133.2 134.5 135.7 135.6 135.9 135.9 138.1 138.2 514 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Table III*—RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. [A verage price forl899-18<99=100. F or a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I. Bela** Uve price fo r computed: from average p rice fo r th e year as show n in T able r.J 1904 Fuel and lighting. Petroleum. Coker Month. ConnellsMatches: . parlor, do ▼Mle, mestic. furnace. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . A p r---M a y ... June .. J u ly ... A u g ... S ep t. . . O c t___ Nov . . . L ee___ 1904.... 100.1 96.7 96.7 97.2 91.3 92.7 83.9 86.9 88.3 86.9 106.0 132.5 96.4 Refined. Crude. 150° fire For export. test, w. w. 203. 3 200.0 189.0 181.7 178.0 174.3 167.0 164.8 168.8 171.4 174.4 172.6 178.8 85.4 86-. 4 85.4 85.4 85.4 85.4 85.4 85.4 85.4 85.4 85.4 85.4 85.4 140.2 140.2 134.8 131.0 125.6 125.6 122.5 118.6 121.0 122.5 122.5 122.5 127.3 Averages. 1158.5 168.5 157.3 157.3 157.3 157.3 146.1 146.1 146.1 ‘ 146.1 146.1 146.1 153.6 Average. 154.4 154.4 146.1 144.2 141.5 141.5 134.3 132.4 133.6 134.4 134.4 134.4 140.6 Average, fuel and lighting. 170.7 169.6 160.4 156.7 153.6 152.4 145.2 143.2 145.3 146.7 147.7 147.0 153.2 143.6 141.9 138.7 130.6 129.1 129.4 127.8 128.2 128.8 129.1 130.8 133.9 132.6 Metals and implements. Bar iron: best refined. Builders’ hardware. From , Barb Butts: Month. From m ill store wire: (Pitts (Phila Aver galvan loose joint, burg delphia age. ized. cast, mar mar 3 x 3in. ket). ket). Jan___ F e b .... M ar... A p r .... M ay... June .. J u ly ... Aug . . . S ept. . . O ct___ Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... 89.7 90.3 95.2 103.4 103.4 103.4 103.4 103.4 103.4 103.4 104.8 121.4 102.1 . 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 110.4 1Q4.9 97.0 97.3 99.8 103.9 103.9 103.9 103.9 103.9 103.9 103.9 104.6 115.9 103.5 104.5 104.9 106.5 106.9 106.9 106.1 104.9 96.0 87.1 87.1 88.1 92.2 99.3 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 Copper. Door Locks: Sheet, knobs: com Aver hot- Wire, Ingot, roiled Aver steel, mon age. lake. bronze mor (base bare. age. plated. tise. sizes). 132.6 147.3 147.3 147.3 147.3 147.3 147.3 147.3 147.3 147.3 147.3 132.6 144.8 110.2 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 110.2 125.5 123.1 134.1 134.1 134.1 134.1 134.1 134.1 134.1 134.1 134.1 134.1 123.1 132.3 , 101.8 101.3 102.4 107.4 109.4 105.8 103.3 102.4 102.8 104.9 111.9 121.6 106.2 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 94.8 93.1 94.8 99.0 98.2 94.8 94.8 94.8 94.8 99.0 109.3 111.0 98.2 101.7 101.0 10L9 105.0 105.4 103.0 102.2 101.9 102.0 104.1 109.9 113.7 104.3 Metals and implements. Nails. Month. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . A p r .... M a y ... June .. J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... O c t___ Nov . . . Dee___ 1904.... Lead: Pig. 114.2 115.5 121.5 , 121.5 121.5 115.0 112.9 111.0 111.5 111.5 116.3 122.0 116.3 Lead pipe. Cut, Wire, 8-penny, 8-penny, fence fence and com and com mon. mon. 96.9 98.4 99.0 100.0 100.9 98.6 96.3 94.6 98.2 95.5 107.9 107.9 : 99.5 109.4 98.5 98.5 101.2 101.2 101.2 101.2 101.2 94.4 94.4 94.4 98.5 99.5 90.2 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 78.6 78.6 78.6 84.4 88.2 Pig iron. Aver age. Gray Besse Foundry Foundry forge, South mer. No. 1. No. 2. ern, coke. 99.8 100.9 95.5 99.1 95.5 101.8 96.9 103.0 96.9 98.7 96.9 ■ 93.0 96.9 90.4 96.9 92.6 86.5 92.1 86.5 95.1 86.5 110.0 91.5 121.4 93.9 99.8 104.7 104.7 104.4 106.4 104.0 102.6 100.9 101.3 101.3 102.1 110.8 119.6 105.2 106.1 102.3 101.5 108.0 101.9 100:0 96.5 98.4 97.5 98.4 112.8 129.1 104.4 99.2 101.5 98.1 104.8 104.8 98.1 98.1 109.3 100-.2 100.3 125.1 133.0 105.3 Aver age. 102.7 101.9 101.5 105.6 1021.4 98.4 96.5 98.2 97.8 99.0 114.7 125.6 103.7 515 COURSE OP WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able I I I . —RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904—Continued. [A verage price for 1890-1899=100. Por a m ore d eta iled description o f the articles* see T able I. tive p rice for 1904 com p uted from average price for the year as show n in T able I.] R ela Metals and implements. Month. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . Apr___ M a y .... June .. July ... Aug .. . Sept. . . O ct___ Nov . . . Dec___ 1904.... Quick Silver: bar, silver. fine. Spelter: Western. 76.9 77.9 76.6 73.1 74.8 75.1 78.4 78.1 77.0 78.2 78.9 81.7 77.2 110.9 110.0 110.9 110.9 110.9 109.1 109.1 101.0 100.1 98.3 96.5 98.3 105.5 112.8 109.5 112.8 116.8 115.7 109.3 108.4 108.4 111.9 113.9 119.0 128.5 113.9 Steel bil lets. Tin plates.: Steel domestic, sheets: Tin: pig. Bessemer, Steel rails. black, No. coke, 14 x 20 27.(o) in.(6) 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 106.8 106.8 106.8 106.8 106.8 106.8 106.8 106.8 98.7 90.6 94.8 97.6 103.0 99.6 97.3 98.2 97.3 95.1 95.1 90.6 89.3 89.3 89.3 89.3 93.8 93.8 158.0 151.1 153.6 155.2 152.7 147.1 140.0 147.6 150.5 154.6 159.9 159.0 152.5 111.0 106.6 106.6 106.6 106.6 106.6 106.6 102.2 102.2 102.2 102.2 106.6 105.5 Metals and implements. Tools. Month. Jan___ F e b .... M ar... Apr___ M ay... June .. J u ly ... A u g ... Sept. . . O et___ N ov ... Dec___ 1904.... Saws. Augers: extra, 4-inch. Axes: M. C. O., Yankee. Chisels: extra, socket firmer, 1-inch. 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 106.5 106.5 106.5 128.9 128.9 128.9 128.9 128.9 128.9 128.9 128.9 128.9 123.3 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 158.4 Files: 8- Hammers: incb mill Maydole bastard. No. 1*. 123.1 123.1 123.1 123.1 122.0 122.0 122.0 122.0 122.0 120.8 120.8 120.8 122.0 129.0 • 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 Planes: Bailey No. 5. Hand, Crosscut, Disston Average. Disston. No. 7. 100.0 100*0 1CO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 115*7 115*7 115*7 115*7 115.7 115.7 115.7 115.7 115.7 115.7 115.7 115.7 115.7 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98*6 98.6 98.6 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 39.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 Metals and implements. Tools. Month. Trowels: M. Shovels: O., brick, Ames No. 2. C.104-inch. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . Apr___ M a y ... June .. J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... O c t .... Nov . . . Dee___ 1904.... 102.0 96.9 96.9 96.9 96.9 96.9 96.9 96.9 96.9 96.9 96.9 96.9 97.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100*0 100.0 100*0 100*0 100*0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Vises: solid box, 50-pound. 117.9 117.9 117*9 106*1 106*1 106.1 106.1 106.1 10C 1 106.1 106.1 106.1 109.1 Average. 118.2 117.8 117.8 118.7 118.6 118.6 118.6 118.6 118.6 118.5 118*5 118.5 118.4 Wood screws: 1-ineh, No. 10,flat head. Zinc: sheet. 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 a Average for the period July, 1894, to December, 1899=100. b Average for 1896-1899=100. 97*3 99.6 102.2 105.6 107.3 103.9 102.2 103.9 105.6 107.3 110.9 121.3 105.6 Average, metals and implements. 108.9 109.0 109*6 111.0 110 6 109.3 108.6 108 3 107.6 107.7 110*8 113*4 109.6 516 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. T a b l e I I I . — R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904— Continued. [A verage price for 1890-1899=100. For a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I. tive p rice for 1904 com p uted from average p rice for the year as show n in T able I.] R ela Lumber and building materials. Cement. Carbonate of lead: American, Portland, Average. in oil. domestic.a Rosendale. Month. Brick: common domestic. Jan___ F e b .... M a r. . . Apr___ M a y ... June .. J u ly . . . A u g ... Sept. . . O ct___ N ov ... Dec— 1904.... 148.3 148.3 139.3 114.6 116.9 131.5 132.6 137.1 137.1 137.1 137.1 137.1 134.7 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 106.2 106.2 106.2 106.2 101.9 101.9 106.2 103.6 87.7 76.4 76.4 76.4 75.1 75.1 75.1 72.6 66.4 65.1 65.1 66.4 73.2 95.8 93.0 98.6 98.6 95.8 95.8 93.0 90.2 84.5 81.7 78.9 78.9 90.4 Doors: pine. Lime: common. 148.2 148.2 148.2 148.2 148.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 142.7 142.7 142.7 142.7 154.6 91.8 84.7 87.5 87.5 85.5 85.5 84.1 81.4 75.5 73.4 72.0 72.7 81.8 97.2 97.2 97.2 97.2 97.2 97.2 97.2 103.2 103.2 99.0 97.2 104.4 99.0 Linseed oil: raw. 81.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 88.2 86.0 99.2 99.2 94.8 90.4 90.4 91.7 Lumber and building materials. Lumber. Oak: white. Month. Hem lock. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . A p r .... M ay... June .. J u ly ... Aug . . . S ep t. . . O c t .... Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 Maple: hard. 117.0 117.0 117.0 117.0 117.0 117.0 117.0 117.0 117.0 117.0 117.0 117.0 117.0 Pine. White, boards. Plain. Quar tered. Aver age. 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 153.7 153.7 153.7 153.7 153.7 153.7 153.7 144.4 144.4 144.4 144.4 151.8 150.4 139.0 139.0 139.0 139.0 139.0 139.0 139.0 134.3 134.3 134.3 134.3 138.0 137.3 No. 2 barn. Uppers. 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 176.1 176.1 176.1 176.1 176.1 176.1 171.8 171.8 171.8 171.8 171.8 171.8 174.0 Aver age. 155.3 155.3 155.3 155.3 155.3 155.3 153.1 153.1 153.1 153.1 153.1 153.1 154.2 Yellow. Average. 113.7 113.7 113.7 113.7 113.7 113.7 113.7 119.1 119.1 119.1 119.1 119.1 116.0 141.4 141.4 141.4 141.4 141.4 141.4 140.0 141.8 141.8 141.8 141.8 141.8 141.5 Lumber and building materials. Ja n ___ F e b .... Mar . . . A pr___ M a y ... J u n e... J u ly . . . Aug . . . S ep t. . . O c t ___ Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... Plate glass: polished, un silvered. Lumber. Month. Poplar. Spruce. Average. 165.0 165.0 165.0 165.0 165.0 165.0 158.6 154.6 154.6 154.6 354.6 154.6 160.5 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142 9 142 9 142 9 342 9 142.9 141.0 141.0 141.0 141.0 141.0 141.0 139.8 138 9 338.9 138.9 138.9 139 8 140.2 Oxide of zinc. 115.8 115.8 115.8 115.8 115.8 115.8 115 8 115.8 115.8 116 8 115.8 115.8 115.8 Area, 3 to Area, 5 to 5 square 10 square Average. feet. feet. 66.1 66.1 66.1 63.4 63.4 63.4 62.0 62.0 62.0 59.2 59.2 59.2 62.7 a Average for 1895-1899=100. 75.1 75.1 75.1 71.3 71.3 71.3 69.4 69.4 69 4. 65 5 65.6 65 5 70.3 70.6 70.6 70.6 67.4 67.4 67.4 65.7 65.7 65.7 62.4 62.4 62.4 66.5 Putty. 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.6 71.5 63.3 63.3 66.5 69.6 Resin: good, strained. 178.8 206.6 187.6 194.6 197.9 211.8 208.3 184.0 187.5 194.5 204.9 204.9 196.8 517 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able I I I __ RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904—Continued. [A verage p rice for 1890-1899=100. For a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I. t iv e p rice for 1904 com p uted from average p rice for the year as show n in T able I.] R ela Lumber and building materials. Shingles. Month. Cypress. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . Apr___ M a y ... Ju ne... J u ly . . . A u g ... Sept. . . O c t .... Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 92.2 White pine. 125.1 125.1 125.1 125.1 125.1 125.1' 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 122.5 Tar. Average. 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 106.1 106.1 106.1 106.1 106.1 106.1 107.4 Window glass: American, single. Average, lumber and Thirds, building 6 x 8 to Average. 10x15 mate inch. rials. Turpen Firsts, 6x8 tine: spirits of. to 10x15 inch. 178.7 192.9 187.0 176.5 173.5 171.6 169.0 169.8 167.5 167.5 163.0 149.6 172.2 132.8 116.2 120.4 157.7 166.0 149.4 149.4 141.1 132.8 132.8 132.8 141.1 139.4 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 126.4 126.4 126.4 126.4 134.2 133.6 133.6 133.6 133.6 133.6 133.6 133.6 133.6 116.8 116.8 116.8 116.8 128.0 135.8 135.8 135.8 135.8 135.8 135.8 135.8 135.8 121.6 121.6 121.6 121.6 131.1 123.6 124.4 123.5 123.6 123.9 125.5 124.4 123.6 120.4 119.5 119.4 120.1 122.7 Drugs and chemicals. Month. Alcohol: grain,94 percent. Jan — F e b .... Mar . . . A pr— M ay. . . Ju ne... J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . O c t___ Nov . . . D e c .,.. 1904.... 108.9 108.9 109.8 109.4 109.4 109.4 109.4 109.4 107.1 107.1 107.1 107.1 108.6 Alcohol: wood, re Alum: fined, 95 lump. per cent. 57.7 57.7 57.7 62.9 62.9 62.9 62.9 62.9 62.9 62.9 62.9 62.9 61.6 Brim Glycer Muriatic Opium: Quinine: Sulphur Average, drugs stone: acid: natural, Ameri ic acid: and crude, in: re 66°. 20°. in cases. can. chem seconds. fined. icals. 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 10-1.8 104.8 106.3 107.5 106.3 106.3 106.3 107.5 105.1 104.6 104.4 103.4 101.0 103.9 105.2 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 98.3 98.3 98.3 94.7 94.7 99.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 123.9 123.9 121.8 119.7 115.5 111.2 111.2 113.3 113.3 112.3 116.5 115.5 116.5 101.6 89.4 93.5 101.6 109.8 97.6 93.5 93.5 85.4 85.4 93.5 93.5 94.8 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.1 134.8 146.1 144.9 111.7 110.4 110.6 111.8 112.8 110.6 109.9 109.6 108.5 108.2 107.7 109.1 110.0 House furnishing goods. Furniture. Earthenware. Month. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . Apr— M a y ... June .. J u ly ... Aug . . . Sept. . . O ct___ Nov . . . D e c .... 1904.... Plates, creamcolored. Plates, white granite. Teacups and saucers, white granite. 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.8 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 Chairs, Tables, Average. Chairs, Average. Bedroom sets, ash. bedroom, maple. kitchen. kitchen. 110.2 110.2 110.2 110.2 110.2 110.2 110.2 110.2 110.2 110.2 110.2 110.2 110.2 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 116.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 130.7 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.7 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 121.0 119.4 119.4 119.4 119.4 119.4 119.4 119.4 119.4 119.4 119.4 119.4 119.5 518 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, Table H I . — RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN 1904—Concluded. [A verage p rice fo r 1890-1899=100. F or a m ore detailed d escription o f th e articles, see T a b le I. tive p rice for 1904 com p u ted from average p rice for the year as sh ow n in T able I . f R ela House furnishing goods. * Glassware. Month. Jan___ F e b .... M a r ... Apr— M a y ... Ju n e... J u ly ... A u g ... Sept. . . O c t .... Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... Table cutlery. Pitch Tum Nap ers, blers, pies, ^-gallon, i-pint, 4-inch. com com mon. mon. 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 Wooden ware. Knives and Aver Carvers, Aver stag age. handles. forks, cocobolo age. handles. 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 100.0 100.6 100.6 100.6 102.6 102.6 102.6 102.6 102.6 102.6 102.6 102.6 101.9 107.3 107.3 107.3 107.3 111.4 111.4 111.4 111.4 111.4 111.4 111.4 111.4 110.0 Pails, oak grain ed. Tubs, oak grain ed. 130.9 130.9 130.9 130.9 130.9 130.9 130.9 130.9 130.9 130.9 130.9 130.9 130.9 107.6 107.6 107.6 107.6 107.6 107.6 107.6 107.6 107.6 107.6 107.6 107.6 107.6 Aver age, house Aver fur age. nishing goods. 119.3 119.3 119.3 119.3 119.3 119.3 119.3 119.3 119.3 119.3 119.3 119.3 119.3 111.9 111.5 111.5 111.5 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.7 Miscellaneous. Month. Jan___ F e b .... Mar . . . A pr___ M ay . . . June .. J u ly ... A u g ... S ept. . . O ct___ Nov . . . Dec___ 1904.... Cotton-seed Cotton oil: summer West Jute: raw. Malt: seed meal. yellow, ern made. prime. 123.4 121.1 122.9 121.1 118.4 115.4 115.4 118.8 118.8 118.8 118.8 118.4 119.3 118,3 124.8 126.5 115.8 97.7 93.6 101.8 92.0 96.9 97.7 89.5 81.3 103.0 118.4 118.4 125.3 125.3 125.3 125.3 125.3 125.3 125.3 125.3 118.4 125.3 123.7 Paper. News. 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 97.5 93.2 93.2 90.3 88.9 88.9 96.1 83.6 83.6 83.6 83.6 92.0 92.0 92.0 92.0 92.0 92.0 92.0 92.0 89.3 Wrapping, manila. Average. 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 94.9 94.9 94.9 95.8 89.8 89.8 89.8 89.8 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 93.5 93.5 93.5 92.6 Proof spirits. 110.4 110.4 111.0 111.3 111.3 111.3 111.3 111.3 111.0 109.5 107.8 107.8 110.4 Miscellaneous. Month. Jan___ Feb___ Mar . . . A p r .... M a y ... June .. J u ly ... Aug . . . S e p t... O ct___ Nov . . . D ec___ 1904.... Tobacco. Rope: manila. 123.1 123.1 128.5 128.5 128.5 120.4 123.1 123.1 123.1 123.1 125.8 133.8 125.4 Rubber: Para Island, 113.7 123.0 128.0 136.1 135.5 136.8 135.5 144.2 141.8 136.8 140.5 158.0 135.8 Soap: castile, mot tled, pure. 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 127.4 114.2 114.2 113.7 Starch: laundry. 107.8 107.8 107.8 107.8 122.1 122.1 122.1 160.6 93.4 93.4 93.4 93.4 106.0 Average, Smoking, miscella Plug, gran., Seal Average. neous. Horseshoe. of N. C. 113.6 113.6 113.6 113,6 113.6 113.6 123.7 123.7 123.7 123.7 123.7 123.7 118.6 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 117.9 117.9 117.9 117.9 117.9 114.4 112.8 112.8 112.8 112.8 112.8 112.8 117.9 120.8 120.8 120.8 120.8 120.8 116.5 110.2 111.2 112.9 112.6 112.7 111.6 112.9 111.6 m .2 111.6 109.7 111.5 111.7 519 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904 T able I Y .—BASE PRICES (AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899), AND AVERAGE Y E A R L Y ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904. [F or a m ore deta iled descrip tion o f the articles, see T able I.] Farm products. Year. Barley: by sample. Cattle: steers, Cattle: steers, choice to extra. good to choice. Com: No. 2, cash. Cotton: upland, middling. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive bushel. price. 100 lbs. price. 100 lbs. price. bushel. price. pound. price. Average,1890-1899.. $0.4534 .5062 1890.......................... 1891.......................... .6098 .5085 1 8 9 2 ...:................... .4685 1893.......................... .5134 1894.......................... .4300 1895.......................... .2977 1896.......................... .3226 1897.......................... .4348 1898.......................... .4425 1899.......................... .4815 1900.......................... .5884 1901.......................... .6321 1902.......................... .5494 1908.......................... .5300 1904.......................... Year. 100.0 111.6 134.5 112.2 103.3 113.2 94.8 65.7 71.2 95.9 97.6 106.2 129.8 189.4 121.2 116.9 $5.3203 4.8697 5.8851 5.0909 5.5211 5.1591 5.4849 4.5957 5.2255 5.3779 5.9928 5.7827 6.1217 7.4721 5.5678 5.9562 100.0 91.5 110.6 95.7 108.8 97.0 103.1 86.4 98.2 101.1 112.6 108.7 115.1 140.4 104.7 112.0 $4.7347 4.1375 5.0976 4.4995 4.8394 4.5245 4.9344 4.2712 4.7736 4.8846 5.3851 5.3938 5.5901 6.5572 5.0615 5.1923 100.0 $0.3804 87.4 .3950 107.7 .5744 95.0 .4500 102.2 .3964 95.6 .4326 104.2 .3955 90.2 .2580 100.8 .2546 103.2 .3144 113.7 .3333 113.9, .3811 118.1 .4969 138.5 .5968 106.9 .4606 109.7 .5046, Hides: green, timothy, salted, packers, Flaxseed: No. 1. Hay:No. 1. heavy native steers. 100.0 $0.07762 103.8 .11089 151.0 .08603 118.3 .07686 104.2 .08319 .07002 113.7 104.0 .07298 67.8 .07918 66.9 .07153 .05972 82.6 87.6 .06578 100.2 .09609 130.6 .08627 156.9 .08932 121.1 .11235 132.6 .12100 Hogs: heavy. 100.0 142.9 110.8 99.0 107.2 90.2 94.0 102.0 92.2 76.9 84.7 123.8 111.1 115.1 144.7 155.9 Hogs: light. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive ton. bushel. price. price. pound. price. 100 lbs. price. 100 lbs. price. Average,1890-1899.. $1.1132 1890.......................... 1.3967 1891.......................... 1.0805 1892.......................... 1.0179 1893.......................... 1.0875 1894.......................... 1.3533 1895 .......... 1.2449 . 8119 1896 .............. .8696 1897.......................... 1898.......................... 1.1115 1899..... ................... 1.1578 1900.......................... 1.6223 1901.......................... 1.6227 1902.......................... 1.5027 1.0471 1903 ......................... 1904......................... 1.1088 100.0 $10.4304 125.5 9.9952 97.1 12.2861 91.4 11.8375 97.7 11.2067 121.6 10.4183 111.8 11.3844 72.9 10.3269 8.4423 78.1 8.3317 99.8 104.0 10.0745 145.7 11.5673 145.8 12.8255 135.0 12.6154 94.1 12.4279 99.6 11.7308* 100.0 95.8 117.8 113.5 107.4 99.9 109.1 99.0 80.9 79.9 96.6 110.9 123.0 120.9 119.2 112.5 $0.0937 .0933 .0951 .0870 .0749 .0641 .1028 .0811 .0996 .1151 .1235 .1194 .1237 .1338 .1169 .1166 100.0 99.6 101.5 92.8 79.9 68.4 109.7 86.6 106.3 122.8 131.8 127.4 m o 142.8 124.8 124.4 $4.4123 3.9534 4.4229 5.1550 6.5486 4.9719 4.2781 3.3579 3.5906 3.8053 4.0394 5.0815 5.9580 6.9704 6.0572 5.1550 100.0 89.6 100.2 116.8 148.4 112.7 97.0 76.1 81.4 86.2 91.5 115.2 135.0 158.0 137.3 116.8 $4.4206 3.9260 4.3404 5.0675 6.5752 4.9327 4.2533 3.5591 3.7223 3.7587 4.0709 5.1135 5.9177 6.7353 6.0541 5.1481 100.0 88.8 98.2 114.6 148.7 111.6 96.2 80.5 84.2 85.0 92.1 115.7 133.9 152.4 137.0 116.5 520 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, IT.—BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), AN D A V E R A G E Y E A R L Y A C T U A L A N D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. T able [For a more detailed description o f the articles, see Table I.] Farm products. Year. Hops: N. Y. State, choice. Oats: cash. Rye No. 2, cash. Sheep: native. Sheep: Western. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive pound. price. bushel. price. bushel. price. 100 lbs. price. 100 lbs. price. Average,1890-1899.. $0.1771 1890....*................... .2621 1891.......................... .2640 1892.......................... .2505 1893.......................... .2271 1894.......................... .1515 1895.......................... .0940 1896.......................... .0877 1897.......................... .1160 1898.......................... .1621 1899.......................... .1563 .1483 19C0.......................... .1719 1901.......................... 1902.......................... .2375 .2825 1903.......................... .3475 1904.......................... 100.0 148.0 149.1 141.4 128.2 85.5 53.1 49.5 65.5 91.5 88.3 83.7 97.1 134.1 159.5 196.2 $0.2688 .3106 .3873 .3042 .2827 .3110 .2373 .1801 .1825 .2470 .2452 .2271 .3179 .3960 .3541 .3649 100.0 115.6 144.1 113.2 105.2 115.7 88.3 67.0 67.9 91.9 91.2 84.5 118.3 147.3 131.7 135.8 $0.5288 .5447 .8334 .6754 .4899 .4660 .4825 .3517 .3962 .4958 .5521 .5177 .5328 .5418 .5156 .7056 Farm products. Year. Wheat: contract, cash. 100.0 103.0 157.6 127.7 92.6 88.1 91.2 66.5 74.9 93.8 104.4 97.9 100.8 102.5 97.5 133.4 $3.7580 4.5284 4.5106 4.7798 3.8781 2.6957 2.9495 2.9322 3.4971 3.9250 3.8837 4.1236 3.3519 3.7817 3.7101 4.1457 100.0 120.5 120.0 127.2 103.2 71.7 78.5 78.0 93.1 104.4 103.3 109.7 89.2 100.6 98.7 110.3 $3.9541 4.6644 4.5719 4.8695 4.1255 2.9808 3.0943 3.1411 3.7692 4.1625 4.1615 4.5207 3.7442 4.1784 3.8769 4.2608 100.0 118.0 115.6 123.2 104.3 75.4 78.3 79.4 95.3 105.3 105.2 114.3 94.7 105,7 98.0 107.8 Food, etc. Beans: medium, Bread: crack choice. ers, Boston X. Bread: crackBread: loaf ers, soda. (Wash, market). Average Rela- Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive bushel. price. bushel. price. pound. price. pound. price. pound.® price. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.7510 1890.......................... .8933 1891.......................... .9618 1892.......................... .7876 1893.......................... .6770 1894.......................... .5587 1895.......................... .6000 1896.......................... .6413 1897.......................... .7949 1898.......................... .8849 1899......................... .7109 1900.......................... .7040 1901.......................... .7187 1902.......................... .7414 1903.......................... .7895 1904......................... 1.0390 100.0 118.9 128.1 104.9 90.1 74.4 79.9 85.4 105.8 117.8 94.7 93.7 95.7 98.7 105.1 138.3 $1.6699 2.0292 2.2531 1.8698 1.9906 1.8469 1.7896 1.1740 1.0448 1.2479 1.4531 2.0969 2.1927 1.9198 2.2625 2.0104 100.0 121.5 134.9 112.0 119.2 110.6 107.2 70.3 62.6 74.7 87.0 125.6 131.3 115.0 135.5 120.4 $0.0673 .0700 .0700 .0688 .0650 .0650 .0654 .0650 .0592 .0733 .0713 .0750 .0800 .0800 .0758 .0775 100.0 104.0 104.0 102.2 96.6 96.6 97.2 96.6 88.0 108.9 105.9 111.4 118.9 118.9 112.6 115.2 $0.0718 .0800 .0800 .0763 .0750 .0725 .0675 .0658 .0592 .0758 .0663 .0675 .0700 .0700 .0646 .0658 100.0 111.4 111.4 106.3 104.5 101.0 94.0 91.6 82.6 105.6 92.3 94.0 97.5 97.5 90.0 91.6 $0.0354 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0333 .0363 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0363 100.0 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 94.1 102.5 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 102.5 Food, etc. Year. Bread: loaf, Bread: loaf, Butter: cream Butter: cream Butter: dairy, homemade Vienna ery, Elgin (El ery, extra New York (N .Y . market). (N. Y. market). gin market). (N. Y. market). State. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive pound.a price. pound.® price. pound. price. pound. price. pound. price. Average,1890-1899.. $0.0317 1890.......................... .0320 1891.......................... .0320 1892.......................... .0320 1893.......................... .0320 1894.......................... .0320 1895.......................... .0320 1896.......................... .0287 1897.......................... .0320 1898.......................... .0320 1899.......................... .0320 1900.......................... .0320 1901......................... .0320 1902......................... .0320 1903......................... .0320 1904......................... .0350 100.0 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 90.5 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 110.4 $0.0352 .0356 .0356 ,0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0319 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0356 .0370 100.0 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 90.6 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 105.1 $0.2170 .2238 .2501 .2528 .2581 .2194 .2064 .1793 .1837 .1886 .2075 .2178 .2114 .2413 .2302 .2178 ®Before baking. 100.0 103.1 115.3 116.5 118.9 101.1 95.1 82.6 84.7 86.9 95.6 100.4 97.4 111.2 106.1 100.4 $0.2242 .2276 .2586 .2612 .2701 .2288 .2137 .1841 .1895 .1954 .2126 .2245 .2163 .2480 .2348 .2189 100.0 101.5 115.3 116.5 120.5 102.1 95.3 82.1 84.5 87.2 94.8 100.1 96.5 110.6 104.7 97.6 $0.2024 .1954 .2380 .2350 .2521 .2091 .1882 .1665 .1684 .1749 .1965 .2115 .2007 .2318 .2150 .1970 100.0 96.5 117.6 116.1 124.6 103.3 93.0 82.3 83.2 86.4 97.1 104.5 99.2 114.5 106.2 97.3 521 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. IV.—B A SE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), A N D A V E R A G E Y E A R L Y AC T U A L AN D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. T able [For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I.] Food, etc. Year. Cheese: N. Y. full cream. Coffee: Rio No. 7. Eggs: new-laid, Fish: cod, dry, Fish: herring, shore, round. fancy, near-by. bank, large. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive pound. price. pound. price. dozen. price. quintal. price. barrel. price. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.0987 .0958 1890.......................... .1011 1891.......................... .1058 1892.......................... 1893.......................... .1076 .1060 1894.......................... .0929 1895.......................... .0908 1896.......................... .0968 1897.......................... 1898__________________ .0822 .1075 1899. 190ft .1128 1901.......................... .1011 .1126 1902.......................... .1217 1903.......................... .1019 1904.......................... 100.0 97.1 102.4 107.2 109.0 107.4 94.1 92.0 98.1 83.3 108.9 114.3 102.4 114.1 123.3 103.2 $0.1313 .1793 .1671 .1430 .1723 .1654 .1592 .1233 .0793 .0633 .0604 .0822 .0646 .0586 .0559 .0782 100.0 136.6 127.3 108.9 131.2 126.0 121.2 93.9 60.4 48.2 46.0 62.6 49.2 44.6 42.6 69.6 Fish: mackerel, Fish: salmon, canned. salt, largeNo. 3s. Year. $0.1963 .1945 .2160 .2167 .2247 .1835 .2002 .1741 .1718 .1817 .1994 .1977 .2095 .2409 .2418 .2650 100.0 99.1 110.0 110.4 114.5 93.5 102.0 88.7 87.5 92.6 101.6 100.7 106.7 122.7 123.2 135.0 Flour: buck wheat. $5.5849 5.6771 6.7292 7.0521 6.3802 5.9583 5.5208 4.2083 4.5208 4.6667 5.1354 5.3021 5.9896 5.0938 5.8646 7.2813 100.0 101.7 120.5 126.3 114.2 106.7 98.9 75.4 80.9 83.6 92.0 94.9 107.2 91.2 105.0 130.4 Flour: rye. $3.7763 3.5250 4.7068 2.9375 3.8125 3.3958 3.1563 3.3542 3.6354 4.2083 5.0313 5.0833 4.9792 4.9063 5.7292 5.4531 100.0 93.3 124.6 77.8 101.0 89.9 83.6 88.8 96.3 111.4 133.2 134.6 131.9 129.9 151.7 144.4 Flour: wheat, spring patents. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive barrel. price. 12 cans. price. 100 lbs. price. barrel. price. barrel. price. Average, 1890-1899.. $14.1306 1890.......................... 18.2500 1891.......................... 15.3125 1892.......................... 13.0000 1893.......................... 13.0000 1894.......................... 11.0556 1895.......................... 15.6250 1896.......................... 13.9167 1897.......................... 12.2292 1898.......................... 13.6667 1899.......................... 15.2500 1900.......................... 13.8958 1901.......................... 10.8182 1902.......................... 13.7500 1903.......................... 17.4479 1904.......................... 14.5000 100.0 129.2 108.4 92.0 92.0 78.2 110.6 98.5 86.5 96.7 107.9 98.3 76.6 97.3 123.5 102.6 Flour: wheat, winter straights. $1.4731 1.6417 1.5000 1.4833 1.4938 1.4250 1.5042 1.5500 1.3375 1.2667 1.5292 1.7708 1.7125 1.6146 1.6208 1.7250 100.0 111.4 101.8 100.7 101.4 96.7 102.1 105.2 90.8 86.0 103.8 120.2 116.3 109.6 110.0 117.1 Fruit: apples, evaporated, choice. Year. $1.9428 2.0214 2.4429 1.7891 2.3679 2.4357 1.6750 1.3806 1.4656 1.5500 2.3000 2.1036 2.1063 2.2357 2.3214 2.3333 100.0 104.0 125.7 92.1 121.9 125.4 86.2 71.1 75.4 79.8 118.4 108.3 108.4 115.1 119.5 120.1 Fruit: apples, sun-dried, Southern, sliced. $3.3171 3.3646 4.9208 4.0167 3.0854 2.7813 3.1333 2.6833 2.8063 3.0813 3.2979 3.4250 3.3208 3.4417 3.1479 4.3479 100.0 101.4 148.3 121.1 93.0 83.8 94.5 80.9 84.6 92.9 99.4 103.3 100.1 103.8 94.9 131.1 $4.2972 5.1856 5.3053 4.3466 4.0063 3.5947 3.6434 3.7957 4.5913 4.7293 3.7740 3.8423 3.8104 3.8082 4.3303 5.3784 100.0 120.7 123.5 101.1 93.2 83.7 84.8 88.3 106.8 110.1 87.8 89.4 88.7 88.6 100.8 125.2 prunes, Fruit: currants, Fruit: California, in in barrels. boxes. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive barrel. price. pound. price. pound. price. pound. price. pound. price. Average, 1890-1899.. $3.8450 1890.......................... 4.6524 1891.......................... 4.9048 1892.......................... 4.1216 1893.......................... 3.2832 1894.......................... 2.7495 1895................... . . . . 3.2311 1896.......................... 3.6197 1897.......................... 4.3606 1898.......................... 4.1452 1899.......................... 3.3822 1900.......................... 3.3490 1901.......................... 3.3085 1902.......................... 3.4885 1903.......................... 3.5923 1904.......................... 4.8264 100.0 121.0 127.6 107.2 85.4 71.5 84.0 94.1 113.4 107.8 88.0 87.1 86.0 90.7 93.4 125.5 $0.0847 .1136 .1100 .0688 .0927 .1092 .0678 .0533 .0555 .0890 .0869 .0615 .0709 .0921 .0611 .0603 100.0 134.1 129.9 81.2 109.4 128.9 80.0 62.9 65.5 105.1 102.6 72.6 83.7 108.7 72.1 71.2 $0.0515 .0690 .0825 .0423 .0508 .0631 .0481 .0312 .0267 .0398 .0610 .0443 .0410 .0507 .0432 .0333 100.0 134.0 160.2 82.1 98.6 122.5 93.4 60.6 51.8 77.3 118.4 86.0 79.6 98.4 83.9 64.7 $0.0375 .0478 .0426 .0297 .0270 .0173 .0254 .0327 .0479 .0580 .0470 .0720 .0831 .0494 .0476 .0488 100.0 127.5 113.6 79.2 72.0 46.1 67.7 87.2 127.7 154.7 125.3 192.0 221.6 131.7 126.9 130.1 $0.0774 .1068 .1000 .0995 .1039 .0735 .0666 .0581 .0546 .0544 .0565 .0522 .0525 .0551 .0481 .0461 100.0 138.0 129.2 128.6 134.2 95.0 86.0 75.1 70.5 70.3 73.0 67.4 67.8 71.2 62.1 59.6 522 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, T able IV.— BASE PRICES (AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899), AND AVERAGE Y E A R L Y ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [For a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T a b le L ] Food, etc. Year. Fruit: raisins, 41° and California, Lon Glucose: 42° mixing. don layer. Average Rela price per tive box. price. Average,1890-1899.. $1.5006 1890.......................... 2.3604 1891.......................... 1.8021 1892.......................... 1.4688 1893 .............. 1.7000 1894 .............. 1.1542 1895 .............. 1.4292 1896........................ 1.0188 1897 .............. 1.3979 1898 .............. 1.3917 1899 .............. 1.2833 1900 .............. 1.5208 1901 .............. 1.4117 1902 .............. 1.6854 1903 .............. 1.4458 1904 .............. 1.4729 Year. Meal: corn, fine yellow. 100.0 $0.0654 .0633 .0660 .0771 .1030 124.3 111.4 .0773 109.2 .0653 81.7 .0469 .0441 86.0 91.8 .0552 95.6 .0566 104.9 .0690 .0885 116.0 153.6 .1059 129.7 .0877 126.3 .0731 Meat: bacon, short rib sides. 100.0 96.8 100.9 117.9 157.5 118.2 99.8 71.7 67.4 84.4 85.0 105.5 135.3 161.9 134.1 111.8 Meat: beef, fresh, native sides. $1.0486 100.0 $1.0169 1.0613 101.2 1.0200 1.4746 140.6 1.4579 1.1921 113.7 1.1608 1.1013 105.0 1.0833 106.7 1.1188 1.0629 1.0721 102.2 1.0613 .8129 77.5 .7854 .8158 77.8 .7633 .8821 84.1 .8463 .9554 91.1 .9273* 1.0115 96.5 .9908 1.1979 114.2 1.1875 1.5354 146.4 1.5250 1.2967 123.7 1.2783 1.3396 127.8 1.3333 100.0 100.3 143.4 114.2 106.5 104.5 104.4 77.2 75.1 83.2 91.2 97.4 116.8 150.0 125.7 131.1 Meat: beef, salt, Meat; beef, salt, extra mess. hams, Western. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive pound. price. pound. price. pound. price. barrel. price. barrel. price. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.0675 .0603 1890.......................... .0699 1891.......................... 1892.......................... • .0787 .1048 1893.......................... 1894........................ .0751 .0650 1895.......................... .0494 1896................... . .0541 1897.......................... 1898.......................... .0596 . 0583 1899........................ .0752 1900.......................... 1901.......................... .0891 1902 .......................... ►1073 1903.......................... .0959 1904......................... .0775 100.0 89.3 103.6 116.6 155.3 111.3 96.3 73.2 80.1 88.3 86.4 111.4 132.0 159.0 142.1 114.8 Meat: hams, smoked. Year. Meal: corn, fine white. Relar Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela tive price per tive tive price per tive price. pound. price. price. 100 lbs. price. 100.0 <<$1.4182 157.3 120.1 97.9 1.7625 113.3 1.5802 76.9 1.5492 95.2 67.9 1.1585 93.2 1.2190 1.3021 92.7 1.3558 85.5 1.4875 101.3 96.1 1.6458 2.1788 112.3 1.8396 96.3 1.7917 98.2 Meat: bacon, short clear sides. Lard: prime contract. $0.0656 .0586 .0681 .0764 .1010 .0736 .0632 .0479 .0522 .0594 .0558 .0732 .0869 .1046 .0938 .0757 100.0 89.3 103.8 116.5 154.0 112.2 96.3 73.0 79.6 90.5 85.1 111.6 132.5 159.5 143.0 115.4 Meat: mutton, dressed. $0.0771 .0688 .0819 .0762 .0813 .0748 .0792 .0698 .0769 .0781 .0835 .0804 .0787 .0971 .0784 .0818 100.0 89.2 106.2 98.8 105.4 97.0 102.7 90.5 99.7 101.3 108.3 104.3 102.1 125.9 101.7 106.1 Meat: pork, salt, mess. $8.0166 6.9596 8.3654 6.7966 8.1938 8.0933 8.1274 7.5096 7.6755 9.1563 9.2885 9.7538 9.3204 11.7885 9.0673 8.7689 ju iijb l * 100.0 $18.0912 86.8 14.5409 104.4 15.5144 84.8 14.5577 102.2 17.8317 101.0 18.3558 101.4 17.3443 93.7 15.9327 95.7 22.6250 114.2 21.4880 115.9 22.7212 121.7 20.6587 116.3 20.3774 147.1 21.3413 113.1 21.2115 109.4 22.3341 ir e s j2 « 100.0 80.4 85.8 80.5 98.6 101.5 95.9 88.1 125.1 118.8 125.6 114.2 112.6 118.0 117.2 123.5 Molasses: N.O., open kettle. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive pound. price. pound. price. barrel. price. quart. price. gallon. price. Average,1890-1899.. $0.0984 1890.......................... .0995 .0982 1891......................... 1892......................... .1076 1893......................... .1249 1894........................ .1019 1895.......................... .0947 1896.......................... .0943 1897.......................... .0894 1898.......................... .0807 1899.......................... .0923 1900.......................... .1025 1901.......................... .1075 1902......................... .1211 1903......................... .1271 1904....... ................. .1072 100.0 101.1 99.8 109.3 126.9 103.6 96.2 95.8 90.9 82.0 93.8 104.2 109.2 123.1 129.2 108.9 $0.0754 .0933 .0866 .0914 .0803 .0606 .0620 .0625 .0728 .0739 .0711 .0727 .0675 .0738 .0744 .0778 100.0 $11.6332 123.7 12.1502 114.9 11.3029 121.2 11.5252 106.5 18.3389 80.2 14.1262 82.2 11.8255 82.9 8.9399 96.6 8.9087 98.0 9.8678 94.3 9.3462 96.4 12.5072 89.5 15.6108 97.9 17.9399 98.7 16.6514 103.2 14.0288 a Average for 1893-1899. 1GG.0 $0.0255 .0263 104.4 97.2 .0267 99.1 .0268 157.6 .0279 121.4 .0263 101.7 .0253 76.8 .0234 76.6 .0235 84.8 .0239 80.3 .0253 107.5 .0274 134.2 .0262 154.2 .0288 143.1 .0288 120.6 .0275 100.0 $0.3151 103.1 .3542 .2788 104.7 105.1 .3188 109.4 .3346 .3092 103.1 99.2 .3083 91.8 .3246 92.2 .2617 93.7 .8083 99.2 .3525 107.5 .4775 102.7 .3783 112.9 .3638 112.9 .3546 107.8 .8396 100.0 112.4 88.5 101.2 106.2 98.1 97.8 103.0 83.1 97.8 111.9 151.5 120.1 115.5 112.5 107.8 523 COURSE OE WHOLESALE PEICES, 1890 TO 1904. T a b l e I V ___ BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899); A N D A V E R A G E Y E A R L Y A C T U A L AN D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [For a more* detailed description of the articles, see Table I.] Food, etc. Year. Rice: domes tic, choice. Salt: Ameri can. Soda: bicar bonate of, American. Salt: Ashton's. Spices: nut megs. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive pound. price. barrel. price. 224 lb. bag. price. pound. price pound. price. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.0561 .0605 1890.......................... 1891.......................... .0637 1892......................... .0569 .0459 1893......................... 1894.......................... .0526 .0533 1895.......................... .0519 1896......................... .0542 1897.......................... .0608 1898.......................... .0607 1899.......................... 1900.......................... .0548 .0548 1901.......................... .0559 1902 ......................... .0566 1903.......................... 1904......................... .0441 100.0 107.8 113.5 101.4 81.8 93.8 95.0 92.5 96.6 108.4 108.2 97.7 97.7 99.6 100.9 78.6 Spices: pepper, Singapore. Year. 100.0 112.5 111.7 107.5 99.6 102.1 99.6 88.4 93.9 94.4 90.4 142.1 121.6 90.3 87.2 109.4 Starch: pure com . 100.0 111.9 108.1 107.8 105.5 101.6 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 99.0 101.0 102.0 $2.2033 2.4646 2.3813 2.3750 2.3250 2.2375 2.0500 2.0500 2.0500 2.0500 2.0500 2.0500 2.1813 2.2250 2.2479 (a) $0.0209 .0275 .0317 .0218 .0285 .0268 .0177 .0152 .0150 .0129 .0117 .0123 .0107 .0108 .0129 .0130 100.0 131.6 151.7 104.3 136.4 128.2 84.7 72.7 71.8 61.7 56.0 58.9 51.2 51.7 61.7 62.2 Sugar: 89° fair Sugar: 96° cen trifugal. refining. $0.4322 .6317 .6081 .5319 .4584 .3996 .3969 .3590 .3354 .3140 .2871 .2601 .2346 .2028 .2877 .2175 100.0 146.2 140.7 123.1 106.1 92.5 91.8 83.1 77.6 72.7 66.4 60.2 54.3 46.9 66.6 50.3 Sugar: granu lated. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive pound. price. pound. price. pound. price. pound. price. pound. price. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.0749 .1151 1890 .......................... .0873 1891.......................... .0689 1892.......................... .0595 1893 .......................... .0516 1894.......................... .0497 1895.......................... .0500 1896.......................... .0664 1897.......................... .0891 1898.......................... .1117 1899.......................... .1291 1900.......................... .1292 1901.......................... .1255 1902.......................... .1289 1903.......................... .1229 1904.......................... 100.0 153.7 116.6 92.0 79.4 68.9 66.4 66.8 88.7 119.0 149.1 172.4 172.5 167.6 172.1 164.1 Tallow. Year. $0.7044 .7921 .7865 .7575 .7019 .7192 .7019 .6226 .6613 .6648 .6365 1.0010 .8567 .6360 .6140 .7704 $0.0548 .0546 .0600 .0600 .0600 .0567 .0554 .0513 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0470 .0440 .0507 .0525 100.0 $0.03398 .04890 99.6 .03459 109.5 .02873 109.5 .03203 109.5 103.5 .02759 .02894 101.1 .03192 93.6 91.2 .03077 91.2 .03712 .03922 91.2 .04051 91.2 .03521 85.8 .03035 80.3 .03228 92.5 .03470 95.8 Tea: Formosa, fine. 100.0 $0.03869 .05460 143.9 101.8 .03910 .03315 84.5 .03680 94.3 81.2 .03229 .03253 85.2 .03624 93.9 .03564 90.6 109.2 .04235 .04422 115.4 .04572 119.2 .04040 103.6 .03542 89.3 .03720 95.0 102.1 .03974 Vegetables, fresh: onions. 100.0 $0.04727 .06168 141.1 .04714 101.1 .04354 85.7 .04836 95.1 ,04111 83.5 .04155 84.1 93.7 .04532 .04497 92.1 .04974 109.5 .04924 114.3 .05332 118.2 104.4 .05048 91.5 .04455 .04641 96.1 .04772 102.7 100.0 130.5 99.7 92.1 102.3 87.0 87.9 95.9 95.1 105.2 104.2 112.8 106.8 94.2 98.2 101.0 Vegatables, cider, fresh: potatoes, Vinegar: Monarch. Burbank. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive pound. price. pound. price. barrel. price. bushel. price. gallon. price. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.0435 .0460 1890......................... 1891.......................... .0483 1892.......................... .0463 1893.......................... .0544 1894.......................... .0480 1895.......................... .0434 1896.......................... .0343 .0332 1897.......................... 1898.......................... .0356 1899.......................... .0453 .0485 1900.......................... 1901.......................... .0518 1902......................... .0629 .0510 1903......................... 1904.......................... .0459 100.0 105.7 111.0 106.4 125.1 110.3 99.8 78.9 76.3 81.8 104.1 111.5 119.1 144.6 117.2 105.5 $0.2839 .2733 .2817 .3008 .2888 .2783 .2700 .2583 .2800 .2958 .3117 .2977 .2850 .3015 .2296 .2758 100.0 96.3 99.2 106.0 101.7 98.0 95.1 91.0 98.6 104.2 109.8 104.9 100.4 106.2 80.9 97.1 $3.3995 4.3438 4.1250 3.6042 3.1875 3.2500 3.1146 1.9479 3.9271 3.2708 3.2238 2.4271 3.5000 3.6458 3.5675 3.5568 100.0 127.8 121.3 106.0 93.8 95.6 91.6 57.3 115.5 96.2 94.8 71.4 103.0 107.2 104.9 104.6 a Quotations discontinued, $0.4991 .5956 .7730 .4546 .6714 .6128 .4326 .1965 .3279 .5094 .4172 .3736 .5642 .5958 .5249 .7301 100.0 119.3 154.9 91.1 134.5 122.8 86.7 39.4 65.7 102.1 83.6 74.9 113.0 119.4 105.2 146.3 $0.1478 .1558 .1800 .1642 .1500 .1500 .1450 .1300 .1300 .1325 .1400 .1350 .1325 .1408 .1300 .1325 100.0 105.4 121.8 111.1 101.5 101.5 98.1 88.0 88.0 89.6 94.7 91.3 89.6 95.3 88.0 89.6 524 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, T able I V .—BASE PRICES (AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899), AND AVERAGE YE A R L Y ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [F or a m ore detailed d escrip tion o f the articles see, T able I .] Cloths and clothing. Year. Bags: 2-bushel, Amoskeag. 11-4, Blankets: 11-4, Blankets: 11-4, Blankets: 5 pounds to 5 pounds to Boots and 5 pounds to the pair, cotton shoes: men’s the pair, cotton the pair, all warp, cotton warp, all wool brogans, split. wool. filling. and wool filling. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive bag. price. pound. price. pound. price. pound. price. pair. price. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.1399 1890......................... .1594 1891.......................... .1563 1892.......................... .1550 1893.......................... .1494 1894.......................... .1275 1895.......................... .1150 1896.......................... .1281 1897......................... .1300 1898.......................... .1338 1899......................... .1446 1900.......................... .1575 1901.......................... .1413 1902.......................... .1433 1903.......................... .1458 1904.......................... .1796 Year. 100.0 113.9 111.7 110.8 106.8 91.1 82.2 91.6 92.9 95.6 103.4 112.6 101.0 102.4 104.2 128.4 Boots and shoes: men’s calf bal. shoes, Goodyear welt. 80.840 .910 .890 .900 .900 .850 .750 .750 .750 .900 .800 .900 .850 .850 .925 .925 100.0 108.3 106.0 107.1 107.1 101.2 89.3 89.3 89.3 107.1 95.2 107.1 101.2 101.2 110.1 110.1 Boots and shoes: men’ s split boots. 80.613 .650 .650 .640 .640 .550 .540 .560 .650 .625 .625 .750 .650 .650 .700 .725 100.0 106.0 106.0 104.4 104.4 89.7 88.1 91.4 106.0 102.0 102.0 122.3 106.0 106.0 114.2 118.3 80.424 .460 .460 .430 .420 .410 .400 .400 .420 .420 .420 .525 .475 .475 .500 .525 100.0 108.5 108.5 101.4 99.1 96.7 94.3 94.3 99.1 99.1 99.1 123.8 112.0 112.0 117.9 123.8 80.9894 1.0500 1.0500 1.0375 1.0125 .9688 .9813 .9938 .9500 .9125 .9375 .9375 .9438 .9313 .9250 .9250 100.0 106.1 106.1 104.9 102.3 97.9 99.2 100.4 96.0 92.2 94.8 94.8 95.4 94.1 93.5 93.5 Boots and Boots and Broadcloths: shoes: men’s shoes: women’s first quality, solid grain vici kid shoes, black, 54-inch, Goodyear welt. shoes. X X X wool. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive pair. pair. price. 12 pairs. price. pair. price. price. price. yard. A\ erage, 1890-1899.. 1890 .............. 1891 .............. 1892 .............. 1893 .............. 1894 .............. 1 8 9 5 ........................ 1896 .............. 1897 .............. 1898 .............. 1899 .............. 1900 .............. 1901 .............. 1902 .............. 1903 .............. 1904 .............. 82.376 2.400 2.400 2.400 2.400 2.400 2.400 2.400 2.400 2.320 2.240 2.240 2.300 2.300 2.350 2.350 100.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 97.6 94.3 94.3 96.8 96.8 98.9 98.9 816.350 17.000 17.000 17.000 16.500 16.000 15.000 15.500 16.000 16.500 17.000 18.000 18.375 18.167 18.500 18.583 100.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 100.9 97.9 91.7 94.8 97.9 100.9 104.0 110.1 112.4 111.1 113.1 113.7 Brus Calico: Cocheco Carpets: sels, 5-frame, prints. Bigelow. 82.3000 2.5000 2.5000 2.5000 2.5000 2.5000 2.2500 2.2500 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0083 100.0 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 97.8 97.8 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.3 Carpets: in grain, 2-ply, Lowell. 80.8175 .8500 .8000 .7750 .7500 .7500 .8500 .8500 .8500 .8500 .8500 .9042 .8542 .8625 .8875 .9183 100.0 104.0 97.9 94.8 91.7 91.7 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 110.6 104.5 105.5 108.6 112.3 81.732 1.970 1.970 1.970 1.970 1.580 1.380 1.380 1.700 1.700 1.700 1.870 1.910 1.910 1.910 1.914 100.0 113.7 113.7 113.7 113.7 91.2 79.7 79.7 98.2 98.2 98.2 108.0 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.5 Carpets: Wil Cotton flannels: ton, 5-frame, 2$ yards to the Bigelow. pound. Year. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive yard. price. yard. price. yard. price. yard. price. yard. price. Average, 1890-1899.. 80.0553 1890 .............. .0650 1891 .............. .0575 1892 .............. .0650 1893 .............. .0625 1894 .............. .0550 1895 .............. .0525 1896 .............. .0525 1897 .............. .0500 1898 .............. .0450 .0483 1899 .............. .0525 1900 .............. 1901 .............. .0500 1902 .............. .0500 1903 .............. .0504 1904 .............. .0529 100.0 117.5 104.0 117.5 113.0 99.5 94.9 94.9 90.4 81.4 87.3 94.9 90.4 90.4 91.1 95.7 81.0C03 1.0320 1.1280 1.0320 .9840 .9360 .9360 .9360 .9600 1.0320 1.0320 1.0320 1.0320 1.0360 1.0880 1.1040 100.0 103.1 112.7 103.1 98.3 93.5 93.5 93.5 95.9 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.5 108.7 110.3 80.4752 .5160 .5520 .5040 .5280 .4680 .4200 .4080 .4320 .4680 .4560 .4920 .4800 .4840 .5136 .5184 100.0 108.6 116.2 106.1 111.1 98.5 88.4 85.9 90.9 98.5 96.0 103.5 101.0 101.9 108.1 109.1 81.8432 1.9200 2.0160 1.9200 1.9200 1.9200 1.6800 1.6800 1.7280 1.8240 1.8240 1.8720 1.8720 1.8840 2.0080 2.0400 100.0 104.2 109.4 104.2 104.2 104.2 91.1 91.1 93.8 99.0 99.0 101.6 101.6 102.2 108.9 110.7 80.0706 .0875 .0875 .0838 .0725 .0675 .0650 .0650 .0575 .0575 .0619 .0738 .0640 .0650 .0735 .0885 100.0 123.9 123.9 118.7 102.7 95.6 92.1 92.1 81.4 81.4 87.7 104.5 90.7 92.1 104.1 125.4 525 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904, IV.—BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), A N D A V E R A G E Y E A R L Y A C T U A L A N D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. T able [For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I.] Cloths and clothing. Year. Cotton yams: Cotton thread: carded, Cotton flannels: 6-cord, white, 3£ yards to the spools,200-yard mule-spun, J. & P. pound. Northern, Coats. cones, 10/1. Cotton yams: carded, white, Denims: Amos mule-spun, keag. Northern, cones, 22/1. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive yard. price. spool, (a) price. pound. price. pound. price. yard. price. Average,1890-1899.. $0.0575 1890 .............. .0688 1891 .............. .0688 1892 .............. .0650 1893 .............. .0575 1894 .............. .0550 1895 .............. .0525 1896 .............. .0550 1897 .............. .0550 .............. 1898 .0463 1899 .............. .0508 .0567 1900 .............. .0575 1901 .............. .0575 1902 .............. .0629 1903 .............. 1904 .............. .0723 Year. 100.0 8.031008 JLOO.O 80.1608 119.7 .031514 101.6 6.1790 6.1794 119.7 .031238 100.7 113.0 .031238 100.7 6.1885 100.0 .031238 100.7 .1808 95.7 .031238 100.7 .1523 91.3 .031238 100.7 .1477 95.7 .030871 99.6 .1483 .1452 98.4 95.7 .030503 80.6 .030503 98.4 .1456 98.4 88.3 .030503 .1408 .1850 98.6 .037240 120.1 .1585 100.0 .037240 120.1 .1538 100.0 .037240 120.1 109.4 .037240 120.1 .1869 125.7 .037240 120.1 .1981 Drillings: brown, Pepperell. 100.0 111.3 111.6 117.2 112.4 94.7 91.9 92.2 90.3 90.5 87.6 115.0 98.6 95.6 116.2 123.2 Flannels: Drillings: 304-4, Bal inch, Stark A. white, lard Yale No. 3. 80.1969 6.2208 6.2244 6.2300 .2138 .1796 .1815 .1844 .1788 .1792 .1760 .2283 .1927 .1819 .2156 .2279 100.0 112.1 114.0 116.8 108.6 91.2 92.2 93.7 90.8 91.0 89.4 115.9 97.9 92.4 109.5 115.7 Ginghams: Amoskeag. 80.1044 .1175 .1144 .1144 .1175 .1100 .0988 .0988 .0931 .0897 .0896 .1073 .1046 .1050 .1127 .1217 100.0 112.5 109.6 109.6 112.5 105.4 94.6 94.6 89.2 85.9 85.8 102.8 100.2 100.6 108.0 116.6 Ginghams: Lancaster. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive yard. price. yard. price. yard. price. yard. price. yard. price. Average,1890-1899.. 80.0572 1890 .............. .0683 1891 .............. .0652 1892 .............. .0582 .0590 1893 .............. 1894 .............. .0559 .0529 1895 .............. 1896 .............. .0573 1897 ............. .0525 .0513 1898 ............. 1899 .............. .0510 1900 .............. .0606 1901 .............. .0585 1902 .............. .0575 1903 .............. .0619 1904 .............. .0727 Year. Average, 1890-1899.. 1890 .............. 1891 .............. 1892 .............. 1893 .............. 1894 .............. 1895 .............. 1896 ..; .......... 1897 .............. 1898 .............. 1899 .............. 1900 .............. 1901 ............. 1902 .............. 1903 .............. 1904 .............. 100.0 119.4 114.0 101.7 103.1 97.7 92.5 100.2 91.8 89.7 89.2 105.9 102.3 100.5 108.2 127.1 80.0521 100.0 .0640 122.8 .0600 115.2 .0535 102.7 .0563 108.1 .0502 96.4 .0489 93.9 .0522 100.2 88.9 .0463 .0437 83.9 .0457 . 87.7 .0542 104.0 .0532 102.1 .0539 103.5 .0581 111.5 .0658 126.3 80.3768 .4400 .4400 .4367 .4125 .3546 .3080 .3217 .3113 .3685 .3750 .4096 .3800 .3986 .4306 .4433 100.0 116.8 116.8 115.9 109.5 94.1 81.7 85.4 82.6 97.8 99.5 108.7 100.8 105.8 114.3 117.6 80.0533 .0625 .0650 .0650 .0631 .0485 .0466 .0472 .0438 .0431 .0477 .0515 .0490 .0523 .0550 .0548 100.0 117.3 122.0 122.0 118.4 91.0 87.4 88.6 82.2 80.9 89.5 96.6 91.9 98.1 103.2 102.8 80.0573 .0692 .0700 .0700 .0638 .0504 .0496 .0500 .0494 .0488 .0515 .0550 .0531 .0575 .0575 .0556 100.0 120.8 122.2 122.2 111.3 88.0 86.6 87.3 86.2 85.2 89.9 96.0 92.7 100.3 100.3 97.0 Horse blankets: Hosiery: m en’s Hosiery: men’s Hosiery: wom Hosiery: wom 6 pounds each, cotton half hose, cotton half en’ s combed en’s cotton 20 to 22 oz. (c) hose,84 needles. Egyptian,cotton hose, 26 to 28 oz. all wool. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive pound. price. 12prs.(d) price. 12 pairs. price. 12 pairs. price. s2prs.(d) price. 80.573 .625 .600 .625 .600 .550 .530 .520 .570 .570 .540 .680 .630 .630 .675 .700 a Freight paid. b Records destroyed. 100.0 80.9555 1.2740 109.1 104.7 1.1760 1.0780 109.1 104.7 1.0535 .9800 96.0 92.5 .9065 90.8 .8330 99.5 .7840 99.5 .7350 94.2 .7350 118.7 .7840 109.9 .6860 109.9 .7350 .7840 1JL7.8 122.2 .6370 100.0 133.3 123.1 112.8 110.3 102.6 94.9 87.2 82.1 76.9 76.9 82.1 71.8 76.9 82.1 82.1 80.7845 / . 9750 /.9750 f. 9700 / . 8750 /.7250 /.7000 /.7000 /.6500 jT.6500 /.6250 /.6500 /.7250 .6667 .7063 .7525 100.0 e 81.850 124.3 124.3 123.6 111.5 1.900 92.4 1.900 89.2 1.875 89.2 1.875 82.9 1.850 82.9 1.800 79.7 1.750 82.9 1.900 92.4 2.000 85.0 1.850 90.0 1.875 95.9 1.800 100.0 102.7 102.7 101.4 101.4 100.0 97.3 94.6 102.7 108.1 100.0 101.4 97.3 80.9310 1.2250 1.1270 1.0780 1.0535 .9800 .8575 .7840 .7595 .7105 .7350 .7595 .6615 .7350 .8085 .7595 100.0 131.6 121.1 115.8 113.2 105.3 92.1 84.2 81.6 76.3 78.9 81.6 71.1 78.9 86.8 81.6 Price estimated by person who furnished data for later years. 0 The price for 1890-1903 is for two-thread goods. Price for 1904 is for single-thread goods. For method of computing relative price see pages 409 and 410. Price of single-thread goods 80.6370 in September, 1903. d September price. « Average for 1893-1899. / January price. 526 BULLETIN OF THE BUEEAU OF LABOR, IV.—BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), A N D A V E R A G E Y E A R L Y A C T U A L A N D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF CO M M O DITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. T abus [For a more detailed description of the articles* see Table I.] Cloths and elothing. Year. Leather: har Leather: sole, ness, oak, coun hemlock, Bue try middles. nos Ayres. Leather: wax Leather: sole, calf, 30 to 40 lbs. oak. to the dozen. Linen shoe thread: 10s, Barbour. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive prieeper tive prieeper tive price per tive pound. price. pound. price. pound. price. sq. foot. price. pound. price. Average,1890-1899.. 80.2590 100.0 $0.1939 m o $0.3363 m o $0.6545 100.0 1890 .2571 .............. .1921 99.1 99.3 .3771 112.1 .6000 91.7 1891 .............. .2579 99.6 .1858 95.8 .3679 109.4 .6469 98.8 1892 .............. .2307 91.4 .1727 89.1 .3421 101.7 .6929 105.9 1893 .............. .2400 92.7 .17% 92.6 .3483 103.6 .6450 98.5 1894*....................... .2275 .1715 88.4 87.8 .8279 97.6 .6042 92.3 1895 .............. .2888 111. 5 .2073 106.9 .3421 101.7 .7333 112.0 1896 .............. .1881 .2554 98.6 97.0 .2925 87.0 .6433 98.3 1897 .............. 93.9 .2433 .2033 104.8 .3079 94.1 91.6 .6156 1898 .............. .2825 109.1 .2129 109.8 .3213 95.5 .6760 103.3 1899 .............. .3004 116.0 .2254 116.2 .3358 99.9 .6875 105.0 1900 .............. .2490 128.4 .3025 116.8 .3608 107.3 .6563 100.3 1901.. . . ........... .2971 114.7 .2475 127.6 .3525 104.8 .6281 96,0 1902.. . . .......... «. 3325 <*114.7 .2367 122.1 .3800 113.0 .6604 100.9 1903 .............. a. 3313 <*114.3 .2267 116.9 .3742 111.3 .6900 105.4 1904 .............. a. 3188 <*110.0 .2258 116.5 .3450 102.6 .6875 105.0 lin e n thread: Overcoatings: 3-cord, 200-yard beaver, Mos spools, Barbour. cow, all wool. Year. Overcoatings: chinchilla, all wool. Overcoatings: chinchilla, cotton warp. $0.8748 .8910 .8910 .8910 .8993 .9182 .8514 .8514 .8514 .8514 .8514 .8877 .8910 .8910 .8460 .8499 100.0 101.9 101.9 101.9 102.8 105.0 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 101.5 101.9 101.9 % .7 97.2 Overcoatings: covert cloth, light weight. Average Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per Rela tive 'prieeper tive price per tive prieeper tive price per tive dozen price. yard. price. yard. price. yard. price. yard. price. spools. Average,1890-1899.. $0.8522 100.0 $2.0817 1890 .............. .8910 104.6 52.4296 1891 ............................................................ .7945 93.2 52.4296 1892 .............. .8019 94.1 52.42% 1893 .............. 97.5 .8308 2.3250 1894 ............. 99.9 .8514 1.9879 1895 .............. .8514 99.9 1.7670 1893.......................... .8514 99.9 1.7670 1897 .............. .8679 101.8 1.7670 1898 .............. .8910 104.6 1.8600 1899 ............ .8910 104.6 2.0538 1900 .............. .8910 104.6 2.4994 1901 .............. .8910 104.0 2.2088 1902 .............. .8910 104.6 2.2088 1903 .............. .8370 98.2 2.4413 1904 .............. .8835 103.7 2.3230 100.0 $2.1419 116.7 52.42% 116.7 52.42% 116.7 52.4296 111.7 2.3250 95.5 1.9879 84.9 1.8774 84.9 1.8774 84.9 1.8774 89.4 2.0925 98.7 2.0925 120.1 2.4994 106.1 2.0925 106.1 2.0925 117.3 2.2088 111.7 2.2088 100.0 113.4 113.4 113.4 108.5 92.8 87.7 87.7 87.7 97.7 97.7 116.7 97.7 97.7 103.1 103.1 $0.4883 .5325 .5258 .5329 .5367 .4733 .4508 .4354 . 4575 .4800 .4583 .4892 .4433 .4508 .4533 .4558 100.0 $2.3286 109.1 2.4616 107.7 2.4616 109.1 2.4616 109.9' 2.4616 96. $ 2.4254 92.3 2.3259 89.2 2.0363 93.7 1.9458 98.3 2.2625 93,9 2.4435 100.2 2.3621 90.8 2.2625 92.3 2.2625 92.8 2.1899 93.8 2.1899 100.0 105.7 105.7 105.7 105.7 104.2 99.9 87.4 83.6 97.2 104.9 101.4 97.2 97.2 94.0 94.0 Overcoatings: Shawls: stand Sheetings: Sheetings: kersey, stand Print cloths: ard, all wool, bleached, 10-4, bleached, 10-4, ard, 27 to 28 oz. 28-inch, 64x64. 72x144 in.,42-oz. Atlantic, Pepperell. Year. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive prieeper tive price tive prieeper tive prieeper tive yard. price. yard. price. each. price. yard. price. yard. price. Average,1890-1899.. <*$1.2472 100.0 $0.02838 1890 .............. .03340 1891 .............. .02938 .............. 1892 .03386 1893 .............. ,08251 1894 .............. .02748 1895 .............. .02864 1893.......................... .02581 1897 .............. 1.1833 94.9 .02485 1898 .............. 1.3000 104.2 .02059 1899 .............. 1.2583 100.9 .02732 1900 .............. 1.5750 126.3 .03083 1901 .............. 1.5000 120.3 .02819 1902 ............. 1.5000 120.3 .03090 1903 ............. 1.6750 126.3 .032156 1904 ............. 1.6500 132.3 .03329 100.0 117.7 103.5 119.3 114.6 96.8 100.9 90.9 87.6 72.6 96.3 108.6 99.3 108.9 113.3 117.3 $4.5787 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 4.0800 4.0970 4.1300 4.0800 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 4.9000 100.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 89.1 89.5 90.2 89.1 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 $0.1836 .2241 .2138 .19% .2052 .1741 .1722 .1700 .1604 .1527 .1641 .2043 .1853 .1917 .2124 .2355 100.0 122.1 116,4 1C8.7 lii. 8 94.8 93.8 92.6 87.4 83,2 89.4 111.3 100.9 104.4 115.7 128.3 $0.1884 .2190 .2008 .1900 .1946 .1742 .1785 .1792 .1738 .1721 .2021 .2292 .2117 .2100 .2275 .2425 100.0 116.2 106.6 100.8 m 3 92.5 Of. 7 95.1 92.3 91.3 107.3 121.7 112.4 111.5 120.8 128.7 a Leather: harness oak, packers’ hides, heavy, No. 1. For method of computing relative price see pages 409 and 410. frRecords destroyed. Price estimated by person w ho furnished data for later years. c Average for 1897-1899. 527 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904, T able IV.— BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), AN D A V E R A G E Y E A R L Y A C T U A L AN D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [For a more detailed description, o f the articles, see Table 1.1 Cloths and clothing. Year. Sheetings: bleached, 10-4, Wamsutta S. T. Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Atlantic A. Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Indian Head. Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Pepperell R. Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Stark A. A. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price. yard. price. yard. price. yard. price. yard. price. yard. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.2949 .3125 1890 .............. .3162 1891 ............. .2944 1892 .............. 1898.......................... .3055 .2755 1894 .............. .2719 1895......................... .2925 1895 .............. .2925 1897 .............. .2925 1898 .............. .2951 1899 .............. .3075 1900 .............. .2925 1901 .............. .2925 1902 .............. .3088 1908.......................... .2775 1904.......................... Year. 100.0 106.0 107.2 99.8 103.6 93.5 92.2 99.2 99.2 99.2 100.1 104.3 99.2 99.2 m o 94.1 Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, Fruit of the Loom. $0.0553 .0659 .0653 .0590 .0619 .0549 .0520 .0535 .0490 .0443 .0466 .0555 .0542 .0549 .0636 .0718 100.0 121.0 118.1 106.7 111.9 99.3 94.0 96.7 88.6 80.1 84.3 100.4 98.0 99.3 115.0 129.8 Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, Hope. $0.0626 .0725 .0727 .0648 .0679 .0598 .0585 .0622 .0588 .0540 .0544 .0623 .0631 .0625 .0681 .0802 m o 115.8 116.1 103.5 108.5 95.5 93.5 99.4 93.9 86.3 86.9 99.5 100.8 99.8 308.8 128.1 Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, Lonsdale. $0.0551 .0640 .0597 .0569 .0583 .0531 .0529 .0558 .0525 .0475 .0504 .0592 .0592 .0569 .0599 .0669 100.0 116.2 108.3 103.3 105.8 96.4 96.0 101.3 95.3 86.2 91.5 107.4 107.4 103.3 108.7 121.4 $0.0525 100.0 125.7 .0660 113.1 .0594 103.8 .0545 109.3 .0574 99.2 .0521 97.7 .0613 97.3 .0511 86.1 .0452 80.8 .0424 85.9 .0451 96.8 .0508 94.1 .0494 a . 0566 a 92.6 a. 0623 a 101.9 a. 0715 a 117.0 Shirtings: Shirtings: bleached, 4-4, bleached, 4-4, New York Wamsutta ^ x x Mills. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price. yard. price. yard. price. yard. price. yard. price. yard. Average,1890-1899.. $0.0728 .0845 .............. 1890 .0799 1891 .............. .0808 1892 .............. .0832 1898...................... .0727 1894 .............. .0700 1895 .............. .0695 1896 .............. .0641 1897 .............. .0584 1898 .............. .0644 1899 .............. .0753 1900 .............. .0760 1901 .............. .0756 1902 .............. .0767 1908.......................... .0802 1904.......................... m o 116.1 109.8 111.0 114.3 99.9 96.2 95.6 88.0 80.2 88.5 103.4 103.0 103.8 105.4 110.2 Silk: raw, Italian, clas sical. $0.0630 .0725 .0703 .0663 .0713 .0620 .0608 .0620 .0574 .0518 .0551 .0671 .0699 .0676 .0675 .0705 100.0 115.2 111.6 105.2 113.2 98.4 96.5 98.4 91.1 82.2 87.5 106.5 111.0 107.3 107.1 111.9 Silk: raw, Ja pan, filatures. Year. $0.0727 .0845 .0822 .0812 .0832 .0727 .0697 .0685 .0633 .0595 .0626 .0731 .0738 .0741 .0755 .0796 100.0 116.2 113.1 111.7 114.4 100.0 95.9 94.2 87.1 81.8 86.1 100.6 101.5 101.9 103.9 109.5 $0.0876 .0968 .0965 .0931 .0925 .0885 .0851 .0885 .0836 .0784 .0725 .0786 .0760 .0766 .0850 .0830 100.0 110.5 110.2 106.3 105.6 101.0 97.1 101.0 95.4 89.5 82.8 89.7 86.8 87.4 97.0 94.7 $0.0948 .1011 .1009 .0973 .0981 .0950 .0969 .0951 .0935 .0807 .0892 .0965 .0875 .0885 .0974 .0921 100.0 106.6 106.4 102.6103.5 100.2 102.2 100.3 98.6 85.1 94.1 101.8 92.3 93.4 102.7 97.2 Suitings: clay Suitings: clay Suitings: indigo wool, worsted diago worsted diago blue;all 14-oz., nal, 16-oz. nal, 12-oz. Middlesex. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive pound. price. pound. price. yard. price. yard. price. yard. price. Average,1890-1899.. $4.2558 1890 5.2238 1891 4.1865 1892 . . . . 4.4826 1898 5.0289 1894 8.6816 4.0373 1895.......................... 1895.......................... 3.6293 1897 .............. 3.6404 1898 .............. 3.8768 1899 .............. 4.7706 4.5128 I960..................... 1901 .............. 3.8466 1902 .............. 4.1085 1903 .............. 4.5241 1904 .............. 3.8651 100.0 122.7 98.4 105.3 118.2 86.5 94.9 85.8 85.5 91.1 112.1 106.0 90.4 96.5 106.3 90.8 $4.0187 5.2429 4.0110 4.3266 4.5409 3.3627 3.7855 3.4072 3.4637 3.6376 4.4085 4.1690 3.5132 3.8224 4.1346 3.6416 100.0 b$0.8236 130.5 99.8 107.7 113.0 83.7 .7621 94.2 .7337 84.8 .7595 86.2 .9165 90.5 .9461 109.7 1.0819 303.7 .9113 87.4 .9131 95.1 102.9 .9488 .9244 90.6 100.0 6$1.0068 100.0 92.5 89.1 92.2 111.3 114.9 131.4 110.6 110.9 115.2 112.2 93.8 87.6 93.3 111.4 113.9 133.7 111.0 108.6 112.1 109.6 a Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Massachusetts Mills, Flying Horse brand. tive price see pages 409 and 410. b Average for 1895-1899. .9445 .8819 .9392 1.1216 1.1468 1.3463 1.1175 1.0931 1.1288 1.1036 $1.3230 1.5470 1.5470 1.5470 1.5084 1.4697 1.1523 1.1375 1.0465 1.1375 1.1375 1.1375 1.1849 1.3119 1.4400 1.4438 100.0 116.9 116.9 116.9 114.0 111.1 87.1 86.0 79.1 86.0 86.0 86.0 89.6 99.2 108.8 109.1 For method of computing rela 528 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, IV.—BASE PRICES (AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899), AND AVERAGE Y E A R L Y ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. T able [F or a m ore deta iled description o f the articles, see T able I.] Cloths and clothing. Year. Suitings: Suitings: indigo blue, serge, Washing all wool, 16-oz. ton Mills 6700, Tickings: Amoskeag A. C. A. Trouserings: Underwear: fancy worsted, white, all wool, 22 to 23 oz. etc. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price, 12 tive gar yarn. price. yard. price. yard. price. yard. price. ments. price. Average, 1890-1899.. 1890.......................... 1891.......................... 1892.......................... 1893.......................... 1894.......................... 1895.......................... 1896.......................... 1897.......................... 1898.......................... 1899.......................... 1900.......................... 1901.......................... 1902.......................... 1903.......................... 1904.......................... Year. SI.9154 6 2.0925 62.0925 62.0925 2.0925 1.7670 1.5903 1.7228 1.6740 1.9763 2.0538 2.2669 2.0925 2.0925 2.1576 2.1855 100.0 agO. 7526 109.2 109.2 109.2 .9100 109.2 .9100 92.3 .6825 83.0 .6825 89.9 .6143 87.4 .6598 103.2 .7508 107.2 .8106 118.4 .8100 109.2 .8025 109.2 .7913 112.6 .7556 114.1 .7744 120.9 120.9 90.7 90.7 81.6 87.7 99.8 107.7 107.6 106.6 105.1 100.4 102.9 SO. 1061 .1200 .1175 .1150 .1181 .1084 .1006 .1019 .0975 .0894 .0923 .1084 .1013 .1050 .1104 .1213 100.0 oSl.9456 100.0 113.1 110.7 108.4 2.0734 i06.6 111.3 2.0734 106.6 102.2 1.9238 98.9 94.8 1,7100 87.9 96.0 1.7955 92.3 91.9 1.7955 92.3 84.3 2.1197 108.9 87.0 2.0734 106.6 102.2 2.2871 117.6 95.5 1.9879 102.2 99.0 1.9800 101.8 104.1 c 2.0925 <d04.6 114.3 02.1244 0IO6.2 S23.31 24.75 25 65 25.65 25.65 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60 23.40 23.40 23.40 23.40 23.40 23.40 100.0 106.2 110 0 m o 110.0 92.7 92.7 92.7 92.7 92.7 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 Women’s dress Women’s dress Women’s dress Women’s dress Underwear: goods: alpaca, goods: cashgoods: cashgoods: cashwhite merino, cotton warp, 22- mere, all wool, mere, cotton mere, cot. warp, 52$ wool, etc. inch, Hamilton. Atlantic J. warp, Atl. F. 22-in.,Hamilton. Average Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price, 12 Rela tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive gar ments. price. yard. price. yard. price. yard. price. yard. price. Average, 1890-1899.. $15.57 100.0 1890 .............. 16.65 106.9 1891 .............. 17.55 112.7 1892'.......................... 17.55 112.7 1893 .............. 17.55 112.7 1894 .............. 95.4 14.85 1895 .............. 14.40 92.6 1896 .............. 14.40 92.5 1897 .............. 92.5 14.40 1898 .............. 95.4 14.85 1899 .............. 86.7 13.50 1900 .............. 95.4 14.85 1901 .............. 14.85 95.4 1902 .............. 95.4 14.85 1903 .............. <116.20 <*95.4 1904 .............. <*16.20 <*95.4 Year. 100.0 $0.0680 .0735 .0735 .0723 .0711 .0686 .0637 .0637 .0637 .0637 .0657 .0711 .0711 .0705 .0690 .0764 100.0 108.1 108.1 106.3 104.6 100.9 93.7 93.7 93.7 93.7 96.6 104.6 104.6 103.7 101.5 112.4 SO.2905 .3479 .3663 .3724 .3247 .2450 .2352 .1960 .2389 .2573 .3208 .3459 .3234 .3234 .3320 .3418 100.0 119.8 126.1 128.2 111.8 84.3 81.0 67.5 82.2 88.6 110.4 119.1 111.3 111.3 114.3 117.7 SO. 1520 .1813 .1813 .1789 .1495 .1348 .1274 .1270 .1372 .1434 .1593 .1642 .1585 .1642 .1679 .1740 100.0 119.3 119.3 117.7 98.4 88.7 83.8 83.6 90.3 94.3 104.8 108.0 104.3 108.0 110.5 114.5 Women’s dress Women’s dress W ool: Ohio, Wool: Ohio, goods: cashFranklin fine fleece (X medium fleece mere, cot. warp, goods: and X X grade), (£ and %grade), 27-in., Hamilton. sackings, 6-4. scoured. scoured. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive yard. price. yard. price. pound. price. pound. price. Average, 1890-1899.. SO. 0883 1890 .............. .0980 1891 .............. .0980 1892 .............. .0968 1893 .............. .0937 1894 .............. .0907 1895 .............. .0846 1896 .............. .0821 1897 .......................... .0784 1898 .............. .0784 1899 .............. .0821 1900 .............. .0882 1901 .............. .0907 1902 .............. .0901 1903 ............. .0894 1904 ............. .0976 100.0 111.0 111.0 109.6 106.1 102.7 95.8 93.0 88.8 88.8 93.0 99.9 102.7 102.0 101.2 110.5 SO. 5151 .5938 .6175 .6175 .6056 .4988 .4342 .4156 .4235 .4552 .4889 .6096 .5383 .5581 .5898 .5839 100.0 115.3 119.9 119.9 117.6 96.8 84.3 80.7 82.2 88.4 94.9 118.3 104.5 108.3 114.5 113.4 SO. 5526 .7156 .6857 .6119 ,.5639 .4448 .3768 .3940 .4955 .6150 .6232 .6594 .5453 .5770 .6546 .6862 100.0 129.5 124.1 110.7 102.0 80.5 68.2 71.3 89.7 111.3 112.8 119.3 98.7 104.4 118.5 124.2 SO. 4564 .6143 .5820 .5276 .4620 .3542 .3280 .3186 .3999 .4805 .4966 .5296 .4315 .4436 .4658 .4869 100.0 134.6 127.5 115.6 101.2 77.6 71.9 69.8 87.6 105.3 108.8 116.0 94.5 97.2 102.1 106.7 SO. 0758 .0833 .0833 .0821 .0809 .0760 .0735 .0711 .0686 .0686 .0706 .0760 .0760 .0754 .0741 .0809 Worsted yams: 2-40s, Austra lian fine. Average Rela price per tive pound. price. SI. 0183 1.2263 1.2354 1.2175 1.1342 .9292 .7425 .7250 .8517 1.0308 1.0908 1.2050 1.0404 1.1229 1.1771 1.1875 a Average for 1892-1899. &Records destroyed. Price estimated by person who furnished data for later years. c 21 to 22 ounce. For method of computing relative price, see pages 409 and 410. <*60 per cent wool, etc. For method of computing relative price, see pages 409 and 410. 100.0 109.9 109.9 108.3 106.7 100.3 97.0 93.8 90.5 90.5 93.1 100.3 100.3 99.5 97.8 106.7 100.0 120.4 121.3 119.6 111.4 91.3 72.9 71.2 83.6 101. a 107.1 118.3 102.2 110.3 115.6 116.6 529 COURSE OP WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T a b l e I V ___ BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), AN D A V E R A G E Y E A R L Y A C T U A L AN D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I.] Fuel and lighting. Cloths, etc. Year. Worsted yarns: Candles: ada mantine, 6s, 2-40s, X X X , white, in skeins. 14-ounce. Coal: anthra cite, broken. Coal: anthra cite, chestnut. Coal: anthra cite, egg. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive ton. price. ton. pound. price. pound. price. price. price. ton. Average, 1890-1899.. 1890.......................... 1891.......................... 1892......................... 1893.......................... 1894.......................... 1895.......................... 1896......................... 1897......................... 1898......................... 1899......................... 1900......................... 1901......................... 1902.......................... 1903......................... 1904......................... 51.0071 100.0 1.2500 124.1 1.2625 125.4 1.1563 114.8 1.0833 107.6 91.2 .9188 75.1 .7563 74.5 .7500 81.3 .8188 1.0042 99.7 1.0708 106.3 1.1938 118.5 1.0283 102.1 a 1.1392 «113.1 a 1.2125 «120.4 a 1.1717 «116.3 50.0782 .0800 .0800 .0800 .0883 .0867 .0850 .0850 .0745 .0613 .0613 .1059 .1100 .1100 .0996 .0900 100.0 102.3 102.3 102.3 112.9 110.9 108.7 108.7 95.3 78.4 78.4 135.4 140.7 140.7 127.4 115.1 53.3669 3.4858 3.4433 3.6152 3.5628 3.4172 3.2833 3.2691 3.2465 3.2108 3.1350 3.2706 3.5508 3.7186 4.2496 4.2473 100.0 103.5 102.3 107.4 105.8 101.5 97.5 97.1 96.4 95.4 93.1 97.1 105.5 110.4 126.2 126.1 53.5953 3.3533 3.4758 3.9443 4.1673 3.5416 2.9793 3.5561 3.7366 3.5525 3.6458 3.9166 4.3270 4.4597 4.8251 4.8250 100.0 93.3 96.7 109.7 115.9 98.5 82.9 98.9 103.9 98.8 101.4 108.9 120.4 124.0 134.2 134.2 53.5936 3.6142 3.7508 3.9803 3.8520 3.3903 3.0286 3.5490 3.7986 3.5993 3.3714 3.5843 4.0565 4.3673 4.8251 4.8227 100.0 100.6 104.4 110.8 107.2 94.3 84.3 98.8 105.7 100.2 93.8 99.7 112.9 121.5 134.3 134.2 Fuel and lighting. Year. Coal: bitumi Coal: bit. Georges5 Coal: bit. Pitts Coke: ConCoal: anthra nous, burg (Yough- nellsville, fur Georges Creek (f. o. b. cite, stove. iogheny). nace. Creek (at mine). N. Y. Harbor). Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela- Average Relaprice per tive price per tive price per tive price pei: tive price pei• tive ton. price. ton. ton. price. price. ton. price. bushel. price. Average, 1890-1899.. 53.7949 1890 .............. 3.7108 3.8542 ............. 1891 1892 ............. 4.1532 1893 .............. 4.1931 1894 .............. 3.6003 1895 .............. 3.1264 3.7942 1896 ............. 4.0146 1897 ............. 1898 ............. 3.7978 3.7047 1899 ............. 3.9451 1900 ............. 4.3224 1901 ............. 1 9 02..,..................... 4.4627 1903 .......................... 4.8245 1904 .............. 4.8246 100.0 97.8 101.6 109.4 110.5 94.9 82.4 100.0 105.8 100.1 97.6 104.0 113.9 117.6 127.1 127.1 50.8887 .8625 .9500 .9000 .9208 .8208 .7750 .9000 .8333 .9125 1.0125 1.2000 1.3375 2.1250 2.3958 1.7500 100.0 97.1 106.9 101.3 103.6 92.4 87.2 101.3 93.8 102.7 113.9 135.0 150.5 239.1 269.6 196.9 52.7429 2.9875 3.0313 2.9313 2.9500 2.7375 2.8125 2.6625 2.4417 2.1750 2.7000 2.9083 2.9250 4.0583 4.4375 3.1958 100.0 108.9 110.5 106.9 107.6 99.8 1Q2.6 97.1 89.0 79.3 98.4 106.0 106.6 148.0 161.8 116.5 50.0643 .0664 .0789. .0749 .0758 .0634, .0600. .0573 .0570. .0565 .0531 .0752 .0752 .0787 .0925 .0852 100.0 103.3 122.7 116.5 117.9 98.6 93.3 89.1 88.6 87.9 82.6 117.0 117.0 122.4 143.9 132.5 Matches: par lor, domestic. Petroleum: crude. 100.0 122.7 110.4 106.5 87.1 62.3 78.0 110.4 95.2 98.8 128.7 155.8 115.6 158.2 171.5 96.4 Metals and im plements. Fuel and lighting. Year. 51.6983 2.0833 1.8750 1.8083 1.4792 1.0583 1.3250 1.8750 1.6167 1.6771 2.1854 2.6458 1.9625 2.6875 2.9125 1.6375 Petroleum: re Petroleum: re Augers: extra, f-inch. fined,forexport. ;fined, 150°, w. w. Average Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela-' Average Rela price 144 Rela tive price tive price per tive price per tive price per tive boxes price. price. barrel. price. gallon. price. gallon. price. each. (200s). Average, 1890-1899.. 51.7563 1890 .............. 1.9583 1891 .............. 1.7500 1892 .............. 1.7500 1893 .............. 1.7500 1894 .............. 1.6667 1895 .............. 1.6875 1896 .............. 1.7500 1897 ............. 1.7500 1898 ..... ........ 1.7500 1899 .............. 1.7500 1.7500 1900 ............. 1.7500 1901 ............. 1902 .............. 1.5833 1903 .............. 1.5000 1904 .............. 1.5000 100.0 111.5 99.6 99.6 99.6 94.9 96.1 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 90.1 85.4 85.4 50.9102 .8680 .6697 .5564 .6399 .8389 1.3581 1.1789 .7869 .9118 1.2934 1.3521 1.2095 1.2369 1.5886 1.6270 100.0 95.4 73.6 61.1 70.3 92.2 149.2 129.5 86.5 100.2 142.1 148.5 132.9 135.9 174.5 178.8 50.0649 .0733 .0685 .0609 .0522 .0515 .0711 .0702 .0597 .0628 .0791 .0854 .0749 .0734 .0860 .0826 a Designated as X X X X . 16818— No. 57— 05----- 10 100.0 112.9 105.5 93.8 80.4 79.4 109.6 108.2 92.0 96.8 121.9 131.6 115.4 113.1 132.5 127.3 50.0890 .0995 .0879 .0794 .0725 .0725 .0922 .1039 .0900 .0909 .1015 .1188 .1096 .1108 .1363 .1367 100.0 111.8 98.8 89.2 81.5 81.5 103.6 116.7 101.1 102.1 114.0 133.5 123.1 124.5 153.1 153.6 50.1608 .1900 .1900 .1900 .1800 .1542 .1333 .1394 .1425 .1425 .1465 .2000 .1700 .1800 .2310 .2400 100.0 118.2 118.2 118.2 111.9 95.9 82.9 86.7 88.6 88.6 91.1 124.4 105.7 111.9 143.7 149.3 530 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, T able IV.— BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), A N D A V E R A G E Y E A R L Y AC T U A L AN D R E L A T IV E PRICES O F COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I.] Metals and implements. Year. Bar iron: best Bar iron: best Axes: M.C. O., refined, from refined, from Yankee. mill ( Pittsburg store (Philadel market). phia market). Barb wire: galvanized. Butts: loose joint, cast, 3 x 3 inch. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela priee tive price tive priee tive price per tive price tive each. price. per lb. price. per lb. price. 100 lb3. price. per pair. price. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.4693 1890 .............. .5650 1891 .............. .5550 1892 .............. .5000 1898.......................... .5000 1894 .............. .4733 1895 .............. .4600 1896 ........ .4150 1897 .......................... .3938 1898 .......................... .3750 1899 .......................... .4555 1900 .............. .4831 1901 .............. .4166 1902 .............. .4833 1908.......................... .5050 1904.......................... .5788 100.0 120.4 118.3 106.5 106.5 100.0 98.0 88.4 83.0 79.0 97.1 102.9 88.8 103.0 107.6 123.3 Chisels: extra, socket firmer, 1-inch. $0.0145 .0184 .0171 ,0164 .0150 .0120 .0125 .0122 .0110 .0107 .0195 .0215 .0180 .0194 .0177 .0148 100.0 126.9 117.9 113.1 103.4 82.8 86.2 84.1 75.9 73.8 134.5 148.3 124.1 133.8 122.1 102.1 $0.0164 .0205 .0190 .0187 .0170 .0134 .0144 .0140 .0131 .0128 .0207 .0196 .0184 .0213 .0200 .0172 100.0 125.0 115.9 114.0 103.7 81.7 87.8 85.4 79.9 78.0 126.2 119.5 112.2 129.9 122.0 104.9 Copper: sheet, Copper: ingot, hot-rolled (base lake. sizes). $2.5261 3.5665 3.2189 2.7662 2.5188 2.1750 2.2458 1.9625 1.8000 1.8375 3.1696 3.3942 3.0375 2.9542 2.7375 2.5075 100.0 $0.0316 141.2 .0353 127.4 .0353 109.5 .0306 .0311 99.7 86.1 .0303 88.9 • .0317 77.7 .0329 71.3 .0306 .0292 72.7 .0292 125.5 134.4 .0400 120.2 .0369 116.9 .0400 108.4 .0400 .0400 99.3 Copper wire: bare. 100.0 111.7 111.7 96.8 98.4 95.9 100.3 104.1 96.8 92.4 92.4 126.6 116.8 126.6 126.6 126.6 Doorknobs: steel, bronze plated. Year. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive each. price. pound. price. pound. price. pound. price. pair. price. Average., 1890-1899.. $0.1894 1890 .............. .2100 1891 .............. .2100 1892 .............. .2100 1893 .............. .1933 1894 .............. .1733 .............. 1895 .1710 1896 .............. .1793 1897 .............. .1710 .............. 1898 .1720 1899 .............. .2038 1900 .............. .2417 1901 .............. .2300 1902 .............. .2700 1903 .............. .2800 1904 .............. .3000 100.0 110.9 110.9 110.9 102.1 91.5 90.3 94.7 90.3 90.8 107.6 127.6 121.4 142.6 147.8 158.4 Files: 8-inch mill bastard. Year. $0.1234 .1575 .1305 .1154 .1093 .0948 .1075 .1097 .1132 .1194 .1767 .1661 .1687 .1201 .1368 .1311 100.0 127.6 105.8 93.5 88.6 76.8 87.1 88.9 91.7 96.8 143.2 134.6 136.7 97.3 110.9 106.2 Hammers: May dole No. 1£. $0.1659 .2275 .1900 .1600 .1500 .1425 .1425 .1425 .1463 .1400 .2175 .2067 .2088 .1783 .1917 .1800 100.0 137.1 114.5 96.4 90.4 85.9 85.9 85.9 88.2 84.4 131.1 124.6 125.9 107.5 115.6 108.5 Lead: pig. $0.1464 .1875 .1650 .1438 .1350 .1156 .1238 .1356 .1375 .1375 .1825 .1800 .1815 .1326 .1497 .1438 100.0 128.1 112.7 98.2 92.2 79.0 84.6 92.6 93.9 93.9 124.7 .123.0 I 124.0 i 90.6 : 102.3 ! 98.2 Lead pipe. $0.1697 .1660 .1660 .1660 .1660 .1660 .1953 .1733 .1660 .1660 .1660 .1813 .1900 .2153 .2250 .2458 100.0 97.8 97.8 97.8 97.8 97.8 115.1 102.1 97.8 97.8 97.8 106.8 112.0 126.9 132.6 144.8 Locks: com mon mortise. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price tive price per tive tive price ' tive dozen. price. each. price. pound. price. PS o eibs.r price. each. price. Average, 1890-1899.. $0.8527 1890 .............. .9100 1891 .............. .8917 1892 .............. .8717 1893 .............. .8667 1894 .............. .8300 1895 .............. .8133 1896 .............. .7775 1897 .............. .8050 1898 .............. .8250 1899 .............. .9858 1900 .............. 1.0900 1901 .............. 1.0500 1902 .............. 1.0500 1903 .............. 1.0500 1904 .............. 1.0400 100.0 106.7 104.6 102.2 101.6 97.3 95.4 91.2 94.4 96.8 109.7 127.8 123.1 123.1 123.1 122.9 $0.3613 .3500 .3500 .3500 .3500 .3500 .3525 .3800 .3800 .3633 .3867 .4189 .4233 .4233 .4660 .4660 100.0 96.9 96.9 96.9 96.9 96.9 97.6 105.2 105.2 100.6 107.0 115.9 117.2 117.2 129.0 129.0 $0.0381 .0440 .0437 .0413 .0374 .0331 .0326 .0300 .0358 .0380 .0448 .0445 .0438 .0411 .0428 .0443 100.0 115.5 114.7 108.4 98.2 86.9 85.6 78.7 94.0 99.7 117.6 116.8 115.0 107.9 112.-3 116.3 $4.8183 5.4000 5.6000 5.1833 5.0000 4.4333 4.2000 4.1000 4.3167 4.6000 5.3500 5.1208 5.0479 5.2167 5.1958 4.7950 100.0 112.1 116.2 107.6 103.8 92.0 87.2 85.1 89.6 95.5 111.0 106.3 104.8 108.3 107.8 99.5 $0.0817 .0830 .0830 .0830 .0830 .0818 .0833 .0867 .0833 .0750 .0750 .0788 .0750 .0850 .0900 .1025 100.0 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 100.1 102.0 106.1 102.0 91.8 91.8 96.5 91.8 104.0 110. .2 125.5 531 OOURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904, T I T . — BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), AN D A V E R A G E Y E A R L Y A C T U A L A N D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. able [Far a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I.] Metals and implements. Year. Nails: cut,8-pen Nails: wire, 8ny, fence and penny, fence and common. common. Pig iron: Bes semer. Pig iron: foundry No. 1. Pig iron: foundry No. 2. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive ton. ton. price. price. ton. price. 100 lbs. price. 100 lbs. price. Average,1890-189®.. $1.8275 1890.......................... 2.2875 1891.......................... 1.8333 1892.......................... 1.7583 1893.......................... 1.6813 1.5271 1894......................... 1 8 9 5 ......... ................................ 1.9250 2.7125 1896... 1897. 1.3329 1898.......................... 1.1927 2.0240 1899......................... 1900.......................... 2.2500 1901.......................... 2.1125 2.1333 1902 ...............•......... 1903.......................... 2.1958 1904.......................... 1.8188 100.0 125.2 100.3 96,2 92.0 83.6 105.3 148.4 72.9 65.3 110.8 123.1 115.6 116.7 120.2 99.5 82.1618 2.9646 2.4667 2.1896 1.9917 1.6521 2.1177 2.9250 1.4854 1.4375 2.3875 2.6333 2.3646 2.1042 2.0750 1.9063 100.0 813.7783 137.1 18.8725 114.1 15.9500 101.3 14.3667 92.1 12.8692 76.4 11.3775 98.0 12.7167 135.3 12.1400 68.7 10.1258 66.5 10.3317 110.4 19.0333 121.8 19.4925 109.4 15.9350 97.3 20.6742 96.0 18.9758 88.2 13.7558 Pig iron: gray Planes: Bailey forge, South No. 5. ern, coke. Year. Average, 1890-1899.. 1890.......................... 1891.......................... 1892.......................... 1893......................... 1894.......................... 1895.......................... 1896......................... 1897.......................... 1898......................... 1899......................... 1900......................... 1901......................... 1902......................... 1903.......................... 1904 ......................... Quicksilver. 100.0 $13.0533 124.3 17.1563 118.4 15.3958 106.4 13.7729 98.1 12.4396 85.5 10.8458 88.5 11.6750 87.5 11.7708 81.7 10.1000 78,8 10.0271 130.8 17.3500 135.0 18.5063 107.2 14.7188 149.9 21.2396 134.5 19.1417 105.2 13.6250 Saws: cross cut, Disston. 100.0 131.4 117.9 105.5 95.3 83.1 89.4 90.2 77.4 76.8 132.9 141.8 112.8 162.7 146.6 104.4 Saws: hand, Disston No. 7. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela tive price per tive price tive price per tive price price per tive ton. price. each. price. pound. price. each. price. dozen. price. 811.0892 14.5000 12.5167 11.7917 10.6354 8.9375 10.3229 9.6042 8.8021 8.7188 15.0625 15.6042 12.5521 17.6042 16.2292 11.6771 100.0 130.8 112.9 106.3 95.9 80.6 93.1 86.6 79.4 78.6 135.8 140.7 113.2 158.8 146.4 105.3 Shovels: Ames No. 2. Year. 100.0 814.8042 137.0 18.4083 115.8 17.5208 104.3 15.7492 93.4 14.5167 82.6 12.6642 92.3 13.1033 88.1 12.9550 73.5 12.1008 75.0 11.6608 138.1 19.3633 141.5 19.9800 115.7 15.8683 150.0 22.1933 137.7 19.9158 99.8 15.5725 81.3220 1.4200 1.4200 1.4200 1.4200 1.3783 1.2417 1.2300 1.2300 1.2300 1.2300 1.4142 1.4600 1.5100 1.5300 1.5300 100.0 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 104.3 93.9 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 107.0 110.4 114.2 115.7 115.7 Silver: bar, fine. 80.5593 .7300 .0283 .5642 .5213 .4792 .5133 .4979 .5157 .5425 .6004 .6769 .6629 .6458 .6342 .5900 100.0 130.5 112.3 100.9 93.2 85.7 91.8 89.0 92.2 97.0 107.3 121.0 118.5 115.5 113.4 105.5 Spelter: West ern. 81.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 1.6038 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Steel billets. $12,780 12.400 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 12.600 100.0 112.7 98.6 98.6 98 6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 Steel rails. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive ton. price. ton. price. dozen. price. ounce. price. pound. price. Average,1890-1899.. 87.8658 1890......................... 7.8700 1891........................ 7.8700 1892.......................... 7.8700 1893.......................... 7.8700 1894.......................... 7.4500 1895........................ 7.4500 1896.......................... 7.8100 1897...................... 7.9300 1898.......................... 7.9300 1899.......................... 8.6075 1900......................... 9.1200 1901.......................... 9.1200 1902.......................... 9.3550 1903.......................... 8.0200 1904.......................... 7.6533 100.0 80.74899 100.1 1,05329 .99034 100.1 .87552 100.1 .78219 100.1 .64043 94.7 94.7 .66268 .68195 99.3 .60775 100.8 .59065 100.8 .60507 109.4 .62065 115.9 . 597Q3 115.9 .52816 118.9 .54208 102.0 .57844 97.3 100.0 140.6 132.2 116.9 104.4 85.5 88.5 91.0 81.1 78.9 80.8 82.9 79.7 70.5 72.4 77.2 80.0452 .0554 .0508 .0465 .0410 .0355 .0362 .0401 .0421 .0453 .0588 .0442 .0405 .0487 .0558 .0515 100.0 $21.5262 122.6 30.4675 112.4 25.3292 102.9 23.6308 90.7 20.4358 78.5 16.5783 80.1 18.4842 88.7 18.8333 93.1 15.0800 100.2 15.3058 130.1 31.1167 97.8 25.0625 89.6 24.1308 107.7 30.5992 123.5 27.9117 113.9 22.1792 100.0 $26.0654 141.5 31.7792 117.7 29.9167 109.8 30.0000 94.9 28.1250 77.0 24.0000 85.9 24.3333 87.5 28.0000 70.1 18.7500 71.1 17.6250 144.6 28.1250 116.4 32.2875 112.1 27.3333 142.1 28.0000 129.7 28.0000 103.0 28.0000 100.0 121.9 114.8 115.1 107.9 92.1 93.4 107.4 71.9 67.6 107.9 123.9 104.9 107.4 107.4 107.4 532 T BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, I V . - B A S E PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), A N D A V E R A G E Y E A R L Y A C T U A L AN D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COM M ODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. able [For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I.] Metals and implements. Year. Steel sheets: black, No. 27. Tin: pig. Tin plates: do Tin plates: im Trowels: mestic, Besse ported, Besse M. C. O., brick, mer, coke. mer, coke. lOi-inch. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price tive pound. price. pound. price. 100 lbs. price. 108 lbs.® price. each. price. Average, 1890-1899.. &$0.0224 100.0 1890......................... 1891.......................... 1892.......................... 1893.......................... 1894 .............. .0235 104.9 .0244 108.9 1895 .............. .0215 96.0 1896 .............. .0195 87.1 1897 .............. .0190 84.8 1898 .............. .0267 119.2 1899 .............. .0293 130.8 1900 ........................................ 1901 .............. .0315 140.6 1902 .............. .0291 129.9 .0260 116.1 1903 ........................................ .0210 1 9 0 4 ...................... 93.8 $0.1836 .2121 .2025 .2037 .2002 .1812 .1405 .1330 .1358 .1551 .2721 .3006 .2618 .2648 .2816 .2799 100.0 c$3.4148 115.5 110.3 110.9 109.0 98.7 76.5 3.4354 72.4 3.1823 74.0 84.5 2.8500 4.1913 148.2 4.6775 163.7 4.1900 142.6 144.2 4.1233 153.4 3.9400 3.6025 152.5 100.0 d$4.5862 4.7958 5.3367 5.3050 5.3717 4.8917 3.8725 100.6 3.8000 93.2 3.9025 83.5 4.0000 (e) 122.7 137.0 \e) ?e) 122.7 120.7 \e) )e) 115.4 105.5 («) Metals and implements. Year. Wood screws: Vises: solid box, 1-inch, No. 10, 50-pound. flat head. 100.0 104.6 116.4 115.7 117.1 106.7 84.4 82.9 85.1 87.2 $0.3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 .3400 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Lumber and building materials. Zinc: sheet. Carbonate of Brick: common lead: American, domestic. in oil. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price tive price per tive priceper tive price per tive price per tive each. price. gross. price. 100 lbs. price. M. price. pound. price. Average, 1890-1899.. $3.9009 4.1400 1890 .......... 4.1400 1891 .......... 1892........................... 4.2550 1893 .............. 4.1975 1894 .............. 4.0567 1895 .............. 3.7933 1896 .............. 3.7200 1897...1................... 3.50C0 1898.......................... 3.2800 1899,.......................... 3.9267 1900 .............. 4.2683 1901 .............. 5.0200 1902 .............. 5.1300 1903 .............. 5.1767 1904 .............. 4.2550 100.0 106.1 106.1 109.1 107.6 104.0 97.2 95.4 89.7 84.1 100.7 109.4 128.7 131.5 132.7 109.1 $0.1510 .1970 .2000 .2100 .2100 .1558 .1117 .1033 .0850 .0918 .1452 .1820 .1045 .0952 .1093 .0945 100.0 130.5 132.5 139.1 139.1 103.2 74.0 68.4 56.3 60.8 96.2 120.5 69.2 63.0 72.4 62.6 $5.3112 6.0542 5.7192 5.4900 4.9942 3.9500 4.5217 4.9400 4.9400 6.4983 7.0042 6.0950 5.5583 6.7308 6.0183 5.6092 100.0 114.0 107.7 103.4 94.0 74.4 85.1 93.0 93.0 103.5 131.9 114.8 104.7 107.9 113.3 105.6 $5.5625 6.5625 5.7083 5.7708 5.8333 5.0000 5.3125 5.0625 4.9375 5.7500 5.6875 5.2500 5.7656 5.3854 5.9063 7.4948 100.0 118.0 102.6 103.7 104.9 89.9 95.5 91.0 88.8 103.4 102.2 94.4 103.7 96.8 106.2 134.7 $0.0577 .0638 .0650 .0658 .0609 .0524 .0525 .0517 .0535 .0543 .0568 .0625 .0576 .0539 .0615 .0598 100.0 110.6 112.7 114.0 105.5 90.8 91.0 89.6 92.7 94.1 98.4 108.3 99.8 93.4 106.6 103.6 Lumber and building materials. Year. Average,1890-1899.. 1890.......................... 1891.......................... 1892......................... 1893.......................... 1894...................... 1895.......................... 1896.......................... 1897.......................... 1898.......................... 1899.......................... 1900.......................... 1901......................... 1902......................... 1903......................... 1904.......................... Cement: Port land, domestic. Cement: Rosendale. Doors: pine. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela priceper tive price per tive priceper tive barrel. price. barrel. price. door. price. * /$1.9963 100.0 $0.8871 100.0 $1.0929 100.0 1.0542 118.8 1.3750 125.8 .9417 106.2 1.2500 114.4 .9688 109.2 1.2500 114.4 .8875 100.0 1.2250 112.1 96.1 .9271 104.5 1.0500 83.5 .8521 .9125 96.1 98.6 1.9688 76.6 93.9 .8375 .8333 2.0000 100.2 .7521 .8125 74.3 84.8 98.5 1.9667 .9250 84.6 .7604 85.7 1.9979 100.1 1.2917 118.2 .8938 100.8 2.0479 102.6 1.5900 145.5 1.0167 114.6 2.1583 108.1 1.8913 173.1 1.0188 114.8 1.8896 94.7 2.1208 194.1 .8646 97.5 1.9500 97.7 1.7292 158.2 .8896 100.3 2.0292 101.6 1.6900 154.6 .8021 90.4 73.2 1.4604 Hemlock. Lime: common. Average Rela Average Rela price per tive priceper tive M feet. price. barrel. price. $11.9625 12.5833 12.4583 12.2917 12.0000 11.7083 11.1458 11.1667 11.0000 11.7500 13.5208 16.5000 15.0000 15.8333 16.7917 17.0000 100.0 105.2 104.1 102.8 100.3 97.9 93.2 93.3 92.0 98.2 113.0 137.9 125.4 132.4 140.4 142.1 $0.8332 .9792 .9125 .9292 .9292 .8479 .7813 .6938 .7188 .7417 .7979 .6833 .7742 .8058 .7875 .8246 100.0 117.5 109.5 111.5 111.5 101.8 93.8 83.3 86.3 89.0 95.8 82.0 92.9 96.7 94.5 99.0 a Duty paid, b Average for the period July, 1894, to December, 1899. o Average for 1896-1899. d Average for 1890-1898. « Quotations discontinued. / Average for 1895-1899. 533 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T I V . — BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), AN D A V E R A G E Y E A R L Y A C TU A L AN D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. able [For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I.] Lumber and building materials. Year. Linseed oil: raw. Maple: hard. Oak: white, plain. Oak: white, quartered. Oxide of zinc. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive gallon. price. M feet. price. M feet. price. M feet. price. pound. price. Average,1890-1899.. »0.4535 .6158 1890.......................... .4842 1891......................... .4083 1892.......................... .4633 1893.......................... .5242 1894......................... .5242 1895......................... .3683 1896.......................... .3275 1897......................... .3925 1898.......................... .4267 1899.......................... .6292 1900.......................... .6350 1901......................... .5933 1902.......................... .4167 1903.......................... .4158 1904.......................... 100.0 $26.5042 135.8 26.5000 106.8 26.5000 90.0 26.5000 102.2 26.5000 115.6 26.5000 115.6 26.5000 81.2 26.5000 72.2 26.5000 86.5 26.5000 94.1 26.6417 138.7 27.5000 140.0 26.7083 130.8 28.5833 91.9 31.6667 91.7 31.0000 Pine: white, boards, No. 2 barn. Year. Average, 1890-1899.. 1890.......................... 1891......................... 1892.......................... 1893.......................... 1894.......................... 1895.......................... 1896.......................... 1897 .......................... 1898......................... 1899.......................... 1900......................... 1901......................... 1902......................... 1903 ......................... 1904.......................... Average,1890-1899.. 1890.......................... 1891......................... 1892.......................... 1893.......................... 1894.......................... 1895.......................... 1896.......................... 1897 .......................... 1898.......................... 1899.......................... 1900.......................... 1901.......................... 1902.......................... 1903.......................... 1904.......................... Pine: white, boards, uppers. 100.0 $53.6771 101.2 51.4583 101.5 53.5833 102.7 53.0000 103.5 53.0000 99.5 51.1250 96.8 53.2500 96.8 54.5000 96.8 53.8333 96.8 52.5000 104.1 60.5208 109.1 64.4583 98.2 59.1667 109.2 63.0833 119.8 74.7917 124.2 80.7500 Pine: yellow. 100.0 95.9 99.8 98.7 98.7 95.2 99.2 101.5 100.3 97.8 112.7 120.1 110.2 117.5 139.3 150.4 $0.0400 .0425 .0419 .0426 .0413 .0373 .0350 .0383 .0377 .0396 .0438 .0451 .0438 .0440 .0463 .0463 100.0 106.3 104.8 106.5 103.3 93.3 87.5 95.8 94.3 99.0 109.5 112.8 109.5 110.0 115.8 115.8 Plate glass: Plate glass: polished, 3 to 5 polished, 5 to 10 sq. ft. sq. ft. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive priceper tive M feet. price. M feet. price. M feet. price. sq. ft. price. sq. ft. price. $17.1104 16.7917 17.0000 17.1458 18.6250 18.1667 17.2500 16.5000 15.8333 15.5000 18.2917 21.5000 20.8750 23.5000 24.0000 23.0000 100.0 $46.5542 98.1 44.0833 99.4 45.0000 100.2 46.0417 108.9 48.5000 106.2 46.4167 100.8 46.0000 96.4 46.6250 92.5 46.3333 90.6 46.0833 106.9 50.4583 125.7 57.5000 122.0 60.4167 137.3 74.8333 140.3 80.0000 134.4 81.0000 Poplar. Year. 100.0 $37.4292 100.0 37.8750 100.0 38.0000 100.0 38.4583 100.0 38.7500 100.0 37.2500 100.0 36.2500 100.0 36.2500 100.0 36.2500 100.0 36.2500 100.1 38.9583 103.8 40.8333 100.8 36.7708 107.8 40.8750 119.5 44.8333 117.0 46.5000 100.0 $18.4646 94.7 20.7500 96.7 19.9583 98.9 18.5000 104.2 18.5000 99.7 18.5000 98.8 16.9167 100.2 16.4167 99.5 16.4375 99.0 18.6250 108.4 20.0417 123.5 20.7083 129.8 19.6667 160.7 21.0000 171.8 21.0000 174.0 21.4167 Putty. 100.0 112.4 108.1 100.2 100.2 100.2 91.6 88.9 89.0 100.9 108.5 112.2 106.5 113.7 113.7 116.0 Resin: good, strained. $0.3630 .5300 .5200 .4200 .4200 .3300 .3000 .3400 .2000 .2700 .3000 .3400 .3200 .2575 .2625 .2275 100.0 146.0 143.3 115.7 115.7 90.9 82.6 93.7 55.1 74.4 82.6 93.7 88.2 70.9 72.3 62.7 Shingles: cypress. $0.5190 .7000 .6900 .5500 .5500 .4500 .4800 .5400 .3200 .4300 .4800 .5400 .4900 .4113 .4313 .3650 100.0 134.9 132.9 106.0 106.0 86.7 92.5 104.0 61.7 82.9 92.5 104.0 94.4 79.2 83.1 70.3 Shingles: white pine, 18 in. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive priceper tive price per tive price per tive priceper tive price. M. M. price. M feet. price. pound. price. barrel. price. $31.3667 30.5000 30.5000 30.6042 33.6250 31.7500 31.0000 31.0000 30.6667 30.0000 34.0208 37.6875 36.7083 42.1042 49.6458 50.3292 100.0 97.2 97.2 97.6 107.2 101.2 98.8 98.8 97.8 95.6 108.5 120.2 117.0 134.2 158.3 160.5 $0.0158 .0175 .0175 .0161 .0160 .0157 .0145 .0145 .0145 .0145 .0168 .0190 .0150 .0192 .0141 .0110 100.0 110.8 110.8 101.9 101.3 99.4 91.8 91.8 91.8 91.8 106.3 120.3 94.9 121.5 89.2 69.6 $1.4399 1.3844 1.4740 1.3417 1.2615 1.2510 1.5615 1.7458 1.6125 1.4208 1.3458 1.6021 1.5302 1.6125 2.2156 2.8333 a Shingles: Michigan white pine, 16 inches long, X X X X . see pages 409 and 410. 100.0 96.1 102.4 93.2 87.6 86.9 108.4 121.2 112.0 98.7 93.5 111.3 106.3 112.0 153.9 196.8 $2.8213 3.3500 3.2500 3.1500 3.0000 2.8000 2.6500 2.5000 2.3500 2.5000 2.6625 2.8500 2.8500 2.6708 2.5667 2.6000 100.0 $3.7434 100.0 118.7 102.6 3.8417 115.2 106.9 4.0000 111.7 104.4 3.9063 106.3 102.8 3.8500 99.2 100.2 3.7500 93.9 98.8 3.7000 88.6 96.5 3.6125 83.3 3.5417 94.6 3.5521 88.6 94.9 94.4 3.6792 98.3 101.0 4.0000 106.9 111.9 101.0 4.1875 94.7 « 3.5875 a 123.0 91.0 ag. 6500 a 125.1 92.2 a 3.5750 a 122.5 For method of computing relative price 534 T BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, IV.— BASE PRICES (A V E R A G E FOR 1890-1899), AN D A V E R A G E Y E A R L Y A C T U A L A N D R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. able [For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I.] Lumber and building materials. Year. Spruce. Turpentine: spirits of. Tar. Window glass: American, sin gle, firsts, 6 x 8 to 10 x 15 inch. Window glass: American, sin gle, thirds, 6 x 8 to 10 x 15 inch. Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela Average Rela price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive price per tive M feet. price. barrel. price. gallon. price. 50 sq. ft. price. 50 sq. ft. price. Average, 1890-1899. - $14.3489 1890.......................... 16.2917 1891.......................... 14.2183 1892.......................... 14.8542 1893.......................... 13.7708 1894.......................... 12.7083 1895.......................... 14.2500 1896.......................... 14.2500 1897.......................... 14.0000 1898.......................... 13.7500 1899.......................... 15.3958 1900.......................... 17.3750 1901......................... 18.0000 1902.......................... 19.2500 29C3.......................... 19.1875 1904.......................... 20.5000 100.0 113.5 99.1 103.5 96.0 88.6 99.3 99.3 97.6 95.8 107.3 121.1 125.4 134.2 133.7 142.9 81.2048 1.4750 1.5833 1.3000 1.0458 1.0917 1.1417 1.0125 1.0542 1.0979 1.2458 1.3625 1.2817 1.3250 1.6792 1.6792 100.0 122.4 131.4 107.9 86.8 90.6 94.8 84.0 87.5 91.1 103.4 113.1 106.4 110.0 139.4 139.4 80.3343 .4080 .3795 .3227 .3002 .2932 .2923 .2743 .2924 .3221 .4581 .4771 .3729 .4740 .5715 .5757 100.0 122.0 113.5 96.5 89.8 87.7 87.4 82.1 87.5 96.4 137.0 142.7 111.5 141.8 171.0 172.2 82.1514 2.2283 2.2125 1.9935 2.1375 1.9918 1.5988 1.8021 2.1986 2.6432 2.7081 2.6990 4.1282 3.2187 2.6400 2.8867 100.0 103.6 102.8 92.7 99.4 92.6 74.3 83.8 102.2 122.9 125.9 125.5 191.9 149.6 122.7 134.2 81.8190 1.7858 1.7700 1.5948 1.7100 1.6326 1.3919 1.6000 1.9630 2.3428 2.3986 2.3194 3.2823 2.5649 2.1600 2.3283 100.0 98.2 97.3 87.7 94.0 89.8 76.5 88.0 107.9 128.8 131.9 127.5 180.4 141.0 118.7 128.0 Drugs and chemicals. Year. Alcohol: grain, 94 Alcohol: wood, re per cent. fined, 15 per cent. Alum: lump. Brimstone: crude, seconds. Average Average Average Average price per Relative price per Relative price per Relative per price. price. price. price gallon. gallon. pound. ton. Average, 1890-1899.. 1890.......................... 1891.......................... 1892.......................... 1893.......................... 1894.......................... 1895.......................... 1896.......................... 1897 .......................... 1898.......................... 1899.......................... 1900.......................... 1901.......................... 1902......................... 1903......................... 1904......................... 82.2405 2.0717 2.2150 2.1417 2.1808 2.1521 2.3292 2.3008 2.2767 2.3250 2.4117 2.3867 2.4583 2.4057 2.3958 2.4325 100.0 92.5 98.9 95.6 97.3 96.1 104.0 102.7 101.6 103.8 107.6 106.5 109.7 107.4 106.9 108.6 Glycerin: refined. Year. Average, 1890-1899.. 1890.......................... 1891......................... 1892 ......................... 1893......................... 1894 .......................... 1895.......................... 1896.......................... 1897 . . ...................... 1898.......................... 1899......................... 1900......................... 1901......................... 1902 ......................... 1903......................... 1904......................... 80.9539 1.1375 1.1598 1.2973 1.2917 .7198 .8667 .8500 .6958 .7500 .7708 .8000 .6125 .6417 .5917 .5875 100.0 119.2 121.6 136.0 135.4 75.5 90.9 89.1 72.9 78.6 80.8 83.9 64.2 67.3 62.0 61.6 Muriatic acid: 20°. 80.0167 .0182 .0158 .0160 .0174 .0169 .0160 .0164 .0166 .0165 .0168 .0175 .0175 .0175 .0173 .0175 100.0 109.0 94.6 95.8 104.2 101.2 95.8 98.2 99.4 98.8 100.6 104.8 104.8 104.8 103.6 104.8 Opium: natural, in cases. 820.6958 21.1458 28.6042 24.1458 18.7292 16.5833 15.6250 17.9583 20.1250 22.9167 21.1250 21.1458 22.0000 23.4375 22.3333 21.7750 Relative price. 100.0 102.2 138.2 116.7 90.5 80.1 75.5 86.8 97.2 110.7 102.1 102.2 106.3 113.2 107.9 105.2 Quinine: American. Average Average Relative Average Average Relative price per Relative per per Relative per price. price price. price price. price price. pound. pound. pound. ounce. 80.1399 .1767 .1538 .1396 .1346 .1194 .1204 .1671 .1308 .1238 .1329 .1515 .1504 .1444 .1446 .1396 100.0 126.3 109.9 99.8 96.2 85.3 86.1 119.4 93.5 88.5 95.0 108.3 107.5 103.2 103.4 99.8 80.0104 .0104 .0098 .0121 .0101 .0088 .0083 .0075 .0109 .0128 .0135 .0135 .0150 .0168 .0160 .0160 100.0 100.0 94.2 116.3 97.1 84.6 79.8 72.1 104.8 123.1 129.8 129.8 144.2 161.5 153.8 153.8 82.3602 2.6208 1.9438 1.6708 2.3917 2.2854 1.8413 2.0917 2.3417 3.3417 3.0729 3.2000 3.2292 2.8313 3.0813 2.7500 100.0 111.0 82.4 70.8 101.3 96.8 78.0 88.6 99.2 141.6 130.2 135.6 136.8 120.0 130.6 116.5 30.2460 .3275 .2508 .2183 .2150 .2621 .2508 .2406 .1829 -.2146 .2975 .3325 .3025 .2575 .2525 .2333 100.0 133.1 102.0 88.7 87.4 106.5 102.0 97.8 74.3 87.2 120.9 135.2 123.0 104.7 102.6 94.8 535 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904, T able IV.— BASE PRICES (AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899), AND AVERAGE Y E A R L Y ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904—Continued. [For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table X.] Drugs, etc. Sulphuric acid: 66°. Year. Average,1890-1899.. 1890.......................... 1891.......................... 1892......................... 1893 ......................... 1894.......................... 1895.......................... 1896 .......................... 1897.......................... 1898 ......................... 1899.......................... 1900.......................... 1901.......................... 1902 .......................... 1903.......................... 1904......................... House furnishing goods. Earthenware: plates, creamcolored. Earthenware: plates, white granite. Earthenware: teacups and saucers, white granite. Average per Average Relative Average Relative Average Relative price gross (6 Relative price per price per price. price per price. dozen cups price. price. dozen. pound. dozen. and6dozen saucers). $0. 0089 .0088 .0081 .0095 .0085 .0073 .0070 .0070 .0095 .0113 .0120 .0120 .0125 .0130 .0127 .0129 100.0 98.9 91.0 106.7 95.5 82.0 78.7 78.7 106.7 127.0 134.8 134.8 140.4 146.1 142.7 144.9 $0.4136 .4465 .4367 .4230 .4230 .4177 .3913 .3807 .3807 .4153 .4208 .4410 .4655 .4655 .4775 .4705 100.0 108.0 105.6 102.3 102.3 101.0 94.6 92.0 92.0 100.4 101.7 106.6 112.5 112.5 115.4 113.8 $0.4479 .4888 .4786 . 4644 .4644 .4566 .4162 .3991 .3991 .4515 .4607 .4841 .5096 .5096 .4988 .4943 100.0 109.1 106.9 103.7 103.7 101.9 92.9 89.1 89.1 100.8 102.9 108.1 113.8 113.8 111.4 110.4 $3.4292 3.7600 3.6817 3.5720 3.5720 3.5250 3.2374 3.0907 3.0907 3.3595 3.4026 3.5750 3.7632 3.7632 3.6832 3.6503 100.0 109.6 107.4 104.2 104.2 102.8 94.4 90.1 90.1 98.0 99.2 104.3 109.7 109.7 107.4 106.4 House furnishing goods. Year. Furniture: bed room sets, ash. Furniture: chairs, bedroom, maple. Furniture: chairs, kitchen. Furniture: tables, kitchen. Average Average Average Average price per price per Relative price per Relative price per Relative price. price. price. dozen. dozen. dozen. set. Average, 1890-1899-. 1890 ......................... 1-891.......................... 1892 .......................... 1893 ......................... 1894 ............. 1895 .............. 1896 ............. 1897 ............. 1898 ......................... 1899 .............. 1900 ............ 1901 ............. 1902 .............. 1903 .......................... 1904 .............. $10.555 12.000 12.000 12.000 11.000 11.000 9.950 8.750 8.750 10.000 10.100 11.250 11.250 11.750 12.167 12.250 100.0 113.7 113.7 113.7 104.2 104.2 94.3 82.9 82.9 94.7 95.7 106.6 106.6 11L.3 115.3 116.1 Glassware: nappies, 4-inch. $6,195 7.000 7.000 6.850 6.850 6.000 6.000 6.000 5.000 5.125 6.125 8.000 7.000 7.333 7.917 8.000 100.0 113.0 113.0 110.6 110.6 96.9 £6.9 96.9 80.7 82.7 98.9 129.1 113.0 118.4 127.8 129.1 Glassware: pitchers, l-gallon, common. $3.8255 4.2000 4.2000 4.2500 4.2500 3.5000 3.5000 3.5000 3.5000 3.3130 4.0420 5.2080 4.7500 4.9167 5.0000 4.7708 100.0 109.8 109.8 111.1 111.1 91.5 91.5 91.5 91.5 86.6 105.7 136.1 124.2 128.5 130.7 124.7 Glassware: tumblers, i-pint, common. $14,435 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 14.250 14.250 13.800 13.800 13.800 14.450 15.600 15.600 15.600 15.600 15.600 Relative price. 100.0 103.9 103.9 103.9 103.9 98.7 98.7 95.6 95.6 95.6 100.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 Table cutlery: carv ers, stag handles. Year. Average Average Relative Average Average price per Relative per per Relative price per price. price price. price price. dozen. dozen. dozen. pair. Average, 1890-1899.. 1890 .............. 1891 .............. 1892 .............. 1893 .............. 1894 ............. 1895 .............. 1896 .............. 1897 .......................... 1898 .............. 1899 .............. 1900 .............. 1901 .............. 1902 .............. 1903 .............. 1904 .............. $0.112 .120 .120 .120 .120 .120 .120 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .140 .140 .140 .140 100.0 107.1 107.1 107.1 107.1 107.1 107.1 89.3 89.3 89.3 89.3 89.3 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 $1,175 1.250 1.250 1.250 1.250 1.250 1.250 1.250 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.300 1.300 1.300 1.150 10Q.0 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 85.1 85.1 85.1 85.1 110.6 110.6 110.6 97.9 $0.1775 .1800 .2000 .1900 .1-9)0 .1900 .1850 .1800 .1700 .1600 .1300 .1800 .1800 .1850 .1767 .1600 100.0 101.4 112.7 107.0 107.0 107.0 104.2 101.4 95.8 90.1 73.2 101.4 101.4 104.2 99.5 90.1 $0.80 .80 .80 .80 .95 .80 .80 .80 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 Relative price. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 118.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 536 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. IV.—BASE PRICES (AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899), AND AVERAGE Y E A R L Y ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904—Continued. T able [For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I.] House furnishing goods. Year. Table cutlery: knives and forks, cocobolo handles. Wooden ware: pails, oak-grained. Miscellaneous. Wooden ware: tubs, oak-grained. Cotton-seed meal. Average Average Average Average price per Relative price per Relative price per Relative price per Relative price. price. price. ton of 2,000 price. dozen. gross. nest of 3. pounds. Average, 1890-1899.. 1890.......................... 1891......................... 1892.......................... 1893.......................... 1894.......................... 1895.......................... 1896.......................... 1897.......................... 1898......................... 1899......................... 1900.......................... 1901.......................... 1902.......................... 1903.......................... 1904.......................... $6.0600 7.7500 7.7500 6.8500 5.5000 5.5000 5.5000 5.5000 5.0000 5.5000 5.7500 5.7500 6.5000 6.5000 6.5000 6.6667 100.0 127.9 127.9 113.0 90.8 90.8 90.8 90.8 82.5 90.8 94.9 94.9 107.3 107.3 107.3 110.0 $1.2988 1.5917 1.4500 1.3500 1.3125 1.2583 1.1208 1.2625 1.2417 1.1333 1.2667 1.4917 1.5500 1.5500 1.5875 1.7000 100.0 122.6 111.6 103.9 101.1 96.9 86.3 97.2 95.6 87.3 97.5 114.9 119.3 119.3 122.2 130.9 $1.3471 1.6500 1.5667 1.4000 1.3083 l. 2875 1.2500 1.2500 1.2500 1.2500 1.2583 1.4417 1.4500 1.4500 1.4500 1.4500 100.0 122.5 116.3 103.9 97.1 95.6 92.8 92.8 92.8 92.8 93.4 107.0 107.6 107.6 107.6 107.6 $21.9625 23.3750 25.2083 23.6958 25.7042 22.5583 18.9125 19.9375 20.4375 19.0000 20.7958 25.5458 25.0208 27.1333 26.7083 26.2000 100.0 106.4 114.8 107.9 117.0 102.7 86.1 90.8 93.1 86.5 94.7 116.3 113.9 123.5 121.6 119.3 Miscellaneous. Year. Cotton-seed oil: summer yellow, prime. Jute: raw. Malt: Western made. Paper: news. Average Relative Average Relative Average Average price per Relative per price. price per price. price per Relative price. price price. gallon. pound. bushel. pound. Average, 1890-1899.. 1890.......................... 1891.......................... 1892 .......................... 1893.......................... 1894 ......................... 1895.......................... 1896.......................... 1897 .......................... 1898.......................... 1899.......................... 1900.......................... 1901.......................... 1902.......................... 1903.......................... 1904.......................... $0.3044 .3446 .3567 .3088 .4550 .3238 .2721 . 2513 .2365 .2288 .2663 .3556 .3571 .4067 .3977 .3135 100.0 313.2 117.2 101.4 149.5 106.4 89.4 82.6 77.7 75.2 87.5 116.8 117.3 133.6 130.7 103.0 Paper: wrapping, manila. Year. Average, 1890-1899.. 1890.......................... 1891......................... 1892 .......................... 1893 ......................... 1894.......................... 1895......................... 1896.......................... 1897.......................... 1898.......................... 1899.......................... 1900.......................... 1901......................... 1902 ......................... 1903......................... 1904......................... $0.0359 .0388 .0371 .0475 .0346 .0345 .0279 .0319 .0373 .0332 .0365 .0435 .0400 .0438 .0464 .0444 100.0 108.1 103.3 332.3 96.4 96.1 77.7 88.9 103.9 92.5 101.7 121.2 111.4 122.0 129.2 123.7 Proof spirits. $0.7029 .7500 .9271 .8015 .7750 .7446 .6854 .5629 .5438 .6163 .6221 .6538 .7450 .7925 .7246 .6758 100.0 106.7 133.9 114.0 110.3 105.9 97.5 80.1 77.4 87.7 88.5 93.0 106.0 112.7 103.1 96.1 Rope: manila, f-inch. $0.0299 .0382 .0340 .0340 .0318 .0323 .0308 .0275 .0271 .0219 .0209 .0281 .0226 .0242 .0253 .0267 Rubber: Para Island. Average Average Relative Average Relative Average price per Relative per price. price per per price. price price. price pound. gallon. pound. pound. $0.0553 . 0575 .0575 .0558 .0579 .0584 .0586 .0588 .0588 .0459 .0438 .0480 .0502 .0497 . 0526 .0530 100.0 104.0 104.0 100.9 104.7 105.6 106.0 106.3 106.3 83.0 79.2 86.8 90.8 89.9 95.1 95.8 $1.1499 1.0533 1.1052 1.0757 1.0713 1.1326 1.2109 1.2031 1.1830 1.2220 1.2421 1.2460 1.2861 1.3138 1.2809 1.2692 300.0 91.6 96.1 93 5 93.2 98.5 105.3 104.6 102.9 106.3 308.0 308.4 311.8 114.3 111.4 110.4 a / 5-inch $0.0934 .1494 .3038 .1148 .0919 .0770 .0735 .0664 . 0631 .0842 .1094 .1320 .1092 .1348 a .1146 a . 1171 100.0 160.0 111.1 122.9 98.4 82.4 78.7 71.1 67.6 90.1 117.1 141.3 116.9 144.3 a 122.7 a 125.4 100.0 127.8 113.7 113.7 106.4 108.0 103.0 92.0 90.6 73.2 69.9 94.0 75.6 80.9 84.6 89.3 $0.8007 .8379 .7908 .6763 .7167 .6744 .7425 .8000 .8454 .9271 .9954 .9817 .8496 .7273 .9054 1.0875 Relative price. 100.0 104.6 98.8 84.5 89 5 84 2 92.7 99.9 105.6 115,8 124.3 122.6 106.1 90.8 113.1 135.8 537 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904, IV.—BASE PRICES (AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899), AND AVERAGE Y E A R L Y ACTUAL AND RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904—Concluded. T able [F or a m ore detailed description of the articles, see T able I.] Miscellaneous. Soap: castile, mot tled, pure. Year. Tobacco: plug, Horseshoe. Starch: laundry. Tobacco: smoking, gran., Seal of N. C. Average Average Average Relative Average price per Relative price per Relative per price per price. price price. price. pound. pound. pound. pound. Average, 1890-1899.. 1890......................... 1891.......................... 1892......................... 1893......................... 1894......................... 1895......................... 1896......................... 1897......................... 1898......................... 1899......................... 1900 ......................... 1901......................... 1902......................... 1903......................... 1904.......................... T able $0.0569 .0594 .0621 .0624 .0615 .0588 .0507 .0502 .0531 .0550 .0558 .0613 .0655 .0663 .0658 .0647 100.0 104.4 109.1 109.7 108.1 103.3 89.1 88.2 93.3 96.7 98.1 107.7 115.1 116.5 115.6 113.7 $0.0348 .0371 .0426 .0373 .0366 .0366 .0363 .0310 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0340 .0363 .0454 .0431 .0369 $0.3962 .4050 .4008 .3725 .3967 .4000 .4000 .3808 .3758 .4133 .4175 .4433 .4658 .4542 .4500 .4700 100.0 106.6 122.4 107.2 305.2 105.2 104.3 89.1 86.2 86.2 86.2 97.7 104.3 130.5 123.9 106.0 100.0 102.2 101.2 94.0 100.1 101.0 101.0 96.1 94.9 104.3 105.4 111.9 117.6 114.6 113.6 118.6 Relative price. $0.5090 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5300 .5600 .5600 .5600 .5592 .5700 .5825 100.0 98.2 98.2 98.2 98.2 98.2 98.2 98.2 98.2 .104.1 110.0 110.0 110.0 109.9 112.0 114.4 V.—RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904. [Average price for 1890-1899=100. For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I.] Farm products. Grain. Year. Cotton: Flax upland, seed: Barley: Com: m id No. 2, by dling. No. 1. sample. cash. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... 142.9 110.8 99.0 107.2 90.2 94.0 102.0 92.2 76.9 84.7 123.8 111.1 115.1 144.7 155.9 125.5 97.1 91.4 97.7 121.6 111.8 72.9 78.1 99.8 104.0 145.7 145.8 135.0 94.1 99.6 111.6 134.5 112.2 103.3 113.2 94.8 65.7 71.2 95.9 97.6 106.2 329.8 139.4 121.2 116.9 103.8 151.0 118.3 104.2 113.7 104.0 67.8 66.9 82.6 87.6 100.2 130.6 156.9 121.1 132.6 Oats: cash. Rye: Wheat: Aver No. 2, contract age. cash. grades, cash. 115.6 144.1 113.2 105.2 115.7 88.3 67.0 67.9 91.9 91.2 84.5 118.3 147.3 131.7 135.8 103.0 157.6 127.7 92.6 88.1 91.2 66.5 74.9 93.8 104.4 97,9 100.8 102.5 97.5 133.4 118.9 110.6 128.1 143.1 104.9 115.3 90.1 . 99.1 74.4 101.0 79.9 91.6 85.4 70.5 105.8 77.3 96.4 117.8 95.1 94.7 93.7 96.5 115.0 95.7 129.0 98.7 105.1 115.3 131.4 138.3 Hides: green, Hops: Hay: salted, New timo packers, York thy, heavy State, No. 1. native choice. steers. 95.8 117.8 113.5 107.4 99.9 109.1 99.0 80.9 79.9 96.6 110.9 123.0 120.9 119.2 112.5 99.6 101.5 92.8 79.9 68.4 109.7 86.6 106.3 122.8 131.8 127.4 132.0 142.8 124.8 124.4 148.6 149.1 141.4 128.2 85.5 53.1 49.5 65.5 91.5 88.3 83.7 97.1 134.1 159.5 196.2 Live stock. Cattle. Hogs. Sheep. Aver Native. West ern. age. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Steers, Steers, choice good to to extra. choice. Aver age. Heavy. Light. 87.4 107.7 95.0 102.2 95.6 104.2 90.2 100.8 103.2 113.7 113.9 118.1 138.5 106.9 109.7 89.5 109.2 95.4 103.0 96.3 103.7 88.3 99.5 102.2 113.2 111.3 116.6 139.5 105.8 110.9 89.6 100.2 116.8 148.4 112.7 97.0 76.1 81.4 86.2 91.5 115.2 135.0 158.0 137.3 116.8 88.8 98.2 114.6 148.7 111.6 96.2 80.5 84.2 85.0 92.1 115.7 133.9 152.4 137.0 116.5 91.5 110.6 95.7 103.8 97.0 103.1 86.4 98.2 101.1 112.6 108.7 115.1 140.4 104.7 112.0 89.2 99.2 115.7 148.6 112.2 96.6 78.3 82.8 85.6 91.8 115.5 134.5 155.2 137.2 116.7 120.5 120.0 127.2 103.2 71.7 78.5 78.0 93.1 104.4 103.3 109.7 89.2 100.6 98.7 110.3 118.0 115.6 123.2 104.3 75.4 78.3 79.4 95.3 105.3 105.2 114.3 94.7 105.7 98.0 107.8 Aver age. 119.3 117.8 125.2 103.8 73.6 78.4 78.7 94.2 104.9 104.3 112.0 92.0 103.2 98.4 109.1 Aver age. 99.3 108.7 112.1 118.4 94.0 92.9 81.8 92.2 97.5 103.1 112.9 114.3 132.6 113.8 112.2 Aver age, farm prod ucts. 110.0 121.5 111.7 107.9 95.9 93.3 78.3 85.2 16.1 100.0 109.5 116.9 130.5 118.8 126.2 538 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. T able V .— RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904—Continued. [A verage p rice for 1890-1899=100. For a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able 1.] Food, etc. Bread. Year. Crackers. Beans: medium, choice. Boston X. 1890.... 1891.... 1892---1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1908.... 1904.... 121.5 134.9 112.0 119.2 110.6 107.2 70.3 62.6 74.7 87.0 125.6 131.3 115.0 135.5 120.4 Soda. Loaf. Washing Home (N. Average. ton mar made Y. mar ket. ket). 111.4 111.4 106.3 104.5 101.0 94.0 91.6 82.5 105.6 92.3 94.0 97.5 97.5 90.0 91.6 104.0 104.0 102.2 96.6 96.6 97.2 96.6 88.0 108.9 105.9 111.4 118.9 118.9 112.6 115.2 107.7 107.7 104.3 100.6 98.8 95.6 94.1 85.3 107.3 99.1 102.7 108.2 108.2 101.3 103.4 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 94.1 102.5 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 102.5 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 90.5 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 110.4 Vienna Average. (N .Y . Average. market). 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 90.6 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 105.1 Butter. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... 103.6 106.6 102.2 100.7 100.0 97.5 94.4 94.6 103.4 100.2 101.6 103.8 103.8 101.0 105.0 Fish. Cheese: Eggs: Cream Cream New newery, ery, Dairy, York Coffee: laid, Cod, Her Mack extra Bio Elgin Aver State, New dry, ring, erel, Salmon, Aver fancy, No. 7. near bank, (Elgin (New York full age. shore, salt, canned. age. York large mar cream. by. large. round. No. mar State. 3s. ket). ket). 103.1 115.3 116.5 118.9 101.1 95.1 82.6 84.7 86.9 95.6 100.4 97.4 111.2 106.1 100.4 101.5 115.3 116.5 120.5 102.1 95.3 82.1 84.5 87.2 94.8 100.1 96.5 110.6 104.7 97.6 96.5 117.6 116.1 124.6 103.3 93.0 82.3 83.2 86.4 97.1 104.5 99.2 114.5 106.2 97.3 100.4 116.1 116.4 121.3 102.2 94.5 82.3 84.1 86.8 95.8 101.7 97.7 112.1 105.7 98.4 97.1 102.4 107.2 109.0 107.4 94.1 92.0 98.1 83.3 108.9 114.3 102.4 114.1 123.3 103.2 136.6 127.3 108.9 131.2 126.0 121.2 93.9 60.4 48.2 46.0 62.6 49.2 44.6 42.6 59.6 99.1 110.0 110.4 114.5 93.5 102.0 88.7 87.5 92.6 101.6 100.7 108.7 122.7 123.2 135.0 101.7 120.5 126.3 114..2 106.7 98.9 75.4 80.9 83.6 92.0 94.9 107.2 91.2 105.0 130.4 93.3 124.6 77.8 101.0 89.9 83.6 88.8 96.3 111.4 133.2 134.6 131.9 129.9 151.7 144.4 Flour. Year. 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 98.7 94.5 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 106.0 104.0 125.7 92.1 121.9 .125.4 86.2 71.1 75.4 79.8 118.4 108.3 108.4 115.1 119.5 120.1 Rye. 101.4 148.3 121.1 93.0 83.8 94.5 80.9 84.6 92.9 99.4 103.3 100.1 103.8 94.9 131.1 108.9 113.8 99.2 102.2 92.9 98.8 92.0 88.6 94.4 109.2 112.0 108.0 107.0 122.6 123.6 Apples. Average. Spring Winter patents. straights. Average. 120.7 123.5 101.1 93.2 83.7 84.8 88.3 106.8 110.1 87.8 89.4 88.7 88.6 100.8 125.2 111.4 101.8 100.7 101.4 96.7 102.1 105.2 90.8 86.0 103.8 120.2 116.3 109.6 110.0 117.1 Fruit. Wheat. Buck wheat. 129.2 108.4 92.0 92.0 78.2 110.6 98.5 86.5 96.7 107.9 98.3 76.6 97.3 123.5 102.6 121.0 127.6 107.2 85.4 71.5 84.0 94.1 113.4 107.8 88.0 87.1 86.0 90.7 93.4 125.5 120.9 125.6 104.2 89.3 77.6 84.4 91.2 110.1 109.0 87.9 88.3 87.4 89.7 97.1 125.4 111.8 131.3 105.4 98.4 91.1 87.4 83.6 95.1 97.7 98.4 97.0 95.8 99.6 102.2 125.5 Evap orated, choice. 134.1 129.9 81.2 109.4 128.9 80.0 62.9 65.5 105.1 102.6 72.6 83.7 108.7 72.1 71.2 Sun-dried, Southern, Average. sliced. 134.0 160.2 82.1 98.6 122.5 93.4 60.6 51.8 77.3 118.4 86.0 79.6 98.4 83.9 64.7 134.1 145.1 81.7 104.0 125.7 86.7 61.8 58.7 91.2 110.5 79.3 81.7 103.6 78.0 68.0 539 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. TableV.—RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [A verage price for 1890-1899=100. For a m ore d eta iled description o f the articles, see T able I.] Food, etc. Meal: corn. Fruit. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Glucose: Lard: 41° and Raisins, Prunes, California, prime 42° m ix contract. Currants, California, Average. ing. (a) in barrels. in boxes. London layer. 127.5 113.6 79.2 72.0 46.1 67.7 87.2 127.7 154.7 125.3 192.0 221.6 131.7 126.9 130.1 138.0 129.2 128.6 134.2 95.0 86.0 75.1 70.5 70.3 73.0 67.4 67.8 71.2 62.1 59.6 138.2 130.6 93.8 105.5 93.9 84.5 70.7 81.7 100.0 101.0 103.9 109.8 104.5 88.3 96.0 157.3 120.1 97.9 113.3 76.9 95.2 67.9 93.2 92.7 85.5 101.3 96.1 112.3 96.3 98.2 124.3 111.4 109.2 81.7 86.0 91.8 95.6 104.9 116.0 153.6 129.7 126.3 96.8 100.9 117.9 157.5 118.2 99.8 71.7 67.4 84.4 85.0 105.5 135.3 161.9 131.1 111.8 Fine white. Fine yellow. Average. 100.3 143.4 114.2 106.5 104.5 104.4 77.2 75.1 83.2 91.2 97.4 116.8 150.0 125.7 131.1 100.8 142.0 114.0 105.8 105.6 103.3 77.4 76.5 83.7 91.2 97.0 115.5 148.2 124.7 129.5 101.2 140.6 113.7 105.0 106.7 102.2 77.5 77.8 84.1 91.1 96.5 114.2 146.4 123.7 127.8 Meat. Pork. Beef. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Fresh, native sides. Salt, extra mess. Salt, hams, West ern. 89.2 106.2 98.8 105.4 97.0 102.7 90.5 99.7 101.3 108.3 104.3 102.1 125.9 101.7 106.1 86.8 104.4 84.8 102.2 101.0 101.4 93.7 95.7 114.2 115.9 121.7 116.3 147.1 113.1 109.4 80.4 85.8 80.5 98.6 101.5 95.9 88.1 125.1 118.8 125.6 114.2 112.6 118.0 117.2 123.5 Milk: fresh. 103.1 104.7 105.1 109.4 103.1 99.2 91.8 92.2 93.7 99.2 107.5 102.7 112.9 112.9 107.8 Aver age. 85.5 98.8 88.0 102.1 99.8 100.0 90.8 106.8 111.4 116.6 113.4 110.3 130.3 110.7 113.0 Bacon, Bacon, Salt, short short rib Hams, mess, old to clear smoked. sides. sides. new. Molas ses: New Rice: Orleans, domes open Ameri tic, can. kettle, choice. prime. 112.4 88.5 101.2 106.2 98.1 97.8 103.0 83.1 97.8 111.9 151.5 120.1 115.5 112.5 107.8 107.8 113.5 101.4 81.8 93.8 95.0 92.5 96.6 108.4 108.2 97.7 97.7 99.6 100.9 78.6 112.5 111.7 107.5 99.6 102.1 99.6 88.4 93.9 944 90.4 142.1 121.0 90.3 87.2 109.4 a Average for 1893-1899=100. 89.3 103.6 116.6 155.3 111.3 96.3 73.2 80.1 88.3 86.4 111.4 132.0 159.0 142.1 114.8 89.3 103.8 116.5 154.0 112.2 96.3 73.0 79.6 90.5 85.1 111.6 132.5 159.5 143.0 115.4 Salt. Ash ton’s. Aver age. 111.9 108.1 107.8 105.5 101.6 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 99.0 101.0 102.0 (&) 112.2 109.9 107.7 102.6 101.9 96.3 90.7 93.5 93.7 91.7 117.6 110.3 95.7 94.6 109.4 101.1 99.8 109.3 126.9 103.6 96.2 95.8 90.9 82.0 93.8 104.2 109.2 123.1 129.2 108.9 Soda: bicar bonate of, Ameri can. 131.6 151.7 104.3 136.4 128.2 84.7 72.7 71.8 61.7 56.0 58.9 51.2 51.7 61.7 62.2 104.4 97.2 99.1 157.6 121.4 101.7 76.8 76.6 84.8 80.3 107.5 134.2 154.2 143.1 120.6 Aver age. 96.0 101.1 110.4 148.5 112.1 97.6 79.7 81.8 86.4 86.4 108.7 127.0 149.0 139.4 114.9 Mutton, Aver dressed. age. 123.7 114.9 121.2 106.5 80.2 82.2 82.9 96.6 98.0 94.3 96.4 89.5 97.9 98.7 103.2 95.5 102.0 103.4 125.8 103.5 96.6 84.3 93.0 97.2 98.7 108.9 116.1 135.6 123.5 112.7 Spices. Nut Pepper, Aver megs. Singa age. pore. 146.2 140.7 123.1 106.1 92.5 91.8 83.1 77.6 72.7 06.4 60.2 54.3 46.9 66.6 50.3 158.7 116.6 92.0 79.4 68.9 66.4 66.8 88.7 119.0 149.1 172.4 172.5 167.6 172.1 164.1 150.0 128.7 107.6 92.8 80.7 79.1 75.0 83.2 95.9 107.8 116.3 113.4 107.3 119.4 107.2 b Quotations discontinued. Starch: pure corn. 99.6 109.5 109.5 109.5 103.5 101.1 93.6 91.2 91.2 91.2 91.2 85.8 80.3 92.5 95.8 540 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, T able V .— RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [Average price for 1890-1899=100. For a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I.] Food, etc. Sugar. Year. 89° fair 96° cen Granu Aver refin trifu lated. age. ing. gal. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.,.. 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900..... 1901.... 1902.... 1908.... 1904.... 141.1 101.1 85.7 95.1 83.5 84.1 93.7 92.1 109.5 114.3 118.2 104.4 91.5 96.1 102.7 143.9 101.8 84.5 94.3 81.2 85.2 93.9 90.6 109.2 115.4 119.2 103.6 89.3 95.0 102.1 130.5 99.7 92.1 102.3 87.0 87.9 95.9 95.1 105.2 104.2 112.8 106.8 94.2 98.2 101.0 138.5 100.9 87.4 97.2 83.9 85.7 94.5 92.6 108.0 111.3 116.7 104.9 91.7 96.4 101.9 Tallow. 105.7 111.0 106.4 125.1 110.3 99.8 78.9 76.3 81.8 104.1 111.5 119.1 144.6 117.2 105.5 Vegetables, fresh. Tea: For Pota mosa, Onions. toes, Aver Bur fine. age. bank. 96.3 99.2 106.0 101.7 98.0 95.1 91.0 98.6 104.2 109.8 104.9 100.4 106.2 80.9 97.1 127.8 121.3 106.0 93.8 95.6 91.6 57.3 115.5 96.2 94.8 71.4 103.0 107.2 104.9 104.6 119.3 154.9 91.1 134.5 122.8 86.7 39.4 65.7 102.1 83.6 74.9 113.0 119.4 105.2 146.3 Vine gar: cider, Mon arch. 105.4 121.8 111.1 101.5 101.5 98.1 88.0 88.0 89.6 94.7 91.3 89.6 95.3 88.0 89.6 123.6 138.1 98.6 114.2 109.2 89.2 48.4 90.6 99.2 89.2 73.2 108.0 113.3 105.1 125.5 Aver- sin etc. 112.4 115.7 103.6 110.2 99.8 94.6 83.8 87.7 94.4 98.3 104.2 105.9 111.3 107.1 107.2 Cloths and clothing. Boots and shoes. Blankets. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Bags: 2-bu., Amoskeag. 11-4, all wool. 11-4, cotton warp, all wool filling. 11-4, cotton warp, cotton and wool filling. Aver age. 113.9 111.7 110.8 106.8 91.1 82.2 91.6 92.9 95.6 103.4 112.6 101.0 102.4 104.2 128.4 108.3 106.0 107.1 107.1 101.2 89.3 89.3 89.3 107.1 95.2 107.1 101.2 101.2 110.1 110.1 106.0 106.0 104.4 104.4 89.7 88.1 91.4 106.0 102.0 102.0 122.3 106.0 106.0 114.2 118.3 108.5 108.5 101.4 99.1 96.7 94.3 94.3 99.1 99.1 99.1 123.8 112.0 112.0 117.9 123.8 107.6 106.8 104.3 103.5 95.9 90.6 91.7 98.1 102.7 98.8 117.7 106.4 106.4 114.1 117.4 Broad cloths: first quality, black, 54-inch, XXX wool. 113.7 113.7 113.7 113.7 91.2 79.7 79.7 98.2 98.2 98.2 108.0 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.5 Men’s Men’s calf bal. shoes, broGood gans, year split. welt. 106.1 106.1 104.9 102.3 97.9 99.2 100.4 96.0 92.2 94.8 94.8 95.4 94.1 93.5 93.5 Men’s Men’s vici kid Wom en’s split shoes, solid boots, Good grain etc. year welt. shoes. 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 97.6 94.3 94.3 96.8 96.8 98.9 98.9 Carpets. Calico: Cocheco prints. 117.5 104.0 117.5 113.0 99.5 94.9 94.9 90.4 81.4 87.3 94.9 90.4 90.4 91.1 95.7 Brussels, 5-frame, Bigelow. 103.1 112.7 103.1 98.3 93.5 93.5 93.5 95.9 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.5 108.7 110.3 104.0 104.0 104.0 100.9 97.9 91.7 94.8 97.9 100.9 104.0 110.1 112.4 111.1 113.1 113.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 97.8 97.8 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.3 104.8 103.5 102.7 100.9 99.4 98.7 99.6 97.2 96.3 96.8 99.4 99.2 98.9 100.2 101.1 Cotton flannels. Ingrain, Wilton, 2$ yards 2-ply, 5-frame, Average. to the pound. Lowell. Bigelow. 108.6 116.2 106.1 111.1 98.5 88.4 85.9 90.9 98.5 96.0 103.5 101.0 101.9 108.1 109.1 104.0 97.9 94.8 91.7 91.7 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 101.0 110.6 104.5 105.5 108.6 112.3 Aver age. 104.2 109.4 104.2 104.2 104.2 91.1 91.1 93.8 99.0 99.0 101.6 101.6 102.2 108.9 110.7 105.3 112.8 104.5 104.5 98.7 91.0 90.2 93.5 100.2 99.4 102.7 101.9 102.5 108.6 110.0 123.9 123.9 118.7 102.7 95.6 92.1 92.1 81.4 81.4 87.7 104.5 90.7 92.3 104.1 125.4 3£ yards to the Average. pound. 119.7 119.7 113.0 100.0 95.7 91.3 95.7 95.7 80.5 88.3 98.6 100.0 100.0 109.4 125.7 121.8 121.8 115.9 101.4 95.7 91.7 93.9 88.6 81.0 88.0 101.6 95.4 96.1 106.8 125.6 541 COURSE OP WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able V .—RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904—Continued. [A verage p rice for 1890-1899=100. For a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I.] Cloths and clothing. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Cotton thread: 6-cord, 200-yard spools, J. & P . Coats. Cotton yarns. Drillings. Carded, Carded, Denims: white, white, Amos- * Brown, mulemuleAverage. keag. Pepspun, spun, perell. Northern, Northern, cones, 10/1. cones, 22/1. 101.6 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.7 99.6 98.4 98.4 98.4 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 120.1 112.1 114.0 116.8 108.6 91.2 92.2 93.7 90.8 91.0 89.4 115.9 97.9 92.4 109.5 115.7 111.3 111.6 117.2 112.4 94.7 91.9 92.2 90.3 90.5 87.6 115.0 98.6 95.6 116.2 123.2 111.7 112.8 117.0 110.5 93.0 92.1 93.0 90.6 90.8 88.5 115.5 98.3 94.0 112.9 119.5 112.5 109.6 109.6 112.5 105.4 94.6 94.6 89.2 85.9 85.8 102.8 100.2 100.6 108.0 116.6 119.4 114.0 101.7 103.1 97.7 92.5 100.2 91.8 89.7 89.2 105.9 102.3 100.5 108.2 127.1 Flannels: white, 4-4, Bal lard 30-inch, Average. Vale Stark A. No. 3. 122.8 115.2 102.7 108.1 96.4 93.9 100.2 -88.9 83.9 87.7 104.0 102.1 103.5 111.5 126.3 121.1 114.6 102.2 105.6 97.1 93.2 100.2 90.4 86.8 88.5 105.0 102.2 102.0 109.9 126.7 116.8 116.8 115.9 109.5 94.1 81.7 85.4 82.6 97.8 99.5 108.7 100.8 105.8 114.3 117.6' Ginghams. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Hosiery. Horse blan Women’s kets: 6 Men’s cotton Women’s combed pounds half hose, Men’s cotton cotton hose, Aver Egyptian Amos- Lan Aver each, half hose, seamless, seamless, keag. caster. age. seamless, cotton hose, age. all fast black, fast black, 84 needles. high spliced 26 wool. 20 to 22 oz. to 28 oz. heel, (a) 117.3 122.0 122.0 118.4 91.0 87.4 88.6 82.2 80.9 89.5 96.6 91.9 98.1 103.2 102.8 120.8 122.2 122.2 111.3 88.0 86.6 87.3 86.2 85.2 89.9 96.0 92.7 100.3 100.3 97.0 119.1 122.1 122.1 114.9 89.5 87.0 88.0 84.2 83.1 89.7 96.3 92.3 99.2 101.8 99.9 109.1 104.7 109.1 104.7 96.0 92.5 90.8 99.5 99.5 94.2 118.7 109.9 109.9 117.8 122.2 133.3 123.1 112.8 110.3 102.6 94.9 87.2 82.1 76.9 76.9 82.1 71.8 76.9 82.1 82.1 124.3 124.3 123.6 111.5 92.4 89.2 89.2 82.9 82.9 79.7 82.9 92.4 85.0 90.0 95.9 102.7 102.7 101.4 101.4 100.0 97.3 94.6 102.7 108.1 100.0 101.4 97.3 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... 99.3 99.6 91.4 92.7 87.8 111.5 98.6 93.9 109.1 116.0 116.8 114.7 114.7 114.3 110.0 99.1 95.8 89.1 92.6 88.4 106.9 97.0 104.8 109.8 116.2 128.4 127.6 122.1 116.9 116.5 Sole, oak. 112.1 109.4 101.7 103.6 97.5 101.7 87.0 91.6 95.5 99.9 107.3 104.8 113.0 111.3 102.6 129.7 122.8 117.4 109.4 100.8 94.4 90.5 86.7 83.4 82.5 87.3 85.9 85.2 90.1 89.2 Linen thread. Leather. Sole, hem Year. lock, non Harness, oak. acid, Buenos Ayres. 131.6 121.1 115.8 113.2 105.3 92.1 84.2 81.6 76.3 78.9 81.6 71.1 78.9 86.8 81.6 Wax calf, 30 to 40 lbs. to the dozen, B grade. Aver age. 91.7 98.8 105.9 98.5 92.3 112.0 98.3 94.1 103.3 105.0 100.3 96.0 100.9 105.4 105.0 100.6 100.9 97.0 96.9 91.5 108.0 95.2 96.1 104.4 109.3 113.2 110.8 112.7 112.0 108.5 o Average for 1893-1899=100. 3-cord, Shoe, 10s, Bar 200-yard spools, bour. Barbour. 101.9 101.9 101.9 102.8 10c. 0 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 101.5 101.9 101.9 96.7 97.2 104.6 93.2 94.1 97.5 99.9 99.9 99.9 101.8 104.6 104.6 104.6 104.6 104.6 98.2 103.7 Aver age. 103.3 97.6 98.0 100.2 102.5 98.6 98.6 99.6 101.0 101.0 103.1 103.3 103.3 97.5 100.5 542 T able BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. V .— RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904—Continued- [A verage p rice for 2890-1899=100. For a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I.] Cloths and clothing. Overcoatings. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Beaver, Chinchilla, Covert Kersey, cotton cloth, light standard, Moscow, all Chinchilla, B-rough, warp,€.C. wool, weight, '27 to 28 all wool. black. grade. oz. («) staple. 116.7 116.7 116.7 111.7 95.5 84.9 84.9 84.9 89.4 98.7 120.1 106.1 106.1 117.3 111.7 109.1 107.7 109.1 109.9 96.9 92.3 89.2 93.7 9a 3 93.9 100.2 90.8 92.3 92.8 93.3 113.4 113.4 113.4 108.5 92.8 87.7 87.7 87.7 97.7 97.7 116.7 97.7 97.7 103.1 103.1 105.7 105.7 195.7 105.7 104.2 99.9 87.4 83.6 97.2 104.9 101.4 97.2 97.2 94.0 94.0 94.9 104.2 100.9 126.3 120.3 120.3 m 3 132.3 Aver age. Print cloths: 28-inch, 61x64. 111.2 110.9 111.2 109.0 97.4 91.2 87.3 89.0 97.4 99.2 112.9 102.4 102.7 106.7 106.9 Shawls: standard, all wool, 72 x 144 in., 42-oz. 117.7 103.5 119.3 114.6 96.8 100.9 90.9 87.6 72.6 96.3 108.6 99.3 108.9 113.3 117.3 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 89.1 89.5 90.2 89.1 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 Sheetings. Bleached. Year. 10-4, 10-4, At repr lantic. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... 122.1 116.4 108.7 111.8 94.8 93.8 92.6 87.4 83.2 89.4 111.3 100.9 104.4 115.7 128.3 116.2 106.6 100.8 103.3 92.5 94.7 95.1 92.3 91.3 107.3 121.7 112.4 111.5 120.8 128.7 Brown. 10-4, Wamsutta S. T. Aver age. 106.0 107.2 99.8 103.6 93.5 92.2 99.2 99.2 99.2 100.1 104.3 99.2 99.2 103.0 94.1 4-4, At lantic A. 4-4, In dian Head. 121.0 118.1 106.7 111.9 99.3 94.0 96.7 88.6 80.1 84.3 100.4 98.0 99.3 115.0 129.8 115.8 116.1 103.5 108.5 95.5 93.5 99.4 93.9 86.3 86.9 99.5 100.8 99.8 108.8 128.1 114.8 110.1 103.1 106.2 93.6 93.6 95.6 93.0 91.2 98.9 112.4 104.2 105.0 113.2 117.0 4-4, Pep- 4-4, Stark Aver perell R. A. A. age. 116.2 108.3 203.3 105.8 96.4 96.0 101.3 95.3 86.2 91.5 107.4 107.4 103.3 108.7 121.4 125.7 113.1 103.8 109.3 99.2 97.7 97.3 86.1 80.8 85.9 96.8 94.1 5 92.6 5101.9 5117.0 Shirtings: bleached. Silk: raw. WamYear. 4-4, Fruit New 4-4, Lons 4-4, sutta Italian, of the 4-4,Hope. 4-4, York Average. classical. dale. < o> Loom. Mills. XX. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... 116.1 109.8 111.0 114.3 99.9 96.2 95.6 88.0 80.2 88.5 103.4 103.0 103.8 105.4 110.2 115.2 111.6 105.2 113.2 98.4 96.5 98.4 91.1 82.2 87.5 106.5 11L0 107.3 107.1 111.9 116.2 113.1 111.7 114.4 100.0 95.9 94.2 87.1 81.8 86.1 *100.6 101.5 101.9 103.9 109.5 110.5 110.2 106.3 105.6 101.0 97.1 101.0 95.4 89.5 82.8 89.7 86.8 87.4 97.0 94.7 106.6 106.4 102.6 103.5 100.2 102.2 100.3 98.6 85.1 94.1 101.8 92.3 93.4 102.7 97.2 , 112.9 110.2 107.4 110.2 99.9 97.6 97.9 92.0 83.8 87.8 100.4 98.9 98.8 103.2 101.7 a Average for 1897-1899=100. b Sheetings: brown, 4-4, Massachusetts Mills, Flying Horse brand. tive price, see pages 409 and 410. 119.7 113.9 104.3 108.9 97.6 95.3 98.7 91.0 83.4 87.2 101.0 100.1 98.8 108.6 124.1 122.7 98.4 105.3 118.2 86.5 94.9 85.3 85.5 91.1 112.1 106.0 90.4 96.5 106.3 90.8 Japan, filatures. 130.5 99.8 107.7 113.0 83.7 94.2 84.8 86.2 90.5 109.7 103.7 87.4 95.1 102.9 90.6 Aver age. 117.6 112.3 103.8 107.7 95.9 94.6 97.4 91.8 86.7 92.2 105.9 101.8 101.4 110.6 121.1 w--------------• Average. 126.6 99.1 106.5 115.6 85.1 94.6 85.1 85.9 90.8 110.9 104.9 88.9 95.8 104.6 90.7 For method oi computing rela 543 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able V .— RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [A verage price for 1890-1899=100. For a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I.J Cloths and clothing. Suitings. Clay worsted diagonal, 12-oz., Wash. Mills. («) Year. 1890.... 1891___ 1892___ 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... -1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... 92.5 89.1 92.2 111.3 114.9 131.4 110.6 110.9 115.2 112.2 Clay blue, worsted Indigo all wool, diagonal, 54-inch, 1416-oz., ounce, Wash. Mills, (a) Middlesex. 93.8 87.6 93.3 111.4 113.9 133.7 111.0 108.6 112.1 109.6 Indigo blue, all wool, 16ounce. 109.2 109.2 109.2 109.2 92.3 83.0 89.9 87.4 103.2 107.2 118.4 109.2 109.2 112.6 114.1 116.9 116.9 116.9 114.0 111.1 87.1 86.0 79.1 86.0 86.0 86.0 89.6 99.2 108.8 109.1 Underwear. I860---1891___ 1892___ 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... 106.2 110.0 110.0 110.0 92.7 92.7 92.7 92.7 92.7 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 300.4 106.9 112.7 112.7 112.7 95.4 92.5 92.5 92.5 95.4 86.7 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.4 106.6 111.4 111.4 111.4 94.1 92.6 92.6 92.6 94.1 93.6 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 129.5 124.1 110.7 102.0 80.5 68.2 71.3 89.7 111.3 112.8 119.3 98.7 104.4 118.5 124.2 134.6 127.5 115.6 101.2 77.6 71.9 69.8 87.6 105.3 108.8 116.0 94.5 97.2 102.1 106.7 « A verage for 1895-1899=100. Tickings: Amoskeag A. C. A. 113.1 113.1 113.4 112.7 98.3 89.2 87.8 88.7 103.4 106.1 115.8 104.9 105.8 109.0 109.0 113.1 110.7 108.4 111.3 102.2 94.8 96.0 91.9 84.3 87.0 102.2 95.5 99.0 104.1 114.3 106.6 106.6 98.9 87.9 92.3 92.3 108.9 106.6 117.6 102.2 101.8 104.6 106.2 120.9 120.9 90.7 90.7 81.6 87.7 99.8 107.7 107.6 106.6 105.1 100.4 102.9 CashCashmere, all mere, cotton wool, warp, 10-11 twill, 9-twill, 38-in., 4-4, Atlantic Atlantic F. J. Cashmere, cotton warp, 22-inch, Hamil ton. 119.3 119.3 117.7 98.4 88.7 83.8 83.6 90.3 94.3 104.8 108.0 104.3 108.0 110.5 114.5 109.9 109^9 108.3 106.7 100.3 97.0 93.8 90.5 90.5 93.1 100.3 100.3 99.5 97.8 106.7 108.1 108.1 106.3 104.6 100.9 93.7 93.7 93.7 93.7 96.6 104.6 104.6 103.7 101.5 112.4 119.8 126.1 128.2 111.8 84.3 81.0 67.5 82.2 88.6 110.4 119.1 111.3 111.3 114.3 117.7 Cashmere, Frank cotton lin warp, sack Aver age. 27-inch, ings, Hamil 6-4. ton. 111.0 111.0 109.6 106.1 102.7 95.8 93.0 88.8 88.8 93.0 99.9 102.7 102.0 101.2 110.5 115.3 119.9 119.9 117.6 96.8 84.3 80.7 82.2 88.4 94.9 118.3 104.5 108.3 114.5 113.4 113.9 115.7 115.0 107.5 95.6 89.3 85.4 88.0 90.7 98.8 108.4 104.6 105.5 106.6 112.5 Worsted yarns. Wool. Ohio, me Ohio, fine Year. fleece fleece (X and dium (£ and £ X X grade), grade), scoured. scoured. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895..., 1896.... 1897.... 1898...’. 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Aver age. Women’s dress goods. Shirts Alpaca, Shirts and cotton and warp, Aver drawers, drawers, white, 22-inch, white, age. merino, Hamil all wool, 52$ wool, ton. etc. etc. Year. Serge, Washing Trouserings, fancy ton Mills worsted. (5) 6700. (&) Average. 132.1 125.8 113.2 101,6 79.1 70.1 70.6 88.7 108.3 110.8 117.7 96.6 100.8 110.3 U5.5 XXX, 2-40s, Aus 2-40S, white, in tralian fine. skeins. Average. 124.1 125.4 114.8 107.6 91.2 75.1 74/5 81.3 99.7 106.3 118.5 102.1 c 113.1 c 120.4 c 116.3 122.3 123.4 117.2 109.5 91.3 74.0 72.9 82.5 100.5 106.7 118.4 102.2 111.7 118.0 116.5 120.4 121.3 119.6 111.4 91.3 72.9 71.2 83.6 101.2 107.1 118.3 102.2 110.3 115.6 116.6 &A verage for 1892-1899=100. Average, cloths and clothing. o Designated as X X X X , 113.5 1U. 3 109.0 107.2 96.1 92.7 91.3 91.1 93.4 96.7 106.8 101.0 102.0 106.6 109.8 544 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, T able V .— RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [Average price for 1890-1899=100. F or a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I.] Fuel and lighting. Coal. Candles: Year. ada man tine, 6s, 14-oz. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Anthracite. Bro ken. 103.5 102.3 107.4 105.8 101.5 97.5 97.1 96.4 95.4 93.1 97.1 105.5 110.4 126.2 126.1 102.3 102.3 102.3 112.9 110.9 108.7 108.7 95.3 78.4 78.4 135.4 140.7 140.7 127.4 115.1 Chest nut. 93.3 96.7 109.7 115.9 98.5 82.9 98.9 103.9 98.8 101.4 108.9 120.4 124.0 134.2 134.2 Egg. Bituminous. Stove. 100.6 104.4 110.8 107.2 94.3 84.3 98.8 105.7 100.2 93.8 99.7 112.9 121.5 134.3 134.2 97.8 101.6 109.4 110.5 94.9 82.4 100.0 105.8 100.1 97.6 104.0 113.9 117.6 127.1 127.1 Aver age. 98.8 101.3 109.3 109.9 97.3 86.8 98. r 103.0 98.6 96.5 102.4 113.2 118.4 130.5 130.4 Pitts? Georges Georges Aver Creek burg Creek age. (f. o. b. (Youg- Aver (at age. N.Y. hiomine). Harbor). gheny). 97.1 106.9 101.3 103.6 92.4 87.2 101.3 93.8 102.7 113.9 135.0 150.5 239.1 269.6 196.9 108.9 110.5 106.9 107.6 99.8 102.5 97.1 89.0 79.3 98.4 106.0 106.6 148.0 161.8 116.5 103.3 122.7 116.5 117.9 98.6 93.3 89.1 88.6 87.9 82.6 117.0 117.0 122.4 143.9 132.5 103.1 113.4 108.2 109.7 96.9 94.3 95.8 90.5 90.0 98.3 119.3 124.7 169.8 191.8 148.6 100.6 106.4 108.9 109.8 97.1 90.0 97.5 97.6 94.9 97.3 109.7 118.1 140.4 156.7 138.2 Petroleum. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Connellsville, furnace. Matches: parlor, domestic. 122.7 110.4 106.5 87.1 62.3 78.0 110.4 95.2 98.8 128.7 155.8 115.6 158.2 171.5 96.4 111.5 99.6 99.6 99.6 94.9 96.1 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 90.1 85.4 85.4 Refined. Crude. 150° fire For export. test, w.w. 95.4 v 73.6 61.1 70.3 92.2 149.2 129.5 86.5 100.2 142.1 148.5 132.9 135.9 174.5 178.8 112.9 105.5 93.8 80.4 79.4 109.6 108.2 92.0 96.8 121.9 131.6 115.4 113.1 132.5 127.3 Average. 111.8 98.8 89.2 81.5 81.5 103.6 116.7 101.1 102.1 114.0 133.5 123.1 124.5 153.1 153.6 112.4 102.2 91.5 81.0 80.5 106.6 112.5 96.6 99.5 118.0 132.6 119.3 118.8 142.8 140.5 Average. Average, fuel and lighting. 106.7 92.6 81.4 77.4 84.4 120.8 118.1 93.2 99.7 126.0 137.9 123.8 124.5 153.4 153.2 104.7 102.7 101.1 100.0 92.4 98.1 104.3 96.4 95.4 105.0 120.9 119.5 134.3 149.3 132.6 Metals and implements. Bar iron: best refined. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Builders’ hardware. From From Barb Door mill wire: Butts: store Aver galvan loose knobs: (Pitts (Phila. joint, steel, burg ized. age. mar cast, bronze mar ket). 3x3 in. plated. ket). 126.9 117.9 113.1 103.4 82.8 86.2 84.1 75.9 73.8 134.5 148.3 124.1 133.8 122.1 102.1 125.0 115.9 114.0 103.7 81.7 87.8 85.4 79.9 78.0 126.2 119.5 112.2 129.9 122.0 104.9 126.0 116.9 113.6 103.6 82.3 87.0 84.8 77.9 75.9 130.4 133.9 118.2 131.9 122.1 103.5 141.2 127.4 109.5 99.7 86.1 88.9 77.7 71.3 72.7 125.5 134.4 120.2 116.9 108.4 99.3 111.7 111.7 96.8 98.4 95.9 100.3 104.1 96.8 92.4 92.4 126.6 116.8 126.6 126.6 126.6 97.8 97.8 97.8 97.8 97.8 115.1 102.1 97.8 97.8 97.8 10&8 112.0 126.9 132.6 144.8 Copper. Locks: Sheet, com Aver Ingot, hotWire, Aver mon age. lake. rolled mor (base bare. age. tise. sizes). 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 100.1 102.0 106.1 102.0 91.8 91.8 96.5 91.8 104.0 110.2 125.5 103.7 103.7 98.7 99.3 97.9 105.8 104.1 98.9 94.0 94.0 110.0 106.9 119.2 123.1 132.3 127.6 105.8 93.5 88.6 76.8 87.1 88.9 91.7 96.8 143.2 134.6 136.7 97.3 110.9 106.2 137.1 128.1 114.5 112.7 96.4 98.2 90.4 92.2 85.9 79.0 85.9 84.6 85.9 92.6 88.2 93.9 84.4 93.9 131.1 124.7 124.6 123.0 125.9 124.0 107.5 90.6 115.6 102.3 108.5 98.2 130.9 111.0 96.0 90.4 80.6 85.9 89.1 91.3 91.7 133.0 127.4 128.9 98.5 109.6 104.3 545 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able V — R E L A T IV E PRICES OF COM M ODITIES. 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [Average price for 1890-1899=100. For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I.] Metals and implements. Nails. Year. 1890.. 1891.. 1892.-... 1893.. 1894.. 1895.. 1896.. 1897.. 1898.. 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. 1902.. 1903.. 1904.. Lead: pig. 115.5 .. .. 114.7 108.4 ..98.2 ..86.9 ..85.6 ..78.7 ..94.0 ..99.7 .. 117.6 116.8 .. 115.0 .. lt>7.9 .. 112.3 .. 116.3 .. Lead pipe. Cut, Wire, 8-penny, 8-penny, fence fence and and common. common. 112.1 116.2 107.6 103.8 92.0 87.2 85.1 89.6 95.5 111.0 106.3 101.8 108.3 107.8 99.5 125.2 100.3 96.2 92.0 83.6 105.3 148.4 72.9 65.3 110.8 123.1 115.6 116.7 120.2 99.5 Pig iron. Gray forge, Besse Foundry Foundry, South mer. No. 1. No. 2. ern, coke. Aver age. 131.2 107.2 98.8 92.1 80.0 101.7 141.9 70.8 65.9 110.6 122.5 112.5 107.0 108.1 93.9 137.1 114.1 101.3 92.1 76.4 98.0 135.3 68.7 66.5 110.4 121.8 109.4 97.3 96.0 88.2 137.0 115.8 104.3 93.4 82.6 92.3 88.1 73.5 75.0 138.1 141.5 115.7 150.0 137.7 99.8 124.3 118.4 106.4 98.1 85.5 88.5 87.5 81.7 78.8 130.8 135.0 107.2 149.9 134.5 105.2 131.4 117.9 105.5 95.3 83.1 89.4 90.2 77.4 76.8 132.9 141.8 112.8 162.7 146.6 104.4 130.8 112.9 106.3 95.9 80.6 93.1 86.6 79.4 78.6 135.8 140.7 113.2 158.8 146.4 105.3 Aver age. 130.9 116.$ 105.6 95.7 83.0 90.8 88.1 78.0 77.3 134.4 139.8 112.2 155.4 141.3 103.7 1'in plates. Year. Quick silver. 1890.. 1891.. 1892.. 1893.. 1894.. 1895.. 1896.. 1897.. 1898.. 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. 1902.. 1903.. 1901.. 130.5 .. .. 112.3 100.9 .. ..93.2 ..85.7 ..91.8 ..89.0 ..92.2 ..97.0 107.3 .. 121.0 .. 118.5 .. 115.5 .. 113.4 .. 105.5 .. Silver: Spelter: bar, Western. fine. Steel billets. Steel rails. 122.6 112.4 102.9 90.7 78.5 80.1 88.7 93.1 100.2 130.1 97.8 89.6 107.7 123.5 113.9 141.5 117.7 109.8 94.9 77.0 85.9 87.5 70.1 71.1 144.6 116.4 112.1 142.1 129.7 103.0 121.9 114.8 115.1 107.9 92.1 §3.4 107.4 71.9 67.6 107.9 123.9 104.9 107.4 107.4 107.4 140.6 132.2 116.9 104.4 85.5 88.5 91.0 81.1 78.9 80.8 82.9 79.7 70.5 72.4 77.2 Steel sheets: black, No. 27. (a) 104.9 108.9 96.0 87.1 84.8 119.2 130.8 140.6 129.9 116.1 93.8 Tin: Pig. 115.5 110.3 110.9 109.0 98.7 76.5 72.4 74.0 84.5 148.2 163.7 142.6 144.2 153.4 152.5 Domes tic, Bes semer, coke, 14x20.(6) 100.6 93.2 83.5 122.7 137.0 122.7 120.7 115.4 105.5 Import ed, Bes semer, <coke.I.C., 14x20. (c) 104.6 116.4 115.7 117.1 106.7 84.4 82.9 85.1 87.2 (d) (d) \d) Id) $ Aver age. 104.6 116.4 115.7 117.1 106.7 84.4 91.8 89.2 85.4 122.7 137.0 122.7 120.7 115.4 105.5 Tools. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Augers: extra, f-inch. Axes: M .C.O., Yankee. Chisels: extra, socket firmer, 1-inch. 118.2 118.2 118.2 111.9 95.9 82.9 86.7 88.6 88.6 91.1 124.4 105.7 111.9 143.7 149.3 120.4 118.3 106.5 106.5 100.9 98.0 88.4 83.9 79.9 97.1 102.9 88.8 103.0 107.6 123.3 110.9 110.9 110.9 102.1 91.5 90.3 94.7 90.3 90.8 107.6 127.6 121.4 142.6 147.8 158.4 Saws. Files: 8- Hammers: inch mill Maydole bastard. No. 1*. 106.7 104.6 102.2 101.6 97.3 95.4 91.2 94.4 96.8 109.7 127.8 123.1 123.1 123.1 122.0 Planes: Bailey No. 5. 96.9 96.9 96.9 96.9 96.9 97.6 105.2 105.2 100.6 107.0 115.9 117.2 117.2 129.0 129.0 a Average for the period July, 1894, to December, 1899=100. 6 Average for 1896-1899=100. 16818— N o, 67— 05----- 11 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4 104.3 93.9 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 107.0 110.4 114.2 115.7 115.7 Crosscut, Disston. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1C0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Hand, Disston Average. No. 7. 112.7 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 106.4 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 e Average for 1890-1898=100. d Quotations discontinued. 546 T able BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, V .—RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904-Continued. [A verage p rice for 1890-1899=100. For a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I.] Metals and implements. Tools. Year. Trowels: M. Shovels: O., brick, Ames No. 2. C.101-inch. Vises: solid box, 50pound. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 106.1 106.1 109.1 107.6 104.0 97.2 95.4 89.7 84.1 100.7 109.4 128.7 131.5 132.7 109.1 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.1 94.7 94.7 99.3 100.8 100.8 109.4 115.9 115.9 118.9 102.0 97.3 Average. Wood screws: 1-inch, No. 10, flat head. 107.2 105.6 104.5 103.0 98.6 95.3 95.7 95.0 93.9 101.3 111.8 110.0 114.6 118.2 118.4 Average, metals and implements. Zinc: sheet. 130.5 132.5 139.1 139.1 103.2 74.0 68.4 56.3 60.8 96.2 120.5 69.2 63.0 72.4 62.6 114.0 107.7 103.4 94.0 74.4 85.1 93.0 93.0 103.5 131.9 114.8 104.7 107.9 113.3 105.6 119.2 111.7 106.0 100.7 90.7 92.0 93.7 86.6 86.4 114.7 120.5 111.9 117.2 117.6 109.6 Lumber and building materials. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Brick: common domestic. Cement. Carbonate of lead: American, Portland, Rosendale. Average. domestic.** in oil. 118.0 102.6 103.7 104.9 89.9 95.5 91.0 88.8 103.4 102.2 94.4 103.7 96.8 106.2 134.7 110.6 112.7 114.0 105.5 90.8 91.0 89.6 92.7 94.1 98.4 108.3 99.8 93.4 106.6 103.6 98.6 100.2 98.5 100.1 102.6 108.1 94.7 97.7 101.6 73.2 118.8 106.2 109.2 100.0 104.5 96.1 93.9 84.8 85.7 100.8 114.6 114.8 97.5 100.3 90.4 118.8 106.2 109.2 100.0 104.5 97.4 97.1 91.7 92.9 101.7 111.4 104.8 97.6 101.0 81.8 Doors: pine. Lime: common. 125.8 114.4 114.4 112.1 96.1 83.5 76.6 74.3 84.6 118.2 145.5 173.1 194.1 158.2 154.6 117.5 109.5 111.5 111.5 101.8 93.8 83.3 86.3 89.0 95.8 82.0 92.9 96.7 94.5 99.0 Linseed oil: raw. 135.8 106.8 90.0 102.2 115.6 115.6 81.2 72.2 86.5 94.1 138.7 140.0 130.8 91.9 91.7 Lumber. Oak: white. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Hem lock. 105.2 104.1 102.8 100.3 97.9 93.2 93.3 92.0 98.2 113.0 137.9 125.4 132.4 140.4 142.1 Maple: hard. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1 103.8 100.8 107.8 119.5 117.0 Pine. White, boards. Plain. 101.2 101.5 102.7 103.5 99.5 96.8 96.8 96.8 96.8 104.1 109.1 98.2 109.2 119.8 124.2 Quar tered. Aver age. 95.9 99.8 98.7 98.7 95.2 99.2 101.5 100.3 97.8 112.7 120.1 110.2 117.5 139.3 150.4 98.6 100.7 100.7 101.1 97.4 98.0 99.2 98.6 97.3 108.4 114.6 104.2 113.4 129.6 137.3 No. 2 barn. 98.1 99.4 100.2 108.9 106.2 100.8 96.4 92.5 90.6 106.9 125.7 122.0 137.3 140.3 134.4 a Average for 1895-1899—100, Uppers. Aver age. 94.7 96.7 98.9 104.2 99.7 98.8 100.2 99.5 99.0 108.4 123.5 129.8 160.7 171.8 174.0 96.4 98.1 99.6 106.6 103.0 99.8 98.3 96.0 94.8 107.7 124.6 125.9 149.0 156.1 154.2 Yellow. Average. 112.4 108.1 100.2 100.2 100.2 91.6 88.9 89.0 100.9 108.5 112.2 106.5 113.7 113.7 116.0 101.7 101.4 99.8 104.4 102.0 97.1 95.2 93.7 96.8 107.9 120.5 119.4 137.2 141.9 141.5 547 COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1904. T able V — RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued. [A verage price for 1890-1899=100. F or a m ore detailed description o f the articles, see T able I.] Lumber and building materials. Lumber. "Sear. Poplar. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... 97.2 97.2 97.6 107.2 101.2 98.8 98.8 97.8 95.6 108.5 120.2 117.0 134.2 158.3 160.5 Oxide of zinc. Spruce. Average.' 113.5 99.1 103.5 96.0 88.6 99.3 99.3 97.6 95.8 107.3 121.1 125.4 134.2 133.7 142.9 102.0 100.7 100.5 102.1 98.7 97.6 97.2 96.2 97.2 107.7 119.3 115.0 127.4 137.4 140.2 106.3 104.8 106.5 103.3 93.3 87.5 95.8 94.3 99.0 109.5 112.8 109.5 110.0 115.8 115.8 Plate glass: polished, unsil vered. Area 3 to 5 sq. ft. 146.0 143.3 115.7 115.7 90.9 82.6 93.7 55.1 74.4 82.6 93.7 88.2 70.9 72.3 62.7 Shingles. Year. Cypress. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... 118.7 115.2 111.7 106.3 99.2 93.9 88.6 83.3 88.6 94.4 101.0 101.0 94.7 91.0 92.2 White pine. 102.6 106.9 104.4 102.8 100.2 98.8 96.5 94.6 94.9 98.3 106.9 111.9 123.0 125.1 122.5 Area 5 to Average. 10 sq. ft. 134.9 132.9 106.0 106.0 86.7 92.5 104.0 61.7 82.9 92.5 104.0 94.4 79.2 83.1 70.3 140.5 138.1 110.9 110.9 88.8 87.6 98.9 58.4 78.7 87.6 98.9 91.3 75.1 77.7 66.5 Putty. 110.8 110.8 101.9 101.3 99.4 91.8 91.8 91.8 91.8 106.3 120.3 94.9 121.5 89.2 69.6 Resin: good, strained. 96.1 102.4 93.2 87.6 86.9 108.4 121.2 112.0 98.7 93.5 111.3 106.3 112.0 153.9 196.8 Window glass: American, oinnrla Average. 110.7 111.1 108.1 104.6 99.7 96.4 92.6 89.0 91.8 96.4 104.0 106.5 108.9 108.1 107.4 Tar. Turpen tine: spirits of. 122.4 131.4 107.9 86.8 90.6 94.8 84.0 87.5 91.1 103.4 113.1 106.4 122.0 113.5 96.5 89.8 87.7 87.4 82.1 87.5 96.4 137.0 142.7 111.5 110.0 141.8 139.4 139.4 Firsts, 6 x 8 to 10x15 inch. Thirds, 6 x 8 to 10x15 inch. 103.6 102.8 92.7 99.4 92.6 74.3 83.8 102.2 122.9 125.9 125.5 191.9 149.6 122.7 134.2 171.0 172.2 98.2 97.3 87.7 94.0 89.8 76.5 88.0 107.9 128.8 131.9 127.5 180.4 141.0 118.7 128.0 Average, lumber and building Average. materi als. 100.9 100.1 90.2 96.7 91.2 75.4 85.9 105.1 125.9 128.9 126.5 186.2 145.3 120.7 131.1 111.8 108.4 102.8 101.9 96.3 94.1 93.4 90.4 95.8 105.8 115.7 116.7 118.8 121.4 122.7 Drugs and chemicals. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Alcohol: Alcohol: wood, grain, refined, 94 per 95 per bent. cent. 92.5 98.9 95.6 97.3 96.1 104.0 102.7 101.6 103.8 107.6 106.5 109.7 107.4 106.9 108.6 119.2 121.6 136.0 135.4 75.5 90.9 89.1 72.9 78.6 80.8 83.9 64.2 67.3 62.0 61.6 Alum: lump. 109.0 94.6 95.8 104.2 101.2 95.8 98.2 99.4 98.8 100.6 104.8 104.8 104.8 103.6 104.8 Brim Opium: Sul Average, Muriatic natural, Quinine: phuric drugs stone: Glycer in: acid: Ameri and crude, refined. in acid: 20°. can. chemi seconds. cases. 66°. cals. 102.2 138.2 116.7 90.5 80.1 75.5 86.8 97.2 110.7 102.1 102.2 106.3 113.2 107.9 105.2 126.3 109.9 99.8 96.2 85.3 86.1 119.4 93.5 88.5 95.0 108.3 107.5 103.2 103.4 99.8 100.0 94.2 116.3 97.1 84.6 79.8 72.1 104.8 123.1 129.8 129.8 144.2 161.5 153.8 153.8 111.0 82.4 70.8 101.3 96.8 78.0 88.6 99.2 141.6 130.2 135.6 136.8 120.0 130.6 116.5 133.1 102.0 88.7 87.4 106.5 102.0 97.8 74.3 87.2 120.9 135.2 123.0 104.7 102.6 94.8 98.9 91.0 106.7 95.5 82.0 78.7 78.7 106.7 127.0 134.8 134.8 140.4 146.1 142.7 144.9 110.2 103.6 102.9 100.5 89.8 87.9 92.6 94.4 106.6 111.3 115.7 115.2 114.2 112.6 110.0 548 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, Table V — RELATIVE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Continued, [A verage price for 1890-1899=100. For a m ore detailed d escription o f the articles, see T able I.] House furnishing goods. Earthenware. year. Teacups Plates, and sau Average. Bedroom Chairs, Chairs, white cers, white sets, ash. bedroom, granite. maple. kitchen. granite. Plates, creamcolored. 1890.... 1891:... 1892.... 1893.... 1891.:.. 1895.... 1 896.:.. 1897.... 1898.... 1899.:.. 1900.:.. 1901.... 1902.... 1908.... 1904.... Furniture. 108.0 105.6 102.3 102.3 101.0 94.6 92.0 92.0 100.4 101.7 106.6 112.5 112.5 115.4 113.8 109.1 106.9 103.7 103.7 101.9 92.9 89.1 89.1 100.8 102.9 108.1 113.8 113.8 111.4 110.4 109.6 107.4 104.2 104.2 102.8 94.4 90.1 90.1 98.0 99.2 104.3 109.7 109.7 107.4 106.4 Glassware. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Pitch Tum Nap ers, blers, pies, ^-gallon, i-pint, 4-inch. com com mon. mon. 107.1 107.1 107.1 107.1 107.1 107.1 89.3 89.3 89.3 89.3 89.3 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 106.4 106.4 306.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 106.4 85.1 85.1 85.1 85.1 110.6 110.6 110.6 97.9 101.4 112.7 107.0 107.0 107.0 104.2 101.4 95.8 90.1 73.2 101.4 101.4 104.2 99.5 90.1 108.9 106.6 103.4 103.4 101.9 94.0 90.4 90.4 99.7 101.3 106.3 312.0 112.0 111.4 110.2 113.7 113.7 113.7 104.2 104.2 94.3 82.9 82.9 94.7 95.7 106.6 106.6 111.3 115.3 116.1 113.0 113.0 110.6 110.6 96.9 96.9 96.9 50.7 •B2.7 •98.9 129.1 1L3.0 118.4 127.8 129.1 Table cutlery. 100.0 100.0 100.0 118.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 127.9 127.9 113.0 90.8 90.8 90.8 90.8 82.5 90.8 94.9 94.9 107.3 107.3 107.3 110.0 109.8 109.8 111.1 111.1 91.5 91.5 91.5 91.5 86.6 105.7 136.1 124.2 128.5 130.7 124.7 103.9 103.9 103.9 103.9 98.7 98.7 95.6 95.6 95.6 100.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 110.1 110.1 109.8 107.5 97.8 95.4 91.7 87.7 89.9 100.1 120.0 113.0 116.6 120.5 119.5 Wooden ware. Knives and Aver Carvers, Aver stag forks, age. handles. cocobolo age. handles. 105.0 108.7 106.8 106.8 106.8 105.9 99.0 90.1 88.2 82.5 91.9 112.3 113.3 111.7 104.3 Tables, kitchen. Average. 114.0 114.0 106.5 104.8 95.4 95.4 95.4 88.2 92.3 94.4 94.4 100.6 100.6 100.6 101.9 Pails, oakgrain ed. Tubs, oakgrain ed. 122.6 111.6 303.9 101.1 96.9 86.3 97.2 95.6 87.3 97.5 114.9 119.3 119.3 122.2 130.9 122.5 116.3 103.9 97.1 95.6 92.8 92.8 92.8 92.8 93.4 107.0 107.6 107.6 107.6 107.6 Aver age, house fur Aver age. nishing goods. 122.6 114.0 103.9 99.1 96.3 89.6 95.0 94.2 90.1 95.5 111.0 113.5 113.5 114.9 119.3 111.1 110.2 106.5 104.9 100.1 96.5 94.0 89.8 92.0 95.1 106.1 110.9 112.2 113.0 111.7 Miscellaneous. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Cotton-seed meal. 106.4 114.8 107.9 117.0 102.7 86.1 90.8 93.1 86.5 94.7 116.3 113.9 123.5 121.6 119.3 Cotton-seed oil: sum Jute: raw. mer yel low, prime. 113.2 117.2 101.4 149.5 106.4 89.4 82.6 77.7 75.2 87.5 116.8 117.3 133.6 130.7 103.0 108.1 103.3 132.3 96.4 96.1 77.7 88.9 103.9 92.5 101.7 121.2 111.4 122.0 129.2 123.7 Malt: Western made. 106.7 131.9 114.0 110.3 105.9 97.5 80.1 77.4 87.7 88.5 93.0 106.0 112.7 103.1 96.1 Paper. News. 127.8 113.7 113.7 106.4 108.0 103.0 92.0 90.6 73.2 69.9 94.0 75.6 80.9 84.6 89.3 Wrapping, Average. manila. 104.0 104.0 100.9 104.7 105.6 106.0 106.3 106.3 83.0 79.2 86.8 90.8 89.9 95.1 95.8 115.9 108.9 107.3 105.6 106.8 104.5 99.2 98.5 78.1 74.6 90.4 83.2 85.4 89.9 92.6 > Proof spirits. 91.6 96.1 93.5 93.2 98.6 105.3 104.6 102.9 106.3 108.0 108.4 111.8 114.3 111.4 110.4 COUESE OF WHOLESALE PEIOES, 1890 TO 1904. T able V ___ E E L A T IV E 549 PRICES OF COM M ODITIES, 1890 TO 1904— Concluded. [Average price for 1890-1899=100. For a more detailed description of the articles, see Table I.] Miscellaneous. Tobacco. Year. 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... Rope: manila. Rubber: Para Island. 160.0 111.1 122.9 98.4 82.4 78.7 71.1 67.6 90.1 117.1 141.3 116.9 144.3 122.7 125.4 104.6 98.8 84.5 89.5 84.2 92.7 99.9 105.6 115.8 124.3 122.6 106.1 90.8 113.1 135.8 Soap: Cas tile, mot tled, pure. 104.4 109.1 109.7 108.1 103.3 89.1 88.2 93.3 96.7 98.1 107.7 115.1 116.5 115.6 113.7 Starch: laundry. 106.6 122.4 107.2 105.2 105.2 104.3 89.1 86.2 86.2 86.2 97.7 101.3 130.5 123.9 106.0 Smoking, granu Plug, Horseshoe. lated, Seal Average. of N. C. 102.2 101.2 94.0 100.1 101.0 101.0 96.1 94.9 104.3 105.4 111.9 117.6 114.6 113.6 118.6 98.2 98.2 98.2 98.2 98.2 98.2 98.2 98.2 104.1 110.0 110.0 110.0 109.9 112.0 114.4 100.2 99.7 96.1 99.2 99.6 99.6 97.2 96.6 104.2 107.7 111.0 113.8 112.3 112.8 116.5 Average, miscella neous. 110.3 109.4 106.2 105.9 99.8 94.5 91.4 92.1 92.4 97.7 109.8 107.4 114.1 113.6 111.7 STREET R A IL W A Y EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITER STATES. BY W ALTER E. W EYL, PH. D. IN TR O D U CTIO N A N D S U M M A R Y . The conditions of street railway employment in the United States are worthy of study. Within the half century during which street railways have existed in this country a huge army of men has been recruited for city transportation lines— an army which is rapidly and continually increasing. The street railways show a far greater increase in the number of their employees than do most industries of equal age. The introduction and extension of electric traction have more than doubled the number of employees, so that in 1902 there were some 140,000 men, including officers and clerks, upon the pay rolls of the street railways of this country. No other country has as many as onefourth of this number of street car employees. Excluding officials and clerks, the number of persons engaged in street railway transpor tation in this country amounted in 1902 to 13*3,641, or, in other words, to almost one-eighth of the number of men employed upon our 200,000 miles of steam railroads. This vast body of street railway employees is largely concentrated in the populous cities of the Union. Almost all of them are found in the northern tier of States stretching from the Atlantic to the Missis sippi. A s the industry is essentially urban, practically all of the men engaged in it are residents of cities and towns, and a very large pro portion live in the few metropoli. This fact, that a majority of the men engaged in American street railway service are urban dwellers, and residents, moreover, of the largest cities, should be borne in mind in considering the wages which are paid to them and the cost of their living. The condition of street railway men is one which lends itself to general observation by the fact that the majority of those engaged in the industry perform their work in the full view of the public. About three-fifths of all employees of the street and electric railways of the United States, excluding higher officials and clerks, consist of motormen and conductors, with the general nature of whose work everyone is sufficiently familiar. The remaining two-fifths of street railway employees are engaged in the car barns and power stations. In this part of the service the introduction of electricity as the motive power has led to considerable division of labor and differentiation of function. 550 STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 551 During the horse ear days approximately the same proportion obtained between the drivers and conductors on the one hand and the station and barn employees on the other. The occupations in city railway transportation are almost exclusively monopolized by adult males. No women are engaged upon the plat forms of the car, and the number of female employees generally is so small that they may be disregarded. Although a few boy conductors were employed during horse car days, they entirely disappeared from the service with the introduction of electricity, and the great majority of companies accept no person as conductor or motorman under 20 years of age. The fatiguing nature of the work in which street railway employees are engaged has led to a selection, among the numerous applicants for positions, of men who are physically and mentally capable of coping with the difficulties. The stress and strain of the work, which has been enormously increased by the introduction of mechanical traction and is aggravated by the long hours of work, has necessitated a selec tion along these lines, and the very large number of applicants for positions has enabled such a selection to take place. In the following pages the requirements as to age, weight, and height of street railway employees, as well as the character of the physical examinations which the men must undergo, are given in detail, and statistics are also presented giving the average standing in this regard of accepted applicants. The requirements as to age and the age statistics of suc cessful applicants are especially worthy of note, since they confirm the general impression of the youthfulness of the men employed at this occupation. The work is essentially that of young men, and while efforts are made to retain employees of experience as long as their physical vigor remains unimpaired, the rules of the majority of the companies absolutely exclude from the occupation new men over 35 or 40 years of age. In a considerable number of companies the limit is placed at 35. The character of the occupation imposes still other requirements of a physical nature. It is indispensable that the platform men, and especially the conductors, be able to speak and read the language of the country. It is equally essential that both motorman and conductor be alert and familiar with the city streets. A s a consequence, several companies prefer the employment of city rather than country men, owing to their greater alertness, although the majority prefer country men owing to their greater vigor, strength, honesty, and loyalty, and their willingness to work cheaper. The opportunities which the con ductor has of “ knocking down,” or withholding fares, necessitates the selection of honest men for this position, and references are usually demanded. A s a rule deposits or bonds, ranging from fifteen to one 552 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. thousand dollars, are required of all accepted applicants for this position. Notwithstanding the nature of these requirements, the street rail way service receives applicants from all classes and all conditions of men. The ranks of the street railway men are recruited from scores of occupations (specified in this report), from farmers, clerks, unsuc cessful professional men, and from thousands of skilled artisans tem porarily unemployed. The extent to which many classes of tempo rarily unemployed men resort to the street railway service is due to the fact that a knowledge of the work is readily acquired. Eligible applicants for positions are given a preparatory training, lasting from three days to two weeks, and averaging about a week. After a suc cessful examination, such men are placed on trial cars and are admitted as extras. The proportion of extra men is large. The system in the past produced a debasement of the conditions of the employees. The use of a certain proportion of extra men is inevitable from the nature of the occupation and the requirement that cars be run at all times irrespective of the ability of the regular employees to man them. But in the past the ease with which unemployed men could secure the position of extras attracted too large a proportion of the unemployed of great cities, and on many lines an unduly large body of partially employed men was created, few of these men earning wages commensurate with the cost of their enforced attendance at the barns. A s stated, the effect of this mass of partially employed men was to debase the condition of the regular employees. By the rules of the companies, men were suspended for missing their cars or losing time, and their cars were given to the extra men. The regular men tried to hold their jobs from the extra men by working excessive hours, and, as a consequence, the system led, in many cases, to a serious over-employment of regular men and to a chronic under-employment of extra men. These evil conditions were at their worst during horse car days, but within the last decade a marked improvement has taken place in this as in certain other features of street railway work. The evil resulting from the impermanency and irregularity of the occupation has been, to a considerable extent, remedied within recent years. Both the companies and the men, as represented in their trade unions, are endeavoring to secure a more permanent and stable body of street railway employees, and to convert the occupation from one which is open to the casual, unskilled, and temporarily unemployed man into one which is based upon a regular, well-disciplined, and thoroughly coordinated group. The introduction of electricity, neces sitating a higher grade of employees, has been the prime factor in this development, by which the character and caliber of the men employed are being revolutionized. This improvement in the character of STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 553 employees is attested by the great majority of street railway officials, and is the most important and salient feature of the recent development in the street car service. The nature of the employment has left its stamp upon the men admitted into the service; and this report will show their general characteristics. It will give detailed information concerning, among other things, the citizenship and nativity of employees, their length of residence in the place of their work, their age, their conjugal con dition, their weight and height, their former occupations, their sav ings, their ownership of houses, their cost of living, their liability to mortgage and debt, and .their expenditure for insurance against d.eath and accident. The strict liability to which street railway companies are held for the loss of life, limb, or health, due to accidents, has compelled the adoption of rigid disciplinary rules for the government of employees. According to the law, street railway companies, like other employers, are liable for the actions of their employees in the regular course of their occupation, and the dangerous character of the work requires the establishment and maintenance of regulations for the government of the men engaged in it. Great progress has been shown in this direc tion, as the result of the concentration of formerly competing lines into gigantic systems covering entire cities and as the result of *the improvement in the character of the employees. Formerly each petty company had its body of rules printed or written or oral, and more or less observed according to the character of the superintendent. Favoritism, which was manifested in the appointment and promotion of men, was also evidenced in the discipline. Men were discharged without other cause than the desire to supplant them by candidates with political or other backing, and the morale of the force was, as a consequence, at the lowest. Men going from one line to another passed from one body of rules to another. The usual punishment was suspension, with the result that the man so punished returned much the worse for wear, and with a permanent grudge against the officer of the company who suspended him. The first reform grew out of the consolidation of the companies, and the standardization of the rules for all the lines within a district or within a State. Still further progress was made by the adoption on some lines of the merit system and by the abolition of suspensions, although such measures are still merely in an experimental stage, and very much yet remains to be done to perfect the discipline. The inherent difficulty of the situation lies in the fact that the majority of the men employed work alone, and their actions can not be subjected to any adequate inspection or review; Those lines which have adopted the merit system have usually based thereon a system of promotion. The opportunities for promotion 554 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. from one branch of the service to another are not particularly great, the chief reward of the men engaged in the train service being promo tion from a bad to a good run. As is indicated by certain statistics in this report, the wages earned by men on different runs do not vary to any great extent. Another system of promotion, more automatic in character, provides for increased pay with an increased period of service. Somewhat over half of the companies have adopted a system of paying slightly higher wages during the second year of the man’s employment than during the first year, still higher wages during the third, and still higher during the fourth and fifth years. The work ingmen, organized in the trade union, are, as a rule, opposed to both of these systems of promotion, on the ground that they work for favorit ism, which they allege forces the men to curry favor with superior officers to the detriment of their fellow-employees. In the street railway service, as in other occupations, promotion is a moot question of dispute between the employer and the unions, since loyalty is largely based upon the hope of promotion, and each party desires to obtain the adherence of the men to as large an extent as possible. In this report the wages of street railway men are given in detail for the various cities of the Union and for the various grades of street railway employment. The statistics include not only average and classified wages, but the rates of pay per hour and per day for several hundred specified street railway companies. W ages given in the past by the street car companies of various States are also presented, and comparisons are made between the wages during horse car days and since the introduction of electric traction. Statistics are also shown as to the savings of men engaged in this service in several of the systems throughout the country. The salient feature of these wage statistics is the clearly established fact of an extremely rapid increase of wages during the last decade. The statistics of wages on the old horse cars show clearly that the amounts earned at that time were entirely inade quate, and the increase in wages since then has amounted in cases to 50 or 100 or even over 100 per cent in the rate of remuneration per hour. The rates of wages, however, are still much lower than upon the steam railroads, although any comparison between the rates of pay to em ployees in these two industries is rendered difficult by the inherent differences in the nature of the occupations. The rise in wages of street car employees appears to be due to the increasing difficulty of the work; to the improved character of the men Employed; to the rapidly growing receipts of the consolidated operating companies, and to the action of the trade unions, which have endeavored to improve conditions. W ages are higher in the wellorganized cities, and are, of course, higher in large than in small cities. The influences governing wages in other occupations, such as STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 555 the cost of living, etc., are found to prevail equally in the street car service, wages being at their maximum in the far Western cities and at their minimum in the cities and towns of the South. The statistics of wages as given in the tables herein presented do not include premiums which are paid on several lines for care or for extra efficient work. These premiums, while they amount in some places to an increase of about 5 per cent in the wages of the men receiving them, are not sufficiently common to affect the wages of employees as a whole. A description of the premiums is given in the report. These premiums excepted, there are no supplementary wages earned by street car men. Several companies have adopted a system of granting pensions to men attaining an advanced age after a long term of service. These pensions, a description of which is given for two or three companies, usually provide for retirement at the age of 65 or 70 and after 25 years or more of continuous service. The amount of the pensions and the conditions under which they are granted are of such a nature, however, that they involve the pensioning company in no great expenditure, and they can not be considered as an appre ciable addition to the regular wages of the great mass of employees. The pioneer company in this movement, the Metropolitan Street Rail way Company of New York City, has a provision limiting its maxi mum expenditure for pensions to $50,000 a year, which thus makes its total maximum expenditure about 1 per cent of the total wages of the men. Though of benefit in individual cases, therefore, the system neither in breadth nor generosity overcomes the criticism and oppo sition of the employees organized into the trade union. W hile the daily wages of street railway employees have increased during the last 15 years, progress in this direction has not been nearly so great as that which has been effected in the reduction of the hours of labor. Twenty years ago, probably no class of employees, not excluding the workers in the sweatshops, was so mercilessly and sys tematically exploited by overwork as the drivers and conductors of street cars. The statistics of the hours of labor for employees of companies in various parts of the United States during this period are given in detail in this report, and they serve to demonstrate the fact that the hours of labor during this period were entirely excessive. Upon many lines Ithe normal working day was 14 hours and the normal working week 98 hours, and instances were not rare of a normal working day of 16 and actually of 17 hours and more per day. The street car service during that period acted as a parasite upon other trades by excessively overworking young men and throwing them back upon the community at a comparatively early age. Conditions in this respect have greatly improved, owing largely to a change from horse to electric traction and to the activity of the trade union. 556 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. The excessive hours of work which were possible on the slow-moving horse cars became an absolute physical impossibility with the strain and stress of the rapid electric vehicles. The hours of labor now pre vailing upon street railways are given for several hundred street car systems in the country, and they show that the great majority of employees are working from 9 to 13 hours. Even at the present time this working day, in view of the strain and tension of rapid electric transportation, is considered to be excessive by the majority of employees and by the community in general, and in a number of States laws have been enacted limiting the hours of labor of the men engaged in the service. The constitutionality of one of these laws, that of Rhode Island, limiting the hours of employment of street railway men, was passed upon and affirmed by the supreme court of that State. The hours of labor of the platform or car men of street railways must be considered in relation to the fact that the majority of men work seven days a week. The cars are obliged to run Sundays as well as week days, and the traffic is almost as great as, and on nrany lines— especially on interurban systems— greater than, on week days. The former opposition to the running of street cars on Sunday soon subsided and the system arose of employing the majority of men, and especially of platform men, on seven days of the week. On some systems the men are enabled to obtain two or three days or more per month of rest without pay, but the system of a regular Sunday holi day does not exist for the platform men of any large street railway system in the community. Street railway service is, therefore, one of the most constant employ ments. It is in very small degree affected by seasonal factors, and the opportunities of work on the car range from three hundred to three hundred and sixty-five days per year. Statistics are given show ing the average number of actual working days for a number of street railway employees, and the figures confirm the ordinary impression that the occupation is extremely regular throughout the year. Much of the improvement in the condition of street railway men has been ascribed to the action of the union, the Amalgamated Asso ciation of Street Railway Employees of America. This report con tains data showing the history of the organization, its constitution, finances, and general condition, its benefit features, its strikes, and the advances in wages, which it ascribes to its activity. Owing to the nature of the work, the organization is founded on industry rather than on occupation lines, all men engaged in or about the cars being eligible to membership. The report also contains certain information covering strikes, arbi trations between the companies and their employees, and trade agree STREET R A IL W A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 557 ments made between the union or its local branches and the officers of the street railway companies. One of the salient features in the recent development of street rail way employment is the creation, largely at the instance and with the assistance of the company, of associations for the benefit and improve ment of the employees. These associations have rapidly increased in number, and are being copied in many systems throughout the country. The general nature and activities of a number of these organizations are described in the report, together with the inception and develop ment of Young Men’s Christian Associations among the street railway employees of several cities. The report also considers the question of accidents to street railway employees. The number of these accidents, while large, is much smaller than upon steam railways. Accidents on street railways primarily affect passengers and passers-by. The death rate from accidents on the steam railroads in 1902 was 1 per 401 employees, and for trainmen 1 per 135 men, while for wage-earners upon street railways, not including officials and clerks, the death rate from acci dents was 1 to 1,095. The chance of an employee being killed was thus 173 per cent greater upon the steam railroads than upon the street railways, while the chance of death to trainmen on steam railroads was far greater than that of platform men on street railways. The ordinary status of employees has been modified in the case of street railway employees by a series of laws providing for their special benefit. In 25 States, laws have been passed requiring the vestibuling of cars in order to protect the employees from the excessive cold of winter days. In 10 States, laws have been enacted regulating the hours of labor and establishing a maximum working day and a maximum period of time during which this work shall be performed. The legal status of street railway employees has been more largely influenced by direct legislation of this sort than by the insertion of labor clauses in franchise grants. W hile in many foreign cities, as in Paris, for instance, the employees of private street railway companies are protected, and their wages, hours of labor, the payment of pensions, the free grant of uniforms, and other conditions are expressly stipu lated when the original franchise is granted, this system has been adopted to only a very limited extent in the United States. Many of the laws providing for the protection and welfare of railroad employees have been interpreted as applying also to street railway employees. The constitutionality of this particular legislation has been tested at various times, and from recent decisions it appears that the laws regulating the hours of labor of street railway employees are defensible oh constitutional grounds. In conclusion it would appear that as a result of the development of the last 15 years, and as a consequence notably of the introduction 558 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. of electric traction, the great body of street railway employees is being converted from a loosely aggregated, fluctuating, constantly changing body of unskilled, untrained men, working excessive hours for inade quate pay, under extremely vicious conditions, into a more compact, coherent, and regularly employed body of men, earning better wages and working shorter hours under improved conditions. The develop ment has manifested merely a tendency in the direction of ameliora tion and it can not be regarded as a completed process. NUM BER OF EM PLOYEES. According to the special report of the United States Census Office, entitled 66Street and Electric Railways, 1902,” published in 1903, the number of employees on street railways of the United States, includ ing the Territories, was 110,769. In other words, in that year about one-eighth as many persons were employed on street and elecnic railways as upon steam railroads. (a) While no definite statistics ex*0c for former years, the data furnished by the census enumerations and occupations for 1890 and 1900 show a rapid increase in the number of street railway employees. O f the 140,769 persons employed in 1902 upon street and electric railways, 7,128, or 5 per cent of the total number, came under the list of salaried officials and clerks. In that year there were 1,480 general officers w7ith an annual average income of $2,021, 1,327 other officers, managers, and superintendents with an average annual salary of $1,371, and 4,321 clerks with an average salary of $609 per year. The average annual earnings of these 7,128 men was $1,044. The remaining 133,641 employees of the street and electric railways of the United States in 1902 may be properly classed as wage-earners. These men are divided into a number of groups, consisting of fore men, inspectors, conductors, motormen, starters, watchmen, switch men, road and track men, hostlers, stable men, etc., linemen, engineers, dynamo and switchboard men, electricians, firemen, mechanics, lamp trimmers, and other employees. The largest group of these employees consists of conductors and motormen, the number of whom combined amounts to 80,144, or 60 per cent of the total wage-earners. The next largest single group consists of the road and track men, containing 11,474 men, or 8.6 per cent; the next of mechanics, consisting of 9,197, or 6.9 per cent, these four groups of motormen, conductors, road and track men, and mechanics, aggregating 75.5 per cent of all wageearners. «In 1902 there were 1,189,315 employees, including general and other officers and clerks, employed on the steam railroads, or 8.45 times as many as those employed on street railways. (See reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission on Statis tics of Railways in the United States.) STREET R A IL W A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 559 The following table shows the distribution of street railway employees by States, the State referring to the location of the railway and not to the residence of the employee: TOTAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES (NOT INCLUDING SALARIED OFFICIALS AND CLERKS) ON STREET RAILWAYS IN 1902, BY STATES. [From special report of the United States Census Office on Street and Electric Railways, 1902, page 233.] State. New Y o rk ................................ Pennsylvania......................... Massachusetts......................... Illin ois..................................... Ohio.......................................... California................................ Missouri.................................... New Jersey............................... M ichigan.................................. M aryland................................ Connecticut............................. In d ia n a .................................... W isconsin............................. . Georgia..................................... •Louisiana................................ Rhode Island........................... I o w a ......................................... Minnesota................................ K en tu cky................................ W ashington............................. Tennessee................................ C olorado.................................. Number Per cent of em ployees. of total. 33,192 15,721 13,998 11,057 9,451 5,187 5,186 3,880 3,192 2,883 2,536 2,448 2,042 1,971 1,646 1,609 1,516 1,509 1,331 1,250 1,205 979 24.8 11.7 10.5 8.3 7.1 3.9 3.9 2.9 2.4 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 .9 .9 .7 State. Number of em Per cent ployees. of total. Maine....................................... V irgin ia.................................. T exas....................................... Alabama.................................. West Virginia.......................... N ebraska................................ Oregon.................................. . North C arolina...................... F lo rid a .................................... South C arolina...................... New Hampshire..................... Utah......................................... Kansas..................................... Delaware................................ Arkansas................................ Montana.................................. Vermont.................................. Mississippi............................... Other States........................... 969 960 929 921 621 527 490 376 374 372 357 285 275 236 225 178 165 137 1,455 0.7 .7 .7 .7 .5 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 1.1 Total United States___ 133,641 100.0 The foregoing table shows to what an extent street railway em ployees are confined to the populous States. Thus, of the entire number employed (not including salaried officials and clerks) upon all the street railways of the United States, almost one-quarter work upon the street railways of the State of New York. The States in the order of the number of street railway employees are New York, Penn sylvania, Massachusetts, Illinois, and Ohio. The street railways of these*5 States employ 83,419 wage-earners, leaving 50,222 for all the other States and Territories of the Union. In other words, over 62 per cent or about five-eighths of all street railway wageearners in the United States are employed by roads in these 5 States. The States next in order following are California, Missouri, New Jersey-, Michigan, and Maryland, all of which are States with com paratively dense populations and with large cities. Upon the street railways of these 5 States there are 20,328 street railway employees, making 103,747, or 78 per cent of the total, for the first 10 States. A majority of the States have upon their street and electric railways less than 1,000 employees each. It is typical of the extent to which rail way employment is confined to States with large cities that the State of Rhode Island, with a population of only 428,556, has 1,609 street railwa}^ employees, while the State of Texas, with apopulationof 3,048,710, has but 929 employees. In other words, while Rhode Island has 38 street railway employees for 10,000 inhabitants, Texas has but 3 per 560 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, 10,000. The proportion of street railway employees in such States as North and South Dakota is still smaller, being too slight even for special enumeration. Practically the same distribution holds true of the several classes into which street railway employment is divided. In the number of motormen the States lead in the order of New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Ohio, and Illinois; these 5 States furnishing 61.1 per cent of all the motormen in the country. The States of California, Missouri, and New Jersey, furnish 11.8 per cent, making a total of 72.9 per cent for these 8 States. No other State has over 1,000 motormen, but the States of Michigan, Maryland, Connecticut, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Georgia each have between 500 and 1,000, or a total of 12.3 per cent of all motormen. Twelve other States range from 200 to 500 employees, forming a total of 10.4 per cent of all motormen, or an average of 0.9 per cent each. Seven other enumer ated States, besides the unenumerated States, average less than 100 motormen, the State of Mississippi having but 32, or less than onetenth of 1 per cent. The following table shows the number of motormen by States. Sim ilar tables could be made for all classes of employment, since the dis tribution is approximately the same for all the various grades of service in street railway employment. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF MOTORMEN ON STREET RAILWAYS IN 1902, BY STATES. [From special report of the United States Census Office on Street and Electric Railways, 1902, page 233.] States. New Y o r k ................................ P ennsylvania.......................... Massachusetts.......................... Ohio.......................................... Illin ois..................................... California................................ Missouri.................................... New Jersey............................... M ichigan.................................. M aryland ................................ Connecticut............................. In d ia n a .................................... K en tu ck y ................................ L ouisiana................................ Georgia..................................... Minnesota................................ W isconsin................................ Iow a.......................................... Rhode island........................... Ton n occoo W ashington............................. T e x a s ....................................... Number cent of motor- Per of total. men. 9,204 5,479 4,001 3,019 2,738 1,776 1,740 1,218 951 933 778 674 557 538 512 482 477 443 419 399 353 349 23.0 13.7 10.0 7.6 6.8 4.4 4.4 3.0 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 !9 .9 States. Number cent of motor- Per of total. men. Colorado.................................. M a in e ..................................... V irgin ia.................................. Alabama.................................. West V irgin ia ........................ Nebraska................................ O re g o n .................................... New Hampshire..................... South C arolina...................... Utah......................................... Kansas..................................... F lorid a .................................... North Carolina...................... A rkansas................................ Delaware................................ Vermont.................................. Montana.................................. Mississippi............................... All others................................ 302 259 247 217 204 187 155 123 113 103 102 99 95 85 82 56 55 32 447 0.8 .7 .6 .5 .5 .5 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 ;2 .1 .1 .1 1.1 Total United States___ 40,003 100.0 The statistics of occupations of the Twelfth Census of the United States show a much smaller number of men engaged in street railroad ing than is shown by the special report of the Census Office on Street and Electric Railways, 1902. According to the Twelfth Census, there were but 68,936 street railway employees in the United States. This STREET RA ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 561 figure, however, is necessarily incomplete, owing to the fact that the statistics were taken not by industries, but by the particular trade or occupation of the individual workman making the return. Persons filling such positions in the street railway service as fore men, starters, watchmen, switchmen, road and track men, linemen, engi neers, electricians, firemen, mechanics, lamp trimmers, etc., do not usually report themselves as street railway employees, and it is only those occupations which specifically pertain to the street railway service which show their full quota of men. Thus, according to the United States census of population, it would appear that 89.2 per cent of all street railway employees were motormen and conductors, whereas according to the fuller statistics furnished in the special report, only 60 per cent are shown to be motormen and conductors. The census report returned 24,038 conductors as against 37,436 motormen, show ing clearly that many conductors were not classed as street railway employees, while probably all motormen were. In other words, accord ing to the statistics of population, there were 56 per cent more motormen than conductors, while the special report shows that the num bers were practically identical for the two occupations. (The propor tion between motormen and conductors was as 997 to 1,000.) Although necessarily incomplete, the figures of the census of occupations are valuable because they furnish information supplementing that of the special census report. The following table shows the division of wage-earners of street and electric railways according to occupations: NUMBER AND PER CENT OF WAGE-EARNING EMPLOYEES IN EACH OCCUPATION IN STREET RAILW AY SERVICE, 1902. [From special report of the United States Census Office on Street and Electric Railways, 1902, pages 233 to 235.] Occupation. Number Per cent of em ployees. of total. C onductors....................................................................................................................... M otorm en......................................................................................................................... Road and track m en........................................................................................................ M echanics......................................................................................................................... F irem en............................................................................................................................. Linemen............................................................................................................................. Forem en............................................................................................................................. Engineers........................................................................................................................... Hostlers, stablemen, e t c .................................................................................................. S w itch m en ....................................................................................................................... Dynamo and switch-board m en...................................................................................... Electricians....................................................................................................................... Inspectors........................................................................................................................... Starters .............................................................................................................................. W atchm en......................................................................................................................... Lamp trimmers................................................................................................................. Others................................................................................................................................. 40,141 40,003 11,474 9.197 2,694 2,288 1,782 1,751 1,345 1.198 1,167 1,150 1,095 960 921 338 16,137 .7 .7 .3 12.1 Total......................................................................................................................... 133,641 100.9 30.0 29.9 8.6 6.9 2.0 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.0 .9 .9 .9 .8 O f the 133,641 wage-earners employed by the street and electric railways of the country during the year 1902, the greater proportion were to be found in the Northern States. O f the entire number, 72,427, 16818— No. 57— 05----- 12 562 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. or almost 55 per cent, were employed on railways in the North Atlantic and 37,203, or over 27 per cent, in the North Central States. On the other hand, there were but 9,233 employees, or 7 per cent of the total, in the South Atlantic States, and but 6,394, or less than 5 per cent, in the South Central, making a total of less than 12 per cent in the South Atlantic and South Central States. The Western States had, in 1902, 8,384 street and electric railway employees, or over 6 per cent of the total. In other words, owing to the much larger population and the greater preponderance in the Northern States of urban cen ters, the number of street railway employees in that region was almost seven times as great as in the Southern States. During the last 12 years, moreover, the absolute increase in the number of street railway employees in the Northern States was almost seven times as great as in the Southern. INCREASE IN THE STREET RAILW AY EMPLOYMENT, 1890-1902, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. [From special report of the United States Census Office on Street and Electric Railways, 1902, page 6.] Geographical division. Number Number cent of em of em Per of in ployees, ployees, crease. 1890. 1902. North A tlantic................................................................................................ South A tla n tic................................................................................................ North Central.................................................................................................. South Central.................................................................................................. W estern............................................................................................................ 37,412 4,139 20,314 3,830 5,069 75,928 9,839 39,405 6,731 8,866 103.0 137.7 94.0 75.7 74.9 T o ta l....................................................................................................... 70,764 140,769 98.9 D E N S IT Y OF STR EET R A I L W A Y E M P L O Y M E N T . By the density of railway employment is meant the number of persons employed upon the railways in whatsoever capacity, divided by the number of miles. Thus, the steam railroads of the United States in the jrear 1902 had a length of 202,472 miles and employed 1,189,315 persons, including general and other officers, giving an aver age of 5.94 employees per mile. (a) This figure is called the density of employment. The density of employment upon street railways is somewhat larger. Thus, in 1902 there were 6.2 persons, includ ing salaried officials and clerks, per mile of road. The density was naturally larger in the North Atlantic States where traffic is denser. The number of persons employed upon street railways does not appear to vary in direct proportion to the length of the track, but tends rather to increase with the traffic. It would therefore naturally be expected that those railroads possessing the densest traffic would have the largest number of employees per mile of road. The street and electric railways of the North Atlantic States have a density of 7.5 per aFifteenth Annual Report of the Interstate Commerce Commission on the Sta tistics of Railways in the United States, for the year ending June 30, 1902. STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 563 mile of track, those of the South Atlantic, 5.9, those of the Western States, 5.5, and those of the North Central States, 5.0 per mile of track. The density of employment upon the street railways has of late years tended to diminish somewhat as a result of the introduction of long interurban lines, enjoying but a feeble traffic and employing only a small number of wage-earners. The following table shows this density of employment by geograph ical groups: DENSITY OF EMPLOYMENT UPON STREET RAILWAYS IN 1902, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. [From special report of the United States Census Office on Street and Electric Railways, 1902, page 6.] Number Length Average em of em ployees. of track. ployees. Geographical division. North South North South A tla n tic................................................................................................ A tla n tic................................................................................................ Central.................................................................................................. Central.................................................................................................. W e ste r n . . . . __________ _______ _______ _____________ _______ ________ ____ T o t a l _________ ______ 75,928 10,164.89 9,839 1,670.15 39,405 7,815.32 6,731 1,322.45 8,866 1,604.18 7.5 5.9 5.0 5.1 5.5 140,769 22,576.99 6.2 S E X O F STREET R A I L W A Y E M P L O Y E E S . Street railway employment is confined almost entirely to males. According to the statistics of occupation of the United States census only 2 out of 37,436 motormen and only 13 out of 24,038 conductors were women, while of 1,366 drivers none were women. The exact number of female clerks and of station employees generally can not be exactly stated, as many of these clerks are not reported under street railway service. The census gives 46 females out of a total of 68,936 employees, or 0.07 per cent of the entire number, but this is probably smaller than the true number. Eight of the 13 female con ductors are reported from the State of Ohio. AD M ISSIO N TO E M P L O Y M E N T . The street railway companies and the employees, organized and unorganized, are interested in the gradual raising of the standard of the men selected for employment. It is extremely advantageous both to employers and employees in this industry, as well as to the community in general, that the men selected for employment should be capable and in good physical and mental condition. The safety of many members of the community depends in a large measure upon the sobriety and quick-wittedness of street railway employees. The tend ency in this industry, as in some others, has been toward an improve ment in the quality of the service. The caliber of men admitted to employment has advanced, the preliminary physical examinations required becoming more and more exacting. Instead of placing on the platform any man with a political pull, as was the case less than 564 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. twenty years ago, it is becoming more and more the custom to compel all applicants to pass rigid examinations, and to subject them, if admitted, to a training of about a week’s duration on the average. The work of street railway employees is thus being lifted out of the class of unskilled jobs, for which any man at any time is fitted, into a definite and specialized trade which will command higher wages and require shorter hours. A t the present time this development is only partially completed, and upon many of the lines the requirements as to character and ability of employees are still low. To a certain extent employment in the street railway service still retains a temporary character. Many men are attracted to it who do not desire to remain in the business, but who wish to keep their posi tion for a few years until they are able to secure something better. On the other hand, the occupation is in large measure, although to a less extent than formerly, the dumping ground for temporarily unem ployed men from higher and better paid positions. A s a consequence, the personnel of the service is still largely fluctuating, and the tenure of position is still much shorter than that which obtains on the steam railroads of the country. A more or less uniform system of admitting applicants to the street railway service has been gradually worked out. The usual method is to have the applicant first interviewed by the manager or some subor dinate official, and if he creates a favorable impression, he is given a blank application to fill out, and an application for a bond for the faith ful performance of his work. The application blanks vary among the different railways, but usually include such items as name, address, length of residence in the city in which the street railway is situated, nationality, birthplace, marital condition, age, height, weight, hear ing, eyesight, color of eyes and hair, as well as other distinguishing marks. The applicant is also frequently asked whether his wife lives with him, whether he possesses a trade, what schooling he has had, what his former employment was, whether his life is insured, whether he is a member of the militia or of any benevolent association, and whether he has ever been arrested or convicted of any crime. The employment blank usually has blank spaces for the names of persons recommending the applicant. If the blank is filled out properly the applicant undergoes a physical examination, which is approximately the same for the large companies. Generally speaking, it bears upon the apparent age, the height, weight, chest measure, abdominal girth, pulse rate, etc., of the applicant, as well as such distinguishing marks as the color of the hair and eyes, and the general figure. Eyesight and hearing are tested, as well as the inspiration of the lungs, the action of the heart, and the respiration. The applicant is usually examined further for fistula, piles, varicose veins, and disease of the genital or urinary organs, as well as for vaccination marks. STREET RA ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 565 Each railway establishes certain minimum requirements which must be met by all applicants, and usually a minimum and a maximum age at which applicants will be admitted are fixed. A s a rule no person is taken into the service who is under 21 or over 40 or 45 years of age. A minimum height is also set, and certain fairly severe tests of sight and hearing are required. On the Birmingham Railway, Light and Power Company, for instance, it is required of each applicant that he be able to see with each eye one-half inch letters placed at a distance of 10 feet and that he hear with either ear the tick of a standard watch placed at arm’s length. Heart, lungs, kidneys, and liver must be in good condition, or the applicant is not accepted. If the medical or physical examination is successful, the applicant is usually turned over to the dispatcher of one of the divisions and put upon active work. For a shorter or longer period, ranging generally from one to two weeks, he is obliged to practice on the cars, and is also required to study a number of questions and answers covering the general rules and regulations of the company and the ordinary and usual management of the car and of its passengers. Upon these questions he is subsequently examined. Not until the examination is successfully passed, and the applicant has shown himself capable in the practice work, is he admitted to the service. A G E L IM IT O F CONDUCTORS A N D M O TO R M E N . The minimum age at which conductors are taken on is usually 21 years. This is sometimes provided for by law, in other cases by cus tom and by the desire of the company to avoid the charge of culpa bility for accidents resulting from the extreme youth of its employees. On some roads the rule is not inflexible, but is approximately adhered to. From returns furnished by a number of street car companies, it was found that the great majority reporting limitations upon age, fixed the minimum age at which a conductor would be employed at 21 years. Thirty-five companies placed the minimum at 21 years, 2 at 20 years, and 1 at 18 years. A few of the companies raised the minimum still higher. Thus 1 company fixed the minimum age for employment of conductors at 22, 6 companies at 23, 2 companies at 25, while 1 company fixed the minimum age for employing conductors at 30 years. About the same rule prevails for motormen. Almost all the com panies have the same minimum and maximum ages for motormen as for conductors, and the rules as to age, applying to conductors, may also be taken as applying to motormen. The maximum age at which street railway employees, whether conductors or motormen, are taken into the service ranges from 35 to 50 years. The general maximum prescribed is about 40 years. In 566 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. only 1 company was provision made for employing men as old as 50 years. On 12 lines the maximum age prescribed was 45 years, on 26 lines the maximum age for conductors was 40 years, on 2 lines the maximum age was 38, and on 12 lines the maximum age was 35. No new employees who are above these ages are taken into the service. The progressive shortening of the trade life by reducing the age at which the men can enter the employment is felt by many of the men as a great hardship, and is used as an argument to show the difficulty and nervous strain and the unfavorable conditions surrounding the work. In the old horse-car days a man of 45 could ordinarily secure a posi tion with a street railway, but now the tension and strain is felt to be so severe that the age at which new men are taken on has been gradu ally lowered. On an average there are only some 18 years between the average minimum and the average maximum age at which men may be admitted to the service. The establishment of a low maximum like that of 35 years tends to force employees above this age to become extremely cautious and conservative in the maintenance of their pres ent positions. The street railways usually establish a certain definite minimum weight for conductors and motormen. While the rule may not be in every case rigidly enforced, in many companies the applicant is actually weighed. Even though companies do not prescribe in their rules the minimum weight accepted, they are inclined to reject men who are undersized. The average weight required of conductors is about 145 pounds. One company insists on a weight not less than 120 pounds, 1 upon 125 pounds, 2 upon 130 pounds, 4 upon 135 pounds, 3 upon 140 pounds, 2 upon 145 pounds, 8 upon 150 pounds, 4 upon 160 pounds, and 2 upon 165 pounds. The minimum weight required of motormen is somewhat higher, ranging about 150 pounds. One company insists upon a mini mum of 120 pounds, 1 upon 130 pounds, 2 upon 135 pounds, 2 upon 140 pounds, 3 upon 145 pounds, 10 upon 150 pounds, 7 upon 160 pounds, and 4 upon 165 pounds. The average minimum weight for conductors upon 27 street railway companies was 145.4 pounds, and for motormen upon 30 railways, 150.5 pounds. The companies also establish definite standards of height for all appli cants for the positions of motormen and conductors. Undersized men and men of light weight or small strength can not generally secure a position. A s a rule, no man under 5 feet 6 inches or 5 feet 7 inches can secure employment as a street railway conductor, and no man under 5 feet 7 or 8 inches as a motorman. An investigation of 38 companies showed that in 5 companies the minimum height required of conductors was 5 feet 4 inches; in 1 com pany, 5 feet 5 inches; 13 companies, 5 feet 6 inches; 5 companies, 5 STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 567 feet 7 inches; 2 companies, 5 feet 7 i inches; 10 companies, 5 feet 8 inches; 1 company, 5 feet 9 inches, and 1 company, 5 feet 10 inches. The average minimum height required by these 38 companies was 5 feet 6.6 inches. The minimum height required of motormen is somewhat greater. In 3 companies the minimum height required was 5 feet 1 inches; 1 com pany, 5 feet 5 inches; 10 companies, 5 feet 6 inches; 5 companies, 5 feet 7 inches; 1 company, 5 feet 7^ inches; 17 companies, 5 feet 8 inches; 1 company, 5 feet 9 inches, and 1 company, 5 feet 10 inches. The average minimum height for motormen required by these 39 companies was 5 feet 7 inches. C O U N T R Y M E N A N D C IT Y M EN. A n attempt was made to discover to what extent the ranks of street railway men, and, above all, of carmen, were recruited from the country and city, respectively, and which of these two classes of labor was preferred by the companies. Such an investigation could not of course be carried out with scientific exactness, since there is no clear line of demarcation between a country man and a city man, either as respects the length of time of residence in the city or the size or density of the population which would constitute a city. The results therefore refer roughly to the relative popularity with the employing companies of men who have recently come from farms and of long time residents of cities. It was found that in a majority of places the ranks of the street railway men were recruited from both sources. A number of com panies stated that they had no preference; a few stated their prefer ence for city men; the overwhelming majority were in favor of men from the country. The reasons given by the various companies for preferring city men were that they “ knew the city better,” were “ better qualified to handle city people,” were “ better able to deal with the difficulties of the situation,” and were “ better educated.” The preference given on the other hand to country men was upon the ground that they were “ in better physical condition,” were “ more honest,” “ more rugged, more faithful, more competent,” “ more moral in their conduct,” “ more honest and willing to work,” “ used to long hours,” “ more steady,” “ more reliable,” “ not so easily influenced by unworthy persons,” “ more diligent,” “ with better habits,” and because they “ need the work.” In other words, a minority of the companies preferred city men on account of their knowledge of the streets and their greater intelligence, while a majority preferred country men because of their working at lower wages and for longer hours, and on account of their greater honesty. No accurate statistics can be given as to the exact proportion of these two classes in the employ of the companies. 568 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. E M P L O Y M E N T O F NEGR OES Very few, if any, Negroes seem to be employed in the transporta tion department of street railways. Inquiries were sent to most of the street railway companies of the country asking for information regarding the employment of Negroes. In the great majority of cases the reply was that no Negroes were employed. Such Negroes as are employed are either in the track department or as porters, foremen, or laborers. The Nashville Railroad Company, of Nashville, Tenn., reported some 4 or 5 Negro porters; the Alton Railway, Gas and Elec tric Company, of Alton, 111., reported 5 Negroes in their employ; the Utica and Mohawk Railway Company, of Utica, New York, reported from 75 to 100 Negro laborers; the Mobile Light and Railroad Com pany, of Mobile, A la ., reported 10 colored trackmen, and a number of other companies reported colored laborers as janitors, car washers, track hands, and general laborers, etc. BO N D IN G O F CONDUCTORS. The system of bonding conductors is apparently growing, although it i& not yet general throughout the country. O f 78 American street railways asked this question, 27 reported that either a bond or a cash deposit was required. These bonds ranged from $150 to $500. The bond required by the Oakland Transit Consolidated Company of Oak land, Cal., was $250, that of the Nashville Railway Company, $500, that of the Jersey City Street Railway Company, $150, that of the Elmira W ater, Light and Railroad Company $200, that of the Utica and Mohawk Vallejo Railway Company $200, that of the Harrisburg Traction Company $200, that of the Old Colony Street Railway Com pany, Boston, Mass., $300, and that of the Springfield and Xenia Trac tion Company $500. In the case of the Boston Elevated Railway Company, two bondsmen are required with a bond of $300 each. In the case of the Schenectady Railway Company a blanket bond is required covering all men for $50 each. In a number of cases the railway company bonds its conductors with a guaranty company, which thus becomes responsible for the money of each and all of the conductors. W here a deposit of money is made in lieu of a bond the amount is much smaller. The Metropolitan Street Railway Company, of Kansas City, M o ., requires a $25 cash security, as does also the Augusta Rail way and Electric Company, of Augusta, Ga., and the United Railroads of San Francisco, Cal. The Evansville Electric Railway Company, of Evansville, Ind., requires only a $15 deposit, as does the Manchester Street Railway Company. The deposit required by the Mobile Light and Railroad Company, of Mobile, Ala., is only $10. The cash depos its range as a rule from $10 to $25. STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 569 P R E V IO U S E M P L O Y M E N T O F STREET R A I L W A Y E M P L O Y E E S. The majority of employees of street railways are obliged to state in their applications for positions whether or not they have had any former experience in street railroading. O f 216 employees of the Connecticut Railway and Lighting Com pany, of Bridgeport, Conn., 58 reported that they had been previ ously employed by a railroad company, and 88 stated that they had not. Seventy failed to make any reply to this question. O f 50 employees on the Scranton Railway Company, of Scranton, Pa., 14 had had previous experience in street railroading and 34 had not, while 2 failed to reply to this question. O f 200 employees on the United Railways of Detroit, Mich., 21 had been employed by the companies before, 88 by some other railway company, while 141 had never been employed by any railway company. O f 200 employees of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company, of Philadelphia, Pa., 61 had previously been employed by a steam or street railway and 139 had not. O f these same 200, 42 had formerly made application to the company for positions, whereas 158 had not. Out of 50 employees of the Scranton Railway Company, of Scranton, Pa., 14 were employed at the time of their application for the position of motorman or conductor, 15 had been out of employment for less than two weeks, 14 had been out of employment for over two weeks, while in the case of 7 the length of previous unemployment, if any, was unknown. N U M B E R O F A P P L IC A N T S FO R E M P L O Y M E N T . The number of applicants for street railway positions is usually far in excess of the number of available positions. During the period from May 4 to Juty 3, 1903, there were 16 hiring days on the United Railroads of San Francisco. The number of applicants on these days was 662, an average of 41 per day. A s compared with this the average of new employment was 6 employees per hiring day. This is typical of all cities, the demand for positions being always considerably in excess of the supply. According to the testimony of one of the wit nesses of the company in its arbitration with the Amalgamated Asso ciation of Street Railway Employees, the applicants included “ men who have been miners, shinglers, ex-motormen and conductors, medical students, brakemen, warehousemen, seamen, farmers, salesmen, lock smiths,” etc. P R O M O TIO N IN T H E STR EET R A I L W A Y SE R V IC E . The railway companies prefer to have an entirely free hand in the promotion of the men. Somewhat over one-half of the companies pay their men more with each successive year of service up to five years, 570 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. while almost one-half of the companies pay a flat rate for all men engaged at the same occupation. The demand made by the New Orleans branch of the Amalgamated Association for promotion by seniority was met with the opposition of the company, which claimed that such a system did not distinguish between the efficient and the inefficient, but by the mere passage of time threw the best positions into the hands of the older men. The union, as will be shown in the discussion on wages, prefers generally that there shall be no promo tion for employees in the shape of an increased rate of pay with increased years of service. The policy of the union in this regard appears to aim as far as possi ble to make promotion automatic, in order to prevent favoritism and the consequent splitting up of the labor force into groups with sepa rate and possibly antagonistic interests. In the street railway service, as in other occupations, promotion is a debatable ground of conflict between the employer and the organization of employees. Loyalty is largely based upon the hope of promotion, and to a certain extent, at least, there is a conflict between the union and the employer for the loyalty of the men. Promotion for motormen and conductors within the street-car service is largely from the worse to the better runs. Time tables are neces sarily arranged with relation to the probable traffic, and as a conquence the opportunities for work and earnings vary in different lines. The amount of variation is not as great as in many other occupations, but there is a sufficient difference both in the difficulty of the work and in the remuneration of the workman, to make the better runs an object of desire. The following table, taken from the testimony of the United Rail roads of San Francisco in its arbitration with the Amalgamated Soci ety of Street Railway Employees in 1903, illustrates the difference in the average earnings of men upon different lines. The average daily earnings for platform men for the whole system were $2.51, and the amount of variation from this average was slight. The average earnings of the men upon the best lines were $2.65, and upon the worst, $2.35, the maximum wage being thus less than 13 per cent above the minimum and less than 6 per cent above the average. STBEET BAIL W A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 571 AVERAGE DAILY EARNINGS OF MEN HAVING REGULAR RUNS ON VARIOUS LINES OF THE UNITED RAILROADS OF SAN FRANCISCO. Line. Hayes Street Line..................................... McAllister Street Line............................. Haight Street Line.................................... Valencia Street L ine................................ Castro Street Line..................................... Montgomery and 10th Streets Line....... Kearny and Mission Streets Line.......... Sutter Street Line (conductors).............. Sutter Street Line (gripm en)................. Ellis, Park and Ocean L ine..................... Masonic Avenue Line............................... Fillmore and 16th Streets L in e .............. Fillmore Hill Line................................... Ellis and O’ Farrell Streets L in e............ Folsom Street Line................................... Eddy and Fulton Streets Line............... Folsom Extension Line........................... San Mateo Suburban L in e ...................... Eighth and 18th Streets Line................. Bryant Street Line.................................... Average daily earnings. $2.61 2.51 2.47 2.56 2.50 2.53 2.49 2.50 2.53 2.58 2.44 2.56 2.46 2.65 2.56 2.54 2.55 2.46 2.55 2.46 Line. Average daily earnings. West 22d and 24th Streets L in e.............. Howard Street Line................................ East 22d and 24th Streets L in e .............. Kentucky Street Line............................. Third and Kearny Streets Line.............. Sixth Street Line..................................... Fifth and Sansome Streets Line______ Central and Eighth Avenues L in e ....... Central Avenue and Clement L in e ___ Guerrero and Ingleside Line................. Cemeteries and Mission Line................. Eighteenth Street Line........................... Powell Street L in e .................................. Mission Street Line.................................. Polk and Larkin Streets L in e ............... Jackson Street L in e................................ Sacramento Street Line......................... $2.36 2.48 2.35 2.51 2.60 2.61 2.57 2.46 2.38 2.47 2.44 2.38 2.55 2.47 2.54 2.51 2.56 Average daily earnings on all lines.............................................. 2.51 P E R M A N E N C Y OF E M P L O Y M E N T . Street railway employment is noted for lack of permanency. To an unusual extent, as compared with other industries, the street cars are operated by men who have taken up the work because they were out of a job and anxious to secure temporary employment, and the service is frequently accepted by men who have no intention of per manently remaining on the platform. The following table shows the number of platform men (conductors and motormen) who in 1903 had been employed by the United Railroads of San Francisco for over 10 years. In all, 326 men had been in the service from 10 to 26 years. O f this number, 286, or over seven-eighths, had been in the service 15 years or less, and 308 men, or over 91 per cent, had been in the service 17 years or less. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES OF THE UNITED RAILROADS OF SAN FRANCISCO, 1903, WHO HAD BEEN IN THE SERVICE 10 YEARS OR OVER. Years of service. 10.............................................................. H ............................................................... 12............................................................... 13............................................................... 14............................................................... 15............................................................... 16............................................................... 17 18............................................................... Number of em ployees. 63 50 51 73 28 21 12 10 4 Years of service. Number of em ployees. 19............................................................... 20.............................................................. 21............................................................... 22............................................................... 23............................................................... 25............................................................... 26............................................................... 4 3 1 1 2 2 1 Total............................................... 326 572 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. O f 107 men on the pay rolls of the Washington Water-Power Com pany of Spokane, W ash., in October, 1902, the period of employment was as follows: PERIOD OF EMPLOYMENT OF EMPLOYEES OF THE WASHINGTON WATER-POWER COM PANY, SPOKANE, WASH. Period of employment. Less than 1 y e a r ..................................... 1 year or less than 2 years...................... 2 years or less than 3 years.................... 3 years or less than 4 years.................... 4 years or less than 5 years.................... 5 years or less than 6 years..................... 6 years or less than 7 vears.................... 7 years or less than 8 years.................... Number of em ployees. 40 19 10 6 6 6 3 1 Period of employment. Number of em ployees. 8 years or less than 9 years..................... 9 years or less than 10 years................... 10 years or less than 11 years................. 11 years or less than 13 years................. Over 13 years............................................ 1 2 2 9 2 Total................................................ 107 N A T IV IT Y , CITIZEN SH IP, A G E , A N D C O N J U G A L A N D G E N E R A L CO ND ITION O F E M P L O Y E E S . O f 786 employees and officials of electric railroads in Rhode Island in the year 1895, 639, or 81.3 per cent, were natives of the United States; 81, or 10.3 per cent, were natives of Ireland; 37 were Cana dians (21 English and 16 French Canadians); 19 were English; 5 Swedes; 1 German, and 4 from other countries.^) In 1885, some what similar conditions existed; 88.7 per cent of all railroad officials and employees being of American and 10.3 per cent of Irish nativity. (b) O f 1,865 employees on Michigan street railways in 1895, 1,070, or almost three-fifths, were natives of the United States, and 215, or over 11 per cent, were natives of Canada, or just across the river from Detroit. O f the remaining employees the majority originally came either from Germany or from the United Kingdom. The following table shows the nativity of these employees: NATIVITY OF EMPLOYEES OF MICHIGAN STREET RAILWAYS, 1895. [From Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics of Michigan, p. 54.] Nativity. United States.............................................. Canadians................................................... Irish............................................................. Germans...................................................... English........................................................ S cotch.......................................................... .. . ... ........ F ren ch ........................................................ H ollanders................................................. Number of em ployees. 1,070 215 193 173 83 57 29 23 5 Nativity. Number of em ployees. Poles......................................................... Danes........................................................ Norwegians.............................................. B elgians................................................... J e w s.......................................................... A fricans................................................... 5 4 3 3 1 1 Total............................................... 1,865 Nearly all street railway employees are citizens of the United States, and a majority are native citizens. O f 200 street railway employees « Census of Rhode Island, 1895, pp. 452,453. &Census of State of Rhode Island, 1885, pp. 292,293. STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 573 of the Detroit United Kailway Company of Detroit, M ich., all were citizens, and of these 52 were naturalized, and 148 native. O f the 52 so naturalized, 13 had been naturalized less than 1 year previous to receiving employment, 12 had been naturalized from 1 to 5 years previous to receiving employment, 16 from 6 to 10 years previous to receiving employment, 4 from 11 to 15 years previous to receiving employment, 3 from 16 to 20 years previous to receiving employment, while in the case of 4 men the period lapsing between their naturali zation and their employment was unknown. A s a general rule the majority of street railway employees at work in any city are natives of the State or of adjoining States. Thus, the majority of 200 motormen and conductors on the Detroit United Rail way were recruited from the neighborhood of the city of Detroit, and the majority of these were natives of the State. O f the entire 200 conductors and motormen from whom returns were obtained, 132 were natives of Michigan, while 37 were natives of Canada imme diately across the river. Only 15 were natives of other foreign countries, 5 coming from England, 5 from Ireland, 4 from Germany, and 1 from Russia. The following table shows the nativity of these 200 conductors and motormen upon the United Railway of Detroit, M ich.: NATIVITY OF 200 CONDUCTORS AND MOTORMEN EMPLOYED BY THE DETROIT UNITED RAILWAY COMPANY. Nativity. Canada ...................................................... Colorado.................................................... E ngland.................................................... G erm any................................................... Illinois........................................................ Indiana...................................................... Trfilfl.nd Transas______________ __________ ______ Kentucky................................................... Number of em ployees. 37 1 5 4 3 1 5 1 1 Nativity. Number of em ployees. Massachusetts......................................... Michigan................................................... Missouri..................................................... New Y ork ................................................. Ohio........................................................... Russia........................................................ 1 332 1 6 1 1 T ota l............................................... 200 O f 50 trainmen of the Scranton Railway Company, Scranton, Pa., 42, or 84 per cent, were natives of Pennsylvania, and 1 a native of New York City. There were 5 foreign-born employees, 2 coming from Canada, 2 from Germany, and 1 from Sweden. O f these 50 employees, 49 wrere citizens of the United States and 1 was an alien. O f 200 motormen and conductors employed by the Pittsburg Rail ways Company, of Pittsburg, Pa., 93 were natives of Pennsylvania, while 19 were natives of W est Virginia, 13 of Maryland, and 13 of Ohio. In other words, 138, or 69 per cent, were natives of Pennsyl vania or of the near-by States. 574 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. NATIVITY OF CONDUCTORS AND MOTORMEN OF THE PITTSBURG RAILWAYS COMPANY, PITTSBURG, PA. Number of em ployees. Nativity. Alabama..................................................... A ustria...................................................... Austria-Hungary...................................... District, of Columbia.................................. E nglan d..................................................... Illinois........................................................ Indiana....... .............................................. Irela n d ...................................................... Kansas........................................................ Kentucky................................................. . Maine.......................................................... TVJflrylfi.nd M issouri.................................................... 1 2 2 1 8 1 1 18 1 1 1 13 1 Nativity. Number of em ployees. New Y o r k ................................................. North Carolina......................................... Ohio........................................................... Pennsylvania.......................................... Russia........................................................ S cotlan d ................................................... South Carolina......................................... Switzerland.............................................. V irginia..................................................... West V irginia........................................... “ In America ” ......................................... 11 1 13 93 2 1 1 1 11 19 1 T ota l................................................ 200 O f 216 conductors and motormen employed by the Connecticut Rail way and Lighting Company, of Bridgeport, Conn., 83 were natives of Connecticut, 36 of New York State, and 15 of Massachusetts. The largest contingent of foreign-born employees was furnished by Ireland, with 27 persons. NATIVITY OF CONDUCTORS AND MOTORMEN OF THE CONNECTICUT RAILWAY AND LIGHTING COMPANY, BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Number of em ployees. Nativity. Austria........................................................ Canada........................................................ Connecticut............................................... Denmark..................................................... England...................................................... Germ any.................................................... Illin ois........................................................ I o w a ........................................................... In d ia n a ...................................................... Ireland........................................................ Italy............................................................. H u n gary.................................................... K en tu ck y ................................................... M aine Maryland.................................................... Massachusetts............................................ 2 2 83 4 3 4 1 1 1 27 2 1 1 3 1 15 Nativity. Number of em ployees. M ich igan................................................. M issouri................................................... New Hampshire...................................... New Jersey.............................................. Nova Scotia.............................................. New York................................................. O h io .......................................................... Pennsylvania.......................................... Scotland................................................... Sw eden..................................................... Switzerland.............................................. Verm ont................................................... Virginia..................................................... 2 1 1 5 1 36 3 g 3 1 1 2 1 Total................................................ 216 A G E OF EM PLOYEES. The comparatively early age at which employees enter or reenter the street railway service is shown by statistics of the ages of success ful applicants for employment furnished by several of the companies. Thus, of 200 new employees of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Com pany, of Philadelphia, Pa., 108, or 54 per cent, were from 21 to 25 years of age, 50, or 25 per cent, from 26 to 30, 22, or 11 per cent, from 31 to 35, 12 from 36 to 39, 7 from 40 to 45, while only 1, was above the age of 45. STREET RA ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 575 The conductors seem to have been younger than the motormen, as will appear from the following table: AGE OF CONDUCTORS AND MOTORMEN AT ENTERING THE SERVICE OF THE PHILA DELPHIA RAPID TRANSIT COMPANY. Age at entering service. From From From From From From Con ductors. Motormen. 25 years.......................................................................................................... 30 y ears.......................................................................................................... 35 y ears.......................................................................................................... 40 years.......................................................................................................... 45 years.......................................................................................................... 50 years.......................................................................................................... 63 21 9 4 3 45 29 13 10 2 1 Total......................................................................................................................... 100 100 21 to 26 to 31 to 36 to 41 to 46 to O f 113 motormen of the Connecticut Railway and Lighting Com pany, of Bridgeport, Conn., 49 were below the age of 26, and only 4 above the age of 40. O f 103 conductors on the same line, 54 were below the age of 26, and only 3 were above the age of 40. The following table shows the classification, by age, of street railway employees, both motormen and conductors, of the Connecticut Rail way and Lighting Company, of Bridgeport, Conn. AGE OF CONDUCTORS AND MOTORMEN AT ENTERING THE SERVICE OF THE CON NECTICUT RAILWAY AND LIGHTING COMPANY. Age at entering service. Conduc tors. 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 51 to 55 years 8 46 23 16 7 Total.. Motormen. 3 46 20 26 14 2 2 1 1 1 103 113 O f 100 motormen in the employ of the Pittsburg Railways Company of Pittsburg, Pa., 55 were from 19 to 25 years of age, 32 from 26 to 30, 12 from 31 to 35, and 1 above the age of 35. O f 100 conductors upon the same line 78 were from 19 to 25, 9 from 26 to 30, 7 from 31 to 35, 5 from 36 to 40, while 1 was above the age of 40. A s on other lines, the conductors are here younger than the motormen. O f 50 street railway men in the employ of the Scranton Railway Company, of Scranton, Pa., 31 were from 21 to 25 years of age, 10 from 26 to 30, and 9 from 31 to 36. O f 200 street railway men of the Detroit United Railway of Detroit, Mich., 101 were from 21 to 25 years of age, 61 from 26 to 30, 29 from 31 to 35, 8 from 36 to 40, while only 1 was above the age of 40. 576 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. C O N J U G A L CO N D ITIO N O F E M P L O Y E E S . From such statistics as have been gathered it would appear that a large percentage of the successful applicants for employment with street railway companies are single. Thus, of 200 employees on the Detroit United Railway, 79 were married and 121 single. (a) O f 50 employees of the Scranton Railway Company, 18 were married and 32 were single. O f 100 conductors of the Pittsburg Railways Com pany, 21 were married, 2 were widowers, and 77 were single, while of 100 motormen 37 were married, 1 was a widower, and 62 were single. O f 200 employees of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company, 77 were married and 123 were single, while of 216 street railway employees of the Connecticut Railway and Lighting Company of Bridgeport, Conn., 101 were married and 115 single. In this company, as in the others, motormen are the older, and the proportion of married men is greater for motormen than for conductors, 44 per cent of the conductors and 50 per cent of the motormen being married. The German Industrial Census of 1895 (b) gives the ages of the street railway men in that country. The prevailing age is from 20 to 40. O f the 15,446 street railway employees in Germany in 1895, 5,090, or 33 per cent, were from 20 to 30 years of age; 5,903, or 38 per cent, were from 30 to 40; there being 71 per cent from 20 to 40, and over 88 per cent from 20 to 50. Above the age of 50 there were but few. There were but 800 employees, or 5.2 per cent, from 50 to 60; but 217, or 1.4 per cent, from 60 to 70; and but 31, or 1 in 500, over 70. The great majority of the street railway employees were married. Thus, of the total number, 11,205, or almost 73 per cent, were mar ried; 3,941, or 25 per cent, were single; while 300, or 2 per cent, were widowed or divorced. After 30 the employees married rapidly, and even after 20, only 48 per cent of the employees from 20 to 30 years of age being single; only 10 per cent from 30 to 40, and only 4 per cent of those above 40 years of age. O f the 15,446 employees on street railways in Germany, only 408, or less than 3 per cent, were with other occupation; and only 110, or less than 1 per cent, were with other occupation outside of agriculture. O f the total number of street railway employees in Germany in 1895, 15,303, or over 99 per cent, were men, and 143, or less than 1 per cent, were women. O f the latter, only 46, or less than one-third, were mar ried, there being 49 single and 48 widowed or divorced. O f 1,865 employees of the street railway companies of Michigan in 1895, 1,285, or 69 per cent, were married; 557, or 30 per cent, were single; and 23, or 1 per cent, were widowed. The families of the «Of these 200 men, 69 were housekeeping and 131 boarding. &Berufs- und Gewerbezahlung vom 14. Juni, 1895 (Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, Neue Folge, Band 103), pp. 352,353. 577 STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 1,308 married and widowed employees comprised 2,617 adults and 2,441 children, or a total of 5,091 persons. The family of each mar ried and widowed person included, therefore, in all, 3.9 persons.(a) The following table shows the classification by weight of 200 newly appointed conductors and motormen on the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company, of Philadelphia, P a .: WEIGHT OF CONDUCTORS AND MOTORMEN AT ENTERING THE SERVICE OF THE PHILADELPHIA RAPID TRANSIT COMPANY. Weight of employees. Conductors. Less than 130 pounds 130 to 140 pounds....... 141 to 150 pounds....... 151 to 160 pounds....... 161 to 170 pounds....... 171 to 180 pounds....... 181 to 190 pounds....... 191 to 200 pounds....... 201 to 210 pounds....... 4 50 20 18 5 3 Total................. 100 Motormen. 5 27 31 17 11 6 1 2 100 The following table shows the classification by weight of 200 motormen and conductors upon the Pittsburg Railways Company, of Pitts burg, Pa. The table shows a greater weight for motormen than for conductors: WEIGHT OF CONDUCTORS AND MOTORMEN AT ENTERING THE SERVICE OF THE PITTS BURG RAILWAYS COMPANY. Weight of employees. Con ductors. Motormen. 128 to 140 pounds............................................................................................................... 141 to 150 pounds............................................................................................................... 151 to 160 pounds............................................................................................................... 161 to 170 pounds............................................................................................................... 171 to 180 pounds............................................................................................................... 181 to 190 pounds............................................................................................................... 191 to 200 pounds............................................................................................................... 201 to 210 pounds............................................................................................................... 26 37 27 7 1 2 5 27 29 15 13 5 6 Total......................................................................................................................... 100 100 The following table shows the height of 100 conductors and 100 motormen employed by the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company, of Philadelphia, P a .: HEIGHT OF CONDUCTORS AND MOTORMEN AT ENTERING THE SERVICE OF THE PHIL ADELPHIA RAPID TRANSIT COMPANY. Height of employees. 6 feet 5 feet 5 feet 5 feet 5 feet 5 feet 6 feet Con ductors. Motormen. 3£ inches to 5 feet 4| inches, inclusive................................................................ 5 inches to 5 feet 6 inches, inclusive................................................................... 65 inches to 5 feet 7£ inches, inclusive................................................................ 8 inches to 5 feet 9 inches, inclusive.................................................................... 9£ inches to 5 feet 10| inches, inclusive............................................................... 11 inches to 6 feet, inclusive................................................................................. 1 inch to 6 feet 2 inches, inclusive....................................................................... 4 13 30 24 15 12 2 1 8 22 26 25 15 3 Total......................................................................................................................... 100 100 aThirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor of Michigan, 16818—No. 57—05------13 p. 54. 578 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. The following table shows the height of 100 conductors and 100 motormen employed by the Pittsburg Railways Company, of Pitts burg, Pa. HEIGHT OF CONDUCTORS AND MOTORMEN AT ENTERING THE SERVICE OF THE PITTSBURG RAILWAYS COMPANY. Con ductors. Height of employees. 5 feet 2 inches and less than 5 feet 4 inches........................... ................ ..................... 5 feet 4 inches and less than 5 feet 6 inches.................................................................. 5 feet 6 inches and less than 5 feet 8 inches.................................................................. 5 feet 8 inches and less than 5 feet 10 inches.......... ..................................................... 5 feet 10 inches and less than 6 feet................................................................................ 6 feet and less than 6 feet 2 inches................................................................................. O ver6 fe e t2 in c h e s ........................ ............................. ..................................... ......... 2 10 30 35 19 4 Total........................................................................................................................ . 100 Motormen. 5 20 30 34 8 3 100 F O R M E R O CCU PATIO N S OF E M P L O Y E E S. Some idea of the varied character of the former occupations of street railway conductors and motormen may be seen from the blanks to be filled out by applicants for these positions. No less than 87 different former occupations were represented by 200 persons seeking employment as conductor and motorman with the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company, of Philadelphia, Pa. O f these 200, 26 had been farmers, 21 drivers, and 19 general laborers, but representatives were found from bakers, barbers, bookkeepers, butchers, carpenters, cooks, glass blowers, hostlers, janitors, millers, miners, nurses, painters, tailors, students, etc. PREVIOUS OCCUPATIONS OF APPLICANTS FOR POSITIONS WITH THE PHILADELPHIA RAPID TRANSIT COMPANY. Occupation. Attendant.................................................. A g e n t......................................................... Bag m aking................................................ B a k er.......................................................... Barber.......................................................... Bench h a n d ............................................... Boarding h o u se ......................................... Boiler m aker.............................................. B ookkeeper............................................... Brakeman................................................... Broom m a k er............................................ Brush m aker.............................................. B utcher...................................................... Card h a n d ................................................. Carpenter................................................... Cigar sto re ................................................. Clerk........................................................... Coachman................................................... Coifee roaster............................................ C ollector..................................................... C onfectioner.............................................. Conductor (steam railw ay)...................... C o o k ............................................................ Counter m a n .............................................. D esigner..................................................... Drill hand................................................... Driver.......................................................... Dry-room hand.......................................... E ngineer..................................................... Engineer’s helper..................................... Farmer........................................................ Number ! of men. 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 15 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 1 3 1 26 Occupation. Feeder...................................................... F irem an................................................... Flour m ille r ................................ ........... Foreman................................................... Finisher................................................... Glass blow er............................................ G rocer...................................................... H elper...................................................... H ostler.................................. ................. H usker..................................................... Ice business.............................................. Inspector................................................. Janitor...................................................... Laborer..................................................... Leather dresser....................................... Machine helper....................................... Machinist................................................. Meat cutter.............................................. Metal turner............................................ Miller........................................................ Miner........................................................ Miner’ s helper......................................... Morocco finisher..................................... M otorm an................................................ Nurse........................................................ Operator................................................... Painter.................................................... Paper carrier........................................... Pin setter................................................. Polisher.................................................... P rin ter..................................................... Number of men. 1 3 1 2 1 1 6 5 2 1 1 1 1 19 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 579 PREVIOUS OCCUPATIONS OF APPLICANTS FOR POSITIONS WITH THE PHILADELPHIA RAPID TRANSIT COMPANY—Concluded. Occupation. Riveter........................................................ Rope m aker................................................ Rubber cutter............................................ Running air ham m er............................... Salesman..................................................... Sawyer........................................................ S hipper...................................................... Sheet w riter:.............................................. Steel w o rk e r.............................................. Shoe cutter................................................. Shoemaker..................................... .......... Storiftcnt.t.ftr Stove finisher............................................ Number of men. 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Occupation. Student..................................................... Tailor........................................................ Teacher............... .................................... Tile setter............................................... Timekeeper.............................................. Trucker..................................................... Upholsterer.............................................. United States A r m y ............................... W eaver.................................................... Wheelman................................................ Not reported............................................ Total................................................ Number of men. 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 200 GENERAL CHARACTER OF EM PLOYEES. W ith the change from horse cars to electric cars has come a marked improvement in the character of the men employed. It was soon found that the man who was capable of standing upon a car behind a pair of overdriven horses was not necessarily intelligent enough to run an electric car. Despite greater speed the congestion of traffic increased, and on the main streets of large cities the work became so intense and exigent that a higher class of men gradually came to the fore. This development has been very generally recognized by the companies. According to an editorial in the Street Railway Journal, May 3, 1902, “ it requires a higher order of intelligence to drive a high-speed electric car than it does to drive a mule team, and it takes a more active and able-bodied man on the rear platform to collect fares on a 40-foot car running 10 miles an hour than on a 12-foot horse car traveling at 6 miles an hour. To be sure, many horse-car employees have held over to the present time, but they are better men than they were in horse-car days, for they have grown to their new positions along with the advancement of the industry.” This improvement is partly to be accounted for by the fact that a revolution is taking place in the street railway industry, by which the personnel is being changed from a loose body of unskilled men to a closer and more homogeneous group of steadily employed skilled men. Formerly, and the same is true to a certain extent even to-day, street railway employees consisted of men who were picked up and put upon cars without any previous training and without any assurance of a fixed position. The introduction of electricity tended to make employment more regular and to improve the quality of the men employed. The damage which might result from a careless handling of the car, and the resulting financial loss to the company, made the management more careful in the selection of its employees. In reply to a question addressed to a number of street railway presidents throughout the country, as to whether the caliber of employees had improved, a large 580 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. number of answers were received. The overwhelming preponderance of opinion is to the effect that the improvement has been very marked. To a certain extent, however, street railway employment still acts as a training school for men in other occupations. It still serves as a refuge for men out of employment, and many a man takes a job as motorman or conductor during hard times when work is scarce. The result is seen in a visible lowering of the average age of platform men when the older and better men rise to higher positions, in other fields of work, and an increase in this average age in bad times when men are forced out of other positions and are obliged to have recourse to street railway operations. Upon the whole there is now a strong tendency toward restricting employment as far as possible to men who desire to engage in the work permanently. The attempt to organize the service into one of a permanent character is fostered both by the trade unions and by the railway companies. Trade unions, in accumulating funds and making temporary sacrifices for permanent gains, necessarily appeal most strongly to men who intend to remain in the service and to benefit ultimately by their sacrifices. The companies, on the other hand, by paying higher rates of wages to men who have been in their employ for longer periods also accentuate this tendency. The requirements of modern electric service compel the creation of a permanent force. From a large number of statements made by various representatives of street railway companies upon this point, a single one is selected: “ In a general way, we find more men willing to take up street car work as their regular employment, and we make it a condition of their employment. W e avoid, wherever possible, employing a man who simply wants a temporary job. The use of electrical machinery and the additional speed at which people require to be carried, makes it necessary for us to employ a better class of men— and to select them with greater care and to have them well drilled and informed in regard to the machinery, etc., on the car— than was necessary in old times either with horses or cables.” FO R M ER CONDITIONS. The evil conditions under which employees worked during horse car days were evidenced by an investigation made by the bureau of statistics of labor of New York in 1885 into the conditions of street railway employment in that State. This report was quite extended, and included testimony from large numbers of conductors, drivers, and other employees. The result of the inquiry was to convince the commissioner of labor “ that this class of wage-workers have griev ances of a real and serious nature, which, in my judgment, it is not only within the power but it is the solemn duty of the legislature to STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 581 relieve.” (°) “ In no other trade or occupation,” says the commissioner, “ at which men labor for a livelihood, do I believe there exist griev ances approximating in the slightest degree, in number and gravity, to those resulting from the general management of the street railroads of this State.” The street railroad management in Buffalo, Rochester, Albany, Troy, and other small cities of the State was found to be bad and “ open to severe criticism;” but the conditions in New York City were worse, and in Brooklyn still worse. The hours were found to be too long, the rules unduly numerous and exacting, while the men were held to be subject to continual petty tyranny by petty bosses. The men secured their positions largely through political influence, this being especially the case in New York City. Another way of securing positions was by the open use of money. Drivers and conductors frequently paid for their jobs and, in some cases, made ad vances to unauthorized persons without securing the coveted positions. The method of applying for positions and the system of employ ing extra men were found to be extremely onerous. The extra men were obliged to be regular in their attendance and to answer to roll call without the compensating advantages of steady work and a steady wage. Applicants for the position of conductor were almost always obliged to put up a bond varying from $15 to $1,000. The conductor was also obliged to purchase his uniform, as well as a watch, without which he could not work. On many roads conductors are compelled to provide themselves with a register, and are required to make a deposit of 25 cents for a strap which holds it. There were other little expenses, such as for kindling wood and matches, shovels, and lamp chimneys, which on certain roads were charged to the con ductors. Th,e same rule applied to drivers, who were forced to have in their possession a patent horseshoe, a hook, a whip, and a badge, “ and frequently the company compels him to purchase a bell.” (*6) It was further found that street railway employees worked excess ive hours for inadequate remuneration. On the whole, the treatment of the men was held to be much worse than that of the horses. One of the grievances of the men was the existence of a large force of detectives, or “ spotters”— special police who, it was charged by some of the men, added to their income by blackmail. It was further found that the health of the men suffered from their being obliged to stand up all day, from their lack of room and exercise, and from the fact that they were not permitted to leave the car when necessary for their health and comfort. Upon the whole, the report appears to show that extremely bad con ditions existed on the various lines of the city. a Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor of New York, p. 809. &Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor of New York, p. 818. 582 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. H E A L T H O F STREET R A I L W A Y M EN . According to the findings of the Commissioners of Labor of New York in the year 1886 there were a number of ailments peculiar to horse-car employees, both conductors and drivers suffering to a con siderable extent from varicose veins, as a result of their standing all day, their lack of exercise, and their cramped quarters. Drivers also suffered from frostbites, owing to their unprotected position on the “front of the car; no seats were provided for car drivers, and “ drivers and conductors are unable to go to the water-closet when nature asserts itself.” (a) According to the testimony of a physician, Dr. George Henry Fox, “ street-car employees are especially liable to suffer from varicose veins, extensive ulceration, and intractable cutaneous diseases of the legs as a direct result of their peculiar occupation.” In some respects the healthfulness of the occupation has failed to improve despite the change from horse cars to electric cars. The speed of movement has increased, and with it has come a greater nervous strain and a growing tension upon the gripmen or motormen, as well as a more intense suffering resulting from the cold when the car is unprotected by vestibule. “ The gripman on the cable car and the motorman on the electric car stands at his post of duty during long hours, engrossed with the cares and watchfulness attending these positions, often when the mercury is below zero, facing, it may be, the northwestern blast, and poorly protected against the rain and blinding snow. It is impossible for them to put on clothes sufficient to keep them warm, and, although in constant motion, stamping their feet and swinging their arms to increase the circulation, many a poor fellow becomes numb with the chill, and sometimes has his feet, his hands, and his ears frozen. A t Springfield the cab of the motorman is inclosed with glass in front and on the sides, which wonderfully mitigates the hardships spoken of. Managers, however, claim that this protection would not be practical in large cities, because it would increase the danger to pedestrians and others using the street, for the reason that the breath of the motorman would congeal on the glass, making it partially or entirely opaque, so that he would be unable to see and avoid danger.” (b) Since that time, 1893, the healthfulness of the occupation has improved as the result of the decreased number of hours of work and the largely increased use of inclosed platforms. D ISC IP L IN E O F STR EET R A I L W A Y E M P L O Y E E S . The growing size of street railway corporations and the increasing number of men employed by them necessitate the adoption of more*& « Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Statistics of New York, p. 822. &Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of Mis souri, p. 278. STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 583 or less rigid rules for the management and discipline of the men. A s a consequence, systems have been worked out to establish fixed rela tions between employers and employed and to determine the duties and powers of each. These relations are sometimes fixed by the com pany rules alone and sometimes by written or verbal agreements with the trade union. The rules provide for conditions of admission to employment, promotion within the ranks, punishment, dismissal or suspension, as well as for the ordinary conduct of business. The importance of discipline is all the greater in view of the duties and responsibilities of the street railway companies toward the general public. The street railway corporation is a quasi-public corporation obtaining rights and privileges from the city or State, and with duties and obligations corresponding to its privileges. The street railway is, moreover, to a greater extent than most other business undertak ings, liable to the public, both morally and financially, for the conduct of its business. During the year 1902 there were, including em ployees, 1,218 persons killed, and 47,429 persons injured by street railways, and in a large number of cases the street railways have been held responsible in damages, and huge sums have been recovered, for accidents and injuries due to the negligence of their employees. Whatever the system adopted for the discipline of the men, its suc cess will depend in large measure upon the tact, skill, and good will of the officials of the company and upon the spirit which animates the employees. A s long as a persistent hostility exists between the man agers and the employees of the company, or as long as the officials regard their men in a lordly or patronizing manner, there can be little hope of efficient cooperation. To preserve efficient discipline, it is necessary to have trained foremen; to promote the individual initiative of the men; to protect men from the dislike, jealousy, favoritism, or discrimination of the foreman, and to secure to each man the right of appeal. The problem in street railway management is the same as in other industries, where men must be subordinated and controlled. The development of scientific systems of discipline in street railway employment is of comparatively recent origin. The necessity for systems of discipline arose as a result of the increased size of the com panies. As the companies grew, direct personal relations between employer and employee ceased, and the former soon became merged in a fluctuating and distant body of stockholders, almost as numerous as the employees themselves. S T A N D A R D IZ A T IO N O F R U L E S. The possibility of accidents in the street railway service is so great that it is essential to make detailed rules for the government of em ployees. The fate of fifty people in a car may be hazarded by one employee through carelessness or through ignorance of the rules. It 584 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. was thus found necessary to regulate in detail the conduct of street railway men, and especially of motormen. On each of the several street railways of the country a system of rules grew up referring to the habits, customs, personal appearance, and manners of employees, to their appropriate actions while on the cars or at the stations; and many other regulations were made in regard to emergencies or special occasions and specifying the various things which it is the duty of the employee to do or to refrain from doing. There was, of course, much variance in these rules, but as the street railway systems grew and were merged into larger groups, standard rules were adopted for the whole system or for groups of systems. A t the present time a tentative body of rules has been made for all the members of the Street Railway Association of the State of New York, an examination of which will give a sufficiently accurate idea of the nature of the rules governing street railway service in general. In street railway service, as elsewhere, ignorance of the law is no excuse. Conductors and motormen are obliged to be familiar with the rules, and are under special orders to examine the bulletin board daily for special instructions and for all necessary information. Promptness is also necessary, and conductors and motormen must report io r duty at least ten minutes before leaving on their first trip, or must give notice of their inability so to report. It is required that conductors and motormen report for duty in their full regulation uniform, which must be clean and neat in appearance. A high stand ard of politeness is required, and the rules of these companies, as of most street railways, require employees to use the utmost forbearance and self-control under all circumstances and to refrain from using 44loud, uncivil, indecent, or profane language,” no matter how great the provocation. The regulations against drinking are generally very stringent. Employees while on duty are prohibited from drinking liquors of any description. They are also prohibited when in uniform from entering a saloon or other place where intoxicating beverages are kept, from carrying intoxicating drinks about them or on the company’s premises, or from indulging at any time in the use of liquors. Employees are forbidden to smoke or gamble while on duty or at an}r time on the premises of the company. Many of the rules refer to the ordinary conduct of transportation. Thus, motormen are obliged to prevent unauthorized persons from riding on the front platform of the car. Running ahead of schedule time, traversing steam railroad crossings without the proper warning Dr without given precautions, and starting cars together after a block ade, are all forbidden. A special rule makes it the duty of all con ductors and motormen to report to the foreman or inspector all defects* whether in car, track, or wire, and to make written reports STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 585 of the same to the superintendent. The rules provide for the hearing of complaints of any employee who feels aggrieved. There is a series of more or less technical rules for conductors, in regard to their remaining on the rear platform, their behavior toward passengers, the announcement of stops •or transfer points, removing trolley from the wire at end of the run, placing route signs in the proper way at the end of each half trip, etc. Many of the rules governing conductors refer to instructions which they must give to passengers. Thus, the conductor must prevent pas sengers from carrying bulky packages aboard cars, he must direct standing passengers to seats, and must endeavor to find seats wherever possible. He must refuse to allow passengers to bring dogs on the car except under certain conditions, and must give assistance to all women and children and feeble persons in general. He must take charge of the trolley rope in passing over switches or crossings or going around curves and must replace it if it leaves the wire. He must keep the gates closed, shut off lights when the cars are being housed, and must do all the various things which are so familiar in the ordinary work of the conductor and which are specified in the rules. The rules governing the conduct of the motorman do not refer so much to passengers, with whom he has much less to do than has the conductor, but apply generally to machinery, brakes, and the method of running the car under certain conditions. He is required to keep a lookout on both sides of the street and, except under certain con ditions, to bring the car to a full stop for each person signaling. The rules give in detail the places where, and the conditions under which, cars should or should not stop when signaled, and there are rules governing the passing of churches during services, etc. Elaborate rules are made for governing the economical use of the electric current, and for directing the motorman to obtain the maximum speed gradually, to apply the brake properly, and to use such other means to prevent the waste of power or the jolting that comes from bad running. The regulations also bear upon such matters as the throwing of overhead switches, running the cars through water upon the streets, sanding rails, the spinning or slipping or sliding of wheels, the oiling or greas ing of cars, etc. One of the most important rules of this order pro hibits leaving the platform without taking precautions to prevent the starting of the car. A considerable section of the code of rules refers to bell signals. The safety of the passengers depends largely upon the perfection with which these rules are conceived and obeyed, and a perfect system of signals is necessary for the government of the car by the motorman and conductor. Many of the rules to which the street railway employees are subject refer to accidents and to such precautionary measures as may be taken to prevent them. 586 BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB. The safety of the passengers is held to be the first consideration in all cases, and all reasonable precautions are deemed to be necessary to prevent ifijury either to persons or to property. Motormen are obliged to bring their cars to a full stop when any police, fire depart ment vehicle, or company patrol is observed approaching, and ambu lances must be given the right of way. The utmost care must be exercised by conductors and motormen to prevent passengers from jumping on or off the cars while in motion, or from standing on the steps or buffers, and under no circumstances is a woman or a child to be allowed to ride on the steps. Special rules are made for cases of cars passing in the opposite direction at points where persons may be standing between the tracks, or for cases in which a vehicle is passing alongside of the track ahead of the car, or in which the car passes stand ing cars from which persons may alight. In all cases of accidents, no matter how slight, the motorman and conductor are ordered to render all necessary and practicable assistance, and must not leave the injured person without first caring for him; but they are directed not to employ medical attendants for injured persons, or to visit them subsequently, unless specially instructed so to do by an officer of the company. Other rules exist defining the proper conduct of motormen and con ductors in case of fatal or serious injuries. In all cases of accident, whether fatal, serious, or trivial, a report must be made by the con ductor, giving the name and residence of witnesses, the date, exact time, exact place, run and car number, direction in which the car was moving, nature of the accident, cause of its occurrence, name and address of injured person, extent of injuries, and other information referring to the particular event. Verbal reports must be made to the first inspector or official of the company, but in no case must an employee give any information concerning any accident, delay, block ade, or mishap of any kind to any unauthorized person. The rules provide that employees shall be held strictly accountable for any damages caused by their neglect, carelessness, or disobedience of rules. The entire body of rules governing accidents is intended, as far as possible, to prevent injuries and to mitigate their effects. Every pre caution is taken to prevent unnecessary damage suits, and from the moment that an accident occurs every practicable measure is adopted to place the company in as strongly entrenched a position as possible in the event of possible litigation. In many cases companies have been mulcted in heavy damages for an unduly forcible ejection of passengers from cars. The rules there fore provide that “ no person shall be forcibly ejected from the car for any cause whatsoever without an order from an inspector, starter, or an official of the company, unless the conduct of the passenger is dangerous or grossly offensive.” The rules are particularly stringent against using unnecessary force in ejecting passengers, and rigid regu STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 587 lations are made for the attitude of conductors toward intoxicated persons, people stealing rides, or passengers spitting on the floor or otherwise disobeying the rules. Regulations upon this subject are extremely conservative and require of the conductor a vast amount of forbearance and wisdom. Other rules govern the conduct of conduc tors in the matter of fares and transfers and in everything else requir ing individual initiative. T H E M E R IT SY STEM . The standardization of rules upon street railways has been accom panied by a change in the manner in which these rules are enforced. The former system of disciplining employees was by fine, suspension, and dismissal, and the two latter methods are even now the usual means of punishing recalcitrant or disobedient employees. More recently, however, a merit system of discipline has grown up, analogous to that in vogue on the steam railroads, by which the employee is removed somewhat from the summary, variable, and uncontrolled discipline of his immediate superior. The advantages of the merit system from the point of view of the company is that within a short time after its adoption a standard of good conduct is established. The system, as it is worked out on the lines of the Metropolitan Street Railway Company of Kansas City, M o., consists of granting certain merit and demerit marks and credit ing men with a certain mark for especially meritorious conduct, while debiting them with a given fixed amount for an infraction of the rules. The credits to be received and the debits to be inflicted are determined in advance, so that every employee knows, at least approximately, to what extent his credit will be impaired by any particular offense, and knows that such infliction will not be materially different in his case from that of others. Where the debits are in excess of the credits a man may be summarily discharged.(a) Even in this system there are five offenses, namely: Disloyalty to the company, the making of false statements, intoxication, dishonesty, and grossly ungentlemanly conduct, for which a man may be immedi ately discharged. Other offenses, such as avoidable accidents, failure to report accidents, or incompetence, may, in aggravated cases, be visited with 100 demerits. There are a few other offenses for which as many as 25 or 50 demerits may be inflicted, but the average inflic tion of debits is not more than 10. For entering saloons in uniform without good cause, neglecting to pick up passengers, disobedience of orders, unnecessary conversation with passengers, following the car in front too closely, starting electric car before closing gates, opening gates before electric car stops, leaving car without taking «See Street Railway Journal, October 18, 1902. 588 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. reverse lever, for trouble with passengers where motorman is to blame, or failing to stop for passengers, the motorman is visited with 10 demerits, while the same punishment is inflicted on the conductor for such offenses as reading on duty, entering a saloon in uniform without good excuse, failing to turn the register at end of line, or indulging in unnecessary conversation with passengers. The smaller offenses receive smaller punishment. Thus, a motorman receives only 5 demer its for recommending unworthy men for emploj^ment, allowing unau thorized persons in the front vestibule, for fast running, profanity while on duty, failing to report trouble with car, failing to obey con ductor’s signal, while for still less grave offenses there are but 8 or even only 2 demerits. For failing to report delays the motorman is fined 2 demerits, and for not promptly answering signals, 1 demerit, while the conductor receives 2 demerits for inattention to passengers, untidy condition of dress, error in punching transfers, failure to report delays, and 1 demerit for burning back headlight, except in cases of fog. The system has been worked out in great detail, there being 60 sep arate punishments for motormen or gripmen and 57 for conductors, and the attempt is made as far as possible to make the punishment fit the offense. (a) There are also merits, ranging from a reward of 2 merits for warn ing persons in the act of jumping on or off a moving car to wait for the car to stop, to a reward of 50 merits for a specially meritorious act calling for recognition from the company. T H E M E R IT S Y S T E M A N D D ISC H A R G E S. The merit system has been employed during the last two years by the Detroit United Railway Company. This system was introduced January 1, 1002, and a plan was adopted of granting 5 merits at the close of each three months, and of discharging upon the accumulation of 60 demerits. The records of the first six months indicate in what manner this system worked. There were 237 conductors and 341 motormen having no demerit marks during the first six months, 89 conductors and 124 motormen having between 10 and 20 demerit marks, 3 conductors and 16 motormen having over 20 demerit marks, 267 conductors and 180 motormen having under 30 demerit marks, 13 con ductors and 22 motormen having over 30 and under 60 demerit marks, while only 21 conductors and 16 motormen were discharged. (b) The percentage of discharges was thus small, and the system of suspension by which losses of wages were formerly entailed was abolished. The system has resulted in uniformity of punishment and discipline throughout the entire system of the Detroit railways. It is claimed « Street Railway Journal, October 18, 1902. &Street Railway Journal, October 4, 1902. STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 589 that it has prevented favoritism, and done away with the necessity of applying the same rigid punishment to all men committing the same offense, whatever their past record. It has further prevented the demoralizing effect of the system of suspension, by which men loaf about during the period of their lay-off and come back to work very much the worse for their enforced idleness. According to the testimony of the general superintendent of the Detroit United Railway, Mr. Albert H . Stanley, the system has fur nished a strong incentive to the men to do especially meritorious acts. Broken trolleys are immediately removed, and everything is done to prevent possible accidents or disasters. “ The system has received the approval of the majority of the conductors and motormen, and has aroused in all of them a strong desire to avoid demerit marks and to take advantage of every circumstance to get merit marks, and those who have been given merit marks have been very much encouraged.” (a) A D V A N T A G E S A N D D IS A D V A N T A G E S O F T H E M E R IT SY STEM . The advocates of the merit system of discipline favor it chiefly on . the ground of the stimulus which it affords to the workmen. In some cases this system is adopted by merely publishing the record of the men and discharging them when they fall below a certain mark, while in others, promotion is based upon the number of merits which the employee has to his credit. A somewhat different system is promotion by a merit system combined with the principle of seniority. Each man is granted a certain number of merit marks every month, so that the longer he is in the service the greater his chance of standing at the head. This modification of the seniority system permits an exception ally able, industrious, and attentive man to advance more rapidly than men who have been admitted to employment at the same time as he, and in the eyes of its advocates it furnishes a motive for good conduct, while giving to those employees who have remained in the service an advantage over the more recently recruited men. The merit system of discipline and of promotion is objected to by a number of street railway officials on the ground of its alleged impracti cability. It is quite impossible to report all instances in which the men deserve merits or debits, and the very incompleteness of the records would be, it is believed, sufficient to earn for it the contempt of the men. It is also felt that it would not be agreeable to the employees. The system has not as yet been generally adopted, although the tendency seems to be to favor it. Whatever the future of the merit system of discipline may be, there seems no doubt that the formerly universal plan of summarily sus« Street Railway Journal, October 4, 1902. 590 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. pending men as a punishment for slight violations or infractions of the rules is gradually losing ground. Street railway managers are appar ently coming to the conclusion that there should be no intermediate punishment between a reprimand and a final discharge. Men upon whom repeated reprimands and warnings have no effect are not liable to be benefited by a suspension of from five to thirty days, and experi ence has shown that such suspensions merely render the men more careless, while at the same time inspiring them with an intense antag onism to the company and the officials inflicting the punishment. U N IF O R M IT Y OF W A G E S IN STR EET EM PLOYM ENT. R A IL W A Y The 133,641 employees of the street railway companies earned in 1902 the sum of $80,770,449, or an average of slightly over $600 per man. These wages represent merely a lump sum and fail to show the rates of pay earned by the different classes of employees. Statistics of this nature were obtained for 94,874 employees, or 71 per cent of all. The employees are divided into ten classes, the first class earning less than $1 per day, the last class earning $3 or more per day. The rates paid do not include the earnings of salaried officials and clerks. The most striking feature of these wages is their comparative uni formity. O f the total number of men employed as wage-earners on the street railways of the United States whose wages were given, 39,663, or 42 per cent, earned between $2 and $2.24 per day. This appears to be the prevailing wage in the industry, especially for conductors and motormen. O f the entire number of conductors almost 54 per cent earned wages ranging from $2 to $2.24, while the proportion was 51 per cent for motormen. The wages of road and track men range lower, those of engineers higher, while for firemen, mechanics, and other classes of employees no uniform level is maintained. It is a noteworthy fact, however, that so large a percentage of the street railway employees enjoy this particular wage, and the uniformity is especially striking in the case of conductors and engineers. If we take a larger group, we find that the overwhelming mass of employees earned from $1.50 to $2.49 per day. O f the total number of employees for whom statistics were obtained, 80,728, or 85.1 per cent, fell within this group. The proportion for the motormen and conductors was still higher. O f the total number of conductors, 92.8 per cent earned from $1.50 to $2.49, and 92.1 per cent of the motormen obtained these wages. If we divide the wages of all classes into three groups of men earn ing under $1.50, from $1.50 to $2.49, and $2.50 or over, we will find that for all classes 8.3 per cent earned below $1.50, 85.1 per cent from $1.50 to $2.49, and only 6.6 per cent $2.50 or over. For the STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 591 conductors, 6.3 per cent earned below $1.50, 92.8 per cent from $1.50 to $2.49, while less than 1 per cent earned $2.50 or over. A some what larger proportion, amounting to 1.6 per cent, earned $2.50 or over among the motormen, and 2.1 per cent of the road and track men and 3 per cent of the firemen were in this class. In the case of the engineers and mechanics there is an entirely different shifting of the classes. O f the entire number of engineers employed whose rates of pay are given, only 47, or 3 per cent, earned less than $1.50; 675, or 44 per cent, earned from $1.50 to $2.49, while the majority, 812, or 53 per cent, earned $2.50 or over. These engineers are highly skilled men and receive a greater rate of remuneration on the average than any other class of wage-earners in the street railway service. A some what similar wage distribution applies to the mechanics. O f these, 299, or 4.4 per cent, earned less than $1.50; 4,682, or 69.4 per cent, earned from $1.50 to $2.49, while 1,772, or 26.2 per cent, earned $2.50 or over. O f the total number of men employed on street railways, 1,996, or only 2.1 per cent, were found to be earning $3 or over. The largest number of persons in this wage class is found in the group of engi neers, 423, or 27.6 per cent of the whole, earning this wage, a large majority of these being employed at from $4 to $4.24 per day. O f the miscellaneous employees, 791, or 7.9 per cent, were earning $3 or over. The mechanics also furnish a larger quota than most other classes, 409 individuals, or 6 per cent of the whole, obtaining this wage. For those occupations, however, in which the largest number of men are employed such wages are not often paid. There were only 239 motormen, or 0.7 per cent, and 73 conductors, or 0.2 per cent, obtaining over $3 per day, and there were but 40 road and track men and but 21 firemen obtaining this wage. The following table, taken from the special report of the United States Census Office on Street and Electric Railways, 1902, shows this distribution of employees according to occupations and rate of pay: NUMBER OP WAGE-EARNERS AT SPECIFIED DAILY RATES OF PAY, 1902. and Motor- Road track men. men. All classes. Con ductors. Less than $1.00......... $1.00 to $1.24............ 1.25 to 1.49............ 1.50 to 1.74............ 1.75 to 1.99............ 2.00 to 2.24............ 2.25 to 2.49............ 2.50 to 2.74............ 2.75 to 2.99............ 3.00 or o v e r ............ 656 2,719 4,468 15,431 15,213 39,663 10,421 3,262 1,045 1,996 50 899 1,046 3,983 5,426 17,059 3,124 192 17 73 23 884 1,123 3,374 5,481 16,665 4,325 291 7 239 473 477 1,368 4,505 1,280 1,229 384 162 8 40 3 5 39 104 89 295 187 • 274 115 423 16 76 135 469 637 770 171 48 1 21 21 83 195 896 1,062 1,707 1,017 936 427 409 70 295 562 2,100 1,223 1,953 1,213 1,359 470 791 Total............... 94,874 31,869 32,412 9,926 1,534 2,344 6,753 10,036 Classified rates of pay per day. Engi neers. Firemen. Mechan All other ics. classes. 592 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, H O U R L Y R A TE S O F W A G E S . The best indication of the hourly rates of wages paid by the various street railway companies of the United States is. furnished by the returns of an extended investigation made by the United Railroads of San Francisco. In May, 1903, a printed circular was sent to 825 trac tion companies throughout the United States with a request for a statement of the rates of pay and the hours of labor of carmen upon their lines. Returns were received from 315 companies, doing busi ness in every State and Territory in the Union, excepting South Caro lina, North and South Dakota, Indian Territory, Wyom ing, New Mexico, Nevada, and Ohio. These statistics were presented in the form of rates of wages per hour. The returns, showing the rates of wages per hour and the hours of labor per day for the 345 companies, are presented in the follow ing table: AVERAGE WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE HOURS OF LABOR PER DAY OF CARMEN EMPLOYED BY STREET RAILW AY COMPANIES IN 1903, BY STATES AND CITIES. [From testimony in arbitration ease of the United Railroads of San Francisco.] City and company. Average Average per hours of rate hour labor. (cents). NORTH ATLANTIC STATES. Maine: Augusta.................................. B angor.................................... R o c k la n d ............................... Skowhegan............................. New Hampshire: B erlin ..................................... Chester.................................... C oncord.................................. Vermont: Barre....................................... Brattleboro............................. R utlan d.................................. Massachusetts: N orw ood ................................ North Adams.......................... Northampton— Northampton and Am herst Street R w y ............ Northampton Street Rwy P alm er.................................... Pittsfield— Berhilin Street R w y.......... Pittsfield Electric Street R w y .................................. R eading.................................. Shelburne............................... South W alp ole...................... Springfield............................. Uxbridge................................ W estboro................................. W estfield................................ W estw ood............................... Worcester— Worcester C on solid ated Street R w y ...................... Amesbury—Amesbury and Hampton Street R w y....... A thol....................................... a Not reported. City and company. Average Average per hours of rate hour labor. (cents). NORTH ATLANTIC STATES—COn. 10 10 10 («) (a)9 10 10 15.36 16.42 15.9 19.0 617.5 620.0 619.4 10 81 18.0 17.0 18.0 10 9.7 20.0 10 10 10 19.5 20.0 23.0 10 21.0 10 20.0 21.6 17.0 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 (a) 21.6 21.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 9£ 21.6 9* 22.0 19.0 Massachusetts—Concluded. B o s to n Boston Elevated R w y ....... Old Colony Street Rwy — Boston and Northern Street R w y ...................... Brookfield............................... B yfield.................................... Danvers.................................. East Tem pleton..................... Franklin................................ Gardner.................................. Greenfield............................... M arlboro................................ M aynard................................ M errim ac............................... M idd leboro........................... M ilford.................................... Newburyport.......................... N ew ton .................................. N orton.................................... Rhode Island: Providence—Providence and Danielson R w y ................... The Rhode Island Co.......... W oonsocket........................... Connecticut: Bristol..................................... Bridgeport............................. Danbury ................................ H artford................................ Meriden.................................. M iddletown........................... New H a ven ........................... New L on d on .......................... Norwich— Montville Street R w y ....... Norwich Street R w y ......... T orrington............................. 10 10 10 10 («) 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 22.5 21.9 X/. o 20.0 21.8 19.0 20.0 20.0 19.5 20.0 20.0 19.7 20.0 20.0 19.7 21.0 20.0 20.0 20.45 20.0 («) 9i 10 11 10 11 («) 10 10 10 10 («) 6 Company also furnishes clothing. 20.0 19.6 20.0 17.5 18.8 15.8 20.0 18.5 18.7 18.7 19.6 STREET RA ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 593 A V E R AG E WAGES P E R HOUR AND A V E R AG E HOURS OF LABO R PER D A Y OF CARMEN EM PLOYED B Y STREET R A IL W A Y COMPANIES IN 1903, B Y STATES AND CITIES—Con tinued. [From testim ony in arbitration case ol the U nited R ailroads o f San F rancisco.] City and company. Average Average per hours of rate hour labor. (cents). (a) 9£ 10 10 20.0 24.0 17.5 19.3 12 10 10 12 Hi («) (a) 10| 15.0 20.0 21.4 17.0 12.5 14.1 15.0 17.7 13 11 10 10 10 11 10i 10 12.11 12.27 16.2 16.5 18.5 15.0 15.1 16.9 10 10 11 H (a) ^ 10 12 10 10i 21.6 18.5 16.2 16.0 16.8 20.0 14.5 19.7 23.4 10 18.2 10 10 10 10 10 18.0 18.8 16.0 14.7 20.0 10 11 10 11 10 (a) 16.0 18.0 15.0 17.9 19.5 16.4 12 9* 17.5 20.0 SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES. Delaware: Wilmington— People’s R w v ...................... Wilmington* and Chester Traction........................... Maryland: Baltim ore............................... Cumberland........................... F itchburg............................... Hagerstown........................... Virginia: Norfolk.................................... Richmond—Virginia Pas senger and P ow er.............. Roanoke ................................ West Virginia: Parkersburg........................... W heeling................................ 14 20.5 12 17.5 12 12 10 11 16.3 12.91 21.6 12.2 (a) 15.0 9 9i 17.0 13.8 9 10* 17.0 20.0 North Carolina: W ilm ington........................... Asheville................................ Charlotte................................ Durham .................................. Georgia: A th ens.................................... Augusta.................................. Savannah............................... Florida: Jacksonville.............. 16818— No. 57— 05------14 12 10 111 9 11. £ 14. a 11.0* 12. a 12 lli lli 10i 10.615.4 15.0* 14.4. 9 12+ 9 10 16.2 18.2. 19.0 14. a 10 17.5- 9 lli 10 9 9 18.6 17.6 13. a 23.0 17.6 10i 10 10 12 9i 18.0 17.8 13.76 16.66 17.5 m NORTH CENTRAL STATES. Pennsylvania: A lle n to w n ............................. A ltoon a.................................. Beaver F a lls.......................... Bloomsbury........................... Bradford— Bradford Electric R w y___ Olean, Rock City and Bradford R. R ................. B utler..................................... Carlisle.................................... Charleroix............................. Danielsville........................... Erie— Erie Electric Motor............ Erie Traction...................... Easton..................................... F olsom ................................... Girardville............................. Harrisburg— Harrisburg Traction..*....... Lykens and Williams Val ley Street R w y ............... Hazleton................................ Homestead............................. Kittanning— Kittanning and Ford City Street R w y ...................... Kittanning and Cowanshannock Valley Street R w y .................................. L ansford................................ Lewiston................................ Lock Haven........................... Montoursv il 1e ........................ Nanticoke............................... Norristown............................. Philadelphia— Philadelphia, Bristol and Trenton Street R w y....... Philadelphia Rapid Tran sit ..................................... Punxsutawney...................... Wilkesbarre........................... Ohio: A k ron ..................................... A lliance.................................. Bowling Green...................... Cincinnati— Cincinnati, Dayton and Toledo T raction.............. Cincinnati, Lawrenceburg and Aurora Traction___ Cincinnati Traction.......... Porter Rwy. Terminal....... Cleveland— Cleveland and Southern R w y .................................. Cleveland Electric R w y . . . Cleveland, Elyria and Western R w y ................... a Not reported. Average Averageper hours of rate hour labor. (cents). SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES—COn. NORTH ATLANTIC STATES—COn. New York: A lban y................................ . B abylon.................................. Binghamton........................... Baliston Spa........................... Buffalo— * Buffalo and Depew R w y .. Hamburg R w y ................... Tn t,ern atXnnfi.l R w y ______ C am den................. *............... Canandaigua................. *.— Cortland.................................. F red on ia................................ G loversville........................... Hornellsville— Hornellsville and Canisteo R w y .................................. Hornellsville Electric Rwy. Ith a ca ..................................... Jam estown............................. K ingston................................ M illville.................................. M iddletow n........................... New bu rg................................ New Y ork City— Borough of Brooklyn......... R ichm ond............ ............... 01can ....................................... Oswego.................................... P eekskill................................ Port Chester........................... Port J e r v is ............................. Rochester—Rochester R w y .. Schenectady........................... Syracuse— Syracuse and Ontario R . R . Syracuse Rapid Transit R w y .................................. U tica ....................................... W atertown............................. W aterloo................................ Y onkers.................................. New Jersey: B ridgeton............................... Gloucester............................... K ey p ort.................................. O range.................................... Perth Am boy.......................... Red Bank.............................. . Trenton— Trenton Street R w y .......... Yardley, Morrisville and Trenton Street R w y ....... City and company. H 16.56 10 9 11+ 15.0 14.0 23.2 10 18. S 13 9 12 9i 9 9 10i 18.0 17.5 15.0 16.2 15.0 17.6 17.5 9i 16.5 10i 12 9 20.0 16.1 19.4 (a) Mi (a) 19. a 17.6 17.6 10 17.4 10 10 10 17.5 18.28 20.5 10 10 22.2 22.2 10 21.6 594 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. A V E R A G E WAGES PER HOUR AN D A V E R A G E HOURS OF LABO R PER D A Y OF CARMEN EM PLOYED B Y STREET R A IL W A Y COMPANIES IN 1903, B Y STATES AND CITIES—Con tinued. [From testim ony in arbitration case o f th e U nited Railroads o f San F rancisco.] City and company. Average Average per hours of rate hour labor. (cents). Average Average per hours of rate hour labor. (cents). NORTH CENTRAL STATES— COn. NORTH CENTRAL STATES— COn. Ohio—Concl uded. Cleveland— East Ohio Traction............ Ohio Central Traction....... -Columbus— Central Market Street R w y. •Columbus, Buckeye Lake and Newark Traction___ Columbus, Delaware and Marion R ailw ays............ Columbus, Grove City and Southwestern R w y......... Columbus, London •and Springfield R w y.............. Columbus, New Albany and Johnsto wn Traction. Dayton— City R w y............................. Dayton Traction................. Dayton and Western......... Oakwood Street R w y......... Defiance................................ East Liverpool...................... E in d la y ................................ . F ostoria................................ L ancaster............................ L ora in .................................... L im a ...................................... Mansfield............................... M arion .................................. Newark.................................. Pomeroy................................ Portsmouth........................... Salem..................................... Springfield— Dayton, Springfield and Urbana Electric R w y__ Springfield and Xenia T raction...................... .. Springfield Rwy................ Steubenville.......................... T iffin ..................................... Toledo— Toledo and Indiana R w y.. Toledo Rail way and Light. Toledo and Western R w y.. W ellston............................. W illoughby........................ Youngstown— Mineral Ridge and Niles... Trumbull Electric R. R ___ Youngstown and Sharon.. Indiana: Anderson............................... E v a n sv ille........................... Fort Wayne........................... Indianapolis— Indianapolis, Columbus and Southern Traction.. Indianapolis and Eastern R w y ................................ Indianapolis Street R w y.. Logansport........................... . Michigan City........................ M un cie.................................. . Richm ond— Richm ond Street and Interurban R w y ................. Richm ond and Northwest ern Electric R w y ............ South B end........................... . Terre H aute........................... Illinois: Alton—Alton Railway, Gas and E lectric................... . Bloom ington......................... City and company. 10 11 9 9! 9 11 10! H! 9! 9! 9 12 10 10 10 («) 10 11 10 12 T 10f 12 12 10 10 9 11 9 9 10 10 12 9 11 11 10 9 12 10$ 10! 12 11 11! 17 10 10! 9! («) 12+ 9 11 Illinois—Concluded. Chicago— Aurora, Elgin and Eastern 20.4 R w y .................................. 17.8 Calumet Electric Street R w y .................................. 18.0 Chicago City R w v.............. Chicago C o n solid a ted 20.0 Traction........................... Chicago Union T raction... 18.6 Chicago and Milwaukee .. Champaign............................. 20.0 • Danville.................................. D ecatur............ ..................... 20.0 D ekalb.................................... 19.0 East St. L o u is...................... . Freeport.................................. 20.0 Joliet.................................. .... 20.0 M o lin e.................................... 20.0 Peoria—Peoria and P ek in ... 20.0 R ock ford ................................ Streator .................................. 15.61 22.2 V e n ic e .................................... 18.15 Michigan: Bay C it y ................................. 17.3 15.0 Detroit— Detroit United R w y .......... 21.8 19.5 Detroit, Ypsiianti, Ann Arbor ana Jackson Rwy. 15.8 15.8 Rapid Rwv. Svstem.......... Escanaba. .*....*..................... 18.0 15.0 Grand R apids....... ................ H a n cock ................................ 12.88 Ish pem in g............................. 16.9 Kalam azoo............................. M uskegon............................... 20.0 Owasso.................................... Saginaw.................................. 19.6 St. Joseph............................... 17.7 Wisconsin: 20.0 A shland............ . ................... 19.5 Fond du L a c .......................... Green Bay............................... 19.0 La Crosse—La Crosse City 19.8 R w v ...................................... M arinette............................... 19.0 Oshkosh.................................. 20. .0 22.2 Sheboygan F a lls ................... W aupaca................................. 19.0 Minnesota: 20.0 D u lu th........................ ........... 23.0 Minneapolis— Twin City Rapid Transit... 20.12 Land and Im provement... 15.5 Winona................................ ... 17.0 Iowa: Davenport............................... Dubuque................................ 18.0 Oskaloosa............................... Sioux Citv............................... 18.8 'Waterloo*................................ 18.0 Missouri: 16.0 Hannibal................................ 15.0 Ja ck son ........................ .......... 21.0 Kansas City—Metropolitan Street R w y .......................... Nevada.................................... 0.0. Z Springfield—S p r i n g f i e l d T raction.............................. 90 u n ZJ. St. Louis.................................. 17.5 Webb City............................... 17.0 W ellston................................. Nebraska: L in c o ln .................................. 19.4 16.8 1 Om aha....................................1 a Not reported. 9! 24.2 11! 21.0 21.0 11! 10! 10! (a) 10| 24.5 20.6 10 17. 18. 15. 22.0 22.6 15.4 19.7 18.0 19.2 17.8 15..8 20.0 11 17.6 10! 11 9 9! 10! 10 10 9! 12 («) 9! 8 10 («) 10 10 12 12 11 10 10 12 23.5 16.6 18.4 2L6 16. .0 16.7 16.7 15.0 20.0 16.66 10 15.4 17.8 17.4 1 1! 13 11! 10 11 16.8 16.2 17.0 14.2 16.1 1 1! 9 20.0 («) 11 9 8! 11 11! 11! 11 9 («) (a) 20.0 18.0 18.8 19.4 17.2 13.2 17.7 15.0 10.0 14.8 11 12 11 9? 12 9 15.0 20.0 16.8 20.0 11 16.0 21.4 10 STREET R A IL W A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 595 A V E R AG E WAGES PER HOUR AND A V E R AG E HOURS OF LABO R PER D A Y OF CARMEN EM PLOYED B Y STREET R A IL W A Y COMPANIES IN 1903, B Y STATES AND CITIES—Con clud ed. [From testim ony in arbitration case o f the U nited Railroads o f San Francisco.] City and company. Average Average per hours of rate hour labor. (cents). City and company. NORTH CENTRAL STATES— COn. WESTERN STATES. Kansas: Junction City.......................... Topeka—Topeka R w y.......... W ich ita .................................. Colorado: B ou ld er.................................. Colorado Springs................... Denver.................................... Durango.................................. P u e b lo .................................... Arizona: P hoenix..................... Utah: Ogden..................................... Salt Lake City........................ Montana: A naconda............................... Butte....................................... Great F alls............................. H elena.................................... Washington: Everett.................................... Olympia.................................. Seattle— Seattle and Renton R w y .. Seattle Electric................... Spokane— Spokane and Montrose Motor R. R ...................... Washington Water Power. Oregon: Astoria.................................... Oregon C ity ........................... Portland— City and Suburban R w y ... Oregon Water Power and R w y .................................. Portland R w y ..................... California: Fresno..................................... Los Angeles— Los Angeles R w y............... Los Angeles Redondo R w y .................................. Los Angeles Traction......... Los Angeles Pacific Rwy .. Pacific Electric R w y ......... Oakland.................................. Redlands................................ San D iego............................... San Francisco— Geary Street, Park and Ocean R. R ...................... Presidio and Ferries R. R .. San Jose—San Jose and Santa Clara R. R ........................... S tockton................................ 12 («) 11 15.0 16.66 15.52 SOUTH CENTRAL STATES. Kentucky: Bowling Green...................... Covington............................... Iola.......................................... Lexington— Georgetown and Lexington Traction.................... Lexington R w y ................. Louisville—Louisville and Eastern R. R ........................ Owensboro............................. Tennessee: Chattanooga........................... Jackson.................................. K noxville—Knoxville Trac tion ..................................... M em phis................................ Nashville................................ Alabama: B irm ingham .......................... Gadsden.................................. H u ntsville............................. M o b ile .................................... Mississippi: M eridian................................ Natchez.................................. Louisiana: Baton R ou g e.......................... Shreveport............................. Texas: Austin..................................... Beaumont............................... Fort W orth............................. Galveston............................... Houston.................................. H untington........................... San Antonio........................... W aco....................................... Arkansas: Eureka Springs...................... Fort S m ith............................. Hot Springs........................... Oklahoma: Oklahoma City___ 10 10 11 10.0 19.0 15.0 10 10 17.5 13.6 10 10 20.0 12.0 12 I lf 15.6 12.2 12 10 10 13.6 17.0 13.6 10! 11 10 10* 17.9 13.5 12.5 16.4 10 («) 14.8 14.0 10 12 15.0 16.9 12 12 12 11 12 10! 9 12 13.85 20.0 18.8 18.8 19.4 17.5 19.6 13.75 10 11! 11! 11 11.25 12.4 20.0 15.4 a Not reported. Average Average per hours of rate hour labor. (cents). 10 10| 12 20.0 23.5 23.0 10* 19.0 23.5 10 10 29.0 34.5 29.71 27.5 10 12 10 9! 11 19.0 10 10 20.0 10 24.0 24.4 »! 9 11* 25.0 24.1 HI 18.4 n 23.8 10 23.0 23.5 12 («) 9! 10! % 10 10! 10! 12 22.5 22.5 22.5 23.5 22.5 25.0 9 10 25.0 10 17.5 22.5 10 10 596 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. The following table for these 345 companies shows by geographical divisions the number of companies paying each classified hourly rate of wages: SUMMARY OF CLASSIFIED HOURLY WAGES OF CARMEN EMPLOYED BY STREET RAIL WAY COMPANIES IN 1903, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS., Number of companies paying specified rate per hour. Rate of wages per hour (cents). 10 to 10.9...................................................... 11 to 11.9...................................................... 12 to 12.9...................................................... 13 to 13.9...................................................... 14 to 14.9...................................................... 15 to 15.9...................................................... 16 to 16.9...................................................... 17 to 17.9...................................................... 18 to 18.9...................................................... 19 to 19.9...................................................... 20 to 20.9...................................................... 21 to 21.9...................................................... 22 to 22.9...................................................... 23 to 23.9...................................................... 24 to 24.9...................................................... 25 to 25.9...................................................... 26 to 26.9...................................................... 27 to 27.9...................................................... 28 to 28.9...................................................... 29 to 29.9...................................................... 30 to 30.9...................................................... 31 to 31.9...................................................... 32 to 32.9...................................................... 33 to 33.9...................................................... 34 to 34.9...................................................... Total number of returns............ North Atlantic States. 3 2 5 11 16 18 17 15 31 10 2 3 1 North Central States. South Atlantic States. South Central States. 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 6 1 3 2 4 2 3 3 1 1 4 16 16 18 14 13 23 7 7 3 2 2 1 Western States. 1 3 4 10 10 12 33 35 44 34 33 63 18 19 13 6 4 None. 1 None. 2 None. None. None. None. 1 36 345 i 1 2 4 10 7 3 4 1 2 134 126 19 30 United States. An analysis of this table shows that the prevailing rate of wages is 20 cents per hour. O f all the companies reporting, 63, or over 18 per cent of the whole, paid 20 cents or less than 21 cents. A still larger group paid all the way from 15 cents to 19.9 cents per hour. There were in this group 179 companies, or over 50 per cent of the whole; thus, in over 68 per cent of the companies the prevailing wage was from 15 cents to 20.9 cents. Thirt3r-nine companies, or 11 per cent of the whole, paid wages under 15 cents an hour, and 7 companies, or 2 per cent of the whole, under 12 cents per hour. Only 14 companies, or 4 per cent of the whole, paid wages of 24 cents or over, and only 4 companies, or about 1 per cent of the whole, paid wages of 26 cents or over, the highest company showing a wage of 34 cents. These wages, it must be understood, represent lines in all parts of the country and in cities of all sizes. The very small wages are usually found on lines in small towns and villages, and wages of 15 cents an hour or less are paid in sparsely inhabited regions. The wages of 24 cents or over are usually to be found in the West. O f the 8 street railways paying 25 cents or over, all are in the Western States; of the 46 paying 22 cents or over, 28, or almost two-thirds, are situated in the Western States. The lowest wages are found in the South Atlan tic and South Central States. In the South Atlantic States 12 compa 597 STREET RAIL WAX' EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. nies, or almost two-thirds of all in that group, were paying less than 16 cents per hour, and of the 30 companies for which returns were obtained in the South Central States, 16, or over one-half, were also paying less than 16 cents. Many of the rates of wages in the foregoing table refer to towns of small population. The following table gives the result of a classifica tion of rates of pay for 10 of the largest cities of the country, together with 3 Western cities. These cities are Boston, Buffalo, New York and Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, New Orleans, Chicago, Cleve land, St. Louis, Los Angeles, Portland, O reg., and Butte, Mont. The number of motormen included in this table is 17,790, of conductors, 19,654: CLASSIFIED DAILY WAGES OF CONDUCTORS AND MOTORMEN IN 13 CITIES. Number of— Rate of wages per day. $1.00 to $1.04................................................................................... 1.25 to 1.29.................................................................................... 1.30 to 1.34.................................................................................... 1.35 to 1.39.................................................................................... 1.50 to 1.54.................................................................................... 1.60 to 1.64.................................................................................... 1.65 to 1.69.................................................................................... 1.70 to 1.74..................................................................................... 1.75 to 1.79.................................................................................... 1.80 to 1.84.................................................................................... 1.85 to 1.89..................................................................................... 1.90 to 1.94.................................................................................... 1.95 to 1.99.................................................................................... 2.00 to 2.04..................................................................................... 2.05 to 2.09..................................................................................... 2.10 to 2.14..................................................................................... 2.15 to 2.19.................................................................................... 2.20 to 2.24.................................................................................... 2.25 to 2.29..................................................................................... 2.30 to 2.34.................................................................................... 2.35 to 2.39..................................................................................... 2.40 to 2.44................................................................................... 2.45 to 2.49................................................................................... 2.50 to 2.54................................................................................... 2.70 to 2.74................................................................................... 3.00 to 3.04................................................................................... 3.50 to 3.54................................................................................... 3.75 to 3.79________________ _____ ________________________ Total....... Con ductors. 10 3 Per cent of— Motormen. 10 1 8 48 6 5 99 2 40 52 300 920 1 121 53 6,879 518 1,408 204 206 2,818 961 405 1,566 724 141 33 85 231 7 19,654 17,790 604 61 423 140 908 939 601 241 53 7,504 670 1,423 225 1,986 1,167 1,436 336 47 813 2 Con ductors. 0.05 Motormen. 0.06 .01 3.07 .31 2.15 .71 4.62 4.77 3.06 1.23 .27 38.18 3.41 7.24 1.15 10.11 5.94 7.31 1.71 .24 4.14 .01 .03 .56 .01 .22 .29 1.69 5.17 .04 .24 .03 .68 .30 38.67 2.91 7.92 1.15 1.16 15.84 5.40 2.28 8.80 4.07 .79 .18 .48 1.30 .04 100.00 100.00 This table indicates very clearly the extent to which certain rates of pay prevail. The $2 to $2.04 rates are received by 38.18 per cent of all the conductors herein included; 10.11 per cent are found to receive a wage from $2.20 to $2.24. O f the motormen 54.51 per cent are in the wage classes receiving $2 to $2.04 and $2.25 to $2.29. O f the total number of conductors 75.05 per cent receive wages from $2 to $2.39, while 84.13 per cent, or over five-sixths of all motormen, receive wages of from $2 to $2.44. Less than one conductor in 1,500, and less than one motorman in 1,100 receives a wage less than $1.40 a day, and less than one conductor in 300, and less than one motorman in 35 receives a wage of over $2.50. 598 BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB. WAGES IN SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. A most accurate and complete classification of street railway employees by earnings was made in the year 1903 by the United Rail roads of San Francisco in their arbitration with the Amalgamated Association of Street Railway Employees of America. The money wages paid by this company, it was shown, were higher than those of the vast majority of street car men in the United States, only four cases being on record of companies paying higher wages, and only four or five cases where wages of an equal amount were paid. (a) The following table shows the earnings of carmen during the 13 weeks from February 14 to May 15, 1903. The earnings are from the pay rolls of the company. These wages were raised 5 and 10 per cent by the award of the arbitrator: EARNINGS OF CARMEN (REGULAR AND EXTRA MEN) IN THE EMPLOY OF THE UNITED RAILROADS OF SAN FRANCISCO, DURING THE 33 WEEKS FROM FEBRUARY 14 TO MAY 15,1903, BY CLASSIFIED GROUPS. Regular men. Earnings. Extra men. cent Per cent Number. Per of total. Number. of total. Under $100...................................................................................... $100 to $124...................................................................................... 125 to 149...................................................................................... 150 to 174...................................................................................... 175 to 199...................................................................................... 200 to 204...................................................................................... 205 to 209...................................................................................... 210 to 214............................................... ....................................... 215 to 219...................................................................................... 220 to 224...................................................................................... 225 to 229...................................................................................... 230 or o v e r ..................................................................................... 87 30 73 172 491 148 153 135 67 35 19 16 6.10 2.10 5.12 12.06 34.44 10.38 10.73 9.47 4.70 2.45 1.33 1.12 129 51 66 128 126 14 10 4 2 1 24.29 9.60 12.43 24.11 23.73 2.64 1.88 .75 .38 .19 Total...................................................................................... 1,426 100.00 531 100.00 The foregoing table shows that of the regular men employed in 1903 by the United Railroads of San Francisco the great majority earned over $175 a quarter or over $700 per year; 74.62 per cent, or almost three-quarters of the men averaging over $175, and only 25.38 per cent, or slightly over one-quarter, earning less than $175. In other words three-quarters of the men averaged $14 a week or over for 50 weeks in the year. O f the men earning less than $175 a quar ter almost one-half earned $150 or over; only 13.32 per cent or about two-fifteenths of all the men earned less than $150, the earnings below that sum being those of men who were idle for various reasons. If we analyze these wages according to smaller wage classes, we will find that the wages of the men were centered largely around certain groups. Only 2.45 per cent of the men earned $225 or over, the great majority of the men who earned over $200 receiving less than «T h e companies paying equal or greater wages were Western lines, principally in Montana. STREET R A IL W A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 599 $215. O f the 87 men earning less than $100 during the quarter, 22 or one-quarter earned from $75 to $99, 21 or over one-quarter earned from $50 to $71, and 10 earned less than $10. These wages are claimed by the company to have been slightly lower than the actual wages, since the full pay rolls in the auditing office showed that $1,839.09 were paid out in wages unaccounted for in this calculation. This discrepancy, however, amounted to less than 0.6 per cent of all the wages. Another element tending to make the returns appear slightly smaller than the actual, was the fact that some men were reported twice, owing to their having worked at different periods of the quarter from different car barns. The men claim that these wages are too high to be taken as typical for the year, because the quarter taken was one in which the traffic was the highest; but the company claimed in its brief that this did not influence the result. “ Carrying more passengers does not imply running more cars nor employing more men nor working longer hours. ” (a) The results of this investigation showed that before the increase granted in the award, almost one-half of the number of carmen employed by the United Railroads of San Francisco were earning $195 and over, and almost three-fourths were earning $175 or over within the quarter. The larger sum would indicate a working time of 312 days per year for one-half of the men on an estimate of $2.51 a day, and a working time of 280 days per year for three-fourths of the men on the same basis of wages. The company held that the vast majority of absences were due to causes not within the control 'of the company. The company tabu lated the causes of loss of time of 50 regular carmen earning less than $100 during a quarter. The total number of days lost by these 50 men was 3,248, or 65 days per man out of a total of 91 possible days during the 13 weeks. O f these 3,248 days lost, only 160, or less than 5 per cent, were due to suspensions, while 901 days were lost by sickness, 918 on leave, 199 for temporary transfers, 347 as a result of resignations, and 525 for causes unspecified. These figures would indicate that the majority of days lost are due to causes with which the company has nothing to do. W A G E S A S A F F E C T E D B Y L E N G T H OF SE R V IC E . Two systems prevail in fixing the rate of wages with reference to service. In some companies the system of a flat rate is adopted, while in others the rate of wages increases with the period of continuous service. The trade union, as a rule, prefers the former method, and in a number of cases has endeavored to enforce it, while the method « Oral argument of A . Moore for United Railways of San Francisco in the matter of the arbitration of certain differences, etc. 600 BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOR. preferred by the companies is gradually to increase the wage with the period of service in the company. The reason for this difference is probably to be found in the endeavor of each party to secure the allegiance of the men. It is apparently felt by the union that the men will act in better harmony if there is a minimum, if not a common, rate for all, and that there will be greater difficulty in obtaining con certed action and a greater reluctance on the part of the older men to strike if the amount of wages increases with the length of time in the service of the company. This opinion appears also to be held by the companies. The street railway companies seem to be about equally divided in their adherence to one or the other of the two systems. A n investi gation made into this subject by the United Railroads of San Fran cisco covered 370 street car companies throughout the country. O f these companies 198, or over 53 per cent, paid rates graduated accord ing to the term of service, while 172 paid a flat rate, irrespective of the time of employment. The difference in the rate of pay between different years on lines having graduated rates shows a considerable increase, especially during the second year of service. The average rate of pay of the 198 companies paying a graduated wage was 16.69 cents an hour for the first year; 17.96 cents an hour, or an increase of 7.6 per cent, for the second year; 18.74 cents an hour, or an increase of 4.2 per cent, in the third year; 19.06 cents an hour, or an increase of 1.6 per cent, in the fifth year, the increase from the first to the fifth year being 14 per cent. The question of a flat versus a graduated rate was fought out during* the arbitration of the United Railroads of San Francisco versus the Amalgamated Association, and was decided in favor of the company and the graduated rate. W A G E S A N D R E V E N U E OF T H E C O M P A N IE S. The business of street railway transportation is of such a nature that one would naturally expect determined resistance on the part of the companies to any considerable increase in wages. This conclusion would result from the large proportion which the wages bear to the total operating expenses of the street railways, and from the fact that for the most part the street railways of this country are monopolies restricted by law from increasing their rates and presumably obtaining a traffic independent of the amount of wages paid or other expenses incurred. The operating expenses of the street railways of this country are low as compared with steam railroads. While the steam railroads operated in the year 1902 at an expense of 64.66 per cent, the street railways operated in the same year at an expense of only 57.5 per cent. The percentage of operating expenses, or in other words the relationship which the cost of operation bears to the total income, was naturally STREET R A IL W A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 601 much larger in outlying districts and on small systems, the percentage of operating expenses ranging between 70 and 80 per cent on the street and electric railways of Maine, New Hampshire, Delaware, North Carolina, Mississippi, and Montana, and over 80 per cent on the street and electric railways of Vermont. The average operating expenses for all the railways were only 57.5 per cent, and the net earnings were 42.5 per cent, or over $105,000,000. The analysis of the operating expenses shows that an extremely large proportion of the expenses of operation is due directly to wages. These wages amount to over 56 per cent of the entire operating expenses. A certain large percentage of the cost of operation was expended in fuel, miscellaneous supplies, electric cables, buildings, fix tures, printing and stationery, office rent, advertising, damages, legal expenses, insurance, etc. A ll these items combined did not amount to nearly as much as did wages. An increase of 10 per cent in wages would mean an increase of 5.6 per cent in total operating expenses or a decrease of 7.7 per cent in net earnings. The effect of an increase in wages in reducing earnings is the more immediate and obvious, owing to the fact that such an increase in wages does not appreciably increase the earnings of the company or materially reduce its expenses. To a certain extent such an increase in wages may have the effect of reducing accidents, and therefore the items of damages and legal expenses. But the larger items of expense are practically uninfluenced by an increase in the wages of street rail way men. The amount of traffic to be secured is also independent of the wages paid to the employees, and, as a general rule, the fares charged are fixed by law and have already attained the legal maximum and can not be increased as a result of an increase in wages. A s a consequence it rarely happens in the street railway service that an increase in wages can be compensated for by an increase in fares. The receipts from other sources than passenger fares, which receipts in 1902 were less than 4 per cent of the total receipts, are also of such a nature that as a rule they can not be increased. The situation is therefore plainly this: A certain fund is to be divided between the street railway employees and the holders of street railway securities. In 1902 this fund amounted to about $180,000,000, of which the wageearners received about $80,000,000 and the holders of railway securi ties about $100,000,000. (a) This fund is likely to increase in the future as in the past, but for any given year it is a fixed fund, and an increase in wages means a decrease to an equal amount in the dividends received by the holders of street railway stocks. « There is a slight range of error in this statement, owing to the fact that the wages are for all companies except 18 which failed to give this particular information. Moreover, no separate statement has been made for taxes and they have been roughly estimated. 602 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. IN C R E A SE S IN W A G E S . The wages of the front platform men have largely increased as the result of the substitution of electricity for animal power in the haulage of the cars. A higher grade man was required for taking charge of the motor than for driving horses, and from the first days of electric traction motormen secured higher wages than drivers. Thus in M is souri in 1893, 25 per cent of all drivers received a wage of less than a dollar and a half a day, while no motorman received so low a wage. Only 36 per cent of the drivers received $1.90 or over, the proportion of motormen receiving that wage being 81 per cent. W hile only 1 per cent of the drivers received $2.10 or over, fully 16 per cent of all the motormen received that wage. The following table shows the wages of motormen and of drivers, respectively, on the Missouri street railways in 1893: CLASSIFIED DAILY WAGES OF DRIVERS AND MOTORMEN ON MISSOURI STREET RAILWAYS IN 1893. Daily wages. Number receiving specified daily wages. Drivers. Under $1.00........................................................................................................................ $1.00 or less than $1.10....................................................................................................... $1.10 or less than $1.20..................................................................................................... $1.20 or less than $1.30....................................................................................................... $1.30 or less than $1.40....................................................................................................... $1.40 or less than $1.50....................................................................................................... $1.50 or less than $1.60....................................................................................................... $1.60 or less than $1.70............................................................. ......................................... $1.70 or less than $1.80.......................................................... - ........................................... $1.80 or less than $1.90....................................................................................................... $1.90 or less than $2.00...............................................................- ...................................... $2.00 or less than $2.10..................................................... ............................................... $2.10 or less than $2.20............................................................................................. ......... $2.20 or less than $2.30...................................................................................................... 2 6 9 4 17 2 3 57 Total.......................................................................................................................... 157 55 2 Motormen. 63 27 1 135 182 78 486 In New Jersey, also, the effect of the substitution of electric for horse power was an increase in the rate of wages. “ The wage rates,55 says the Twenty-third Annual Report of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor of New Jersey, 1900, “ are interesting, showing as they do a marked increase over those of the old days of horse-car service.55 In this year, 1900, 3,065 employees on the North Jersey Street Railway, including superintendents and assistant superintendents, averaged $11.88 per week, while 1,081 employees of the Jersey City, Hoboken and Paterson Street Railway Company, and Bergen County Traction Company, averaged $10.05 per week. The conductors on the first line averaged $12.14 for from 10 to 12 hours per day for 7 days per week, while in the second they averaged $10 per week for 10 hours per day for from 6 to 7 days per week. The motormen on the first line aver aged $12.66 per week for from 10 to 12 hours per day for from 6 to 7 days per week, and on the second, $10.25 per week for 10 hours per day for from 6 to 7 days per week. The wages of conductors thus STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 603 averaged from 14.5 to 17.3 cents per hour upon the North Jersey Street Railway, and from 14.3 to 16.7 cents per hour on the Jersey City, Hoboken and Paterson Street Railway. Laborers averaged $8.45 per week, or 14.1 cents per hour on the first railway, and $6.27 per week, or 10.5 cents per hour, on the second railway. W A G E S IN H O R SE -C A R D A Y S . O f the 912 drivers employed by the Philadelphia horse-car lines in 1885, 3 earned less than a dollar a day, 50 earned between $1.60 and $1.70, 444 between $1.70 and $1.80, 55 between $1.80 and $1.90, and 360 between $2 and $2.10. The average pay was $1.85, or 12 cents per hour. The pay of drivers upon the Pittsburg and Allegheny lines was somewhat smaller, averaging about $1.75 for 15^ hours, or 11.3 cents per hour. The average pay of conductors was somewhat higher, amounting to 14 per cent more for conductors in Philadelphia and 8 per cent more for conductors in Pittsburg. On one small line in Phil adelphia the drivers (who were perhaps boys) worked 12 hours per day for a rate of 65 cents. On the Stroudsburg lines, which had but one driver, the pay was 75 cents for 17 hours. (a) The following table shows the weekly wages, the hours of labor per day, the number of days per week, and the wages per hour for work for conductors, drivers, and hostlers upon the horse cars of various cities of Iowa for the year 1887: WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR OF CONDUCTORS, DRIVERS, AND HOSTLERS ON STREET RAILWAYS IN IOWA IN 1887. [From Second Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the State of Iowa, 1886,1887.] City and occupation. Clinton: Drivers...................................................................................... Hostlers.................................................................................... Council Bluffs: Drivers...................................................................................... Hostlers..................................................................................... Davenport: Drivers...................................................................................... Hostlers..................................................................................... Des Moines: Conductors............................................................................... Drivers...................................................................................... Hostlers..................................................................................... Capital City: Drivers...................................................................................... Hostlers..................................................................................... Dubuque: Drivers...................................................................................... Hostlers..................................................................................... Keokuk: Conductors............................................................................... Hostlers..................................................................................... Marshalltown: D rivers................................................................ Muscatine: Drivers...................................................................................... Hostlers..................................................................................... Weekly Wages. Hours Days per Wages week. per hour. per day. Cents. 10 10 12 12 7 7 7 10.4 11.25 14 14 7 7 12.2 10.50 10.50 9.50 12 14 10 7 7 7 12.5 10.7 13.6 10.50 9.00 12 15 7 7 10.0 9.50 10.50 14 16 7 7 9.7 9.4 8.00 12 12 15$ 7 7 7 6.9 13 13 7 7 10.3 10.4 $10.50 10.00 8.75 8.75 12.00 7.00 7.50 9.35 9.50 15.0 14.3 11.5 10.7 9.5 8.3 a For similar conditions see Annual Report of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics of Pennsylvania for 1884, pp. 157 to 159. 604 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. S U P P L E M E N T A R Y W A G E S A N D P R E M IU M S. On a number of street-car lines supplementary wages are paid in the form of premiums for meritorious behavior or in that of pensions for long-continued service. Neither of these is important in its effect upon the gross amount of wages, whatever its influence upon the disci pline of the force and the relations between the companies and their employees. The premium system for rewarding motormen and conductors has been adopted by a considerable number of street railway companies. Among these is the International Traction Company of Buffalo and Niagara Falls. The system arose upon the conclusion of the PanAmerican Exposition as the result of a proposed reduction of the wages of motormen and conductors, the wages having been increased just prior to that event. It was agreed by the company, however, that men whose record was free from accidents would not have their wages decreased, so that such men practically received a bonus of the difference, which amounted to 1 cent per hour. According to the tes timony of the company the system has worked well. A majority of the men received rewards, and during the period of 5|- weeks from November 23, 1901, to January 1, 1902, the sum of $3,500 was dis tributed. A large proportion of the men employed received premi ums, and the initiation of the system resulted in a decrease during this period of 42 per cent in the number of accidents. The following account of the Buffalo system is from the Street Rail way Journal of February 8, 1902: The expenses charged against accidents, in case they occur and have to be debited against a man’s account, include the following items: Witness fees and expenses, expert testimony, medical expense, special service, incidentals, office expenses} etc., salaries, salaries of attorneys, court fees and legal expenses. Minor cases of injury, however, either to the company’s property or to property for which the company is responsible, where damages do not exceed $1 or $2, are not allowed to count against the men’s chances of getting the premium, and their record is consequently kept clear. PENSIONS. A few street railway companies have organized a system of pensions to be paid to employees retired at an advanced age after a long number of years of service. The systems so far adopted have been few in number, and the disbursements under them have been small. There seems to be no general tendency to imitate the example of the leaders in this movement, and the experiment is too recent to permit any final judgment upon its probable ultimate results. The average employee seems to display no great enthusiasm for the present system^ STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 605 of pensions, and the attitude of the organized workmen, as manifested by the utterances of union officials, is frankly antagonistic. The most important pension system, that of the Metropolitan Street Kailway Company of New York, was inaugurated on July 1, 1902. Its direction is in the hands of a new department of the railway com pany, which is called the pension department. Persons eligible for pensions are employees 70 years of age or over, or employees from 65 to 69, both inclusive, who have been in the service of the company 25 years or more and have become physically disqualified for continuing in service. The pensions department is in charge of a pension board, which is annually appointed in the month of June by the president of the Metropolitan Street Railway Company. The members of this board serve for one year, beginning from the 1st of July, and they have the power, subject to the veto of the president of the company, of making and enforcing rules for the protection of the department, of passing upon the eligibility of applicants for pensions, of fixing the amount of the pension, and of prescribing the conditions under which allowances may be made or withheld. It is provided that no employee whose maximum wage has exceeded 11,200 per year for a period of over 5 years shall be entitled to the receipt of a pension. No employee who enters the service after the 1st day of July, 1902, shall be eligible for the pension allowance unless he shall have joined the Metropolitan Street Railway Association within 5 years of entering the service of the company nor unless his service in that association is continuous. A ny employee between the ages of 65 and 69, inclusive, who has been 25 years or more in the service, may claim to be physically dis qualified for further service and make application for a pension to the pension board, the decision of which is final. Such applicants, however, must submit to a physical examination by a physician appointed by the pension board. The pension allowance authorized by the president of the Metro politan Street Railway Company is to be fixed for the present upon the following basis: I f the applicant has been 35 years or more in the service of the company, his pension shall amount to 40 per cent of the annual average wages for the past 10 years; if he has been in the service from 30 to 35 years, he shall receive 30 per cent, and if from 25 to 30 years, he shall receive 25 per cent. It is provided in the circular of the president of the Metropolitan Street Railway Company, which circular furnishes the constitution of this pension department, that when the allowances created by this pension system shall exceed $50,000 a year, the company shall reserve the right to reduce the pension allowance pro rata in order to bring the allowance down to this basis. 606 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. I f any employee resigns or is discharged from the service of the company and is reemployed, his service for pension purposes is con strued to date from the time of his reemployment. The pensions granted by the board are to be paid monthly, but may be revoked for misconduct, the pension board being the sole judge, without the right of appeal. Assignment of pensions is not permitted. In forming this pension department, the company specifically states that the establishment of the system of pensions does not recognize in any employee the legal right to such pension or to a continuation of his service with the idea of securing a pension. “ The company expressly reserves its right and privilege to discharge at any time any officer, agent, or employee when the interests of the company in its judgment may require such discharge, without liability for any claim for pen sion or other allowance other than salary or wages due and unpaid.” The acceptance of the pension allowance does not debar former emplo}7ees from entering into any other business, but it does debar them from reentering the employ of the Metropolitan Street Railway Company. The pension plans apparently call for a very small expenditure. Thus the New York plan, which is probably the most generous of all, limits the expenditure at $50,000 a year, which is about 50 cents per month, or less than 2 cents per day per man. A system of pensioning and insuring employees has also* been adopted on a wholesale scale by the Denver City Tramway Company. On May 16, 1903, a general plan of insurance and of granting pen sions was described in a bulletin issued by the general manager of the company. A s a result of this bulletin, two funds were established, one for the insurance of employees against death, sickness, or other disability, and one for a general system of pensions. The pension system of the Denver City Tramway Company was adopted after an extensive study of the workings of other systems in connection with other street railway lines. By the system adopted, employees attaining the age of 70 years, who have been 25 years or more in the company’s service, are compulsorily retired and are paid a pension, whereas employees ranging from 65 to 69 years of age, who have been 25 years in the service of the company, may be retired if they are believed to be physically disqualified. Employees, however, who are members of the Tramway Mutual Aid Association may receive pensions after 15 years’ service if they have attained the age of 65 years. The pension paid amounts to $25 a month for all uniformed employ ees in the regular train service, or for all employees whatsoever who, during the 10 years immediately preceding retirement, averaged a monthly wage of $80 or more. For those whose wage averaged from $60 to $79 a month the pension amounts to $20 a month. The accept STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 607 ance of a pension prevents the recipient from continuing in the service of the company, but does not prevent him from engaging in any other business. The company, moreover, reserves the right to reduce these pensions pro rata in case the total expenditures resulting therefrom exceed $18,000. W hile the pension fund of the street railway company derives its income entirely from contributions from the company, the Mutual Aid Association secures its funds chiefly from contributions by the employees. For every $100 contributed by the employees to this fund the company contributes $25, but the company also guarantees the payment of insurance and sick benefits. The Mutual Aid Association is subject to a board of trustees, the majority (five) of whom are appointed by the officials of the street railway company. Members whose monthly earnings are $80 or over pay $1 per month and receive $1,000 in case o f death. Members whose monthly earnings range between $60 and $79 pay 75 cents per month and receive a death benefit of $750, and members whose monthly earnings are less than $60 pay 50 cents a month and receive $500 in case of death. In case of disability as a result of accident or sickness, a ben-’ efit is paid for a period of at least fifty^-two weeks, if the disability lasts that long, which sum amounts to $6 per week for members con tributing $1 a month, $1.50 a week for members contributing 75 cents a month, and $3 a week for members contributing 50 cents a month. The Mutual Aid Association has established several conditions in order to safeguard the funds in the association. Thus, where sickness or disability is not produced by bodily injuries, through external, violent, or accidental means, no payment is made for the first ten daj^s, and no injury is accounted a disability unless it means a total inca pacity to carry on any occupation in the service o f the Denver City Tramway Company. No benefit or indemnity is paid for sickness or death, resulting in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, by reason of certain prohibited acts and practices, among which are the use of alcoholic liquors as a beverage, intoxication, acts of immorality, fight ing, except in self-defense, voluntary and unnecessary exposure to danger of injury, contagion, or infection, unless in pursuance of duty as an employee of the company, etc. In consideration of the payment of $25 by the company per each $100 paid by the employees, and in consideration, further, of the agreement of the company to pay the operating expenses of the asso ciation, members in case of sickness or accident, and beneficiaries in case of the death of members, shall receipt to the company in full, upon payment of benefits or indemnity, for all liability on the part of the company. Provision is also made for additional insurance by members upon entering the association. 608 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Whatever the motives of the street railway companies in organizing insurance and granting pensions and benefits for sick, disabled, or incapacitated emploj^ees, there can be no doubt that the attitude of the organized employees is distinctly adverse. The street railway em ployees, individually and through their unions, are opposed to any system of compulsory insurance in companies established by employ ers, and look with equal disfavor upon the payment of pensions to aged workmen. Many, if not most, of the employees feel that this system is intended to delude the workmen— to prevent their organiza tion and to hold out promises which are seemingly large, but which in reality dwindle down to almost nothing. The offers of the com pany are belittled on account of the smallness of the sums paid and the advanced age which the workmen must attain before they can secure benefits, and the demand is continually made that the street railways increase the wages of their employees rather than hold out illusory promises as to what they will do when the workmen attain an impossible age. The attitude of the labor organization among street railway em ployees, the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Em ployees of America, may be indicated from extracts from its official journal. Regarding the pension system in Denver, the journal of this organization, the Motorman and Conductor, says: The terms of the pension proposition are certainly amusing, and its absurdity is apparent to all railway employees. Let the railway men of any corporation number the men among them of 75 years of age who have been continuously employees of the company for twenty-five years, or the number of employees engaged by their respective corporations who could be placed on the pension list of the Denver City Tramway Company, and they will find the number to be very few. In fact, it is questionable if the Denver City Tramway Company has even one man in its employ who can take advantage of the wonderful benevolence of the company. Men 70 years of age who are working for railway corporations are very few, and they are never continued to that age unless there is some question of responsibility on the part of the company for injuries sustained in accidents or other wise while in the service. Most of our craft understand the nature of benefit associations when promoted by railway companies. There is always a nigger in the woodpile somewhere. (a) S A Y IN G S O F STR EET R A I L W A Y E M P L O Y E E S . In the year 1903 a census was taken by the United Railroads of San Francisco to determine how many of its platform men had saved money. A blank form was distributed among the men, each man receiving a statement. O f the total number of platform men in the employ of the company, 937, or over one-half, filed statements of # Motorman and Conductor, June, 1903, p. 19. STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 609 their earnings and savings. Reports were made upon these according to the local divisions of the company and the results summarized* It was found that 378 of the employees, or 20 per cent of the whole number of platform men employed by the company or 40.3 per cent of all those answering the inquiries, had savings. These savings ranged from sums not stated up to $3,800. Forty-six platform men filling out the blanks did not answer the questions relating to savings, and 513 platform men claimed that they had no savings. The savings in question did not refer to the savings of the year immediately preceding, but included the amount saved during the entire time in which the man was in the service of the company. O f 1,865 employees of the street railways of Michigan in the year 1895, 798, or 43 per cent, reported that they had saved money from their salaries during the year immediately preceding; 994, or 53 per cent, stated that they did not save money during the year preceding* and 73, or 4 per cent, failed to reply. The amount saved during the year was $98,377, which amounted to a saving of $123.28, or $10.2JT per month, or $2.37 per week, for each of the men saving; and to & saving of somewhat less than $53 per employee, whether saving or not. The total amount saved was 9.6 per cent of the total amount earned during the year. O f the entire number, 1,865 employees, 460, or nearly 25 per cent* reported that they owned their houses, and 1,394, or 75 per cent* reported that they did not own their houses, while 11 failed to repty. O f the 460 employees owning their houses, 254, or 55 per cent, owned them clear of incumbrances; 203 had their houses encumbered, and 3 failed to answer. Of the 203 who had their houses encumbered, 116 had a debt on contract, and 83 on mortgage. The total number of employees owning their houses clear of incumbrance was but 13.6 per cent of the total number of employees. The total incumbrance upon 198 of the 203 encumbered houses was $113,830, or an average incumbrance o f $575. An average rate of interest of 6£ per cent was paid on this debt* O f the 460 employees who owned their own houses, 398 kept them insured and 43 failed to do so, while 19 did not reply to the inquiry as to the matter. Of the total number of employees 821 rented houses and paid an average rent of $7.27 per month. O f the 1,865 employees, 924 had their lives insured by an agency other than the trade union; 910 did not have their lives so insured* while 31 failed to reply. Of the same 1,865 employees 260 had acci dent insurance by an agency other than the trade union, 1,464 did not have such accident insurance, and 141 failed to reply. The report showed that 1,074 of the 1,865 employees, or almost 58 per cent* belonged to labor organizations; 632 did not belong to labor organiza tions, and 159 failed to reply. 16818— No. 57—05-----15 610 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OE LABOR. FO R M ER H O U R S O F L A B O R . Until the early eighties the street railway employees of the country were almost everywhere grievously overworked. Both in the East and W est, in large cities and in small, the term of daily service on the street cars was in almost all cases excessive. In many cities and towns the normal working day ranged from 12 to 14 and even to 16 and 18 hours. The car left the barn manned by a driver and con ductor “ who remained on the car from the time it left the barn in the early morning until it had completed the day’s run late at night.” “ This meant,” says Dr. Frederick W . Speirs, speaking of Philadel phia conditions, “ a daily service of from 15 to 18 hours of continuous work, with very brief respite for breakfast, dinner, and supper.” The conditions prevailing on the numerous lines of the city of Phil adelphia were typical of those existing at large throughout the coun try. The excessive hours and their evil effects were not seldom taken cognizance of by the courts. In 1864 a coroner’s jury in the city of Philadelphia, passing upon a fatal accident, said: “ Nor should wre expect vigilance and attention from employees worn out by 17 hours of incessant labor. * * * The constant occurrence of pas senger railway accidents demands from this jury an unequivocal con demnation of the companies who compel men to do work to which the bodily and mental frame is not usually equal.” Public meetings were also held by drivers and conductors, but until after the year 1885 nothing of great importance was accomplished, either in Philadelphia or other cities, toward the reduction of the working day or the amel ioration in other respects of the condition of street railway employees. The first great step toward the improvement of these conditions was made by the Knights of Labor about the year 1886. This organi zation, which had existed since 1869, but which had only attained its full sudden growth in the late eighties, was appealed to by the street railway men of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and other cities for relief from excessive toil. Local orders of the Knights of Labor were organized in several cities (in Philadelphia under the name of the Quaker City Protective Association), and a demand was made for a reduction of the hours. This movement resulted in certain places in success. In Philadel phia the men organized secretly and were prepared to strike if their demands were not granted. On March 23,1886, representatives of the two parties met and the men presented their demands, which, briefly, were for the establishment of a working day of 12 hours and a standard rate of pay of $2, for relief from the rule requiring them to buy uniforms (except the cap and badge), for the granting of an allow ance of 30 minutes for dinner and 15 minutes for breakfast and sup STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 611 per, and for several minor reforms. The railway presidents, after a week’s consideration, conceded these demands. In the following session of the general assembly of the State of Pennsylvania an attempt was made to secure the enactment of a law establishing a maximum 12 hours’ working day upon street railways. The law was passed, but was rendered entirely nugatory by a provi sion that “ all necessary labor, over and above the time set by this sec tion, shall be considered overwork, for which the laborer shall receive additional compensation.” (a) A s a consequence, the law failed to give the protection which was contemplated by the enactment. The excessive hours of labor of street railway employees during the old horse-car days is shown by the time worked by conductors and motormen on the horse cars of Pennsylvania in the year 1885. The average time worked by the 912 drivers of the Philadelphia Traction Companies of that year was 15 hours 11 minutes and 17 seconds per day.(&) O f the total of 912 men, 50 worked 12 hours or less than 13; 50 worked 13 hours or less than 14; 155, 14 hours or less than 15; 372, 15 hours or less than 16; 235, 16 hours or less than 17, and 50, 17 hours or less than 18 per day. O f the 139 drivers employed by the Pittsburg and Allegheny railways, 37 worked 14 hours or less than 15; 84 worked 16 hours or less than 17, and 18 worked 17 hours or less than 18; the average time of drivers upon this line being 15 hours 41 minutes and 24 seconds per day. On the whole, conductors worked slightly longer than the drivers, but the hostlers, feeders, car-house men, blacksmiths, teamsters, watchmen, and other employees worked somewhat shorter time. The hours of labor of street railway employees rapidly decreased as a result of the introduction of electricity. That this decrease in hours was largely due to the introduction of electricity and to the increased speed which resulted as a consequence is stated by officials of the various companies, as well as by employees and outside observers, official and unofficial. u It is gratifying to state,” says the labor com missioner of the State of Missouri in 1893, 46that the improved motors have shortened the hours of labor obtaining under the horse motor. The drivers and conductors on horse cars usually work 14 to 18 hours a day.” Testimony to this effect could be quoted from many other quarters. In 1893, although electricity had to a considerable extent supplanted animal power, the number of hours of labor upon many lines was still a Act of March 24, 1887. b These statistics of time have been computed from the Report of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics of Pennsylvania for the year 1885. The report itself exaggerates the working time of the employees. On page 108 it says* “ If the importance of location is taken into account the average working time wTould be about 18J hours per day.” This result would be accurate if it is understood that it represents a 6-day week, since the men averaged over 15 hours per day for 7 days in the week. 612 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. unduly high. The following table shows the, number of hours worked by men employed on Missouri street railroads in 1893: CLASSIFIED HOURS OF LABOR PER DAY OF STREET RAILW AY EMPLOYEES IN MISSOURI IN 1893, BY OCCUPATIONS. Number working each specified number of hours per day. Hours of labor per day. Con ductors. Tiftss than 10....... .......................................... 10 or less than 11......................................... 11 or less than. 12......................................... 12 or less than 13......................................... 18 o r lass than 14______________ ________ 14 or less than 15......................................... 15.................................................................. 217 342 237 220 23 Total................................................... 1,056 Drivers. Gripmen. Motormen. Black smiths. Car cleaners. 2 16 30 89 15 3 50 235 42 69 166 133 133 23 31 2 50 56 2 8 155 a 456 486 54 64 17 a Including 60 reported as working 9 to 12 hours. It will be seen from this table that the hours of labor of drivers were considerably longer than those of gripmen .and motormen. While 69 per cent of all drivers worked 12 hours or over, only 15 per cent of the gripmen worked that period of time, and only 11 per cent of motormen worked 12 hours or more. In other words, the reduction of hours took place most rapidly on those railways where mechanical power supplanted animal power. In the year 1902 an investigation was made by the United Railroads of San Francisco into the hours of labor of platform men prevailing on the street railways of a number of cities of the country. Returns were secured from 297 companies, representing all parts of the United States and the transportation systems of both large cities and small towns. The prevailing hours of service were from 10 to 11 hours, over one-half of the companies reporting this working day. The following table presents the classification of these companies according to the length of their working day: HOURS OF LABOR OF PLATFORM MEN IN THE EMPLOY OF 297 STREET RAILW AY COM PANIES IN 1902. Hours of labor per day. 8 to 9.......................................................... 9 to 10........................................................ 10 to 11 . ............................... 11 to 12...................................................... 12 to 13....................................................... Number of companies requiring specified hours per day. 4 50 150 55 34 Hours of labor per day. Number of companies requiring specified hours per day. 13........................................................... 14........................................................... 3 1 T ota l............................................ 297 S U N D A Y E M P L O Y M E N T O F STR EET R A I L W A Y M EN. Owing to the constant demand for transportation, there is no cessa tion of work on street railways on Sundays. In all large cities cars run every day in the year, and while the volume, destination, and con STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 613 centration of the traffic is different on Sundays and on holidays, the demands made upon the men are as great as, and in the case of com panies doing a suburban business, often greater than, on week days. The volume of Sunday traffic is increased as a result of the electric railways, which have opened up the suburbs and have led to interurban traffic and to an enormous development of traveling for pleasure. The earliest street railways, or as they were originally called, horse railroads, did not run cars on Sunday. There was a strong feeling against it on the part of many elements in the community, and the traffic did not promise to be sufficiently remunerative to cause the promotors of the first street railways to face an antagonistic public opinion or to violate the Sunday laws. The demand for Sunday service came from the people themselves. A very strong agitation arose in Boston, Phila delphia, and other cities for the institution of a Sunday service, and this movement was backed by many of the most influential members of the community. It was argued that the Sunday cars were neces sary to enable the people to go to the churches which they preferred, to carry the children to their Sunday schools, and to enable other acts of devotion or charity to be performed. The institution of a Sunday car service was opposed because it would bring out the roughs and toughs of the city and, on the further ground, that if street railway men were induced by their companies to break the fourth command ment they could not be expected to 4‘ keep the eighth.” The question of the effect of Sunday labor upon the health of the employees does not seem to have entered into the argument. It required several years of agitation before the system of running the cars on Sunday became general, and many of the companies did not institute the practice until five or six years after its inauguration. An investigation into the volume of Sunday labor in Massachusetts was made by the Massachusetts commissioner of labor, Carroll D. W right, in the year 1885. According to this report, after steam rail roads “ the next largest industry in the Commonwealth in which men are kept at work on Sunday is that of the horse railroads.” The report showed the gradual development of the practice of running cars on Sunday on the Massachusetts horse railroads and the rapid develop ment of the Sunday service. The number of Sunday cars rapidly increased, 128 cars being originally started by the several roads, (a) while by the year 1885 the number of cars had been increased to 786. O f the 3,650 employees on horse railroads making returns, it was found that 2,958 worked on Sunday. In other words, 81.04 per cent of the men ordinarily employed on week days were usually em ployed on Sundays, the proportion being 82.03 per cent for the street « These cars were not started simultaneously, but the figures represent the sum of cars run by the different companies at the time of each beginning a Sunday service. 614 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. railways running to or in Boston and 73.80 per cent for the horse rail roads in other cities and towns. Even without Sunday service a certain amount of labor would have been required. Stablemen, hostlers, etc., would have been obliged to work, irrespective of the running of the cars. According to the returns of the companies, 703 men or 19.26 per cent of all employees would have had to work in any case, so that the total number of men working as a result of the institution of Sunday service was 2,255 or 61.78 per cent. The investigation of 1885 shows that street-car employees were paid by the day, and it was stated by the companies that the men desired to work 7 days rather than 6, and that it was immaterial to the men whether they took off Sunday or a week day. It was also stated that the men generally preferred to work Sunday, as it was an easier day. The companies asserted that the constant work was not injurious to the men and that none of the men on the lines had “ ever been arrested for immoral conduct on Sunday.” One employee claimed to have worked 1,107 consecutive days without feeling any ill effects. The Bureau of Statistics of Labor did not attempt to make an inde pendent investigation of the effects of continuous labor upon the health of the street railway men, though, from the testimony adduced in the investigation, the results do not appear to have been favorable. It is quite clear from this report, however, that the practice of working employees 7 days a week was fairly general in horse-car days, although the exact amount of it can not be arrived at from the statistics of Sunday labor. The change in street railway transportation from animal to electric motive power has increased rather than decreased the proportion of Sunday labor. As a result of the higher speed of the electric rail ways, cities have grown to a size undreamed of in 1885, while the enor mous increase of holiday traffic, as the result of the speed of the street and interurban railways, has greatly augmented the total volume of Sunday travel. An investigation made by the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor in 1898 showed that the number and proportion of persons engaged at work on Sundays was greater in the street railway industry than in any other industry in the Commonwealth. (a) W hile the electric street railways contributed onlyr 22.3 per cent of all the employees engaged in transportation on week days, it furnished 46 per cent of all the employees engaged in transportation on Sundays. O f the steam railroad men, only 23.7 per cent of the men employed on week days were employed on the average on Sundays, whereas, of 10,326 street railway employees 8,282 or 80.2 per cent were employed on Sunday-s. The report says: “ The Sunday service [on street rail ways] approaches, when average employment only is considered, the « Twenty-ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor of Massachusetts. STREET RA ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES 615 week-day service, in the degree represented by this ratio” of 80 to 100, although this is affected by seasonal conditions. The Sunday service, like the week-day service, varies according to the seasons, and a considerable variation is to be found between the days of greatest and of least intensity. During the year 1898 the average number of employees on street railways on Sunday was 8,282, but the smallest number employed on the various lines on their Sunday of least employment was 6,697, while the largest number employed on the various lines on the Sunday of their greatest employment was 9,530. In other words, the number employed on the Sunday of great est employment (a) was 42 per cent more than the number employed on the Sunday of least employment, and 15 uer cent more than the average during the year. Sunday work falls harder on the conductors and motormen than upon the other employees of the lines. W hile 80.2 per cent of all men engaged in street railway transportation worked on Sunday, the percentage of the conductors and motormen working on Sunday was 91.2 per cent, there being 6,277 of such employees, of whom 5,724 were employed on the average on Sunday. O f the other male employees, amounting to 4,016, 2,542 or 63.5 per cent were employed on Sunday. The number of female employees on the street railways of Massachusetts was only 33, of whom 6 worked on Sundays. The motormen and conductors employed in 1898 on Sunday on the Massachusetts street railways worked from 5 to 13 hours, but the great majority of them worked a day of 9 hours. O f the total number of 5,724, 3,939 or 69 per cent worked 9 hours and 606 or 11 per cent worked 8 hours. The average time worked by other male employees on Sundays was 10 hours; 1,240 out of 2,552 or 49 per cent working 10 hours; 350 or 14 per cent working 9 i hours, and 188 or 7 per cent working 9 hours. The average working time of employees other than conductors and motormen was 10 hours on week days, 3,271 or 81 per cent working this time. W hile the employment was thus, as a rule, about 10 hours, the actual attendance of the employees was frequently much greater. Some of the companies with a 10-hour day required the men to be about the barns for 12 hours in order to be ready for any emergency. None of the street railways in Massachusetts allowed employees free week days in lieu of Sunday rest, the returns of the companies being unanimous upon this point. In the case of 69 companies out of the 73 electric street railways considered, these 69 companies employing 8,241 men, or 99.50 per cent of all the men employed Sunday, the street cars were run throughout the year. On one small line service «B y this is not meant the number employed on all lines on the day when most men were working on all lines combined, but the sum of the number employed by each line on the day it individually employed the most. 616 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. lasted only 20 Sundays, and on two small lines 11 Sundays. The serv ice of these small lines did not materially influence the result. O f the 8,282 employees working on an average on Sundays, 1,301 or 16 per cent were reported from street railways which claimed that Sunday work was optional, 6,726 men or 81 per cent from companies which required Sundaj^ work, and 255 men or 3 per cent of the total from companies where the work was optional for part of the year and compulsory at other times. The investigation showed that of the 8,282 men working on the street railways, 7,973 or 96.27 per cent could obtain a day of rest without pay during the week if they desired, while in the case of 309 or 3.73 per cent this was not permitted. In the great majority of cases, however, no general arrangement of this nature appears to have been made. The great majority of companies, 68 out of 73, employing 7,230 men, stated that the men could obtain a day off dur* ing the week upon application. This indicates an exceptional privi lege rather than a settled policy. The extent to which the work wTas optional or not was to be gauged by the replies of the street railwaj^ companies, which showed that in the case of 38 companies, employing 6,512 men, the employee would be discharged if he refused to work on Sunday without giving proper reasons, and in the case of 5 companies employing 123 men, he would not be discharged if he refused to work but furnished a substitute, while in the case of 29 companies employing 1,647 men, the men would not be discharged for such refusal. The investigation shows that in a great majority of companies the pay was the same for Sunday as for week days. R E G U L A R IT Y O F E M P L O Y M E N T . The emplo3?ment during the year in street railway service is extremely regular. The occupation is in no sense seasonal, and it is absolutely essential to the prosperity of the city that the traffic be uninterrupted. The cars run every day, Sunday and week day, holi day and working day, and the opportunity for work for the men on the regular list is therefore great. The difficulty in most cases lies/ not in under but in over employment. The very regularity of street car service has caused a serious unemployment among a large class of men, called extra men. To insure against interruptions as a result of the regular men being absent for sickness or other causes, the companies have been obliged to resort to the employment of extra men who, under such circum stances, can take the places of the absent regulars. The employment of extra men is essential to the regular and continuous use of the line, STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 617 and where the number is not more than sufficient to meet these exigencies, no particular hardship is involved. The position of the extra men is, while it lasts, a difficult one, and their earnings are, on the whole, low; but where there is a rapid promotion from the waiting to the regular list this hardship is temporary. In the case of many companies, however, the extra list is unnecessarily extended, and a hundred extra men may be employed at low earnings where the employment of only 50 extra men at double these earnings would meet all the requirements. A large waiting list has the effect of making the extra men clamorous for regular positions and of forcing those already regularly employed to hold their positions with greater tenacity. The result on some lines is to cause the regular men to be overemployed and the extra men underemployed, especially where the rules are stringent against occasional absences and insufficient provision is made for holidays. Even with the best of will on the part of the management, there is always danger of unduly swelling the extra list. No matter how accu rately the average traffic may be determined, it is inevitable that it becomes u bunched” on certain days of the year and at certain hours of the day. A rainy Sunday, an excursion, a storm, a blockade, a crippling of the power from any cause may increase or decrease the number of men necessary to carry on the business. A s the company does not pay for the maintenance of the extra men, but merely for the irregular time which they are at work, the temptation exists to employ unduly large numbers of men. The extra list is in its nature shifting, and it necessarily contains many men who are not capable, so that the general standard of employ ment is lowered. The system works hardship upon the extra men themselves. They are obliged to report whether or not there is work for them, and they are paid only according to the amount of work which they are permitted to perform. The earnings of these extra men are often very small, and many may be kept for weeks or months, or even longer, on the margin of employment without ever being promoted to a regular run. The system of extra men seems to bear especially hard upon those lines where the men are worked continuously seven days in the week for ten or twelve or more hours per day. The result is an overexertion of some men and an underemployment of others. The men who are working excessively long hours are stimulated to their utmost by the fear of being supplanted by the extra men, and a conflict of interest is created between the men who overwork and the men who do not find enough work to do. In some companies this state of affairs has been remedied by giving to the regular emploj^ees the opportunity, or forcing upon them the 618 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOB. necessity, of taking off every seventh or eighth day and giving this work to the extra men. This amounts practically to increasing the force and to dividing up the work to he done among a larger number of employees. O R G A N IZA T IO N O F STR EET R A I L W A Y E M P L O Y E E S . There are certain characteristics of street railway employment which make it difficult to organize the men into trade unions, and certain other factors, which, on the other hand, tend to make organization simpler and easier. The difficulty of organization is enhanced by the fact that many of the motormen and conductors come from the rural districts and from former occupations in which there has been no organization. The street railway employees include not only unor ganized workmen from other trades, but unsuccessful members of the professions, etc. The ranks of street railway men are recruited to only a slight degree from former factory hands or from persons who have been organized in their former trades into labor unions. Another difficulty of organization arises from the fact that street railway men are easily replaced, that the course of training is short, ranging from three days to two weeks, and that street railways are, as a rule, located in populous cities with an abundant labor supply and considerable facilities for obtaining new men. The final difficulty of organization results from the fact of the customary employment of extra men who are anxious to get upon the regular list, and who, by taking the places of men on strike, are enabled to secure larger incomes than those to which they have been accustomed. On the other hand, organization among street railway men is facili tated by the fact that the occupations are sharply defined and are without considerable subdivision. Over 60 per cent of the men are motormen and conductors, and these occupations are clearly defined, so that there is no possible subdivision among them. A ll motormen may be considered as approximately- equal in position and prospects, and all are engaged upon substantially similar work. The universal prevalence of time payment over payment by piece also facilitates organiza tion. Moreover, the development from the horse railroad to the electric railroad has resulted in the creation of specialized occupations about the shops and power houses and has introduced a factory regime which is promotive of organization. The interrelation of the work of the men in the car barns is of such a nature, and their communication with one another is so constant that an esprit de corps naturally arises. Finally, organization is facilitated by the localization of the industry and by the fact that, unlike in the steam railroad service, all of the men in the system naturally congregate about a center, the car barns. The character of the street railway industry is such as to lead the STREET R A ILW A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 619 railway men into an industrial, as distinguished from a specifically trade, union. By a trade union, in the narrow sense of the word, is commonly meant an organization of men engaged in a single specific occupation, such as a union of engineers, firemen, stonecutters, or bricklayers. An engineer, as a rule, belongs to the engineers5 union, irrespective of the fact whether he works in a brewery or a flat build ing, a factory or a workshop. The barbers’ union consists of those men only who are barbers, and a bakers’ union exclusively of those who bake bread, etc. An industrial union, on the other hand, is one composed not of men engaged in a particular occupation, but of all those employed in an entire industry. Thus, the Mine Workers’ Union, an industrial union, includes all men engaged in or about the mines, whether they are engineers or firemen, miners or laborers, pump men or drivers, breaker boys or carpenters. The street railway union is an industrial organization of this sort, comprising all men working on street rail ways, irrespective of the nature of the particular function which they perform. In this respect street railway service differs from steam railroad service. In the steam railroad service the unions are of the trade variety, the locomotive engineers, the firemen, the con ductors, and the maintenance-of-way men each having their separate organization. Largely through the cohesive force of the car barn, the employees on the street railway have been enabled to organize into an industrial union, which comprises all classes of people, and the rela tive ease with which motormen and conductors can take each other’s places and the approximate equality of their earnings, as well as their constant, intimate, and mutual interdependence, tend to place them within the same industrial union. There can be no doubt that, but for its industrial character, organ ization among street railway employees would be difficult if not impossible, and that any union upon purely trade lines would be too weak to take effective action, whether offensive or defensive. The difficulties of organizing workmen are increased in the case of street railwajr employees by the temporary and tentative character of the occupation. Street railway employment is still looked upon by other workmen as a means of livelihood in times of stress and emer gency, as a stepping-stone to something better, as an occupation in which to tide over the emergency of temporary unemployment. That street railway employment is recognized by those engaged in this work as temporary is evidenced by the testimony of most men in the trade, and is acknowledged by the representatives of the union. The general executive board of the Amalgamated Association says: “ The composition of our organization has been singularly different than that of any other industrial association. Our membership has been peculiar to itself. W e gain acquisition from all crafts, profes 620 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. sions, and callings known to this world of commerce and industry— merchants, lawyers, doctors, students, ambitious aspirants to business life— in fact, all walks have sought the street railway movement as an emergency to tide themselves over.” (a) Men from other classes of society also resort to this means of earn ing a living, and many men now in business or in professions have during a number of months, or possibly years, performed their work on the front or rear platform of a car. The Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America was created by a convention of delegates which met in Indianapolis in the month of September, 1892. For a long time little progress was made, and nothing but the sacrifices of the leaders enabled the infant organization to survive. Conventions were held at Milwaukee, Detroit, Dayton, and Louisville, and the organization continued in skeleton, although the funds were rarely sufficient to pay even the officers, and they were obliged to contribute part of their salaries to the work of the organization. The rapid growth of the organization dated practically from the Louisville con vention of 1899, the local unions growing from 41 to 84 in the two years preceding 1901, and the membership, according to the claims of the union, increasing from 4,000 to 16,000. No statistics are published by the union as to its membership, and there is no possibility of arriving at any exact determination of its members. The only method of arriving at even an approximation is by calculating upon the basis of the monthly receipts or upon the basis of the votes cast in convention. Neither of these methods, how ever, is correct and both are liable to result in a considerable under estimate. There are always many men who belong to the union and who pay dues occasionally, but who do not pay regularly to their locals, and in all unions there is some tendency, at least, for the locals to pay to the national organization less than their share. During the two years from April 20, 1901, to March 31, 1903, the total receipts of the organization were $57,209, which, on the basis of 10 cents per month assessment (not considering any other sources of income), would give an average paying membership during this period of less than 24,000. The receipts during the six months ending April 1, 1903, were $21,947.80, which, on the same basis of calculation, would make the membership appear to have been about 36,000. The organi zation claims a membership of 70,000 men. Even in the absence of official figures it is possible to state that during the last two years the organization has grown rapidly, both in the number of local unions and in the number of actual members. During the two years ending April 1, 1903,152 divisions were organ ized, which was almost twice as many as were in existence in 1901. « Motorman and Conductor, May, 1903, p. 22. STREET R A IL W A Y EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 621 O f the 84 divisions in existence in 1901, 26 had lapsed by April, 1903, and of the 152 since organized, 32 have lapsed, so that on April 1, 1903, there were 178 divisions and somewhat later in the month 187 divisions in the union. The general officers of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America include a president, seven vice-presidents, a treasurer, and an executive board of nine members. These officials hold office for two years from the date of the close of the convention. The duty of the president is similar to that in most trade unions, a considerable part of the power being vested in him; he is also chief organizer and has a large measure of executive control. The vice-presidents perform work in various parts of the field, and in case of the death or resignation of the president are entitled to succeed in rotation. The treasurer performs the ordinary work of that office and gives a bond for the faithful performance of his duty. The president receives an annual salary of $2,500, with thirt}^ days' leave of absence, and the treasurer receives $100 a year. The general executive board of the Amalgamated Association con sists of nine members, elected for two years. This board is obliged to hold regular semiannual meetings. A t these meetings the president and treasurer attend and are entitled to a voice, but no vote. The executive board audit the books and bills of the offices of president and treasurer, decide upon the grievances and appeals brought to them, and have the power to authorize strikes and to levy assessments in support of strikers or locked-out men, with the condition that such assessment shall not in any month amount to more than 25 cents per member. In case of a vacancy on the executive board, the second vice-president becomes a member. The members of the board receive the sum of $3.50 a day while in actual service, as well as hotel and traveling expenses. The election of all general and local officials is by ballot, a majority of all votes cast being necessary to elect an officer. Where there are more than two candidates for the same office and no majority is obtained, the candidate with the least number of votes is dropped after each unsuccessful ballot until one member has an absolute majority. The ordinary safeguards of fair elections, the appointment of tellers, etc., obtain in this organization. A local division may be formed by any ten street railway employees who make application to the president and pay the sum of $10 for charter fee, outfit, and seal. No charter is issued in cities where divisions already exist, unless with the expressed consent of the execu tive board. The by-laws and rules of the local divisions do not become operative until carried by a two-thirds vote and ratified by the inter national president. No division, once organized, can cease to exist as long as there are ten members of good standing who object to with 622 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. drawing. The local bodies send delegates to the trade council or cen tral labor unions affiliated with the American Federation of Labor, with which organization the national association is also affiliated. The initiation fee of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America is $1, of which 25 cents is sent to the general office in payment of the member’s registration fee and certificate of membership, which is filled out by the general officers. The dues are no less than 50 cents per month, of which the sum of 10 cents is paid by the local division to the national organ ization. O f the amount so received by the national organization, 80 per cent, or 8 cents per month per member, is used as a fund for the general management of the organization, and 20 per cent for the payment of death and disability claims. A defense fund is also established, toward the maintenance of which each member of the organization pays to the national union $1 per year. These sums, together with special assessments, furnish the revenue of the national organization. The benefits paid by the national body are death and funeral ben efits. A member joining in sound health and not afflicted with disease or subject to a complaint likely to endanger his health or to cause permanent disability is entitled to death and disability benefits under prescribed conditions. The funeral benefit amounts to $100 for men who have been members for one year or more, and disability benefits amount to the same sum. A member must be in good standing, and must not be in arrears with his dues or assessments; but no member will receive relief whose disability or death is caused by intemperance or his own improper conduct, or by any accident or disease incurred previous to joining the Amalgamated Association of Street and Elec tric Railway Employees of America, or while on duty as a volunteer or militiaman, or while incurring unusual risks. Permanent disability is conceived to consist of total blindness, the loss of one or both arms, or any disablement resulting from sudden accident not caused through negligence or through the use of alcoholic liquor. Sick benefits are regulated entirely by the local division, subject to the provisions of the national constitution that “ no benefits shall be paid in any division for the first week’s sickness.” A ny employee of a street or electric railway company who is of good moral character and is a competent workman and is not engaged in the sale of intoxicating liquors may become a member of the organ ization, but no superintendent or foreman or officer “ having the rules of the railway company to enforce” can acquire membership. Where a member is promoted to such a position he must withdraw from the organization; and no one expelled or suspended from, or rejected by, any local division is eligible to membership in any other. To acquire membership the prospective eligible member must fill out a regular STREET R AILW AY EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 623 application blank and have the same certified to by t% wo members in good standing as to the applicant’s fitness, and must be examined by a committee of three members and must be elected by a three-fourths vote. If rejected, the applicant has the privilege of renewing his application after three months have elapsed, and if then rejected the local secretary must notify the international president, who in turn must notify all the other locals. T R A D E UNION B E N E F IT S. During the years ending April 1, 1902, and April 1, 1903, attempts were made by the international president to secure returns from the various local unions upon the amount of sick benefits paid out by them. Reports were obtained from a majority of the divisions, but not from the entire number. The returns showed that during the year ending April 1, 1902, 45 local divisions paid out $7,085.13, while during the year ending April 1, 1903, 61 divisions paid out $8,273.22. The amount of these claims appears thus to be slight; the charge upon the divisions paying benefits averaging only $135.63 a division per year in 1903. The death and disability benefits granted by the national union also amounted to but a small sum. There were 35 death claims and 4 dis ability claims, each for $75, with the exception of one, which was for $50; the total costs of these claims being $2,900. Upon the member ship claimed by the union, this amounts to a charge of but little over 4 cents a year. (a) The Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America has devoted the greater part of its energies to the task of reducing the hours of labor and increasing wages. In both of these endeavors it has been largely successful. It is, of course, impossible to ascribe all the advances which have occurred to the sole agency of union activity. Other factors have contributed to the same result. The increased cost of living within recent years, the augmented profits of the companies, the necessity of attracting to the service a higher grade of employees, and the general prosperity of the country within the last few years have all contributed to bring about the improved conditions. The table which follows, compiled from data furnished by the union, shows the former and present rates of pay of carmen, and indicates the increases which that organization ascribes to the unionization of street railway employees throughout the country. «From the international president’ s report at the Eighth Convention of the Amal gamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America, held at Pittsburg, May 4, 1903. 624 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. FORMER AND PRESENT RATES OF PAY OF CARMEN IN VARIOUS CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. City. Former wages Present wages per hour per hour (cents). (cents). Oakland, C al......... 211st 5 y rs... 22 after 5 yrs. Sacramento, C al... 18 1st 2 y rs... 19 next 3 yrs. 20 next 3 yrs. 21 after 8 yrs. San Francisco, Cal. 224 ............... San Jose, Cal......... $1.50, $1.55, and $1.65. («) Colorado Springs, 174 to 224....... Colo. Danbury, Conn. . . . 18................... Meriden, Conn....... 184................. Alton, 111................ Aurora, 111.............. Belleville, 111......... Bloomington, 111.. Chicago, 111, 15,124 (& ).... 164, 18, and 20 20. . . . . .......... $40e 1st 6 mos. $42,500 2d 6 mos. $450 2d and 3d yr. $500 after 3 yrs. 24. 211st 2 yrs. 22 next 3 yrs. 23 next 3 yrs. 24 after 8 yrs. 25. $1 .65 and $1.75. (a) 20 1st yr. 224 2d yr. 25 3d yr. 20. 18 1st yr. 184 2d yr. 19 next 3 yrs. 20 after 5 yrs. 18$. 18 and 22. City. Bay City, M ich___ Carrollton, M ich ... Detroit, M ich ......... Jackson, M ich....... Mount C lem en s, Mich. Owosso, M ich......... Port Huron, M ich . Saginaw, M ich ___ Ypsilanti, Mich . . . Albany, N. Y ......... Elmira, N. Y ......... Glens Falls, N. Y .. 151st 6 mos. 16 2d 6 mos. Ithaca, N. Y .......... Lansingburg, N. Y. Oswego, N. Y ......... 17 after 1 yr. Poughkeepsie, N.Y. 21. Rochester, N. Y . . . 21....................... 24. 18 1st 6 mos. 21 after 6 mos. 24. 181styr......... 191st yr. 19 2d y r......... 20 2d yr. 20 after 2 yrs. 21 3d yr. 17,20,21, and 18. 23. 164................. 184. 15,16 d, and 17 17,18 tf,and 20. 15 ............... 16. 174 ............... 20. 15and 16 . . . . 15 1st 6 mos. 17 2d 6 mos. 18 2d vr. 184 3d yr. 19 4th yr. 20 after 4 yrs. 15 and 16 . . . . 15 1st 6 mos. 17 2d 6 mos. 18 2d yr. 184 3d yr. 19 4th yr. 20 after 4 yrs. 161st 6 m os.. 161st 6 mos. 17 2d 6 mos .. 17 2d 6 mos. 18 after 1 y r .. 18 2d yr. 184 3d yr. 20 after 4 yrs. 10. 8 l i (V)*and 12. 124-134 1st yr. 15 after 1 yr. 134 ( e ) ............ •. 15. (e) 1 0 ( j ) ............ 12. ( / ) 174................. 174 1st 2 yrs. 184 after 2 yrs. 174................. Charlotte, Akron, Ohio.......... 21 ................... Elgin, 111............... Joliet, 111............... Streator, 111............ Venice, 111.............. Anderson, I n d ___ Marion, Ind. Muncie, Ind. Vincennes, In d ___ Burlington, Iow a.. Ottumwa, Iowa . . . Louisville, K y ....... New Orleans, La .. 13$..................... 20. Westfield, Mass___ 174................. 20. 20 1st yr. Worcester, M ass... 20 1st yr. 22 after 1 yr. 21 2d yr. 22 3d and 4th yrs. 23 5th-7th yrs. 24 8t h - 10t h yrs. 25 after 10 yrs. a Per day. 5 Extra men. c Per month. d On suburban lines. Chagrin Falls,Ohio. Cleveland, O h io... East Liverpool, Ohio. Iron ton, O h io ....... Lima, O h io ............ N ew Philadelphia, Ohio. Steubenville, Ohio. Youngstown, Ohio. Zanesville, O h io... Portland, O reg___ Bridgeport, Pa....... Butler, P a .............. Easton, Pa.............. Girard ville, P a ___ Harrisburg, P a ___ Hazleton, P a ......... M ead ville,P a....... Former wages Present wages per hour per hour (cents). (cents). . 13, 14,15,16.. 15,16,17. 18................... 20 21................... 234. 15................... 17 1st yr. 17| 2d yr. 18 3d yr. 20................... 124................. 15................... 164................. 15 1st 3 m os.. 18 2d 3 mos .. 20 2d 6 mos .. 21 after l y r . . 184 to 20....... (?) 15 1st 3 y rs... 174 after 3 yrs 124 to 1 6 ....... 184 to 2 0 ........ 15................... 18 1st 3 mos. 20 2d 3 mos. 224 after 6 mos. 20. (ft) 17 1st 2 yrs. 19 after 2 yrs. 13 to 18. 20. 15 1st yr. 17 after 1 yr. 12 and 13 ( / ) . 15. 15 and 16 ( e ) . 14 1st 3 m os.. 16 1st 6 mos. 16 next 9 mos 174 2d 6 mos. 18 after 1 y r .. 19 after 1 yr. 8, 9, and 10 .. 8,9,10, and 11 16 1st v r ....... 18 1st yr. 17 2d yr......... 19 2d yr. 18 3d yr......... 20 3d yr. 18 and 2 0 ___ 19, 20, and 21. 181st y r ....... 20 1st yr. 20 2d y r......... 22 2d yr. 21 after 2 yrs. 23 3d yr. 181st yr. 20 1st yr. 20 after 1 yr. 22 after 1 yr. 15................... 16. 12 ( / ) ............ 17. 1 4 (0 )............ 15 1st y r ....... 17 1st yr. 17 after 1 y r .. 17£ 2d vr. 18 3d yr. 19................... 20 18................... 19 1st yr. 20 after 1 yr. 17,18, and 19. 18, 19, and 20. 18................... 18 1st 6 mos. 19 2d 6 mos. 20 after 1 yr. 134................. 16f. 18f 1st and 20 1st and 2d yrs. 2d yrs. 20 after 2 yrs. 22 after 2 yrs. 164................. 18. 15................... 15 1st yr. 174 2d yr. 184 after 2 yrs. 16 1st y r ....... 18 1st vr. 17 2d y r......... 19 2d yr. 18 3d yr......... 20 after 2 yrs. 19 4th y r ....... 20 after 4 yrs. 15 164. 124 1st 6 mos. 15 1st 6 mos. 134 2d 6 mos . 164 2d 6 mos. 15 2d, 3d, and 174 2d and 3d 4th yrs, yrs. 164after4yrs. 184 after 3 yrs. 154 to 174___ $1.70 to $1.75.a 101st 3 m os.. 151st 6 mos. 124 up to 1 yr. 16 2d 6 mos. 15 after l y r . . 17 2d yr. 18 after 2 yrs. . e Motormen. 1 Conductors. a 11 hours per day. h io hours per day; same pay as for 11 hours. STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 625 FORMER AND PRESENT RATES OF PAY OF CARMEN IN VARIOUS CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA—Concluded. Former wages Present wages per hour per hour (cents). (cents). City. 151st 6 mos. . 18 2d 6 mos . . 18 after 1 yr. . 20........... . 181st 6 mos. 19 2d 6 mos. 20 after 1 yr. 22 1st and 2d vrs. 23 3d yr. 24 4th yr. 14 ... 16. 1 51 st 6 m o s .. 181st yr. 16 2d 6 m o s . . 19 2d yr. 17 2d y r .......... 20after 2 yrs. Newcastle, Pa Pittsburg, Pa . Pottstown, Pa Scranton, Pa.. Shamokin, P a ....... Washington, Pa . . . Williamsport, Pa .. Chattanooga, Tenn El Paso, T e x ........... Houston, T e x ......... 18 3d y r .......... 19 4th y r ........ 20 a fte r 4 y rs. ............. 12 15 ... 15....................... 14....................... 14 b..................... 1 41 st y r .......... 15 2d y r .......... 16 3d y r .......... 17 4th y r ........ 18 a fte r 4 y r s . San Antonio, T e x .. 16|..................... Waco, T e x .............. Montpelier, V t ___ W. Rutland, V t . ... Richmond, Va....... 14 and 15. 17*. 16*. 16. 181st yr. 19 2d yr. 20after 2 yrs. Huntington,W.Va. 15................... Wheeling, W. Va .. 19 .. New Westminster, 201st yr......... B. C. 212d y r ......... 22 3d y r . Vancouver, B. C ... 201st yr. 21 2d yr. 23 3d yr. Victoria, B. C......... 201st yr. 21 2d yr. 22 3d yr. 151st yr. 16 2d vr. 17 3d vr. 18 4th yr 19 5th yr Hamilton, O n t___ 15.......... Winnipeg, toba. Mani 16f 1st 6 mos. 18* 2d 6 mos. 20after 1 yr. 12L ... 14*.... 14*.... 16| («) 14* (b) Former wages Present wage® per hour per hour (cents). (cents). City. 14. 18. 18. 16*, 17*, 18*. a Motormen. Toronto, O n t. Windsor, Ont. 15 1st 2 y r s... 17 3d to 5th yrs. 18*after 5 yrs. 12............ 17. 20. 201st yr. 22 2d and 3d yrs. 23 4th yr. 25 after 5 yrs. 201st yr. 22 2d and 3& yrs. 23 4th yr. 25 after 5 yrs. 201st yr. 22 2d and 8<I yrs. 23 4th yr. 25 after 5 yrs. 151st 6 mos. 17 2d 6 mos. 18 2d yr. 19 3d yr. 20 after 3 yrs. 15 1st yr. 16 2d vr. 17 3d yr. 18 after 3 yrs. 18 1st yr. 20after 1 yr. 16. &Conductors. IN D U S T R IA L CO NFLIC TS IN T H E STR EET R A I L W A Y SERVICE. Street railway strikes have in a large number of cases been aided to a considerable extent by the sympathy of the public. The street car conductors and motormen are in the public eye, and especially in towns of small size they are personally acquainted with the people who ride on their lines, particularly where these lines run through workingmen’s districts. A t all times the conductor finds a ready ear for any complaints, whether justified or unjustified, and where a strike or a lockout occurs, the great majority of people in the community are personally acquainted with one or more men involved in the trouble. The violence which has marked many of the recent street railway strikes is to be attributed in large measure to this fact. The mem bers of the trade unions are less apt to indulge in acts of violence than are irresponsible sympathizers without direct interest in the con troversy. The possibility of crippling the line, of a street railway by various devices more or less generally known, or of impeding its traffic by obstruction by teamsters and others, render a resort to violence o f this sort much easier than in the case of a factory strike, where the 16818— No. 5 / — 05----- 16 626 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. doors may be locked and guarded. In many cases, moreover, violence is induced not merely by sympathy with the men, but also by direct antipathy to the company. The influence of public sympathy or antipathy upon the success or failure of street railway strikes depends largely upon the size of the city and the conditions under which the street railway franchises are held. Where the cit}7 is of moderate or small size, say, of 100,000 inhabitants or less, the boycott of an unpopular road by citizens may lead to the infliction of considerable harm upon the company. In a number of strikes where the community believed that the company was at fault, a boycott of this sort, coupled with an obligation on the part of the company to run its cars, whether full or empty, compelled the company to yield to the strikers. In cities "of greater size, how ever, where the distances are great and the people must ride whether they will or not, such a successful boycott is practically impossible. W ith the growth of large cities the tendency in street railway trans portation is toward a continuous lengthening of the average trip, and it is impossible for the ordinary workingman to walk 4 or 6, or, it may be, 8 miles to .his work in order to show his sympathy with strik ing street car men. A s long as the street car service of our cities was in the hands of a number of competing companies, such a boycott might have been effectual, but at the present time, with the amalga mation of formerly competing lines, the only alternative is to ride on the lines of a single company or to walk. The few strikes in large cities during the last ten years have shown the utter inadequacy of any supplementary or alternative means of city transportation. It is only where political or other pressure has been brought to bear upon street railway companies that street car strikes in very large cities have been successful. Strikes upon street railways differ from industrial conflicts in ordi nary manufacturing establishments in the manner in which they affect the public interest. The injury inflicted in an ordinary strike is prin cipally suffered b}7the direct combatants— the employer and the striking wage-earners. In the case of the street railway, however, the main burden is borne by the communitj7. The loss of wages resulting from a month’s shut down of the street and electric railways of New York City would not absolutely impoverish the railway employees, nor would it permanently affect the value of railway securities. The effect of such a shut down, however, upon the prosperity of the city would be almost incalculable. The condition of affairs that would result from a complete cessation of street railway transportation in any large city is almost inconceivable. A s a consequence the public is deeply interested in preventing strikes upon street railways. The larger the city the greater the necessity of peace. In places of 100,000 or less there is always a STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 627 possibility of walking or of improvising other means of transporta tion. The utter impossibility of effective communication in a city of a million inhabitants without the free and uninterrupted use of the cars has brought public sentiment to bear strongly upon the parties to street railway strikes, and has in many cases effected the amicable adjustment of outstanding difficulties. According to the report of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees, the number of strikes in which the organization was involved has decreased in proportion to membership. The policy of the union, it is claimed, is to avoid strikes. “ The decrease of strikes in the past two years is due to two causes. One is that a great number of the companies have come to a better under standing as to the aims and objects of our association. The other one is the strict enforcement of our laws and following that policy of letting no strike take place until every other means has been exhausted and arbitration refused by the companies, and, upon the question of strikes I would recommend that we maintain the same policy in the future that we have maintained during the past two years, and that no strike be sanctioned or allowed until after all constitutional require ments have been carried out and arbitration has been rejected by the companies.” A R B IT R A T IO N . The attitude of the national union toward arbitration has within the last year or two been increasingly favorable. Whatever the cause for this, there can be no doubt that the union feels that in the majority of cases it can successfully resort to this method of settling controversies. According to the statement of President Mahon, of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America, there was a time not many years ago when wages were so low as to be incompatible with the maintenance of a decent standard of living. Until the living wage was obtained the union officials believed that the strike was the only available means of obtaining justice. The union officials now believe, however, that this living wage has been obtained, and therefore “ we have passed beyond the point of fixing wages by strikes.” The proper method of arbitration is held to be a meeting of representatives of both sides, with a third arbitrator, with a presentation of figures showing the standard of living of the employees of the companies, and of wages and of the earnings of the company. This favorable attitude of the trade union toward arbitration was illustrated in the case of the Chicago situation. During the early months of 1902 there was considerable friction between the officers of the Chicago Union Traction Company and the Amalgamated Associa tion of Street and Electric Railway Employees on the ground of an 628 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. alleged discrimination by the company against members of the organi zation. A s a result an agreement was drawn up and signed by the officials of the company and of the labor organization by which the com pany agreed not to oppose the further organization of employees, and also agreed to treat with committees of the union on grievances, and, in the case of failure to adjust such grievances satisfactorily, to refer the matter to arbitration. The efficacy of this plan of settling disputes without recourse to strikes was demonstrated in July when a demand was made by the union for a considerable increase in wages. Upon the failure of the parties to the controversy to agree upon a mutually satisfactory basis of settlement the case was referred to arbitrators, each side appointing a well-known lawyer and these two arbitrators appointing a third. The arbitrators, consisting of W. J. Onahan, Clarence S. Darrow, and Wallace Heckman, agreed on November 3 on findings, which increased the wages of motormen, conductors, and gripmen and regulated the wages for most of the men in the service of the compan}r. The arbitrators further found that there had been no discrimination against members of the union and recommended the abolition of the benevolent association of the com pany, as tending “ to create inharmony and dissatisfaction among the men” and as injuriously affecting “ the efficiency of the service.” It further recommended that as a result of this dissolution the company should be released “ from the payment of any death, sickness, or acci dent benefits on account of any contract with their employees for such society.” Perhaps the most important instance of arbitration in the street railway industry of the United States was that involving wages and hours of labor upon the street car systems of San Francisco. During the }^ears preceding 1902 18 separate street car lines had been incorporated in San Francisco, but these had gradually come together and were finally merged, with the exception of three companies, into the United Railroads of San Francisco. The merger of the companies led at the same time to a combination or unionization of the employees of the former lines. A strike occurred which had for its object the reinstatement of men alleged to have been unjustly discharged, for an increase of wages from 22£ cents to 25 cents an hour, a change in the time cards with the purpose of reducing the normal working day, and the recognition of the union. As a result of the strike, which was won by the men, all these demands except the last were granted, and the recognition of the union was itself subsequently conceded. During the following year, however, further agitation was carried on, and in March, 1903, new demands were made upon the company, and a strike was threatened. Neither the street-car company nor the men, however, desired to submit their differences to the arbitrament of a strike, and as a consequence arbitration was resorted to. Repre STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 629 sentatives of both sides met and settled all questions except those of wages and hours of labor, and these were referred to representatives of both parties and to Mr. Oscar S. Straus, of New York, second vicechairman of the National Civic Federation. The interests involved were large and important, and it was felt by both sides that the arbi tration would in all probability set a precedent for the settlement of future controversies. The utmost pains were taken to present the case of both sides with the greatest fullness, and large sums of money were spent in the collection and collation of testimony and of statistical evidence. (a) E M P L O Y E E S 5 B E N E F IT A SSO C IA T IO N S. One of the most interesting developments in the relations between employers and employed in the street railway industry is the growth of benevolent associations. The primary object of these organizations appears to be the building up of relations of friend ship and mutual confidence between the officers of the railroads and the men under their charge. As a general rule the street railway companies themselves contribute a certain proportion of the necessary capital, or pay for the services of an official, or grant free use of rooms in stations or elsewhere for the use of the employees. The amount contributed by the street railway companies varies in different cities, though it is almost always much smaller than that contributed by the men. There is also a considerable variance in the amount of con trol exercised by the company over the work of the association as well as in the amount of direct active interest in the work of the men. In some cases the attempt is made to have the officials and workmen mingle on equal terms at the meetings of the association, while in other cases it is felt by the officials of certain companies that the presence of officers of the road tends to embarrass the men and prevent them from holding meetings as they will. These employees’ associations, even when formed at the instance of the officials of the companies, seem to meet with approval among certain sections of the men. Many men, on the other hand, oppose asso ciations in which the employers take part, in the belief that they are aimed directly at the organization of employees into labor unions, and are intended to prevent the growth of the latter. The attitude of «The evidence so obtained, as presented in. the testimony and as summarized in the briefs of the attorneys for the men and the company, respectively, furnishes a fund of information superior both in quality and greater in quantity than that of any other nonofficial investigation on street railway labor. The statistics included investigations of the cost of living and rates of pay upon other lines, the system and methods of pay ments, and a great variety of other matter. This testimony furnishes, therefore, a vast amount of information to anyone who desires to know the street railway condi tions not only of the city of San Francisco but of the entire country. 630 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. these opponents of associations outside of the labor union is based upon a conviction that organizations among workingmen should grow up spontaneously and without the assistance, participation, or encour agement of the employers. They feel that the acceptance of gratuities by the employees, either individually or collectively, tends to bind them unduly and prevent their taking independent action when necessary. One of the typical employees’ associations is that existing among the wage-earners of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company. Upon the formation of this company by the consolidation of formerly exist ing street railways, an attempt was made to bring together the men from the different lines and to make them acquainted with one another. Baseball teams were organized from different parts of the new system, and several of the stations were equipped with billiard and pool tables, shuffleboards, bowling alleys, and reading rooms, in order to permit the men to entertain themselves during the period when they are obliged to remain about the station during their leisure time. This installation was partly at the instance of the company and partly at that of several directors. Under the guidance and advice of the officials of the company, an organization was then formed intended to provide recreation for the men and the payroent of benefits. The benefits are either medical attendance, a reduced price on medicines, a sick benefit amounting to $1 per daj^, and a death benefit of $150. The initiation fee was fixed at $1 and the annual dues at $0. Upon the organization of the association, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company contributed the sum of $2,000, and agreed permanently to pay the salary of the secretary. The company further agreed to equip local clubrooms in the various depots and terminals and to maintain them for the use of the members. The membership of this association rapidly rose, and within six months of organization it had 3,000 members. A t the close of the first six months there was a cash balance in the treasury of $4,000 after deducting the expenses of organization, the current charges, as well as the sums devoted to the payment of sick and death benefits. According to the third annual report of the International Railway Employees Association, of Buffalo, dated November 1, 1903, the mem bership of that organization had increased by 190 members during the 13 months from October 1, 1902, to November 1, 1903. W hat strikes one as peculiar in these figures is the fluctuating character of the mem bership. During this period of 13 months, 727 new members were admitted and 537 members left. O f these, 10 died, and 527 were dropped from the roll. The total income during the year was $9,873, of which about 7 per cent was from the net proceeds of a ball, 1 per cent from interest and from the use of toilet supplies, and the rest from dues and initiations. STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 631 The principal disbursement of the organization was for sickness. The total disbursements were $9,931, or $58 over the income. O f these dis bursements, 61 per cent was paid in sick benefits, 14 per cent for death benefits, and 2 per cent for printing and stationery. The board of trustees of the association believe that these figures are abnormal, owing to the prevalent sickness during the year, and they point also to what is considered a high death rate of 10 persons in 13 months. As this represents merely a death rate of less than 8 per thousand per year, and this death rate is apt to increase with the increas ing age of the members, there would appear to be no good reason to believe that the future death benefits would make smaller inroads upon the income than did those of the past year. The Louisville Railway Relief Association was organized on Feb ruary 10, 1900, for the purpose of assisting members who by sickness or other disability become incapacitated, and for the payment of death benefits. A ll employees of the Louisville Railway Company over 16 and under 45 years of age were made eligible for membership, and all men under 60 years of age employed by the street railway company at the time of the organization of the association were also held to be eligible. It was provided that no emplo}7ee of the company might become a member unless his daily wages amounted to at least $1.50 per day. The benefits paid by this organization amount to 90 cents per day for each day after the first seven days of illness, but after six months of total disability this rate of payment is reduced to 50 cents per day. The payment is only made upon the certificate of the association’s physician, and it is not continued when the member receiving the sick benefit frequents saloons or uses intoxicating liquors or when the sickness or disability arises from the doing of unlawful acts or from immorality or from the intemperate use of stimulants or nar cotics. In the case of death not due to immoral acts or at the hands of justice, the heirs of the member receive the sum of $150. For the death of a member’s wife the sum of $50 is paid, and for the death of a member’s child the benefit is $25. The annual reports of the Louisville Railway Relief Association show an excess of income over expenditure. In 1900 the receipts were $3,522, including gifts of $1,500, and the total disbursements $1,581.55. In 1901 the total receipts were $2,788.30 and the total dis bursements $2,305. The balance on hand on January 1,1902, amounted to $2,423.75. During the year 1901, the death benefits amounted to $600, pay ments being made for the death o f 1 member, 3 wives of members, and for 12 children of members. The sick benefits ranged from $160.80 in the case of one man to 90 cents in the case of others. 632 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. The table of sickness presents certain interesting features. Pay ment is not made for the first 7 days of sickness, but for the time thereafter. There were 3 members receiving benefits for 1 sick day, 13 for 2 days, 4 for 3 days, 6 for 4 days, 6 for 5 days, 7 for 6 days, 9 for 7 days, 2 for 8 days, 7 for 9 days, 6 for 10 days, 3 for 11 days, 1 for 12 days, 1 for 11 days, 3 for 15 days, 2 for 16 days, 1 for 19 days, 1 for 20 days, 5 for from 21 to 30 days, 4 for from 31 to 40 days, 3 for from 41 to 60 days, 6 for from 61 to 80 days, and only 1 member for over 80 days. In the year 1900 there was only 1 member who was sick over 80 days, and only 6 members who were sick 30 days or over. Other relief associations have organized upon a similar basis. Thus the Cincinnati, Newport and Covington Mutual Aid Association has the same object and practically the same officers as the other organiza tions. The initiation fee is $1; the monthly dues 25 cents. A special assessment of $1 is made for the death of each member, and the dues are supplemented by fines. Members in good standing receive $5 a week in case of sickness or disability for each week after the first two weeks from the day of notifying the association of illness. In case of the death of a member, his heirs receive $ 1 from each member of the organization, $50 of this being paid to the legal heirs immediately upon proof of death, while the remainder is paid thirty days after notification. The organization is open to any white person between the ages of 21 and 45 in the employ of the Cincinnati, Newport and Covington Street Railway Company, provided he passes a physical examination by a physician designated by the association. A proposed member may be blackballed for sufficient reasons. The Metropolitan Mutual Aid Association of the Boston Elevated Railway Company, organized in 1882, also differs but slightly from the ordinary organizations of this sort. This association is incorpo rated under the laws of the State of Massachusetts. It pays to persons disabled or sick, after the expiration of one week from the date of the beginning of such sickness or disability, the sum of $7 a week, but does not pay any member for a longer period than 10 weeks in any one year. The beneficiary of a deceased member receives the sum of $1,000. Upon the death of a member the association furnishes a hack, and the president is authorized to procure flowers. The funds of the organization are raised by assessments of 50 cents each. Of these assessments as many shall be made as the board of directors may deem necessary, with a proviso that not more than three assessments for the expense fund shall be called in any one year. The Boston Elevated Mutual Aid Association is a mutual aid organ ization of the employees of the Boston Elevated Railway Company, in which members are united for protection against sickness or dis ability. It is conducted by the employees, but its running expenses are paid by the company. The dues of the association are 10 cents STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 633 per calendar week, and the benefits amount, in case of illness not due to vicious habits, to $7 per week, provided the illness is not one which the applicant had at the time of joining the association. No member may receive a benefit for the first week of his illness, nor for more than 14 weeks’ benefit in any 12 months, nor more than $98 for any one illness. Illness is held not to be terminated until a member can return to work and is able to labor for 2 full consecutive days without a relapse. Sick committees are appointed to prevent fraud. The initiation fee is $1. During the year 1900 the receipts of the association from all sources were $16,221 and the expenses $14,648, of which $9,470 were in the form of benefits. O f the receipts $2,108, or a little over one-eighth, were contributed by the Boston Elevated Railway Company. The Fitchburg and Leominster Street Railway Relief Association of Fitchburg, Mass., admits all regular employees of the company to membership. It charges 50 cents per month dues, pays $5 per week for sickness or bodily injury for the first week and $10 for each succeeding week, but limits the entire liability to $50. In case of sudden death the family or beneficiaries of the deceased receive the sum of 5 weeks’ benefit. A special assessment of one month’s dues is made when the fund amounts to less than $100. The Scranton Railway Beneficial Association pays to members, who are totally unable to work by reason of injuries, $4 for each week, and after 6 months the payment is reduced to one-half, and after 1 year the pajrment ceases. For sickness it pays $4 a week after the first week, provided the sickness entirely incapacitates the member for work. No member may receive benefits for more than 13 weeks in any one year. The association further pays $50 for the death of a member, and $25 for the death of the wife of a member, and $25 for the death of the mother of an unmarried member. Contributions, assess ments, and dues of members are paid in advance and are deducted by the Scranton Railway Company from the wages due members. The dues of members are 25 cents per month, but an assessment of 25 cents is levied on the death of each member and one of 25 cents upon the death of the wife of a member or of the mother of an unmarried member. No assessments are made when the unexpended balance in the treasury amounts to $4 per member. The dues of the Street Railway Employees’ Mutual Protective Association of Cincinnati, Ohio, organized in 1887, are $3 per year, payable in three installments. The initiation fee is $1, together with $1 advance death benefit and regular dues in advance. The sick benefits amount to $7.50 a week for the first 16 weeks, provided the sick person has been a member in good standing for 3 months. A fter 16 weeks the sum of $3.75 a week is paid for a further 16 weeks, and $2 per week thereafter. Great care is exercised to prevent abuses 634 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. of this privilege, many safeguards being placed upon the expenditure of the funds. The secretaries and treasurer receive $2 per meeting, and the trustees $12 per year for their work. The total assessment equals $1 per member. The death benefit amounts to $800, to be paid out of the $1 assessment, and at no time shall the amount in the treasury be less than $800. Among the employees5 benefit associations may be reckoned the Young Men’s Christian Association among street railway men. This organization has spread widely among steam railroad employees and has exerted a strong influence in raising the moral tone of the men and in providing them with sane and wholesome amusements. It is only within the last 2 years that the association has begun its work among the street railway employees, but its supporters already claim for it a fair degree of success. The Young Men’s Christian Association of the Rochester Street Rail way was inaugurated in the year 1902. During the spring of that year it was the intention of the directors of the street railway to equip rooms in the city with the idea of keeping the motormen and conductors, when not at work, away from saloons, gambling houses, etc. Upon the instance of the Young Men’s Christian Association it was decided to open the rooms and to organize a Street Railway Young Men’s Christian Association, which was done on the 4th of August, 1902. This was the first Young Men’s Christian Association organized among street railway employees. The first annual report of this association describes in detail the rooms, with photographs of the offices, game rooms, bowling alleys, barber shops, etc., and gives statistics of the building and of its uses. During the year there was an average daily attendance of 200 mem bers. There were held 43 religious services with an average attend ance of 25, while 6 concerts were given, 1,406 baths taken, $600 obtained from the use of the billiard rooms (at 1£ cents a cue), and $472 from the pool rooms. The company appropriated $500 toward the maintenance of the rooms, and lighted and cleaned them at its own expense. According to the rules of the organization, any employee of the Rochester Street Railway Company, irrespective of religious belief, may join the association. There is no initiation fee and the dues are $1 per year, which may be paid in ten weekly installments. The mem bership ticket is honored, and serves as an introduction to any one of the 200 railroad Young Men’s Christian Associations throughout the United States. The privileges of thfc rooms are under certain condi tions extended to outsiders. The greater proportion of the expenses of this organization appears to be borne by the company, especially if interest on the original investment be taken into account. STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 635 The Young Men’s Christian Association of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company opened on July 7, 1903, a building which cost the company $10,000. The plan to construct this building was first advanced in 1898, and received the support of the company. The building is 60 by 170 feet, has three stories in front and two in the rear, and contains bowling alleys, tub and shower baths, lockers, lava tories, auditorium, gymnasium, billiard room, reading room, secre tary’s office, and three class rooms. The auditorium has a capacity of 100, which may be increased to 1,000 by the opening of sliding doors. A ph}Tsical culture director supervises the gymnasium, and instruc tion is given in the class rooms in English, penmanship, arithmetic, electricity, mechanical drawing, and music. The Brooklyn Public Library has placed 1,000 books in the building, and 15 small portable libraries are sent from there to the various power houses, shops, and depots of the system. ACCID EN TS. The statistics of accidents on street railways, according to an inves tigation made by the Census Bureau for the year 1902, show that in that year 1,218 persons were killed and 17,129 persons injured on the street railways of the United States. O f the total number of persons killed 265 were passengers, 122 employees, and 831 “ others,” the persons included under “ others” being pedestrians, people on wagons, bicycles, or other vehicles, and all other persons except those employed by the company or riding on its cars. O f the total number of persons injured, 26,690 were passengers, 3,699 employees, and 17,010 “ others.” The statistics of persons injured may be entirely disregarded. No uniform basis was established according to which it would be possible to determine what was to constitute an injury, and each company seems to have adopted its own method of reporting injuries. An injury which would be reported for a passenger would not be reported for an employee, and injuries to employees were reported by some companies which by other companies would not be considered as injuries. To indicate this discrepancy it is only necessary to show that, according to the statistics, 101 passengers were injured to each passenger killed, 30 employees injured to each employee killed, and 21 “ others” injured to 1 “ other” killed. Even for employees them selves there was no uniformity. Thus the New York street railways report less than 2.1 employees injured to 1 employee killed, while the Missouri street railways report 61.2 employees injured per 1 employee killed. In other words, the ratio of injuries to deaths is reported as being 25 times as large on the street railways of Missouri as on the street railways of New York, and a single company in the 636 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. city of St. Louis reported injuries to almost 6 times as many employees as all of the street railways of New York combined. If we disregard the statistics of injuries as being too inexact and inconclusive, and limit ourselves to statistics of fatal injuries, we will find that in many respects street railways are peculiar. Since as a rule the street railway has not its own roadbed, but operates upon public highways, not employees nor passengers but outside persons incur most danger. O f the total number of persons killed by the street rail ways in 1902, 68 per cent, or over two-thirds, were persons who were neither passengers nor employees, while in the case of the steam rail roads the proportion, despite the greater speed at which the trains are operated, is smaller, amounting in 1902 to 61.4 per cent. The number of employees killed also bears a small percentage to the number of passengers. Unlike the steam railroad, the street railway does not endanger the employees much more than the persons riding within the car. W hile in 1902, 8.6 employees were killed to each passenger killed on steam railroads, but one street railway employee was killed to each 2.2 passengers. In other words, the ratio of fatalities among employees to fatalities among passengers was nearly 19 times as great on steam as on street railways. In the year 1902, the number of employees killed on street railways was one-tenth of the total number of all persons killed. It can hardly be stated that the death rate from accidents upon street railways is unduly high and the occupation can not be ranked as exceedingly dangerous. The danger to life on the street railways is small as compared with that on steam railroads. In the year 1902, one out of every 401 steam railroad employees and one out of every 135 trainmen were killed, while on street railways the death rate is still only one out of every 1,095, even on the assumption that none of the accidents occurred to clerks or salaried officials. In other words, the chances of being killed is 173 per cent greater for a steam railroad employee than for an employee upon a street railway, and the chance of death for the trainmen employed on the steam railroad is 711 per cent greater than for the average wage-earner employed on the street railways. (a) This greater immunity of street car men from fatal or disabling acci dents is reflected in the lower rates of insurance which they are enabled to pay. The insurance companies of the United States, as elsewhere, make a special charge for what are termed extra-hazardous risks, among whom are steam railroad men. Brakemen and conductors are considered exceptionally hazardous risks. Thus the brakeman is obliged to pay $20 per thousand extra, owing to the large risk of accident which he runs. Street car men, on the contrary, according « This latter comparison is not entirely unfair, since 60 per cent of the entire body of wage-earners on street railways are either motormen or conductors. STEEET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES-. 637 to the testimony of accident insurance men, are considered as firstclass risks by the insurance companies, and as a consequence do not pay extra rates. (a) L E G A L ST A T U S O F STR EET R A I L W A Y E M P L O Y E E S . The legal protection of street railway employees has usually taken the form of provisions for vestibuling the cars or providing seats for drivers and motormen, for a reduction in the number of hours of work per day, or for the licensing of street railway employees. Laws have also been passed providing for the examination of street railway employees, and for the payment of overtime. The rights and legal remedies open to employees upon street railways have also been secured by laws. In the following States, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ne braska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, W est Virginia, and Wisconsin, laws have been passed providing for the protection of street railway employees. These laws usually take the form of a requirement that the companies provide vestibules or inclosed platforms of a given material, and constructed in a given manner, so as to protect the motormen during the winter months, prohibiting the use during such winter months of cars not built according to the stipulations of these laws, and prescribing a fine or imprisonment for a failure to comply with the law. The following law, passed February 11, 1901, by the legislature of the State of W est Virginia, and approved February 18, 1901, by the executive, is a fair type of the laws passed in the twenty-five States before cited: Protection of street railway emptoyees—Inclosed platforms. S e c t i o n 1. From and after the first of January in the year of our Lord 1902, it shall be unlawful for any person, partnership or corporation, owning or operating a street railway in this State, or for any officer or agent thereof having charge or con trol of the management of such line of railway, or the cars thereof, operating electric, cable or other cars propelled either by steam, cable or electricity, which require the constant services, care or attention of* any person or persons upon the platforms of any such car, to require or permit such services, attention or care of any of its employees, or any other person or persons, between the first day of November and the first day of April thereafter of each year, unless such person, partnership or cor poration, its officers or superintending or managing agents, have first provided the platforms of said car or cars with a proper and sufficient inclosure constructed of w^ood, iron and glass, or similar suitable material, sufficient to protect such employees from exposure to the winds and inclemencies of the weather: Provided , a The rates of insurance of street railway companies may be seen from the classi fications issued by the accident insurance companies. Evidence bearing on the rates of insurance of street railway men was adduced by Frederick Bennion and C. B. Sloane, both of whom were engaged in life-insurance business, and who testified in behalf of the United Railroads of San Francisco in their arbitration case. 638 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Thai such inclosure shall be constructed so as not to obstruct the vision of the person operating such car, or to endanger or interfere with its safe management by the operator. S e c . 2. From and after January first in the year of our Lord 1902, it shall be unlawful for any person, partnership or corporation, so owning or operating street railways using steam, electric or cable cars, or any managing officer or agent thereof, to cause or permit to be used upon such line of railway, between said November first and April first of each and every year thereafter, any car or cars upon which the services of any employee, such as specified in section one of this act, is required, unless said car or cars shall be provided with the inclosure required by section one of this act. S e c . 3. Any person, partnership or corporation, owning, operating, superintending or managing any such line of street railway, or managing or superintending officer or agent thereof, who shall be found guilty of a violation of the provisions of section one or two of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon convic tion thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars; and in default of payment of the same, imprisonment in the county jail in which such conviction is had until such fine shall be paid. Each day that any said person or persons, partnership or corporation, cause or permit any of their said employees to operate such car or cars in violation of the provisions of sections one and two of this act, or cause or permit a car or cars to be used or oper ated in violation of said section two of this act, shall be deemed a separate offense: Provided , That the provisions of this act shall not apply to cars used and known as trailing cars. It is made the duty of the prosecuting attorney of any county to prosecute upon information. In ten States, namely, California, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachu setts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Washington, laws have been passed regulating the hours of labor of street railway employees. These laws usually take the form of prescribing a maximum number of hours to be worked and a maxi mum number of hours within which the hours of work shall be included. They also provide for unexpected contingencies or for legal holidays, when, as a result of unavoidable circumstances, extra work may be required, extra compensation being paid for such work. In these States it is a misdemeanor for any officer of a street railway company to exact more than a given number of hours from his em ployees. In some States it wlas at first held that the right should be conceded to the employee to work a greater number of hours if he so desired, while the law merely fixed the number of hours to be worked in the absence of a definite agreement to the contrary. (a) The fol lowing is the text of act No. 122 of the law of Louisiana as passed in 1886 and amended in 1902 and of part of chapter 1004 of the law of Rhode Island as passed in the year 1902. LO U ISIA N A — ACTS OF 1902. A c t N o . 1 2 2 . —Hours of labor on street railways. S e c t i o n 1. Act No. 95 of the session of 1886, approved July 8, 1886, * * * (shall be) amended and reenacted as follows: Ten hours labor in twenty-four shall constitute a day’ s labor in the operation of all street railroads owned or operated by corporations incorporated under the laws of this State, ^whatever motive power may be used in the operation of such railroads; the said ten hours to be embraced within twelve consecutive hours. « This interpretation, however, which arose in the case of the Rhode Island law of 1902, was subsequently overruled by a decision of the Supreme Court. STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 639 S e c . 2. It shall be a misdemeanor for any officer or agent of any street railroad company to exact from any of its employees more than ten hours’ labor in the twentyfour, constituting a day and embraced within twelve consecutive hours: Provided, however, That in cases of accident, unavoidable delay, or emergency extra labor may be permitted for extra compensation, with the consent of the employee. S e c . 3. Any officer or agent of any of the said street railroads, who shall have been convicted of violating the provisions of this act, shall be fined not more than fifty dollars, or suffer imprisonment in the parish prison or jail, as the case may be, for not more than two months, or both, at the discretion of the court; said fine to go to the benefit of the public schools as other fines and forfeitures. Approved, July 8th, A . D. 1902. RH O DE ISLAND — ACTS OE 1902. C hapter 1004.— Hours of labor of employees on street railways. 1. A day’ s work for all conductors, gripmen, and motormen now em ployed or who may hereafter be employed in the operation of all street railways, of whatever motive powder, in this State shall not exceed ten hours’ work to be per formed within twelve consecutive hours. No officer or agent of any corporation operating street cars, of whatever motive power, in this State shall on any day exact from any of its said employees more than the said ten hours’ work within the twentyfour hours of the natural day, and within twrelve consecutive hours: Provided , how ever, That on all legal holidays, and on occasions when an unexpected contingency arises demanding more than the usual service by such street railway corporation to the public, or from such employees to the corporation, and in case of accident or unavoidable delay, extra labor may be performed for extra compensation; and that nothing herein contained shall affect existing written contracts. S e c . 2 (as amended by chapter 1045). The true intent and purpose of this act is hereby declared to be to limit the usual hours of labor of the above-mentioned employees of street railway corporations, in the absence of agreement as to such hours between such employees and their employer, to ten hours’ actual work a day, to be performed within a period of twelve consecutive hours, whether such employees be employed by the trip or trips, the job, the hour, the day, the week, the month, or in any other manner. But nothing in this act contained shall be construed to for bid or prevent any such employee, being of the age of twenty-one years or upwards, from laboring a greater or lesser number of hours a day, in accordance with his contract so to do; nor to impose any penalty upon any person or corporation for per mitting such employees to labor such greater or lesser number of hours in the performance of such contract. S e c . 3. Any street railway corporation violating any of the provisions of the pre ceding sections of this act shall be fined not less than one hundred dollars nor more than five hundred dollars, one-half thereof to the use of the complainant and the other half to the use of the State. S e c . 4. This act shall take effect on the first day of June, A. D. 1902. Passed April 4, 1902. S e c t io n Two methods have been used to influence by legislation the nature and conditions of street railway employment. One method has been by direct legislation, covering the hours of labor and the protection of street railway employees. The other has been the insertion of labor clauses in the grants to street railways. This latter method has been used to a greater or lesser extent on European street railways. Thus the franchise for the Paris suburban was given only upon condition that the employees should never be paid less than 100 francs ($19.30) per month, or less than 5 francs ($0.97) per day where the work was temporary, that the hours of labor should not exceed ten, that there should be one complete day of rest each week, that a vacation of at least ten days should be conceded each year with full pay, that wages should not cease during the temporary incapacitation of employees through illness nor during the period of recovery from the effects of injuries sustained in the course of employment. The franchise further stipulates that gra 640 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. tuitous medical services and free drugs shall be given to employees, and that the fund required to meet these expenses shall be controlled by representatives chosen by the employees. American franchises have in no case carried so large a number of conditions or involved the beneficiary in so complex a labor policy. In fact, the majority of franchises in American cities have been granted without the imposition of any obligations toward employees what soever. “ A careful though not exhaustive research” by R. Y . Ingersoll reveals the granting of but few franchises with labor stipulations. One of these exceptions is that of Detroit, which has a street railway grant containing a ten-hour clause, while a labor clause providing for compulsory arbitration was inserted in a Cleveland franchise. The arbitration clause inserted in the franchise reads as follows: Whenever any controversy arises between the grantee under this franchise and his employees which interferes or threatens to interfere with the operation of the road, each side of the controversy shall appoint two persons as its representatives, who shall constitute a board of arbitration, whose actions shall be final. If said board fails to agree within 3 days, then the mayor shall become the fifth member of the board, and a majority vote of said board consisting of five members shall be final. No motorman or conductor shall work more than 10 hours within the limits of 14 hours in any 24 hours, except in case of emergency causing obstruction of traffic. It shall be the duty of the city council to incorporate in every fran chise or amended franchise efficient provisions for the compulsory arbitration of all disputes arising between the grantee therein and his, its, or their employees as to any matter of employment or wages, unless upon submission to the electors of the city, a majority of the electors voting upon the question submitted, shall assent to the grant ing of such franchise without such provision. There has been some contention in the courts as to whether the labor clauses and franchise grants would be held constitutional by the courts. In a number of cases decisions have been made against the legality of such clauses, but according to Mr. Ingersoll “ the courts in most States have said emphatically that any specifications will be upheld whose reasonable effect is to insure greater safety, comfort, or continuity in the transit service.” In several States laws have been passed providing for the exercise of discretion and judgment in the selection of applicants for employ ment and for their preparatory training. These laws usually provide that the applicants accepted should be capable and shall receive such training as is necessary to protect the lives of the public. Typical of laws of this character is the New York statute (page 2943, Revised Statutes of 1901, third edition), which reads as follows: Any railroad corporation may employ any inhabitant of the State, of the age of twenty-one years, not addicted to the use of intoxicating STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 641 liquors, as a car driver, conductor, motorman or gripman, or in any other capacity, if fit and competent therefor. A ll applicants for positions* as motormen or gripmen on any street surface railroad in this State shall be subjected to a thorough examination by the officers of the corporation as to their habits, physical ability and intelligence. I f this examination is satisfactory, the applicant shall be placed in the shop or power house where he can be made familiar with the power and machinery he is about to control. He shall then be placed on a car with an instructor, and when the latter is satisfied as to the applicant5^ capability for the position of motorman or gripman, he shall so certify to the officers of the company, and, if appointed, the applicant shall first serve on the lines of least travel. Any violation of the provisions of this section shall be a misdemeanor. Other laws provide for the recovery by employees on railroad cor porations in case of accidents in which the injury has been due to the negligence of a fellow-employee, which laws have in many cases been held to apply to street railway corporations, even though these have not been specifically named. Thus in 1883 the Massachusetts legislature passed “ an act fixing the responsibility of railroad corporations fo r negligently causing death of employees.” This act amended the pre viously existing law so that “ if an employee of a railroad corporation being in the exercise of due care, is killed under such circumstances as: would have, entitled him to maintain an action for damages against such corporation if death had not resulted, the corporation shall be liable in the same manner and to the same extent as it would have been if the deceased had not been an employee.” This act, which was approved June 16, 1883, gave to the employee not only the right to sue when the negligence was the act of a fellow-servant, but also confirmed the right of his legal representatives to sue, even though death supervened as a result of the accident. C O N S T IT U T IO N A L IT Y O F P R O T E C T IV E L E G IS L A T IO N . The constitutionality of laws regulating the hours of labor of men employed on street railways has been tested at various times, but the opinion at the present time, especially in view of the decision of the United States Supreme Court in the case of Holden v. Hardy, re ferring to the hours of labor in the mines of Utah, seems now to uphold the constitutionality of such measures. In the year 1902 the legisla ture of the State of Rhode Island enacted a law limiting the number o f hours of certain street railway employees to 10 per day, these 10 hour& of actual work to be performed within a period of 12 consecutive' hours. Thereupon the governor of the State submitted to the supreme court of the State the question as to whether the law was constitu tional, with the result that the law was sustained by that body, one judge dissenting. 16818— No. 57— 05----- 17 642 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. It was held by the supreme court of the State that such a law relates to the exercise of public franchises on public streets for public accom modation, and that laws made in this manner to alfect corporations created by and subject to legislative authority, were amendments to the several charters and could be sustained on those grounds, and were therefore not in conflict with the constitutional provisions of the United States or of the State, providing that no law should be passed impair ing the obligation of contracts. The court further sustained the constitutionality of the law as an exercise of the police power of the State, which it defined as the right inherent in the legislature to control “ in all matters affecting public safety, health, and welfare.” “ It is indefinable,” continues the court, “ because none can foresee the ever-changing conditions which may call for its exercise, and it is unquestioned because it is a necessary func tion of government to provide for the safety and welfare of the peo ple.” The inevitable sacrifice of private rights in the exercise of the police power is therefore considered by this court as not constituting the ground for declaring the law invalid or unconstitutional. To support the constitutionality of the law regulating hours of labor of street railway employees, the Rhode Island court referred to the recent decision of the United States Supreme Court in the Utah case (Holden v. Hardy, 169 U. S. 18, Sup. Ct., 388), by which the hours of labor in mines were limited to eight hours per day in exercise of the police power of the State. It was decided in this case that this exercise of the police power was not in violation of the fourteenth amendment of the Constitution. The constitutionality of the Rhode Island law was held to be even clearer, because in the case of the Utah mines the law affected cases primarily based on private contracts. “ The law,” continues the Rhode Island court, “ has more clearly such power for the triple reason that it deals with public corporations, the use of a public franchise, and the provision for public safety.” It has been held in many cases that any one of these grounds is sufficient to sus tain an exercise of the police power. The objection that such a law, limiting the number of hours which street railway employees may work and restricting the right of the employees to work a longer number of hours if they so desire, infringes the right of contract is also held to be invalid, upon the authority of the United States Supreme Court decision above cited, on the ground that the police power stands above private rights in matters affecting public welfare. The Rhode Island case being in harmony with the decision of the Supreme Court in Holden v. Hardy, seems to establish the legality and constitutionality of such measures, regulating the hours of labor which street railway employees may work, upon the basis of the police power of the State. The law is held to be enacted not merely STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN UNITED STATES. 643 nor primarily in the interest of street railway employees, but princi pally as a necessary protection to the public. Another phase of the Ehode Island law affecting the hours of labor of street railway employees was also brought up by the letter of the governor to the supreme court. The law provides that “ nothing in this act contained shall be considered to forbid or prevent any such employee, being of the age of 21 or upward, of laboring a greater or lesser number of hours a day, in accordance with his contract so to do,” nor impose a penalty upon the corporation for permitting him to do so. The governor, therefore, asked whether “ there was anything in the provisions of the law ” to make it illegal for a street railway corpo ration to make a contract with its employees to labor more than 10 hours within the 24 hours of the natural day and within 12 consecutive hours, except as provided in said chapter. The court, however, held that such a contract would be illegal. “ The true intent and purpose of this act is to limit the usual hours of labor of the employees of street railway corporations, as aforesaid, to 10 hours of actual work per day, to be performed within a period of 12 consecutive hours.” In the face of this expressed intention of the legislature the court holds that no such contract, even if entered upon voluntarily, would be legal. It is not possible to describe with exactness the legal status of street railway employees owing to the fact that there are many laws applying to employees of steam railroads which in some cases have been held by the court to apply equally to street railway employees, while in other cases a contrary decision has been rendered. It is frequently difficult, if not entirely impossible, to state in advance of, or in the absence of, specific legal decisions, whether a law applying generally to railroad employees applies specifically to street railway employees. There are numerous State decisions upon various laws of this category, but these decisions vary in the different States, the question depending upon the intent of the legislature. A characteristic treatment of this subject is to be found in the decision of the Supreme Court of Georgia in the Savannah Thunderbolt and Isle of Hope Railway v. Williams, 43 S. W . Reporter, page 751. In this case, appeal was made by the rail way company from an award of damages to a man named Williams, and under certain sections of the Civil Code of 1895 damages were recovered from the street railway under a law which made 64railroad ” companies liable to one servant for injuries inflicted by a fellow-servant. The sole question at issue was whether a street railway is a railroad within the meaning of the law. The court found that according to the constitution, and the statutes and decisions of the State of Georgia, the word “ railroad” was generic and included street railwaj^s, narrow gauge railroads, horse car companies, dummy lines, and street rail ways operated by electricity. The decision as to whether a particular 644 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. statute included street railways under the term railroads was, according to the court, to be based upon the language of the statute, from the context, or from the intent of the legislature. In this particular clause it was held, that as in many cases street railroads frequently used steam, that as in many cases they used a motive power capable of generating a speed greater than that of steam, that as the law was used to prevent injuries by the operation of moving trains, and as the law was reenacted at a time when street railways were in use, the wellknown conclusion was irresistible that the legislature was satisfied “ with the construction which had been placed on the meaning of this word by the courts and was willing to reenact these sections in the right of the expressed or implied definition of the word *6railroad.5” The court therefore held that in obedience to the statute, an employee of a street railway company could recover for injuries inflicted upon him by reason of the negligence of a fellow-employee. The constitutionality^ of the law, protecting street railway men in the matter of vestibules, was tested in the Missouri courts in the year 1901. (a) The street railway companies had urged in several cases, as, for instance, in that of the Albany Street Car Company, (b) that vestir buling was dangerous to all parties, including motormen, passengers, and conductors, and several reasons were assigned as proof of the impracticability of the plan. The Missouri court, however, declared that the law of March 5,1897, requiring a screen during winter months, “ is not so indefinite as to be inoperative,” that the title of the act did not insufficiently indicate the subject matter, that the act “ is not special legislation,” that the fine of from $25 to $100 for each day of disobedience of the law, does not impose “ cruel or unusual punish ment,” that the law does not countervene or conflict with the consti tutional provision that “ no person shall be deprived of liberty or property without due process of law,” these being the grounds upon which the constitutionality of the measure was assailed. a State v. Whitaker, 60 S. W . Rep., 1068. &Street Railway Journal, March 16, 1901, pp. 349, 350. THE STATE COOPERATIVE ACCIDENT INSURANCE EUND OF MARYLAND. The determination last year by the Baltimore court of common pleas of the unconstitutionality of the act entitled “ Employers and employ ees’ cooperative insurance and liability,” passed by the Maryland legis lature at its session in 1902, terminated the operation of a law which was unique in its provisions, so far as this country is concerned, while its resemblance to laws of European countries of similar intent was hardly more than suggestive. This statute extended the liability of certain classes of employers to cases where employees were injured by the negligence of a fellow-servant, and to cases where the injured employee negligently contributed to his own injury. Its main fea ture, however, was the establishment of an insurance fund to be paid into the hands of the State insurance commissioner and administered by him.(a) The statute was restricted in its application to mining, quarrying, steam and street railway service, and to municipalities engaged in the construction of sewers or other excavations or physical structures. After a reference to the existing provisions of law for the recovery of damages for injuries or for the death of an employee, the act then added the liabilities mentioned above. The next section provided that any employer or employing company might be exempt from the lia bilities mentioned by making certain annual payments in monthly installments for the maintenance of an insurance fund. The amount of this installment varied with the industry, being $3 per year for each employee of a steam railroad, $1.80 per year for each employee in a mine or quarry, and 60 cents per year for each employee of a street rail way or trolley road. The amounts payable by municipalities were to be fixed by the insurance commissioner. The commissioner also had plenary power to settle disputes arising in connection with the admin istration of this law, and to regulate from year to year the amounts of the premiums to be paid in order to maintain the fund and make the payments indicated. An amount not exceeding one half the premiums might, after notice to the employees affected, be deducted by the employer from their wages. «For a copy of the law in full see Bulletin of the Department of Labor, No. 45, pp. 406-408. 645 646 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Exemption from liability for damages for injuries to employees could also be procured by an employer or employing company on a showing, satisfactory to the insurance commissioner, that better pro visions for the compensation of injured workmen were otherwise arranged for. From the fund formed as above, the sum of $1,000 was to be paid to the heirs or personal representatives of any employee whose death resulted from accident in the course of his employment, after the commissioner had satisfied himself that the case was within the pro visions of this law. No provision was made for nonfatal injuries, nor for a review by any court of the action of the commissioner. The law was in operation from July, 1902, to April, 1904, when it was declared unconstitutional. (a) Immediately following this action by the court, the insurance commissioner notified the companies which had been making payments to the fund that he could receive no further sums on that account, and presented a report to the governor of the State, in which he said: “ This law was in operation for nearly two years. W e received $5,313.90, and paid five death losses amounting to $5,000, and the entire expense was only $300, about 6 per cent of the amount paid in. It can be readily seen what an advantage it had over ordi nary insurance companies, where the expenses are scarcely ever below 50 per cent of the premium receipts.” In another part of the report he says, “ I believe the law was a good one, both for the company and the employee.” But 9 companies availed themselves of the provisions of the law, as shown in the following table, which presents the number of months during which each company contributed, the average number of employees for the same period, and the total payments made: NUMBER OF MONTHS CONTRIBUTIONS WERE MADE, AVERAGE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, AND TOTAL PAYMENTS MADE BY EACH COMPANY. Name of company. United Railways and Electric Co., Baltimore, M d ......................... Cumberland and Westernport Electric Rwy. Co., Cumberland, Md. Schwind Quarry Co., Baltimore, M d................................................. McClenathan Granite Co., Port Deposit, M d.................................... Cardiff Peach Bottom Slate Co., Cardiff, M d .................................... Peach Bottom Slate Co., Delta, Pa. («) ............................................ Excelsior Slate Co., Delta, Pa. ( « ) ...................................................... Peerless Slate Co., Delta, Pa. (a).......................................................... Proctor Slate Co., Delta, Pa. ( « ) .......................................................... Number of Average Total pay months. number of ments. employees. 22 12 16 22 21 22 21 22 15 2,891.6 57.7 104.3 349.3 33.1 79.6 35.3 27.7 -55.9 $3,180.80 34.60 250.20 1 152.60 104.40 262.80 111.15 91.50 125.85 a Delta is on the State line, the quarries being on the Maryland side, while the post-office of the village is in Pennsylvania. From this table it appears that 4 of the companies were contributors during the entire 22 months of the existence of the fund. O f the « For a presentation of the case see pp. 689 and 690, below. COOPERATIVE ACCID EN T IN SU RAN CE FU ND OF M A R Y L A N D . 647 others, 2 began payments in the second month, 1 in the third, 1 in the seventh, and 1 in the eighth. But 1 company, the Cumberland and Westernport Electric Railway Company, withdrew from the plan, it making its last payment in August, 1903. In view of the discretionary power conferred upon the commissioner to regulate rates, it may be of interest to note that the statutory rate of 5 cents per month for street railway employees and of 15 cents per month for quarry employees maintained the fund in the face of the various benefit pajunents made as follows: STATEMENT OF THE INSURANCE FUND BEFORE AND AFTER PAYMENT OF BENEFITS. Date of payment of benefit. November 10,1902.............................................................................................................. July 13,1903........................................................................................................................ August 5, 1903.................................................................................................................... Mareh 18,1904..................................................................................................................... April 15, 1904...................................................................................................................... Amount Balance of after fund. payment. $1,124.05 2,098.75 1,365.25 2,084.35 1,311.90 8124.05 1,098.75 365.25 1,084.35 311.90 No note is taken of administrative expenses, as they are reported only in gross. Obviously, however, the fund was not at any time exhausted, as the total cost of administration was but $300. The remainder here shown is $2 less than the amount reported elsewhere, but is in agreement with the detailed statement of contributions. O f the amounts distributed, $3,000 were paid to heirs of employees of the United Railways and Electric Company, the largest contributor to the fund. It will be observed that these pa^mients practically offset the amount paid in by that company. The company reports that it made the entire payment out of its own funds, making no deduction from the wages of its employees, as under the law it might have done to the extent of one-half the payments. The practice of the other companies in this regard is not reported. In the two .other cases of benefits paid quarrymen were the bene ficiaries. One of these was an employee of the Peach Bottom Slate Company, one of the smaller companies in the fund. O f the other nothing further can be reported. The liability of the employing companies in the above cases, under other laws than the one in accordance with which the benefits were paid, can not, of course, be positively determined apart from legal pro ceedings, which were not had in these cases. An official of the United Railways and Electric Company stated, however, that in his opinion the company would have probably been successful in defending the suits in two of the cases on the ground that the injured emplo}mes were guilty of contributory negligence, while in the third case the plaintiffs would have probably won their suit. In the case of the 648 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. quarryman, as to which information was obtained, it would appear that the circumstances of the accident causing his death were such that there would have been no ground for recovery of damages under any other law than the act in question. It is obviously in such cases as this, where the employee is held to have so assumed the risk that the liability of the employer does not under present laws extend thereto, that the need of some system of industrial insurance, cooperative or otherwise, is most felt. RECENT REPORTS OP STATE BUREAUS OP LABOR STATISTICS. N EW YORK. Twentieth A nnual R ep ort o f the Bureau, o f Labor Statistics , f o r the year ended Septeinber 30, 1902. Transmitted to the legislature Feb ruary 23, 1903. John McMackin, Commissioner, yiii, 1,172 pp. The six chapters of this report are devoted to the following sub jects: Wages in the clothing trades, 35 pages; earnings in home industries, 253 pages; trade unions, 89 pages; employment and earn ings of organized wageworkers, 591 pages; changes in rates of wages, 163 pages; changes in hours of labor, 32 pages. W ages in t h e C lo th ing T rad es . — For the purpose of supple menting the statistics of earnings in home industries in New York City, which constitutes the second subject presented in this report, the labor bureau investigated the wages paid to all classes of employees by manufacturers in the clothing trades, which trades are the pre dominating ones carried on by home workers. The branches of the clothing industry covered by the inquiry are men’s and b<tys’ clothing, women’s suits and cloaks, shirts, collars, etc., women’s white goods, and neckties. The data were secured from establishments in New York City and Syracuse, and a summary of the same is presented in the table following: WEEKLY WAGES OF EMPLOYEES IN THE CLOTHING TRADES, 1902. (January-June, Typical busy week. Typical dull week. Six months1902). Trade. Employ Average Employ Average wages. ees. wages. ees. Weeks’ work. Total paid in wages. Average weekly wages. CUTTERS. Men’s and boys’ clothing......... Women’s suits and cloaks....... Shirts, collars, etc..................... Women’ s white goods.............. Neckties..................................... 224 64 41 24 26 $19.03 24.69 19.45 17.54 19.83 184 54 27 23 15 $17.62 24.46 21.13 18.43 18.38 5,561 2,424 1,756 2,005 783 $103,750 56,365 34,141 31,606 12,756 $18.66 23.25 19.44 15.76 16.29 T ota l................................ 379 20.00 303 19.25 12,529 238,618 19.04 Men’s and boys’ c lo th in g ....... Women’s suits and cloaks....... Shirts, collars, e tc..................... Women’s white goods.............. Neckties..................................... 1,391 1,496 872 665 48 10.01 9.16 7.66 7.36 6.51 1,163 975 481 579 32 8.42 6.32 6.10 6.98 6.33 36,954 46,425 27,829 45,293 2,484 327,293 391,861 222,510 334,669 14,239 8.86 8.44 8.00 7.39 5.73 T o ta l................................ 4,472 8.84 3,230 7.16 158,985 1,290,572 8.12 Men’ s and boys’ clothing......... Women’s white goods.............. Neckties..................................... 98 60 145 8.20 6.72 7.59 98 46 50 8.20 6.63 7.80 4,874 2,009 4,348 35,116 12,220 35,214 7.20 6.08 8.10 T ota l................................ 303 7.63 194 7.74 11,231 82,550 7.35 INSIDE W ORKERS. OUTSIDE WORKERS. 649 650 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. E arnings in H ome I n du st r ies . — This is an investigation relating to the economic condition of the home workers in the tenements of New York City. The results of the investigation as presented in the report are supplemented by a historical review of tenement-house work or the sweating system. The period covered by the inquiry comprised the first six months of 1902, except in the case of artificial flower makers. This six months period included the busy season of the spring and also its proportion of the slack season, so that the income received during the period may fairly be considered as equiva lent to one-half the average annual income of the home workers or licensees. Schedules were received from 1,010 licensees (158 males and 852 females), representing the following occupations: Custom tailors. 52 (18 males and 1 females); tailors, 59 (4.9 males and 10 females); home finishers, 798 (50 males and 74:8 females); artificial-flower makers, 68 (2 males and 61 females); miscellaneous, 38 (9 males and 29 females). The table following shows the class of employers for which the home workers or licensees work: NUMBER OF'HOME WORKERS WORKING FOR EACH CLASS OF EMPLOYERS. Licensees who work for— Occupations. Their Con Manu own cus facturers. tractors. tomers. Custom tailors. To :al. M ales. 25 39 18 Custom tailors............................................................... T a ilo rs.......................................................................... Finishers....................................................................... Artificial-flower makers.............................................. Miscellaneous............................................................... 12 4 5 T o ta l.................................................................... 18 89 1 1 11 48 49 50 2 9 11 158 i 4 10 a 748 61 29 9 31 2 1 40 | F em ales. Custom tailors............................................................... Tailors........................................................................... Finishers....................................................................... Artificial-flower m akers.............................................. Miscellaneous............................................................... 1 T ota l.................................................................... 1 3 6 69 61 24 163 i1 4 i 664 | 5 i________ 673 l a 852 a Including 14 not reporting class of employers. From the table it appears that the tailors usually work for their private customers or for manufacturers or merchant tailors, while most of the finishers work for contractors, the so-called “ sweaters” or middlemen. The artificial-flower makers take work exclusively from the manufacturers. O f the 1,010 licensees reporting, 154: were American born, but this proportion, it is believed, vastly exceeds the proportion in the endre home industry. O f these 154: Americans, all but 13 were children of foreign mothers. O f the 158 male licensees, 69 were Germans and 25 Italians, and of the 852 female licensees, 166 were Germans and 515 REPOETS OF STATE BUREAUS OF LABOR---- NEW YORK. 651 Italians. Each of the other 15 nationalities in the canvass was not largely represented. The income of the home workers or licensees reporting that item during the first six months of 1902 is shown in the table following: INCOME OF HOME WORKERS, JANUARY TO JUNE, 1902. Female licensees. Male licensees. Number of— Occupation. Licen sees. Average Aver age earnings weeks Help in six work ers. months. ed. Aver age earn ings per week. Number of— Licen sees. Average Aver age earnings weeks Help in six work ers. months. ed. Aver age earn ings per week. 4 io 722 2 7 195 $175.75 181.14 78.71 22| 22f 22! $7.73 7.99 3.46 104.00 335.22 22! $13.97 ! 22a 15.09 ! 23± 9.08 : ! 26 4.00 | 2J£ 13.68 60 57 13 70.32 161.68 19! 22 3.56 7.35 289.51 22f 12.73 i j! 823 274 j 82.53 22| 3.67 Custom tailoring. T ailorin g ............ Finishing............ Making artificial flowers.............. Miscellaneous . . . 48 48 50 18 48 56 $317.93 339.62 213.33 2 9 4 8 Total.......... 157 184 27 1 In addition to the income of the home workers, the outside earn ings of other members of the families (adults and children), and the income per family from all sources are shown in the table following: INCOME OF HOME AND OUTSIDE WORKERS, JANUARY TO JUNE, 1902. Occupation of licensees. Outside work. Average Average Average Average income earnings Children. number earnings per fam Adults. from in per ily from home family. all w7ork. Num Average Num Average family. sources. ber. earnings. ber. earnings. MALE LICENSEES. Custom tailoring................... T ailoring.............................. Finishing.............................. Making artificial flowers . . . M iscellaneous...................... $317.93 339.62 213.33 104.00 335.22 2 7 7 1 2 $134.50 222.31 135.14 90.00 51.00 3 11 13 2 1 $112.67 131.86 98.15 163.00 130.00 4.4 4.2 >4.1 6.0 3.3 $330.57 402.24 257.77 312.00 361.00 $346.47 432.57 273.95 312.00 392.78 Total............................. 289.51 19 155.92 30 117.35 4.2 330.81 351.91 Custom tailoring................... T ailoring............................... Finishing............................... Making artificial flowers . . . M iscellaneous...................... 175.75 181.14 78.71 70.32 161.68 2 4 578 64 17 260.00 230.50 174.82 174.78 215.47 212 17 7 103.89 99.82 198.57 3.2 4.1 4.0 5.6 4.3 305.75 273.34 249.17 285.03 348.83 305.75 291.54 260.56 288.60 368.68 Total............................. 82.53 665 176.45 236 106.40 4.2 255.62 266.75 FEMALE LICENSEES. The income per family, according to nationality represented in the canvass, for the six months, January to June, 1902, is shown in the table below. No nationality has been included in the table unless it had more than one representative. 652 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, INCOME OF FAMILIES OF EACH NATIONALITY, JANUARY TO JUNE, 1902. Total Average family Number Income Average earnings from of persons income home in family. per licensees. work. (aver family. age). Nationality. M ALE LICENSEES. American, native parents.......................................... American, German parents....................................... A ustrian....................................................................... Germ an......................................................................... Ita lia n .................................................................. Norwegian.................................................................... Roumanian H eb rew ................................................... R ussian......................................................................... Russian H e b re w .......................................................... Swede............................................................................ Turk (Syrian)............................................................... 2 16 9 68 25 2 2 11 7 3 3 $263.00 284.02 327.78 301.46 220.71 348.00 365.00 235.64 377.57 349.67 204.67 133 2 3 160 3 3 500 4 9 2 84.66 74.50 84.73 79.62 358.94 76.30 80.95 130.84 80.17 105.00 5.0 3.8 4.2 3.9 5.0 4.5 3.5 4.1 3.9 5.0 6.3 $263.00 301.83 327.78 334.85 292.59 456.00 365.00 255.64 493.00 445.67 239.33 $263.00 306.52 356.67 368.27 309.43 456.00 365.00 279.27 493.00 445.67 239.33 272.19 124.50 84.73 233.52 482.94 162.97 259.14 347.34 214.50 445.00 285.00 124.50 84.73 246.98 482.94 164.96 268.33 347.34 292.50 445.00 FEMALE LICENSEES. A m erican..................................................................... A ustrian....................................................................... E n g lish ......................................................................... Germ an......................................................................... Hungarian.................................................................... I r is h .............................................................................. Ita lia n .......................................................................... R ussian......................................................................... Russian H eb rew .......................................................... Swiss.............................................................................. (a ) 4.5 1.6 3.4 6.3 1.7 4.5 5.5 4.1 7.0 a Not reported. T r ad e U n io n s . — On September 30, 1902, there existed in the State 2,229 local trade unions and similar labor organizations, the aggregate membership of which was 329,101 working men and women. In the table following is shown the number of organizations and the mem bership, by sex, in each year from 1894 to 1902: NUMBER OF TRADE UNIONS AND MEMBERSHIP, BY SEX, 1894 TO 1902. Number of unions. July 1,1894............ July 1,1895............ October 31,1896... September 30,1897 September 30,1898 September 30,1899 September 30,1900 September 30,1901 September 30,1902 860 927 962 1,009 1,087 1,320 1,635 1,871 2,229 Membership. Men. 149,709 170,129 (a) 162,690 163,562 200,932 233,553 261,523 313,592 Women. 7,488 10,102 («) 5,764 7,505 8,088 11,828 14,618 15,509 Total. 157,197 180,231 170,296 168,454 171,067 209,020 245,381 276,141 329,101 a Not separately reported. O f the 2,229 trade unions in existence on September 30, 1902, 579 were located in New York City and 1,650 in other cities of the State, while of the 329,101 members, 198,055 belonged to New York City unions and 131,046 to unions in other places. The female members in all trade unions numbered 15,509, of whom 9,615 were in unions in the clothing and textile industries, 2,501 in unions in the tobacco industry, and 1,243 in unions pertaining to theaters and music. . The membership of trade unions, by industries, on July 1 for the REPORTS OF STATE BUREAUS OF LABOR---- KEW YORK. 653 years 1894 and 1895, on October 81 for the year 1896, and on Septem ber 30 for the years 1897 to 1902 is shown in the table following: MEMBERSHIP OF TRADE UNIONS, BY INDUSTRIES, 1894 TO 1902. Industries. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 49,056 39,162 53,613 51,921 56,294 30,093 53,273 32,147 59,641 26,433 71,067 29,714 80,441 28,866 85,401 41,883 91,184 46,984 9,860 18,197 11,059 8,722 5,661 5, C88 11,376 18,191 11,998 9,089 6,541 7,327 13,010 23,031 13,848 9,799 7,503 7,306 13,991 23,014 13,313 9,097 6,995 6,920 16,236 18,090 15,045 8,889 6,812 9,316 24,014 24,668 16,023 8,886 8,391 9,518 31,271 30,854 17,117 12,349 9,430 9,698 35,562 34,371 17,986 10,210 9,451 11,688 51,749 36,901 21,110 11,633 13,371 11,588 5,329 1,243 1,964 1,256 4,652 1,529 3,964 2,030 4,218 2,087 993 2,114 4,205 1,843 1,667 1,989 4,584 2,174 1,880 1,937 6,683 3,207 3,727 3,122 8,176 5,303 7,148 4,728 8,260 6,804 8,142 6,383 11,823 8,503 9,160 15,095 T ota l........................... 157,197 180,231 170,296 168,454 171,067 209,020 245,381 276,141 329,101 Building, stone working, e t c ................. : .................. Clothing and te x tile s......... Metals, machinery, and shipbuilding..................... Transportation..................... Printing, etc.......................... T obacco................................ Food and liquors................. Theaters ana m u sic............ Wood working and furni ture .................................... Restaurants and retail trade Public em ploym ent............ Miscellaneous...................... 1902. E m p lo ym e n t a n d E arnings of O r g a n ize d W a g e w o r k e r s . — This chapter embraces reports collected in 1902 from more than 2,000 work ingmen’s organizations and shows the rates of wages, hours of labor, duration of employment, and amount of earnings of a body of artisans and laborers numbering between 250,000 and 300,000. The tradeunion reports on employment for the first three months of 1902 covered 270,735 working men and women, of whom 16,776, or 6.2 per cent, were idle the entire quarter, while the remainder (253,959) worked for at least one day. The exact number of days of employment was ascer tained for 251,694 members, and it was found that, including overtime work, they averaged 67.43 days of employment each, the full number of working days in the quarter being 77. In the third quarter of 1902 all but 1.9 per cent of the members reporting had some employment, the average number of days of which was 71.1. The proportion of members idle, by causes of idleness, at four selected periods (January, July, September, and December) during the year, is shown in the table below: MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS IDLE, BY CAUSES OF IDLENESS, IN 1902. January. Cause of idleness. Number idle. July. Per cent. Number idle. September. Per cent. Number idle. Per cent. December. Number idle. Per cent. Lack of w o r k ........................ Weather or lack of material. Strike or lockout................... Sickness, accident, or old age....................................... Other reasons........................ Cause not stated................... 9,269 8,755 131 46.1 43.5 .7 5,501 1,780 6,690 34.7 11.2 42.3 3,720 692 246 60.3 11.2 4.0 12,882 6,314 497 58.5 28.7 2.3 1,456 504 7.2 2.5 1,281 480 104 8.1 3.0 .7 1,193 313 2 19.3 5.1 .1 1,860 406 77 8.4 1.8 .3 Total............................. 20,115 100.0 15,836 100.0 6,166 100.0 22,036 100.0 During the first quarter of 1902, 239,492 organized workingmen reported average earnings of $2.73 for each of the 67 days of employ 654 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, ment; during the third quarter, 293,013 workingmen reported average earnings of $2.77 for each of the 71 days of employment. The total average earnings for the first quarter were $184.12, and for the third quarter $197.22. The number of organized women employed was 12,202 and 14,193 for the two quarters, and their average earnings were $145 and $127. The average earnings of the organized men and women, by industries, for six months of 1902, are set forth in the following table: AVERAGE EARNINGS OF ORGANIZED WORKING PEOPLE, BY INDUSTRIES, FOR SIX MONTHS OF 1902. Average earnings of men, 1902. Industries. First quar ter. Average earnings of women, 1902. Third First Six quar months. quar ter. ter. Building, stone working, e t c .................................... Clothing and textiles................................................. Metals, machinery, and shipbuilding..................... Transportation........................................................... Printing, bindiug, e t c ............................................... Tobacco ....................................................................... Food and liqu ors....... ................................................. Theaters and m usic.................................................... Woodworking and furniture..................................... Restaurants and retail tra d e .................................... Public employment..................................................... M iscellaneous............................................................. 8182 140 204 174 226 135 180 347 188 152 208 155 $235 147 200 170 217 146 189 344 180 153 206 133 $417 287 404 344 443 281 369 691 368 305 414 288 All industries..................................................... 184 197 381 Third Six quar months. ter. $89 130 $84 94 $173 224 109 132 102 127 65 496 111 89 162 73 211 259 461 101 74 144 145 127 957 212 163 306 272 C h a ng es in R a t e s of W a g e s . — This chapter presents changes in rates of wages reported by manufacturers and by members of labor organizations, and the number of working people affected by these changes for the year ending September 30, 1902. The changes reported by labor organizations and number of members affected follow: CHANGES IN WAGES OF MEMBERS OF LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AND MEMBERS AFFECTED, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1902. Increases. Industries. Decreases. Net changes. Aver Aver Aver Members age Members age Members Aggregate age weekly weekly affected. weekly afEected. weekly afEected. increase. gain. loss. gain. Building, stone working, etc......... Clothing and textiles...................... Metals, machinery, and shipbuild ing ................................................. Transportation................................ Printing, binding, e t c ..................... Tobacco ............................................ Food and liqu ors............................. Theaters and m u s ic ........................ Woodworking and furniture......... Restaurants and retail tra d e ......... Public em ploym ent___ - ................ M iscellaneous.................................. 50,855 4,797 $1.83 1.82 2,761 90 $0.85 .56 53,616 4,887 $90,735.71 8,692.95 $1.69 1.78 13,008 6,844 4,489 164 1,386 199 6,026 204 1,112 4,141 1.77 1.71 1.75 1.07 .97 1.31 2.24 1.42 .50 1.22 158 64 .60 1.91 221 1.33 35 1.80 13,166 6,908 4,489 164 1,386 199 6,026 425 1,112 4,176 22,872.40 11,607.19 7,876.27 176.10 1,339.09 260.00 13,516.65 a 5.20 553.23 5,009.16 1.74 1.68 1.75 1.07 .97 1.31 2.24 a . 01 .50 1.20 T o ta l....................................... 93,225 1.78 3,329 .89 96,554 162,633.55 1.68 a Decrease. REPORTS OF STATE BUREAUS OF LABOR— NEW YORK. 655 Included in the above, there were 619 female members who received an aggregate weekly increase in wages of $668.78, or an average weekly gain of $1.03. An average weekly gain in wages of $1.17, affecting 34,708 employees, was reported by 847 manufacturing firms, while 24 employees suffered an average weekly loss of $0.78. Included in the foregoing were 3,441 female empk^ees who received an average weekly gain in wages of $0.78. C h a ng es in H ours of L a b o r . — During the year ending September 30, 1902, the normal working time of 67,087 organized wage-earners was changed. The changes were nearly all in the nature of reductions in the weekly hours of labor, but there were some cases of an increase. An average reduction of 4.7 hours in the weekly schedule affected 61,853 of the working people, while the remaining 5,234 had their weekly schedule increased an average of 7.1 hours. The following table shows, by industries, the changes in hours and the number of organized workers affected: CHANGES IN HOURS OF LABOR OF MEMBERS OF LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AND MEMBERS AFFECTED, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1902. Decreases. Industries. Building, stoneworking, etc.................................... Clothing and textiles....... Metals, machinery, and shipbuilding................. Transportation................. Printing, binding, etc___ T obacco......... ............ Food and liquors.............. Theaters and m u sic......... Woodworking and furni ture ................................ Restaurants and retail tra d e .............................. Public em ploym ent......... Miscellaneous................... T ota l........................ Members affected. Net decreases. Increases. Total Aver Total Aver age Members age Members hours. hours affected. affected. hours. hours Total Aver age hours. hours 20,328 -16,872 83,033 49,173 4.1 2.9 979 136 3,047 636 3.1 4.7 21,307 17,008 79,986 48,537 3.8 2.9 7,076 513 1,465 1,633 1,498 33,310 5,366 17,937 12,886 16,820 4.7 10.5 12,2 7.8 11.2 1,032 725 5,420 13,850 5.3 19.1 21 63 3.0 8,108 1,238 1,465 1,633 1,498 21 27,890 «8,484 17,937 12,886 16,820 a 63 3.4 <*6.9 12.2 7.9 11.2 « 3 .0 4,610 19,256 4.2 1,073 6,680 6.2 5,683 12,576 2.2 1,218 3,126 3,514 10,819 21,191 20,631 8.9 6.8 5.9 430 10 828 3,095 160 4,328 7.2 16.0 5.2 1,648 3,136 4,342 7,724 21,031 16,303 4.7 6.7 3.8 61,853 290,422 4.7 5,234 37,279 7.1 67,087 253,143 3.8 a increase. A large proportion of the gains were made* in New York City, four movements being especially conspicuous, viz, (1) the extension of the Saturday half holiday (reduction of hours from 48 to 44 per week) from masons and carpenters to the other building trades, the move ment affecting 15,188 workmen; (2) the reduction of hours from 59 to 56 per week for 15,674 garment makers; (3) the establishment of the 9-hour day for 2,900 piano and organ workers, 480 machine wood workers, and 925 upholsterers; (4) the establishment of the 8-hour day for 2,000 dock builders and 1,050 post-office clerks. 656 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. O H IO . Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of Ohio for the year 1903. M . D. Ratchford, Commissioner. 725 pp. The subjects presented in this report are as follows: Laws govern ing the labor bureau, and recent Ohio laws and court decisions relating to labor, 64 pages; manufactures, 385 pages; mineral productions, 233 pages; free public employment offices, 20 pages; list of bureaus of labor in the United States, 2 pages. M an u fa c tu r e s . — Statistics for 1902 are given, showing, by indus tries, the number of establishments reported, capital invested, value of goods manufactured, amount paid for rent, taxes, and insurance, amount paid in wages, number employed and salaries of office help, number of males and females employed each month, and monthly average of males and females; also, by occupations, the number employed, average number of days worked, average daily wages, aver age yearly earnings, and average hours of daily labor. Other tables show, by industries, the number in each occupation affected by a change in wages during the year. These statistics are shown for each of the five principal cities, for the remaining cities and villages, and by totals for the State. Comparisons between summaries for 1901 and 1902 are also made. The 5,865 manufacturing establishments from which returns were received for 1902 had an invested capital of $364,609,905, and pro duced or manufactured goods to the value of $714,822,131. W ages to the amount of $156,572,177 were paid to 313,434 employees— 267,025 males and 46,409 females. During the year there were 96,257 persons who received an average advance in wages of 9.1 per cent, while 895 persons suffered an average reduction of 6.6 per cent. The summary following presents, for 1902, the principal data for ten of the leading industries: STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES, 1902. Industries. Agricultural implements......................................... Boots and sh oes........................................................ Brick and t ile ........................................................... Carriages and wagons.............................................. Cigars......................................................................... Clothing..................................................................... Flouring mill products............................................ Foundry and machine shop products, and ma chinery................................................................... Liquors (malt and d istille d ).................................. Printing and b in d in g ............................................ . Estab lish ments. Capital invested. Value of product. Em ploy ees. Wages paid. 45 58 259 260 328 278 199 $7,555,396 $16,690,193 4,633,923 20,723,765 12,604,185 11,406,724 4,811,850 15,432,463 1,214,103 7,156,949 3,273,213 24,809,915 5,308,672 28,881,058 5,917 13,660 9,933 7,457 6,643 11,667 2,522 $3,266,906 4,593,603 4,339,856 3,598,964 2,154,778 5,147,906 1,181,607 492 125 375 35,228,392 27,740,203 11,730,542 87,486,375 26,100,372 12,775,763 45,519 4,391 8,614 25,170,710 2,909,743 4,016,539 REPORTS OF STATE BUREAUS OF LABOR— OHIO. 657 The steel, iron, and tin industries, comprising 90 establishments, are given a separate presentation. The capital invested in these industries in 1902 aggregated $39,628,909, and the value of goods manufactured $123,928,782. To the 37,813 employees there was paid a total in wages of $24,948,055. The average days worked per employee during the year were 286, the average hours of daily labor 10.2, the average daily wages $2.43, and the average yearly earnings $694.98. There were 17,034 employees who received an average advance in wages of 8 per cent, while 361'suffered an average reduction of 3 per cent. M in e r a l P roductions . — Under this head are presented, for 1902, statistics relative to the production of coal, fire clay and iron ore, lime and sandstone, and crude oil or petroleum. The reports received from these industries are summarized in the table following: STATISTICS OF MINERAL PRODUCTION, 1902. Fire clay and iron ore. Coal. Items. Establishments reporting.............................................. 533 Capital invested............................................................... $23,167,573 Value of product............................................................. $23,711,858 30,580 Number of work people................................................. Amount paid in w ages................................................... $15,767,637 Average days worked during year............................... 197 Average hours worked per d a y .................................... 8.0 $441.28 Average yearly earnings............................................... $2.24 Average daily w ages...................................................... Number receiving advance in w a g e s.......................... Average per cent of advance in wages........................ Lime and Crude oil or sandstone. petroleum.. 20 $78,550 $82,398 150 $50,272 203 139 $2,448,376 $2,153,473 2,556 $1,104,423 204 $302947 $1.49 67 :i.i $328?44 $1.61 1,193 12.2 123 $7,275,996 $6,661,818 2,226 $1,517,281 264 10.1 $483.12 $1.83 29 9.4 F r e e P u blic E m plo ym en t O f f ic e s . — Brief text reports from the superintendents of the five offices, tables showing the work done by each office from the date of its organization, and reports of the opera tions of each office for each of the first ten months of 1903, with totals for the ten months, are found under this head. The following table shows the operations of the five free public employment offices of the State for the ten months ending October 31, 1903: OPERATIONS OF FREE PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, TEN MONTHS ENDING OCTOBER 81, 1903. Situations wanted. Help wanted. Positions secured. City. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. • Cleveland................................................... Colum bus................................................... Cincinnati................................................... D ayton........................................................ Toledo......................................................... 2,930 1,654 3,343 3,015 3,428 2,082 1,198 1,583 1,793 1,640 4,010 1.922 2.923 3,392 3,699 2,616 2,351 2,572 6,270 2,084 2,441 1,576 2,776 2,602 2,570 1,926 1,100 1,315 1,651 1,501 T o ta l................................................. 14,370 8,296 15,946 15,893 11,965 7,493 16818— No. 57— 05------ 18 658 BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB. Since the organization in 1890 of the five free public employment offices there has been a total of 361,345 applications for situations wanted, 303,288 applications for help wanted, and 204,862 positions secured. O f applications for situations 56.2 per cent were filled, and of applications for help wanted 67.5 per cent were filled. The expenses of the five offices for the ten months ending October 31, 1903, were $1,919.88, of which the expenses of the Cleveland office were $392.76, the Columbus office $371.60, the Cincinnati office $443.67, the Dayton office $322.90, and the Toledo office $388.95. STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES IN MASSACHUSETTS: TEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. SEVEN The Annual Statistics of Manufactures, 190%. Seventeenth Report, iii, 122 pp. (Issued by the Bureau of Statistics of Labor, Charles F. Pidgin, Chief.) This report consists of two parts, as follows: Part I, Industrial Chro nology for the year ending September 30, 1902, 39 pages; Part II , Statistics of Manufactures, 1901, 1902, T9 pages. I n du strial C h r o n o lo g y . — The industrial chronology of the State for the ye&r ending September 30,1902, embraces facts relating (1) to the establishment of new firms and corporations, new industries, and changes from private firms to corporations; (2) to changes in firms, corporations, location of plants, etc.; (3) to the construction of new buildings, the addition of new machinery, new classes of products, etc. The statement following summarizes the facts presented for the year, together with similar facts for the nine months ending Septem ber 30, 1901: INDUSTRIAL CHRONOLOGY, 1901, 1902. Number of instances. Items. New establishments, firms, etc .............................................................................. Buildings constructed during the p eriod ............................................................. Machinery added to plants.................................................................................... Other additions to plants........................................................................................ Addition o f new class of product to m anufacture.............................................. Rebuilding of burned factories, etc....................................................................... Changes from private firms to corporations.......................................................... Changes in firms, firm names, e t c ......................................................................... Consolidation o f firms and corporations.............................................................. Removals of firms and industries to State from other States............................. Removals of firms and industries from State to other States.....................•....... Removals from one town to another..................................................................... Permanent shut d ow ns........................................................................................... Introduction of electric lighting and power into factories, e t c ........................ Sales of plants in whole or in part......................................................................... Sales of plants to industrial combinations....................................... , .................. New corporations..................................................................................................... Amount of authorized c a p ita l......................................................................... Reorganization of established corporations.......................................................... Amount of reorganized cap ital....................................................................... Increases in capital stock........................................................................................ Amount of increase........................................................................................... Decreases in capital s to c k ...................................................................................... Amount o f decrease........................................................................................... Net increase in capital stock.......................................... ....................................... Amount (net) of new capital stock authorized................................................... 1901 1902 (9 months). (12 months). 109 78 112 68 9 7 15 39 4 2 9 11 12 9 66 8 44 $8,018,600 11 $1,697,000 3 $104,500 $1,592,500 $9,611,100 219 163 132 38 9 11 70 8 6 8 20 23 10 95 16 132 $25,779,500 19 $18,445,000 27 $5,415,000 3 $390,000 $5,025,000 $49,249,500 M a n u fa c tu r e s . — Statistics are presented for 4,658 identical estab lishments covering each of the years 1901 and 1902, and include the number of private firms, corporations, and industrial combinations; 659 660 BULLETIN OF THE BUKEAU OF LABOR, number of partners in firms, and stockholders in corporations, by sex, etc.; capital invested, cost of material, value of product, highest, lowest, and average number of persons employed, and aggregates by months; total wages paid during each year, and average yearly earn ings; classified weekly wages in selected industries, by sex and age, and days in operation during each year, and proportion of business done. Eighty classified industries are represented. In the table following the principal facts as to ownership appear: FIRMS, CORPORATIONS, AND INDUSTRIAL COMBINATIONS, AND PARTNERS AND STOCK HOLDERS IN 4,658 IDENTICAL ESTABLISHMENTS, 1901 AND 1902. Year. Firms. 1901....................................... 1902....................................... 3,217 3,139 Corpora• tions. Indus trial Stock combi Partners. holders. nations. 1,282 1,347 17 19 5,020 4,846 50,807 55,649 Average partners to a firm. Average stockhold ers to a cor poration. 1.56 1.54 39.63 41.31 The point of greatest interest shown by the above table is the taking over of establishments from control by firms to control by corporations and the consequent decrease of partners and increase of stockholders. The table following presents statistics separately for 9 principal industries, in aggregate for 71 other industries, and totals for the 80 industries reported on for the years 1901 and 1902: STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES, 1901 AND 1902. Capital invested. Industries. Estab lish ments. Boots and shoes...................... 661 Carpetings............................... 10 Cotton g o o d s........................... 158 94 L eather.................................... Machines and m achinery___ 360 Metals and metallic goods___ 377 Paper ....................................... 75 Woolen g o o d s.......................... 149 Worsted goods.......................... 39 Other industries...................... 2,735 T ota l..............•............... 4,658 1901. 1902. Stock used. Per cent of in crease. 1901. Industries. Per cent of in crease. $26,406,295 5,958,557 125,988,505 8,526,364 39,990,855 27,022,491 20,708,652 25,986,880 16,080,609 176,908,421 $28,150,214 * 6.60 $87,689,796 $90,380,233 6,471,782 8.61 4,703,264 6,625,398 127,877,930 1.50 69,307,173 72,623,827 8,629,068 1.20 18,541,218 18,005,012 41,521,821 3.83 17,804,567 19,709,898 27,551,283 1.96 25,454,330 26,221,911 21,747,744 5.02 14,080,401 15,802,400 27,817,893 7.05 24,099,153 28,263,950 18,026,729 12.10 25,093,563 28,069,781 184,531,004 4.33 210,525,924 232,535,413 3.07 38.74 4.79 a 2.89 10.70 3.02 12.23 17.28 11.86 10.45 473,577,629 492,355,468 3.97 497,299,389 ^538,137,823 8.21 Goods made and work done. Estab lish ments. 1902. 1901. 1902. Per cent of in crease. Wages paid. 1901. 1902. Per cent of in crease. 4.02 $29,008,218 $30,090,845 661 $138,010,800 $143,556,265 Boots and shoes...................... 8,214,183 10,573,836 28.73 .1,803,952 2,238,944 Carpetings............................... 10 Cotton g o o d s........................... 158 117,015,196 129,544,308 10.71 32,685,625 35,853,378 Leather .................................... 23,558,991 a 7.29 25,410,837 94 3,141,710 2,987,527 52,820,803 Machines and m achinery___ 49,359,957 360 7.01 15,063,944 16,452,960 49,419,924 4.27 12,493,553 12,808,669 47,394,460 Metals and metallic goods___ 377 28,228,294 12.69 4,202,607 Paper ....................................... 25,048,945 4,775,405 75 49,792,584 17.66 8,857,867 10.200,089 Woolen g o o d s.......................... 42,317,936 149 7,576,602 6,433,538 47,909,654 19.14 Worsted goods.......................... 40,213,217 39 8.73 64,043,285 70,567,756 Other industries...................... 2,735 376,886,582 409,789,230 3.73 24.11 9.69 a 4.91 9.22 2.52 13.63 15.15 17.77 10.19 8.66 177,734,299 jl93,552,175 8.90 T ota l............................... 4,658 869,872,113 945,193,889 a Decrease. STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 661 In the above table, comparing the figures for 1902 with those for 1901, an increase is shown in each of the 9 leading industries except leather, which shows a decrease in stock used, goods made and work done, and wages paid. The table following presents data relative to employees, earnings, and days in operation, the establishments considered being the same as in the table preceding: AVERAGE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, AVERAGE YEARLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE DAYS IN OPERATION IN 9 PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES, OTHER INDUSTRIES, AND IN ALL INDUS TRIES, 1901 AND 1902. Average number of employees. Industries. 1901. Boots and sh oes................... Carpetings............................. Cotton g o o d s ........................ Leather.................................. Machines and machinery .. Metals and metallic goods.. Paper..................................... Woolen goods........................ Worsted goods...................... Other industries................... 1902. 59,782 61,224 4,578 5,206 89,914 93,802 6,517 6,367 27,384 29,528 22,252 23,052 9,591 10,391 21,946 24,519 16,502 19,048 136,768 147,644 All industries.............. 395,234 420,781 Per cent of in crease. Average yearly earn ings. 1901. 1902. 2.41 $485.23 $491.49 13.72 394.05 430.07 4.32 363.52 382.22 a 2.30 482.08 469.22 7.83 550.10 557.20 3.60 561.46 555.64 8.34 438.18 459.57 11.72 403.62 416.01 15.43 389.86 397.76 7.95 468.26 477.96 6.46 449.69 459.98 Average days in opera tion. Per cent of in crease. 1901. 1902. Per cent of in crease. 1.29 9.14 5.14 a 2.67 1.29 a 1.04 4.88 3.07 2.03 2.07 292.39 300.35 297.13 301.30 297.51 296.79 287.29 293.51 291.03 290.20 291.70 302.29 302.70 292.79 297.85 296.94 298.94 299.70 291.07 292.99 a 0.24 .65 1.87 a 2.82 .11 .05 4.06 2.11 .01 .96 2.29 293.43 296.09 .91 a Decrease. This table shows that in each of the principal industries, except leather, there was an increase in the average number of employees in 1902 as compared with 1901. The largest increases were in carpet ings, woolen goods, and worsted goods, being, respectively, 13.72 per cent, 11.72 per cent, and 15.43 per cent. Comparing average yearly earnings in 1902 with those in 1901, increases appear in each of the principal industries, except leather and metals and metallic goods, in which decreases of 2.67 per cent and 1.04 per cent are seen. Under average days in operation, the averages for boots and shoes and leather show slight decreases in 1902 as compared with 1901, the decreases being 0.24 per cent and 2.82 per cent. For all industries, each average in 1902 shows an increase over that for 1901. The following tables show the number and per cent of employees earning the indicated weekly wages. Employees are divided into three groups, namely, adult males, adult females, and young persons of both sexes under 21 years of age. The number of employees given is the number reported in each industry for the week showing the largest number of employees, and does not, therefore, agree with the number shown in the preceding table. 662 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR, NUMBER OF MALE AND FEMALE ADULTS AND OF YOUNG PERSONS IN 80 INDUSTRIES, BY CLASSIFIED WEEKLY WAGES, 1901 AND 1902. 1902. 1901. Adults. Weekly, wages. Male. Female. Young persons (under 21). Adults. Total. Male. Female. Young persons (under 21). Total. Under $5................... or under $6.......... $6 or under $7.......... $7 or under $8........... $8 or under $9.......... $9 or under #10......... #10 or under $12....... #12 or under #15....... #15 or under #20....... #20 or o y e r ................ 8,931 9,693 18,250 26,039 25,970 39,467 43,936 50,524 38,720 12,585 17,371 17,369 22,971 18,159 14,359 10,910 7,940 3,777 1,129 150 28,178 14,033 9,349 4,168 1,898 1,200 466 190 46 7 54,480 41,095 50,570 48,366 42,227 51,577 52,342 54,491 39,895 12,742 8,743 9,180 17,315 25,927 26,557 40,638 47,826 53,944 42,408 13,828 16,668 16,595 22,843 18,739 15,198 12,364 10,502 4,291 1,153 164 27,703 15,185 11,105 5,300 2,349 1,549 777 372 83 2 53,114 40,960 51,263 49,966 44,104 54,551 59,105 58,607 43,644 13,994 Total............... 274,115 114,135 59,535 447,785 286,366 118,517 64,425 469,308 PER CENT OF MALE AND FEMALE ADULTS AND OF YOUNG PERSONS OF TOTAL NUMBER EMPLOYED IN 80 INDUSTRIES, BY CLASSIFIED WEEKLY WAGES, 1901 AND 1902. 1901. Weekly wages. Adults. Young persons TotaL (under 21). Male. Fe male. 3.26 3.54 6.66 9.50 9.47 14.40 16.03 18.43 14.12 4.59 15.22 15.22 20.12 15.91 12.58 9.56 6.96 3.31 .99 .13 47.33 23.57 15.70 7.00 3.19 2.02 .78 .32 .08 .01 Total........................................... 100.00 100.00 100.00 Under $5.............................................. $5 or under $ 6 .'.................................. #6 or under #7..................................... #7 or under #8..................................... $8 or under #9..................................... #9 or under #10.................................... #10 or under $12.................................. #12 or under #15.................................. #15 or under #20.................................. #20 or o v e r ........................................... 3902. Adults. Young persons Total. (under 21). Male. Fe male. 12.17 9.18 11.29 10.80 9.43 11.52 11.69 12.17 8.91 2.84 3.05 3.21 6.05 9.05 9.27 14.19 16.70 18.84 14.81 4.83 14.07 14.00 19.28 15.81 12.82 10.43 8.86 3.62 .97 .14 43.00 23.57 17.24 8.23 3.64 2.40 1.20 .58 .13 .01 11.32 8.73 10.92 10.65 9.40 11.62 12.59 12.49 9.30 2.98 100.00 100.00 106.09 100.06 106.00 From the above tables it appears that in the SO industries considered there were 21,523 more wage-earners employed in 1002 than in 1001. Under each wage class there was an increase in the number employed, except the first two, or lowest classes, where there was a decrease. O f the total number of wage-earners employed 48.08 per cent in 1002 received $0 or over per week, as compared with 47.13 percent in 1001. In 1001 the young persons employed at wages under $5 per week were 47.33 per cent of the total of young persons employed, while the num ber in 1002 employed at wages under $5 per week was 43 per cent of the total. O f the total adult females 73.30 per cent in 1001 were employed at wages of $5 or under $10 per week, while in 1002 in this wage class 72.34 per cent were employed. In 1901 the adult males who received $0 or over per week were 67.57 per cent of the total adult males, while in 1002 the percentage was 60.37. In the tables previously presented value of goods made or work done has included not only the added value resulting from the proc esses of the industry considered, but the original cost of material as STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 663 well. In order to show the actual result of the productive forces of the industry, the element of cost of material must be deducted from the total value of product; the remainder will show only the industry product, or the new values created. This has been done in the case of the nine leading industries, and the amount of industry product per $1,000 of capital and per employee has been computed; also the division of industry product between the wage fund and the fund devoted to other expenses, as freight, insurance, interest, rent, com missions, salaries, etc., and to profit, these last items being grouped as u Profit and minor expenses.” The results appear in the table following: INDUSTRY PRODUCT, WAGES, AND PROFIT AND EXPENSES IN NINE SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES, 1902. Industry product. Industries. Industry product. Wages. Per cent of indus try product— Profit and minor ex penses. Per $1,000 Average em Paid in of capital. per ployee. wages. Boots and shoes................. $53,176,032 $30,090,845 $23,085,187 $1,889.01 Carpetings.......................... 4,048,438 625.55 1,809,494 2,238,944 Cotton g o o d s...................... 56,920,481 35,853,378 21,067,103. 445.12 L eath er............................... 5,553,979 643.64 2,566,452 2,987,527 Machines and m achinery. 33,110,905 16,452,960 16,657,945 797.43 841.99 Metals and metallic goods. 23,198,013 12,808,669 10,389,344 Paper................................... 12,425,894 571.36 4,775,405 7,650,489 Woolen g o o d s ..................... 21,528,634 10,200,089 11,328,545 773.91 Worsted goods.................... 19,839,873 7,576,602 12,263,271 1,100.58 $868.55 777.65 606.82 872.31 1,121.34 1,006.33 1,195.83 878.04 1,041.57 43.41 44.70 37.01 46.21 50.31 44.79 61.57 52.62 61.81 Devoted to profit and mi nor ex penses. 56.59 55.30 62.99 53.79 49.69 55.21 38.43 47.38 38.19 O f the nine industries here shown it appeal's that the boot and shoe industry requires the least capitalization to secure a given value of product, and cotton goods the greatest. The product per employee is also least in the cotton goods industry, while the greatest product appears in the paper and machines and machinery industries. In four of the industries more than one-half of the industry product was paid out in wages, the largest showing being in paper and worsted goods, where 61.57 per cent and 61.81 per cent went to that item. RECENT FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS. A U S T R IA . Die Wohlfahrts-Einrichtungen der Arbeitgeber zu Gunsten ihrer Angestellten und Arbeiter in Oesterreich. Herausgegeben vom k. k. arbeitsstatistischen Amte im Handelsministerium. I. Theil. Wohlfahrts-Einrichtungen der Eisenbahnen. II. H eft: Diebeidcn k. k. osterr. Staatsbahnen bestehenden Wohlfahrts-Einrichtungen. 1903. vi, 118 pp. II. Theil. Wohlfahrts-Einrichtungen der gewerblichen und Handelsbetriebe. 1904. ix, 414 pp. These are the second and third of a series of three volumes issued by the Austrian bureau of labor statistics, giving the results of the investigation of various institutions founded or assisted by employers for the welfare of their employees. A digest of the first volume, which relates to employees of private steam railways and steam tramways, appeared in Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor, No. 55. The two present volumes deal, respectively, with employees of rail ways operated under government control and employees in the manu facturing industries and the steamboat service. R a il w a y s O p e r a t e d u n d e r G o v e r n m e n t M a n a g e m e n t . — This volume contains twelve chapters treating, respectively, of the followingsubjects: Mileage and number of persons employed in the government railway service; systems of salary and wage payments; regulations governing railway employees while performing military service; hours of labor, night work, leave of absence, and disposition of employees during periods of reduced traffic; contractual relations between the Government and its railway employees; loan and savings institutions; sick benefit, accident insurance, and other relief institutions; arrange ments for the cheap supply of commodities to employees; housing of employees, prevention of accidents, and hygiene; education and apprenticeship; spiritual, ethical, and social improvement of employees. A n appendix gives copies of regulations governing the employees on railways and in railway workshops; regulations regarding apprentices in railway workshops; regulations prescribing the hours of labor of railway employees, and pension regulations for the various classes of railway employees. The following table shows the aggregate mileage of railways oper ated under government control and the number of employees in 1898, 664 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS---- AUSTRIA. 665 1899, 1900, and 1901 arranged according to the classification adopted by the Austrian department of railways: AGGREGATE MILEAGE AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ON RAILWAYS OPERATED UNDER GOVERNMENT CONTROL IN AUSTRIA, 1898 TO 1901. Mileage. Year. 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... Number of employees. Officials Inferior State Private rail rail Total. (Beam- officials (Unter ways. ways. te). beamte). Other perma nent em ployees (Diener und Wach ter). 5,143 6,530 6,092 6,454 26,533 28,237 30,243 32,250 4,729 4,775 4,823 4,834 1,680 2,020 2,160 2,290 6,409 6,795 6,983 7,124 7,006 6,881 7,253 7,487 Temporary salaried Work employees men en(Provisorische Be- Female gagedby office the day dienstete, em (TagAushilfs- ployees. lohnunterarbeiter). beamte und Die ner). 6,962 6,235 6,950 7,1C7 391 424 478 615 43,946 50,125 53,527 51,749 Total. 89,981 97,432 104,543 105,622 The terms u Bearnte,” “ Unterbeamte,” and “ Diener55 are not clearly defined. The first class probably includes higher officials, including station masters in cities and others holding responsible administrative positions. The second class probably includes inferior officials, such as station agents, baggage masters, locomotive engineers, conductors, etc. The terms “ Diener” and “ W achter” are applied to all other permanent railway employees in the regular classified railway service. S a l a r y a n d W a g e P a y m e n ts . — The employees on the regular rolls receive fixed salaries or wages. The day laborers are paid by the day, their rates varying according to the character of their work. In addi tion to the regular salaries, allowances for quarters are made to certain classes of employees, such allowances being rated according to the grade of the employees and the locality where stationed. Provision is also made for extra allowances for night work, overtime work, extra mileage, etc.; for increased pay for long-continued service; for pre miums for meritorious service in handling trains, facilitating trans portation, etc.; for rewards for discovering dangerous defects in rolling stock or in the roadbed, and for prizes for economy in the use of fuel, oil, and other materials. The sums paid during the year 1901 for rewards amounted to 423,661 kronen ($86,003), and for service premiums, prizes for economy, and premiums for proper care of locomotives to 2,047,558 kronen ($415,654). 666 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. The following table shows the highest and lowest salaries, wages, and allowances for quarters paid to certain classes of employees on the government railways in Austria in 1901: HIGHEST AND LOWEST YEARLY SALARIES AND DAILY WAGES PAID CERTAIN EMPLOYEES OF THE GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS IN AUSTRIA, 1901. Class of employees. Allowances for Salaries and wages per year. quarters inVienna.a Highest. Lowest. Highest. Officials (Beam te)................... ................................. .................... $1,542.80 527.80 Inferior officials (U nterbeam te)................................................. 182.70 Watchmen (Wacnter)................................................................... 324.80 Other permanent employees (D ien er)....................................... 622.33 Female office em ployees.............................................................. Wageworkers........................ ........................................................ c l. 02 $284.20 223.30 116.93 142.10 614.21 c .16 $324.80 162.40 121.80 121.80 Lowest. $121.80 81.20 60.90 60.90 « For other localities the allowances for quarters range from 40 to 80 per cent of the amounts quoted for Vienna. 6 Per month. cPer day. The aggregate amounts paid to all classes of employees for sala ries, wages, and other allowances from 1898 to 1901 were as fol lows: 1898, 99,534,684 kronen ($20,205,531); 1899,111,798,251 kronen ($22,695,045); 1900,122,240,711 kronen ($24,814,864); 1901,126,483,724 kronen ($25,676,196). M il it a r y S e r v ic e . — The same regulations governing the treatment of railway employees on private railways called to perform military service also apply to employees on railways operated under goverment control. A digest of these regulations was published in Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor, No. 55, pages 1656 and 1657. H ours o f L a b o r , L e a v e s of A b sen c e , e t c . — The hours of con tinuous duty of employees in the transportation service under normal conditions range from 12 to 18, and the periods of rest following labor, from 6 to 24 hours, according to the character of the service and the nature of the employment. For train dispatchers, telegraph operators, signal men, switchmen, and other employees engaged in the moving of trains, the hours usually range from 12 to 16, and are followed, as a rule, by a number of hours for rest, with a minimum period of uninterrupted rest of at least 8 hours. In cases of especially arduous service the hours are limited to 12, and are followed by a period of rest extended to 24 hours. On lines with light traffic and limited night service, the hours may be extended to 18, provided they are interrupted by frequent periods of rest and provided the uninterrupted night rest amounts to at least 6 hours. The maximum hours of track walkers is limited to 16, followed by a period of rest of not less than 8 hours. For locomotive engineers, firemen, and other train men the average number of hours in any one month does not exceed 11 hours per day, the maximum number of hours of continuous uninterrupted service on 667 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS---- AUSTRIA. regular transportation lines being limited to 14 hours. On local pas senger and freight trains the service may be extended to 18 hours, pro vided such service permits of sufficient intervals for rest. On passenger trains the trips are limited to 9 hours; on freight trains to 12 hours of schedule time. The minimum period of rest at the home of the employees is 10 hours; at other points 6 hours. For machinists, stationary firemen, yardmen, and other stationary employees in the transportation department on lines running day and night, the hours range from 12 to 16, followed by a corresponding number of hours of rest. In cases of less arduous day service the hours may be extended to 24, to be followed by the same number of hours of rest, if intermissions for rest of several hours duration during the night have been provided for. For day laborers in all branches of the service the normal hours, on working days are 10 per day. For the workshops at Vienna the hours of labor have been fixed at 9£ per day. Office employees at central stations are employed 7 hours per day on week dajrs and 3 hours on holidays, and they are exempt from all work on Sundays and high days. Female office employees are also exempt from work on all holidays. Annual leave of absence, with full pay, is granted to all permanent employees, the length of such leave varying with the character of employment and length of service, according to the following schedule: SCHEDULE OF ANNUAL LEAVE OF ABSENCE FOR VARIOUS CLASSES OF EMPLOYEES. Number of days of annual leave for— Classes of. employees. Less than 10 to 20 Over 20 10 years’ years’ • years’ service. service. service. O fficials.................................................................. ......................................... Assistants and female office employees........................................................ Inferior officials and other permanent employees..................................... 14 14 8 21 14 10 28 14 14 Day laborers are given leave of absence, but without pay, except in cases when performing the duties of the class of employees designated as “ Diener.” Empk>3Tees who have been chosen delegates to the Railway Employees’ Accident Relief Association are granted leave of absence, with full pay, for the purpose of attending to the duties devolving upon them as such delegates. Reductions in the force of employees, if necessary, are made in the reverse order of their employment. Extensive reductions, however, occur regularly only in the force employed on the maintenance of roadway at the beginning of the winter season. R elatio ns betw een p l o y e e s . — The th e G o v e r n m e n t a n d its R a il w a y E m relations between the Government and its railway 668 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. employees are governed by a set of rules and regulations which describe in detail the conditions and methods of entering the government rail way service; the duties and privileges of the employees; the penalties for offenses committed by employees; the conditions for their retire ment from active service; their status while performing military service, and their separation from the railway service. In the employment of women, preference is given to dependents of deceased employees. They are employed either at light office work, at flag or signal stations, or as charwomen. Female office employees hold their places subject to one month’s notice. Their entrance salary is 70 kronen ($14.21) per month, which is gradually increased in the course of ten years until it amounts to 110 kronen ($22.33) per month. They also receive extra pay for work in excess of the regular 7 hours per day. A1 regulations placing certain restrictions upon the marriage of employees formerly in force have been revoked, and all employees of whatever grade may now marry without first obtaining the consent of the Government. L oan a n d S a v in g s I nstitution s . — There are four loan and savings institutions for the accommodation of the employees, one organized by the State, the other three by the employees. Deposits may be made subject to call or subject to previous notice, interest being allowed accordingly. Loans made to employees are usually limited to the maximum of 80 per cent of their salaries and are repaid in monthly installments with interest at rates ranging from 5 to 7 per cent. R e l ie f a n d I n su r an ce . — Under the system of compulsory insurance in Austria, all railway employees are insured against sickness in the Sick Benefit Fund for the Austrian State Railway Employees (Kranhencassefur das Personal der h k. osterreichischen Staatsbahneii) upon the payment of a fee equal to 2 per cent of their annual salary and against accident in the Accident Insurance Institution for Aus trian Railway Employees ( Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallversicherungsanstalt der osterreichischen Eisenbahnen.), the State assuming the entire burden of accident insurance. In addition to the relief required by law allowances are made for medical attendance, hospital treatment, funeral expenses, etc., to the wives and children of the beneficiaries of the sick relief fund. Two institutions, the pension fund, founded in 1882, and the provi dent fund, founded in 1873, provide old age and disability pension to employees, their widows, and their orphans. Both institutions are supported by contributions in part from the State and in part by the employees. Membership in either of these institutions is obligatory upon all permanent employees and is also open to persons employed by the day upon certain conditions. FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS----AUSTRIA, 669 The following two tables show the receipts and the expenditures of the sick benefit fund from 1898 to 1901: RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE SICK BENEFIT FUND FOR THE AUSTRIAN STATE RAILWAY EMPLOYEES, 1898 to 1901. Contributions. Average Year. member From ship. members. 1893.. 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. From the State. Expenditures. Total. For sick re For physi lief, medi cians’ fees. cines, etc. $250,947.79 $157,800.42 $408,748.21 $261,675.93 85,052 . 280,225.26 176,154.47 456,379.73 326,605.48 96,155 . 311,367.29 195,444.54 506,811.83 373,564.66 101,242 . 311,928.58 201,163.46 513,092.04 378,397.89 100,380 . Total. $93,743.78 $355,419.71 101,884.48 428,489.96 112,567.56 486,132.22 120,458.37 498,856.26 Assets at the close of year. $284,974.65 312,864.41 333,543.82 347,779.80 SPECIAL ALLOWANCES FROM THE SICK BENEFIT FUND FOR THE AUSTRIAN STATE RAILWAY EMPLOYEES, 1898 TO 1901. Year. Medical treatment and medi Extra sick Accouchecines for relief. ments. dependents of mem bers. 1898...................... $73,486.00 1899...................... 83,551.75 1900...................... 96,678.75 1901...................... 100,938.70 $12,752.46 16,341.50 18,834.54 20,249.66 $34,717.87 39,483.50 42,777.18 44,579.61 Funeral expenses. Other allowances (health re For de sorts, hospi For of members. pendents tal treat members. ment, etc.) $2,842.00 3,091.69 2,551.71 2,431.94 $18,423.06 20,391.76 21,902.28 22,320.46 $1,075.90 1,710.48 2,649 15 3,364.12 Total. $143,297.29 164,570.68 185,393.61 193,884.49 The following table shows the contributions to the accident insurance institution and the relief payments made by the latter from 1898 to 1901: CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE INSTITUTION AND THE RELIEF PAY MENTS MADE BY THIS INSTITUTION, 1898 TO 1901. Payments for— Year. Contribu tions by the State. Permanent pensions. Relief during Disabled temporary em Widows. Children. Parents. disability. ployees. $97,699.84 $45,791.93 $13,297.51 $13,889.26 1898.. $484,932.49 . 680,851.24 146,816.71 70,229.88 17,238.56 20,654.84 1899.. . 182,132.41 109,-352.24 23,221.37 25,673.00 868,520.07 1900.. . 198,473.30 157,410.46 29,002.41 30,465.63 1901.. 1,014,209.72 . $644.93 1,300.82 1,460.59 2,056.39 Total. Final settle ments. Funeral expenses. $73,623.63 $2,166.21 $1,026.98 109,424.10 492.88 981.30 159,707.20 1,643.89 1,049.71 218,934.89 1,948.80 964.25 670 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. The table which follows shows the membership and the financial operations of the pension and provident funds of the Austrian State railways from 1898 to 1901: MEMBERSHIP AND BENEFICIARIES OF THE PENSION AND PROVIDENT FUNDS OF THE AUSTRIAN STATE RAILWAYS, 1898 TO 1901. Pension fund. Year. Aver age mem bers. 1898................... 1899 ................... 1900................... 1901................... 12,264 12,326 12,617 12,638 Provident fund. Number of pensioners. Children receiving Aver age educa mem Or Mem Wid ows. phans. tional bers. aid. • bers. 2,433 2,503 2,689 2,871 175 197 2,515 2,650 2,783 2,924 200 234 1,781 1,846 1,836 2,005 35,675 39,341 46,861 53,322 Number of pensioners. Children receiving educa Mem Wid Or bers. ows. phans. tional aid. 737 895 1,111 1,490 671 804 1,000 1,292 112 118 131 149 827 1,058 1,338 1,850 FINANCIAL OPERATIONS OF THE PENSION AND PROVIDENT FUNDS OF THE AUSTRIAN STATE RAILWAYS, 1898 TO 1901. PENSION FUND, Receipts. Year. 1898.. 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. From mem bers. From the State. Other. $244,075 $122,385 $250,148 281,103 140,422 250,844 414,400 207,441 247,582 390,335 195,374 242,688 Expenditures. Total. Final Educa of Pensions. settle tion chil Other. ments. dren. $616,608 672,369 869,423 828,397 $889,110 947,970 1,015,858 1,131,578 $5,312 $37,413 4,740 40,784 5,056 44,257 4,604 42,028 Total. Assets at the close of year. $1,418 4,189 11,427 11,877 $933,253 $5,668,947 997,683 5,616,032 1,076,598 5,553,759 1,190,087 5,553,301 $5,297 3,926 4,695 5,961 $110,951 $3,510,507 142,358 3,973,291 180,998 4,478,303 244,095 5,030,582 PROVIDENT FUND. 1898 .. 1899 .. 1900.. 1901.. $310,205 $155,102 $145,748 324,253 162,126 195,354 381,063 190,532 193,179 396,990 198,495 204,802 $611,055 681,733 764,774 800,287 $86,572 $10,709 114,784 11,633 148,486 11,524 207,954 9,666 $8,373 12,015 16,293 20,514 C o o p e r a tiv e S tores , etc . — Cooperative stores, established at seven of the principal stations^ afford employees, especially those who are located at points more remote from the business centers, opportunities to purchase commodities at less than the customary rates. Purchases may be made either for cash or on credit, the maximum amount of purchases being limited to a certain per cent of the pur chaser’s earnings. The stores are under the management of trustees selected by the employees. Assistance is rendered by the Government in the way of reduced freight charges and by making collections on credit sales by deductions from the salaries or wages of the purchasers. The total sales of the cooperative stores during 1901 amounted to 4,446,267 kronen ($902,592). The purchase of commodities at reasonable prices is also facilitated in other ways, for instance, by giving free transportation to near-by markets twice a month to a member of the employee’s household in FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS---- AUSTRIA. 671 cases where empk^ees are stationed at localities where commodities can be procured only with difficulty or at excessively high figures. Employees. are furnished fuel and coal oil for lighting purposes either at cost or at greatly reduced prices. Station dining-room keep ers are under contract to furnish all railway employees with meals at a reduction of 25 per cent from regular rates. A t most of the workshops, dining rooms provided with heating apparatus have been furnished for the accommodation of employees whose homes are too remote from the shops to enable them to go home for their dinners during the noon hour. H ousing of E m p lo ye e s . — The Government has expended consid erable sums of money for the erection of suitable dwelling houses for its railway employees. In 1901 there were 714 of these houses and in the same }Tear the Government appropriated the sum of 3,389,000 kronen ($687,967), covering the period to 1905, for the purpose of building additional dwelling houses for the use of its employees. In the same year there were also 151 workingmen’s houses, for the accommodation of 617 families, mostly established in colonies in local ities where large numbers of persons are employed, especially in the v ic in g of workshops. Quarters are also provided for persons con nected with the railway stations and whose presence is constantly required, also for locomotive engineers, conductors, and other train men, for their accommodation while away from their regular domicile. A t the larger stations, furnished rooms are reserved for the use of higher officials when traveling on business connected with the railway service. Building and loan associations, organized by employees, are in successful operation at Vienna and other localities. The Govern ment encourages the organization of these institutions by granting them loans and by giving them greatly reduced rates on transporta tion of building material. P r e v e n t io n o f A ccidents a n d H y g ie n e . — A ll employees are re quired to make themselves thoroughly familiar with the rules and regulations governing their emploj^ment, and are subjected to frequent examinations on the subjects pertaining to their duties. The danger from accidents on the Austrian State railways has been lessened by the introduction of the block-signal system on part of the lines. Modern appliances have generally been introduced on rolling stock, bridges, and tunnels for the protection of passengers and trainmen, and for their relief in cases of accident. Among these may be men tioned cabs for locomotive engineers, vestibule cars, inclosed shelters for brakemen, guards on machinery, and sanitary arrangements, such as bath houses and commodious wash rooms, proper light, heat, and ventilation in workshops. A regular medical corps of 78 physicians is in charge of the medicine department. These physicians are placed in the class of higher officials, and are entitled to membership in the 672 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. pension fund under the same conditions that are applicable to other railway officials. Emergency corps, composed of the most intelligent office, station, and shop employees, are organized at 46 of the principal stations. A ll trainmen and station employees receive theoretical and practical instruction on measures for the first relief of the injured. A ll stations and large workshops are supplied with rescue appliances, bandages, stretchers, and fire extinguishers. E d u c a tio n . — The Government generally contributes to the support of public and private schools which are largely attended by children of railway employees. A school exclusively for children of railway employees, however, has been established by the Government at Lem berg. The cost of its maintenance in 1901 was about $5,000, of which the State contributed 21,324 kronen ($4,328.77), the balance having been made up by tuition at the rate of 2 kronen ($0.41) per month for children of officials and 1 krone ($0.20) for children of other employees. In the same year the continuation school at Vienna for the technical education of certain classes of railway employees received a contribution from the State amounting to 7,800 kronen ($1,583.40), and the Commercial School at Linz, a preparatory school for entrance into the railway service, the sum of 6,000 kronen ($1,218). Provi sion is also made by the State and two associations, “ Der Schulfondsverein fur Bedienstete der staatliclien Eisenbahnverwaltung” and Der Kaiserjubilaums-Wolhthatigkeitsverein fur TOchter von Bediensteten der Staatseisenbahnverwaltung,” for free tuition and free scholarships in certain educational institutions in aid of children of employees of limited means. The sum expended by the State and the two associations for this purpose in 1901 amounted to 111,234 kronen ($22,580.50). Boys are apprenticed in all workshops of the Austrian State rail ways, preference being given to the sons of employees. They must be physically sound, at least 14 years of age, and must have completed the course of studies prescribed for the common schools. R e l ig io u s , E t h ic a l , a n d S ocial I m p r o v e m e n t . — A ll employees in the executive branches of the service are allowed at least one Sun day or holiday each month to attend divine service. A chapel has been erected by the State at the colony at Neu-Sandez at an expendi ture of 94,000 kronen ($19,082) for the use of the employees residing at the colony. A t the larger stations employees have organized soci eties for social purposes, for amusement, and for instruction. The organization of these societies is encouraged by the State by rendering them substantial aid in procuring books, instruments, etc. C ost of B e tte r m e n t I nstitution s . — The following summary shows the aggregate expenditures by the State for the various institu tions enumerated above, in 1901, in addition to the regular salaries, wages, and allowances for rent: FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS---- AUSTRIA. 673 Extra pay and allowances........................................................................................ $350,581.00 Rewards.......................................................................................................................... 86,003.18 Prem ium s..................................................................................................................... 415.654.28 Relief of needy em ployees...................................................................................... 25.984.00 Age and invalidity fu n d s........................................................................................ 821.953.29 Sick-benefit fu n d ....................................................................................................... 215,180.00 Accident insurance.................................................................................................... 1,014,209. 72 Fuel for employees............. ...................................................................................... 153,500.68 132,929.07 Dwellings and workingmen’ s houses.................................................................. Sanitation..................................................................................................................... 55.013.00 21,606. 71 Education..................................................................................................................... 134,755.46 Administration of the age and invalidity funds, sick-benefit fund, etc. T o ta l................................................................................................................... 3,427,370.39 M a n u f a c tu r in g , etc ., I n du stries . — This volume, which is the third of the series, covers the following industries: Stone, glass, china, and earthen ware, metals and metallic goods, machinery and instruments, leather and hides, brushes and feathers, textiles, paper, food products, chemical products, and the steamboat service. The investigation was conducted by means of schedules of inquiry sent to establishments designated by chambers of commerce and indus try and manufacturers5associations in Austria, some information being also obtained from reports of factory inspectors and other publications. The report deals with returns from. 721 undertakings covering 943 establishments employing 350,000 employees. The data mostly relate to the year 1900, although some information for the years 1901 to 1903 was used. The information is presented in ten chapters, dealing respectively with the following subjects: Supplementary wage allowances; rewards and premiums; vacations and time allowances; workingmen’s commit tees; loan and savings institutions; sickness, accident, and other relief institutions; arrangements for the cheap supply of commodities to employees; housing of employees; the care and education of children and young persons; prevention of accidents and hygiene; and spirit ual, ethical, and social improvement of employees. A n index to the undertakings considered in the report is also given, together with the address, date of founding, and approximate number of employees of each. S u p p le m e n ta r y W ag e A l l o w a n c e s , etc . — Fourteen undertakings, most of which were engaged in the food products group of industries, had introduced the system of profit sharing. Seventy-three granted regu lar supplementary allowances to wageworkers and 5 to officials, in the form of regular gratuities for long-continued service, allowances for house rent, school tuitions, and the payment by employers of the employees5 income taxes. Gratuities in the form of presents to employees on special occasions, 16818— No. 57— 05------ 19 674 BULLETIN OF THE BUEEAU OF LABOR. such as Christmas, New Year, anniversaries, etc., were given to offi cials by 82 and to wageworkers by 59 undertakings. Forty-six gave occasional gratuities to officials and 169 to wageworkers in the form of rewards for thrift, diligence, meritorious work, prevention of acci dents, rescue of the injured, etc. V acations a n d T im e A ll o w an ce s . — One hundred and fifteen under takings permitted women regularly to leave the establishments a little earlier at noon each day, in order to enable them to prepare the mid day meal, and 50 additional undertakings gave this privilege only in exceptional instances. Sixty-three undertakings regularly permitted women to leave earlier on Saturday evenings, and 38 undertakings per mitted this in exceptional cases. Fifty-three undertakings regularly granted employees leave of absence for recreation, 35 of which allowed them full pay and 5 part pay during such absence. In exceptional cases, as when employees were in poor health or when convalescent, 285 undertakings granted their employees leave of absence, 91 with full pay and 97 with part pay. W o r k in g m e n ’ s C o m m itte es . — Forty-six undertakings reported the existence of separate workingmen’s committees. These are commit tees elected by the wageworkers in an establishment for the purpose of representing them in their relations with their employers, by pre senting grievances, suggesting reforms or improvements, watching over the enforcement of the laws for the protection of the working people (labor contract, factoiy regulation, insurance, etc.), giving advice with regard to changes in the working rules, etc. They also settle trade disputes among the employees, and in some cases super vise the education of the children and look after the school attendance, the training of apprentices, and the management of betterment insti tutions. The committees here considered are only such as are elected for individual undertakings with the consent and advice of the employers. Committees of trade unions or other independent labor organizations are not included in this class. L oan a n d S a y in g s I nstitution s . — Loan funds, either as company funds or employees’ institutions, were reported for officials by 9 undertakings, and for wageworkers by 25 undertakings; savings banks for officials by 12 undertakings, and for wageworkers by 21 undertakings. Special savings deposit stations for wageworkers were maintained by 16 undertakings. Prizes for savings were granted to officials by 2 and to wageworkers by 13 undertakings. R e l ie f . — Permanent systems of relief, including aid societies, relief funds, bequests, etc., were reported by 224 undertakings, in 87 cases for officials and in 214 for wageworkers. There were 335 sepa rate relief institutions reported by these undertakings, of which 39 were only foi\officials, 226 for wageworkers, and 70 for both: wage FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS---- AUSTRIA. 675 workers and officials. Where no such permanent relief institutions existed, the granting of relief in cases of distress was entirely at the option of the employers. There was a great variety of these relief institutions, their functions depending in a measure upon the charac ter of the relief given and the industry in which they were organized. This chapter takes no account of the compulsory sickness and accident insurance systems in Austria. C h e a p S u p p ly o f C o m m od ities . — In a number of establishments the employees have organized cooperative distributive societies, which in some cases received encouragement from employers in the form of noninterest-bearing loans of capital or the furnishing of the necessary quarters free of rent. Sometimes these societies had cooperative stores, while in other cases they simply made purchases in large lots at wholesale and distributed them at cost. In a few cases factory bakeries and abattoirs have been established the products of which are furnished at cost price to the employees. Most of the undertakings furnished wood and coal to their employees at cost price, some furnished it at the actual purchase price, while a few undertakings supplied their employees with free fuel, especially where the latter lived in company houses. Ground for cultivation was often furnished employees, sometimes free and sometimes for a rental. Where employees lived in company houses they were usually given the free use of ground for vegetable gardens. Two hundred and thirty undertakings had dining rooms, where employees could obtain wholesome, nutritious food at reasonable prices. In some cases these institutions were leased to caterers who contracted to furnish food at a fixed list price and under the super vision of the establishment. In 220 cases kitchens were provided, where the employees could cook or heat the food which they brought with them. Usually the rooms needed for this purpose were fur nished free of charge by the employers, who also bore the expense of heating, lighting, and service. Sometimes the employees had a voice in the management of these institutions. In a few cases the employers furnished free lunches either to all or certain classes of employees, such as young persons and apprentices. Sometimes employees were fur nished refreshments free of cost, such as coffee, cognac, etc., in sum mer, and tea or soup in winter. H ousing of E m p l o y e e s . — This is the most common form of better ment institution inaugurated by the employers in Austria. The employers have either built houses expressly for their employees, have adapted existing buildings for dwelling purposes, or have leased buildings for their employees. Such dwellings are either rented to employees at a low rental or are furnished them free of rent. In some cases the subletting of portions of such dwellings was permitted, 676 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. in others it was expressly forbidden. Most of these dwellings had small gardens for the free use of the tenants. In some cases where employers could not furnish dwelling houses for their employees they gave them allowances for quarters in addition to their wages. Some employers had dormitories for employees whose places of resi dence were too far from the establishment to enable them to return to their homes every night. This was particularly the case in the foodproduct industry, in which during the busy season many nonresidents are temporarily employed. The sleeping accommodations in such cases were either given free of charge or were furnished at very small cost to the lodgers. In a few instances employers have instituted schemes for encour aging employees to acquire their own homes, either by building the houses and selling them at cost, payable in installments, by furnishing the land on which to build, or by making loans to employees desiring to purchase or build their own houses. E d u c a tio n . — Many employers reported institutions for the care and education of children and young persons. Thirty-nine undertakings reported day nurseries and kindergartens; 25, primary and grammar schools for children of employees, and 25 reported continuation schools, trade schools, and schools for housekeeping, cooking, sewing, knitting, etc., for young persons in their employ and for children of employees. These institutions were either founded by employers and were being maintained by them, or they were encouraged and assisted by subsidies from the employers. Twelve undertakings paid tuitions for children of their employees, four furnished books and school supplies, and a number of employers endowed free scholarships for children of their employees. Three undertakings furnished lunches to the school children of their employ ees and three others provided vehicles for taking the children to and from school. Thirty-three undertakings gave Christmas presents to the children of their employees. P r e v e n t io n o f A ccidents , an d H y g ie n e . — Many employers of labor have established hospitals and dispensaries for the care of the sick or injured. In five undertakings there were special convalescent homes for employees. In a number of establishments certain employees have been organized into emergency corps and trained in giving first aid to the sick and the injured. Most of the employers reporting have provided bath houses, the use of which was usually free to employees. Several employers furnished free working clothes to certain classes of their employees. In most of the establishments there were wash rooms and dressing rooms, and in some cases laundries and drying and ironing rooms for use of the employees. FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS---- AUSTRIA. 677 R e l ig io u s , E t h ic a l , a n d S ocial I m pr o v e m e n t . — A number of establishments have special churches and chapels for the use of the employees. Among other institutions reported were libraries and reading rooms for the free use of employees, lecture courses, etc. One establishment had erected a theater. Forty-five undertakings reported the existence of singing societies, and 33, company bands and other amateur theatrical societies, social clubs, and excursion parties, which in many cases received financial assistance from the employers. DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. [This subject, begun in Bulletin No. 2, has been continued in successive issues. A ll material parts of the decisions are reproduced in the words of the courts, indi cated when short by quotation marks, and when long by being printed solid. In order to save space, matter needed simply by way of explanation is given in the words of the editorial reviser.] D ECISIO N S U N D E R S T A T U T O R Y L A W . C o m b ination s — M aliciou s I n ju r y to B u siness — C o n stitu tio n S ta t u t e —Aihens v. Wisconsin, United States Supreme Court, a l it y of 25 Supreme Court Reporter, page 3.— This case was twice before the supreme court of Wisconsin, and was twice argued before the United States Supreme Court, the decision of which upheld the conclusions of the State court in its interpretation of the statute of Wisconsin (sec. 4166a) which imposes imprisonment or fine on “ any two or more per sons who shall combine * * * for the purpose of willfully or mali ciously injuring another in*his reputation, trade, business, or profession, by any means whatever,” etc. The case, therefore, while not involv ing labor, is here presented as affording an authoritative discussion of the principles of the Wisconsin statute on combinations. It appears that the Journal Company was a corporation publishing a newspaper in the city of Milwaukee, and that it had given notice of an increase of about 25 per cent in its charges for advertising. There upon the managers of other newspapers in the city met and agreed that if anyone should pay the increased rate to the Journal Company he should not be permitted to advertise in their papers except at a corresponding increase; but if he should refuse to pay the rate charged by the Journal he might advertise in the other papers at the rate pre viously charged, which agreement was carried out greatly to the damage of the business of the Journal Company, and informations were brought against the combining managers resulting in convictions. The contention of the defendants was that the statute in question was in conflict with the fourteenth amendment, and was therefore unconstitutional. The Supreme Court, Justice W hite dissenting, upheld the statute and affirmed the judgment of the court below. From the remarks of Justice Holmes, who announced the opinion of the court, the following is reproduced: The statute, it will be observed, punishes combining for the purpose of willfully or maliciously injuring another in his business. I f it should 678 DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 679 be construed literally, the word “ willfully ” would embrace all injuries intended to follow from the parties’ acts, although they were intended only as the necessary means to ulterior gain for the parties themselves. Taken in that way the word would hit making a new partnership, if it was intended thereby to hurt someone’s else business by competition. W e shall not consider whether that branch of the statute, so construed, could be sustained, and express no opinion about it. The supreme court of Wisconsin has intimated that a narrower interpretation will be adopted, and in the present case we have to deal only with the other branch, depending on the word “ maliciously,” as we shall explain in a moment. The last-quoted word we must take as intended to add something to the word “ willfully,” and we can do so only by taking it in its true sense. W e interpret “ maliciously injuring” to import doing a harm malevolently, for the sake of the harm as an end in itself, and not merely as a means to some further end legitimately desired. Otherwise the phrase would be tautologous, since a willful injury is malicious in the sense familiar to declarations and indictments, where, indeed, the word means no more than foreseen, or even less than that. A death is caused of malice aforethought if, under the circumstances, known to the actor, the probability of its ensuing from the act done is great and manifest according to common experience. The informations alleged a combination for the purpose of willfully and maliciously injuring others, and therefore brought the case within the latter branch of the statute, if there are two, and if “ o r” in the act is not taken to mean “ and.” A purely malevolent act may be done even in trade competition. W e come, then, to the question whether there is any constitutional objection to so much of the act as applies to this case. It has been thought by other courts as well as the supreme court of Wisconsin that such a combination, followed by damage, would be actionable even at common law. It has been considered that, prima facie, the intentional infliction of temporal damages is a cause of action, which, as a matter of substantive law, whatever may be the form of pleading, requires a justification if the defendant is to escape. I f this is the correct mode of approach, it is obvious that justifications may vary in extent, according to the principle of policy upon which they are founded, and that while some— for instance, at common law, those affecting the use of land— are absolute, others may depend upon the end for which the act is done. [Cases cited.] It is no sufficient answer to this line of thought that motives are not actionable, and that the standards of the law are external. That is true in determining what a man is bound to foresee, but not necessarily in determining the extent to which he can justify harm which he has foreseen. However these things may be, we have said enough to show that there is no anomaly in a statute, at least which punishes a combination such as is charged here. It has been held that even the free use of land by a single owner for purely malevolent purposes may be restrained constitutionally, although the only immediate injury is to a neighboring landowner. Whether this decision was right oi not, when it comes to the freedom of the individual, malicious mischief is a familiar and proper subject for legislative repression. (Com. v. Walden, 3 Cush. 558.) Still more are combinations for the purpose of inflicting it. It would be impossible to hold that the liberty to combine to inflict such mischief, even upon such intangibles as busi 680 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. ness or reputation, was among the rights which the 14th amendment was intended to preserve. The statute was assumed to he constitu tional in Arthur v. Oakes, 25 L . R. A . 414, 24 U . S. App. 239, 63 Fed. 310, 325, 326. But if all these general considerations be admitted, it is urged, nevertheless, that the means intended to be used by this particular combination were simply the abstinence from making contracts; that a man’s right so to abstain can not be infringed on the ground of motives; and further, that it carries with it the right to communicate that intent to abstain to others, and to abstain in common with them. It is said that if the statute extends to such a case it must be unconstitutional. The fallacy of this argument lies in the assumption that the statute stands no better than if directed against the pure nonfeasance of singly omitting to contract. The statute is directed against a series of acts, and acts of several,— the acts of combining, with intent to do other acts. “ The very plot is an act in itself.” (Mulcahy v. Queen, L . R. 3 H . L. 306, 317.) But an act which, in itself, is merely a voluntary muscular contraction, derives all its character from the consequences which will follow it under the circumstances in which it was done. When the acts consist of making a combination calculated to cause temporal damage, the power to punish such acts, when done maliciously, can not be denied because they are to be followed and worked out by conduct which might have been lawful if not preceded by the acts. No con duct has such an absolute privilege as to justify all possible schemes of which it may be a part. The most innocent and constitutionally protected of acts or omissions may be made a step in a criminal plot, and if it is a step in a plot, neither its innocence nor the Constitution is sufficient to prevent the punishment of the plot by law. It was urged farther that to make a right depend upon motives is to make it depend upon the whim of a jury, and to deny the right. But it must be assumed that the constitutional tribunal does its duty, and finds facts only because they are proved. The power of the legisla ture to make the fact of malice material we think sufficiently appears from what we already have said. Finally, it is argu.ed that the supreme court of Wisconsin would hold that the statute extends to acts of which the motives were mixed, and which were done partly from disinterested malevolence and partly from a hope of gain. If so, it is said, the statute would be open to all the objections at which we have hinted in dealing with the word “ willfully.” The supreme court did use some language which looked that way, but we consider it to have decided that the statute would be confined to combinations with intent to do wrongful harm. (110 W is. 193, 260, 62 L. R. A . 700, 85 N. W . 1046.) Thus limited, on whatever ground, the statute would punish only combinations of a kind for which no justification could be offered and those which were taken out of the justification by the motive with which they were made. W e see no sufficient reason to believe that the court will go farther, or construe the act in such a way as to raise questions which we need not go into here. Therefore it is unnecessary to consider whether, on a more literal construction, the portion dealing with malicious intent could be separated from that which deals with the purpose of merely willful injury, and saved, even if the latter were held to go too far. Probably the two phrases will be read together and the statute made unquestionable as a whole. DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 681 C o n sp ir a c y — C ontracts to E m plo y N o ne b u t M em ber s of U nions — S tr ik e s — U n l a w f u l M eans — E v id e n c e — Stater. Stockford et al., Supreme Court of Errors of Connecticut, 58 Atlantic Reporter, page 769.— In the superior court of New Haven County, Orrin J. Stockford and others were convicted of criminal conspiracy. An appeal was taken on the ground of the improper admission of evidence, with the result that the judgment of the lower court was affirmed. The charges were that the defendants, who were the officers and agents of certain labor unions composed of teamsters and drivers, were guilty of conspiring together and with their associates to cause all the employees of various trucking companies and liverymen to leave their service; also to so picket the places of business of these companies as to prevent the employment of other workmen; and to cut off the patronage and destroy the business of these companies and persons by the use of such threats and intimidation as would debar the public and all over whom the defendants had influence from becoming or continuing as patrons. The object of this strike and boycott was to procure the signing of an agreement drawn up by the unions to the effect that none but members of the union teamsters and drivers should be employed, and fixing the rates of wages, hours of labor, and holi days to be observed. Inasmuch as the appeal was based on the nature of the evidence, a summary of the same, as given by Judge Hall of the supreme court, is here reproduced: The State having offered evidence that the defendants and other members of the unions had, after the commencement of the strike, endeavored, by threats, to prevent customers from further patronizing said team owners and liverymen, one Norton, an employee of the Peck & Bishop Company, and familiar with its business, and one Donnelly, secretary of the Smedley Company, were permitted to testify as to the number of customers lost by said companies, respectively, after the strike, against the objection of the defendants that it did not appear how said customers were lost. Alfred Coolman, a teamster of the Peck & Bishop Company, testified that he ceased work the first week of the strike, and then resumed work; that afterwards he saw twenty-five or thirty teamsters wearing the union button, some of whom insulted and threatened him; that on one occasion a crowd of twenty or more teamsters hooted and yelled at him as he was driving a team of the Peck & Bishop Company, and three of them, who wore the union button, stopped him, and talked of “ pulling him off the wagon and smashing him,” and told him that they would get even with him; that on another occasion while the witness was driving a wagon for said company one Taylor, a teamster, who, it had been shown, belonged to the union, and had worked for the Peck & Bishop Com pany, and had at least on one other occasion interfered with the teams of the company, said to the witness, “ If I had you out of the wagon here, I would break your bloody head, and I will do it y e t;” that one night while the witness was acting as a watchman for the Peck & Bishop Company, about a week after said remark of Taylor, some one 682 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. shot at him, and that “ he felt the wind of it,” and one of the bullets struck a wire on a bale of hay against which the witness was leaning. This testimony was received against the objection of the defendants that the shooting had not been connected with any union man. William Talmadge, one of the defendants, having testified on behalf of the defendants that he was president of Local 340, and assisted in preparing the form of said agreement; that he was the business agent of the union, and presided at its meetings; and that the men were instructed not to interfere with or annoy any one— was asked on crossexamination, after he had testified that he was present at the meeting when the strike was ordered, if he did not understand that the pur pose of calling out the men from those concerns and individuals who had refused to sign the agreement, was to cripple them in their busi ness. The witness answered: “ I knew that if they did not sign that agreement the men would be called out. That was the object of call ing the men out, naturally.” This evidence was admitted against the defendants’ objection that it was immaterial and improper and called for the witness’ construction of an act of the union. The same witness was asked whether it was not the purpose, as he understood it, that his branch of the union should be in absolute control of all the teamsters employed in New Haven. He answered that he could not state they controlled them all. The defendants’ general objection to this question and answer was overruled. Peter Flynn, one of the defendants, having testified in behalf of the defendants that he was secretary of Local 340, that he appointed pick ets, and instructed them as to their duties, and that they should use no violence, and that they were so instructed at the meetings of the union, but that instances of violence had come to the knowledge of himself and other officers of the union, and having testified on crossexamination that as secretary he had employed counsel to defend men who had been arrested for using violence, was asked on cross-examina tion who paid such counsel. The witness answered, “ The union.” Defendants’ objection to said question and answer were overruled by the court. The defendant Cornelius testified upon direct examination as to instructions given to union men to use no violence, and on crossexamination that he had no knowledge of any one interfering with one Joseph Kinney by insulting or abusive language or otherwise, except ing as he had read of it; and that he did not so interfere with him and insult him. He was thereupon asked by the state’s attorney if he was not the person convicted in the court of common pleas of having on the 17th of M ay, 1903, committed a breach of the peace in New Haven streets upon said Kinney. In connection with this inquiry the State offered the record of such conviction, the defendants having before objected to the question whether the witness had been con victed of using violence auring the strike, upon the ground that the record was the best evidence. The court admitted said inquiry against the defendants’ objection. A fter this statement Judge Hall said: The agreements which the defendants sought to have signed con tain no provisions which are contrary to the criminal law of this State, and, if the only purpose of the combination was to procure these agreements to be entered into in order to advance the legitimate inter DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 683 ests of the employees of the team owners and liverymen, without the view of injuring the business and property of their employers, such purpose was not criminal. If the alleged purpose of the combination was not criminal, were the methods to be pursued criminal? It is alleged that the defendants maliciously conspired to compel the employers to sign the agreements. It is not alleged that it was intended to directly threaten the employ ers to induce them to sign the agreements, nor does it appear that they were directly threatened. The information states how they were to be compelled, and we think it is, in effect, alleged that they were to be compelled only by the particular methods described in the informa tion, the first of which is by inducing the workmen, by concerted action, to strike, and leave the employment of the employers named. Such a strike may be lawful or it may be unlawful and criminal. Whether it is lawful or not depends upon its object and the manner in which it is conducted. Workmen may lawfully combine to accomplish their withdrawal in a body from the service of their employers, for the pur>ose of obtaining an advance in wages, a reduction of the hours of abor, or any other legitimate advantage, even though they may know that such action will necessarily cause injury to the business of their employers, provided such abandonment of work is not in violation of any continuing contract, and is conducted in a lawful manner, and not under such circumstances as to wantonly or maliciously inflict injury to person or property. A combination to compel workmen and others, by threats and intimidation, to refrain from doing that which they have a legal right to do, is criminal. The use of such means is made a criminal offense by section 1296 of the General Statutes of 1902, which provides that: “ Every person who shall threaten or use any means to intimidate any person to compel such person against his will, to do or abstain from doing any act which such person has a legal right to do, or shall per sistently follow such person in a disorderly manner, or injure or threaten to injure his property with intent to intimidate him, shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than six months.55 Upon the trial of the present case the contest appears to have been upon questions of fact, rather than of law; upon the question of whether violence, threats, and intimidation were the means used and directed by the defendants to be used, rather than whether proof of those facts was necessary in order to convict. The evidence is not before us, but the record shows that the witnesses testified that pickets were instructed in open meetings by several of the defendants to use violence to prevent workmen from continuing in the employ of the team owners and liverymen, and that such instructions were obeyed. Judge Hall here reviewed the charge to the jury in the court below, and concluded: Upon an examination of the entire charge we are sat isfied that the defendants have no just cause of complaint, either upon the ground that the court failed to instruct the jury sufficiently full upon the subjects embraced in their requests, or to fairly and properly present the case to the jury. Evidence of acts of the accused and of their agents in endeavoring to accomplish the purpose of the conspiracy was admissible as evidence of the manner in which it was designed to be accomplished; and, after prima facie proof of the alleged con spiracy, evidence of the acts and declarations of the individual conspira tors was admissible. (States. Thompson, 69 Conn. 720-726,38 AtL 868.) } 684 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. The testimony of the witnesses Norton and Donnelly was properly admitted. To render their testimony admissible, the State was not required to first prove by direct evidence that the customers referred to had been solicited by the defendants or their associates to refrain from giving their patronage to the team owners. Whether the losses of custom were occasioned by such alleged acts were questions for the jury upon all the evidence. For similar reasons the testimony of Coolman that he was shot at was admissible. The question was one of the weight and effect of his testimony in connection with the cir cumstances proved, as showing that the shooting was by a union man. The facts testified to were sufficient to warrant the court in leaving that question to the jury. The questions asked the defendant Talmadge were proper in cross-examining him upon his testimony as to the purpose of the strike and the manner in which it was to be conducted. The defendant Flynn having testified that the union instructed pickets to use no violence, it was proper cross-examination for the State to show the action of the union when informed that violence had been used by their men, and for that purpose to show that the union had paid counsel to defend union men arrested for using violence. The question asked the defendant Cornelius, in connection with the offer of the record of his conviction, was not for the purpose of proving the averments of the information, but to contradict, upon cross-examination, a material statement of one of the defendants’ witnesses. It was clearly admis sible for that purpose. Other rulings complained of in the reasons of appeal require no discussion. C ontracts of E m p lo ym e n t — E n fo rcem en t — C o n s titu tio n a lity S t a t u t e . —Toney v. State, Supreme Court of Alabama, 37 Southern of Reporter, page 332.— This case was before the supreme court on an appeal from the probate court of Russell County, in which Columbus Toney was found guilty of an offense against a law (page 1208, Acts of 1900-1901) forbidding any person who has made a contract in writ ing, either as employee or lessee of lands, to make a second contract of any form of a similar nature or character to the first without the consent of the other party to the prior contract before the expiration of the same, unless for a reason that shall be adjudged sufficient by the court* The penalty a f1 ' Lt, or both. The appeal was based question was unconstitutional, which claim was upheld by the court, and the peti tioner was ordered to be released. In announcing the decision of the court, Judge Sharp, who delivered the opinion, used in part the following language: This enactment can not operate consistently with the guaranties of equality, liberty, and property made by the Federal and also by the State constitution. In the State constitution as it existed when this act was passed, and as it now exists, 44life, liberty, and property” are enumerated as being among the inalienable rights of all men, and to protect the citizen in the enjoyment of 46life, liberty, and property” is declared to be the sole object and only legitimate end of government. DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING- LABOR. 685 The constitutional provisions referred to were not designed to inter fere with the State’s public powers; and within the limits set by the con stitution, State and Federal, the legislature is free to determine what subjects are proper to be legislated upon in conservation of order, mor als, health, and safety; but a constitutional right “ can not be imposed on or destroyed under the guise or device of being regulated.” The act in question purports to prohibit the employee and renter to make contracts of the kind he may have abandoned except under one of three alternative conditions. Tne first of these, the employer in the case of the employee, or the landlord in the case of the renter, could, by withholding his consent, render unavailable; the second— the exist ence of an excuse for the abandonment, to be judged of by the court— could never be known to be available except at the risk of, and at the end of, a criminal prosecution; the third— that of giving notice of the existing contract— would tend to prevent the making of a similar con tract with a new employer or landlord, and this for reasons which are obvious, if regard be had to the risk of prosecution to which such new employer or landlord would be subject under another act in pari mate ria with this, and approved on the day before the approval of this act. (Acts 1900-1901, p. 1215.) If the conditions prescribed by this act can be validly imposed, the door is open for the imposition of others more onerous. “ Questions of power do not depend on the degree to which it may be exercised. If it may be exercised at all, it must be exercised at the will of those in whose hands it is placed.” (Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wheat. 419, 6 L . Ed. 678.) Because of the restrictions it purports to place on the right to make contracts for employment and concerning the use and cultivation of land, this act is wholly invalid. W7hether a like conclusion might be reached upon other considerations urged in the brief for petitioner, it is unnecessary to consider. A forceful opinion opposed to the constitutionality of this act was recently rendered by Judge Jones, and is reported in 123 Fed. 671 (D. C .; Peonage Cases). [See Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor, No. 50, p. 175.] The act for which petitioner is held was not a criminal offense, and therefore the judgment appealed from will be reversed, and it will here be ordered that the petitioner be discharged from custody. E ig h t -H o u r L a w — C it y O r d in a n c e — C o nstitu tio n a lity —In re Broad, Supreme Court of Washington, 78 Pacific Reporter, page 100If. — The city of Spokane provided by ordinance that, except in cases of emergency, eight hours should constitute a day’s work for all laborers employed on municipal work which is being done by contract or subcontract, and fixing the minimum compensation therefor. This case was before the supreme court on the application of James C. Broad, held as an offender under this ordinance, for a writ of habeas corpus, on appeal from the superior court of Spokane County. The writ was denied in each court, the point at issue being the consti tutionality of the ordinance. BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOR. 686 In asserting such constitutionality, Judge Dunbar, speaking for the supreme court, used in part the following language: The principal contention of the appellant is that the ordinance is in violation of the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and of similar provisions of the State constitution. It is earnestly contended, and such is undoubtedly the general statement of the law by the reported cases, that the right to contract labor is a valuable right, and that any law that takes that right away is obnoxious to the constitutional provision prohibiting the taking of property without due process of law. These elementary propositions have been so often discussed that it is not necessary to again enter into their discussion here. In the case at bar the ordinance which was violated was substantially identical with the act of the legislature, Laws 1899, p. 163, c. 101, which provides: “ Section 1. Hereafter eight hours in any calendar day shall con stitute a day’s work on any work done for the State or any county or municipality within the State subject to the conditions hereinafter provided.” * * * * * * * It is insisted by the respondent that it would be unconscionable to allow the contractor, after having entered into this contract and based his bid upon the provisions of the ordinance with reference to the number of hours that laborers under the contract should be allowed to work, to appropriate to himself the benefits accruing from a viola tion of his own contract; and there seems to be some justice in this criticism, although in an action of this character it may not be a perti nent argument. The Supreme Court of the United States in the recent case of Atkin v. Kansas (decided May 1, 1903) 21 Sup. Ct. 124, 48 L . Ed. 148, [see Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor, No. 50, p. 177] have passed with no uncertain sound upon the identical question which is presented in this case, and have held the law to be valid. A n examination of the Kansas statute upon which the defend ant Atkin was indicted shows it to be in substance the same as our stat ute and the ordinance in question. But the decision was based upon an entirely new theory of the law, namely, that it was a public work upon which the contractor was engaged, and with reference to which he contracted; that the State, or the municipalities through delegated power from the State, had a right to do their work in any manner in which they saw fit, and that they had the same right to compel those with whom they contracted to perform the public work in the same manner, and that there was no question of violation of private right involved. It is a notable fact in this connection that the alleged constitutional right of the laborer to contract his labor at any price which seems to him desirable is not in this or any other reported case a claim urged by the laborer, but the earnest contention in his behalf is made by the contractors who are reaping the benefits of the violation of that con tract in paying the laborer a less remuneration than he is entitled to under the statute. But inasmuch as this is a case which is susceptible of being appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, and inasmuch as that tribunal has passed squarely upon the questions involved in this case in favor of sustaining the judgment herein, this court feels it its duty to yield allegiance to the doctrine announced by the Supreme Court of the United States. DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 687 There seems to us to be no virtue in any of the other contentions made by the appellant. The title to the act is sufficient; the ordi nance was made under the authority of the law, and, not being obnox ious to any constitutional provision either of the United States or of the State, the judgment will be sustained. E ig h t -H our L a w — P ublic C ontracts — C o n s t it u t io n a l it y o f S ta tu te —People ex rel. Gossey v. Grout, Court of Appeals of New York, 72 Northeastern Reporter, page — Harry Cossey had agreed to construct and deliver to the city of New York 10 scows at a fixed price, the terms of the contract being controlled by the provisions of the third section of chapter 415, Laws of 1897, known as the u labor law,” which limits the hours of labor of employees of contractors for public works to eight per day, except in cases of emergency, in so far as such law was constitutional and applicable. Six scows were made, delivered, and accepted, but payment thereon was refused on the ground that Cossey had permitted the workmen employed thereon to work more than the statutory number of hours. This ruling of the comptroller had been upheld in special term and by the appellate division of the supreme court of the State, but was, on appeal to the court of appeals, reversed, and the sum claimed ordered paid, that court holding that the provisions of the law mentioned were unconstitutional, Judge Haight dissenting. Chief Justice Cullen, who delivered .the opinion of the court, reviewed the controlling principles and cases at some length. From his remarks the following is quoted: The earliest case under the labor law which came before us was that of People ex rel. Rodgers v. Coler, 166 N. Y . 1, 59 N. E. 716, 52 L . R. A . 814, 82 Am. St. Rep. 605. [See Bulletin of the Department of Labor, No. 85, p. 805.] That was an application by a contractor with the city to compel the payment of his claim. It was resisted on the ground that the contractor had failed to comply with the labor law so far as it required payment by him to his employees of the prevail ing rate of wages. It was held that the labor law, so far as it required that in contracts with the municipality the contractor should agree to pay his employees the prevailing rate of wages, was unconstitutional and void, and that the contractor was entitled to payment, though he had failed to comply with that provision. That case differs from the one now before us in but one respect. There the contractor had failed to pay the prevailing rate of wages; here the contractor permitted daily labor in excess of eight hours. This difference in circumstances would not justify a distinction in principle, and therefore the decision in the Rodgers case must control the disposition of the present case, unless the Rodgers case has been overthrown by the subsequent cases in this court or in the Supreme Court of the United States. 688 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Judge Cullen then reviewed the cases of People v. Orange County Road Construction Company, 175 N. Y . 84, 67 N. E. 129, 65 L . R. A* 33 [see Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor, No. 50, p. 181]; Atkin v. Kansas, 191 U . S. 207, 24 Sup. Ct. 124, 48 L . Ed. 148 [see Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor, No. 50, p. 177]; and Ryan v. City of New York, 177 N. Y . 271, 69 N. E. 599 [see Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor, No. 55, p. 1672]. Each of these cases was distinguished from the case at bar, and the conclusion reached that “ the authority of the Rodgers case still obtains;” whereupon the orders of the lower courts were reversed and the mandamus directing payment was granted, the pro vision of the law on which the comptroller relied being held to be unconstitutional and void. E m ig ran t A gents — T a x a t io n — L icenses — C o n stitu tio n a lity of S ta tu te —State v. Roberson, Supreme Court of North Carolina, 4-8 Southeastern Reporter, page 595.— In this case J. W . Roberson had been convicted in the superior court of Franklin County of engaging in the business of procuring laborers for employment outside the State without prior payment of the license tax required by law. Section 74, chapter 247 of the laws of 1903, the revenue law of the State, requires the securing of a license for such business and the payment of a tax of $100 for the State and a similar sum for each county in which the business is carried on. The only exception considered by the court was the one that con tended that the tax imposed is “ unreasonable, excessive, restrictive, and prohibitive.” The court held the statute to be constitutional, Judge Connor, speaking for the court, using in part the following language: W e would have no difficulty in holding that, in the absence of any evidence or finding in the special verdict as to the number of persons who might be employed as laborers, the extent of the business, or the profits to be made, the tax imposed was not unreasonable or excessive. W e do not wish to be understood as intimating that this court has any power to declare a revenue measure otherwise constitutional invalid because of the amount of tax levied. W hen the constitution confers upon the legislature the power to levy taxes, the amount of the tax to be levied is committed to that department of the government, and not open to review by the judicial department. W e may inquire into the question of power, but not as to the manner of its exercise. In an exhaustive and very able opinion written by Mr. Justice W hite in McCray v. The United States, 195 U. S. 27, 24 Sup. Ct. 769, he says: “ Since the taxing power conferred by the constitution knows no limit except those expressly stated in that instrument, it must follow, if a tax be within the lawful power, the exertion of that power may not be judicially restrained because of the result to arise from its exercise.” For the reasons stated, there is no error, and the judgment must be affirmed. DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 689 E m plo yer s 5 L ia b il it y — C o o pe r ative I nsurance — C o nstitu tio n S t a t u t e . —Franklin v. The United Railways and Electric a l it y of Company of Baltimore, Court of Common Pleas of Baltimore, Opin ion -filedApril 190 . ( Copiedfrom court records.)— This case was before the court of common pleas on an action of Andrew J. Franklin, an employee of the company above named, to recover damages for inju ries received while in its service. The case itself is of no special interest apart from the fact that the defendant company plead as a defense that it was a contributor, under the cooperative insurance law of Maryland, chapter 139 of the Acts of 1902, to the fund therein provided for, and was therefore exempt from further liability. To this plea the plaintiff, Franklin, demurred, on the ground that the law named was unconsti tutional, and it was so held by the court. Though not a superior court, this ruling has been accepted as final, and is for that reason here reproduced. The act provided for the creation and maintenance of a fund in the hands of the State insurance commissioner for the benefit of employees in certain lines of employment, such fund to be maintained by pay ments made by the employers at rates fixed by law, or by the insur ance commissioner under its provisions. From this fund the sum of $1,000 was to be paid to the heirs of employees whose death resulted from accident, if the insurance commissioner was satisfied on inquiry that such proceeding was in accord with the evidence and the provi sions of this law. Besides the cases of liability existing under pre vious laws, the statute provided for recovery in cases where the death resulted from the negligence of a fellow-servant, and for a proportion ate compensation where the death was the result of negligence to which the deceased employee contributed. (For the law in f
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