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54th C o n g r e s s , > H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T IV E S . ( D o c .N o .3 3 , 1st Session. ) ( P art 5. BULLETIN OF TH E DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. NO. 5-JTTLY, 1896. ISSUED e v e r y other m onth . E D IT E D B Y CARROLL D. WRIGHT, COMMISSIONER. OREN W . W EAVER, CHIEF CLERK. W A S H IN G T O N : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1896. CONTENTS. Page. Convict labor......................................................................................................................... Industrial communities, by W . F. Willoughby, of the Department of Labor.. Digest of recent reports of State bureaus of labor statistics: Maryland.............................................. M ichigan......................................................................................................................... North Carolina............................................................................................................... Report of the Massachusetts board to investigate the subject of the unem ployed................................................................................................................................... Recent foreign statistical publications........................................................................ Decisions of courts affecting labor................................................................................. Protection of garment workers in sweat shops in M aryland............................... Recent government contracts........................................................................................... hi 443-478 479-517 518 519,520 520-522 523-525 526-540 541-563 564 565 B U L L E T IN OF THE DEPARTMENT N o. 5. OE L A B O R . W A S H IN G T O N Ju ly , 1896. CONVICT LABOE. In February, 1887, the Commissioner of Labor published a report on the subject of convict labor in the United States, known as the Second Annual Report of the Commissioner o f Labor. The investigation, the results of which were published at that time, was made in accordance with a joint resolution of Congress approved August 2, 188G, author izing and directing the Commissioner of Labor to make a full inves tigation as to the kind and amount of work in fo rm e d in the penal institutions of the various States and Territories of the United States and the District of Columbia, as to the methods under which convicts were employed, and as to all the facts pertaining to convict labor and the influence of the same upon the industries of the country. The inquiry, conducted in accordance with the Congressional authorization, reached all penal institutions of all grades in the States and Terri tories and the District of Columbia in which the inmates were in any degree employed in productive labor. The data gathered at that time covered as nearly as possible the fiscal year of each institution ending in 1886. The facts, therefore, were more nearly for the calendar year 1885. To bring recent facts into comparison with those collected in 1886 the Department of Labor has ju st completed an investigation covering the more important information concerning the employment of convicts, and the results of this recent investigation are contained in this number of the Bulletin of the Department. This information relates generally to the year 1895; so that we have a ten-year comparison of certain facts. In Delaware, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and W yom ing, in 1885, there were no convicts employed in productive labor; therefore, these States are omitted from the present inquiry. This second inquiry, however, com prehends only penal institutions of the grade of State penitentiaries or prisons. In the report for 1885-86, which consisted of 601 pages, all penal institutions of whatever grade in which the convicts were employed upon productive work or manufactures of any kind were investigated 443 444 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. and the results given in a series o f sixteen general tables, with an analysis. The results o f State investigations previously made were also given, and there was a discussion o f the advantages and disadvantages o f various systems and plans for the employment of convicts. That report also contained extensive historical notes giving the leading facts o f the employment o f convicts among the early nations and of the plans and means o f utilizing convict labor in recent times in various coun tries of the world. I t also contained all the convict labor laws then in force in the various States and Territories. The present report is con fined to convict labor in institutions of the grade of State penitentiaries and an abstract of the various laws relating to convict labor enacted in the different States and Territories since the report of 1885-86. In the report of ten years ago it was found that the total value o f all products of, and work performed in, all the penal institutions of all grades was $28,753,999, while the value of goods produced and work done at that time in the penal institutions now considered was $24,271,078. It will thus be seen that all other institutions, or those of a lower grade than the State penitentiary, were then o f little conse quence. For this reason the present investigation has been confined to the high-grade institutions. In 1885 there were four plans or systems followed in the employment o f convicts, and they are described in brief as— 1. The contract system, under which a contractor employs convicts at a certain agreed price per day for their labor, the prisoners working under the immediate direction of the contractor or his agents. Under this system the institutions usually furnish to the contractor the power necessary and even the machinery for carrying on the work. . The piece-price system, which is simply a modification of the con tract system. Under this system the contractor furnishes to the prison the materials in a proper shape for working, and receives from the prison the manufactured articles at an agreed piece price, the supervi sion o f the work being wholly in the hands of the prison officials. 3. The public-account system, under which the institution carries on the business o f manufacturing like a private individual or firm, buying raw materials and converting them into manufactured articles, which are sold in the best available market. 4. The lease system, under which the institution leases the convicts to a contractor for a specified sum and for a fixed period, the lessee usually undertaking to clothe, feed, care for, and maintain proper dis cipline among the prisoners while they perform such labor as may have been determined by the terms of the lease. These four systems are still followed, with some modifications here and there, especially in a few States where, by law, convicts must be employed in the production of things used by the State in its various institutions— penal, charitable, etc. The results of the present investigation are presented in eight tables and a section giving the abstracts o f the various State laws enacted 2 CONVICT LABOR. 445 since 1885. These tables are so brief and comprehensive in themselves that they need but little analysis. Table I shows the fiscal years in each State and for each institution for which the facts have been reported. Table II shows the systems of work in vogue, both in 1885 and in 1895, in each institution comprehended in this report. B y examining the last two columns the changes in system are easily seen. It will be noticed that the changes are chiefly from contract to public account or piece price, and from lease to contract or public account. There have not been many changes, however. Table I I I states the number of convicts in prisons and penitentiaries in 1895, by systems of work, designating them under those employed in productive labor, those engaged in prison duties, and those who are idle and sick, and the total number, classifying them by sex, under each of these designations. Out of this table is drawn Table I Y , which gives a more interesting and important statement. Table I Y consolidates the number in each State under all systems, both for 1885 and 1895. Looking at the total line in Table I Y , it is seen that the number of convicts in the prisons of the grade under consideration in 1885 was 11,877, while for 1895 the number rose to 51,211. It is interesting to observe that, in 1885, of these numbers 1,967 were females, while the number of females in 1895 was 1,988, an increase of only 21. In 1885 the number engaged in productive labor was 30,853, being 73.7 per cent of the total number of convicts at that time, while in 1895 the number engaged in productive labor was 38,115, or 70.8 per cent of the total number of convicts. W hile there was thus a decrease in the proportion of convicts employed in productive labor, it will be seen that there was also a decrease in the proportion of those engaged in prison duties, for in 1885 the total so engaged was 8,391, or 20 per cent of the whole number of convicts, while in 1895 there were 8,804 so engaged, being 16.2 per cent of the whole number. W hen we come to the idle and sick, an increase in the proportion in the ten years is observed. In 1885 the number was 2,633, or 6.3 per cent of the whole, while in 1895 the number of idle and sick was 7,025, being 13' per cent of the whole. Undoubtedly this proportional increase is in the number of idle, this state of affairs being brought about by changes in the laws relating to the employment of convicts. Table Y is an analytical table giving the kind o f goods produced or work done, both in 1885 and 1895, and the value thereof, for each State and for each system. A n examination of this table shows the shifting of the industries in the State prisons of the country during the ten years. Table Y I shows the value of goods produced or work done, by sys tems of work, for the two years under consideration, but the values are consolidated for each State for the various prisons covered by the investigation. 446 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. Table Y I I summarizes these totals for the whole country. is reproduced here as a part of this text analysis. S U M M A R Y OF V A L U E OF GOODS P R O D U C ED OR W O R K DONE B Y W O R K , 1885 A N D 1895. This table SYSTEM S OF Value. Systems of w ork. 1885. 1895. P ublic-account system ....................................................................................... Contract s y s te m .................................................................................................. Piece-price system ................................................................. ........................ Lease s y s te m ....................................................................................................... $2, 063,892.18 17, 071, 265.69 1,484, 230.52 3, 651,690. 00 $4, 888,563.36 8,190, 799.70 3, 795, 483. 24 2,167, 626. 03 T o t a l ........................................................................................................... 24, 271,078. 39 19, 042, 472.33 B y this brief table one can note the general changes in values. Under the public-account system there were produced in the United States in 1885 goods to the value of $2,063,892.18, but under this system in 1895 there were produced goods to the value of $4,888,563.36, being an increase of more than per cent. This system has become more popular in recent years, hence the increase. Looking at the next line we find that under the contract system there has been a decrease of about 50 per cent, the decrease being from $17,071,265.69 to $8,190,799.70. This system (the contract) has become offensive during the past few years, and legislatures have sought to change their plans from that either to the public-account system or to the piece-price system; under the latter the value of goods has increased from $1,484,230.52 in 1885 to $3,795,483.24 in 1895, an increase of over 150 per cent. Under the lease system the values show the effect of agitation in the Southern States, where that system more generally prevailed in 1885, for there the value o f goods produced or work done decreased from $3,651,690 to $2,167,626.03 in 1895, a decrease of 40.6 per cent. But the totals show a great change, the decrease being from $24,271,078.39 in 1885 to $19,042,472.33 in 1895, a decrease of 21.5 per cent. 100 Table V I I I summarizes the value of goods produced or work done, by States, without regard to system, and this table shows clearly in what communities there has been an increase or decrease in the value of products in the various State prisons. There has been an increase in 16 States and Territories and a decrease in 25 States and Territories. The increase occurs in the following-named States and Territories: Alabam a, Connecticut, Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Bhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin. A decrease occurs in the following-named States and Territories: Arizona, A rkan sas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, and W e st Virginia. There seems to be no influence arising from geographical location to affect this increase or decrease. Some effort has been made to ascertain the causes of decrease CONVICT LABOR. 447 in the value of product or of work performed, and the results are fairly satisfactory. In Arizona it is ascertained that the prisoners are not engaged in productive labor, but are employed in prison improvements only. In Arkansas there has been a change of system, which works a decrease, while values have been lowered. In California the convicts have been employed in enlarging the prison and in cultivating a farm for their own benefit. This is at the State Prison at Folsom. A t the State Prison at San Quentin there has been a discontinuance, by act of legislature, of all industries which in any way entered into competition with free labor. In Colorado there has been a discontinuance, by act of legislature, of all industries which entered into competition with free labor in that State. The decrease in Georgia has been very large, but no satisfactory explanation thereof has been given. In the State Penitentiary of Illinois a stone contractor threw up his contract in 1893, resulting in a loss of product. There is a small force in the shoe fac tory, while a cooper shop has been removed from the prison? and no barbed-wire goods are now made. A t the Southern Penitentiary of Illinois there has been a change of system from contract to public account, which change very generally results in a loss in the value of goods made. A t the State Prison (north) in Indiana contractors refused to renew their contracts, the knitting factory was closed, and the chair factory and cooper shop ran on half time. A t the State Prison (south) the contractors also refused to renew their contracts. A t the State Keformatory for W om en in Indiana the principal industry has been almost discontinued, because it was found impossible to compete with those doing the same work outside of the prison by machinery. The small decrease in Iowa occurred at the State Penitentiary at Anamosa by rea son of lower prices being realized for goods made, and by the industrial depression affecting prices. In Kansas the principal industry was dis continued because o f depression in business. The decrease in Ken tucky was caused by the failure of the contractors in 1893, since which time all convicts have been employed in but two industries. In Louisiana the decrease was on account o f the low selling value of the goods made, while the smaller production and decrease in the selling value o f goods accounts for the loss in the State of Maine. In Michi gan the decrease is owing to causes affecting the State Prison, where the convicts were not steadily employed in 1895, 200 able convicts being idle for nine months. In Mississippi there was a change from the lease to the public-account system in 1894, but no positive explanation is given why this change should have resulted in a loss of $80,000 in the value of goods. In Nebraska the reason given is the depression in business and the impossibility o f leasing convicts in several industries, such as the manufacture of agricultural implements and clothing, and laundering, which were carried on before. In Nevada the convicts were employed at improvements and repairs of the prison. The manu facture of shoes was discontinued, and there was no demand for stone. In New Jersey the decrease was probably owing to a State law restrict 448 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 100 ing the number of convicts to in any one industry, to smaller pro duction, and to a decrease in the selling value of goods. This was at the State Prison, while at the Essex County Penitentiary the apparent decrease was owing to an error in the report made to the Department in 1885. The decrease in New York of over $2,800,000 in the value of goods produced and work done, was largely owing to changes in legis lation. A t the Auburn Prison there was no decrease. A t the Sing Sing State Prison a change of system, a lowering of the selling value of goods, a less number o f convicts employed, and the legislation of 1889, restricting the number o f convicts in any one industry, account for the decrease at that point, and the same causes operated at the Clinton Prison, convicts there being employed in less profitable industries. A change in the system of employment accounts for the decrease at the State Reformatory, while at the Albany County Penitentiary a change in the nature of the product— it being from shoes to less profitable industries— satisfies the inquiry there. The decrease at the Erie County Penitentiary and the K ings County Penitentiary resulted from legisla tion restricting the number of convicts in any one industry, and from a change of system from contract to piece price, while at the Monroe County and Onondaga County Penitentiaries a change of system from contract to public account was responsible. The decrease o f about $70,000 in the value of products at the State Penitentiary o f North Caro lina has not been explained. A t the Ohio Penitentiary the decrease came from a lowering of the price of goods and legislation requiring the prison-made goods to be stamped. A t the Oregon State Penitentiary the decrease was on account o f the general decline in business. In Pennsyl vania, at the Eastern Penitentiary, the discontinuance of the hosiery industry because of inventions outside, and a smaller number of con victs employed, account for the loss there,* while at the W estern Peniten tiary the decrease was owing to a change of system from contract to public account, the convicts not being steadily employed. The other prisons of State grade in Pennsylvania which show a loss are those for the counties of Berks, Chester, Delaware, Northumberland, Philadel phia, and Schuylkill. In these, smaller production and a decline in the selling value of goods account for the decrease in the value o f products, although in Philadelphia County, in addition to these reasons, there has been a change in the quality of goods made, and on account of dullness o f trade the convicts have frequently been idle. The figures for the State of South Dakota for 1895 are shown in connection with those for 1885 for Dakota Territory. In Tennessee the decrease in value of production resulted from smaller output and a decline in selling values. The decrease in W e s t Virginia of about $33,000 is not explained. A study o f the abstracts of legislation since the report of 1885-86 in the different States and Territories, which follow immediately after Table V I I I , will give a clearer insight into the character of the changes referred to above. CONVICT LABOR. 449 W h en the value of goods produced is given there should be no misunderstanding as to what is meant for instance, the total value of goods produced or work done in the United States, for the various States and Territories, in all the State prisons and penitentiaries, for 1895, was $19,042,472.33. The same difficulty occurs here that occurs in census work in stating the value of products. The sum just given represents the value of the goods after the materials have been manip ulated by the convicts. It does not represent the value which has been added by them, but represents the value of the materials on which work has been bestowed and the work itself. Under the public-account system prison officials purchase the materials and convert them, by the labor of convicts, into goods, which they sell. The value given includes, therefore, the value of the materials purchased plus the labor expended upon them by the prisoners. In purchasing materials the prison officials in many instances purchase the finished products of manufacturers outside of prisons. They purchase everything that is essential for conversion into certain articles. So the contractors work ing under the contract system take to the prisons the materials, which there, by the labor of the convicts, they convert into finished goods. The value reported to the Department, therefore, covers the value of these materials, whether the finished products of some other manu facturers or purely raw materials plus the labor expended upon them. These explanations, if clearly understood, will prevent any misunder standing on the part of the reader of this report, and they are equally applicable to the values reported for 1885. The $19,042,472.33 does not represent the labor of the convicts themselves. In 1885 the total wages paid by contractors and lessees to States and counties for the labor of convicts, from which resulted a product of the value of $28,753,999, was only $3,512,970, or $1 of convict-labor wages to $8.19 of finished product of convict labor. There is reason to believe that the ratio at the present time is less than that for 1885. A t the present time in all probability the total value of the labor expended by the convicts in the State penitentiaries and prisons of the country, con sidered in this report, does not exceed $2,500,000. 5 450 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. T able I .—D A T E OF E N D IN G OF F IS C A L T E A R . [T h e returns made for w hat has been termed, for b rev ity ’s sate, “ 1895,” in all these tables, were really for the dates shown herewith.] State. L ocality. A la b a m a ............... A rizo n a ................. A rkansas ............. C aliforn ia............. C aliforn ia............. C olorad o............... C onnecticut......... F lorida................... G e o r g ia ................. I l l i n o i s ................. Illin o is ................... In d ia n a ................. I n d ia n a ................. In d ia n a ................. I o w a ...................... I o w a ....................... Kansas ................. K e n tu ck y ............. L ou isia n a ............. M a in e .................... M a ry la n d ............. M assachu setts. . . M assachusetts . . . M assachusetts - -. M ic h ig a n ............. M ic h ig a n ............. M in n e so ta ........... M ississip p i........... M is s o u r i............... N e b ra sk a ............. N evada ................. N ew H a m p sh ire.. N ew J e r s e y ......... N ew J e r s e y .......... N ew M e x ic o ........ N ew Y o r k ............. W etu ra p k a ........ Y u m a ................. L ittle R o c k ........ F o ls o m ............... San Q uentin----Canon C it y ........ W ethersfield . . . Tallahassee........ A tla n ta ............... J o lie t................... C hester............... M ichigan C ity .. J efferson ville. . . In dianapolis----F ort M ad ison. . . A n a m o s a ........... L a n s in g ............. F r a n k fo r t ......... Baton R ou ge ----T h om a ston ........ Baltim ore........... B oston................. Concord J u n ct’n S h erb orn ............ J a c k s o n ........ Ionia ................... S tillw a te r......... Jackson ............. Jefferson C ity .. L a n ca s te r......... Carson C i t y ----C on cord ............. T re n to n ............. C aldw ell............. Santa F e ............. A u b u r n ............. F iscal year ending— State. Fiscal year ending— L ocality. A u g. 81,1894 N e w Y o r k ........... Dec. 31,1895 N ew Y o r k ........... Oct. 31,1894 N ew Y o r k ........... June 30,1895 N ew Y o r k ........... June 30,1895 N ew Y o r k ........... N ov. 30,1895 N e w Y o r k ........... Dec. 31,1895 N ew Y o r k ........... Dec. 31,1895 N e w Y o r k ........... Oct. 1,1895 N orth C arolin a.. Sept. 30,1895 O h io ..................... Sept. 30,1895 i O regon ................. Oct. 31,1895 ! Pennsylvania . . . Oct. 31,1895 ! Pennsylvania . . . Oct. 31,1895 1 Pennsylvania . . . J u n e 30,1895 ! P en n sy lv a n ia .. June 30,1895 | Pennsylvania . . . June 30,1895 , Pennsylvania . . . N ov. 30,1895 | P en n sy lv a n ia . . . Feb. 28,1895 ! Pennsylvania . . . N ov. 30,1895 j Pennsylvania . . . N ov. 30,1895 Pennsylvania . . . Sept. 30,1895 1 Pennsylvania . . . Sept. 30,1895 Pennsylvania Sept. 30,1895 Pennsylvania . . . June 30,1895 Rhode Isla n d ___ June 30,1895 South Carolina. . J u ly 31,1895 South D a k o ta ... Sept. 30,1895 Tennessee........... Dec. 31,1895 T e x a s ................... Dec. 31,1895 Dec. 31,1895 V e rm o n t............. A p r. 30,1896 V e rm o n t............. Oct. 31,1895 V ir g in ia ............. A p r. 30,1896 W a s h in g t o n ----Mar. 4 ,1895 W est V ir g in ia ... Sept. 30,1895 W is c o n s in ......... Sing S in g........... D annem ora........ E lm ira................. A lb a n y ............... B u ffa lo ............... B ro o k ly n ........... R o ch e s te r......... S yracuse............. R aleigh ............... Colum bus........... Salem................... P hiladelphia----A llegheny C ity. Philadelphia___ R e a d in g ............. W e st C h ester... M e d ia ................. Lancaster........... A lle n to w n .......... N o rristo w n ........ E aston................. S u n b u ry............. P hiladelphia----Potts v ille ........... H o w a r d ............. C olu m bia........... Sioux F a lls ........ N a sh ville........... H untsville and Rusk. W in d so r............. R u tla n d ............. R ic h m o n d ......... W alla W a lla .... Mound s v ille ___ W au p u n ............. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Sept. J u ly Sept. Oct. Dec. Oct. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Sept. Dec. N ov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. D ec. Dec. Dec. Oct. June Dec. Oct. 30,1895 30,1895 30,1895 31,1895 30,1895 31,1895 30,1895 30,1895 31,1895 31,1895 31,1895 31,1895 31,1895 31,1895 31,1895 30,1895 31,1895 30, 1895 31,1895 31,1895 31,1895 31, 1895 31,1895 31,1895 31,1895 31,1895 30,1894 31,1895 31,1894 June June Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. 30,1895 30,1895 30,1895 30,1895 30,1895 30,1895 T able I I .—S YSTEM S OF W O R K I N 1885 A N D 1895. State. Institution. L ocality. 1885. 1895. A la b a m a ............... . State Penitentiary___ W etum pka Lease A r i z o n a ................. A rk a n sa s............... Territorial Prison State Penitentiary Y u m a ......... Little R ock. P u b lic a c c o u n t. . . Lease...................... C alifornia............... C alifornia............... State P r is o n ................. F o ls o m ............... Public account___ State P ris o n ................. San Q u en tin ----- P iece price and public account. State Penitentiary----- Canon C it y ........ Public account___ P ublic account. State P ris o n ................. W ethersfield . . . C ontract................. Contract. State P enitentiary___ Tallahassee........ L ea se...................... Lease. State P enitentiary----- A tlanta............... Lease......... ........... Lease. State Penitentiary___ J o lie t ................... C ontract................. Contract and p u b lic account. Southern Penitentiary C hester............... C ontract................. P u b lic account. State Prison (north ). . . M ichigan C ity .. C ontract................. Contract. State Prison (sou th ). . . Jeffersonville"... C ontract................. Contract. State R eform atory for Ind ia n a p olis___ P iece p rice............. P iece price. W om en. State Penitentiary----- F ort M a d iso n ... C ontract................. Contract. State P enitentiary----- A n a m osa ........... P u b lic account___ P u b lic account. State P en iten tiary----- L a n s in g ............. P ublic account P u b lic account and and contract. contract. State Penitentiary----- F rankfort Lease and public P iece price. account. State Penitentiary----- Baton R ou g e ----- L ea se ...................... Lease. State P ris o n ................. T h om a ston ........ P ublic account___ P ublic account. P enitentiary................. Baltim ore........... C ontract................. Contract. State P ris o n ................. B oston................. C ontract................. P iece price and public account. R eform a tory............... Concord J u n c P iece price. Piece price. tion. Reform atory Prison S h erb orn ........... Piece price. Piece price and for W om en. p ublic account. State P r is o n ................ Jackson Contract and piece Contract and pub price. lic account. C olorado................. C o n n e c ticu t........... F lo r id a .................... G eorgia.................... I l li n o is .................... I l li n o is .................... Indiana.................... Indiana.................... Indiana.................... I o w a ........................ I o w a ........................ K a n s a s .................... K e n t u c k y ............. Louisiana............... M a in e ...................... M a rylan d ............... M assachusetts___ M assachusetts___ M assachusetts___ M ich ig a n ................ Lease and public account. P u b lic account. Contract and p ub lic account. P ublic account. P ublic account. 451 CONVICT LABOR. T able I I .—SYSTEM S OF W O R K I K 1885 A N D 1895-Concluded. Institution. State. Locality. 1885. 1895. M inn esota............... State House o f C orrec Ionia tion and Reform a tory. State P ris o n ................. S tillw a te r......... M ississip p i............. M is s o u r i................. N ebraska................. N eva d a .................... N ew Hampshire . . . N ew J ersey............. State State State State State State N ew Jersey............. Santa Fe. L ea se...................... N ew Y o r k ............... E ssex County Peniten ti ary. Territorial Penitentiary. A uburn P r is o n ........... A u b u r n ............ N ew Y o r k ............... Sing Sing State Prison Sing S in g......... N ew Y o r k ............... Clinton P rison ............. D annem ora____ N ew Y o r k ............... State R eform atory----- Elm ira............... . Piece price and public account. P ublic account and piece price. Public account----- P ublic account and piece price. Contract and pu b P iece price and lic account. public account. C ontract................. P iece price. M ich ig a n ................. N ew M e x ico ........... P enitentiary.. P en iten tiary.. P en iten tiary.. P ris o n ............. P ris o n ............. P ris o n ............. A lbany County Peni tentiary. N ew Y o r k ............... Erie County P eniten tiary. N ew Y o r k ............... K ings County P eni tentiary. N ew Y o r k ............... Monroe County Peni tentiary. N ew Y o r k ............... Onondaga County Pen itentiary. North Carolina........ State Penitentiary----N ew Y o r k ............... Contract. P ublic account and contract. Contract................. Contract and pu b lic account. J a c k s o n ............. Lease...................... P ublic account. J efferson C ity .. Contract................. Contract. L a n ca s te r......... L ea se ...................... Lease. Carson C ity ........ Public accou nt----- P u b lic account. Concord ............. Contract................. Contract. T r e n to n ............. Piece p rice ............. P iece price and public account. Caldwell, Public account___ P ublic account. A lbany ............. B u ffa lo ............. Contract................. B r o o k ly n ......... Contract................. R o c h e s te r ........ P ublic account. Public account and contract. C ontract................. P ublic account and piece price. P iece price. Contract................. P iece price and p ublic account. P iece price. Syracuse ......... Contract................. R aleigh ............. Oregon .................... Start: e Penitentiary___ P ennsylvania......... Eastern P enitentiary. P h iladelph ia... P ennsylvania......... W estern Penitentiary A llegheny City Philadelphia County House o f Correction. P ennsylvania......... Berks County P rison . Pennsylvania......... Chester County Prison P ennsylvania......... Delaware County Prison. Pennsylvania......... Lancaster County Prison. Pennsylvania......... L ehigh County Prison P ennsylvania......... M ontgom ery County Prison. P e n n sy lv a n ia ........ N ortham pton County Prison. P ennsylvania......... N orthumberland County Prison. Pennsylvania......... Philadelphia County Prison. Pennsylvania......... S chuylkill County Prison. R hode I sla n d ......... State Prison and Providence County Jail. South C arolin a ----- Penitentiary................. P h iladelph ia... P ublic account P ublic account. and lease. Contract, piece Contract and piece price, and pub price. lic account. Contract and p u b Contract and pub lic account. lic account. Public account P u b lic account. and piece price. C ontract................. P ublic account and piece price. P ublic account . . . P u b lic account. R e a d in g ............ W est C h ester.. M e d ia ............... P ublic account P ublic account . . . Public account . . . P u b lic account. P u b lic account. P ublic account. L a n c a s te r ........ P ublic account . . . P ublic account. A llen tow n ....... N orristow n ----- P ublic account . . . Piece p r i c e ........... P ublic account. P iece price. O h io ........................ P enitentiary................. Columbus......... Pennsylvania......... Salem................. E aston............... P ublic account . . . P ublic account. S unbury............ Public account . . . P ublic account. P h ila d elp h ia ... P ublic account . . . P ublic account. Potts v ille ......... Public account . . . P u b lic account. H o w a r d ........... Contract................. Contract. Columbia Contract, public account, and lease. Contract ( a ) ......... L ease...................... P ublic account and contract. C ontract................. C ontract................. C ontract................. Contract, public account, and lease. P ublic account. Lease. P ublic account and contract. Contract. P ublic account. Contract and pub lic account. P ublic account. Contract. Contract and pub lic account. South Dakota. T enn essee----T exa s............... State Penitentiary___ State P enitentiary___ State Penitentiary___ V erm ont......... V e rm on t......... V ir g in ia ......... State P ris o n ................. House o f Correction .. State Penitentiary___ Wa.shington . . W est V irginia W isco n sin ----- P enitentiary.................j W alla W alla ----P enitentiary................. M ou n d sv ille___ State P r is o n ................. W au p u n ............. Sioux F a lls -----N ashville........... H untsville and Rusk. W in d sor........... . R u tla n d ........... . R ic h m o n d ......... a D akota Territory. Lease----Contract. Contract. 452 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. T able I I I — C O N VIC TS I N PR ISO N S A N D P E N IT E N T IA R IE S , B Y S Y S T E M S OF W O R K , 1895. P ublic-A ccount System . M ar ginal num ber. Locality. Name of institution. Employed in productive labor. Male. Female. Total. ARIZONA. 1 2 Yuma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Eolsom................... . San Quentin. . . . . . . . . . 743 717 743 717 Canon City__________ 163 163 Chester_____ _________ 517 517 Anamosa__ . . . . . . . . . . 363 363 Lansing........................ a 825 160 CALIFORNIA. 2 3 COLORADO. 4 ILLINOIS. 5 IOWA. 6 KANSAS. 7 State Penitentiary..................................... a 16 a 841 MAINE. 8 89 89 Ionia.............................. 6 378 6 378 Thomaston........... . MICHIGAN. State House of Correction and Re formatory. MISSISSIPPI. 10 State Penitentiary..................................... Jackson........................ 894 11 NEVADA. State PdsnT) - - -- - _____ Carson City. . . . . . . . . . . 10 10 Caldwell........... .. 212 212 -- ______ 10 904 NEW JERSEY. 12 ’Kssfyjr County Penitont.ia;ry___________ NEW MEXICO. 13 Tflprit.OT’ip.l Penitentiary . . - -- - Santa F e_____ ________ 107 107 14 15 NEW YORK. Clinton Prison...................... ..................... Dannemora.................. Erie County Penitentiary........................ Buffalo.......................... c 670 d230 c 670 d 230 16 State Penitentiary..................................... NORTH CAROLINA. Raleigh.......................... 1, 000 40 1, 040 Philadelphia................. Allegheny C ity .. . . . . . Philadelphia................. 194 e830 508 23 217 e830 595 Reading.................... W est Chester............. M edia............................ Lancaster.................... Allentown.... ................ E aston ............... ......... Sunbury...................... Philadelphia................. Pottsville...................... 103 19 38 51 30 40 49 32 48 Sioux F a lls................... 84 PENNSYLVANIA. 17 18 19 23 24 25 26 27 28 Eastern Penitentiary................................ "Western Penitentiary_________ ______ Philadelphia County House of Cor rection. Perks County Prison........................ ..... Chester County Prison............................ Delaware County Prison........................ Lancaster County Prison . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tiehigh County Prison _______________ Northampton County Prison................. Northumberland County Prison_____ Philadelphia County Prison_________ _ Sch\iyjhill County Prison........... , ........... 29 State Penitentiary..................................... 20 21 22 87 2 103 19 40 51 30 40 49 32 48 SOUTH DAKOTA. a Including those under the contract system. 6 Including 78 under the contract system. (?Including those under the piece-price system. 84 453 CONVICT LABOR. T able I I I — C O N V IC TS IN PRISON S A N D P E N IT E N T IA R IE S , B Y SYST E M S OE W O R K , 1895. P ublic-A ccount System . Idle and sick. Engaged in prison duties. Male. Eemale. Total. Female. Male. 5 Total. Total. Male. Female. Total. M ar ginal num ber. 5 163 2 165 1 24 111 927 1, 272 15 927 1, 287 2 3 15 624 4 745 5 160 447 12 160 459 24 108 100 15 115 346 346 609 222 6 6 745 139 40 40 517 25 542 6 31 a 855 a 17 a 872 7 4 151 8 b 571 9 222 114 25 30 3 1 41 21 21 147 124 124 69 69 b 571 36 36 50 50 980 10 990 10 62 62 5 6 77 1 78 11 257 14 271 12 1 148 1 149 13 37 4 1 45 14 59 40 1 41 1 273 55 40 273 95 64 417 11 64 428 c l, 007 d 702 51 c 1, 007 d 753 14 15 75 35 110 50 8 58 1,125 83 1, 208 16 97 174 319 2 23 93 99 197 412 1,112 131 201 1 23 1,112 132 224 1,403 c l , 135 1,028 25 24 203 1, 428 cl, 159 1,231 17 18 19 4 18 3 3 49 12 3 22 64 19 117 24 42 99 120 50 90 264 74 4 2 1 2 78 7 29 214 13 10 46 6 121 24 44 102 120 50 100 310 80 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2 117 29 14 3 3# 46* 12 3 20 19 13 2 45 6 28 , 2 3 ! 2 1 2 78 7 21 8 213 1 13 .................. !1 3 30 3 115 d Inclu din g 30 under the piece-price system. e Including 140 under the piece-price system. 2 3 454 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. T able I I I .—C ON VICTS I N PR ISO N S A N D P E N IT E N T IA R IE S , B Y SYST E M S OF W O R K , 1895—Continued. P ublic-A ccount System—Concluded. M ar ginal Name o f institution. Locality. Employed in productive labor. Male. ber. Female. Total. f 62 a 3, 822 TEXAS. 1 State P enitentiary.................................... H untsville and R u s k . a 3, 760 R u tla n d ........................ 42 VERMONT. 2 House o f C orrection................................. 42 WASHINGTON. 3 Penitentiary.............................................. W alia W alia............. . T o t a l.................................................... 264 264 13,168 242 13, 410 b 749 612 b 761 Contract System . ARKANSAS. Little R o c k ............._ CONNECTICUT. State P r is o n ................................................ W eth ersfield ............. 303 303 ILLINOIS. State P en iten tiary..................................... ,Toliet,........... .. . bl, 199 b 43 bl, 242 INDIANA. State Prison (n o rth ).................................. Michigan C it y ___ State Prison (s o u th )................................ Jeffersonville _ ___ 655 475 655 475 280 280 IOWA. State Penitentiary..................................... F ort M adison............... MARYLAND. P en iten tiary................................................ Baltimore_____ 10 610 21 631 MICHIGAN. State P r is o n ................................................ J a c k s o n ........... ....... _ b 447 &447 MINNESOTA. State P r is o n ................................................ S tillw a te r................... c 357 c357 Jefferson C ity ............... 1,105 MISSOURI. State Penitentiary..................................... 30 1,135 NEW HAMPSHIRE. State P ris o n ................................................ 1 C o n co rd ____ ___ 167 167 Colum bus............. . d 1,038 d ,038 Salem.............................. b 158 6158 H o w a r d ........................ 136 136 C olu m bia...................... e894 e894 OHIO. Penitentiary............................................... OREGON. 16 State P enitentiary..................................... RHODE ISLAND. 17 State Prison and Providence County Jail. 18 P enitentiary................................................ SOUTH CAROLINA. a Including 2,186 under the contract system. 6 Including those under the public-account syste c Including 120 under the public-account system, 455 CONVICT LABOR. T able I I I .—C O N VICTS IN PRISON S A N D P E N IT E N T IA R IE S , B N SYST E M S OF W O R K , 1895—Continued. P ublic-A ccount System—Concluded. #Engaged in prison duties. Female. Male. Id le and sick. Total. Female. Male. 208 6 214 40 3 43 126 4 130 22 2,915 339 3, 254 3,131 Total. Total. 89 Male. Female. Total. M ar ginal num ber. 89 a 4, 057 68 a 4,125 1 1 1 82 4 86 2 22 412 4 416 3 58 3,189 19, 214 639 19, 853 82 6 875 514 5889 4 14 425 5 430 5 53 51,561 5 56 51, 617 6 Contract System. 46 46 80 2 108 5 113 14 311 11 322 51 144 200 53 140 53 140 852 815 852 815 7 8 105 115 115 500 500 9 3 677 26 703 10 144 200 2 / 105 64 5 69 3 163 1 164 198 1 199 5 808 2 5 810 11 1? 6 131 12 2 14 c494 8 c 502 12 448 12 460 553 11 564 2,106 53 2,159 13 13 2 15 1 1 181 2 183 14 387 33 420 627 627 d 2,052 33 d 2,085 15 221 17 20 5396 3 5399 16 2 14 5 5 153 2 155 17 40 95 21 25 e970 44 61,014 18 221 12 55 | 3 4 d Including those under the piece-price system. e Including 247 under the public-account system and 438 under the lease system. 6139— No. 5------ 2 456 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. T able I I I .—C O N VIC TS I N PR ISO N S A N D P E N IT E N T IA R IE S , B Y S Y S T E M S OF W O R K , 1895—C ontinued. Contract System—Concluded. M a r ginal Name o f institution. L ocality. her. Em ployed in productive labor. Male. Fem ale. Total. VERMONT. 1 State P ris o n ................................... ............ W in d sor........... ............ 134 134 VIRGINIA. 2 R ic h m o n d ___________ C&918 Penitentiary____________ ______________ Mound s v ille _________ 352 State Penitentiary.................................... a 82 ah 000 WEST VIRGINIA. 3 352 WISCONSIN. 4 State Prison ............... ................................ W au p u n ........................ T otal.................................................... 6423 e ll d 434 10,400 199 10,599 32 32 20 920 a 150 a 513 577 a 150 P iece-Price System . INDIANA. State Reform atory for W om en . Indianapolis. KENTUCKY. Frankfort . . . State Penitentiary...................... 900 MASSACHUSETTS. State P ris o n ..................................... R eform atory..................................... R eform atory Prison for W om en . 10 B oston................. Concord J u n c t io n ----S h e r b o m ........... a 513 577 Trenton . a 486 a 10 a 496 a 847 / l , 033 0898 700 825 h 281 160 a 59 a 906 f l , 033 0898 700 855 71281 160 NEW JERSEY. State P rison. NEW YORK. A u b u rn . . . Sing S in g .. E lm ira........ A lb a n y ----B r o o k ly n .. R ochester . Syracuse . . A u b u rn P ris o n .................... . Sing Sing State P r is o n ................ State R eform atory.......................... A lb a n y County Penitentiary — K ings C ounty‘Penitentiary........ M onroe County Penitentiary — Onondaga County Penitentiary. 30 PENNSYLVANIA. 18 N orristow n . M ontgom ery County P r is o n . 16 7,236 T o t a l................................ 16 301 7,537 L ease System . ALABAMA. 19 State Penitentiary........................ . W e tu m p k a ................... i 1,508 i l , 508 Tallahassee................... 582 582 FLORIDA. 20 State P enitentiary___ _________________ 21 State Penltent.iA/ry____________ . . . ____ GEORGIA. A tla n ta ....................... 2,357 67 2,424 1,037 State P enitentiary..................................... Baton R o u g e ............... a Inclu din g those under the public-account system. b Inclu din g 77 under the public-account system. c U nder the public-account system. ^ In clu d in g 88 under the public-account system. e In clu din g 11 under the public-account system. 35 1,072 LOUISIANA. 22 457 CONVICT LABOR, T able I I I .—CON VIC TS IN PR ISO N S A N D P E N IT E N T IA R IE S , B Y SYST E M S OE W O R K , 1895—Continued. Contract System—Concluded. Engaged in prison duties. Male. Eemale. Idle and sick. Total. Male. Eemale. 21 6 27 118 10 128 247 54 14 68 105 73 13 86 95 2, 668 160 2, 828 2, 337 Total. Total. Eemale. Total. 155 6 161 1 247 a 1,283 a 92 a 1,375 2 105 511 14 525 3 6591 e 24 d615 4 95 25 ! Male. Mar ginal num ber. 2,362 , 15,405 | 1 384 1 15,789 P iece-Price System . 4 4 9 105 85 164 411 153 23 39 153 170 12 182 256 295 316 201 95 43 50 32 288 295 316 266 130 86 65 96 164 411 65 35 43 15 5 41 1,122 6 a 318 d 700 1, 027 a 318 7 8 9 97 1, 081 a 700 1,027 15 23 39 15 294 5 299 a 950 a 27 a 977 10 27 46 43 12 132 20 100 8 1 a 1,130 /1 ,3 7 4 g 1, 257 913 1,052 h 344 310 a 99 1 2 5 4 2 35 47 43 14 137 24 102 a 1,229 / 1 , 375 q 1, 257 980 1, 122 h 391 327 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 49 80 4 84 18 54 924 10, 218 727 10, 945 15 4 19 49 372 2, 484 870 L ease System . g Including 136 under the public-account system. h Including 12 under the public-account system. i Including 536 under the public-account system. 36 12 2,112 _ 36 67 70 47 17 _ ____ ___ 458 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. T able I I I .—C O N V IC T S I N PR ISO N S A N D P E N IT E N T IA R IE S , B Y SYST E M S OF W O R K , 1895—Concluded. L ease System—Concluded. M ar ginal Name o f institution. E m ployed in productive labor. Locality. ber. Male. Female. Total. NEBRASKA. 1 State P enitentiary..................................... *7 Lancaster ____________ 168 168 TENNESSEE. 2 State Penitentiary..................................... Nashville______ T o t a l.................................................. 1,100 15 1,115 6, 752 117 6, 869 T able I Y .—CON VIC TS I N 1885 A N D 1895. Engaged in prison duties. Em ployed in productive labor. M ar ginal num ber. State. 1885. L895. F e Male- male. Total Male. male. Total. M ale- male. A la b a m a ........... A riz o n a ............. A r k a n s a s ......... C aliforn ia.......... C olorad o........... C onnecticut----F lorida............... G eorgia ............. Illin ois ............... . In d ia n a ............. I o w a .................... Kansas............... K en tu ck y ......... . L ou isia n a ......... M aine.................. M a ry la n d ......... . Massachusetts .. M ic h ig a n ........... M in n e so ta ......... M is s is s ip p i____ M is so u r i........... . N eb ra sk a ........... N evada ............. N ew Hampshire New J e r s e y ____ N ew M e x i c o ___ N ew Y o r k ......... N orth Carolina. O hio..................... O reg on ............... . Pennsylvania ... Rhode Island — South C arolin a.. South Dakota ... Tennessee......... T e x a s ___ £ ___ V erm ont............. V ir g in ia ............. W a sh in g ton ___ W e st V irginia. W iscon sin ......... T o t a l........ 40 15 167 235 22 1885. 536 93 518 1, 026 150 205 181 1, 560 1,640 1,317 495 723 992 798 133 422 874 834 318 787 876 194 75 114 802 84 4, 306 983 1, 305 2 10 1, 828 162 767 43 c 55 1,274 2,671 134 808 57 45 205 353 1, 508 158 749 1,460 163 303 582 2, 357 1,716 1,130 643 a 825 900 1,037 89 610 1, 090 825 357 894 1,105 168 10 167 698 107 5, 644 1,000 1, 038 158 1, 958 136 894 84 1,100 3, 760 176 918 264 352 423 858 30,853 37, 556 1 ,5u8 160 761 1,460 163 303 582 2,424 1,759 1,162 643 a 841 920 1, 072 89 21 631 150 1,240 825 357 904 1,135 168 3 49 35 697 135 62 50 28 7 11 13 3 16 3 26 75 1 10 10 167 708 119 107 16 5, 733 1,105 1,040 72 1,038 594 158 53 2, 070 93l| 136 73, 894 58 84 c35 1,115 27 3,822 248 176 17 1, 000 205 264 30 352 35 434 74 2 29 10i 38,415 7, 434 a Including those engaged in prison duties. b Included in those em ployed in productive labor. 11 29 5 4 5 547 115 162 109 135 18 27 70 434 292 53 15 594 98 32 10 112 15 ____ 3 224 25 24 311 c3 22 3 9 11 6 13 18 49 46 726 140 66 55 575 122 173 122 138 34 30 96 509 293 63 25 594 101 32 12 148 16 1,329 97 618 53 1,242 73 58 c38 49 251 26 216 30 41 87 957 8, 391 459 CONVICT LABOR. T able I I I .—C O N VICTS IN PR ISO N S A N D P E N IT E N T IA R IE S , B Y SYST E M S OF W O R K , 1895—Concluded. L ease System—Concluded. Engaged in prison duties. Male. Female. 90 Id le and sick. Total. 6 Female. Male. 96 Total. Total. 39 Male. 39 Female. 6 297 Total. M ar ginal num ber. 303 1 2 40 4 44 360 25 385 1,500 44 1,544 207 31 238 460 90 550 7,419 238 7,657 T able I V .—C O N V IC TS I N 1885 A N D 1895. Engaged in prison duties—Conc’d. Id le and sick. 1895. Aggregate. 1895. 1885. F e M a l e male.Tota1' M a,e- male. TotaI Male- male. Total- Male. male, Total. M ale- male. Tota1' 46 607 100 108 31 12i "i 19 46 619 115 113 50 533 11 544 344 4 348 219 244 25 0>) (&) (&) < 105 96 48j 46 4 37 41 69 j 64 5 7281 153 575 1 288! 287 6 131 125 36 361 460 448 96 90 62 62 2 15 13 241 26 215 41 1 40 230 1, 814 1, 584 110 35 75 420 33 387 221 221 920 182 738 2 14 12 40 95 55 30 28 44 4 40 6 208 214 9 70 61 10 128 118 4 130 126 14 68 54 86 13 73 2 2 7,902 4 5 80 132 346 14 50 10. 101. 72 36 71 33 22 24 12 22 24 12 9 8 21 129 189 30 7 8 21 128 189 29 150 12 21 35 4 100 799 5 51 9 622 3 20 8,804 2,481 185 12 23 4 100 66 36 865 5 51 9 658 3 22 65 57 193 . . . 155 . . . 30 1 85 12 7 ... 21 ... 3 ... 62 267 12 50 . . . 553 39 .. .. 5 1 ... 294 1 ... 861! 50 627 17 ,830 5 21 3 360 247 22 105 95 152 2, 633 6, 798 15 1 2 11 1 5 535 5 157 82 553 135 1,779 346 295 14 277 50 231 1,520 59 2, 243 193 1,298 155 31 856 97 1,114 7 798 21 168 3 513 77 1,201 268 1,315 14 400 50 780 564 1,620 39 304 128 128 299 1,012 1 33 8 c Dakota Territory. 11 29 5 4 5 40 44 177 11 13 28 43 3 26 311 1 11 32 35 3 2 2 38 100 894 6,125 58 1,020 627 1, 950 20 272 1, 863 3, 362 5 238 25 802 3 c 90 25 385 1, 278 89 2,877 1 156 247 956 22 82 105 255 95 443 227 7,025 29 375 65 ~~ 24| 366 564 1,512 163 157 875 564 2,199 300 609 281 425 663 236 1,560 2, 357 2, 287 2,306 1,475 1,667 690 1,017 869 855 1,142 1, 081 841 1,090 171 147 539 677 1,512 1,727 1,316 1,379 411 494 812 980 1, 655 2,106 307 297 130 77 130 181 1, 050 1,207 100 148 6,500 8, 089 1,085 1,125, 1, 974 2, 052 272 396 3,728 4, 526 238 153 847 970 c93 115 1, 3.3 1,500 2, 922 4,057 165 237 1,024 1,283 82 412 261 511 456 591 65 1,577 2 165 14 889 15 2, 214 15 624 5 430 19 682 67 2,424 56 2, 362 36 1,703 25 1, 042 17 872 41 1,122 37 1,127 4 151 26 703 318 2, 045 2 1, 381 8 502 10 990 53 2,159 6 303 1 78 2 183 41 1, 24P* 1 149 352 8, 441 83 1, 208 33 2, 085 3 399 327 4, 853 2 155 44 1,014 2 117 44 1,544 68 4,125 10 247 92 1, 375 4 416 14 525 24 615 1,967 41, 877 52, 256 1, 988 54, 244 Mar ginal num ber. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 460 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. T able V .—GOODS PRO D U C ED OR W O R K DONE, 1885 A N D 1895. A L A B A M A —P ublic-A ccount System . 1895. 1885. V alue. Kind. K ind. B r ic k .................................................... E recting and im proving build ingsF arm ing........... ................... . . . . ___ V alue. $3, 682.45 38,913.48 22, 316. 88 A L A B A M A —L ease System . M ining, coal...................... . . . . . . . . . . . Farming . ___ ____ Brnlrnn _ __ ___ $192, 000. 00 17, 400. 00 5,000. 00 M ining, c o a l........... .......................... $622,463. 60 A R I Z O N A —P ublic-A ccount System . B uilding and repairing prison......... $25, 000.00 B uilding and repairing prison----- $6, 000.00 A R K A N S A S —P ublic-A ccount System . F a n n in g ............... R epairing prison W ood ch op p in g .. $46, 467. 82 3,134. 00 4,417. 23 A R K A N S A S —Contract System. Farm ing, e tc....................................... A R K A N S A S —L ease System . B rick ................................................ B ricklaying, carpentering, e t c . . . __ C ig a r s ........................................... . . . . F arm ing .......... ........................ .......... M ining, coa l............. ............................ W ood c h o p p in g ................................... $26,000.00 23, 250. 00 50.000. 00 64.000. 00 37,200. 00 30, 000. 00 C A L IF O R N IA —P ublic-A ccount System . $101,318.52 21, 020. 00 4, 075. 04 Bags, ju t e ................................ Stone, quarried and dressed B r i c k ....................................... Bags, ju te (grain ).................. Stone, quarried and dfessed. Im provem ents to p r is o n ___ $174,114.13 8, 652. 00 100, 000. 00 C A L IF O R N IA —P iece -P rice System . F u rn itu re ..................................... "FTamfissfia ____________ ___________ Leather, ta n n in g ................................. Sashes, doors, and b lin d s ................... $43,277.87 17,500. 00 9,000. 00 225,000. 00 COLORADO—P ublic-A ccount System . B r i c k ...................................................... L im e . . . .................................................. $10, 000.00 20, 000. 00 B rick .................................................... L i m e ........... .......... ................. .......... F a rm in g.............................................. Stone, q u a rried ................................. $1,900.00 5,420.94 3,208.50 1,691.08 461 CONVICT LABOR. T able Y .—GOODS PRODUCED OR WORK DONE, 1885 AND 1895—Continued. CONNECTICUT—Contract System. 1895. 1885. Value. Kind. RftntiS nnd shoos_____________ . . . ___ $109, 000.00 Kind. Boots and s h o e s ............................... Value. $242, 375. 00 E L O R ID A —L ease System . $100, 000. 00 Nav S'l s to r o s _________________ ____ N aval stores....................................... B uilding ra ilroad ............................. Im provem ents, e t c .......................... Mining, p h osp h a te.......................... $69,648.00 24, 375. 00 3, 900. 00 185, 250.00 G E O R G IA —L ease System. P ri-k Term ing .............................. . Lumber __ . . . . . . __ . . . ___ . . . . . . . . B uilding ra ilro a d ................................ L im e ....................................................... Mining, coal and iron ore (and m ak ing p ig iron). M ining iron ore................. ............... . $172, 000. 00 18, 000. 00 34, 000. 00 62, 000. 00 7, 000. 00 142,000. 00 B r ic k .................................................... F arm ing.............................................. L um ber................................................ D itching and clearing land, wood chopping, etc. $6,000.00 31,436. 00 136, 980.00 3, 000.00 25, 000. 00 IL L IN O IS —P ublic-A ccount System . B r ic k .................................................... B room s................................................ C h a irs.................................................. Cigars ................................................ C oop era ge.......................................... H a rn esses.......................................... H ollow w are....................................... H osiery................................................ Pearl button b la n k s ........................ S ton e.................................................... $15,140.00 24, 560. 00 183,155. 00 22, 507.00 89,105.00 158, 643. 00 128, 367. 40 86, 289.90 7, 501.16 58, 272.16 IL L IN O IS —Contract System . Bnr»ts anti s h o e s.. . . . . . ______ ______ $1, 530, 000. 00 Boots and s h o e s ................................ 375.000. 00 W illow w a r e ..................................... Barrels, e t c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,000.00 B r i c k .................................................... 318.000. 00 Fence w ire barbed.............................. 149.000. 00 Harnesses and saddlery................... 10, 000.00 H ollow w a r e ................................... . 98, 000. 00 H osiery ami overalls ........................ 500, 000.00 Stone and marble (dressed) and monuments. $158, 000.00 97,000.00 I N D I A N A —Contract System . Boots and sh oes................................... Saddletrees............................................ Chairs and baby cradles..................... Boots and shoes, m en’s and w om en’s Broom s.................................................... Hardware, fa n c y ................................. H osiery and cloth good s.................... Tierces, pork and la rd........................ $275,000. 00 10, 000. 00 168, 000. 00 297, 716. 40 31, 300. 00 390, 000. 00 205, 293.92 174, 497. 50 Boots and shoes............. . Saddletrees.................... . C h a irs............................... B ic y c le s ........................... Brushes and wire goods C oop era ge...................... . H ollow w are.................... $311,205.00 15,187. 00 91, 566.50 52, 365. 00 72, 440. 00 73,572.00 183, 364.50 I N D I A N A —P iece -Price System. Cane-seating chairs Fam ily s e w in g ........ L a u n d erin g ............. Overalls and shirts. T oeing s to c k in g s ... $5, 460.00 2, 600.00 5, 200. 00 3, 085. 50 147.75 Cane-seating ch airs.......................... Fam ily sew ing................................... Laundering......................................... Overalls and ju m p ers...................... $1,132.00 2, 316. 30 1,138.78 3,133.80 462 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. T able V .—GOODS PR O D U C E D OR W O R K DONE, 1885 A N D 1895—Continued. I O W A —P ublic-A ccount System . 1895. 1885. Kind. Kind. Yalue. $2,000.00 15, 000.00 E arm ing.............................................. Stone, dressed................................... M asonry w o r k ......... ........................ Stone, b r o k e n .................................. Yalue. $1,800.00 80, 768.40 11,175.00 1, 500.00 I O W A —Contract System . A gricu ltu ral im p lem en ts................. C h a ir s .................................................... B oots and shoes................................... $120, 590.00 100,000. 00 161, 000.00 A gricu ltu ral implem ents............... C h a irs................................................. E recting b u ild in g s .......................... $159, 870. 00 90,216.00 1, 550.00 K A N S A S —P ublic-A ccount System. B uilding and repairing p rison ......... Clothing (for c o n v ic ts )............... .... M ining, coal........................................... $158, 000. 00 24, 964.72 85, 630.05 B uilding and repairing prison----Clothing (for c o n v ic t s )................... M ining, c o a l....................................... $59, 000.00 14,700.00 92, 624.25 K A N S A S —Contract System. $70,125.00 720, 000.00 B oots and shoes W a g o n s ............. . Shoes............................................. . F u r n itu r e ........................ ................. H orse c o lla r s .................................... $26, 361.00 28,360. 00 20, 040.00 K E N T U C K Y —P ublic-A ccount System . Building prison................................... $37, 200. 00 K E N T U C K Y —P iece-Price System . B e d ste a d s ...................... . .... C hairs.................................................. $17, 800. 00 152, 728. 00 K E N T U C K Y —L ease System . B r o o m s ............................................ . B uilding ra ilro a d ............................... Chairs, tables, e t c ............................... L a u n d erin g .......................................... M ining, co a l............................. ............ Shoes ...................................................... W agon d r i v i n g ................................... $30, 000. 00 152.000. 00 18, 000. 00 1,380. 00 175.000. 00 24,900. 00 10, 000.00 L O U IS IA N A —L ease System . F a r m in g ................................................ R epairing le v e e ................................... R epairing ra ilro a d ............................. $56, 000.00 42, 000. 00 254, 000. 00 Farm ing, repairing levee, repair ing railroad, and pantaloons. $165,647.85 M A IN E —Public-A ccount System . Carriages and sleighs.......................... H arnesses................................. ............ $45, 000. 00 27, 000. 00 Carriages, wagons, and s le ig h s .-Harnesses........................................... Brooms and b ru sh e s........................ F u r n itu r e ........................................... $14, 590.00 9, 572.00 18, 764.13 900.00 463 CONVICT LABOR. T able Y .—GOODS PRODUCED OR W ORK DONE, 1885 AND 1895—Continued. M A R Y L A N D —Contract System. 1885. 1895. K ind. Value. Marble, d ressed ................................... Shoes, wom en’s and girls’ ................. Stoves and hollow w a re .................... Kind. $150, 000. 00* Marble, dressed ......... 125, 000. 00 Shoes, men’s, hoys’, and youths’ . .. 120, 000. 00 Iron hollow w a r e ............................. Value. $140, 000.00 420, 000. 30 120, 000.00 M A S S A C H C S E T T S —P ublic-A ccount System . Brushes ............... B u tte r................... H a rn esses........... Launderin g......... Poultry, eggs, etc Shoes, men’s ........ T ru n k s ................. $14,119. 06 874. 34 19, 946. 00 3, 308. 80 115. 69 128,139. 20 8, 844.00 M A S S A C H U S E T T S —Contract System . Beds, spring and m antel.................... Moldings, w ood en ................................ $71, 415. 70 7,584.30 M A S S A C HD SETTS—P iece-P rice S ystem. $199, 720. 00 23, 250. 00 Boots and shoes, men’ s and b oy s ’ .. Clothing, knit goods, and launder ing. Harnesses and saddlery.................... Pantaloons ........................................... 66, 250. 00 52,512. 00 B u t to n s .............................................. Chairs.................................................. S h ir t s .................................................. Shoes, m en’s ....................................... Shoes, wom en’s ................................ $7, 920. 77 294, 120. 00 100,607. 75 384, 870.90 72, 066. 75 M IC H IG A N —P ublic-A ccount System . Boxes, e t c ........................................... Brooms, e t c ....................................... Chairs, etc., caned............................ C lothing.............................................. F u r n itu r e .......................................... $7, 040, 61 31, 530. 59 4, 295.00 2,148. 35 76, 632. 00 ! M IC H IG A N — C o n t r a c t S y s t e m . $280, 000. 00 45, 000. 00 28, 778. 00 165, 000. 00 300, 000. 00 A gricu ltu ral implements Boots and shoes............... C h a irs ............................... Cigars................................. W a g o n s.............................. A gricu ltu ral im plem ents......... ..... Hosiery, gloves, and m itte n s ........ M onum ents......................................... W a g o n s .............................................. $135, 000. 00 38, 500. 00 40, 830. 00 72,000. 00 M IC H IG A N —P iece-Price System. R rnnm a _ _____________ _________ . . . . . $35, 000. 00 M IN N E S O T A —P ublic-A ccount System. Binding cord ....................................... M IN N E S O T A —Contract System. Sashes, doors, and b lin d s ................. T’hr«sbi'ng mflf>hiT,f's $50,000.00 195, 500. 00 Boots and shoes................................. $175, 000. 00 M IS S IS S IP P I—P ublic-A ccount System. Clothing (for convicts) F arm ing.......................... Shoes (for convicts) . . . $9, 506.00 232, 400. 00 2,160. 00 464 BULLETIN OE THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR. T able V .— GOODS P E O D U C E D OE W O E K DONE, 1885 A N D 1895-C ontinued. M IS S IS S IP P I—L ease System . 1885. 1895. Kind. K ind. Yalue. B uilding railroad................................. E arm ing and clearing la n d ......... .. Gravel d ig g in g ..................................... L u m b e r.................................................. W agons, furniture, brick, e t c ........... Yalue. $82, 000.00 156, 000. 00 8, 000. 00 10, 000. 00 68, 000. 00 M IS SO U R I—Contract System . Harnesses and saddlery..................... Overalls........................ ........................ S ad d letrees..................................... ..... Boots and sh oes................................. $150, 000. 00 45, 000. 00 175, 000. 00 765, 000. 00 1 Harnesses, saddlery, and w h ip s ... O v era lls.............................................. Sad d 1etrees................................. ....... B r ic k .................................................... C o a ts ............... ............... ................... Erecting buildings.......................... J a ck ets................................................ Shoes.................................................... Stone, d re s s e d ................................... Stone, q u a rrie d ............. ................... $148,790.00 37, 340. 00 37, 345.00 17, 394. 50 2,430. 00 5, 504.50 1, 260.00 929, 357.47 1,074. 50 3, 566. 50 N E B R A S K A —L ease System. Harnesses and colla rs ........................ A gricu ltu ral im plem ents................... Brooms and t r u n k s ......................... Clothing ....................................... L a u n d erin g ............... . Stone, dressed.... .................................. $27, 000.00 68, 000. 00 4, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 6, 000. 00 28, 000. 00 Harnesses, collars, e t c .................... C oop era ge.......................................... S to v e s .................................................. $30, 080.00 39, 560. 25 2, 796. 00 N E Y A D A—P ublic-A ccount System . Stone, quarried and d ressed ............. B oots and shoes................................... $7, 766. 37 13, 605. 65 Stone, quarried and d re s s e d ......... Im provem ents to p ris o n ................. $307. 96 10, 300. 00 N E W H A M P S H IR E —Contract System . $100, 000.00 Bedsteads Chairs $128,862.50 N E W J E R S E Y —P ublic-A ccount System. $970. 20 2,317. 90 C lothing (for co n v icts)......... . Stone, quarried and crushed. Clothing, shoes, etc. (for co n v icts). Stone, b r o k e n ................................... E recting b u ild in g s .......................... $5, 959. 60 3, 500. 00 1,123. 00 N E W J E R S E Y —P iece-Price System. Brushes, scrub, shoe, and s tov e----H o s ie r y ............................... .................. Collars, cuffs, shirts, and laundering Pantaloons (coarse) and w orking shirts. Shoes, m en’s, girls’, and children’s .. $34, 560. 00 10, 800. 00 232,084.40 129, 000. 00 180,000. 00 Brushes .............................................. H osiery, cotton ................................. Mats and m a ttin g ............................ Pantaloons, com m on........................ Shirts, men’s co a rs e ........................ Shoes, infants’ ................................... $85, 455. 60 15, 861. 30 46, 408. 49 78, 243. 20 95,186. 88 73, 530.04 N E W M E X IC O —P ublic-A ccount S ystem. B r ic k .................................................. C loth in g.............................................. E recting and im proving buildings. E arm ing.............................................. L im e...................................................... Road m a k in g ..................................... Sewer pip e .......................................... S h oes................................................... W ell d ig g in g ..................................... $6, 035. 25 660. 00 21,485. 55 1,260.00 250. 00 960.80 2, 000.00 230.00 400.00 465 CONVICT LABOR, T able V .—GOODS PRODUCED OR W ORK DONE, 1885 AND 1895—Continued. NEW MEXICO—L ease System. 1885. 1895. Kind. Yalue. Stone, quarried, ditch digging, etc. Kind. Yalue. $16, 000. 00 N E W Y O R K —P ublic-A ccount System . $19, 828. 54 328,714.19 46,028. 99 235, 785. 76 Broom s................................. Clothing, m en’s and hoys’ Brushes, scrub and s h o e ... Shoes, men’s ........................ . B room s................................................ Clothing, men’s and b oys’ ............... Baskets, w illow and ra tta n ........... Boots and shoes, men’s .................... Brush liber and curled hair prod ucts. Candy and tobacco pails................. Clothing for State institutions----Clothing, wom en’s ............................ E recting and im proving bu ild in gs. F arm ing.............................................. H a rd w a re .......................................... Pins and combs, h orn...................... Shirts, m en's w h ite.......................... Shoes for State institutions........... T oys and novelties............................ W ooden s h o v e ls ............................... $4, 090. 00 298, 547. 68 9, 267. 00 2,158. 20 74,158.90 39, 327. 48 18,442. 59 100, 300. 60 31,200. 00 1, 500. 00 74, 048. 48 3, 207.65 2, 998. 88 10, 258. 98 39,162. 22 76. 25 N E W Y O R K —Contract System . Bolts, ir o n .............................................. Boots and shoes, m en’s ...................... Boots and shoes, m en’s and wom en’s Brushes, scrub, shoe, e tc.................... Hames, w ood en..................................... Hardware, sa d d lery ............................ H ollow w a r e ......................................... H orse coll ars................._...................... L a u n d erin g........................................... Shoes, m en’s and wom en’s ................. Shoes, w om en’s and boys’ ................. Stoves .................................................... $45, 000. 00 862, 400. 00 225, 000. 00 54, 000. 00 35, 000. 00 445, 000. 00 120, 000. 00 48,215. 00 a 300, 000.00 1, 587, 500. 00 577, 500. 00 603, 960. 00 N E W Y O R K —P iece-Price System . B ag s..................................................... Bolts, ir o n .......................................... B room s................................................ Brushes, scrub, shoe, and s t o v e ... B utton s................................................ Cane-seating chairs.......................... C h a irs.................................................. Clothing, m en’s, you th s’, and b o ys’ Clothing, women’s ............................ Curled hair and brush lib e r........... F u r n itu r e ........................................... H ollow w are....................................... H osiery................................................ Iron ca s tin g s ..................................... M achinery and t o o ls ........................ Marble, dressed and p olished........ P a n ta loon s......................................... Pins, h o r n .......................................... Plum bers’ supplies, e t c ................... Rags, seamed, skirted, and as sorted. Shirts, men’s ....................................... Shirts, m en’s laundered................... Shoes, m en’s and b oys’ ................... Stone, crush ed................................... U m b rella s.......................................... W ooden good s................................... a Yalue o f shirts made and laundered. $82, 650. 00 28, 000. 00 60, 0U0. 00 81, 067.50 24, 371. 60 103, 708. 80 81, 282. 00 50, 000. 00 110, 626. 00 23, 602.14 90, 737. 00 60, 000.00 119, 000.00 48, 000. 00 10, 636.31 39, 462. 00 62, 080. 00 10, 325. 00 130,814.00 45, 000.00 232, 702. 00 134, 205. 75 176, 807.70 2, 500. 00 90, 000. 00 102,191.22 466 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. T able Y .—GOODS PR O D U C E D OR. W O R K DONE, 1885 A N D 1895—Continued. N O R T H C A R O L IN A —P ublic-A ccount System . 1895. 1885. B r i c k ..................................................... P a n n in g ................................................ B uilding governor’s m ansion........... B uilding railroad................................. D itching on State la n d s ..................... Shoes........................ ............................... $13, 725.40 18,714.41 11,000.00 6, 500. 00 6,347.13 4, 785.19 Yalue. K ind. Yalue. K ind. $15, 000. 00 165, 000. 00 10, 000.00 B r ic k .................................................... P a rm in g.............................................. W agons, e t c ....................................... NORTH CAR O LIN A—L ease System. $ 200, Building railroad. 000. 00 OHIO—P ublic-A ccount System . ■Rrnnms _ ________ ______ ’R'(vt,Anainn-tajYIe si id as TTnaiery _ __ Tinware ___________________ ______ $13, 403.39 50, 836.13 30, 510. 32 4, 332. 67 OHIO—Contract System . Hardware, sad d lery............................ Stoves................... ....................... .......... Barrels, p o rk ......................................... Bolts, nuts, e t c ..................................... B oots and shoes, men’s ...................... Cane-seating c h a ir s ............................ Carriage bodies, shafts, e tc ............... Carriages, children’s ____________ .. C igars...................................................... H arnesses.............................................. H ollow ware and ca stin gs................. Tools, carpenters’ and join ers’ .......... $135, 939. 00 60, 060. 00 36, 000.00 99, 910. 00 62, 000. 00 18,000. 00 75, 700. 00 31, 500. 00 2, 681. 00 46, 500.00 209,884. 00 44, 558.00 Hardware, sa d d le ry ........................ S to v e s ................................................. Brooms and b ru sh e s........................ Parm and garden to o ls .................... Hardware, wagon, and foundry work. Shafts and s p o k e s ............................ $101,300.00 42,173.00 77, 640. 00 81,348. 60 101, 735. 60 40, 000. 00 OHIO—P iece-P rice System . C igars........................................... B room s......................................... Carriage gea r.............................. H ollow ware and ca stings-----Tools, carpenters’ and join ers’ $29, 575. 00 3, 900. 00 625.00 6,104. 00 5, 444.00 $71,485. 00 180, 241. 50 36, 248. 48 C ig a rs.................................................. Bolts, nuts, e tc................................... C h a irs.................................................. i OREGON —P ublic-A ccount System . B r ic k ...................................................... $12,000.00 Brick Improvements to prison_________ S to v e s .................................................. $6, 000. 00 1, 657.12 13, 876. 21 OR E G O N —Contract System . $108, 000. 00 S tov es.............................................. $22,500. 00 467 CONVICT LABOR. T able V — GOODS PRODUCED OR W ORK DONE, 1885 AND 1895—Continued. PENN SY L V ART A —P ublic-A ccount System . 1895. 1885. Value. Kind. Boots and shoes, m en’s and wom en’s Carpeting, rag and ju t e ........... ........ Checks, c o t t o n ............. ...................... H osiery, c o t t o n ................................... Hosiery, woolen and cotton ............... Nets, fis h in g ...................... .................. Shoes, men’s ......................................... S to n e ............... ..................................... $304.50 7, 416. 50 17,122. 00 27,094. 60 23,470. 40 16,243. 00 339. 75 181. 34 1,485. 64 50, 442. 00 7, 810.14 6,385.94 l, 590. 00 3, 965. 00 381.81 15, 757. 50 23, 822. 40 Kind. Brooms, etc............................ Cane-seating ch airs............. C a rp etin g .............................. Carpeting, ra g...................... Carpeting, rag and ingrain C ig a rs..................................... H o s ie r y ................................. B lacksinithing...................... B la n k e ts ............................... Brushes, e t c .................... Brushes, scru b b in g....... C arpentering.................. Carpeting, ingrain......... Checks ............................. C lothing.......................... . D r illin g s .......................... Farm ing............................ Flannels.......................... G ingham s........................ Illum inating g a s ........... J ean s................................. Machine-shop products. Mats and m a ttin g ......... M u s lin s ........................... Sheetings........................ . S h ir ts ............................... Shoes................................. Shoes, men’s and b oys’ . Shoes, m en's b rog a n s.. Shoes, w om en’s ............. . Soap................................. . Stone m asonry................ Stone, q u a rried.............. T ic k in g s ........................ . T inw are.......................... Value. $132. 39 6, 265. 56 4,153. 48 40,718. 73 7, 500. 00 5,155. 47 85, 951.72 4, 783. 20 652. 00 1, 555.46 2, 820. 50 6, 399. 98 603. 20 63. 34 10, 639. 75 11.04 10,114.25 1. 381. 66 197. 98 25, 959.00 1, 429. 00 1, 354. 20 105, 383. 51 853.47 25.80 22. 00 13,668.45 8, 705. 63 2, 926.80 3,745.02 2, 681. 04 3, 867. 00 9,138. 00 305.03 1, 357. 86 PEN N S Y L V A N I A —Contract System . Broom s .................................................. Cigars ..................................... .............. Ttoh n.rp.hit.fto.tinra.l __ Shoes, m en’s, wom en’s, and girls’ . . . $56, 000. 00 64, 000. 00 20, 000. 00 356, 452. 81 P E N N S Y L V A N IA —P iece-Price System . H osiery, c o t t o n ................................... H osiery, woolen and c o t t o n ............. $158,085.00 6, 050. 00 Hosiery, c o tto n ................................. Brooms, e t c ........................................ M o p s .............................................. $10, 040.40 64,091. 91 1,086. 37 R H O D E IS L A N D —Contract System . Boots and shoes................................... W ire goods (screens aud railin gs).. $75, 000. 00 6, 000.. 00 Shoes, men’s and b oys’ .................... W ire goods (screens and railin gs). $151, 488.40 8, 000. 00 SOUTH C A R O L IN A —P ublic-A ccount System . B uilding State canal .. Clothing (for convicts) F a rm in g ........................ R epairing p rison ......... $80, 000. 00 4,457. 09 10, 000. 00 5, 000. 00 B r ic k ............................... Clothing (for convicts) Farm ing.......................... General la bor................. $15, 000. 00 2, 000. 00 68, 010. 00 17,114.36 SOU TH C A R O L IN A —Contract System. H o s ie r y .................................................. Boots and shoes................................... $50, 000. 00 150,000. 00 H osiery........................................... $279, 000. 00 468 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. T able V .—GOODS P R O D U C E D OR W O R K DONE, 1885 A N D 1895—Continued. SOU TH C A R O L IN A —L ease System . 1885. 1895. K ind. Value. K ind. $23, 560.00 M ining p hosphate............................. Farming, e tc....................................... Value. $166,189.33 SOUTH D A K O T A —P ublic-A ccount System . F arm ing.............................................. Stone, d re s s e d ................................... Stone, q u a rried ................................. $2, 500.00 2,133. 60 3, 000.00 SOU TH D A K O T A —Contract System . a $11,577. 36 Stone, d ressed .................... - .......... .. TE N N E SSE E —L ease System. Farm ing ................. ........................ ..... M ining coal........- ___- ......................... M in in g,iron ore__. . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . W a g o n s ...................... - ............ - ........... $6, 500.00 451, 500.00 134,000.00 550, 000.00 F arm ing.............................................. M ining, c o a l ....................................... C oke..................................................... Grading railroad,etc........................ Labor and camp duty at m ines___ Saddlery.................. ........................... Stoves and hollow w are................... W o r k for State................................. $7,500.00 298, 750. 00 93, 750. 00 89, 000. 00 13, 500. 00 125, 000.00 45, 000. 00 7, 800.00 T E X A S —P ublic-A ccount System . Engines, boilers, pumps, e tc ............. F urniture and lum ber........................ Cloth (for p rison )................................. P ig iron and castings.......................... (for r.nnYiets)______ ______ _ W agons and cotton presses............... M ining, iron ore (and burning char coal), etc. £}frvpe quarried_________ __________ $16,187. 00 11,310. 00 16, 480. 00 129, 000. 00 10, 800. 00 48, 965. 00 85, 000. 00 40, 000. 00 Engines, boilers, pumps, e t c ......... Furniture and lum ber.................... Cotton and woolen cloth and ho siery (for con victs). P ig ir o n ....................................... Boots and shoes (for co n v icts)___ W agons, buggies, e tc ...................... M ining, iron ore ............................... Burning ch arcoal........................ Blacksm ith-shop products........... B o ile r s ................................................ B uilding railroad.............................. B uilding reservoir............................ Carpentering and planing-m ill products. Cast-iron water p ip es..................... Chewing tobacco (for co n v icts). . . Clothing, mattresses, and s h o e s ... F arm ing.............................................. Foun dry and machine-shop prod ucts. H ollow ware, castings, e tc........... Paint sh op ........................................ Pattern s h o p ..................................... Tin sh op ............................................ M iscellaneous, la bor........................ $143,287.82 274, 631. 49 37, 763.46 50, 837. 50 26, 051. 52 81. 748. 69 4, 000. 50 27, 453.85 4, 286.92 817. 05 43, 431. 20 2, 712. 75 3,181.67 53, 360.00 8, 607. 26 60,019.70 96, 800. 80 20,456.04 23, 701. 37 2, 606. 38 1,152. 49 1,565.64 25, 000.00 T E X A S —Contract System . F a r m in g ............................ B uildin g ra ilro a d ........... Saddletrees and stirrups 6 $ 2 2 0 , 000. 0U b 45, 000. 00 30, 000. 00 F arm ing...................... ....................... Railroad la bor................................... V E R M O N T —P ublic-A ccount System . Marble, dressed............................... a Dakota Territory. b V alue o f labor only. $721,791.18 148, 750. 00 469 CONVICT LABOR, T able V .—GOODS PRODUCED OR W ORK DONE, 1885 AND 1895—Concluded. VERMONT—Contract System. 1895. 1885. Kind. | M arble (dressed) and monuments J Shnp.H, wnnipn’s __ ______ __ j Kind. Value. Shoes, hoys’ and youths’ ................. Shoes, children’s ............................... Shoes, wom en’s and misses’ ........... $30,000.00 90,837.75 I Value. $16, 885.00 51, 269. 00 245, 446. 50 V IR G IN I A —P ublic-A ccount System . F arm ing....... Roadm aking. $ 12, 000. 00 13, 200. 00 V I R G I N I A —Contract System . Shoes, women’s . ................................... Tobacco, plug and tw ist.................... Barrels etc ................................. B uilding railroad_____ ____. . . . . ____ $631,289.95 60,000. 00 30, 000. 00 65, 000.00 Shoes, w om en’ s and m isses’ ........... Tobacco, plug and tw ist................... $1, 054, 421. 91 45, 000.00 1 W A S H IN G T O N —P ublic-A ccount System . B uilding and im proving p rison . . . B urlap ................................................. Grain bags, ju te ............................... H op cloth ............................................ Kiln c l o t h .......................................... M a ttin g .............................................. Ore bags, ju t e .................................... Sewing tw in e......... .......................... W ool b a g s .......................................... $23,657. 45 439. 95 93,130.83 8, 621.34 27.11 225. 60 76. 72 63.12 1, 578. 21 W A S H IN G T O N —L ease System . Sashes, doors, and b lin d s................... $30, 000. 00 W E S T V I R G IN I A —Contract System. Brooms and leather w h ip s................. W a g o n s......... ...................................... $125, 000. 00 150, 000. 00 B room s................................................ F ly nets, e tc....................................... Leather w h ip s................................. P a n ta loon s........... ......................... $65, 000.00 50, 000. 00 83, 300. 00 43, 750. 00 W I SCON SIN —P ublic-A ccount System. H osiery................................................ O v era lls.............................................. W IS C O N S IN —Contract System. Boots and shoes $360, 000. 00 Boots and shoes $600, 000. 00 470 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR. Table V I .— V A L U E OF GOODS P R O D U C E D OR W O R K DO N E , B Y S Y S T E M S OF W O R K , 1885 A N D 1895. P ublic-A ccount System . Value. 1885. A la b a m a ................... A TUT'.nnn,___________ A rkansas ................. C aliforn ia................. C olorad o................... Illin o is .................... I o w a ........... - ............ K a n sa s................... Rfintn nky _____ M a in e ........................ Massachusetts _____ M ic h ig a n ................. M in n e s o ta ............... M is s is s ip p i............. Nevada .................... N ew Jersey .... Value. Stcit©* State. $25,000.00 126,413. 56 30, 000. 00 1895. $64, 912. 81 6, 000. 00 54,019.05 282, 766.13 12,220. 52 773,540. 62 95,243. 40 166,324. 25 17.000. 00 268, 594. 77 37, 200. 00 72.000. 00 43. 826.13 175,347.09 121,646.55 150,000. 00 244, 066.00 10, 607. 96 21, 372. 02 10, 582. 60 3, 288.10 1885. N ew M e x i c o .......... N ew Y o r k ............... N orth Carolina----O h io ........................ O regon................. .. P en n sy lv a n ia ........ South C arolin a----South D a k o ta ........ T e x a s ..................... V e rm o n t................. V irgin ia ................... W ashington........... W is c o n s in ............. 1895. $629, 857.48 61,072.13 99, 082. 51 12, 000. 00 203,812. 52 99,457. 09 $33,281.60 708, 744.91 190, 000. 00 357,742.00 21,533. 33 370, 521.52 102,124. 36 7, 633.60 993,474.10 20, 000.00 25, 200.00 127,820.33 77,126.50 2, 063,892.18 4, 888, 563.36 O h io ........................ Oregon ................... P en n sy lv a n ia ........ Rhode Is la n d ........ South Carolina----South D a kota ........ T e x a s ...................... Vfirm on t ____ .. V ir g in ia ................. W est V ir g in ia ___ W is c o n s in ............. $822,732.00 108, 000.00 496, 452.81 81, 000.00 200,000.00 n il, 577. 36 295,000.00 120, 837.75 786, 289. 95 275, 000.00 360, 000. 00 $444,197.20 22,500.00 870, 541.18 313,600.50 1,099, 421.91 242, 050.00 600,000.00 T otal............. 17, 071,265.69 8,190,799.70 N ew Y o r k ............. O h io ........................ P en n sy lv a n ia ........ $45,648.00 164,135.00 $1,999, 769.02 287, 974. 98 75, 218. 68 T otal............. 1,484,230. 52 3, 795,483.24 T otal............. Contract System . A rk a n s a s _________ C o n n e cticu t.. . . ___ Illin o is ...................... In d ia n a ___________ Iow a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . M a ry la n d ................. M assachu setts........ M ic h ig a n ........... ..... M in n e so ta ............... M is so u r i............... . N ew Hampshire . . . N ew Y o r k ............... $109, 000.00 3,005, 000.00 1,551, 807.82 381,590. 00 790,125.00 395,000. 00 79,000. 00 818, 778. 00 245, 500. 00 1,135, 000. 00 100, 000.00 4, 903, 575. 00 $82,273.24 242,375.00 255,000. 00 799, 700.00 251, 636. 00 74, 761. 00 680, 000. 30 286, 330.00 175, 000. 00 1,184, 062.47 128, 862. 50 159,488.40 279,000.00 P iece-Price System . C aliforn ia................. I n d ia n a .................... K e n tu ck y ................. ATqactapli n QAt.t.oi M ic h ig a n ................. N ew j e r s e y ............. $294, 777.87 16, 493. 25 341,732.00 35, 000. 00 586, 444.40 $7, 720. 88 170, 528. 00 859, 586.17 394, 685.51 L ease System . A la b a m a . . . A rkansas .. F lorid a ........ G e o r g ia ----K e n tu ck y .. L ou isia n a .. M ississippi N ebraska .. $214,400.00 230, 450.00 100, 000. 00 460, 000. 00 411, 280.00 352, 000. 00 324, 000.00 148, 000. 00 $622, 463.60 283,173. 00 177,416. 00 N ew M e x i c o ......... N orth Carolina___ South Carolina___ T e n n e ss e e ............. W a s h in g t o n ......... $16, 000.00 200,000. 00 23, 560. 00 1,142,000. 00 30, 000. 00 T ota l............. 3, 651,690. 00 $166,189. 33 680, 300.00 165, 647.85 2,167, 626. 03 72,436. 25 T able V I I . - -SU M M A R Y OF V A L U E OF GOODS PR O D U C ED OR W O R K DONE, B Y SYS TE M S OF W O R K , 1885 A N D 1895. Value. Systems o f w ork. 1885. 1895. P ublic-account system ....................................................................................... Contract s y stem .................................................................................................. Piece-price system ...................... . .................................... ................................ Lease s y s te m ....................................................................................................... $2,063, 892.18 17, 071, 265.69 1,484, 230. 52 3, 651, 690.00 $4,888, 563.36 8,190, 799. 70 3,795, 483.24 2,167, 626.03 T o t a l........................................................................................................... 24, 271, 078. 39 19, 042,472. 33 a Dakota Territory. 471 CONVICT LABOR. T able V I I I .—S U M M A R Y OF V A L U E OF GOODS PRODU CED OR W O R K DONE, B Y S T A T E S . Value. V alue. oiate. State. 1885. A la b a m a .................. A riz o n a .................... Arkansas ................. C aliforn ia................. C o lo ra d o................... C onnecticu t............. F lorida...................... G e o rg ia .................... Illin o is...................... In d ia n a .................... I o w a .......................... K ansas...................... K e n tu ck y ................. L ou isia n a ................. M aine........................ M a ry lan d ................. M assachu setts........ M ie h ig a u ................. M innesota................. M is s is s ip p i............. M is so u r i.................. N e b ra sk a ................. $214,400. 00 25, 000. 00 230, 450. 00 421,191. 43 30, 000. 00 109, 000.00 100, 000. 00 4.60, 000. 00 3, 005, 000. 00 1, 568,301.07 398, 590. 00 1, 058, 719.77 448, 480. 00 352,000. 00 72,000. 00 395, 000.00 420,732.00 853,778. 00 245, 500. 00 324,000.00 1,135, 000. 00 148, 000.00 1895. $687,376.41 6, 000. 00 136, 292. 29 282, 766.13 12, 220. 52 242, 375. 00 283,173. 00 177,416. 00 1, 028, 540. 62 807, 420. 88 346, 879.40 241, 085.25 170, 528. 00 165, 647. 85 43, 826.13 680, 000.30 1,034,933.26 407,976. 55 325, 000. 00 244, 066. 00 1,184, 062.47 72,436. 25 1885. Nevada .................. N ew Hampshire .. N ew J e r s e y ........... N ew M e x ic o ......... N ew Y o r k ............. N orth Carolina----O h io ........................ O regon.................... P en n sy lv a n ia ........ Rhode I s la n d ....... South Carolina----South D a k o ta ....... Tennessee............... T e x a s ...................... V erm on t................. V ir g in ia ................. W ashington........... W est V irginia W is c o n s in ............. T ota l............. II 1895. $21,372.02 100,000.00 589,732. 50 16,000.00 5,533,432.48 261,072.13 967,462. 51 120,000. 00 864,400. 33 81,000.00 323, 017. 09 a 11,577.36 1,142, 000. 00 652, 742. 00 120, 837. 75 786, 289. 95 30, 000. 00 275, 000.00 360, 000. 00 $10, 607.96 128, 862. 50 405,268.11 33,281.60 2, 708, 513.93 190, 000.00 732,172.18 44, 033.33 445,740. 20 L59,488.40 547, 313.69 7, 633. 60 680, 300.00 1, 864, 015. 28 333, 600.50 1,124,621. 91 127, 820. 33 242,050. 00 677,126. 50 24, 271, 078. 39 19, 042, 472. 33 a Dakota Territory. ABSTRACT OF LAW S RELATING TO CONVICT LABOR PASSED SINCE 1885. A l a b a m a . — Act of February 18, 1895, provides in substance as follows: State convicts shall be hired or employed within the State as may be determined by the board of inspectors with the approval of the governor. All hiring made must be per capita. Not less than 50 State convicts shall be hired to one person or kept at one prison, except that where convicts are Avorked in the county where convicted, less than 50 may be worked at one place. The board of inspectors may make contracts for the hire of State convicts by the day, month, or year, or a term of years, the State in such cases controlling and supporting the convicts. County convicts may be worked on public roads, bridges, and other public works in the county, and may be hired to labor anywhere within the State. A r i z o n a . — In section 2424 of the Revised Statutes of 1887, originally part of an act approved March 10, 1887, it is provided that the board of commissioners shall lease the labor of the convicts in the Territorial Prison to be employed within the prison Avails in such manufacturing enterprises as the board may deem proper. Section 9 of act No. 19 of the acts of 1895, approved March 8, 1895, provides that the board of control of the Territorial institutions shall have power to lease on shares or for cash the property, buildings, and lands belonging to the Territory for the purpose of furnishing employment for the inmates of the Territorial Prison and reform school, and to make contracts to furnish the labor of the inmates of said institutions either within or outside the walls of the prison or the confines of the reform school. The labor of said inmates shall not be leased Avhen it is required upon the buildings or properties of said institutions. A r k a n s a s . — Sections 5499 to 5506, inclusive, of the Digest of 1894, originally forming part of an act approved March 21, 1893, direct that the board of commissioners of the penitentiary shall employ the convicts either Avithin or outside the walls of the penitentiary, and shall purchase or lease and equip a farm or farms, upon Avhich convicts who are not suitable for contract labor and avIi o can not be made selfsupporting within the walls shall be worked on State account; that the system of labor shall be the State account system or the contract system, or partly one and partly the other, but no contract shall be let if equally remunerative employment can be furnished by the State and A vork ed on State account, and that said board shall establish within the walls of the penitentiary such industries as are for the 6139— No. 5------ 3 472 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. best interests of the State, and as will furnish the charitable institutions of the State with such articles as are necessary to be used therein. The board is authorized to have State coal lands opened and operated by convict labor on the State account system. It is also authorized to employ convicts on State timber lands in clearing and fencing the same and cutting the timber, and to purchase a tract of land on which there is an abundant supply of good building stone, and to employ convicts thereon in cutting, quarrying, and otherwise prepar ing the stone for use. C a l i f o r n i a . — In chapter 208 of the acts of 1895, approved March 28, 1895, pro vision is made for establishing at one or both of the State prisons a rock or stone crushing plant, to be operated by convict labor, with such free labor as is necessary for superintendence and direction. C o l o r a d o . — Section 3447 of the Annotated Statutes of 1891, originally part of an act approved April 2, 1887, forbids the employment of the penitentiary or prison convicts outside the prison walls or grounds in the vicinity of such penitentiary or prison, and provides that the board of penitentiary commissioners shall not hire out any convict for the purpose of carrying on an industry that comes in competition with free labor in the State. Section 4163, originally part of an act approved April 19, 1889, provides that so far as practicable the industries upon which the convicts of the State reformatory shall be employed shall be the manufacture of articles not elsewhere manufactured in the State. C o n n e c t i c u t . — Chapter 153 of the acts of 1895, approved May 23, 1895, provides that no convict shall be employed in or about the Inanufacture or preparation of any drugs, medicines, food or food material, cigars or tobacco, or any preparation thereof, pipes, chewing gum, or any other article or thing used for eating, drinking, chewing, or smoking, or for any other use within or through the mouth of any human being. I d a h o . — Section 3 of article 13 of the constitution of the State, adopted in 1889, provides that all labor of convicts shall be done within the prison walls, except where the work is done on public works under the direct control of the State. Section 2 of an act approved February 3, 1891, as amended by an act approved March 6, 1893, empowers the board of State prison commissioners, either by direct expenditure or by contract, to provide for the employment of all convicts confined in the penitentiary, and provides that no contract shall be let; to perform any labor which will conflict with any existing manufacturing industries in the State. K a n s a s . — In sections 35 to 43, inclusive, of chapter 152 of the acts of 1891, approved March 11, 1891, the following provisions are made: The party hiring the labor of the convicts in the penitentiary shall be required, so far as practicable, to teach the prisoner as much of the trade at which he is employed as will enable him to work at the same when discharged. No contract shall be made for the employment of the prisoners outside of the prison grounds. The warden of the penitentiary is author ized to employ the labor of such convicts as are not required in other departments in mining coal upon the lands belonging to the State upon which the penitentiary is located and adjacent thereto, and to use such portion of the convict labor as may be necessary to keep the wagon road from the penitentiary to the city of Leaven worth in repair. Section 5 of chapter 46 of the acts of 1895, approved March 8,1895, makes it unlaw ful to allow convicts in the penitentiary to perform labor for private citizens outside the prison grounds, for hire or otherwise, and makes it the duty of the warden to employ the surplus convict labor in extending and repairing the State road and upon other work exclusively for the benefit of the State. K e n t u c k y . — Sections 253 and 254 of the constitution, adopted in 1891, provide that the labor only of penitentiary convicts may be leased and must be performed within the prison walls. Also, that the employment of convicts outside the walls can not be authorized except upon public works, or when, during pestilence or in CONVICT LABOR. 473 case of the destruction of the prison building, they can not be confined in the peni tentiary. L o u i s i a n a .— Act No. 114 of the acts of 1890, approved July 10, 1890, provides for the extending of the lease for the labor of the penitentiary convicts for a period of ten years from March 3,1891, but limits the employment of such labor to the levees, railroads, and other works o f public improvement. It absolutely prohibits the subletting, rental-out, or use by the lessee himself of tlie convict labor in the cultivation, planting, or gathering of any agricultural crop, such as rice, sugar, cotton, or corn. Chapter 134 of the acts of 1894, approved July 11, 1894, permits the employment of the penitentiary convicts on plantation or farm work, or any other work not pro vided for in act No. 114 of the acts of 1890, when it shall have been demonstrated to the governor that employment for the convicts can not be obtained on the public levees of the State. M a s s a c h u s e t t s . — In chapter 447 of the acts of 1887, approved June 16, 1887, the following provisions were made: No contract shall hereafter be made for the labor of prisoners confined in the State Prison, reformatories, or any of the houses of correction. Such prisoners shall be employed by the head officers of said institutions in such industries as shall from time to time be fixed upon. No new machinery to be propelled by other than hand or foot power shall be used in any such institution. The number of prisoners employed in a single industry at the same time in any institution shall not exceed one-twentieth of the number of persons employed in such industry in the State, except that county institutions doing business at the date of passage of this act on public account may continue such industries as they maintain, but can not employ more than 250 persons in any one industry at the same time. The goods to be manu factured in said institutions shall be, as far as may be, such articles as are in use in the several State and county institutions and as are necessary to their maintenance. Chapter 22 of the acts of 1888, approved February 9, 1888, provides that the words “ contract for the labor of prisoners,” used in chapter 447 of the acts of 1887, shall not be construed as applying to a contract for the manufacture of articles by the piece, under what is known as the “ piece-price system ” with persons who furnish the materials used in such manufacture. Section 2 of chapter 403 of the acts of 1888, as amended by chapter 371, acts of 1891, provides that the number of prisoners employed in any industry in the State Prison, Reformatory, Reformatory Prison for Women, or in any house of correction, shall not exceed one-twentieth of the number of persons employed in such industry in the State, unless a larger number is needed to produce articles to be supplied to State and county institutions. Fifty prisoners may be employed in the manufac ture of brushes at the House of Correction at Cambridge, upon the public-account system. Chapter 209 of the acts of 1891, approved April 17, 1891, provides that prisoners in any State institution shall not be employed outside the precincts of the same in any mechanical or skilled labor for private parties. Chapter 460 of the acts of 1894, approved June 9, 1894, provides that no new con tract for the employment of prisoners in the manufacture of reed or rattan goods shall be made until the number so employed is reduced to 75, and that thereafter no contract for the employment of more than 75 in the manufacture of such goods shall be approved. M i n n e s o t a . — Section 3598 of the statutes of 1894, originally part of chapter 208 of the acts of 1887, as amended by chapter 112 of the acts of 1891, prohibits the contract system of convict labor in the State Reformatory, and provides that the board of managers shall retain control of the labor of the convicts. It also provides that during any year the board shall not employ or engage, on the average, to exceed 33 per cent of the prisoners in quarrying, manufacturing, and cutting of granite for sale. 474 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. In chapter 154 o f the acts of 1895, approved April 12, 1895, the following provisions were made: The prisoners in the State Prison and State Reformatory shall he taught some trade or handicraft. No contracts shall he made for the leasing of the labor of the prisoners in said institutions at a certain rate per diem giving the contractor control of the labor, hut they shall he employed by the warden, superintendent, or other chief officer having charge thereof, in such industries as from time to time may he fixed upon, or iu the manufacture of articles by the piece under the t( piece-price s y s t e m b y contracts with persons who furnish tho materials used in such manufac ture. The number of prisoners employed in a single industry at tho same time in any institution shall not exceed 10 per cent of the total number of persons engagedin such industry in tho State unless a greater number is necessary to produce materials or articles to be supplied to State and other municipal institutions, penal or chari table. This does not apply to the number of prisoners employed in the manufacture of binding twine at the State Prison at Stillwater. The board of managers of these institutions shall, as far as may be, have manufac tured in said prison and reformatory such articles as are in common use in the several State institutions, whether penal or otherwise, and the officers of such institutions shall purchase such of said articles as are necessary for the maintenance of the institution they may represent. M i s s i s s i p p i . — Sections 223 to 226, inclusive, of the State constitution, adopted in 1890, provide that after the year 1894 no penitentiary convict shall ever be leased or hired to any person or persons or corporation, private or public or quasi public, or board; that said convicts may be employed under State supervision on public roads or other public works, or by any levee board on auy public levees; that the legis lature may place the penitentiary convicts on State farms, and have them worked thereon, under State supervision exclusively, in tilling the soil or manufacturing, or both; and that convicts in the county jails shall not be hired or leased to any person or corporation outside the county of their conviction after 1892. Section 3201 of tho code of 1892 provides that after the year 1894 penitentiary con victs shall not bo hired or leased out, but shall be employed in the penitentiary and on a farm or farms leased for that purpose, under the sole control, discipline, and management of the officers and employees of the penitentiary; and that the board of control may work said convicts on public roads, works, and levees. Chapter 75 of the acts of 1894 provides for the establishment of penitentiary farms, and that the board of control of the penitentiary may carry on in connection with said farms such industrial enterprises as may be deemed advisable, including the manufacture of drainage tile, brick, wagons, agricultural implements, gearing, shoes, clothing, and other articles for the convicts. Chapter 76 of the acts of 1894, approved February 10, 1894, provides that jail con victs shall be worked either by hiring them out to the best bidder or by working them, under the directions of the board of supervisors, on public roads or works, or on. a farm or farms which the board may buy or lease or work on shares, or by delivering them to the county contractor; that the sheriff may hire out the convicts with their consent, or, if they do not consent, at public outcry, at the door of the courthouse, to persons who will pay in cash the amount of their several fines, costs, and jail fees, or give bond for the payment of tho same; and that if the convicts are not hired out and the board of supervisors do not work them on tho public roads, works, or farms, said board may agree with a persou, as convict contractor, to work them at a price to be agreed upon by the board. M ontana.— Section 2 of article 18 of the constitution of the State, adopted in 1889, provides that the labor of tho convicts in the reformatory institutions and penitentiaries of the State shall not be let by contract. Section 2960 of the Penal Code (Codes and Statutes, 1895, Sanders’ edition), origi nally part of an act passed in 1895, provides that the prisoners in the State Prison may be employed within the prison in any mechanical pursuits, or either within or without the walls or inclosures of the prison on the public grounds or buildings or CONVICT LABOR. 475 otherwise, but that such employment must he under the exclusive control of the board of prison commissioners; and that neither the board nor the warden must let by contract to any person the labor of any convict in the prison. N e b r a s k a . — Section 5202 of the Compiled Statutes of 1895, originally part of chapter 66 of the acts of 1895, authorizes and empowers the hoard of public lands and buildings to lease the labor of convicts in the penitentiary to responsible per sons, when in its judgment the best interests of the State will be subserved thereby. N e v a d a . — Chapter 91 of the acts of 1887, approved February 28, 1887, provides that all the boots and shoes required to be used by the prisoners in the State Prison shall be made in the prison shop, and that the managers of other State institu tions shall be supplied with all they need for the use of those under their charge; also that the surplus product of the shop may be sold by the warden in open market, but only by wholesale in full cases and unbroken packages of not less than one dozen pairs of boots or shoes each. N e w J e r s e y . — Chapter 357 of the acts of 1895, approved March 28, 1895, provides that the convicts in the reformatory may be employed in agricultural or mechanical labor, and that the system employed shall be either the “ piece-price plan77 or the “ public-account system /7 or partly one and partly the other, in the discretion of the board of managers. N e w M e x i c o . — Sections 39 and 59 of chapter 76 of the acts of 1889, passed over veto February 22, 1889, provides that the labor of the penitentiary convicts may be hired out to the best advantage, and that those who are not hired out may be em ployed in and about any work, labor, or improvement on the capitol building or grounds, in grading, repairing, opening, cleaning, or leveling the streets, alleys, roads, and bridges in and near the city of Santa Fe; in quarrying and hauling stone, and in securing, bettering, and protecting the banks of the Santa Fe River from overflowing or destruction, so as to prevent damage to the city of Santa Fe. N e w Y o r k . — Section 29 of article I I I of the constitution of the State, adopted in 1891, provides that after January 1, 1897, no person sentenced to the several State prisons, penitentiaries, jails, and reformatories shall be required or allowed to work at any trade, industry, or occupation wherein or whereby his work, or the product or profit of his work, shall be farmed out, contracted, given, or sold to any person, firm, association, or corporation, and that convicts may work for, and the products of their labor may be disposed of to, the State or any political division thereof, or for or to any public institution owned or managed and controlled by the State or any political division thereof. Chapter 586 of the acts of 1888, approved August 1, 1888, provides that no motivepower machinery for manufacturing purposes shall be placed or used in any of the penal institutions of the State, and that no convict in such institutions shall be required or allowed to work at any trade or industry where his labor, or the pro duction or profit of his labor, is farmed out, contracted, given, or sold to any person or persons whomsoever; also, that only such articles as are commonly needed and used in public institutions of the State for clothing and other necessary supplies shall be manufactured in the penal institutions. Chapter 382 of the acts of 1889, amending article 3 of title 2 of chapter 3 of part 4 of the Revised Statutes of 1881, and approved June 6, 1889, provides that no contract shall be made by which the labor or time of any prisoner in the State prisons shall he contracted, let, or hired to contractors at a price per day or for other period of time; that the labor of the jmsoners shall be either for the purpose of production and profit or for the purpose of industrial training and instruction, or partly for one and partly for the other; that the system of productive training in the State prisons shall be either the “ public-account system77 or the “ piece price system,77 or partly one and partly the other; that none of the product of the labor of the con victs shall be sold for less than 10 per centum in excess of the cost of the materials used in the manufacture of such products; that in determining the line of produc tive labor to be pursued the superintendent shall select diversified lines of industry 476 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. with reference to interfering as little as possible with the same lines of industry car ried on by the citizens of the State; that the number of convicts employed at one time in manufacturing one kind of goods shall not exceed 5 per centum of the num ber of all persons within the State employed in manufacturing the same kind of goods, except in industries in which not to exceed 50 free laborers are employed, and provided that not more than 100 convicts shall be employed in all the prisons of the State in the manufacture of stoves, iron hollow ware, and boots and shoes, and that no convict shall be employed upon any of said specified industries in any of the peni tentiaries, reformatories, or houses of correction in the State; that there shall be manufactured in the State prisons such articles as are commonly needed and used in the public institutions of the State, for clothing and other necessary supplies, and. that such of said articles as are not needed in the State prisons shall be furnished to the several public institutions supported in whole or in part by the State; also that the labor of the prisoners in the State Reformatory at Elmira, and in the peniten tiaries and other penal institutions of the State other than the State prisons, shall be conducted on the “ public-account system*’ or the “ piece-price system.** Chapter 237 of the acts of 1894, approved April 2,1894, prohibits the manufacture of brushes, in whole or in part, by the convicts confined in the Albany Penitentiary. Chapter 737 of the acts of 1894, approved May 21, 1894, restricts the total number of convicts employed in the State in manufacturing brooms and brushes from broom corn to 5 per centum of the total number of persons employed within the State in manufacturing such goods. N o r t h C a r o l i n a . — Section 4 of chapter 283 of the acts of 1893, ratified March 6, 1893, provides for the employment of the penitentiary convicts either within the walls of said institution or on farms leased or owned by the penitentiary, and makes it the duty of the superintendent to make contracts with persons or corporations, in order to employ and support as many of the able-bodied convicts on public works as the interests of the State and the constitution will permit O h i o . — Section 7436-5 of the Revised Statutes, seventh edition, and originally part of an act passed in 1889, provides that the managers of the penitentiary shall employ all convicts directly for the State whenever the legislature shall provide means for machinery, materials, etc.; that said board shall have power to agree with manufacturers and others to furnish machinery, materials, etc., for the employ ment of the convicts, under the control of the managers and their officers; that such employment shall be on the “ piece or process plan,** and that bids for the product of such labor on said plan shall be advertised for; that the board may arrange with the employers of prisoners, so obtained, to pay for the labor of such number of pris oners necessary to the conduct of the general business (when they are employed in connection with larger numbers of other prisoners working by the piece or process plan), by the day or week, or otherwise, and that with this exception none of the labor of the prisoners in the penitentiary shall be let on contract by the day; that as far as practicable the board must employ all prisoners necessary in making all articles for the various State institutions not manufactured by such institutions, and said institutions shall purchase and pay to the penitentiary the market price for all such articles. An act passed April 16, 1892, directs that the total number of prisoners and inmates employed at onetime in the penitentiaries, workhouses, and reformatories of the State in the manufacture of anyone kind of goods shall not exceed 5 per cent of the num ber of all persons in the State employed outside of said penitentiaries, etc., in man ufacturing the same kind of goods, except in industries in which not more than 50 free laborers are employed. An act passed April 21, 1893, prohibits any board or authority having the control or management of any penal, reformatory, or charitable institution, or asylum from contracting with any person, firm, or corporation for the manufacture of knit or woolen goods, or from establishing any mill or manufactory for the manufacture of such goods. CONVICT LABOR. 477 O k l a h o m a . — Section 5436 of the statutes of 1893 provides that the sheriff may employ jail convicts sentenced to hard labor within the jail, and the county shall be entitled to their earnings; also that he may employ said convicts outside of the jail or yard either for the county or for any municipality in the county in work on public streets, or highways, or otherwise. O r e g o n . — Section 1 of an act approved February 23, 1895, authorizes the governor to contract and lease to any person, firm, or corporation the whole or any part of the labor of the convicts at any time confined in the penitentiary for any period or periods of time not exceeding ten years. It provides that the officers of the peni tentiary shall have general charge and custody of the convicts while they are engaged in such labor, and that the labor must be performed within the penitentiary building or within the yard or in closure thereof. S o u t h C a r o l i n a . — Sections 662 and 663 of the Civil Statute Laws, originally part of chapter 21 of the acts of 1893, section 554 of the Criminal Statute Laws, origi nally part of chapter 481 of the acts of 1893, section 33 of article 5, and section 6 of article 12 of the constitution of 1895 provide for the labor of jail convicts upon the public works, roads, highways, and bridges, under control of the county and municipal authorities. Section 578 of the Criminal Statute Laws, originally part of chapter 20 of the acts of 1889, provides that no hiring or leasing of convicts in phosphate mining shall be made by the board of directors of the penitentiary. Section 9 of article 12 of the constitution of 1895 directs that in case penitentiary convicts are hired or farmed out, they shall be under the supervision and control of officers of the State. S o u t h D a k o t a . — Chapter 11 of the acts of 1890, approved March 8, 1890, provides for the working of the undeveloped stone quarries belonging to the State, and situ ated upon the penitentiary grounds at Sioux Falls, by the labor of the penitentiary convicts. Chapter 131 of the acts of 1893, approved March 6, 1893, provides for the establish ment of a plant in the State Penitentiary for the manufacture of binding twine from hemp or flax fiber by the use of convict labor, and directs that in the manufacture of the twine preference shall be given to the fiber grown in the State. T e n n e s s e e . — Chapter 204 of the acts of 1889, approved April 4, 1889, provides for the leasing of the penitentiary buildings, quarry, grounds, fixtures, etc., and the labor of the convicts for the term of six years from January 1,1890. Chapter 78 of the acts of 1893, approved April 4, 1893, provides that, for the pur pose of removing, as far as possible, convict labor from competition with free labor and to utilize, under the exclusive control and management of the State and for and on the State’s account, the labor of the convicts, a new penitentiary shall be erected, with such buildings and workshops within its outer walls as may be deemed neces sary to utilize the labor of the convicts in diversified industries; that in connection with said penitentiary there shall be a farm, not exceeding 1,500 acres of land, and that coal lands shall be purchased of not more than 10,000 acres for the purpose of opening and operating a coal mine or mines to be worked by convict labor. Said chapter also provides that “ from and after the expiration of the lease now in force between the State and the lessees of the hire and labor of the convicts of the State,” the contract lease system shall be forever abolished. T e x a s .— Chapter 82 of the acts of 1891, approved April 15, 1891, provides that the system of labor in the State penitentiaries shall be either the State account system or the contract system, or partly the one and partly the other, but no contract shall be let for any of such convict labor if equally remunerative employment can be fur nished by the State and worked on State account, and that no contract shall be made by which the control of the convicts shall pass from the State or its officers. It also provides that all convicts shall be placed within the walls of the penitentiaries or on State farms and worked on State account as soon and speedily as possible. 478 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. U t a h . — Section 3 of article 13 of the State constitution, adopted in 1895, provides that the legislature shall prohibit the contracting of convict labor and the labor of convicts outside prison grounds, except on public works, under the direct control of the State. W a s h i n g t o n . — Section 29 of article 2 of the constitution of the State, adopted in 1889, directs that after January 1, 1890, the labor of convicts shall not be let out by contract to any person, copartnership, company, or corporation, and that the legisla ture shall provide for the working of convicts for the benefit of the State. Section 1158 of the statutes and codes of 1891, originally part of an act approved March 9, 1891, provides that all convicts may be employed by the authority of the board of directors of the penitentiary in the performance of work for the State, or the manufacture of any article or articles for the State, or the manufacture of which is sanctioned by law. It also provides that at the State Penitentiary no articles shall be manufactured for sale, except jute fabrics and brick. W e s t V i r g i n i a . — Chapter 46 of the acts of 1893, approved February 24, 1893, provides that the directors of the penitentiary shall be required to let and hire the labor of the convicts, upon such branches of business and for tlio manufacture of such articles, as in their judgment will best accomplish the ends and subserve the interests of the State; that all convicts not employed on contracts shall be employed in the performance of work for the State or temporarily hired: that a portion of the convicts may bo employed in the manufacture and repair of articles used by the State in carrying on the penitentiary or articles used by any of the other State institutions; that any convicts not employed under contract may be employed or let to contract on the piece-price system or employed in manufacturing for the State such articles as may be selected by the board of directors of the penitentiary, and that convicts may be furnished to counties to work on public roads. W i s c o n s i n .— Section 567d of the Annotated Statutes of 1889, originally chapter 437 of the acts of 1887, provides that the State board of supervision of charitable, reformatory, and penal institutions shall, whenever in the opinion of such board it is best for the interest of the State, establish in the State prison the business of manufacturing. W y o m i n g . — Chapter 37 of the acts of 1890-91, approved January 8,1891, provides that it shall be the duty of the board of charities and reform, either by direct expenditure or contract, to provide for the care, maintenance, and employment of all iumates of the penitentiary, reform school, or any penal or reformatory institu tions in the State, but that no convict shall be used or contracted to be used in any coal mine or occupation when the products of his labor may be in competition with that of any citizen of the State. It also provides that when the cost of maintaining said convicts can be reduced to the State by their employment in some occupation, not unreasonably laborious or unhealthy, or when they can be employed to complete or repair the place or surroundings of the place in which they are confined, they shall be so employed. U n i t e d S t a t e s . — Chapter 213 of the acts of 1886-87 (second session, Forty-ninth Congress), approved February 23, 1887, prohibits any officer, servant, or agent of the United States Government from hiring or contracting out the labor, or from per mitting any warden, agent, or official of any State prison, penitentiary, jap, or house of correction from hiring or contracting out the labor of any United States criminals confined in said institutions. Chapter 529 of the acts of 1890-91 (second session, Fifty-first Congress), approved March 3, 1891, provides for the erection of three United States prisons in different sections of the country, and also provides that the convicts therein be employed exclusively in the manufacture of such supplies for the Government as can be manu factured without the use of machinery, and that they he not worked outside the prison inclosure. INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES, (a) B Y W . U. W ILLO U G H B Y. C H A P T E R IV . IR O N A N D ST E E L W O R K S OF F R IE D R IC H K R U P P , ESSEN, G E R M A N Y. There is no industrial center whose development, in relation to the condition of labor, can be studied with greater profit than that of Essen, Germany, the seat of the great iron and steel works of Friedrich Krupp. The business of Krupp was founded in 1810, before the age of steel had fairly begun, and in its career is presented a type of the develop ment of modern industry during the nineteenth century. From a beginning of a small shop, employing scarcely a dozen workingmen, it has increased, at first slowly and then by leaps and bounds, to its present huge proportions— the largest single manufacturing establish ment in the world. The study of such an example of industrial evolution would of itself possess great interest, but accompanying this growth has been the creation of social institutions for the benefit of the employees of the works on a scale and in a variety existing to the same extent nowhere else— institutions that have had a profound influence in shaping public thought, both in Germany and elsewhere, concerning the best means of improving the condition of labor in strictly manufacturing districts. It is the existence of these institutions in connection with the indus trial prosperity of Krupp’s works that makes Essen a center that can be studied historically and analytically with especial profit. The vil lage of Essen was in existence previous to the founding of the Krupp works. After a slow development during at least a thousand years, as far as records are in existence, Essen at the beginning of the present century was a small agricultural village comprising not over 3,000 inhabitants. The cultivation of the soil was almost the only industry. Though the mineral resources of the surrounding country were known, coal and iron were mined only in sufficient quantities to satisfy local household needs. This rural character changed suddenly with the rapid growth in the use of steam power. Mines were opened in rapid succession, and an influx of labor set in that has been likened to the California gold fever of 1849. The history of the great iron and steel works of Krupp is but a repetition of that of the district in which they are situated. Founded in 1810, for nearly forty years the establishment progressed in the most a See footnote to the beginning of this series of articles in Bulletin No. 3. 479 480 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. leisurely manner, In 1848, after an existence of thirty*eight years, it employed but 72 workingmen all told. From that date, however, to the present time its development has been without a parallel in indus trial annals. The following table, giving the population of Essen from year to year and the total number of employees of the establishment of Krupp in Essen, shows the relation between the city and Krupp’s works: P O P U L A T IO N OF ESSEN A N D E M P L O Y E E S OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D ST E E L W O R K S L I V IN G I N ESSEN, 1803 TO 1894. Year. 1803 1813 1820......... 1830......... 1832 ........ 1833......... 1840......... 1843......... 1844......... 1845......... 1846......... 1847......... 1848......... 1849......... 1850......... 1851 1852......... 1853......... 1854......... 1855......... P opula tion o f Essen. Employees o f Krupp firm in Essen. 3,480 4, 000 4, 636 5, 457 10 9 6,325 7,119 7, 841 8, 734 10,475 12, 891 99 107 122 120 93 72 107 237 192 340 352 360 693 Year. 1856........ 1857........ 1858 1859 I860........ 1861........ 1862........ 1863........ 1864 1865 1866........ 1867 1868 1869 ___ 1870 ___ 1871 1872 ___ 1873 . . . 1874........ 1875........ Employees o f Krupp firm in Essen. Popula tion o f Essen. ..................... 17,165 ..................... 20, 766 31, 327 ..................... ..................... 40, 695 ..................... ..................... 51,840 ..................... ! i 55, 045 1 Year. 970 1876........ 1877........ 992 1878........ 1,047 1,391 1879........ 1880....... 1,764 1881........ 2, 082 1882........ 2, 512 1883........ 4,185 1884....... , 6, 693 1885 . . . . 8,187 6, 350 1886....... 6, 869 1887....... 6,217 1888........ 6,318 1889 . . . . 7,084 | 1890........ 8,810 , 1891........ 10,394 1892. . . . 11,671 1893 ___ 11,543 1894........ 9,743 Popula tion o f Essen. 52, 280 53,510 54, 721 53, 670 56, 957 59,169 60, 707 62, 034 63,343 65, 074 65,143 67, 693 70, 395 73,134 78,723 Employees o f Krupp firm in Essen. 8, 998 8, 586 9,414 7,964 8,806 10,598 11,011 10, 491 10,213 10, 656 11, 723 12, 674 13,198 14,223 15,519 16,161 16,865 17,100 16, 706 It should be understood that the figures ju st given for the number of employees of Krupp by no means include the total number. A con stantly increasing number of employees have found homes just outside of the city limits. This is especially true of the period since 1873-74, when the largest group of workingmen’s houses was erected. In the prosecution of its business the firm has found it advisable to acquire and manage extensive works outside of Essen. It now owns, in addi tion to its works at Essen, several iron works elsewhere, three coal mines— which, however, do not supply all the coal required— various iron mines in Germany and Spain, etc. The total number of employees in 1888 was 20,960, of whom 13,198 were in Essen. In 1891 the total number had increased to over 24,000, of whom 16,161 belonged to Essen, and in 1892 to over 25,000, of whom 16,865 were in Essen. These figures stand for the actual number of employees only. The firm employs no women. The total number of employees and their families reached in 1888 the large number of 73,769, and in 1892, 85,591, all dependent upon this single manufacturing concern. It is unnecessary to more than mention these figures. The establishment of Krupp constitutes a state in itself. Katurally such a rapid increase in population in a district unpre pared to receive it introduced a number of evils. The greatest of these was that of insufficient housing. The price of land and the rent of houses went up enormously. The following figures, giving the total 481 INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. number of bouses and the average number of inmates per house in Essen at different periods, show how largely the increase in the num ber of houses failed to keep pace with the increase in the population: N U M B E R OF HOUSES A N D PERSON S P E R HOUSE A T ESSEN, 1820 TO 1890. Y ear. 18°0 . . . . 1830......... 18 t o ........ 1843 . . . . 1846 1849.......... Houses. Persons per house. 840 872 923 941 6.39 6. 80 7. 53 8.16 8. 50 9. 28 Year. 1852........ 1855........ 1858........ 1861........ 1864........ 1867........ Houses. | Persons Y e a r. per house. i 1,024 ^ i 1, 105 1,319 1,636 2, 045 2,970 ; 1 10.23 11.67 13.01 12. 69 15. 32 13.70 nou ses. 1871........ 1875........ 1880....... 1885........ 1890....... 3,322 4, 214 4,298 4,853 Persons per house. 15. 61 12. 75 13. 52 15.14 16. 22 ! ! Iii the distinctively workingmen’s quarter the density of population was even greater. In 1864 in two streets of this quarter there were 1,443 persons living in 77 houses, or an average of 18.74 persons per house, and in another street 2,962 persons living in 124 houses, or an average of 23.89 per house. A natural result of these conditions was a great rise in rents. Accord ing to official investigations the annual rent of a two-room house in 1855 was from 24 to 30 thalers ($17.14 to $21.42), and gradually rose until it was from 36 to 50 thalers ($25.70 to $35.70). The crowding also gave rise to insanitary conditions, so that, in the first of the two streets mentioned as examples of overcrowding, the death rate was 4.24 per cent of the population and in the second street 4.59 per cent, while the average for all Essen was but 3.41. The cholera epidemic of 1866 was particularly fatal in these quarters, many squares being almost depop ulated. The second result of this increase in population was the great rise in the prices of all commodities consumed by workingmen. A t the same time the workingmen became thoroughly demoralized through various trade practices on the part of the merchants. Trade was solicited through the granting of prizes and portions of whisky with purchases, and the workingmen were encouraged by the merchants to run in debt in order that they might be more securely held in their power. In a word, Essen during this period presented all the evils found in one of our new mining or other rapidly growing industrial communities. These evils the firm of Krupp sought to remove through its extensive building operations and the creation of the vast system of ConsumAnstalten or cooperative distributive stores. To these two institutions, corresponding to the two main classes of material wants of the laboring population, was joined a whole system of institutions, the object of which was to provide assistance to the workingmen in times of special need. These institutions took the form of separate funds for the insur ance of the men against sickness and accident, of pension funds for old employees, of the encouragement and provision of facilities for life insurance, of savings institutions, etc. Such a community, if it was to advance in prosperity and welfare, needed scholastic institutions. Primary and secondary schools for general education were provided, 482 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. but special effort was made to provide instruction in practical matters in the way of industrial schools for boys and housekeeping and cooking schools for girls. W ithout attempting to state all the forms of activity adopted by the firm, the workingmen’s institutions organized by it can be grouped into the following main classes: . The housing of employees. . Relief and pension funds. 3. Workingmen’s life insurance association. 4. Cooperative distributive stores. 5. Funds for the benefit of workingmen other than the regular relief and pension funds. G. Schools. 7. Health service. . Other institutions. 1 2 8 TH E H O U S IN G OF E M P L O Y E E S . The building operations of the Krupp firm for the housing of its employees have been conducted on a vast scale. A s has been shown, the conditions at Essen were such as to render such action imperative. These building operations have taken several forms to meet the vary ing needs of the different classes of the firm’s employees. They may be grouped under the following heads: 1. Labor colonies or distinct communities of workingmen’s dwellings. . Maintenance of a building fund to aid employees to build their own houses. 3. Manage or boarding house for unmarried employees. 4. Workingmen’s Cooperative Boarding House for small groups of single workingmen. 2 GROUPS OF WORKINGM EN’S HOUSES. The report of this Department on the Housing of the W orking People gives a brief account of the technical details of several of the better types of houses erected by the Krupp firm at Essen. It is the building up of the whole community and the policy pursued regarding the provision of workingmen’s houses that is the feature of interest for the present report. The first efforts of the firm date from the year 1861, when the erection of ten houses for boss workmen and foremen was commenced. Since then the efforts of the firm have never ceased, and every few years a new group of houses has been erected, though even then it has been difficult to keep pace with the rapid increase in the number of employees of the firm. The selection of a building system was limited from the beginning by existing conditions. The firm preferred the cottage system, where each house is isolated and surrounded by a garden. This system, however, was utterly impracticable at Essen. In fact, there was not enough INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. 483 land to be bad in the vicinity of the works to accommodate the 2,358 family tenements built during the years 1871 to 1873, if erected on that plan. But even if the land could have been acquired, the prices were such as to have made the dwellings too expensive for workingmen. The distance that many of the men would have been compelled to live from their work would have also been a great inconvenience, and would have prevented them from taking their midday meal at home. Another objection would have been the lack of water facilities in the vicinity of Essen, as, owing to the mining operations, all well water had been drawn off. A water service by means of water mains to the widely extended cottage district would necessarily have increased the rents considerably. Eor these reasons it was necessary to adopt a plan whereby the dwellings could be somewhat more closely concen trated. In every case, however, the effort has been made to provide for the dwellings a healthy location, free access to light and air, and an abundant supply of good water. Though the majority of houses contain a number of tenements, they are completely detached from one another there are numerous streets and open spaces; the Krupp waterworks supply ample drinking water, and the streets are well lighted by the Krupp gas works. Though the tenements in a house have a common outside entrance, inside they are completely isolated from each other. The houses erected at different periods differ greatly. The later built houses are much superior, and a remarkable opportunity is given for the study of the evolution of the workingman’s home. In 1892 Mr. Grussinan, an official of the Krupp firm, was invited to deliver an address before the Centralstelle fur Wohlfalirts-Einriclitungen, in Berlin, concerning the housing operations of the Krupp firm. In this address is given, in the most direct and chronological order, an account of the erection of workingmen’s houses at Essen. The follow ing account is largely a reproduction of this address, supplemented by other information furnished by the firm The first tenement houses for working people were constructed in 1861-62. Two rows of houses, one with tenements and the other with 4, were built for the foremen of the factory. Each tenement contains 3 rooms on the first story, 3 in the attic, and cellar space. The outer walls are of heavy stone and plaster work, and the inner partition walls of a heavy wooden framework filled in with broken stone and plas tered over. The first workingmen’s colony, known as Alt-W estend, was built during the three summer months of 1863. It consists of one row of houses two stories high, containing 16 four-room tenements, and eight rows containing tenements of three or four rooms each, and so arranged that the four-room tenements can be divided into two-room tenements. 5 (a): 6 a Free use has been made of the translation of a part of this address, as given by Dr. Lindsay m the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, November, 1892. 484 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. The outer walls of the buildings are of plastered stonework in the first story, surmounted by plastered wood framework. Each tenement has a cellar. The houses are very plain, and, as Mr. Krupp expresses it, “ were intended for poor families who must save, but who desire a healthful dwelling, and not for those to whom a few more thalers a year make no difference, when it means that they could live more comfortably.77 During the winter of 1871-72 a second colony, called Neu-W estend was completed. This colony consists of 10 double houses three stories high, each containing 2 two-room tenements on each floor— that is, 6 tenements to each house and 60 in all; also 8 double houses three stories high, with 2 three-room tenements per floor, or 6 tenements per house. This makes a total of 48 tenements of this kind and a grand total of 108 two and three room tenements for the colony. The houses in this colony are built of brick. Another colony, known as Kordhof, was completed in the fall of 1871. This consists of 36 tenements of three and four rooms each, and 126 tenements of two rooms each, the latter built on the so-called “ Baracken77 system— that is, in solid rows. The latter houses are plain wood structures, two stories high. Each tenement has a separate entrance from the street. A ll sanitary arrangements, closets, etc., are outside of the house. The other 36 tenements have three and four rooms each and are built of brick. The houses are three stories high. The next colony, called Baumhof (Dreilinden), was built in 1871 and enlarged in 1890. These houses are built in a more rural style, each having a garden, and some having stables. Eight houses have 4 fourroom tenements each, 23 have 4 three-room tenements each, 6 have 3 four-room tenements each, and 4 have 3 five-room tenements each, making a total of 41 houses containing 154 tenements. The population in 1892 was 910 persons. During the years 1872 and 1873 the Schederhof colony was built. This colony consists of 2 houses, each containing 6 four-room tenements; 44 houses, each containing 6 three-room tenements, and 36 houses, each containing 6 two-room tenements, or a total of 82 houses containing 492 tenements. Each house is three stories high and has a cellar and attic. In addition to the above there are 70 houses containing 4 two-room tenements each, or a total of 280 tenements. These houses are built in solid rows. The population of this colony was 4,002 persons in 1892. The largest of all the colonies is known as Cronenberg. It was built in the years 1872-1874, but has since then been enlarged from time to time. The colony is situated within 100 steps from the west boundary of the works. It covers over 50 acres of land, and, accord ing to the census of 1892, had a population of 8,001 persons. The colony consists of 226 three-story houses built with walls partly of rough brick and partly of rough stone. Some are in rows and some in pairs. They are built on eight streets running the length of the 485 INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. colony and ten cross streets, ranging in width between curbs from 8£ to 12i meters (27.9 to 41 feet) and with sidewalks 2J meters (8 feet) wide. In 1892 there were in all 1,437 tenements. O f these 720 have two rooms each, GOO have three rooms each, 104 have four rooms each, and 13 have live and six living rooms. Each house has a garden, a cellar, and a drying space. In this colony are located dwellings for several officials and school teachers connected with the works. A parsonage, two school build ings, a Protestant church, several branches of the cooperative store, an apothecary shop, a post-office, a market place over three-fourths of an acre in size, a restaurant with games, bowling alley, etc., and a library with a large hall for workingmen’s meetings have been estab lished by the firm within the limits of Cronenberg. In 1892 plans were prepared for another colony, larger than the pre ceding, to be known as Holsterhausen. According to the plans this colony consists of 280 tenement houses, 180 of which are built in pairs and 100 completely detached. Each tenement house has a large garden space at the side and rear. Near the center are a large market place and a public park. The 90 double houses accommodate four families each or two families per house, and the 100 detached houses contain one tenement each. The tenements in the former contain three rooms and an attic each. The detached houses, of which there are two types, contain five rooms and an attic each. The colony is planned to accom modate 460 families. The annual rents of workingmen’s tenements range (1892) as follows: Two-room tenements in rows ( B a ra ck en ) .................................................... $14. 28 to $21. 42 Other two-room tenements, with cellar...................................................... 21.42 to 25.70 Three-room tenements, with cellar ............................................................... 28. 56 to 38. 56 Four-room tenements, with cellar ................................................................. 42. 84 to 47. 60 Five-room and larger tenements, with c ella r.......................................... 49. 98 to 78. 54 The following table sliows the financial status of the firm’s housing operations, July 1 ,1 8 9 1 : C A P IT A L IN V E S T E D A N D A N N U A L R E C E IP T S A N D E X P E N D IT U R E S OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D STE E L W O R K S FO R H O U SIN G OF W O R K IN G P E O PLE , J U L Y 1, 1891. Essen. Item s. Outside o f Essen. Total. a 3, 659 b 523 c 4 ,182 Capital invested : B u ild in g s ................................................................................... $2,628,103. 34 288, 842. 51 G round........................................................................................ $366,924.60 47, 751.13 $2,995,027. 94 336, 593. 64 T enem ents........................................................ ......................... . T o ta l........................................................................................ 2, 916, 945. 85 414, 675. 73 3, 331, 621. 58 Total receipts from ren ts............................................................... 115, 352. 65 15, 956. 71 131, 309. 36 E xpenses: R e p a ir s ...................................................................................... Lighting, water, roads, e t c ..................................................... Taxes and in su ra n ce.............................................................. 26, 817. 36 16,100. 70 11, 424. 00 2, 663.46 719.95 1, 881.15 29, 480. 82 16,820. 65 13, 305.15 54, 342. 06 5, 264. 56 59, 606. 62 61,010. 59 2.09 10, 692.15 2.58 71, 702. 74 2.15 T ota l.................................................................................... N et receipts.................................................................................... Per cent o f net receipts o f capital.............................................. a N ot including 43 rent free, b N ot including 131 rent free, c Not including 174 rent free. 486 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. This shows a net income of 2.09 per cent on capital invested in housing operations at Essen, and 2.58 per cent on capital invested else where, or a net income of 2.15 per cent on the total capital invested in such property. In conclusion, it may be proper to present the following figures to show the relation between the total number of persons depending for support upon the Krupp Company and those housed by the company. In March, 1892, the number of employees was 25,200, and the members of families depending on the same 62,700, a total of 87,900. O f the total number of persons depending for support upon the Krupp Company, as ju st shown, 15,300 lived in their own homes, 25,800 rented from the firm, and 46,800 rented from private parties. BUILDING FUND. None of the houses built by the firm in these labor colonies have been sold. The firm, however, is very desirous that its workingmen should become, as far as possible, owners of their own houses. To encourage this Mr. Krupp in 1889 set aside a sum of 500,000 marks ($119,000) to be employed in making loans to workingmen with which to build. This money is loaned under the following conditions: Applicants must be married and between 25 and 50 years of age, have been at least three years in the service of the firm, and earn less than 3,000 marks ($714) per year. A payment of at least 300 marks ($71.40) must be made from the applicant’s own resources. I f the loan is demanded for the purchase of a house already built, the latter is appraised by experts and the loan made according to their appraise ment. I f the loan is for the purpose of building a house, the plans must be furnished and the name of the builder, and then, if the firm approves, the loan will be paid in regular installments during the prog ress of the work. The services of the firm’s experts and architect will be furnished gratis to the borrower. The loan is secured by a mort gage on the house and ground. Three per cent interest is charged. The capital is paid off in monthly or fortnightly installments, but addi tional payments can be made to hasten the liquidation of the debt. In cases of illness payments may be temporarily suspended. The install ments and interest payments together rarely exceed ordinary rent payments. In 1891 seventy-five houses, varying in value from 1,000 to 13,000 marks ($238 to $3,094), had been erected through the medium of these loans. In that year between one-fifth and one-sixth of all the employees of the firm lived in houses owned by themselves. BOARDING HOUSE FOR UNM ARRIED EM PLOYEES. The firm found it very desirable to make some provision for the housing o f its unmarried employees. In 1856 it erected its first menage, or single men’s boarding and lodging house, a building with accommo dations for 200 men. Since then these accommodations have had to be INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. 487 largely increased. In 1891 the menage was occupied by about 800 men. Since 1884 all married workingmen who are not skilled laborers, and therefore have small wages, and who are separated from their families, are obliged to become inmates of the menage. In the beginning the cost per day for lodging, dinner (meat four times per week), supper, washing, etc., was 58 pfennigs (13.8 cents). On January 1, 1862, the rate was increased to 66 pfennigs (15.7 cents), and in 1869 further increased to 70 pfennigs (16§ cents). Since the latter date, however, meat has been served at dinner daily. In 1874, owing to the increase in the prices of food products, another increase was made to 80 pfennigs (19 cents), which is the present rate charged. A t present, however, meat or fish is also served in the evenings at supper three times a week. The management of the menage is exactly that of a military barrack. There are a number of beds in each room, meals are served at regular hours, and regulations prescribe the use to be made of the building. The club feature is introduced to a considerable extent. There is a special room for a small library, where periodicals and papers can be consulted, and there are rooms for a billiard table, a bowling alley, a restaurant, etc. COOPERATIVE BOARDING HOUSE FOR UNMARRIED EM PLOYEES. It is unnecessary to say that there are a good many of the higher paid and more intelligent workingmen to whom the life in a menage such as has been described is extremely distasteful. Mr. Krupp has appreciated the desires of this class, and in 1893 he inaugurated an extremely interesting plan of erecting small compact houses specially constructed for the accommodation of 30 unmarried men. A s yet only one such house has been erected as an experiment, but if successful the system will be further extended. The idea, as exemplified in the existing house, is to provide a house that can be taken by a club of 30 men who will run it as a sort of living club house and share the payment of the expenses. The house that has been built contains three stories. On the ground floor are the dining room and kitchen. There are three reading and studying rooms, dressing rooms, a bath, lavatories, etc. On the upper floors are the living rooms for 30 men. Part of the rooms are single and part doublebedded rooms. The rooms are cheerful and contain a bed, a bureau, a wardrobe, a table, and chairs. In the writing rooms each member has a special drawer in the table provided with lock and key. Thirty men club together and agree to take this house. The rent paid is 10 marks ($2.38) per month by those occupying single, and 8 marks ($1.90) by those occupying double-bedded rooms. A general manager is then elected by the members from among their number, who has entire charge of the building. He appoints a housekeeper, who takes care of the building, does the cooking, etc. The determina tion of the cost of the meals rests entirely with the members themselves. 6139— No. 5------4 488 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. They determine how much they will pay, and the general manager then makes the best use of this money that he can. The present club pays 1.25 marks (29f cents) per member per day. W ith this 35 persons, including the housekeeper and her assistants, must be fed. Meals of the following character are furnished: In the morning a first breakfast of coffee and bread, and a second breakfast of two meat and cheese sandwiches; at noon a warm meal consisting of meat, vegetables, bread, etc.; in the afternoon sandwiches again, and in the evening a warm supper of meat, somewhat less substantial than the dinner. Beer can be had at the house for 15 pfennigs (3.6 cents) a bottle. From the foregoing it can be seen that the cost to each member for rent, including 1 mark (23.8 cents) per month for maintenance of the furnishings of the house, averages about 10 marks ($2.38) per month, or 33^- pfennigs (7.9 cents) per day; the cost of board is 1.25 marks (29f cents) per day; the total cost for board and lodging being, therefore, about 1.58^ marks (37.7 cents) per day. The members are mostly skilled iron workers and turners, earning from 4 to 5 marks (95 cents to $1.19) per day. From the standpoint of the firm, if the house is full, a yearly rent of 2,708 marks ($G44.50) will be obtained. The cost of the ground and building was about 65,000 marks ($15,470). The maximum interest returns on the investment is therefore 4.17 per cent. It should be noted, however, that gas is supplied free by the firm, and the house keeper and her daughter who assists her are able to live on a small salary, as her husband is pensioned by the firm. A visitor to this cooperative lodging house is struck with the admirable arrangement here devised, the full provision for the comfort and pleasure of the inhabitants, and at the same time the absolute freedom left to each, so that he can look upon his own room as his home. A vacancy is immediately competed for by a great many workingmen. R E L IE F A N D P E N S I O N F U N D S . THE OLD GENERAL R ELIEF AND PENSION FUND. The system of relief and pension funds at Essen in its present form is of recent origin. This is due to the radical changes introduced in the organization of all such institutions by the series of laws enacted by the German Empire during the years 1883 to 1891 concerning the insurance of workingmen. The existence of such funds in connection with the Krupp W orks, however, dates from the year 1853, when a sick and death benefit fund (Kranken- und Sterbekasse) tor the benefit of workingmen of the firm was created. W ithout entering into details concerning the fund, for it is now replaced by another system, it is sufficient to say that it com bined in one institution the various services o f a sick, accident, and old-age pension fund. The following table, showing the receipts and disbursements, renders extended comment unnecessary. Thus for thirty years previous to the introduction of the compulsory features in 489 INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES, workingmen’s insurance by the State, a system had been organized offering almost if not quite as liberal benefits to workingmen as those provided for by the new series of laws. R E C E IP T S A N D E X P E N D IT U R E S OF T H E OLD G E N E R A L R E L IE F A N D P E N SIO N F U N D OF TH E K R U P P IR O N A N D S T E E L W O R K S , B Y F I V E -Y E A R P E RIO D S, 1856 TO 1884. 1856-1860 1861-1865 1866-1870 1871-1875 Items. 1876-1880 1881-1884 Total. RECEIPTS. ! &11.3U. S5&35 818 29 ifcfifi. 564 91 $177 669, 80 $253, 207.53 __ fees ........... - .. $1,182. 22 4. 367. 14I 3. 324. 37 8, 222. 82 2, 316. 76 2,485. 75 Contributions o f members. 16, 332.66 79, 211.03 128, 965.18 254, 489. 26 232, 015.16 237, 008. 69 Contributions o f fir m ........ 8,166.46 39, 605. 52 64, 482. 59 127, 255. 39 116, 007. 57 118, 504. 34 6, 300. 85 867. 75 5, 563. 76 6, 290. 56 9, 457. 24• 6,103. 68 Fines ..................................... 914. 34 3, 894.46 9,151. 22 22, 656. 22 42, 885. 29 57, 066. 45 Interest................................. 731.05 844. 33 4, 838. 76 2, 060. 90 645.85 152.12 M iscellaneous receip ts----Balan'*« E r 'f f ’U'ooo $21, 899. 06 948, 021. 98 474, 021. 87 34, 589. 84 136, 567. 98 9,273.01 T o t a l .......................... 28,109. 28 144,108. 88 248, 876. 64 493, 484. 60■579, 052.16 675, 310. 66 1, 624, 373.74 EXPENDITURES. H ospital s e r v ic e ................. a8, 490.40 a45, 824.75 17,189.52 38,184.23 22,051. 50 24, 467. 74 52, 542. 24120, 363.18 136,359.64 119, 299.49 Sick benefits, c a s h ............. (b) (&) Physicians, medicines, nurses, e t c ......................... 6,144. 29 35, 506. 77 63, 090.19 87,942.04 87,326.84 85,1C9.44 Voluntary and other ir 813.49 21, 776. 09 35,465. 24 47,640.43 44, 392. 88 24, 568. 77 regular r e l i e f ................... 687.49 1, 895.02 4, 719. 85 9, 057. 62 23, 355. 34 44, 508. 74 Pensions, c a s h .................... 9, 544. 32 10,108. 32 564.39 3, 028. 79 7, 505. 33 10, 225.13 Death benefits, ca sh ........... M iscellaneous expendi 2,814.11 1,799.36 2,409.17 1,499. 07 259. 07 94.37 tures................................... B ala n ce................................. 11,314. 85 35, 818. 39 66, 564. 91 177, 662. 80 253, 207. 53 365, 749. 09 156, 208.14 428, 564. 55 365,119.57 174, 656. 90 84. 224.06 40,976. 28 8, 875.15 365, 749. 09 T o ta l........................... 28,109.28 144,108.88 248, 876. 64 493, 484. 60 579,052.16 , G75, 310. 66 1,624, 373. 74 J a Inclu din g sick benefits. b Included in hospital service. The following table shows in detail the average number of members, the number of cases of sickness, and the expenditure per member during the entire existence of the old general relief and pension fund. It should be noted that the item of expense of administration is not included. A V E R A G E M E M B E RS, CASES OF SICKNESS, A N D E X P E N D IT U R E P E R M E M B E R OF T H E OLD G E N E R A L R E L IE F A N D PE N SIO N F U N D OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D S T E E L W O R K S, 1856 TO 1884. [It will be noticed that the average members from 1856 to 1882 as shown in this table agree with the total employees shown for the same years on page 480, while for 1883 and 1884 the figures are different. The explanation is not know n. The figures are given as published by the com pany.] Year. 1856....... 1857........ 1858....... 1859....... 1860....... 1861....... 1862....... 1863 1864....... 1865....... 1866........ 1867 1868........ 1869 1870....... Cases o f E xpendi A verage Cases o f sickness ture per per members. sickness. member. member. 970 992 1,047 1,391 1,764 2, 082 2,512 4,185 6, 693 8.187 6, 350 6, 869 6,’ 217 6, 318 7, 084 1,750 1, 871 1,837 1,882 2, 345 3,496 4,345 8, 373 16, 893 21, 215 15, 840 15, 490 14’ 275 15, 003 15,190 ■ $1.83 2. 62 3.27 2. 94 2. 78 ‘ 3. 81 4.18 4.18 4. 80 4.91 7.50 5. 04 4. 87 1. 96 5.43 1.80 1.89 1.75 1.35 1.33 1.68 1.73 2. 00 2. 52 2. 59 2. 49 2. 26 2. 30 2. 37 2.14 __ Year. 1871........ 1872....... 1873....... 1874........ 1875....... 1876....... 1877........ 1878....... 1879........ 1880........ 1881....... 1882 ___ 1883........ 1884 . Cases o f Expendi A verage Cases o f sickness ture per per members. sickness. member. member. 8, 810 10, 394 11,671 11,543 9, 743 8, 998 8, 586 9, 414 7, 964 8, 806 10, 598 11, 011 10. 402 10, 214 _ _ ______ ____ _ 1- 20, 651 13,280 22. 874 22, 474 19,828 16, 664 15,150 17.886 14, 334 16, 851 20,774 21. 139 19, 629 18, 715 2.34 1.28 1.96 1.95 2. 04 1.86 1.76 1.90 1.80 1.91 1.96 1. 92 1.89 1.83 ______ _______ $5. 82 5.68 5. 19 5.98 7. 80 7.17 7.25 7. 02 8.24 7.65 7.28 7. 03 7. 32 7. 73 1___ 490 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. N E W SICK FUND. The old fund was forced to wind up its operations in accordance with the national law of June 15, 1883, which, while making the maintenance of sick and pension funds obligatory, prohibited their union in a single fund. To replace this old fund, therefore, there were organized by the Krupp hrin two independent funds, a sick fund (Krankenkasse) and a pension fund (Arbeiter-Pensions-, W ittw en- und Waisenkasse). On winding up the affairs of the old fund, a net surplus of 1,536,760.87 marks ($365,749.09) remained, as will be seen by the table. O f this sum it was determined to apportion 10,000 marks ($2,380) to the new sick fund, with the proviso that in case an extraordinary demand should be made on the sick fund, as in case of an epidemic, before the legal reserve fund could be accumulated, a further sum of 100,000 marks ($23,800) could be claimed. This, however, it never became necessary to do. The remainder of the old fund’s assets was transferred to the new pension fund, for it was for the payment of these pensions that the large reserve fund had been accumulated. Membership in the new sick fund is obligatory for all persons employed by the firm with the exception of officials receiving more than 6| marks ($1.59) per day, or 166§ marks ($39.67) per month, or 2,000 marks ($476) per year. Provision is also made for voluntary membership. The resources of the fund, in addition to the 10,000 marks ($2,380) received from the old fund, consist practically of contributions by members of an amount equal to 2 per cent of their average wages as far as the latter do not exceed 4 marks (95 cents) per day, and contri butions by the firm of a sum equal to one-half of that amount. Other receipts are unimportant, and consist of interest on funds invested, entrance fees, fines, and other miscellaneous items. I f the state of the funds permit, the contribution of the members can be reduced, provided that their contributions to the pension fund are augmented to an equal amount. In consequence of this provision, the contributions of mem bers were reduced in 1889 to 1.7 per cent of their average wages. Considerable latitude is also given regarding the power to raise and lower the rate of benefits granted in order to conform to the needs of the fund’s budget. A reserve fund is provided for, the minimum amount of which can not be less than the average, of the last three years’ expenditures. Prom this fund provision is made for the granting of the following benefits: 1. Free medical attendance by a physician employed by the fund, free medicine, free medical supplies, etc. This includes hospital treat ment and nursing for members who are married or members of families, if the disease is of such a nature as to require treatment outside their homes, and to all other persons unconditionally. In this case, however, the cash benefits paid to sick members are somewhat reduced. * INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. 491 2. Cash benefits to workingmen when sick, after the third day of their illness, equal to one-half their average wages. I f they are mar ried or widowed and have children under 15 years of age who are not working, an additional allowance of 5 per cent for each child is accorded. Such total additional allowances can, however, in no case exceed 16§ per cent of tlie wages, so that tfie regular and additional benefits can never exceed two-thirds of the recipient’s wages. I f the member has been in the employ of the firm less than five years, these benefits are paid during thirteen weeks only; but if they have been so employed five or more years, during a period of twenty-six weeks. Liberal power, however, is given to the management of the fund to continue the payments in worthy cases for a year if necessary. 3. In case of death a cash benefit equal to 20 times the amount of the decedent’s average daily wages, but not to exceed 80 marks ($19.04) nor be less than 20 times the average daily wages <f ordinary laborers. A death benefit equal to two-thirds of this benefit is also paid in case of the death of the wife of a member. The sick-benefit fund employs 16 physicians, 10 of whom live in Essen and the others in neighboring towns where the firm employs labor. Two oculists are among the physicians who reside in Essen. Arrange ments also exist whereby the services of specialists for throat and other diseases may be secured whenever recommended by the attending physi cians. The choice of physicians is optional with the patient. The com pensation of the physicians depends upon the number of members of the fund and the number treated by each, respectively. For instance, the total for all physicians is determined in a lump sum, according to the membership. This amount is then apportioned to the physicians according to the number of persons treated by each. In order to facil itate the rendering of aid in case of injury, three special attendants (Heildiener) are stationed at two bandage dispensaries (Verbandstationen) within the works. Medicines, bandages, etc., are also placed in six portable medicine and bandage chests distributed at convenient points. Three special attendants are employed for performing minor surgical operations, such as cupping, leechiug, tooth extracting, etc., whenever directed by the attending physicians. They receive compen sation according to a fixed schedule of rates. A ll apothecaries in Essen, Altendorf, Altenesseu, Borbeck, BergeBorbeck, Beilin ghausen,Werden, and Muhlheim-on-the-Buhr participate in furnishing medicines. The sick-benefit fund enjoys a rebate of from 10 to 25 per cent on all medicines. The charges allowed for medicines are determined by a paid pharmacist in accordance with the usual rates charged for medicines, and are verified by a factory physician. The bandage material is bought at wholesale directly from the manufac turer. A ll bandages, as well as orthopedic instruments, artificial limbs, etc., are furnished gratis to members of the fund. The claims for assistance are usually made by a representative of the working people who is on the board of directors. H e examines the 492 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. applications, usually certified to by the physicians, and reports the result to the board. Two inspectors are engaged to visit the homes of the patients receiving aid and to keep a general supervision over the condition of the recipients. They report also to the board of directors of the sick fund any facts that may be of interest in determining the assistance to be granted. Another feature of the sick fund is one in the interest of married members. B y its provisions every member may contribute 1.25 marks (29§ cents) quarterly to the so-called “ family fund,” which entitles him to the services of a physician for members of his family, if the latter are not already connected with some sick fund or are not otherwise entitled to aid in case of sickness. Since April 1, 1890, this plan has also been extended to the families of pensioned invalids. A n annual appropria tion, which at present amounts to 1,200 marks ($285.60), is made out of the workingmen’s fund (Arbeiter-Stiftung) in aid of this service. The administration of the fund is in the hands of a general assembly and board of directors elected by the firm and by the members of the fund. For the duties and powers of these bodies reference must be had to the constitution. The operations of the sick-benefit fund extend far beyond those pre scribed by law. They include, among other things, maintenance for as long a period as fifty-two weeks for persons over five years in the employ of the firm, and extra assistance in addition to regular sick benefits equal to 5 per cent o f the wages for each child under 15 years of age and not working, the total not exceeding two-thirds of a maximum wage of 4 marks (95 cents) per day. Notwithstanding the liberality of this fund the firm of Krupp has done a great deal in other ways for the relief of suffering resulting from sickness among its employees. In 1879 Mr. Alfred Krupp donated a sum of 6,000 marks ($1,428) for relief in cases of sickness and distress in families, in commemoration o f the golden wedding of the late Emperor W illiam I. Later the firm of Friedrich Krupp placed at the disposal of this fund an annual sum of 3,000 marks ($714). A careful statement is kept of the disposition of these funds. The directors of the fund have, furthermore, at their disposal the 5 per cent interest on a sum of 40,000 marks ($9,520) donated by Mr. Friedrich Alfred Krupp. This interest, namely, 2,000 marks ($476) per year, is intended for the payment of a part of the expenses borne by needy employees who have members of their families under treatment in the women’s and children’s division of the Krupp Hospital. Lastly the trustees of the workingmen’s fund (Arbeiter-Stiftung) have turned over to the directors of the sick fund a sum of 1,500 marks ($357) for the last half of the year 1889 and 3,000 marks ($714) for the year 1890, to be used for assisting members and their families. The directors of the sick fund thus have the disposition of large amounts of money for assisting its members, not only in case of their in d u s t r ia l 493 c o m m u n it ie s . own illness but also in case of indigence in their families. The opera tions of the fund proper are shown in the table that follows. It is unnecessary to make any comment. The salient features may be seen at a glance. It is of interest, however, to know what is the average expenditure per member, and whether this average tends to increase or diminish during the year. The necessary calculations have been made in the following statement. The same information was given for the old fund, embracing the years 1856 to 1884. The two tables together, therefore, show the average annual cost per member of a general sick fund. A V E R A G E M E M B E R S A N D E X P E N D IT U R E P E R M E M B E R OF T H E N E W SIC K F U N D OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D S T E E L W O R K S, 1885 TO 1894. Average members. Year. 1885 .................................................................................................... 1886..................................................................................................... 1887 ................................................................................................. 1888 ..................................................................................................... 1889 ....................................................................................... 1890 . ......................................................................... 1891 .................................................................................................. 1892 ..................................................................................................... 1893 ..................................................................................................... 1894 .................................................................................................... Total expenditure. 10, 695 11, 784 12, 694 13, 266 14,081 15, 572 16,085 16, 779 17, 074 16, 705 $55,944. 89 74,173.21 86, 208. 38 81, 660. 59 87, 232.12 92, 350. 09 101, 858. 64 109, 067. 62 108, 237. 55 97, 370.17 A verage expenditure per member. $5. 23 6.29 6. 79 6.16 6. 20 5. 93 6.33 6.50 6. 34 5. 83 R E C E IP T S A N D E X P E N D IT U R E S OF T H E N E W S IC K F U N D OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D STEE L W O R K S, 1885 TO 1894. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Balance on band at b eg in n in g .. $2, 380. 00 Contributions o f m em bers........ 52, 696.02 Contributions o f firm ................. 26, 348.01 511.31 Interest ......................................... Restitution b y others for aid 629.45 granted s ic k .............................. 3, 640. 84 M iscellaneous receip ts............... $34. 74 57,284.29 28, 642.14 1, 347. 08 $186.93 61, 759. 61 30,879.81 1, 904.79 $281.89 66,469. 86 33,234. 93 3,436. 72 $4,514. 26 64, 368. 31 31,480. 03 3, 351.04 $9, 833. 38 65, 568.15 32, 768.53 3,351.04 1.325.41 6.48 2,436.32 32.81 1,785. 82 5. 63 2, 864. 90 6. 96 3,183. 06 20.99 86, 205.63 88, 640.14 97, 200.27 105, 214. 85 106, 585. 50 114,725.15 659. 73 E xpenses o f administration . . . 8, 257.10 M edical attendance.................... M e d ic in e s ..................................... 10, 977.22 T o hospitals for attendance 4,144. 78 and nu rsin g............................... Sick benefits paid to m em bers.. 26, 343.95 Sick benefits paid to depend 557.13 ents o f m em bers...................... Death b en efits.............................. 2, 337. 20 1, 317. 69 M iscellaneous relief.................... 1,350.09 M iscellaneous expenditures . . . Contributed to reserve fu n d ----- 30,226.00 34. 74 Balance on hand at e n d ............. 764. 84 9, 074.72 13, 443.59 692. 70 10, 096. 27 14, 073.13 750.20 10,259.86 13, 020.88 725.35 10, 789. 07 14, 111. 07 747. 89 12, 084. 97 15,150. 69 4, 481.15 38, 353.83 5, 633.11 5, 949. 32 46, 547.50 j 37,145. 65 5, 799.93 40,956. 05 7,614. 65 41,055. 79 587.14 3,008. 62 1, 517.49 2, 941.83 14, 280.00 186. 93 977. 59 7, 212.84 3,456. 55 ; 3,060.04 1,552. 95 ! 1,511.06 3,178. 58 j 2, 750.74 10, 710. 00 19,040. 00 4, 514. 26 281. 89 7, 601. 64 3,433. 78 1,885. 80 1, 929.43 9, 520. 00 9,833. 38 7, 818. 69 3, 571. 43 1, 768. 77 2, 537. 21 14, 280. 00 8, 095. 06 86,205.63 88, 640.14 97,200.27 105,214.85 106, 585. 50 114, 725.15 R eserve fund at b e g in n in g ----Contributed to reserve fu n d . . . 30, 226. 00 30, 226.00 14, 280. 00 44, 506.00 10, 710. 00 55, 216. 00 19, 040. 00 74,256. 00 9,520. 00 83, 776.00 14, 280.00 44, 506. 00 55, 216. 00 j 74,256.00 83, 776. 00 98, 056. 00 Items. 1885. 1890. RECEIPTS. T o t a l................................... EXPENDITURES. T o t a l ................................... R eserve fund at end ----- 30, 226.00 494 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. R E C E IP T S A N D E X P E N D IT U R E S OF T H E N E W S IC K F U N D OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D S T E E L W O R K S , 1885 TO 1894—Concluded. Items. 1891. 1892. $8, 095.06 69,447.67 34,704.80 2, 760.80 3, 215.11 7.00 , i 1893. 1894. $8, 041.80 73, 233.19 36, 665.80 5,583.48 $16, 519.41 66, 363.95 33,148. 27 2, 927.40 $2,163.06 55, 943.49 27,957.19 6, 297. 48 $2, 380.00 633,134. 54 315, 829. 51 31,471.14 1, 892. 04 170. 72 2, 722. 38 1, 380. 80 3, 400. 82 2, 420.44 23, 455.31 7, 692. 67 125,587.03 | 123, 062. 21 98,182.48 1. 013, 963.17 911 26 18,406.29 19, 732.45 6,431.78 51,316.20 1, 085. 58 14, 905. 71 20, 060. 55 6, 931.61 46, 412.29 7,923. 51 120, 821.24 157,372.97 64,180.46 422,137.45 Total. RECEIPTS. Balance on band at begin n in g............... Contributions o f m em b ers.................... Contributions o f fir m .............................. In te re s t....................................................... R estitution b y others for aid granted s i c k ........................................................... Miscellaneous r e c e ip ts ............................ T o ta l.................................................. 118, 230.44 EXPENDITURES. E xpenses o f adm inistration................... M edical atten d a n ce................................. M ed icin es................................................... T o hospi tals for attendance and nursing Sick benefits paid to m embers............... Sick benefits paid to dependents o f m e m oers.................................................. Death benefits............................................ M iscellaneous r e lie f................................. Miscellaneous exp en d itu res................... Contributed to reserve fu n d ................... Balance on hand at e n d .......................... T o t a l................................................. Reserve fund at b eg in n in g .................... Contributed to reserve fu n d ................... Reserve fund at en d ...................... 751.24 834.72 12, 666.40 14, 280. 85 16,468. 58 ; 20, 334.81 9, 055.99 ' 8,138.14 45,246.62 48, 759.57 8,366.65 4,536.09 2, 273.90 2,493.17 8,330.00 8,041.80 1 8, 665.86 4,368. 26 i 2,494. 87 i 1,190.54 1 , 16, 519.41 4, 756.67 4,320. 97 71.78 2,290 15 12, 661.60 2,163.06 606.57 3,468. 38 122.27 3, 777. 21 812.31 47,150. 78 35, 561. 32 14, 516. 58 24,438.95 119, 047.60 812. 31 118,230.44 125, 587.03 123, 062.21 98,182.48 1,013, 963,17 98,056.00 106,386.00 8,330.00 | 106, 386. 00 12, 661.60 118, 286. 00 106,386.00 j 106,386.00 a ll8 ,286.00 118, 286.00 118, 286. 00 118,286. 00 a l t w ill be noticed that $12,961.60 is carried to the reserve fund, while the reserve fund is increased only $11,900. The explanation o f this is not know n; the figures are as furnished by the com pany. N E W PENSION FUND. The imperial law of June 15? 1883, regarding workingmen’s insurance necessitated, as has been shown, the abolition of the old sick and pen sion fund and the creation in its place of two independent funds. The constitution of the new pension fund (Pensionskasse fur die Gussstahlfabrik der Firma Fried. Krupp) was adopted October 22, 1884. Mem bership in this fund is obligatory, and applies to the same classes that are included in the sick fund. The resources of the fund were made to consist of (1) the entire assets of the old sick and pension fund, excepting the 10,000 marks ($2,380), previously mentioned, that were turned over to the sick-benefit fund; (2) an entrance fee from each member of an amount equal to 1J times his daily wages, where such wages do not exceed 4 marks (95 cents); (3) a contribution by each member of an amount equal originally to 1 per cent, but increased July 1,1889, to 1.3 per cent of his annual wages at the same time that his contribution to the sick fund was reduced from 2 per cent to 1.7 per cent; (4) a contribution by the firm of an amount equal originally to one-half, but in 1891 increased to the same amount as that paid by the workingmen; (5) miscellaneous receipts, such as interest on funds invested, fines, voluntary gifts, etc. The rate INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. 495 of tlie contributions can, within certain limits, be increased or dimin ished if the condition of the fund is such as to demand or warrant such a change. From the fund thus constituted provision was made for the payment of pensions as follows: . To workingmen who have been in the employ of the company for twenty years continuously, or who have done specially difficult work for the firm during at least fifteen years, an annual pension equal to 40 per cent of their average wages during the preceding three years. For every additional year of service the pension is increased by an amount equal to £ per cent of the average wages. W a ges over 4 marks (95 cents) per day are not considered in making this calculation. . To widows of pensioners, or those who would have been entitled to receive a pension in case of disability until their death or remarriage, 33^ per cent of the pension of their husbands. 3. To children of these fathers until the age of 15 years or death, 10 per cent, or in case they have no mother, 15 per cent of the pensions of their fathers. In no case, however, can the total of pensions to survivors exceed 90 per cent of the pension to which the husband or father was entitled. 4. Partial pensions are also given to those entitled to pensions, but who are capable of doing light work. The partial pension can not exceed in amount one-half of that granted to totally disabled invalids, nor can the total amount paid for all partial pensions exceed per cent of that for all pensioners. The imperial law of June , 1889, regarding invalidity and old-age pensions necessitated several changes in the constitution of this fund. These modifications, which are very comprehensive in character, were incorporated in an amendment to the constitution adopted July 5 and approved August 18, 1890. The imperial law, establishing a system of old-age and invalidity pensions under the auspices of the State, provided that an employer already maintaining a fund for the granting of such pensions to his employees could reduce the amount of such private pension by the amount granted under the national system, or, indeed, do away with the private fund altogether, provided, of course, no obligations already incurred were violated. The Krupp firm had been maintaining a private fund, which granted pensions in excess of those required by the imperial law. In order that its employees might receive some additional advantages from the law, the firm amended the constitution of its fund so that the pension received from this source would be reduced by an amount equal to only one-half the pension received from the general system. The effect of this was to increase the total pen sion received from the national and private funds by an amount equal to one-half the pension provided for in the law, the total amount received thus being far greater than that required by law. The maximum wage for eligibility to pensions was raised from 1,200 1 1 2 10 22 496 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. to 2,000 marks ($285.60 to $476) per year. A special fund is provided for all those employed who earn over 2,000 marks ($476). The amend ment also provided that the widow’s pension be raised from 33^ to 50 per cent of that received by the husband. To insure the payment of this additional expense the firm raised its contribution from one-half to an amount equal to that contributed by the members. The significance of these changes can be seen in the following table showing the total amount of the pensions received by a workingman earning 1,200 marks ($285.60) per annum, or by his widow and children: SCH E D U LE OF P E N SIO N S P A I D F O R I N V A L I D I T Y TO M E M B E RS OF T H E N E W P E N SION F U N D OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D STE E L W O R K S E A R N IN G $285.60 P E R A N N U M , A N D TO T H E IR W ID O W S A N D C H IL D R E N . [T he figures in the table indicate that the child in each case receives only one-lialf o f the pension provided hv the constitution. The explanation is not know n. The figures are given as furnished by the com pany.] Pension paid to— Length o f service o f members. Members Members before pas since pas W idow s. sage o f Jaw. sage o f law. 20 y e a r s ................................................................ ..... 25 y e a r s ......................................................- .............. 30 y e a r s ...................................................................... 35 y e a r s ......................................................... - ........... 40 y e a r s ........... ........................................................ $143.42 168.86 194. 30 219. 75 245.19 $114.24 135.66 157. 08 178.50 199.92 $57.12 67. 83 78. 54 89. 25 99. 96 One child. M other living. M other dead. $5. 71 6. 78 7. 85 8. 93 10. 00 a Calculated on the same basis as the other figures in the column this should be $13.39. are given, however, as published b y the company. $8. 57 10.17 n . 78 a 12. 79 14.99 The figures The following tables give all the desirable information concerning the operations of the fund since its creation: R E C E IP T S A N D E X P E N D IT U R E S OF T H E N E W PE N S IO N F U N D OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D ST E E L W ORKS, 1885 TO 1894. Items. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. $8, 499. 73 32, 260.29 16,130.16 2, 661. 70 2, 039. 48 18, 851. 70 $13, 498.49 40, 002. 06 20, 001. 04 5,159. 69 2,231.33 20, 023. 36 59. 76 $14, 006. 58 50. 247.15 25,123.59 5, 050.19 2, 222.06 21,704. 69 427. 90 118, 782.16 1890. RECEIPTS. Balance on hand at b e g in n in g . $363,536. 57 $20, 844.38 $21,820.01 Contributions o f m em bers........ 26, 317. 02 28, 585. 42 30, 833. 71 13,158. 52 14*292. 73 15,416.87 Contributions o f firm ................. 2,175. 99 2, 830. 58 3, 273. 39 Entrance fe e s ............................... 1,465.97 ! 1, 762. 53 1,763. 77 F in e s .............................................. 14, 619. 88 16,137. 37 17, 566. 73 Interest ......................................... Miscellaneous.............................. 298. 89 T o t a l .................................... 421,273. 95 84,453.01 90,973. 37 80,443.06 J 100,975.73 24, 782. 51 31, 743. 59 41,244.64 48. 852.23 57, 312. 96 2,150. 49 3,130.05 35, 700. 00 21, 820.01 47, 600. 00 8,499.73 1, 886.46 13.47 23,800. 00 13,498.49 2,365.10 51. 82 35, 700. 00 14, 006. 58 1, 953. 93 33. 33 35, 700. 00 23, 781. 94 84, 453. 01 90, 973. 37 80,443. 06 j 100, 975.73 118, 782.16 EXPENDITURES. 19,013. 26 P e n s io n s ....................................... Premiums, expenses incident to purchase o f securities, etc. 12, 516. 31 M iscella n eou s.............................. Invested in s e c u ritie s ............... 368,900.00 20, 844.38 B alance.......................................... T o t a l................................... 421,273. 95 R eserve invested in 4 per cent securities— On hand at b egin n in g......... In v ested ................................. 368, 900. 00 368, 900. 00 404, 600. 00 452,200.00 35, 700. 00 47, 600. 00 23, 800. 00 On hand at e n d ................. 368, 900.00 404, 600.00 452, 200.00 |476, 000. 00 1 476.000.00 35, 700. 00 511,700. 00 35, 700. 00 511, 700. 00 547, 400.00 497 INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. R E C E IP T S A N D E X P E N D IT U R E S OF T H E N E W PE N SIO N F U N D OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D STEE L W O R K S, 1885 TO 1894—Concluded. Items. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. $45. 574. 52 63.149. 20 63.149. 20 3, 949. 09 2. 363. 56 27, 388. 02 235.95 $29, 205. 29 64, 037. 61 64, 037. 61 3, 534. 97 2,425. 08 30,481.41 457.99 $55, 299. 05 62. 883. 31 62, 883.31 2,051.31 2, 604. 37 33, 066. 30 245. 66 $363, 536. 57 457, 675. 57 353, 552. 83 35, 332. 20 21,277. 50 223. 709. 19 2,123. 30 205,809.54 i 194,179.96 219,033.31 1, 457, 207.16 Total. RECEIPTS. Balance on hand at b eginn in g............... $23. 781. 94 59, 359. 80 Contributions o f m em b ers.................... Contributions o f fir m .............................. 59 359. 80 Entrance f e e s ............................................ 4, 645. 29 2, 399. 35 F i n e s ........................................................... 23, 869. 73 In terest....................................................... 397.15 M iscellaneous............................................ T otal.................................................. 173, 813. 06 EXPENDITURES. P en sion s..................................................... Premiums, expenses incident to pur chase o f securities, e tc ........................ M iscellaneous............................................ Invested in secu rities............................. B ala n ce....................................................... 65, 260. 04 74,576.84 88,168. 22 116, 237. 31 567,191. 60 3,440. 54 37. 96 59, 500. 00 45, 574. 52 6, 784.12 43. 29 95, 200. 00 29, 205. 29 3, 067. 66 45.03 47, 600. 00 55, 299.05 1, 858.16 69. 59 23, 800. 00 77, 068. 25 39,152. 82 294. 49 773,500. 00 77, 068. 25 T otal.................................................. 173,813. 06 205,809.54 194,179. 96 219, 033. 31 1, 457, 207.16 Reserve invested in 4 per cent securi ties— On hand at b eg in n in g ...................... I n v e s te d .............................................. 547, 400. 00 59, 500. 00 608, 900. 00 95, 200. 00 702,100. 00 47, 600. 00 749, 700.00 23, 800. 00 773, 500. 00 On hand at end................................ 606, 900. 00 j 702,100. 00 | 749, 700. 00 773, 500. 00 773,500. 00 PE N SIO N E RS A N D A V E R A G E PE N SIO N S U N D E R T H E N E W P E N SIO N F U N D OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D STEE L W OR KS, 1885 TO 1894. Year. 1885........ 1886........ 1887........ 1888........ 1889....... 1890........ 1891........ 1892........ 1893........ 1894........ M en. W idow s. Orphans. Partial pensions. T otal pensions. N um ber. Average. Num ber. A verage. Num Average. ber. N um Average. ber. N um ber. Average. 110 i 155 204 247 281 312 344 395 478 658 $99.64 95. 87 92. 51 103. 54 106. 45 109. 89 109. 75 104.04 104.19 110.97 126 156 211 247 296 357 411 488 538 587 $63. 57 63. 06 60.17 62.14 62.15 62. 09 64.36 65.70 68. 04 69.31 4 11 12 18 26 35 43 65 86 98 $11.30 7. 81 11.55 11.37 11.51 11.47 11.24 13.18 11. 52 13.17 $7. 24 19.68 24.41 30. 72 33. 52 32. 94 27.46 23.98 5 6 10 15 17 17 28 52 240 322 432 518 613 719 815 965 1,130 1,395 $79.22 76.96 73.48 79. 62 79. 69 79. 71 80.07 77. 28 78.02 83.32 A V E R A G E M E M B E R S A N D E X P E N D IT U R E S P E R M E M B E R OF T H E N E W PE N SIO N FU N D OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D STE E L W O R K S . 1885 to 1894. [It w ill be noticed that the figures in this table showing average members do not agree with the figures on page 480. The explanation is not known. The figures are given as furnished by the com pany.] Expenditures. Year. Average members. 1885 ................................... 1886 ................................... 1887 ................................... 1888................................... 1889 ................................... 1890 ................................... 1891................................... 1892 ................................... 1893 ................................... 1894 ................................... 10, 673 11, 707 12, 642 13,168 14,187 15,482 15, 980 16,741 16, 936 16, 509 Pension. $19,013.26 24, 782.51 31, 743. 59 41,244. 64 48, 852.23 57, 312. 96 65, 260. 04 74, 576. 84 88,168. 22 116, 237. 31 Pension per member. Other ex penses. $1.78 2.12 2. 51 3.13 3.44 3. 70 4.08 4.45 5.21 7. 04 $12, 516. 31 2,150.49 3,130. 05 1, 899. 93 2,416. 91 1,987.25 3, 478.50 6, 827. 41 3,112. 70 1,927. 76 Other e x penses per mem ber. $1.17 .18 .25 .15 .17 .13 .22 .41 .18 .12 Total. $31,529. 57 26, 933. 00 34, 873. 64 43,144. 57 51, 269.14 59, 300. 21 68, 738. 54 81, 404. 25 91, 280.92 118,165.07 Total per member, $2.95 2. 30 2.76 3. 28 3.61 3.83 4.30 4.86 5.39 7.16 498 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. From the experience thus far it is impossible to judge how long, on an average, an invalid of the steel works remains on the pension rolls. Oases have occurred in which quite considerable demands have been made upon the fund. Thus, for instance, three invalids died recently who lived 1 8 ^ , 1 9 ^ , and years after having been placed on the pension list, and these invalids drew altogether 11,497.50, 14,937.50, and 6,912.50 marks ($2,736.41, $3,555.13, and $1,645.18), respectively, in pension allowances. 13-fij FUNDS FOR THE INSURANCE OF OFFICIALS AND H IG HER PAID EM PLOYEES. The pension funds that have been considered are for the labor ing classes, strictly speaking. Their provisions apply only to those employees who are earning less than 2,000 marks ($476) per annum. For those of its employees who are earning over that amount the firm has organized a parallel seriesof funds. The firstof these, that for the grant ing of pensions to this class of employees, their widows, and orphans, was created July 1, 1890. A s a nucleus for the fund Mr. Friedrich Alfred Krupp donated the sum of 500,000 marks ($119,000). The regu lar sources of income consist of entrance fees equal to one-twelftli of the members’ yearly earnings, dues equal to 3 per cent of the earnings, and a contribution by the firm equal to the amount paid by the members as dues. Membership is obligatory. Members of the fund who have been at least five years in the employ of the firm receive in case of disability a pension of fifteen-sixtieths of their salary after five years’ service, and one-sixtieth for each additional year of service. The pension can not in any case, however, exceed fortyfive sixtieths of the salary received at the time of retirement. In case of death the widow of the member receives one-half of the husband’s pension and each child under 18 years of age gets one-twentieth o f the pension. The total paid to the heirs can not, however, exceed threefourths of the entire pension. A n y member who has been in the employ of the firm thirty-five years, or who has completed his sixty-fifth year of age, may apply for a pension. In all other cases, except when spec ially directed by the firm of Friedrich Krupp, a physician’s certificate of disability must accompany the request for a pension. The fund is administered by a board of directors. This consists of the president, treasurer, and secretary, who are appointed by the firm, and three directors elected by the members of the fund. The auditing committee consists of three members elected every three years by the members of the fund. A s the particular funds of the Krupp W orks, as well as the provisions of the general law regarding the insurance of workmen against acci dent, do not apply to the insurance against accidents of employees earning over 2,000 marks ($476) per annum, the firm has created a fund for the latter’s insurance. The expense of the fund is borne entirely by 499 INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. the firm. The schedule of pensions provides for the following indem nities: In the case of death by accident the survivors receive the full wages which the member would have drawn at the time of the accident for the month when he died and the two months following. A s soon as the payment of the full wages ceases, an annuity of per cent of the wages is paid to the widow until her death or remarriage, and 15 per cent to each child until the attainment of 15 years of age. The total paid to survivors, however, can not exceed GO per cent of the members wages. In case of accidents, not fatal, the injured person receives his full salary while under surgical treatment. I f after surgical treatment he remains unable to perform his full duties, he receives an annuity of § per cent of his average wages in case of total disability; in case of partial disability he receives, during such disability, a fraction of the annuity mentioned above, to be measured by the extent of the partial disability. The general workings of these two funds are the same as in the case of similar funds for workingmen proper, and it is scarcely necessary to follow the details of their operations. 20 66 W O R K I N G M E N ’S L IF E I N S U R A N C E A S S O C IA T IO N . The desirability of life insurance is unquestionable. But among the working classes large numbers are deterred by their inability to under stand the mechanism of insurance, the difference between different kinds of policies, and the real cost of carrying insurance; and in these matters the agents of the insurance companies are not always unbiased advisers. To obviate the obstacles in the way of life insurance for its employees, and at the same time to cheapen the cost, the firm of Krupp organized in 1877 tlie present life insurance association. The objects of this associa tion are not to itself offer insurance, but, as stated in its constitution— . To encourage insurance among the employees of the firm. 2. B y making contracts with companies and undertaking the pay ment of premiums to secure to employees and their families, under advantageous conditions, the acquisition of life insurance of any kind, to be paid for in full or by annual premiums. 3. To act in general as an intermediary between the insurance com panies and the insured. 4. To create a fund for the purpose of insuring the payment of pre miums by members and to extend other extraordinary aid as far as its resources permit. To accomplish these objects the association entered into special con tracts with the principal life insurance companies, according to which the association agreed that thereafter it would act as the agent of the companies, that it would encourage insurance in every way, that it 1 500 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. would collect the premiums and pay them over to the companies, and pay to those entitled to it the insurance money due on the death of pol icy holders in a word, that it would act as an intermediary in all neces sary business transactions. In return, the companies agreed to pay to the association all commis sions that they usually paid to their local agents, and further agreed that they would charge no fee for the making out of policies, nor for medical examination. The contract was made with a number of companies, in order that greater freedom of choice might be left to those wishing to become insured as to the kind of policies they desired to take out. To those wishing to become insured, the advantages offered by the association were numerous. First o f all, all the troublesome details necessary for securing a policy are managed by the association. A ll fees for examination or otherwise are abolished. Financially, the members are benefited through their participation in the funds accumulated by the association through the payments by the insurance companies of sums in lieu of commissions and from gifts and donations received by it. W hen the association was first founded Mr. Alfred Krupp donated to it 50,000 marks ($11,900), to which he subsequently added 4,000 marks ($952). The firm also makes a regular quarterly contribution equal to one-half the amount received from the companies in lieu of commissions. The expenses of administration are borne entirely by the firm, so that the association has practically no running expenses. The funds of the association are used in the follow ing ways: One-half of the amount received by the association from the compa nies is credited to the policy holders as deductions on the amount of their premiums. Premium payments are also reduced by the direct application of the funds of the association. During recent years this reduction has amounted to nearly per cent of the annual premiums. The remaining sum is used to aid members to pay their premiums in times of temporary distress and to grant loans to members. In cases of sickness or accident the necessary premium payments of a member may be made out of this fund. In these cases, however, the association should be reimbursed within a year. In particularly worthy and needy cases members can be permanently released from the necessity of making these repayments. The system of granting loans enables the members to use their poli cies as collateral security for the raising of loans in times of emergency. No interest whatever is charged. The amount of the loan is limited to that which the private companies would grant in similar cases. Each loan must be repaid within one year in equal monthly or fortnightly installments. I f repayment is not promptly made, interest at the rate of per cent is charged. The policy is always transferred to the asso ciation as collateral security. 5 8 6 501 INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. The affairs of the association are managed by a board of directors, con sisting of nine members, of whom six are elected by the general assem bly of all members, and three, including the presiding officer, are selected by the firm. The board of directors has at its service a number of confi dential agents (Vertrauensmanner), of whom one or more are selected by the board from the membership of each of the forty-two districts into which the workingmen are divided. These officials hold office as an honorary post, and have the functions of insurance agents as far as they relate to efforts to encourage insurance and to preparing applica tions. The latter, when made, are acted upon by the board of directors. The agents are furnished with special instructions as to their duties and functions. The workingmen, on taking out insurance, may select any of the policies offered in the rules and prospectuses of the different companies. The amount of the premium is therefore determined in each individual case according to the kind of policy and age, health, and occupation of the applicant. The following table, however, gives an average rate for 1,000 marks ($238), payable at death: A V E R A G E F O R T N J G H T L Y P R E M IU M S ON A N O R D IN A R Y L IF E IN S U R A N C E P O L IC Y F O R $238 I N T H E W O R K IN G M E N ’S L IF E IN S U R A N C E A SS O C IA T IO N OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D S T E E L W O R K S . A g e o f applicant. Premiu m payable fortnight! y, fully paid u p i n 20 years. 25 years. 30 years. 35 years. 20 yea rs................................................................................................. 25 years. ........................................................ ............ ................... 30 years................................................................................................. Unyenrs. ________ __ __________ __________________ _____ 40 years................................................................................................. $0.29 .31 .34 ■37* .42 $0. 26 .28 . 30* . 34 .38 $0. 24* . 26 .28* •31* .36 $0.23 •24* . 27 •30* .34* The system of the joint insurance of man and wife is one often pre ferred by workingmen, by which the survivor receives the insurance money. The following table shows the average premium rate per fort night, fully paid up in 25 years: A V E R A G E F O R T N IG H T L Y P R E M IU M S ON A J O IN T L IF E IN S U R A N C E P O L IC Y FOR $238 IN TH E W O R K IN G M E N ’ S L IF E IN S U R A N C E A S S O C IA T IO N OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D S T E E L W O R K S. Age o f younger person. A ge o f elder person. 20 years. 25 years. 30 years. ^35 years. 25 years................................................................................................ 20 years................................................................................................. 40 years................................................................................................. $0. 39 .41 .44 .48 $0. 40£ .42“ .45 .49 $0.44 .46* .50* $0.19 .52* The operations of the association are fully set forth in the following tables (pages 502-501). 502 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. B U SIN ESS C O N T R A C T E D W I T H V A R IO U S L IF E IN S U R A N C E C O M P A N IE S EOR M E M BERS OF T H E W O R K IN G M E N ’ S L IF E IN S U R A N C E A S S O C IA T IO N OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D S T E E L W O R K S , 1877 TO 1894. N ew policies. Year. Number. 1877 .............................................................................................................. 1878 ......................................................................................................... 1879 1884........................................................................................................... 1885 1889 ............................................................................................ 1890.................................................................................................................... 1891-1894........................................................................................................... a Should be 2,189 in order to balance. 37 1,340 1,191 Gil 290 740 Am ount. A verage. $64, 548. 61 392, 398.96 410, 628. 75 315,198. 63 95. 735. 50 383,339.46 $1, 744. 56 292. 84 344. 78 515. 87 330.12 518. 03 The figures are given, however, as published b y the com pany. P O L IC IE S H E L D B Y M E M B E R S OF T H E W O R K IN G M E N ’S L IF E IN S U R A N C E ASSO C IA T IO N OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D STE E L W O R K S , B Y F A C E V A L U E OF P O L IC Y , 1878 TO 1894. 1878. Face value o f policy. P oli cies. $35 70 ______________ ____________ $47 60_____________ ________________'______ $71.40..................................................... 118 492 $71.64 to $142.80................................... 295 $143.04 to $214.20................................. 129 $214.44 to $285.60................................. $285.84 to $476 ................................... 153 72 $476.24 to $714..................................... 41 $714.24 to $1,428................................... 33 Over $1,428 .......................................... ; Per cent. 1879. A m ount. Per cent. P o li cies. 8. 85 $8,425. 20 36.91 68, 472. 60 22.13 62, 308.40 9. 68 33,331.90 11. 48 58, 578. 60 5.40 49, 837. 20 3.08 53, 913. 80 2.47 110,965.27 1. 89 15. 36 13. 97 7. 48 13.14 11.18 12. 09 24.89 109 496 292 135 155 81 47 37 Per cent. P er cent. Am ount. i !| 8.06 $7,782. 60 !i 36.69 69, 008. 10 21. 60 61,689. 60 ! 9.98 34,855.10 11. 46 59, 364. 00 i 5. 99 56,120. 40 ! 3. 48 61,172. 80 ! 2.74 123, 056. 91 1.65 14. 59 13.04 7.37 12.55 11.86 12. 93 26.01 T o ta l.......................................... i 1,333 100.00 445, 832. 97 100.00 , 1,352 100. 00 473, 049. 51 100.00 I P O L IC IE S H E L D B Y M E M B E R S OF T H E W O R K IN G M E N ’ S L IF E IN S U R A N C E A S S O C IA TIO N OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D ST E E L W O R K S , B Y K IN D OF P O L IC Y , 1878 TO 1894. 1878. K in d o f policy. Payable at death or specified age . For tw o lives c o n jo in t ly ................. E ndow m ent......................................... T o ta l.......................................... Insurance per member P o li cies. 751 577 5 Per cent. 1879. A m ount. 56. 34 $328,165.77 43. 29 115, 525. 20 .37 2,142. 00 P er cent. 73. 61 25.91 .48 1,333 100. 00 445, 832. 97 100. 00 349.40 P oli cies. 757 585 10 <£nt. Per cent. Am0UIlt- 55. 99 $352, 609.11 43.27 116,501.00 .74’ 3,879.40 74. 55 24. 63 .82 1, 352 100.00 473,049. 511 100,00 ___ 1 I 366 99 i ! 503 INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. BUSINESS CONTRACTED W IT H VARIOUS LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES FOR MEM BERS OF THE W ORKINGMEN’S LIFE INSURANCE ASSOCIATION OF THE KRUPP IRON AND STEEL WORKS, 1877 TO 1894. Policies canceled. Condition o f business at end o f year. Annual premiums on policies. Policies. Number. Am ount. Average. Persons insured. Number. 44 620 509 107 464 $11,114. 60 189, 638.42 177,182. 43 36, 901. 90 165, 552.46 $252. 60 305.87 348.10 344.88 356. 79 35 1,276 1, 825 1,855 2,045 2,308 37 1,333 1,904 2, 006 a 2,190 2, 466 Am ount. Average. Per cent Amount. 1 o f poli1 cies. $64, 548. 61 445, 832. 97 666, 823. 30 804, 839. 50 863, 673.10 1, 081, 460.10 $1, 744. 56 334. 46 350. 22 401. 22 394. 37 438. 55 $7.13 8, 999. 55 23, 225. 44 27,887. 88 29, 678. 98 38, 630. 65 3. 48 3.46 3.43 3. 57 P O L IC IES H E L D B Y M E M B E RS OF T H E W O R K IN G M E N ’S L IF E IN S U R A N C E ASSO C IA T IO N OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D ST E E L W O R K S, B Y F A C E V A L U E OF P O L IC Y , 1878 to 1894. 1889. 1884. P oli cies. 3 12 133 614 270 396 242 117 67 50 Am ouut. Per cent. P oli cies. Per cent. .16 $107.10 583.10 .63 9, 472. 40 6. 98 32. 25 82, 871. 60 14.18 56, 417. 90 20.80 97,127. 80 12.71 94, 802. 20 6.14 81, 229. 40 3. 52 84, 020. 80 2.63 160,191. 00 .02 .09 1.42 12. 43 8.46 14. 56 14. 22 12.18 12. 60 24.02 3 11 117 539 228 508 283 143 104 70 .15 . 55 5. 83 26. 87 11.37 25. 32 14.11 7.13 5.18 3.49 Per cent. 1, 904 100. 00 666, 823. 30 100.00 1894. Am ount. Per cent. P o li cies. Per cent. A m ount. $107.10 523. 60 8, 318.10 72.173. 50 47,362.00 123, 272.10 111, 819. 20 100,186.10 129, 359. 80 211, 718.00 .01 .07 1.03 8. 97 5. 89 15. 32 13. 89 12.45 16. 07 26. 30 3 12 93 491 182 894 378 179 130 104 .12 .49 3. 77 19. 91 7. 38 36. 25 15. 33 7. 26 5. 27 4. 22 $83.30 571. 20 6, 604. 50 65, 200.10 37, 746. 80 214, 783.10 151, 803. 20 127, 294. 30 160, 792. 80 316, 580. 80 .01 .05 .61 6. 03 3.49 19. 86 14.04 11. 77 14.87 29. 27 2,466 100. 00 1,081,460.10 100. 00 2, 006 100. 00 804, 839. 50 100. 00 Per cent. P O L IC IE S H E L D B Y M E M B E R S OF T H E W O R K IN G M E N ’S L IF E IN S U R A N C E A S S O C IA T IO N OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D ST E E L W O R K S, B Y K IN D OF P O L IC Y , 1878 TO 1894. 1889. 1884. P oli cies. 1,211 612 81 Per cent. P er cent. A m ount. 76. 80 19. 42 3.78 63. 60 $512, 099. 50 32.14 129, 483. 90 4.26 25, 239. 90 1,904 100.00 666, 823. 30 100. 00 365.38 1,295 599 112 Per cent. Am ount. 64. 56 $633, 658.00 29. 86! 129, 210. 20 5.58 41,971.30 6139— Eo. 5----- 5 P er cent. 78. 73 16. 05 5.22 2, 006 100.00 804, 839. 50 100. 00 385.09 1 P oli cies. 1894. P oli cies. 1, 811 590 265 Per cent. 65. 33 23.92 10.75 A m ount. $858, 930.10 131,756. 80 90, 773.20 Per cent. 79.42 12.18 8.40 2, 466 100. 00 1, 081, 460.10 100. 00 468. 57 504 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. BEN EFITS O BTAINED FOR MEMBERS OF TH E 'W ORK ING M EN ’ S L IFE IN SU R AN CE ASSOCIATION OF THE K RUPP IRON A N D STEEL W ORKS, 1877 TO 1894. R eduction o f premiums b y use o f— Tear. One-lialf of Funds o f society commis (limited to sions paid 8 per cent b y com o f pre panies. m iums). 1877 1878 1879-1884... 1885-1889... 1890............. 1891-1894... $354. 82 3,571.50 3, 554. 26 886. 99 3, 470.11 $7, 322. 99 2,177. 28 10,537. 59 T o ta l.. 11,837.68 20, 037. 86 Premiums paid in cases o f— Interest saved. Other benefits. Total benefits. $941. 51 627. 52 84. 51 324.11 $1, 074.32 1, 762. 71 392. 50 1, 563.32 $64.41 889. 89 938.15 184.97 694. 24 $419. 23 8, 042. 90 16,164.56 4,206. 75 18, 705. 04 6,120.78 1,977.65 4,792. 85 2, 771. 66 47, 538.48 Sickness. Poverty. $1,565. 68 1,958. 93 480. 50 2,115. 67 Capital o f association at end o f year. $12, 238.31 13, 724. 30 24, 875. 24 28, 293. 99 28, 593. 54 27, 738. 29 C O O P E R A T IV E D IS T R IB U T IV E S T O R E S . During the first period of the rapid develo|)ment of Essen the system under which the workingmen made their purchases was, as has been shown, demoralizing in the extreme. Not onlywere the articles purchased poor in quality and the prices exorbitant, but the workingmen were demoralized through the system of buying on credit that was encouraged by the storekeepers in order better to keep their customers in their power, through various lottery and prize schemes in connection with pur chases, and through the prevalence of liquor selling in ordinary stores. To remedy this the Krupp firm, in 1868, at the request of the mem bers of a cooperative distributive society, took over its business, and with this as a beginning inaugurated a vast system of distributive stores (Consum-Anstalten) in which almost every article desired by the workingmen could be purchased. A s regards profits, the original policy of the firm was to so regulate prices that the stores should pay for themselves and neither profit nor loss be sustained. Though at this time there was no true division of profits the stores were never run on the truck-store principle. In all cases where a profit was realized it was applied in some way for the benefit of the workingmen. On January , 1890, however, in order to remove any suspicion that selfish interests were allowed to have any play, the firm introduced the true principle of cooperation whereby all profits were to be distributed among purchasers in proportion to the value of their purchases. Sales, as has been said, are made on an ab solutely cash basis, but each purchaser is provided with a pass book, in which is entered the amount of his purchases in order that his share in the profits can be determined. Anyone can trade at the stores, but only employees of the firm are entitled to share in profits. Under this regime prices are kept as near as possible to current prices elsewhere, though care is exercised that the latter be not exceeded. Printed posters are displayed showing the prices of the principal articles of consumption and indicating any changes in prices. The following table, compiled by the firm from their quotations, forms an interesting exhibit of the variation in prices o f the principal commodities since 1872. The table can be used as a fair statement o f the range of prices in Ger many during these years, and has, therefore, more than a special interest. 1 505 INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES P R IC E S OF COM M ODITIE S IN T H E C O O P E R A T IV E D IS T R IB U T IO N STORES OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D STE E L W O R K S, 1872 TO 1893. Articles. Potatoes...................... Rye bread.................. Beef: Veal: Mutton: Pork sausage............. Smoked bacon........... American lard........... Butter, tirst quality.. Wheat flour............... Groats.......................... B u ck w h ea t................. Beans, w h ite............... P ea se............................ L e n t ils ........................ B a rle y.......................... R ic e .............................. V e rm icelli.................. Cheese, H o lla n d ........ T urnip t o n s ............... Coffee, J a v a ................. S a lt............................... Prunes, T u rk ish ... .. Sugar: R efin ed ................. L o a f ...................... S oap: B a r ........................ S oft........................ Rape-seed o i l ............. P etroleu m ................... A rticles. Unit. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. : 1881.' 1882. j Bushel.. $0.450 $0. 405 $0.428 $0. 363 $0.462 $0.518!$0.515 $0.514 $0. 515 $0.410 $0.417 .017 .017 .019 .017 .016 .017 .018 . 018, .020! .022, .018 Pound.. ! . 140 .140 . 140 . 140 . 139 . 136 . . 135 . 119 . 119 . 123 .130 .128' . 126 .123 .124 ! ] .135 . 135 .130 .131 .140 .140 .139; . 140 .124 . 124 . 119 . 121 . 130 . 130 . 128; . 130 1 . 135 . 135 .138 .144 .148 .140! .143 . 140 . 124 . 124 . 127 . 134 .138 .130 . 130 . 130 . 147 .160 . 162 . 151 . 144 . 151! . 161 . 159 .155 . 157 . 159 .163 .171 .173 . 173 .164 . 1621 . 162 .162 Pound.. . 151 . 155 .154 .162 . 180 . 173 .155: .162' .166! .172 .190 Pound.. .124 .117 .139 .152 .143 .122 .1001 .090 .113 . 138 .147 Pound.. .246 . 253 .264 .268 .270 .245 .225 .224 . 2551 . 247 . 243 Pound.. .041 .044 .043 .033 .034 .039 . 035' . 034 . 037 .036 .035 Pound.. .054 .054 .054 .054 .647 .043 ' . 043 .041 .044 : .043 .043 Pound.. .031 .036 .038 .034 .032 .030 . 028,' .027 . 032 .035 .031 P o u n d .. .029 .030 .038 .032 .026 .028 .028 .025 .030 . 028 .029 P o u n d .. .027 .029 .035 .034 .033 .031 .028 .028 . 031 .032 .031 P o u n d .. . 035 .032 .039 .045 . 0431 .039 .035 .034 .045 .060 .051 P o u n d .. .037 .038 .040 .039 .038! .037 .034 . 033 .035! . 032 .030 P o u n d .. .039 .037 .037 .035 .041 .039 .038 . 037 . 0371 . 037 .035 Pound .. .073 .078 .086 .069 .065 .065 .065 . 065 . 065 . 065 . 065 P o u n d .. .150 .149 . 137 .137 .145 . 142; .140 . 145, .158 .162 . 155 P o u n d .. .041 .036 .034 .039 .030 .040 1 . 033 . 025| .030 .034 .031 P o u n d .. .212 .252 .278 .272 .266 .254 .241 .220 .217 , .203 .184 P o u n d .. .019 .019 .019 .019 .019 .019 .019 i . 019, .019 .019 .019 Pound .. .060 .073 .086 .077 .060 .065 .076 . 0601 .072 .002 .072 P o u n d .. 1 P o u n d .. .127 .121 . 119 .114 .108 .116 .100 . 097 .097 .098 .101 .162 .165 . 166 .158 .144 . 146 .138 . 130| .130 . 130 .130 P o u n d .. 1 Pound .. P o u n d .. Q u a rt... Q uart. . . Unit. .065 .048 .184 .084 .065 .048 .171 .080 .065 . 047 .145 .048 .063 .043 .145 .048 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. .060 .043 . 160 .063 1887. .060 . 060 . 043! . 042 . 1661 .152 . 060 Q m, 1888. 1 1889. .060 .040 .130 .040 . 057 .039 | .125 ; .048 , [ 1890. l 1891. 1 1341 .052 . 039 . 123 . 045 1892. | .052 .039 .131 .041 1893. P otatoes...................... B u sh el.. $0.448 $0.368 $0. 396 $0. 373 $0. 350 $0.442 $0.442 $0. 388 $0. 549 $0. 484,$0. 315 R ye b r e a d ................... Pound .. .017 .016 .016 .015 .015 .014 .015 .016 .019 .019 .015 B eef: First q u a lit y ___ P o u n d .. .145 . 140^ . 140 .135 .130 . 127 .140 . 148 .151 .151 .142 Second q u a lity .. .i P o u n d .. .134 .130 .130 .124 .109 .113 .129 .137 .140 .140 . 131 V eal: I F irst q u a lit y ___ P o u n d .. . 140 .140 .140 .140 .140 .135 . 140 .143 . 147 .151 .144 Second qu a lity. . . P o u n d .. .130 .130 .130 .130 .130 .124 .130 .132 .135 .130 .122 M u tto n : First q u a lit y ----- Pound .. .140 . 140 .140 .140 .140 .140 .140 .148 .151 .151 .141 .130 .130 . 130 .123 .119 . 119 .123 . 130 .130 .127 . 108 Second q u a lity ... Pound .. P o rk ............................. P o u n d .. .156 .135 . 136 .130 .130 .125 .154 .161 . 145 .149 .154 Pork sau sage............. P o u n d .. . 169 .162 .162 .162 .162 .153 .169 .175 .173 .171 .168 .176 .154 .156 .151 .151 .141 .174 .185 ► .162 .154 .164 Smoked b a c o n ........... P o u n d .. Am erican la rd ........... P o u n d .. .137 .115 . 103 .093 .095 .103 .108 .108 .105 .112 . 141 Butter, first q u a lity .. P ou n d .. .254 .254 .235 .236 .232 .245 .257 .257 .261 .262 .258 W heat f l o u r ............... P o u n d .. .032 .028 .028 ! . 027 .028 .029 .031 .032 .036 .033 .027 .043 .038 .035 * .035 .035 .035 .035 .039 .041 .042 . 039 G roats.......................... P o u n d .. .030 .027 .026 . 028 .025 .026 .028 .028 .030 .031 .028 B u ck w h ea t................. P o u n d .. .030 .030 .029 . 026 .025 .029 .028 .027 .030 .024 .024 Beans, w h ite............... P o u n d .. .032 .031 .028 .024 .024 . 024 .027 .029 .033 .033 .030 P e a se ............................ P o u n d .. .049 .045 .040 .051 .049 .057 .053 .051 .050 ! .063 .065 L e n t ils ........................ P o u n d .. .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .030 .033 .032 .027 B arley.......................... P o u n d .. R ic e ............................. P o u n d .. .035 .035 .035 .034 .032 .032 .032 .033 .035 . 035 . 035 .065 .064 ,060 .060 .060 .060 .060 .060 .063 .064 .060 V e rm icelli................... P o u n d .. Cheese, H olla n d ........ P o u n d .. .147 .150 .156 .160 .159 . 164 .171 . 173 .173 . 173 i .173 T urnip t o p s ............... P o u n d .. .027 .024 .024 .028 .026 .029 .030 .026 .027 [ .029 .030 .182 .184 .172 .174 .232 .222 .245 .268 .286 , .285 , .285 Coffee, Jav a ................. P o u n d .. .019 .019 .019 .019 .019 .019 .019!: .021 .022 . 022! .0 2 2 Salt............................... P o u n d .. .070 .059 .049 .048 .049 .047 .046! .056 .074 .049 .063 Prunes, T u rk ish ....... P o u n d .. S u ga r: .091 .081 .073 .071 .065 .069 .078 .070 .069 .070 .071 R efin ed ................. P o u n d .. .126 .111 .106 .108 ! .io8 .108 .110 .108 . 108 .108 .108 L o a f ...................... P o u n d .. B a r ........................ P o u n d .. S o ft........................ P o u n d .. Rape-seed o i l ............. Quart. . . P etroleu m ................... Q u art... .055 .039 .154 j .043 .052 .037 j .133 .043 .049 .035 .112 .043 .045 ' .035 .101 1 .041 .043 .035 .102 .041 .043 .035 .116 .043 .043 .032 .137 .043 .043 .041 .150 .042 .048 .036 .137 .041 .046 .037 .121 .039 .048 .039 .118 .036 506 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. The system developed with extraordinary rapidity, until to-day its operations are conducted on a vast scale. In 1891 the system com shops. O f these, 15 were general stores, 9 dry goods and prised clothing stores, 3 shoe stores, hardware and house-furnishing store, bake shops, 7 meat shops, tailor shops, 7 restaurants, liquor shops, coffeehouses, etc. In connection with these are numerous establish ments for the production or manufacture of various articles. O f these, the chief are slaughterhouse and sausage factory, bakeries, shoe shop, flour mill, brush factory, paper-bag factory, and an ice fac tory. A s part of the system, there is also a hotel, a club room-, 10 weekly 68 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 8 2 1 1 markets, and a laundry. The stores are all well housed. A central magazine was opened on July 1, 1874. It is a three-story structure, comprising a central build ing 22.4 meters (73J feet) by 31 meters (101.7 feet), and 19 meters (62.3 feet) high, and two wings, each 18 meters (59 feet) by 15.2 meters (49.9 feet), and the same height as the central building. It contains a general store, a dry goods and clothing store, a hardware store, a shoe store, offices, a storage room, tailor shops, dining room for the per sonnel employed in the building, and dwellings for the janitress, sales women, servants, and porter. It also contains cellars for wine, beer, and leather. The building is provided with hot-air heating apparatus and a hydraulic elevator. There is also a three-story warehouse 62 by 15.7 meters (203.4 by 51J feet), with a cellar and attic for the storage of supplies destined for the general stores. It contains also a coffeeroasting room and a spice mill. A gas motor supplies power to the elevator, spice mill, etc. A petroleum storage reservoir, with a capacity of 50,000 liters (13,208J gallons), tank wagons, and iron receptacles at the stores are also provided. The articles sold at the general stores are groceries, bakery and meat products, bottled beer, wines, liquors, mineral waters, tobacco, cigars, brushes, glass, porcelain and earthenware, stationery, school books, etc. The following list shows the quantity o f the principal grocery products 2 1 s o ld a t th e s e sto res d u r in g th e y ea r 1 8 9 0 : 2, 059, 322 Wheat flour............ 55, 675 Groats...................... 120, 813 Buckwheat flour . . .........do___ 201,178 Beans......................... ........ do___ 243, 461 Pease......................... 39, 403 L e n tils .................... 79, 221 Barley...................... ........ do___ 246, 611 R ic e .......................... 6 8 , 685 V erm icelli.............. ........ do____ 19, 013 Cheese...................... ........ d o . . . . 249, 111 American lard........ ........ do____ 246,413 Butter...................... 9,890 Coal............ tons of 2,240 lb s .. Rape-seed o il.............. pounds.. Turnip tops........ „. _ _ Coffee........................... Substitutes for coffee . . . do___ S a l t .............................. . . . d o . . . . Prunes.......................... Coarse sugar.............. . . .d o ----Lump sugar................. Bar soap...................... Soft s o a p ..................... . . . do----Petroleum.................. . . . d o . . . . Potatoes...................... bushels.. 326, 385 108,514 458, 034 145, 628 577, 831 153, 618 56, 941 512, 980 190,949 526, 631 648,130 35, 392 The personnel of the general stores consists of 15 managers, 15 assistants, 2 apprentices, 71 saleswomen, and 35 laborers. 507 INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. In tlie dry goods and clothing stores are sold dry goods, clothing, underwear, hats, umbrellas, sewing machines, etc. Forty-two persons are employed in these stores. In the tailor shops clothing is made to order for men and boys, and such articles as bedding, underwear, overalls, etc. Bepair work of all sorts is done. The personnel comprises a master tailor, a cutter, journeymen tailors, and seamstresses. In the shoe stores foot wear of all kinds is kept in stock. Boots and shoes are made to order and repaired at the shoe shops. The personnel of the shops and stores consists of master shoemaker, journeymen shoemakers, 1 apprentice, 1 clerk, and 3 saleswomen. The bakeries are furnished with 14 ovens, 4 kneading machines, and 1 cutting machine, operated by steam power. There is a mill for rough-grinding rye. The personnel of the mill and bakeries comprises 29 employees. The production during 1890 was 1,184,886 kilograms (2,612,223 pounds) of rye bread, 548,108 kilograms (1,208,370 pounds) of mixed (rye and wheat) bread, 233,523 kilograms (514,829 pounds) of wheat bread, besides quantities of rolls, toast, etc. The abattoir comprises stables and pens for beeves, hogs, and sheep, a slaughterhouse, meat-storage room, sausage factory, sales room, smokehouse, 2 cold-storage rooms ventilated by water power, 3 cellars for pickling meat, drying rooms, warerooms, etc. Since July 1, 1885, the slaughtering and inspecting of meat is done at public abattoirs as required by law. In 1890 1,335 beeves, 1,343 calves, 4,907 hogs, and 817 sheep wure slaughtered for the cooperative stores. The personnel of the abattoirs, including clerks, salesmen, cashiers, and butchers, comprised 52 persons. The restaurants all have gardens and some have tenpin alleys. One, at Bredeney, has lodgings for transient guests. The restaurant in the central building is for persons employed there. One of the restaurants at Cronenberg has a hall with a seating capacity of 1,500 persons, a stage, galleries, and bookcases. It is intended for society meetings and festivities. In the wintertime the personnel of the Essen theater give fortnightly theatrical performances at this hall. The total amount of beer sold at the various bars and restaurants during 1890 was 1,424,539 liters (376,328 gallons). The x)ersonnel of the restaurants comprises 16 employees, such as managers, assistants, and laborers. The hotel at Essen, the “ Essener H of,” is intended for persons doing business with the Krupp establishment. Strangers are admitted at all times without any formalities. The hotel has a clubroom for the use of officials of the firm. The hotel contains twenty-five bedrooms, break fast and dining halls, a billiard parlor, a tenpin alley, and a large garden. A ll beverages used at the hotel and restaurants must be obtained from the cooperative stores, as w^ell as all food, which is sold at prices fixed by the management of the cooperative stores. The wanes and liquors for the restaurants and general stores are kept 21 2 1 11 508 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 1 8 in five cellars, where master cooper and journeymen coopers are employed. In 1890 there were sold 167,000 bottles of wine, each con taining three-fourths of a liter ( I f pints). A ll the ice which is not required for the steel works, the abattoir, stores, and restaurants, is sold to customers on subscription. In 1890 (May 1 to September 30), the total cost of ice for the season to the subscribers was 27 marks ($6.43) for 15 kilograms (33 pounds) per day, 20 marks ($4.76) for 10 kilograms (22 pounds), and 11 marks ($2.62) for 5 kilograms (11 pounds) daily, delivered at the house. Ice is always on sale at the central magazine. It is delivered gratis to the members of the sick fund, when required on account of sickness. Coffee stands are located at the main entrances to the steel works, at which coffee and rolls are sold in the morning before working hours. The average daily consumption in 1890 was 400 cups of coffee and 800 rolls. The brush factory supplies all the brushes needed in the steel works and at the various stores. It employs 1 master brush maker, skilled laborers, partial invalids, and assistants. The paper-bag factory employs seven young women, daughters of widows. Clothing is ironed at a fixed rate both for employees and others. Eighteen widows and daughters of former employees are employed in this work. W eekly markets were established at the Cronenberg and Schederhof colonies for the sale of vegetables, bakery products, fish, and other food stuffs on squares belonging to the firm. Market masters employed by the firm keep the places in order, rent the chairs and stands, and attend to the weighing of products. Dealers pay a fee for the use of their stands. W idow s and dependents of deceased workingmen often secure em ployment through these various institutions by sewing overalls, car tridge bags, etc., for the steel works; shirts, quilts, etc., for the drygoods department; and by cleaning up stores, offices, etc. Sewing machines are sold to them upon payment of small installments. During the year 1890, 449 widows and daughters of deceased workingmen were employed in this way, earning altogether 43,031.74 marks ($10,241.55). The development of these stores has introduced entirely new habits regarding savings and the avoidance of debt. The small private stores have not been entirely crushed out by its competition, but since the system of apportioning profits, adopted in 1890, a great advance is yearly made. During the fiscal year 1890-91 there was a total of 11,154 pass books in use, showing about that number of families pat ronizing the stores. It is impossible to tell how many persons other than employees of the firm were also customers, but the number was said to be very large. The average profit distributed on sales is about 5 per cent. 12 2 2 INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. 509 F U N D S F O R T H E B E N E F IT O F W O R K I N G M E N O T H E R T H A N T H E R E G U L A R R E L IE F A N D P E N S IO N F U N D S . WORKINGMEN’ S AID FUND. Complete as are the provisions of the different benefit and pension funds, they can not provide for all cases of distress, even though the cases are such as are quite worthy of outside aid. Such, for instance, are those of workingmen who are sick, but can not fulfill the conditions entitling them to relief from the different relief funds, or when an unusual amount of sickness is experienced in a workingman’s family. To meet these and other cases where general aid is desirable, Mr. Fried rich Alfred Krupp, in accordance with the wishes of his late father, set aside , marks ($238,000) to constitute a workingmen’s fund (Arbeiter-Stiftung). The administration of the fund is determined by a constitution adopted November 19, 1888. Briefly recapitulated, the provisions of the constitution are the crea tion of a fund of , marks ($238,000), to be known as the Krupp’s workingmen’s fund. Only the interest of the fund can be used, the capital must remain undiminished. The earnings must be applied exclusively to the benefit of the workingmen of the steel works at Essen and of the branches elsewhere, and for the dependents of tlie workingmen. B y workingmen in this sense is meant not only those in actual service, but also those who have left the employ of the works or its branches on account of invalidity. Dependents include surviving members of the family after the death of a workingman. The income of the fund can not be used for any expenditures resulting from present or future regulations. This applies as well to expendi tures imposed by law upon the proprietor as to such expenditures as are obligatory upon such institutions as sick and pension funds, poor associations, etc., on account of statutory requirements. The income is applied, first of all, to the rendering of aid in money or money value in cases of merited distress. It may also be used for the erection of institutions having for their object the physical and spiritual welfare of Krupp’s employees or for assisting such institutions, already existing, in the form of subsidies. The assistance in the form of money or money value is especially granted: 1 000,000 1 000,000 1. To workingmen who were totally disabled but who have no claim to pensions— that is, such as have become incapacitated for work before having attained the time of service required by the pension regulations. 2. To widows and orphans of deceased workingmen who have no claim to pensions, namely, widows and orphans of workingmen who died or became permanently disabled before having attained the time of service required by the regulations. 3. To workingmen who remained ill and unable to work after the expiration of the time allowed, by the sick fund, for granting sick benefits, and who have therefore lost their claims upon that fund. Assistance may be given during the continuance of such sickness and disability. 510 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 4. To workingmen afflicted with such serious and long-continued illness, that the sick fund seems insufficient under the circumstances. 5. To workingmen who through no fault of their own have become destitute and fallen into debt on account of sickness or death in the family, or other misfortunes, particularly through the death of the housewife. . To pensioners whose pensions are insufficient to preserve them against destitution, or who, notwithstanding their pensions, have through no fault of their own (as on account of large families, sickness, etc.) become needy and fallen into debt. 7. To pensioners, for the purpose of facilitating the procuring of medical attendance and medicines in cases of need. 6 Whenever a person is legally entitled to communal poor relief, the assistance granted by this fund can not be given in lieu of such com munal aid. It may be supplementary. The following are specially mentioned as institutions for tbe erection and support of which the income of this fund may be applied: Insti tutions for the promotion of domestic sick-nursing (hausliche Krankeupflege); children’s nurseries; cooking and housekeeping schools for female dependents of workingmen; eating houses for the sick and in d igen t; workingmen’s schools (Fortbildungsschulen) for sons of employees; savings banks. A ll such institutions must be exclusively for the employees of the Krupp works, and all contributions out of the fund must be for their exclusive benefit. The fund is managed by a board of five trustees, consisting of a chairman and two trustees appointed by the founder and two trustees elected by the directors of the sick fund. The two trustees elected by the sick fund must be taken from the ranks of the working people in the firm’s employ. From these provisions it can be seen that the admin istration of the fund is conceived in the most general spirit. It is in every way a charitable fund,, but at the same time it is not of such a character as would tend to lower the self-reliance of the beneficiaries. ESSEN ENDOWMENT FUND. The fund just described is for the exclusive benefit of the employees of the firm. But in 1887 Mr. Friedrich Alfred Krupp created a similar endowment of 500,000 marks ($119,000), the income from which was to be used for the general betterment of conditions in the city of Essen, regardless of whether the benefited were employees of the firm or not. It is managed by a board of nine directors, one of whom is the mayor of the city, four are appointed by the city council, and four by the Krupp firm. Thus far the fund has been principally devoted to improving the condition of workingmen’s homes, that being deemed the direction in which the most useful work could be performed. SCH O O LS. The industrial character of Essen required that its schools should be of a kind suitable to the population. The public schools of the State afforded provision for ordinary primary instruction, though great over INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. 511 crowding would have resulted had not the firm supplemented the efforts of the State through the establishment of schools of its own. The main efforts of the firm, however, were directed toward the provision of industrial and technical education. A s the foundation of its efforts, there was adopted a liberal scheme of apprenticeship. Especial attention had always been given to this subject. Since 1864 indentures had been made in the form o f con tracts. The apprenticeship is for four years, except in cases of special proficiency, when it is sometimes reduced to three years. Each appren tice is trained in some particular trade, such as forge work, metal turn ing, pattern making, machine construction, and the building trades but besides their own branches, apprentices are also required to gain some general knowledge of other work done at the steel works. Besides learning their trades, apprentices have the further advantage of accus toming themselves to accurate work. The workingmen’s schools, attendance upon which is for them compulsory, give to them a thorough training in drawing and theoretical knowledge. Apprentices are thus better fitted for the higher positions of foreman, superintendent, etc., than other workingmen. Apprentices are paid from the beginning of their services in accord ance with the work done. The wages per day range from 65 to 70 pfennigs (15 to 17 cents) at the start, to 2.50 marks (60 cents). During the closing years of the apprenticeship piece wages are granted. Only one-half the wages is paid when due, the balance being given at the termination of the apprenticeship. Thus, for 103 apprentices who completed their time in 1890, 66,919.41 marks ($15,926!82) had been retained, making an average of 649.70 marks ($154.63) per apprentice paid out in lump sums. In cases where widows, or other dependents of deceased workingmen, have become dependent upon the apprentice, his wages to the extent of 1 mark (23.8 cents) per day may be paid in full; of the balance, however, one-half continues to be retained. Advances o f money from the retained pay may also be made. In tak ing apprentices the sons of the older foremen and workingmen and of widows of former employees are given the preference. In 1890 a sum of 12,000 marks ($2,856) was set aside, the proceeds of which are used to entirely or partially pay for scholarships for sons of foremen and workingmen who desire to educate themselves in higher technical branches, and who have distinguished themselves by their good conduct, assiduity, and ability. The stipends are awarded by the directory upon the recommendation of a committee consisting of the chief of division, a superintendent, two foremen, and three work ingmen. The stipends are sufficiently large to pay a considerable por tion of the expense of scholarship, but only in rare cases do they cover the entire cost. The purely scholastic institutions maintained by the firm, in addition to the primary schools already mentioned, consist of three distinct classes, viz, workingmen’s schools, industrial schools, and housekeeping schools. 5 512 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, Workingmen’s schools (Fortbildungsscliulen) have existed in Essen since I860. The course of instruction covers drawing, French, German, natural philosophy, mathematics, history, mensuration, mechanics, and the science of machinery and construction. Attendance is compulsory for all apprentices. A n average tuition fee of 18 marks ($4.28) per year is charged. The schools at Essen have classes, 45 teachers, and about 900 pupils; a similar one at Altendorf has 7 evening and 7 drawing classes, teachers, and about 300 pupils. The firm gives material aid to these schools, as well as to mining schools in the mining districts. Industrial schools are of two kinds, those for women and those for girls of school age. Instruction in the former consists of sewing by hand and machine, embroidery, dressmaking, and ironing. The instruc tion is in charge of a principal and five teachers, all but two of whom have passed industrial teachers’ examinations. The school is open to members of employees’ families as well as to others. The tuition fees for the industrial schools for women are as follows: Sewing by hand, 3 hours daily, 2 marks (48 cents) per month, and hours daily, 3 marks (71 cents) per month; sewing by machine, 3 hours daily, 9 marks ($2.14) per 3 months, and hours daily, 15 marks ($3.57) per 3 months; embroid ery, 3 hours daily, 3 marks (71 cents) per month, and hours daily, 5 marks ($1.19) per month; dressmaking, 3 hours daily, 10 marks ($2.38) per 3 months; ironing, twice per week, 4 marks (95 cents) per month. These fees are doubled for persons not members of employees’ fami lies. In 1890 the average attendance was 77 pupils in sewing by hand, 46 in sewing by machine, 29 in dressmaking, 28 in embroidery, and in ironing, or a total of 186 pupils. There are three industrial schools for girls of school age, situated in the three principal groups of workingmen’s houses. The object of these schools is to give instruction in knitting, sewing, and crocheting. Only children of employees ai e admitted. The attendance in 1890 was 1,897 pupils, of whom 62 per cent were instructed in knitting, 30 per cent in crocheting, and per cent in sewing. The pupils furnish their own materials, and when the articles are finished they can take them home for the use of the family. The tuition fee is 20 pfennigs (4.8 cents) per month in advance, but if the pupil attends regularly during the 15 months of the course and has a good record all the tuition money is refunded. The principal of the school for adults has supervision over these classes. The other teachers, 38 in number, are mostly widows and dependents of deceased employees. The object of the housekeeping school is the education of girls over 14 years of age in the duties of an ordinary household. The instruc tion comprises the preparation of meals, preserving of fruits and vegetables, buying victuals, cultivating garden vegetables, washing, wringing, ironing, mending, darning, and all sorts of housework. A trained matron and two assistants have charge of the instruction. During attendance girls must board at the school. No tuition is charged, and the board and lodging cost marks ($1.43) per month. 21 22 6 6 6 6 8 6 INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. 513 In the case of poor persons this is frequently remitted in part. The course covers 4 months. Twelve new pupils are admitted every months, making thus an attendance of 24 at any one time. Certifi cates are given to all who complete the course, and in meritorious eases money prizes are awarded. A midday meal is served daily at the housekeeping school, for 35 pfennigs (8.3 cents), for widowers and their children, unmarried invalids, married men whose wives are ill, and widows who are prevented by work or sickness from doing their own cooking. In cases where, on account of the illness of the housewife, there is real destitution in the family, the physician may order that meals be furnished gratuitously. The industrial and the housekeeping schools are under the manage ment of the cooperative stores. The firm of Krupp furnishes the school accommodations and bears all expenses of maintenance, heating sup plies and apparatus, salaries, etc. The housekeeping school cost in this manner a sum of 14,800 marks ($3,522.40) during the first year of its operation, 1890-91. It is unnecessary to comment upon the practical and useful character of the educational work of the firm. It seems to be perfectly adapted to the needs of the people. 2 HEALTH S E R V IC E . To cope with the problem of public health consequent upon the aggregation of so many employees in one place, the firm has been under the compulsion of organizing a health service as elaborate and com plete as that maintained by a government of a principality. Its service includes an elaborate board of health code, the maintenance of a. corps of physicians, and the organization of a complete hospital service, and, finally, in order that exact information may always be at hand concerning the condition of the health of workmen, complete statistics concerning the health not only of employees but of their families as well. The hospital service is naturally the most important and the central feature of the work. The service was first inaugurated in 1872, when buildings originally intended for the care of the wounded in the Franco-Prussian war were converted into hospital quarters. In 1888 the three original pavilions were supplemented by two new ones for women and children. In 1890 the three old ones were thoroughly ren ovated and partly reconstructed. The hospital is situated near the center of the town of Essen. The buildings are well isolated, thus affording plenty of light and air. The grounds cover an area of 1.7302 hectares (about 4J acres), of which 2,924 square meters (31,474 square feet) are built upon. The vacant ground is used for garden purposes for patients only. Every attention is paid to the care of the buildings. A ll the walls are painted in light oil colors and the floors are of oiled hard wood. The bathrooms and water-closets have tiled wainscoting and tiled floors. The bedsteads are of iron and have wire mattresses. Every 514 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. precaution is thus taken to insure cleanliness. Lighting is done by gas and heating by hot-air furnaces. The operating room, dispensary, and the room for operating upon diphtheria patients are heated by gas stoves. The hospital is entirely owned by the firm, and its manage ment is in the hands of the chief physician. The sick-fund man agement has no authority over it. The fund simply turns over its patients, for which it pays the firm 1.50 marks (35.7 cents) per day for men, marks (28.6 cents) for women, 80 pfennigs (19 cents) for children, and 40 pfennigs (9J cents) for infants. A n y deficit is met by the firm. The firm has also two hospitals for the treatment of epidemic cases. The larger of these is situated to the north and the other to the south of the steel works. They are both well isolated. The former consists of six barracks arranged in V shape and an administration building at the open end of the V. Each barrack contains four sick wards and a sitting room, lavatory, and bathroom. Each ward has four beds. The cubic air space is 40 cubic meters (1,413 cubic feet) per bed. Each ward is completely separated by wall partitions from every other. Each has its own stove. Oil is used for lighting. The administration building is one story high and contains nine rooms for the office and dwelling of the physician and his help. The smaller hospital consists of two barracks, an administration building, and a deadhouse. Each barrack contains two large sick wards, a hall, sitting room, and water-closet. Each ward has fifteen beds. The air space per bed is 40 cubic meters (1,413 cubic feet). Special attention is given in both hospitals to light and ventilation. The following tables give some idea of the scope of the work done by the hospital service in Essen: 1.20 S T A T IS T IC S OF D IS E A S E S T R E A T E D A T T H E H O S P IT A L S OF T H E KRTTPP IR O N A N D STEE L W O R K S, 1872-73 TO 1893-94. Internal diseases. Year. Cases. 1872-73.. 1873-74.. 1874-75.. 1875-76.. 1876-77.. 1877-78.. 1878-79.. 1879-80.. 1880-81.. 1881-82.. 1882-83.. 1883-84.. 3884-85.. 1885-86.. 1886-87.. 1887-88.. 1888-89.. 1889-90.. 1890-91.. 1891-92.. 1892-93.. 1893-94.. 533 355 223 217 129 129 115 107 289 226 222 150 152 256 358 464 484 655 528 617 616 506 Per cent of deaths. 6.1 7. 0 8.1 6. 5 9.3 13.1 13.0 9.3 13.7 9. 7 2.6 14. 0 13.8 8. 6 10.1 9.1 8.1 10. 0 9.8 12.6 18.3 15.4 Surgical cases. Cases. 466 344 225 194 134 183 175 190 289 357 228 169 227 285 423 532 623 860 979 1,137 1,057 1, 041 Per cent of deaths. 3. 2 3.1 1.3 2. 0 3. 7 0.5 2. 6 2.8 1. 7 0.8 2. 3 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.1 0. 6 1. 0 1.1 1.3 1. 9 2.0 Skin diseases. Cases. 162 117 59 50 23 59 35 36 86 88 65 36 22 23 18 31 66 88 159 197 225 208 a This total does not agree w ith the sura o f the items. by the company. Per cent of deaths. Venereal diseases. Cases. Per cent of deaths. 47 28 22 18 14 27 32 35 62 90 24 16 17 23 29 18 21 20 28 34 63 53 ............... Total diseases. Cases. a 1, 228 844 529 479 300 a 401 357 368 726 761 539 371 418 587 828 1, 045 1,194 1, 623 a l , 695 1,985 1.961 1,808 Per cent of deaths. 3. 6 4.3 4.9 3. 8 5.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 5.2 3.6 5.5 6.5 5.8 4.1 4.8 4.9 3.6 6.2 6.1 4.7 6.7 5.4 The figures are given, however, as published 515 INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. D A IL Y EXPENDITURES PER P A TIE N T AND TOTAL DAYS OF SICKNESS OF A LL P A TIE N T S IN THE HOSPITALS OF THE KRUPP IRON AND STEEL WORKS, 1878-79 TO 1893-94. [Physicians’ fees, depreciation, and amortization are not included.] D aily expenditures per patient. Year. Repairs W ages on build and ings. salaries. 1878-79. $0.1071 .0428 1879-80. .0104 1880-81. .0047 1881-82. .0168 1882-83. .0167 1883-84. .0283 1884r-85. .0489 1885-86. .0311 1886-87. .0572 1887-88. .0621 1888-89. 1889-90. .0507 .2113 1890-91. 1891-92. .0388 1892-93. .1454 1893-94. .0580 Fuel. $0. 0614 $0. 0118 .0100 .0558 .0346 .0104 .0381 .0107 .0494 .0120 .0668 .0139 .0129 .0568 .0639 .0153 .0473 .0162 .0403 .0167 .0458 .0195 .0334 .0220 .0369 .0274 .0362 .0329 .0469 .0145 .0484 .0301 P rinting M iscel and sta laneous Food. sup tionery. plies. Drugs W ash and ing and band mend ing. ages. days o f M iscel sick laneous Total. ness. expend itures. $0. 0004 $0.0030 $0.2298 $0. 0429 $0.0260 $0. 0025 $0. 4849 .0009 .0032 .2192 .0225 .0317 .0009 .3870 .0011 .1900 .0188 .0032 .0383 .0006 .3074 .0003 .0029 .1833 .0295 .0167 .0008 .2870 .0011 .0055 .1956 .0343 .0182 .0006 .3335 .0007 .0080 .2207 .0245 .0302 .0010 .3825 .0007 .0063 .1877 .0224 . 0278 .0009 .3438 .0014 .0081 .2199 .0360 .0277 .4280 .0068 .0017 .0053 .0246 .1938 .0378 .0051 .3629 .0014 .0055 .2283 .0274 .0473 .0117 .4358 .0019 .0085 .2614 .0316 .0525 . 0242 .5075 .0009 .0127 .2779 .0504 .0334 .0240 .5054 .0012 .0112 .3176 .0342 .0400 .0237 .7035 .0013 .0095 .3560 .0419 .0356 .0326 .5848 .0018 .0110 .3313 . 0570 .0445 .0377 .6901 .0023 .0135 .0415 .3437 .0448 .0557 .6380 9, 948 10, 838 18, 950 20, 508 14, 871 9, 519 11,138 10, 216 14,959 19,263 21, 900 31,022 34, 868 33, 683 28, 049 27,164 H O S P IT A L P A T IE N T S A N D COST OF H O S P IT A L SE R V IC E OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D ST E E L W O R K S , 1875-76 TO 1893-94. Year. 1875-76. 1876-77. 1877-78. 1878-79. 1879-80. 1880-81. 1881-82. 1882-83. 1883-84. 1884-85. 1885-86. 1886-87. 1887-88. 1888-89. 1889-90. 1890-91. 1891-92. 1892-93. 1893-94. A verage em ployees of Krupp firm. 9,720 8,510 9, 255 8, 655 8,190 9. 767 11, 021 10, 753 10, 207 10,402 11,138 12, 257 13,057 13, 403 14, 967 15, 918 16,511 16, 808 17,168 Days o f patients in H ospital expenditure (including depre Per cent hospital. ciation) . o f em ployees W om en in Daily Per P er em Total. and Total. patient. ployee. hospitals. children. ave "age. H ospital patients. Men. 479 300 401 357 368 726 813 539 371 418 587 697 734 730 1,135 1,192 1,384 1,236 1,148 28.9 22.8 26.4 27.3 29. 7 51.9 56. 2 40.7 26.1 30.5 28.0 41.0 52. 8 60. 0 85.0 95.5 92.3 76.8 74.4 131 311 464 567 575 601 729 660 10, 552 8, 306 9, 644 9, 948 10, 838 18,950 20, 508 14, 871 9,519 11,138 10,216 14, 959 19, 263 21, 900 31, 022 34, 868 33, 683 28, 049 27,164 22.03 27. 69 24. 05 27. 87 29. 45 26.10 25. 23 27. 59 25. 66 26. 65 17. 40 18. 07 18.43 18. 34 18. 23 19. 73 16.97 14.27 15. 02 $5, 003. 71 3, 946. 28 4, 276, 38 5, 643. 93 4, 970.15 6, 629. 01 6, 842. 98 5, 573. 96 4, 072. 89 4,465. 83 4, 930.17 6, 973. 40 10, 216,15 14, 600. 59 19 608. 34 28, 827. 75 23,118.37 22, 562.40 20, 798. 34 $0. 51 .46 .46 .65 .61 .68 .62 .52 .40 .43 .44 .57 .78 1. 09 1.31 1.81 1.40 1. 34 1.21 4. 93 3.53 4. 33 4.12 4.49 7. 43 7. 38 5.01 3. 63 4.02 5. 27 5. 69 5. 62 5.45 7. 58 7. 49 8. 38 7.35 6. 69 M O R T A L I T Y OF E M P L O Y E E S OF T H E K R U P P IR O N A N D ST E E L W O R K S L I V IN O IN ESSEN, 1870 TO 1894. Year. 1870 .. 1871.. 1872 .. 1873 .. 1874.. 1875 .. 1876 .. 1877 .. 1878 .. Deaths Em Deaths. per ployees. 1,000. 7, 084 8, 810 10, 394 11, 671 11, 543 9, 743 8,998 8,586 9, 414 82 152 142 150 137 121 100 86 119 12 17 14 13 12 12 11 10 13 Year. 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 . . . . . . . . Deaths Em per ployees. Deaths. 1,000. 7, 964 8, 806 10, 598 11,011 10, 491 10, 213 10, 656 11,723 104 145 148 113 159 139 120 125 13 16 14 10 15 14 11 11 Year. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 . . . . . . . . Deaths Em per ployees. Deaths. 1,000. 12, 674 13,198 14, 223 15,519 16,161 16, 865 17,100 16, 706 152 110 147 158 173 173 145 107 12 8 10 10 11 10 8 6 516 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. O T H E R IN S T IT U T IO N S . It would, be almost impossible to describe the thousand and one ways in which the firm manifests its solicitude for the permanent welfare of its employees in addition to the ways already described. Contributions are made to almost every institution having for its object the elevation of the working classes. A t the works provision is made for the furnish ing of coffee and rolls at a minimum cost. A cup of coffee with sugar and a roll is provided for 7 pfennigs ( § cents). Several eating houses with gardens are also provided for workingmen who find it too far to return home for meals. The unusual extent to which bathing facilities have been provided for employees should be especially commented upon. Bathrooms are provided at the exits of most of the shops. In addition there is a cen tral bath house containing seven bathrooms with tubs, hot and cold water, and shower appliances, and a steam bath in which six persons can be accommodated simultaneously. The object of this central bath house is, first of all, the accommodation of patients who are not inmates of the hospital. W here baths are ordered by the physician the fees are paid by the sick fund. Other employees may also use the baths when not required by patients. The fees for employees are 15 pfennigs (3.6 cents) for tub baths and mark (23.8 cents) for steam baths. The same fees are charged to the sick fund for patients. Free baths are allowed to workingmen whose work is of such a nature as to make baths very desirable. A t the Hanover mines a bath house containing 28 cells with showerbath appliances was erected at a cost of marks ($4,760). The daily attendance at these baths is about persons. Another bath house containing 16 cells for shower baths and one tub and shower bath was erected at the smelting works near Duisburg, at a cost of marks ($2,380). Out of 491 men employed there in 1890, the average daily attendance at the baths was 107 persons. FTo fees are charged for the use of these baths. 1 1 20,000 1,100 10,000 C O N C L U S IO N . The magnitude of the enterprise of Krupp at Essen, and the variety of social institutions that are found there, almost preclude any attempt at a general resume of results. There are, however, certain general principles underlying the management of all these institutions that, though it is impossible to incorporate them in constitutions, yet deter mine the real spirit in which the institutions are carried on. They may be said to constitute the soul of the institutions. A study of these institutions in their practical workings shows, first of ail, that they have been conceived in the most liberal spirit as regards the participa tion of the workingmen themselves in their management. In spite of the great prominence of the firm, the independence of the individual has been sacrificed as little as possible. INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. 517 There can be no doubt that the firm has succeeded in gaining the respect and good wishes of its employees. The feeling that the firm has the true welfare of the latter at heart seems to be universal. A t the same time Essen is not the result of any sentimental effort for reform. To the visitor the first serious impression is that here there has been no carrying out of a caprice, or a personal desire to do this or that for the workingmen. Everything has the appearance of having been the result of stern necessity. Each institution has developed in response to a distinct demand. Economy is everywhere. The laborers are not given china where tin or iron will suffice. The schools are especially plain, but they have the appearance of being of a character suitable to a laboring population. That the laborers constitute a contented class is shown by the almost absolute absence of labor difficulties, and the high degree of stability of employment. Twenty-one per cent of all employees have been con tinuously employed over fifteen years, and per cent have been employed more than five but less than fifteen years, or a total of per cent that have been in the em ploy of the firm more than five years. It should be remembered, moreover, that the rapid increase in the number of employees within recent years has necessitated the constant entrance of men to swell the number of those employed but a short time. A s regards the effect of the expense entailed upon the firm by its various social enterprises, the firm is emphatic in the statement that it has been more than repaid by the better class of workingmen that they have been able to obtain and retain, and the absence of friction between the management and its personnel. A ll improvements in the condition of its employees have been followed by improvements in the character of the work performed by them, and by increased faithful ness to the interests of the establishment. 23 44 RECENT REPORTS OF STATE BUREAUS OF LABOR STATISTICS. M ARYLAND. Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics of Maryland. 1896. A . B. Howard, jr .? Chief of Bureau. 170 pp. This report treats of the following subjects: Personal projjerty values, 95 pages; building and loan associations, 56 pages; strikes and lockouts, pages. The presentation concerning building and loan associations consists principally of quotations from the Ninth Annual Report of the Depart ment of Labor. Under the title of “ Strikes and Lockouts a short his torical statement and the estimated loss in wages are given for each labor disturbance that occurred in the State during the year. The estimated loss in wages is fixed at $25,000. Personal Property V alues.— This presentation is a continuation and completion of an investigation commenced in 1894 and published in the report for that year. The inquiry of 1894 was confined to the city of Baltimore. The statistics for 1895 show, for each county in the State, the number of estates probated and the value of personal prop erty belonging to them, for each year of two periods of five years each— 1875 to 1879 and 1890 to 1894, inclusive. The estates for each county are arranged in nine classes according to value. Estates which were not of sufficient value to pay off all the debts charged against them are not included. The following statement gives the State totals, not including Balti more City, for the two periods: 10 ” E S T A T E S P R O B A T E D A N D V A L D E OF P E R S O N A L P R O P E R T Y . 1890 to 1894, inclusive. 1875 to 1879, inclusive. Estates having personal property valued— Number. U nder $500 ........... $500 to $1,000 ....... $1,000 to $2,500... $2,500 t o $5,000.... $5,000 to $10,000... $10,000 to $25,000.. $25,000 to $50,000.. $50,000 to $100,000. Over $100,000 ____ 1, 724 895 1,053 535 362 255 65 27 10 T o t a l........... a 4, 936 b Value. |Number. Value. $370, 810 . 593,898 1,480, 010 1, 703,783 2, 380, 861 3, 592, 562 1,968, 715 1, 852, 223 2, 265, 003 2, 286 1,062 1,135 508 321 203 62 29 16 $473,195 706, 341 1, 665, 308 1, 687, 610 2,132, 349 2, 927, 474 1,944, 497 1,827,179 9,455, 844 b 16,197,865 , 5,622 22, 819, 797 a F igures here apparently should he 4,926; those given are, how ever, according to the original. Figures here apparently should he $16,207,865; those given are, how ever, according to the original. 518 REPORTS OF STATE BUREAUS OF LABOR— MICHIGAN. 519 M IC H IG A N . Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statis tics of Michigan. Year ending February 1,1896. Charles B . Morse, Commissioner; H . E . Dewey, Deputy Commissioner, xxvi, 402 pp. This report consists of an introduction of 26 pages, which includes statistics of street railway companies, and parts which treat, respec tively, of the following subjects: Laborers engaged in transportation, 227 pages; organized labor, 44 pages; miscellaneous statistics, 63 pages; penal and reformatory institutions, 9 pages; strikes, 30 pages; Michigan laws of 1895 affecting labor, etc., 26 pages. The statistics presented under the first two titles are the results of original investigations by the bureau. The other presentations consist principally of compilations from official reports. Laborers Engaged in Transportation.— The individual reports from employees on street railways, hack and bus lines, etc., and from owners who drive their own hacks, buses, drays, or teams are pub lished in detail. The following statement indicates the character of the questions asked and gives some of the principal facts brought out by the analysis of the statistics: 6 PERSONS EN GAGED IN TRANSPORTATIO N IN 1895. Employees on— Items. Total number con sid ered ................................................................................... N ative b o r n ........................................................................................................... Foreign b orn ......................................................................................................... M a rried .................................................................................................................. S in g le ...................................................................................................................... W id ow ed ................................................................................................................ A verage hours in day’s w o r k .......................................................................... Num ber reporting hours o f w ork increased during past y e a r ............... N um ber reporting hours o f w ork not increased during past y e a r....... Num ber reporting hours o f w ork decreased during past yea r............... Number who w ork overtim e............................................................................. . Number who do not w ork o v e r tim e ............................................................... N um ber w ho receive extra pay for o v e r tim e .............................................. N um ber who do n ot receive extra p a y fo r ov e rtim e ................................. A verage daily w ages.......................................................................................... Num ber reporting wages increased duriug past y e a r .............................. Num ber reporting no change during past yea r............................................ Num ber reporting wages decreased during past y e a r .............................. Num ber who lost tim e during past y ea r....................................................... N um ber who lost no tim e during past y e a r ................................................ A verage number o f days lost for those who lost t im e .............................. Num ber who saved m oney during past yea r................................................ Number who did not save m oney during past yea r................................... A vera ge savings o f those who saved .............................................................. Num ber who say tim es are better than one year a go................................. Number who say tim es are w orse than one year a g o ................................ N um ber who ow n a h o m e ................................................................................. N um ber who ow n a home clear o f incum brance.......................................... N um ber who rent h om es................................................................................... . A verage rent paid per m o n t h ........................................................................... N um ber w ho say cost o f liv in g increased during past y e a r .................... N um ber who say cost o f liv in g decreased during past y e a r .................... N um ber who buy beer or spirituous liq u o r s ... - - ..........- ...................... A verage expenditure per month for beer or spirituous liquors b y those who .admit their u se.......................................................................................... Num ber who belong to labor organizations.................................................. 6139— No. 5----- 6 a Average per vehicle per day. Owners iwho drive --------------- their own Street Hack and hack,bus, bus lines, j dray, or railways. etc. team. 1,865 1,070 795 1,285 557 23 10 577 958 95 520 1,300 398 121 $1.69 748 824 45 1,614 247 798 994 $123. 28 1,087 244 460 254 821 $7. 27 833 79 495 $1.10 1,074 1,943 3,127 1, 930 1,195 1, 721 1,614 1,376 306 30 21 10J m 119 2, 846 31 1,157 1, 829 345 783 i $1.35 a $2.16 322 224 2,588 710 235 850 1, 552 1,202 731 1,557 56i 73+ 592 774 1,301 2, 222 $100.84 $209. 73 827 498 820 1,007 619 1,112 631 322 1,149 607 $6.46 $7. 53 766 676 142 154 740 1,305 $1. 05 277 i $1. 96 168 520 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. In some of tlie returns answers were not given to all tlie questions. It therefore does not follow that the difference between the number given for any particular item in the above summary and the total num ber considered represents the number reporting the reverse of what is shown. Organized Labor.— Reports were received from 237 labor organiza tions in the State, which are published in detail. The organizations reported 19,192 male and 302 female members. There were 2,203 mem bers initiated and 1,256 susjiended during the year. Twenty-one organi zations gave out-of-work— 73 sick, 107 strike, and 93 burial— benefits. Fifty-eight furnished life insurance, and 194 reported the amount of daily wages received by members, the average wage being $2.28 per day. The average hours in a day’s work, as reported by 198 organiza tions, was 9§. There were 23 organizations that reported 31 strikes, involving 5,956 men, as having occurred during the year. The em ployees were successful in 16 strikes, failed in 2, and compromised 7, no information as to settlement being furnished for . 6 N O R T H C A R O L IN A . Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of North Carolina for the year 1895. B. R. Lacy, Commissioner; L. D . Terrell, Chief Clerk, v, 408 pp. This report treats of the following subjects: Cotton and woolen fac tories, 76 pages; agricultural statistics, 146 pages; reports of laboring men, 80 pages; tobacco and miscellaneous factories, 33 pages; rail roads, 10 pages; organized labor, 25 pages; fishing industry, 15 pages; newspapers, 13 pages; bureaus of labor, 10 pages. The presentation concerning the first four subjects treated consists of statistics as to capital, machinery, materials and products, employees and wages, hours of work, and the general social and financial condi tion of employees in the cotton and woolen, tobacco, and miscellaneous factories; also the financial, social, and moral condition of farmers, and the wages, hours of labor, educational, moral, and financial condition of mechanics and laboring men in various industries. These statistics are shown in detail, the individual reports being given for numerous factories and workingmen in different sections of the State. The reports are arranged by counties, and are followed by letters from employers and employees giving their personal views on the various subjects treated. Totals and general averages for the State are shown for cotton and woolen factories and for farmers. The following statement gives statistics of cotton and woolen fac tories for 1895: Number of m ills ......................................................................................................... 157 C apital........................................................................................................................... $14,339,342 Cotton and wool consumed, pounds..................................................................... 123, 658, 775 521 REPORTS OF STATE BUREAUS OF LABOR— NORTH CAROLINA Products: Yarn, pou n ds...................................................................................................... 79, 473, 949 Domestics, yards................................................................................................. 87, 742, 655 Plaids, yards........................................................................................................ 51, 737, 547 Woolen goods, yards......................................................................................... 18, 424, 200 Number of employees: M e n ................................................................................................................................ 4,888 W om en ................................................................................................................... 6,175 Children............................................................................ 3,311 Children under 14 years of age— Boys................................................................................................................. 778 Girls................... 780 Total employees................................................................................... 15,932 Average wages per day of— Machinists.................................- .......................................................................... $1. 93£ Engineers............................................................................................................... 1 . 64JFiremen ............................................................................................................... . 894 Skilled men........................................................................................................... 1.10 Unskilled m e n ...................................................................... .70 Skilled women..................................................................................................... .65 Unskilled w om en ............................................................................................... .50 Children................................................................................................................. .30 Average number of days in operation during year.......... . ............................ 286^ Average number of hours constituting day’s work........................................ 114 Number of spindles..................................................................................................... 913, 458 Number of loom s................................................................................ The reports show that almost invariably wages were paid weekly and in cash, and that wages had neither increased nor decreased as compared with 1894 also that the sanitary condition of the factories and of the houses of employees was good', that the employees had religious and educational facilities of which they availed themselves and were improving mentally and morally, and that a large percentage of them could read and write. Following are statistics relating to farm laborers: 5 A VE K A .O E W A G E S A N D V A L U E OF E A T IONS P E E M O N TH OF F A E M LA B O R E R S. W om en ............................................................................- ............................................... Children .............................................. - ......................................................................... Rations ............................... - .................................... ................................................... T ? A n t, n n r l n n s t u r a t r p i ____________ . _ _____ ___ _ _______________________ . . . _________ __ 1893. 1894. $9. 50 5. 50 3. 20 4. 25 $9.00 5. 00 3. 00 4. 00 3.00 1895. $8. 75 4. G5 2. 90 3. 84 2. 57 In explanation of the comparatively low wages of farm laborers it is stated that they have no house rent to pay, their fire wood is obtained by simply going out and gathering it up— it is free and in most every instance the landlord gives them a team to haul it up with, and charges nothing for it. Gardens, truck patches, and places to raise pigs and poultry they have free of charge. W e hud, too, that the majority of tenant farmers are furnished with horse and plow to work their patches with free, and often work them in the landlord’s u time. ” 5 522 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. The average cost of producing a bale (400 pounds) of cotton during 1895 is given at $22.50 ; a bushel of wheat, at G2 cents; a bushel of corn, at 38 cents; a bushel of oats, at 31 cents. Railroads in N orth Carolina.— The number and average wages are shown for the different classes of employees on each railway in the State. There were 3,616 miles of road in the State in 1895, an increase of 34 miles over the total for 1894. In 1893 there were 9,000 employees; in 1894, 9,086; in 1895, 9,439. Organized Labor.— Letters from the different labor organizations throughout the State describing the objects and general condition of their organizations are published under this title. REPORT OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BOARD TO INVESTIGATE THE SUBJECT OF THE UNEMPLOYED. Report of the Massachusetts Board to Investigate the Subject of the Unem ployed. January 1, 1895, and March 13, 1895. Davis B. Dewey, David F. Moreland, and Haven 0 . Perham, Commissioners, 582 pp. ccxx, This report was prepared under authority of an act of the legislature approved April , 1894. The subject is treated under the following titles: Part I, Belief measures, 264 pages; Part IT, W ayfarers and tramps, 123 pages; Part III, Public works, 135 pages; Part I Y , The amount of nonemployment and causes thereof, 87 pages; Part V , Final report, 193 pages. Belief Measures.—The various agencies, both public and private, that were at Avork in Massachusetts during the Avinter of 1893-94 to relieve or x^revent distress among the unemx>loyed are grouped in five classes. 1. Special citizens’ relief committees, organized primarily to aid the unemployed. 2. Municipal departments having charge of imblic Avorks upon which 12 it was possible to give emxfioyment. 3. Labor organizations giAdng aid either by usual out-of-work benefits or by extraordinary methods. 4. Private charities, including all permanent relief-giving organiza tions not connected with the State or municipal gOA7ernment on the one hand, or with labor organizations on the other. 5. The permanently established imbJie relief agencies administered for the State and for municipalities, such as poor departments. The information for the entire State is summarized under these groups and then presented in detail for the different municipalities. Some of the features discussed are as follow s: Methods of obtaining funds, character of the recipients of relief, distribution of relief, value of the relief work, characteristics of relief by public work, wages offered, and economic results. The thirteen citizens’ relief committees of the State raised about $147,000, of which two-thirds Avas raised in Boston and one-half of the remainder in Lynn. The amount of extra ax>])ropriation to give work to the unemployed upon public works was $352,000. The out-of-door aid granted by public poor departments in all cities and towns of the State was $700,000 for the year 1893-94. 523 524 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. The amount o f relief afforded was much greater than in previous normal years. The whole relief afforded by citizens’ relief committees and employment upon public works may be considered an addition to the usual amounts. Most of that afforded by trade organizations is un usual. The increase of relief by private charities is estimated at about 50 per cent. The increase by public poor departments was absolutely about one-eighth. It is impossible to ascertain definitely the number of persons assisted by means of all the methods referred to. Five of the leading relief societies aided 6,462 families in 1893-94, as compared with 3,642 m 1892-93. The number aided by the citizens’ relief committees, employed upon the public works and by the public poor department, represented about 85,000 families, being an increased or unusual aid for more than 40,000 persons. W ayfarers and Tramps.— Methods of reducing the number of wayfarers and tramps and of determining those worthy of assistance are discussed. The commissioners, in conclusion, recommend legisla tion designed to give effect to the following principles: It should be easier to convict vagrants and tramps. Overseers of the poor in every town shall provide decent accom modations of food and lodging for wayfarers, and in return therefor shall demand work. Eefusal on the part of wayfarers to comply with this demand shall constitute prima facie evidence of tramping. No way farer shall be lodged in police stations or in tramp rooms connected with such station. These stations shall be reserved solely for those under criminal charge or sentence. Failure on part of the overseers of the poor to demand work shall be subject to penalties. A ll persons found riding on freight trains without authorized per mission should be punished with the penalties against tramps. There should be uniform methods of treating wayfarers throughout the State. It would be desirable for this Commonwealth to establish a separate institution for the care and training of tramps and vagrants under 30 years of age. Public W orks.— The following are extracts from the conclusions derived from a careful consideration of the large body of conflicting evidence presented under this title: That, as a rule, the city does not do construction work directly as cheaply as can a contractor to whom the work is intrusted. That, in exceptional instances, where civil-service rules are honestly and uniformly followed, and where the city is not too strictly limited by ordinances as to the minimum rates of wages and other conditions of labor, the city can do its work as cheaply as any private employer of labor. That the quality of the work done by direct municipal employment is generally better than that done by contractors. THE UNEMPLOYED IN MASSACHUSETTS. 525 Nonemployment is frequently aggravated by the influx of a large number of nonresident and ofttimes alien laborers, brought in by con tractors. Greater care should be taken in the letting of contracts to prevent the introduction of large gangs of nonresident and particularly alien labor, unless there is clear proof that there is a scarcity in the vicinity of labor to be hired at a fair market price. The plans for the establishment of factories or farms on State initia tive appear impracticable. The A mount of Nonemployment and Causes Thereof.— There is but little statistical material available which will show the amount of nonemployment in the different trades and occupations throughout the State for any series of years. The commission made special inqui ries into conditions of employment in a few selected industries, with the purpose of determining whether the amount of nonempioyment has been increasing or decreasing during the past ten years. Tlie informa tion is presented in detail for each of the trades investigated, it being impracticable to make a summarization. Final R eport.—-The entire subject is discussed under the two gen eral heads of temporary or emergency relief and permanent measures. The measures for temporary relief are treated under five subdivisions, as follows: . The permanently established relief agencies of town and State, such as the poor departments. 2. Municipal departments of public works, temporarily used for fur nishing work relief. 3. Private charities. 4. Special relief committees. 5. Labor organizations. The measures for permanent relief are treated as follows: . Bemoval of residents of the cities to the country and farms. . Kemoving the competition, and hence displacement of free labor occasioned by the labor of inmates of reformatory and penal institutions. 3. Beducing the hours of a day’s labor. 4. Bestriction of immigration. 5. A n extension of industrial education. . Iinprovingtheintelligence and employment offices, or establishing free employment offices. 1 1 2 6 RECENT FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS. Systematisches Yerzeichnis der Gewerbe fur statistische Zwecke der Han dels- und Gewerbekammern in den im Beichsrathe vertretenen Konigreichen und Ldndern. 1896. 87 pp. This report comprises a list of all the skilled trades in the countries represented in the Austrian Parliament (Reichsrath) and which come within the scope of the trade regulations established by law (Gewerbeordnung). It is intended for the use of the chambers of commerce and industry in their statistical work. The list comprises 4,397 indus trial and mercantile trades. The trades are divided, according to their nature, into 25 classes, comprising 363 groups. The individual trades in a second list are arranged alphabetically. 2,101 Die gewerblichen Genossenschaften m Oesterreich. Verfasst und Jierausgegeben vom statistischen Departement im k. k. Handelsministeri urn. 1895. 1,480 pp. This is the first complete statistical report of trades guilds in A u s tria published by the Government. The guilds herein reported include all the trades associations that are organized under the provisions of the act of March 15, 1883, and also those whose constitutions have not yet been approved as being in conformity with that act. Out o f a total of 5,317 trades guilds reported, only 180 come under the latter class. B y the provisions of the act of 1883, all persons carrying on similar skilled trades on an independent basis in the same or neighboring towns, together with their helpers and apprentices, are required to organize themselves into trades guilds. Under certain conditions the guilds may also be composed of persons of different trades. O f the entire number of guilds, 992 are composed of x^ersons of the same and allied trades, and 4,325 of x>ersons of different trades. Owners and employees of factories are not included within the provisions of this act. Owners of shops are known as members proper (Mitglieder), while their em ployees are regarded as associate members (Angehorige) of the guilds. The object of the Austrian trades guilds is, among other things, the regulation of the relations between employers and employees, the sys tematic training of ax>prentices, the care of workingmen in cases of ill ness by means of sick insurance funds, and the establishment and maintenance of journeymen’s homes (Gesellen-Herbergen), employment agencies, arbitration commissions, trade schools, etc. The statistics contained in this report cover upx>er Austria, lower Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Carmthia, Carinola, Trieste and vicinity, 526 527 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS. Goritz and Gradiska, Istria, Tyrol, Yorarlberg, Bohemia, Moravia, Sile sia, Galicia, Bukowina, and Dalmatia. Tlie date of tlie enumeration of tlie individual guilds was December 31, 1804, except in the case of 20, which were founded during the first half of the year 1895, and are also included. The 5,317 trades guilds within the territory enumerated contained 551,335 members proper (owners of shops) and 092,753 associate mem bers (employees), making a total of 1,217,088 members and associate members. This is equal to 5.3 per cent of the entire resident population. The following titles of the various tables presented in the report will give a fair idea of the scope of the enumeration: . Number of trades guilds and number of members proper and of associate members in the various classes of guilds. . Trades guilds classified according to territorial extent and mem bership. 3. Trades guilds classified according to institutions (dues, member ship qualifications, sick funds, etc.). . Trades guilds classified according to apprenticeship conditions and regulations. 5. Belief funds of the trades guilds. . Dates of approval of the constitutions of the guilds, of employees’ assemblies, and of the arbitration commissions. 7. Delation between the number of apprentices and the number of journeymen. . Trades guilds classified according to the dates of their creation. 9. Trades guilds classified according to the population of the locali ties in which they are situated. . Trades guilds for single trades, by industries. II. Provinces and minor divisions and the number of trades guilds in each. . Statistics showing population, number of proprietors of estab lishments, number of trades guilds, and number of members proper. The tables present the statistics by provinces and minor divisions. Information is also given in detail for each individual guild. The following statement shows the guilds, classified according to the number of members in each: 1 2 I 6 8 10 12 M E M B E R S H IP OF T R A D E S G U ILD S . Trades guilds having a membership o f— 1 to 30 members and a ssocia tes.......................... ................................................................. 31 to 150 members and a ssocia tes........................................................................................ 151 to 300 members and a ssociates...................................................................................... 301 to 600 members and a ssocia tes........................................................... ........................... 601 to 1,500 members and associates................................................................. Over 1,500 members and a ssocia tes......................................................... ........................... N ot reported................................................................................................... „ ......................... T o t a l........................................................................................................................... Number. Per cent. 195 2, 879 1, 352 586 187 74 44 3.7 54. 2 25.4 11. 0 3. 5 1.4 .8 5, 317 100.0 528 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. It appears from tlie report that 9.8 per cent of all the trades guilds have no journeymen and per cent have no apprentices in their membership. There are, on an average, in a single guild 104.3 mem bers proper, 97.5 journeymen, and 32.8 apprentices, or a total member ship of 234.6 per guild. In connection with these guilds there are various auxiliary institu tions created for the purpose of carrying out the objects of their organization, as contemplated by the act of 1883. Thus, of the whole number of guilds enumerated, 3,196, or 60.1 per cent, have journey men^ assemblies; 3,049, or 57.3 per cent, have arbitration commissions; 122, or 2.3 per cent, have trade and continuation schools, and 399, or 7.5 per cent, have journeymen’s homes (Gesellen-Herbergen). In 1,495, or 28.1 per cent, of the guilds journeymen may be represented in the executive councils. A very important feature of the guilds is the existence of relief funds. Prior to the act of 1859 there was no regular system of sickrelief organization in trades guilds. Although there existed special journeymen’s funds, neither these nor the regular guild funds could be regarded as actual sick funds. The act of 1859 required the guilds to either establish funds for the relief of journeymen in case of sickness, or to participate in existing sick funds. This act was so amended by that of March 30, 1888, that all existing sick funds came under the provisions of the latter act, and as a result they now bear a close resemblance to the sick-insuranee funds of Germany. The report shows that there were 1,030 special sick funds participated in by 1,475 guilds. This leaves 3,842, or 72.3 per cent, of the guilds without special relief funds. Seven hundred and thirty-four, or 71.3 per cent, of the sick funds pay benefits equal to the legal minimum required in the case of district sick funds, while 32, or 3.1 j>er cent, pay larger amounts. In 264, or 25.6 per cent, of the journeymen’s sick funds the benefits are of such a nature as not to permit of comparison. By an act of April 4, 1889, apprentices who are members of trades guilds are permitted to participate in special sick-relief funds. A t the time of the enumeration there were 313 such funds, participated in by 388 trades guilds. There were, in addition, 27 funds for both jour neymen and apprentices, and 42 proprietors’ sick funds. The report shows the existence of 23 special funds for other forms of relief. The dues required of participants in the benefits of the journeymen’s sick-relief funds vary in the different guilds. In 762, or 74 per cent of the funds, the dues are equal to 2 per cent of the wages, and in 15, or 1.5 per cent, they are over 2 per cent of the wages. In 150, or 14.5 per cent of the funds, the dues are fixed at 10 kreutzer (nearly 5 cents) or under per week, while in 103, or 10 per cent of the funds, they are over 10 kreutzer (nearly 5 cents) per week. Each trades guild makes its own restrictions and regulations regard ing the employment and education of apprentices. The report shows 11.8 529 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS. that 4,797, or 90.2 per cent, of the guilds have regulations limiting the number of apprentices, and in 85.8 per cent of these cases the limita tions relate to the employment of apprentices by masters who have no journeymen employees. Following are the terms of apprenticeship required by the constitu tions of the various guilds: years or under, in 3.1 per cent of the guilds; 3 years in 23 per cent; 4 years in (>.5 per cent; 2 to 3 years in 4.7 per cent; 3 to 4 years in 17.3 per cent; from 2 to 4 years in 45.4 per cent. Special regulations governing the examination of apprentices are pro vided for in 4,282, or 80.5 per cent, of the guilds. The following statement shows the relation between the number of journeymen and the number of apprentices in the trades guilds: 2 J O U R N E Y M E N A N D A P P R E N T IC E S IN T R A D E S G U IL D S. Trades guilds 'having— Number. Per cent. N either journeym en nor apprentices. Journeymen, but no apprentices....... Apprentices, but no jo u rn e y m e n ----A s many apprentices as journeym en. M ore journeym en than apprentices.. More apprentices than journeym en.. N ot reported............................................ 280 269 161 115 3,396 1,012 84 5.3 5.1 3.0 2. 2 63^8 19.0 1.6 T o t a l .............................................. 5, 317 100.0 Tlie following statement shows the number of the present trades guilds founded during each of the specified periods: D A T E OB’1 E S T A B L IS H M E N T OF T R A D E S G U IL D S. Period. E ighth ce n tu ry ................................. . E leventh cen tu ry............................... Thirteenth cen tu ry.......................... . Fourteenth cen tu ry.......................... Fifteenth cen tu ry............................... Sixteenth c e n tu r y ............................. Seventeenth ce n tu ry . .................... F irst half o f eighteenth c e n t u r y ... Second h a lf o f eighteenth century 1801 to 1859.......................................... . 1860 to 1882.......................................... 1883 to 1895.......................................... U n k n ow n ............................................ Total Number. Per cent. 1 1 2 2 14 37 97 53 51 60 372 4, 593 34 0.02 .02 .04 .04 .26 .70 1.82 1.00 .96 1.13 7.00 86. 38 .63 5,317 100. 00 The periods during the present century were divided, as indicated, in order to show the development as affected by legislation. The first period, namely, 1801 to 1859, was prior to the act of 1859. During the second period, I860 to 1882, the guilds operated under that act. The last period, 1883 to 1895, shows the development under the act of March 15, 1883. 530 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. Statistique des Oreves et des Recours a la Conciliation et a VArbitrage Survenus Pendant VAnnee 1895. Office du Travail, Ministere du Com merce, de Plndustrie, des Postes et des Telegraphes. xii, 336 pp. In Bulletin No. 1 was given a brief account of strikes in France during the year 1894, with a short recapitulation of the principal fig ures concerning strikes during the period 1890 to 1894, based on the annual volumes concerning strikes published by the French labor bureau. The present volume relates to strikes during 1895, and its principal results are summarized in the following notice. In the prep aration of this statement the same structure of tables and form of pre sentation have, with a single exception, been followed. It is thus an easy matter to compare the information for 1895 with that for 1894 and prior years. In 1895 there were reported a total of 405 strikes, involving 1,298 establishments, in which 45,801 workingmen participated as strikers, and resulting in a loss of 617,469 days labor, which latter figure, how ever, includes 61,597 days lost by 5,899 persons who were not strikers but were thrown out of employment as the result of strikes. In 1894 there were but 391 strikes, but they involved 1,731 estab lishments, 54,576 strikers, and caused a loss of 1,062,469 days of labor. The number of strikers in 1895, moreover, represented but 12.83 out of every 1,000 persons productively employed, as against 19.83 in 1894. Strikes, therefore, on the whole, were considerably less severe in 1895 than in the preceding year. But little difference is discernible as regards the degree of success achieved by the strikers in the two years. In 1895 out of the total of 403 strikes (2 strikes not having been terminated when the record closed) 100, or 24.81 per cent, were successful, 117, or 29.03 per cent, were partly successful, and 186, or 46.16 per cent, resulted in failure. The percentages for 1894 were 21.48, 32.99, and 45.53, respectively. A really better criterion of results would be to take the number of strik ers as a basis. Doing this, and eliminating the number of strikers involved in strikes not yet terminated, it will be found that 8,565, or 18.72 per cent, of strikers succeeded, 20,672, or 45.18 per cent, partly succeeded, and 16,521, or 36.10 per cent, failed to maintain their demands. In 1894 the percentages were 23.63, 45.41, and 30.96, respectively. The great majority of strikes in 1895, 320 out of 405, involved but establishment, 30 involved from 2 to 5 establishments, 20 from to 10, 27 from 11 to 25, and from 26 to 50 establishments. The two tables that follow show the number of strikes, strikers, and establishments involved according to the results of the strikes, as well as the number of days work lost and the proportion that the number of strikers represent of the total number of working people according to 17 main groups of industries. (a) 8 a The report for 1894 gives the loss as 1,062,480 days. 6 1 531 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS. S T R IK E S IN 1895, B Y IN D U S T R IE S . Succeeded partly. Succeeded. Industry. Strikes. A gricu ltu re, forestry, and fisheries. M in in g .................................................. Q u a rryin g............................................ F ood p ro d u c ts ..................................... Chemical in d u stries........................... P rin tin g ................................................ Hides and le a th e r .............................. Textiles p r o p e r ................................... ; Clothing and cle a n in g ...................... | W o o d w o rk in g ..................................... B uilding trades (w ood w ork)........... Metal refin in g..................................... ! M etallic g o o d s ..................................... Precious-m etal w o r k .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stone cu tting and polishing, glass and pottery w o r k ............................ Building trades (stone, earthen ware, glass, e tc .).............................. Transportation and h a n d lin g ......... Total. E stab Estab Estab E stab lish Strikes. lish Strikes. lish Strikes. lish ments. ments. ments. ments. 2 4 4 1 1 11 32 1 3 2 1 16 T o t a l .......................................... Failed. 2 17 22 1 1 31 66 1 7 9 1 39 2 4 3 2 4 22 2 1 9 45 2 4 8 1 7 5 1 9 52 2 6 110 1 66 2 3 6 3 5 13 18 63 4 7 6 3 21 i| 2 3 8 52 10 13 21 93 5 32 68 3 23 4 9 13 7 8 15 a-39 a 141 7 14 16 5 44 4 9 47 74 16 15 a 62 o212 8 45 187 5 128 4 4 2 14 8 8 14 26 14 4 55 21 24 3 226 16 15 9 99 43 53 16 380 80 100 277 117 536 186 483 b 405 b 1, 298 a Inclu din g 1 strike not yet terminated. b Inclu din g 2 strikes not yet terminated. S T R IK E R S A N D D A Y S OE W O R K LOST I N 1895, B Y IN D U S T R IE S . In suc cessful strikes. Industry. A griculture, forestry, and fish eries........ M ining . . . . . ___ . . . . _______________. . . . OnLAnrrvin _................................................... CtXJ-j 0*.................................................... F ood p rod u cts.............................................. Chemical in d u stries................................... P rin tin g ......................................................... H ides and le a th e r ....................................... Textiles p r o p e r ........................................... Clothing and cle a n in g ................................ W o o d w o rk in g .............................................. B uilding trades (w ood w ork )..................... TVTfita.l refining ............................ .............. M etallic go o d s .............................................. Precious-m etal w ork ................................... Stone cutting and polishing, glass and pottery w o r k ............................................. B uilding trades (stone, earthenware, glass, e t c .) .................................................. Transportation and h a n d lin g................... T o t a l.................................................... 265 705 528 305 150 786 3, 101 16 291 440 420 650 In partly In strikes Strikers Days Total success per 1,000 which fu l strikers. w ork p eo o f w ork failed. lost. strikes. ple. (a) 53 1, 506 740 1,564 12 459 5,899 32 337 407 300 689 8 738 421 365 2, 042 210 872 5, 610 97 259 417 597 967 61 2, 509 1, 866 893 3, 911 372 d% 129 dli, 641 145 887 1,264 1,317 2, 306 0.02 b 21.13 (c) 6. 97 65.18 3. 87 d 16 66 d 20. 27 . 20 6.20 <«) 13. 86 7.61 53 51,919 8, 997 1,165 61, 956 1, 730 dl6, 412 dl90. 655 3,800 11, 966 20, 503 12, 298 28,820 148 645 1,762 2,555 24 50 135, 483 585 175 5,613 2, 416 826 1,330 7, 024 3,921 /1 9 . 27 16. 61 48, 550 23,162 8, 565 20,672 16, 521 g 45, 801 g 12. 83 gr617, 469 a Census o f 1891. 6Inclu din g quarrying. c Included in mining. d Including 1 strike not yet terminated. e Included in building trades (stone, earthen ware, glass, etc.). /I n c lu d in g building trades (woodw ork). g Inclu din g 2 strikes not yet terminated. According to the number of strikes the industry most affected was that of textiles proper. A total of 141 strikes, involving 212 establish ments and 14,641 strikers, and resulting in a loss of 190,655 days labor, occurred in this industry. in importance came that of the build ing trades, the two groupings together having had 69 strikes, involving 567 establishments and 8,288 workingmen, and causing a loss of 69,053 days labor. Metallic goods came third with 44 strikes, 128 establish JSext 532 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. ments, 2,306 strikers, and 28,820 days lost. The same three industries occupied the first three places in this respect, and in the same order, in 1894. A s regards the relative number of persons in each industry taking part in strikes, however, the chemical industry seems to have been especially affected by strikes, over 65 per cent of all workingmen in that industry participating in 1895; stone cutting and polishing, glass and pottery work coming second with 24.50 per cent of all workers engaged in strikes. The information given in the two preceding tables is shown in the tables which follow, according to the causes or objects for which strikes were undertaken instead of according to industries. S T R IK E S I K 1895, B Y CAU SES. [A considerable number o f strikes were due to tw o or three causes, and the facts in sucli cases have been tabulated under each cause. Hence the totals for this table necessarily w ould not agree w ith those for the preceding tables.] Succeeded partly. Succeeded. Cause or object. Strikes. F or increase o f w a g es ...................... A ga in st reduction o f w a ges........... F or reduction o f hours o f labor w ith present or increased w a ges. R elating to time and method o f paym ent o f wages, e t c .................. F o r or against m odification o f con ditions o f w o r k ............................... A ga in st p ie c e w o r k ............................ F or or against modification ofifeliop ru le s.................................................... F or abolition or reduction o f fines. A ga in st discharge o f workmen, foremen, or directors, or for their rein statem en t................................. F or discharge o f workmen, fore men, or d ire cto rs ............................ A gainst employment o f wom en . . . F or discharge o f apprentices or lim itation in T v n m t * p ;r ________________ R elating to deduction from wages for the support o f insurance and ait| funds - _____ _________ O th e r..................................................... 1 Failed. Total. Estab EstabE stab E stab lish Strikes. ’ Bail Strikes. lish Strikes. lish ments. ments. ments. ments. 48 18 180 14 78 13 434 13 70 30 282 31 196 a 57 896 a 59 23 170 7 83 19 223 49 476 18 60 1 13 7 7 21 80 10 2 17 2 4 2 4 2 14 6 16 50 28 10 37 54 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 2 15 7 15 7 19 12 19 12 7 18 3 3 18 20 a 29 a 42 16 18 5 5 35 3 38 3 56 3 61 3 1 5 1 1 2 6 3 2 29 2 8 39 3 11 29 42 1 1 a Inclu din g 1 strike not yet terminated. 533 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS. S T R IK E R S A K D D A Y S OF W O R K LOST I K 1895, B Y CAU SES. [A considerable number o f .strikes were due to tw o or three causes, and the facts in such cases have been tabulated under each cause. Hence the totals for this table necessarily w ould not agree w ith those for the preceding tables.] In suc cessful strikes. Cause or object. F or increase o f w a ges.................................................... AgaiDst reduction o f wages ..................................... F or reduction o f hours o f labor w ith present or increased w ages................................................... Relating to tim e and m ethod of paym ent o f wages, £)tC................................................................................... F o r or against m odification o f conditions o f w ork. ........... _ . ............ ............... Against, pifi.Pfiwnrk F or or against modification o f shop rules ............... F or abolition or reduction o f fin es........................... A gainst discharge o f workmen, foremen, or d i rectors or for their reinstatem ent.......................... F or discharge o f workmen, foremen, or directors. A gainst em ployment o f w o m e n ................................ F or discharge o f apprentices or limitation in num ber . ........... ................................................. Relating to deduction from wages for the support o f insurance and aid fu n d s....................................... Ofli fir . . . ........... ............................................... 4, 224 682 j In partly In strikes Total success which strikers. fu l failed. strikes. Days o f w ork lost. 382,310 a 39, 621 15,781 842 8, 861 1, 649 28, 866 a 3, 204 3, 602 777 1,727 6,106 67, 451 1,734 1,109 32 208 502 610 2,707 500 35 55 334 1,046 519 1, 257 1,262 2,678 4,862 1, 051 1,500 1,819 13,291 88,143 12, 386 14,150 8, 722 938 1,318 747 837 3, 520 2, 798 52 a 5, 217 4, 953 52 a 177, 741 33, 523 1,276 21 185 6, 524 244 378 471 5,373 3,503 164 378 85 142 a Inclu din g 1 strike not yet terminated. Tlie demand for higher wages or the refusal to accept a reduction of wages alone or in connection with other causes still continues, as in former years, the chief cause of strikes. This cause accounts for 62.47 per cent of all strikes, 70 per cent of all strikers, and 68.33 per cent of days of labor lost. The question of the employment or nonemployment of workingmen, foremen, or directors figures as the second impor tant cause, having produced 85 strikes in 1805 as against 78 in 1894. Demand for shortening the hours of labor caused 30 strikes in 1804 and 40 in 1895. These strikes resulted in the substitution of 11 hours of labor in place of 12 in 14 cases, of 10 hours in place of 11 in cases, and of 10 hours in place of 12 in 4 cases. The results of strikes according to their importance and severity— that is, according to the number of persons involved and the duration of the strikes— is shown in the two tables that follow: 8 S T R IK E S A H D STR IK E R S, B Y D U R A T IO H OF ST R IK E S , I K 1895. Strikes. Days o f duration. Strikers. Suc Suc ceeded Failed. ceeded, partly. 7 or u n d e r ............................................ 8 to 1 5 .................................................... 16 to 3 0 .................................................. 31 to 100................................................ 101 or over........................................... 72 16 4 8 73 20 13 11 131 25 16 11 3 T o t a l.......................................... 100 117 186 a Inclu din g 1 strike not yet terminated. Suc i Suc Total. ceeded. ceeded Failed. partly. 1 276 61 33 a 31 a4 Total. 6, 441 1,253 350 521 11, 405 5,298 1,502 2, 467 7,182 2,173 3,190 2, 719 1, 257 25, 028 8,724 5, 042 a 5, 738 a 1,269 b 405 | 8, 565 20, 672 16, 521 b 45,801 jj &Inclu din g 2 strikes not yet terminated. 534 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. D U R A T IO N OF S T R IK E S I N 1895, B T N U M B E R OF S T R IK E R S IN V O L V E D . Strikes. Strikers involved. Days o f duration. Suc Suc ceeded. ceeded Failed. Total. partly. 25 or u n d e r............................ 26 to 50................................... 51 to 100 .............................. 101 to 200................................ 201 to 500............................... 501 to 1 000 ............................ 1,001 or o v e r ........... ............. 25 29 18 16 12 27 20 24 21 18 3 4 84 31 38 18 10 3 2 T ota l............................ 100 117 186 a Inclu din g 1 strike not yet terminated. 1 to 7. 8 to 15. 16 to 30. 31 to 100. 101 or over. a 137 a81 80 55 40 ! 6 ! 6 | 101 63 54 28 26 2 2 23 6 15 9 5 1 2 6 5 8 9 3 1 1 6 a6 3 9 5 1 1 al 1 6405 276 61 33 a 31 c&4 1 1 6 In clu din g 2 strikes not yet terminated. The great majority o f strikes were comparatively unimportant affairs. Two hundred and seventy-six, or over two-thirds, lasted less than 8 days and but 35 lasted a month or over, while 137, or over one-third, involved less than 26 persons and but 12 involved over 500 persons. None of the 12 large strikes were completely successful, 7 having resulted in a compromise and 5 having been failures. There are two classes o f information contained in these reports o f the French bureau that were not touched upon in the first notice, but concerning which it will perhaps be well to make some mention. A considerable portion of each report, in the present case 169 pages, is devoted to giving an account of the more important strikes of the year; and secondly, beginning with the volume for 1893, information is given concerning the extent to which use has been made of the law of December 27, 1892, relating to the arbitration of labor disputes. Briefly stated, this law provides that on the arising of any difficulty between an employer and his employees the question in dispute can, i f both parties agree, be submitted to a council of conciliation, or, if an actual strike has been begun, to a council of arbitration, which, under the presidency of the local justice of the peace, attempts to arrive at a solution of the difficulty, or the justice of the peace may himself take the initiative and request the parties to submit their difference to such a council. This council consists of delegates, not exceeding five in number, chosen by each party. I f they fail to reach an agreement they can appoint one or more arbitrators. The submission of a dispute to arbitration, however, is entirely voluntary, and the decision, no matter how arrived at, can not be legally enforced, its acceptance being a matter to be determined by the parties as they deem best. Demands for the application of this law were made in the case of 84 of the 405 strikes occurring during 1895, or in 20.74 per cent o f all labor disputes. The initiative in making these demands was taken 46 times by the workingmen, twice by the employers, 3 times by both the employers and employees, and 34 times by the justice o f the (a) (a) a In the case of 1 strike extending to the departments of the Rhone and the Isere the initiative in 1 department was taken by the workingmen and in the other by the justice of the peace. 535 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS. peace. In 4 cases work was resumed without waiting for the constitu tion of councils of arbitration, in 3 of which the strikers abandoned their claims and in the fourth a compromise was effected. In the remaining 80 cases submission to arbitration was refused in 34, of which 32 were by the employers and 2 by the workingmen. In 2 of these cases the intervention of the justice of the peace led to a settlement, and in a third the employer was compelled to accept arbitration by those of his employees who had not struck threatening to join the others. Arbitra tion was thus definitely refused in 31 cases. In these 31 cases the refusal to arbitrate was followed in 3 cases by the immediate resumption of work. The remaining 28 cases were fought out, resulting in success for the strikers in 4 cases, in partial success in 9, and in failure in 15. Councils of arbitration were constituted for the adjustment of the remaining 49 strikes. Twenty-four of these were immediately adjusted by the council, and 5 others later on as the result of further negotia tions. O f these 29 thus settled, 4 were in favor of the strikers, 24 were compromised, and 1 was in favor of the employer. It is a matter of interest to notice the large number of strikes that were thus settled by mutual concessions on the part of both parties. The 20 strikes remain ing, in which the constitution of councils proved of no avail, resulted in success for the workingmen in 3 cases, in compromise in cases, and failure in 9 cases. In addition to these 84 strikes in which the constitution of councils of arbitration was asked, 5 demands were made by the employees for the submission of differences to councils of conciliation before the actual outbreak of the strikes. In one of these cases the employers refused to discuss the matter and the workingmen continued their work; in 4 cases a council was constituted and a settlement not being achieved, strikes resulted, the outcome being compromises and failures for the strikers. The year 1895 was the third year that the law concerning arbitration had been in force. In the first year, 1893, arbitration was requested in 109 of the 634 strikes, or in 17.19 per cent of all strikes; in 1894, in 101 of the 391 strikes, or 25.83 per cent of all strikes. In 1893, 51 of these cases were finally adjusted by the councils, resulting times in success to the strikers, 26 times in a compromise, and 13 times in fail ure. In 1894, 53 cases were thus adjusted, the results being 13 suc cesses, 24 compromises, and 16 failures. In 1895, if to the 29 cases settled by the councils as the result of formal meetings there be added the 4 strikes adjusted before the councils could be formed and the 3 strikes terminated as soon as the decision of the employers concerning arbitration was known, there were adjusted a total of 36 strikes, 4 of which resulted in success, 25 in compromises, and 7 in failures. Since the law went into effect, therefore, arbitration was requested in 295 out of 1,430 strikes, or in 20.63 per cent of all strikes. Owing to the refusal to arbitrate, or for other reasons, but 140 of these strikes were actually adjusted by councils of arbitration, their decisions resulting in 29 successes to the strikers, in 75 compromises, and in 36 failures. 6139— No. 5------ 7 8 2 2 12 536 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. Report of the Strikes and Lockouts of 1894 in Great Britain and Ireland. 1893. 345 pp. (Published by the Labor Department of the British Board of Trade.) This report treats of the state of the labor market and the number, character, magnitude, and method of settlement of the strikes and lockouts that occurred in the United Kingdom during 1894. The statistics are presented in detail for each dispute, and the summarized statements include comparative data for previous years. The state of the labor market in 1894 and in the seven preceding years is indicated by the percentage of the members of trade societies that were reported as unemployed at the close of each month during the period. These percentages are shown in the following statement: P E R C E N T A G E OF M E M B E R S OF T R A D E U N IO N S R E P O R T E D A S U N E M P L O Y E D A T T H E E N D OF E A C H M O N TH , 1887 TO 1894. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Month. J a n u a r y ............................... ............................................. 10.3 F e b ru a ry ........................................................................... 8.5 M a rch ...... ........................................................................... 7.7 A p r i l ................................................................................... 6.8 M a y ..................................................................................... 8.5 J u n e ..................................................................................... 8.0 8.5 J u l y ..................................................................................... 8.3 A u g u s t ............................................................................... S eptem ber.......................................................................... 7.5 8.6 O ctober............................................................................... N o v e m b e r.......................................................................... 8.5 6.9 D ecem ber................................ ......................................... 7.8 7.0 5.7 5.2 4.8 4.6 3.9 4.8 4.4 4.4 3.1 3.3 3.1 2.8 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.7 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.4 3.0 3.4 2.6 2.8 2.7 3.0 2.9 3.3 4.2 4.5 4.4 3.8 4.4 U 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.9 5.2 5.0 5.1 6.2 7.3 8.3 10.2 10.0 9.5 8.7 6.9 6.2 5.8 6.2 7.1 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.9 7.0 6.3 6.5 6.1 6.3 6.3 7.4 7.7 7.6 7.4 7.0 7.7 At the end of 1888 the number of unions reporting the number of their unemployed seldom exceeded , with an aggregate membership of 200,000, while at the end of 1894 there were 62 unions reporting with a membership of 362,000. W h ile the increase in the number reported enhances the value of the figures for the later years, the per centages given in the above statement are not absolutely comparable for the entire period of eight years, the general effect being that the percentages for the earlier years are slightly too high. The statistics concerning the number of strikes and lockouts, and the persons affected by them, in the United Kingdom during 1894 are summarized in the following statement: 20 S T R IK E S A N D LO C K O U TS A N D PERSON S A F F E C T E D IN 1894. [Persons affected means persons throw n out o f work.] D ivision. Total strikes and lo ck outs. Strikes and lo ck outs for which persons affected were reported. Number. E ngland............. ...................................................................................................... W a le s........................................................................................................................ S co tla n d ........................................................... ............................................... Irela n d ................................................................................................................ . | T o ta l............................................................................................................... Persons affected. 747 73 189 52 704 66 176 51 168,114 18, 380 130. 467 7,284 1,061 997 324,245 537 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS. The causes or objects of the strikes and lockouts, aud whether suc cessful or otherwise, and the number of persons affected are shown in the following statements: R E S U L T S OF S T R IK E S A N D LOCKOUTS, B Y CAU SES, IK 1894. Sucot re ceeded Failed. N ported. Total. ceeded- partly. Cause or object. 1/Vn ....... ................................................................................. ..... Hours o f la bor................................................................................... W ork in g arrangem ents.................................................................. Class disputes............................................................. ............... U n ion ism ............................................................................................ Other causes or ob jects.............................................. - ................... Cause not k n o w n .............................................................................. • Total ..................................................................................... PERSONS A F F E C T E D B Y 182 6 79 29 37 39 161 3 50 8 6 16 190 12 79 25 28 55 31 2 11 3 3 4 2 564 23 219 65 74 114 2 372 244 389 56 1,061 S T R IK E S A N D LOCKOUTS, B Y C AU SES A N D RESU LTS, IN 1894. [Persons affected means persons throw n out o f work.] Succeeded. Cause or object. Succeeded X)artly. Failed. N ot reported. Total. Strikes Strikes Strikes Strikes Strikes Persons and and Persons and Persons and and Persons Persons lo ck affected. lo ck affected. lock affected. lo c k affected. lo ck affected. outs. outs. outs. outs. outs. W ages........... Hours o f la bor ............. W orking ar rangements Class dis putes ......... U nionism ___ Other causes or o b je cts .. 175 31,150 156 93, 531 178 107,112 6 2, 650 2 1,560 12 1,895 78 15,042 47 9,137 77 12,128 5 27 36 1,612 12, 570 8 5 813 705 24 28 1,248 2, 202 2 2 38 8,637 Total .. 360 71,661 16 ■ 234 17 3,110 526 234, 903 20 6,105 1,456 207 37, 763 26 42 61 71 3.699 15, 519 5,332 54 11, 788 4 499 112 26, 256 111,078 373 136, 373 30 5,133 997 324,245 The number of persons thrown out of employment during 1894 is shown for 997 strikes and lockouts; the remaining 04 are known to have been insignificant. O f the 324,245 persons thrown out of employment, 257,937 were directly engaged in the disputes and 60,308 were indi rectly engaged. The number of persons affected was less by 312,141 than the number reported affected for 1893, and the average number per dispute was 306, as compared with 814 in 1893. The average dura tion in working days was 24.0, as compared with 28 days in 1893. The information concerning the strikes and lockouts for which the number of persons affected and the working days lost were reported is summarized in the following statement. The total number of persons affected is also shown. The strikes and lockouts are grouped accord ing to the number persons affected. of 538 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. W O R K IN G D A Y S LOST A N D PE RSO N S A F F E C T E D B Y S T R IK E S A N D LOCKOU TS I N 1894. [Persons affected means persons throw n out o f w ork.] Strikes and lockouts for which both per sons affected and w orking days lost were reported. Strikes and lock outs for which persons affected were reported. W ork in g dAys lost. Groups. Persons Number. affected. Number. A verage Number. Persons per affected. person affected. 5,000 persons and u pw ard...................... 1,000 to 5,000 persons............................... 500 to 1,000 persons................................. 100 to 500 persons..................................... U nder 100 p e rs o n s ---.............................. 4 48 59 276 490 118,000 80,133 40, 598 61,152 16,160 5, 995, 000 910,329 378, 231 1,632.486 406, 050 50.8 11.4 9.3 26.7 25.1 4 49 59 297 588 118,000 81,133 40, 598 65,811 18, 703 T o t a l................................................ 877 316, 043 9, 322, 096 29.5 997 324, 245 In the following statement the strikes and lockouts are grouped according to the method of settlement: M E TH O D OF S E T T L E M E N T OF S T R IK E S A N D LO C K O U TS I N 1894. [Disputes settled b y a com bination o f tw o or more o f the methods enumerated have been classed under the most important one. Disputes settled partly b y arbitration and partly b y other methods are classed under arbitration. Persons affected means persons thrown out o f w o r t.] M ethod o f settlement. Total strikes and lockouts. Strikes and lockouts for w hich persons affected were reported. Number. Persons affected. N egotiation or conciliation between the parties............................. ... M ediation or conciliation b y third parties.............................................. A rb itra tio n .................................................................................................... Submission o f w ork p eople........................................................................ . Replacem ent o f h a n d s ............................................................. - ................. Closing o f works or establishm ents......................................................... W ithdraw al or disappearance o f cause w ithout m utual agreement. Indefinite, or no inform ation...................................................................... 607 18 82 170 159 13 6 56 583 18 F2 162 155 11 6 30 144,125 8, 399 10, 785 147, 044 6, 451 985 1, 323 5,133 T ota l....................................................................................................... 1,061 997 324,245 Although the largest number of disputes during the year were set tled by negotiation between the parties or by some other conciliatory method, the largest proportion of work people affected had their dis putes terminated by submission. The settlement of disputes by conciliation and arbitration is treated separately. The modes of settlement considered under this head are only those in which an independent individual or permanent body intervened or took part. Settlements due to the mediation of a trade union or trades council on the one side or association of employers or chamber of commerce on the other are not considered in this connec tion. Including disputes which began in 1893 and were referred to arbi tration or settlement by conciliation in 1894, but excluding those com 539 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS. menced in 1894 and referred to settlement in 1895, there were 42, affecting 18,325 persons, as compared with 25 in 1893, affecting 312,009 persons. The decrease in the number affected is explained by the fact that in 1893 the greatest dispute of the year, viz, that in the coal trade, involved no less than 300,000 persons. This dispute was settled by the mediation of Lord Bosebery. In the following statement the strikes and lockouts settled by con ciliation and arbitration are classified according to the agency employed in their settlement: S T R IK E S A N D LOC KO U TS S E T T L E D B Y C O N C IL IA T IO N A N D A R B I T R A T I O N IN 1894. [Persons affected means persons throw n out o f work.] Conciliation. A gen cy employed. A rbitration. Total. Strikes Persons Strikes Strikes and lock affected. and lo ck Persons and lock Persons affected. outs. affected. outs. outs. 2,572 2,799 3 16 2, 957 9,187 Trade b oa rd s........................................................... Individuals............................................................... Trades councils and federations o f trade unions (disputes between groups o f work p e o p le ).................................................................. 7 11 1 312 4 498 5 810 T o t a l.............................................................. 19 5,683 23 12, 642 42 18,325 10 27 5, 529 11, 986 It is not to be supposed that permanent boards of conciliation and arbitration are ineffective because so few disputes were settled by thein. The greater part of their work consisted in dealing with ques tions, any or all of which might, if unsettled, have terminated in strikes. Their work, in fact, is rather preventive than remedial. In all G4 trade boards are believed to have existed in 1894. Ten of these boards dealt with no questions during the year. The number of cases reported as dealt with by the remaining 54(a) boards was 1,733, of which 368 were withdrawn by one or both of the parties, or referred back or ruled out of order by the boards. Thus, 1,365 cases were settled in 1894, as compared with 1,228 in 1893. O f these 1,365 the boards settled 1,142, the remaining 223 being referred to arbitrators by the boards or settled by independent chairmen o f the boards. Out of district boards believed to have been in existence during the year, only 7 are known to have offered their services in any dis pute, and only 3 actually dealt with any questions. The loss to employers and work people caused by strikes and lock outs is shown by statistics taken from the returns received ffrom employers and trade unions. 22 a In the case of 6 of these hoards no information was reported; in the case of 2 only the principal questions dealt with were reported, 540 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. The information contained in the following summary was taken from the returns received from employers: COST OF S T R IK E S A N D LOCKO U TS I K 1894, A S R E P O R T E D B Y E M P L O Y E R S . Item s. A m ount. Estimated value o f fixed capital laid id le...................................................... $43,286, 603 2,136,783 Estimated value o f capital where number o f persons is not k n ow n ----Estim ated annual ratable value o f property laid id le................................ 1, 243, 761 Estimated actual outlay b y em ployers in stopping and reopening works, and in paym ent o f fixed cliarges, salaries, e t c .......................... 632, 664 Estimated actual outlay in cases where number o f persons is not 50, 952 k n o w n ....................................................... - ....................................................... A m ount paid in defense against strikes or in support o f lockouts by 7,835 organizations o f em ployers............................................................................ Strikes P ersons and lockouts. affected. 193 2 129 36, 894 65, 306 160 58, 597 3 12 3, 608 Compiled from partial returns, the trade unions reported $233,529 as expended during 1894 from trade-union funds in support of strikes or defense against lockouts in 329 disputes involving 35,946 persons. For 5 of these disputes, however, the persons involved were not reported. The amount expended in this manner from funds other than those of trade unions is reported as $33,944 for 142 disputes involving 21,665 persons. DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. [Tliis subject, begun in Bulletin No. 2, will be continued in successive issues, deal ing with the decisions as they occur. All material parts of the decisions are repro duced in the words of the courts, indicated, when short, by quotation marks, and when long by being printed solid. In order to save space immaterial matter, needed simply by way of explanation, is given in the words of the editorial reviser.] D E C IS IO N S U N D E R S T A T U T O R Y L A W . E ’ L — R C — Culver v. Ala bama B. B. Co. 18 Southern Beporter, page 827.— Section 2590 of tlie m ployers ia b il it y a il r o a d o m p a n ie s Code of Alabama provides that u when a personal injury is received by a servant or employee in the service or business of the master or employer, the master or employer is liable to answer in damages to such servant or employee as if he were a stranger, and not engaged in such service or employment, in the cases following: u # # # # # # # 5. W hen such injury is caused by reason of the negligence of any person in the service or employment of the master or employer, who has the charge or control of any signal, points, locomotive, engine, switch, car, or train upon a railway, or of any part of the track of a railway.” Under the above provision suit was brought against the Alabama Midland Railway Company by Levin L. Culver as administrator of Virgil Mowdy, deceased, to recover damages for injuries sustained by Mowdy, which resulted in his death, caused by the alleged negligence of an engineer in charge of a locomotive. Judgment was given by the circuit court of Dale County, Ala., for the railroad company, whereupon Culver appealed to the supreme court, which reversed the judgment of the circuit court and remanded the case by decision rendered December 19, 1895. In delivering the opinion of the supreme court Judge Coleman said: The employer is liable for an injury inflicted upon on employee by the negligence of a coemployee when such negligence comes within the provisions of the employer’s act [section 2590, Code of Alabama], and that without reference to the care and diligence used by the employer in the selection of his servants or employees. The employer’s act in no wise relieves the employer from the duty of selecting with re isonable care his servant. The act imposes a further liability, and makes him responsible for injuries sustained by an employee in consequence of any neglect by the employer or his servants, specified in the act itself. 541 542 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. E ’ L — R C — Leier v. Minne sota Belt Line and Transfer Co. 65 Northwestern Reporter, page 269.— m ployers ia b il it y a il r o a d o m p a n ie s In this case the allegations of tlie complaint of the plaintiff were to the effect that he had been employed in the defendant’s stock yards and that, when a stock train arrived, his duty was to step from a high platform up on top of the cars as they drew up opposite the platform and pub bundles of hay from the platform up on the top of the cars; that the conductor of the train negligently ordered him to step from the platform up on the top of a passing car while it was going at too great a rate of speed to enable him to do so with safety, a fact which was unknown to him, and that owing to the dangerous rate of speed of the car, he, while stepping upon it, was thrown to the ground and his arm run over by the wheels of a car. From an order by the district court of Hennepin County, Minn., over ruling the defendant’s demurrer to Leier’s complaint, appeal was taken to the supreme court of the State, which tribunal, on December 13,1895, sustained the action of the district court, and decided that, according* to the complaint, the plaintiff was injured by reason of exx>osure to hazards peculiar to the operation of railroads, and that the case was within the purview of section 2701 of the General Statutes of 1894 of Minnesota, making railroad companies liable to their servants for inju ries caused by the negligence of their fellow-servants. The opinion of the supreme court was delivered by Judge Mitchell, who, after summarizing the allegations of the complaint, said: W e think the fair construction of these allegations is: First, that it was usual and customary for defendant’s servants to do this work under the directions of the conductor, and, hence, that in giving such instruc tions the conductor was acting within the scope of his duty; second, that the conductor knew, or, in the exercise of ordinary care, ought to have known, that the car was moving too fast for the plaintiff to step upon it without exposing himself to great danger of jiersonal injury. I f this was so, then the conductor was guilty of negligence in giving the order. It does not appear— certainly not conclusively— from the allegations of the complaint that defendant [plaintiff] was guilty of negligence in obeying the order. It must be remembered that con tributory negligence is a matter of defense and that a plaintiff is not required to negative it in his complaint. In doing the work which he was doing, in getting upon a moving car, plaintiff was exposed to an element of hazard or condition of danger which is peculiar to railroad business, and, as this element of danger caused or contributed to his injury, the statute (Gen. St. 1894, Sec. 2701) applies, and the railway company would be liable if the injury was caused by the negligence of a fellow-servant. E ’ L — R C —Pennsylvania Go. v. McCann. 42 Northeastern Reporter, page 768.— The following are the m ployers ia b il it y a il r o a d o m p a n ie s facts in this case: McCann, who was a brakeman in the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, in attempting, in the State of Penn DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 543 sylvania, to board one of its moving cars, put liis foot in a stirrup that was suspended from the sill of the car and used as a step in mounting the car. The stirrup yielded to the pressure of his foot, causing him to be thrown under the car, whereby a wheel of the locomotive, which was backing, ran over one of his legs, inflicting the injury of which he complained. The railroad company was operating a line running from Youngstown, in Ohio, to a point in the State of Pennsylvania. Suit was brought against the railroad company in the court of common pleas in the State of Ohio. After the evidence had been presented for McCann the attorneys for the railroad company moved the court to take the case from the jury and to render a judgment in their favor, which was done. McCann then carried the cause to the circuit court in Mahoning County, Ohio. The circuit court reversed the judgment rendered in the court below on the sole ground that the act of April 2, 1890 (87 Ohio Laws, p. 149), was applicable, by force of which the fact that the stirrup was defective made a prima facie case of negligence against the railroad company. The railroad company then brought the case on error to the supreme court of Ohio, which court on January , 1896, gave its decision affirming the judgment of the circuit court. From the opinion of the court, read by Judge Bradbury, the following is quoted: 21 The only question arising upon the record of sufficient importance to be worthy of extended consideration is whether the act of general assembly of this State, passed April , 1890 (87 Ohio Laws, p. 149), is applicable to the case or not, the injury complained of having been sustained beyond the limits of this State. The second section o f the act in question prescribes the effect that shall be given to evidence which establishes a defect in the locomotives, cars, machinery, or attachments of certain railroads, in actions for injuries to its [their] employees, caused by such defects, and declares that, when such defects are made to appear, the same shall be prima facie evidence of negli gence. There can be no doubt respecting the general power of a State to prescribe the rules of evidence which shall be observed by its judi cial tribunals. It is a matter concerning its internal policy, over which its legislative department necessarily has authority, limited only by the constitutional guaranties respecting due process of law, vested rights, and the inviolability of contracts. The rules of evidence per tain to the remedy, and usually are the same, whether the cause of action in which they are applied arises within or without the State whose tribunal is investigatingthe facts in contention between the par ties before it. Nor is it material, in this respect, whether the parties are residents or nonresidents of the State. The law of evidence, in its ordiuary operation, is no more affected by one of these considerations than the other. No extraterritorial effect is given to a statute creat ing a rule of evidence by the fact that the rule is applied to the trial of a cause of action arising in another State, or to the trial of an action between parties who are nonresidents. I f the tribunal of a State obtains jurisdiction of the parties and the cause, it will conduct the investigation of the facts in controversy between them according to its own rules of evidence, which is simply to follow its own laws within its own borders. The second section [of the act in question], in 2 544 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. forbidding* the use of defective cars and locomotives by railroad com panies, refers to them as “ such corporations,” manifestly including every corporation owning or operating a railroad any part of which extends into this State. Here, again, the prohibitive language employed is broad enough to include acts or conduct occurring in other States. In the subsequent clause of the second section of the act, wherein the general assembly sought to prescribe the rule of evidence, before referred to, applicable to the trial of actions in the courts o f this State brought by employees o f railroad companies on account of injuries sustained by reason of defective cars, locomotives, machinery, or attachments, it approached the question of procedure in our judicial tribunals, over which, as we have seen, the authority of the general assembly is practically supreme. This clause of the statute is purely remedial, and should receive a liberal construction. The language employed by the act in this con nection is consistent with a legislative purpose to extend the remedy to all actions of the character named in the act against all railroad com panies, and no sufficient reason has been assigned for limiting its oper ation to causes of action that arose within the State. Indeed, it would be somewhat anomalous to prescribe to the courts of the State rules of evidence depending upon the question whether the cause of action arose within or without the State; and an intent to create this distinc tion should not be imputed to the legislative power unless it is fairly inferable from the language it has used. That language is as fol low s: “ A n d when the fact of such defect shall be made to appear in the trial of any action in the courts of this State brought by such employee or his legal representatives against any railroad corporation for damages on account of such injuries so received the same shall be prima facie evidence of negligence on the part of such corporations.” This language contains nothing indicating a purpose to confine the rule o f evidence it creates to causes o f action that should arise in this State. On the contrary, it expressly extends the rule to “ any action in the courts of this State brought by such employee # # * against any railroad corporation.” In fact the language is comprehensive enough to apply the rule to a railroad company, in this class of actions, whether any part of its line extended into Ohio or not; and if the courts of our State should acquire jurisdiction over the person of a railroad company whose line lay wholly without the State, no reason is perceived why the rule should not be applied. Judgment affirmed. T F -S A T —San Antonio and Aransas Pass R. R. Go. v. Harding et al. 33 Southwestern Reporter, page 373.— he ellow ervant ct of exas In the district court of Harris County, Tex., judgment was rendered awarding $16,000 damages against the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway Company in favor of Laura Harding and others, the widow and minor children of Edward Harding, who was killed in a collision between the engine in which Harding was engineer and another engine used in switching in the company’s yard at W aco, Tex. The case was carried, on appeal by the company, to the court of civil appeals, which tribunal affirmed the judgment o f the district court by decision rendered November 28, 1895. DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 545 The circumstances under which Harding was killed were as follows: Deceased was an engineer, in the service of the company, in charge of a train going from Yoakum to W aco, and was under the control of the train master at Yoakum. In the company’s yard at W aco was a regu lar yard crew, consisting of a night yard-master or foreman, a yard engineer or “ hostler,” a fireman, and other employees, and these were engaged in switching cars in the yard with engine No. 53. This yard crew was under the immediate supervision of one ITall, the foreman, who had no control over Harding. W hen engine No. 53 was taken to the yard to be used in switching cars its lamp was in a defective and leaking condition and was found empty. It was refilled and relighted by the yard engineer and fireman, who, it seems, had not been notified of its defective condition. The evidence was sufficient to show that when Harding arrived in sight the defective lamp had gone out, and nothing was done to give Harding notice of the switching engine’s presence on the track upon which he was approaching, or to prevent a collision, except that when he had approached so close that he had not time to stop and avoid the danger, the yard engineer gave him a signal with his lantern to stop, and then endeavored to back the switch engine out of the way, but was prevented from doing so by the number of cars already occupying the side tracks. Deceased failed to discover the switching engine because of the absence of the headlight and received no other sufficient warning. A collision ensued, which resulted in his death. In delivering the opinion of the court of civil appeals, Judge W illiams said : A s negligence of the defendant in failing to exercise proper care to see that the headlight was in good condition was one of the causes con tributing to the death of Harding, defendant is liable, even if it were true that the negligence of employees who were fellow-servants of the deceased also contributed. There can be little doubt that, if the head light had been kept in proper condition, it would have continued to burn, and would have notified Harding of the presence of the switch engine in time to have enabled him to avoid danger. No other cause for the extinguishment of the light is suggested by the evidence but that the oil had leaked out and that none remained to feed the light. The company is responsible for the omissions of servants, to whom it left the performance of the duty of seeing after the condition of the lamp. Under our fellow-servants’ act the employees working with the switch engine were not the fellow-servants of Harding. (Laws of 1893, p. 120.) The employees in the yard, under the supervision and control of the yard master, were in a different department from engineers running trains on the road, under the supervision and control of the train m as ter at another place. It is contended that the two engineers were in the common service of the company, were in the same department, were of the same grade, and were working together at the same time and place, and to a common purpose, and, therefore, come within the defini tion of “ fellow-servants ” as given in the statute. I f this were conceded, we do not think it could relieve appellant, even if no negligence but 546 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. that of its servants were shown, because the collision can not be said to have resulted from the negligence of the yard engineer alone. I f he was guilty of negligence, the foreman was also guilty, and the fact that the negligence of a fellow servant merely contributes to the injury does not relieve the company, if its own neglience, or that of its employees who are not fellow-servants with the injured employee, also contributes. But we are not prepared to concede that the “ hostler” was a fellowservant under the statute. In a sense, as stated by one of the witnesses, the two engineers were in the same department, the u motive power department/’ but this has reference to the divisions of its service into branches made by the company. Under its regulations servants may be in the same department as named by it, and yet in different depart ments as intended by the statute. Such questions must be determined by the relations which the employees actually bear to each other, and not by the mere names that are given by the company to the different branches of the service. Nor do we think that the engineers were in the meaning of the statute, uin the common service,” or that they were working together to a com mon purpose.” Their superiors, to whose authority they were subjected, were vice principals of the corporation, and stood to the servants under their control in the relation of master. This the statute expressly declares, and this pro^vision, we think, enables us to determine what is meant by the words departments,” “ common service,” and “ common purpose.” A s pointed out in the Boss case U . S., 389; 5 Sup. Ct., 184), there is a line of decisions holding that employees are in the same department, and in a common employment, only when they are subject to the same immediate supervision and control. This view had not generally prevailed, and was not adopted by the courts in this State, and it seems to us, from the whole of the statute, that it was intended to substantially adopt it. The servant having control of others is first declared to stand in the relation of master to those under him, and then, in defining the relation of other employees to each other, it is provided that, in order to be fellow-servants, they must be in the common service, in the same department, of the same grade, working together at the same time and place, and to a common purpose. The servants subjected to the control o f different supervisors are thus treated as being in sepa rate departments and different service. W hen we consider that many authorities, including some of the later opinions of our supreme court, had expressed the view that sound reason for the existence o f the rule as to fellow-servants could only be found in cases where the employees were so situated with reference to each other as to be enabled to exer cise over the conduct of each other that watchfulness regarded as essen tial to the efficiency of the service and the safety o f the public, we see that the legislature has adopted that view, and intended to enforce it, in the provisions referred to. Under our construction of the statute, none o f the employees in the W aco yard were fellow-servants with Harding, unless indeed, in the performance of his duties, he became temporarily subject, while operating in the yard, to the supervision of the yard foreman. Then he might be considered for the time a fellowservant with the others, subject to the same authority, but not with the foreman himself. The court, in its charge, gave to the jury all of the provisions of the statute, leaving them only to apply the evidence. Contention is made that the rule applicable when one servant is intrusted with control of others should not have been given, because there was no evidence to support it. A s before noted, there was evidence tending to show that u u (112 547 DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. engineers, while in the yards, were subject to the control of the yard master, and, if for no other reason than to prevent confusion in the minds of the jury, it was not improper for the court to tell them that, even in that view, Harding could not be a fellow-servant with the yard master. W e think it evident that Harding on the occasion in question, never became subject to the authority of the yard master, but it could have done no harm for the court to inform the jury that, if he did, they were not fellow-servants. I f we are correct in our view that none of the employees in the yard were fellow-servants of the deceased, then, even if the court committed error in defining those who might be fellowservants, it is immaterial. W h ile this verdict is large, and may be for a greater amount than this court would allow if trying the case, it is not so clearly excessive as to authorize us to disregard the opinion of the jury and of the court below. In refusing to reverse such verdicts, we are not to be under stood as approving them, but simply as adhering to the rules governing appellate courts in such matters. Ch in e s e E x c l u s io n A cts — eral Reporter, page 283.— The United States v. Wong Hong. 71 Fed facts in this case are as follows: Trior and up to November 9, 1893, the defendant had resided continuously in the State of California for a period ot sixteen years. On said date he departed for China and did not return until May 27, 1895. For a period of seven years preceding and up to August 1, 1893, the defend ant was a merchant as defined by act of Congress passed November 3, 1893, being chapter 14 of the first (extra) session of the Fifty-third Congress. On August 1, 1893, his store was destroyed by fire. About six weeks or two months after the fire another store was built on the same lot where the original store stood. The firm of Duey Lee & Co. opened business in this new store two weeks or more before the defend ant left for China. Defendant was a member of this firm and put $800 into the business. After the fire and up to his departure for China the defendant devoted himself to the business. After his return from China and up to the time of his arrest he stayed in the store and aided in the transaction of its business and retained his interest in the firm continuously up to the rendering of the decision in this case. The defendant was charged with being a Chinese laborer unlawfully within the United States. The case was heard in the district court for the southern district of California, and on December , 1895, the decision was given by Judge Wellborn. In the course of his opinion the following language was used: 2 The defendant’s right to be in the United States must depend upon his having been a merchant at the time of his departure therefrom, November 9, 1893. I f at that time he was a laborer, his return to the United States was in contravention of the act of October , 1888 (chapter 1015, acts of 1887-88), and unlawful. The defendant, having departed from the country in 1893, can not now be lawfully here, unless tlie facts sustain his contention that he was a merchant at the time of such departure. The act of November 3,1893 (chapter 14, acts 1893, 1 548 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. extra session), provides as follows: “ The term ‘ merchant,’ as employed herein and in the acts of which this is amendatory, shall have the fol lowing meaning and none other: A merchant is a person engaged in buying and selling merchandise, at a fixed place of business, which business is conducted in his name, and who during the time he claims to be engaged as a merchant, does not engage in the performance of any manual labor except such as is necessary in the conduct o f his business as such merchant.” A n analysis of this provision shows that, in order to constitute a person a merchant, four things are necessary: First, such person must be engaged in buying and selling merchandise; second, he must be engaged at a fixed place of business; third, said business must be conducted in his name; fourth, he must not, during the time he claims to be engaged as a merchant engage in the perform ance of any manual labor, except such as is necessary in the conduct of his business as such merchant. W ith reference to these constitu ents, it is only necessary to say, that the defendant has not only failed to establish the third constituent, but the evidence shows its nonexist ence. The evidence is uncontradicted and positive to the effect that the firm name was Duey Lee Co., and there is not a particle of evidence that the defendant’s name appeared in any way in the con duct of said business. It is impossible, therefore, to hold in this case that the defendant is a merchant, without an utter disregard of the act of Congress above mentioned. The circuit court of appeals of this circuit has decided that, in order to constitute a person a merchant within the meaning of said act, it is not necessary that his name appear in the firm designation, but it is sufficient if his interest be real and appear in the business and partnership articles in his own name. In the present case there is no proof that the defendant’s name appeared in the partnership articles or elsewhere in the business, while the proof is positive that the business subsequent to August 1, 1893, was not conducted in the defendant’s name. M y conclusion is that the defend ant, W o n g Hong, is a Chinese laborer, and unlawfully within the juris diction of the United States, and the judgment o f the court will be that the said defendant, W o n g Hong, be removed from the United States to China. & C o n s t it u t io n a l it y W heels— of La w R e q u ir in g B l o w e r s for E m ery People v. Smith. 66 Northwestern Reporter, page 382.— A c t No. 136 of the session laws of Michigan of 1887, now sections 1690zl, 1690z2, and 1690z3 of the third volume of Howell’s Annotated Statutes, as amended by act I l l of the session laws of 1893, reads as follows: No. S e c t i o n 1. A ll persons, companies, or corporations, operating any factory or workshop where emery wheels or emery bells of any descrip tion are used, either solid emery, leather, leather covem l, felt, canvas, linen, paper, cotton, or wheels or belts rolled or coated with emery or corundum, or cotton wheels used as buffs, shall provide the same with blowers, or similar apparatus, which shall be placed over, beside or under such wheels or belts in such a manner as to protect the person or persons using the same from the particles of dust produced and caused thereby, and to carry away the dust arising from, or thrown off by such wheels or belts while in operation, directly to the outside of the building or to some receptacle placed so as to receive and confine such dust: , That grinding machines upon which water is Provided DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 549 used at the point of the grinding contact shall be exempt from the conditions of this act. S e c . 2. A n y such person or persons and the managers or directors of any such corporation who shall have [the] charge or management of such factory or workshop, who shall fail to comply with the provisions of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon a con viction thereof before any court of competent jurisdiction shall be pun ished by a fine not less than twenty-five dollars and not exceeding one hundred dollars, or imprisonment in the county jail not less than thirty days or exceeding ninety days, or both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court. S e c . 3. Nothing in this act shall apply to factories, sawmills, shingle mills, and workshops in which such wheels or belts are occasionally used and only by men not especially employed for that purpose. Joseph N. Smith was convicted of a violation of this act and appealed to the supreme court of Michigan from judgment on a writ of certiorari from the justice’s court in Detroit rendered in the circuit court of W ayne County. The supreme court rendered its decision March 3, 1896, sus taining the constitutionality of the act and affirming the judgment of the court below. The following is quoted from the opinion of the supreme court, delivered by Judge Hooker: Counsel for the defendant assert that they care to raise but one ques tion, viz, the constitutionality of this law. It is not disputed that the State may regulate the use of private property, when the health, morals, or welfare of the public demands it. Such laws have their origin in necessity. Counsel say that this law is invalid because it does not apply to all, not even to all who have emery wheels, because some may use with water, and others may not work continuously. For the purposes of this case, it may be said that all persons who are given continuous employment over dry emery wheels are within the provisions of this act. This singles out no class, as it applies to all persons who use emery wheels in that manner. Necessarily the practical application is limited to those who engage in such business, but such is the case with many laws. A ll criminal laws apply only to those who choose to break them. This law applies to all who choose to use the emery wheel. The legislature has seen fit to permit certain uses of the dry wheel without a blower, while in other cases it is required. This is compe tent, and is not class legislation as between operatives. It fixes the limits of use without a blower, and requires it after such limits are passed; but the rules apply to all. The vital question in this case is the right of the State to require the employer to provide, and the employee to use, appliances intended for the protection o f the latter. Laws of this class embrace provisions for the safety and welfare of those whom necessity may compel to sub mit to existing conditions involving hazards which they would other wise be unwilling to assume. Am ong them are provisions for fire escapes, the covering or otherwise rendering machinery safe, the con dition of buildings, ventilation, etc. In the main, where the necessity is obvious, they commend themselves to those who have at heart the welfare of their fellows, and should be upheld if they do not contra vene private rights. The constitution secures to the citizen the rights of life, liberty, and private property, and, as the only value in the lat ter consists in its use, it follows that the right to use private property 550 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. is within the provision. There can, however, be no doubt that the use of private property may be regulated by law. one would think of questioning the validity of laws regulating the manufacture, use, and sale of dangerous drugs or explosives, or laws designed to insure safety in railway travel. The inspection of boilers, fire escapes upon hotels, means of exit from churches and other buildings which the public are wont to frequent, are familiar instances of the exercise of the police power. These rules are defended upon the ground that they are neces sary to the safety of the public; not the entire populace, but such per sons as shall lawfully place themselves in a position requiring such protection. W here the law is aimed at acts or conditions which threaten conta gion,— as where sewers, disinfection, or quarantine is required,— the necessity of and the power to make such laws are obvious. But at first blush they may not be so apparent where there is no direct danger to others than the party whose business is sought to be regulated, and those with whom he contracts. It is contended in this case that neither the public welfare nor health is involved, inasmuch as the protection sought to be afforded is limited to the individual employee, who, by his contract of employment, signi fies a willingness to use the machine in its dangerous condition, and therefore can not be heard to complain. It is the law that a manufacturer may provide inferior and even dan gerous machinery, tools, and utensils; and enterprises more or less hazardous are common and lawful. Men may contract to use such machinery, or to perform dangerous service, and have no remedy if injured. But we are not aware that the police power is limited by such contracts. A s between the parties themselves, the contract may cut off legal redress for injuries sustained, but we are not satisfied that the authority of the State is limited to the protection of those who do not sustain contract relations with each other. In the absence of a law requiring fire escapes, one who works in a high building, and is injured may be held to have assumed the risk incident to his employment, but we know of no rule which precludes the State from making a regulation requir ing fire escapes to be placed upon high buildings, though the only object be to facilitate the escape of employees who are under contract to work there without such appliances for escape. Fire escapes in hotels and means of exit in theaters and public halls are required by law for the benefit of patrons, who are there by virtue of contract relations with the proprietor. So long as the rule is general, and the danger to the public— i. e., that portion of the public who are subjected to the dan ger— is clear, it is a proper subject for legislative intervention. Certain cases bearing upon the subject under discussion are here cited in the opinion, which then goes on to say: The trouble with these cases arises over the inability of the courts to fix a rigid rule by which the validity of such laws may be tested. Each law of the kind involves the questions: (1) Is there a threatened dan ger*? ( ) Does the regulation invade a constitutional right*? (3) Is the regulation reasonable *? In the present case no controversy is raised over the first of these. Hence we are not called jipon to discuss it. A s is implied by what has been said, the constitutional right to use property without regulation is plain, unless the public welfare requires its regu lation. I f the public welfare does require it, the right must yield to 2 DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 551 the public exigency. A n d it is upon this question of necessity that the third question depends. A ll, then, seems to be embraced in the question of necessity. Unless the emery wheel is dangerous to health, there is no necessity, and con sequently no power, to regulate it. Unless the blower is a reasonable and proper regulation, it is not a necessary one. W h o shall decide the question and by what rule? Shall it be the legislature or the courts? And, if the latter, is it to be determined by the evidence in the case that happens to be the first brought, or by some other rule ? Does it become a question of fact to be submitted to the jury or decided by the court ? There is a manifest absurdity in allowing any tribunal, either court or jury, to determine from the testimony in the case the question of the constitutionality of the law. W hether this law invades the rights of all the persons using emery wheels in the State is a serious question. I f it is a necessary regulation, the law should be sustained, but, if an unjust law, it should be annulled. The first case presented might show, by the opinions of many witnesses, that the use of the dry emery wheel is almost necessarily fatal to the operative, while the next might show exactly the opposite state of facts. Manifestly, then, the decision could not settle the question for other parties, or the fate of the law would depend upon the character of the case first presented to the court of last resort, which would have no means of ascertaining whether it was a collusive case or not, or whether the weight of evidence was in accord with the truth. It would seem, then, that the questions of danger and reasonableness must be determined in another way. The legislature, in determining upon the passage of the law, may make investigations which the courts can not. A s a rule, the members (collectively) may be expected to acquire more technical and experimental knowledge of such matters than any court can be supposed to possess, both as to the dangers to be guarded against and the means of prevention of injury to be applied; and hence, while under our institutions the validity of laws must be finally passed upon by the courts, all presumptions should be in favor of the validity of legislative action. I f the courts find the plain provi sions of the constitution violated, or if it can be said that the act is not within the rule of necessity in view of facts of which judicial notice may be taken, then the act must fa ll; otherwise it should stand. A p p ly ing this test, we think the law constitutional, and the judgment is therefore affirmed. E ’ L — B C — Pennsylvania Co. v. Finney. 42 Northeastern Reporter, page 816.— This action was m ployers ia b il it y a il r o a d o m p a n ie s brought by Michael Finney, administrator, against the Pennsylvania Company to recover damages for the killing of the plaintiff’s intestate, Patrick J. Finney, a brakeman in its employ. A judgment was ren dered in favor of the plaintiff, and the defendant appealed from the superior court of Allen County, Ind., where the trial was had, to the supreme court of the State. From the evidence it appeared that the decedent was years old and had been in the employ of the defendant for six months as a brakeman on a freight train ; that near Columbia City the defendant maintained a water plug so near its track that a person descending a passing car on that side could not avoid i t ; that decedent was familiar with its location and had passed it almost daily 22 6139— No. 5----- 8 552 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. during his employment; that it was a part of his duty to go to the top of a train while passing through a station; that, after having passed through Columbia City, he walked to the rear of a car, with his back to the plug, while within 200 feet of it, and, without looking around to ascertain the attendant danger, began to descend the car ladder, and was carried against the plug; that he had no orders to descend at that particular time, but attempted to do so of his own volition. In the opinion of the supreme court, delivered by Judge Jordan, January 29, 1896, the following statements are made: Considered in the light of the law which must control the case at bar, we are of the opinion, under the facts, that the jury was not author ized in finding a verdict in favor o f the appellee. Assuming, without deciding, that the appellant was chargeable with actionable negligence in maintaining the water crane in the manner and in the condition shown, still there is an absence of evidence showing freedom from con tributory negligence upon the part of the deceased, in the matter of which appellee complains. The rule is settled that the plaintiff, in such a case as this, must affirmatively show, by the evidence, not only negli gence upon the part of the master, but freedom therefrom upon the part o f the servant. The freedom from fault or negligence upon the part o f the latter being under the law an essential element in the cause, which must be found to exist in order to warrant a recovery, a failure to establish the same results in defeating the action; and when the evi dence in the record fails to prove this material fact, the judgment, upon appeal to this court, must necessarily be reversed. A fter reviewing the facts in the case the court uses the following language: W e may affirm that appellee’s decedent did not, under the facts, observe his surroundings, or exert the care required of him under the law ; and hence, in the eye of the latter, he was chargeable with con tributory negligence, and the allegations in the complaint, to this extent, at least, are not sustained by the evidence. A s we have here tofore stated, the accident occurred as the deceased was attempting to descend to the caboose upon his own volition, and not under or by any direction of the appellant. W e are unable to discover in this cause any evidence in the record from which a reasonable inference can fairly arise that appellee’s decedent was in the exercise o f due and ordinary care at the time of the fatal accident. The jury was not authorized, arbitrarily, without evidence, to infer the absence of contributory neg ligence upon the part of the deceased servant. The judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded, with instructions to the lower court to sustain the motion for a new trial. D E C IS IO N S U N D E R CO M M O N L A W . E ’ L — R C —Central B. B. Co. of New Jersey v. Keegan. 16 Supreme Court Beporter, page 269.— In an m ployers ia b il it y a il r o a d o m p a n ie s action brought by one Keegan against the Central Railroad Company of New Jersey judgment was rendered in favor o f Keegan upon the verdict o f a ju ry awarding him damages for injuries sustained by him while acting as brakeman in the employ o f the railroad company, the injuries having been caused by the negligence o f one O’Brien, who was DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 553 foreman of a drill crew, of which Keegan was a member, which was employed in the company’s yard at Jersey City, N. J., in taking cars from the tracks on which they had been left by incoming trains and placing them upon floats by which they were transported across the North river to the city of New Y ork. The negligence of the foreman, resulting in the injury to Keegan, consisted in his failure to place him self or some one else at the brake of certain backwardly moving cars, so that there was no one to check their motion by applying the brakes, in consequence of which the rear wheel passed over Keegan’s leg, who, while in the performance of his dut , had caught his right foot in the guard rail of a switch, and was thereby prevented from moving out of the way of the cars. The case was carried by the railroad company to the United States circuit court of appeals for the second circuit, where two judges, sitting as the court, differed in opinion upon questions of law, and certified the two following questions to the Supreme Court of the United States for instructions, to enable them to render a proper decision: “ (1) W hether the defendant in error [Keegan] and O’Brien were or were not fellow-servants; and (2) whether, from negligence of O’Brien in failing to place himself or some one else at the brake of the backwardly-moving cars, the plaintiff in error, the railroad company, is responsible.” The United States Supreme Court, through Mr. Justice W hite, decided, December 23, 1895, that Keegan and O’Brien were fellowservants and that the railroad company was not responsible for the injuries sustained by the former through the negligence of the latter; but Mr. Chief Justice Fuller, Mr. Justice Field, and Mr. Justice Harlan dissented. The following extract is made from the opinion in the case: v. W e held in Bailroad Co. Baugh (149 U . S., 368; 13 Sup. C t., 914) that an engineer and fireman of a locomotive engine running alone on a railroad, without any train attached, when engaged on such duty, were fellow-servants of the railroad company; hence, that the fireman was precluded from securing damages from the company for injuries caused, during the running, by the negligence of the engineer. In that case it was declared th at: “ Prima facie, all who enter the employment of a single master are engaged in a common service, and are fellow-servants. # # # A ll enter in the service of the same master to further his interests in the one enterprise.” A n d while we in that case recognized that the heads of separate and distinct departments of a diversified business may, under certain circumstances, be considered, with respect to employees under them, vice principals or representatives of the master, as fully and completely as if the entire business o f the mas ter was by him placed under the charge of one superintendent, we declined to affirm that each separate piece of work was a distinct department, and made the one having control of that piece o f work a vice principal or representative of the master. It was further declared that “ the danger from the negligence of one specially in charge of the particular work was as obvious and as great as from that of those who were simply coworkers with him upon it. Each is equally with the other an ordinary risk of the employment,” which the employee assumes 554 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. when entering upon the employment, whether the risk be obvious or not. It was laid down that the rightful test to determine whether the negli gence complained of was an ordinary risk o f the employment was whether the negligent act constituted a breach of positive duty owing by the mas ter, such as that o f taking fair and reasonable precautions to surround his employees with fit and careful coworkers, and the furnishing to such employees of a reasonably safe place to work, and reasonably safe tools or machinery with which to do the work; thus making the ques tion of liability o f an employer for an injury to his employee turn rather on the character of the alleged negligent act, than on the relations of the employees to each other, so that if the act is done in the discharge o f some positive duty of the master to the servant, then negligence in the act is negligence of the master, but, if it be not one in the discharge of such positive duty, then there should be some personal wrong on the part of the employer before he is liable therefor. The principles thus applied in the case referred to are in perfect har mony with the rules enforced by the supreme court of the State of New Jersey, within whose territory the accident happened which gave rise to the present controversy. In O’Brien Dredging Oo. (33 N. J. Law, 291; 21 A tl., 324), the court [of New Jersey] said : W hether the master retain the superintendence and management o f his business, or withdraws himself from it and devolve it upon a vice principal or representative, it is quite apparent that although the master or his representative may devise the plans, engage the workmen, provide the machinery and tools, and direct the performance of the work, neither can, as a general rule, be continually present at the execution of all such work. It is the necessary conse quence that the mere execution of the planned work must be intrusted to workmen, and, where necessary to groups or gangs o f workmen, and in such case that one should be selected as the leader, boss, or foreman, to see to the execution of such work. This sort of superiority o f service is so essential and so universal that every workman, in entering upon a contract of service, must contemplate its being made use o f in a proper case. H e therefore makes his contract o f service in contemplation of the risk o f injury from the negligence o f a boss or foreman, as well as from the negligence of another fellow-workman. The foreman or supe rior servant stands to him, in that respect, in the precise position of his other fellow-servants.” Applying the principles announced by this court and the supreme court o f New Jersey to the facts in the case at bar, it is clear that O ’Brien and Keegan were fellow-servants. O ’Brien’s duties were not even those o f simple direction and superintendence over the operations of the drill crew. H e was a component part of the crew, an active coworker in the manual work of switching, with the specific duty assigned to him by the yard master of turning the switches. H e was subordinate to the yard master, who had jurisdiction over this and other drill crews; and it was the yard master who employed and dis charged all the workers in the yard, giving them their general instruc tions and assigning them to their duties. O’Brien’s control over the other members of the drill crew was similar to the control which a section foreman exercises over the men in his section; and, following its constructions o f the decisions of this court in the Baugh and Hambly cases, the circuit court of appeals for the eighth circuit has held that a section foreman is a fellow-servant o f a member of his crew, and that one of the crew injured by the negligence of the foreman could not recover. (Railway Go. W aters, 70 Fed., 28.) v. u v. DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 555 In Potter r. Railroad Oo. (136 NT. Y ., 77; 32 K E., 603), employees of a railroad company, while switching cars in the company’s yard, under the direction of a yard master, shunted a number of cars onto a track so that they collided with a car being inspected, and caused the death of the inspector. It was claimed that proper and reasonable care required that there should have been a brakeman on the front of the cars, to control in an emergency their motion, when detached from the engine. In the absence of proof to the contrary, the court pre sumed that competent and sufficient servants were employed, and proper regulations for the management of the business had been estab lished, and observed: “ It is quite obvious that the work of shifting cars i:i a railroad yard must be left in a great measure to the judgment and discretion of the servants of the railroad who are intrusted with the management of the yard. The details must be left to them, and all that the company can do for the protection of its employees is to provide competent coservants, and prescribe such regulations as experience shows may be best calculated to secure their safety.” W e adopt this statement as proper to be applied to the case at bar. A personal, positive duty would clearly not have been imposed upon a natural person, owner of a railroad, to supervise and control the details of the operation of switching cars in a railroad yard; neither is such duty imposed as a positive duty upon a corporation; and if O’Brien was negligent, in failing to place himself or some one else at the brake of the backwardly moving cars, such omission not being the perform ance of a positive duty owing by the master, the plaintiff in error is not responsible therefor. These conclusions determine both questions certified for our decision, and accordingly the first question is answered in the affirmative and the second in the negative. E ’ L .— Maher v. McGrath . 33 Atlantic Reporter, page 945.— The defendant in this case was a contractor for the erection m ployers ia b il it y of a brick building, and employed the plaintiff, who was a laborer in attendance upon masons, who were also in the employ of the defendant. The evidence showed that when the plaintiff delivered to the masons upon a scaffold a hod full of brick, the scaffold fell with him and he sustained serious injuries. The cause of the fall was plainly fixed by the evidence to have been the breaking of a “ bearer,” one end of which was fastened to a scaffold pole and the other end was supported by the wall on which the masons were working. This case was tried in the circuit court of Union County, U . J., and the plaintiff was given a ver dict. It was taken on error to the supreme court of the State and a rule to show cause issued. February 20, 1896, said court reversed the judgment of the court below and made the rule absolute. In the course of the opinion delivered by Judge Magie the following lan guage was used: Plaintiff claimed to have established defendant’s liability to him for his injuries on the ground that the evidence showed a dereliction of the duty which, as employer, he owed his servants, in two respects, v iz : (1) A s to the material with which the scaffold was constructed, and (2) as to the manner of its construction. It is unnecessary to consider 556 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. whether defendant is charged with any liability for defects in materials, for the evidence makes it clear that the fall of the scaffold was due, not to defects in the material, but to defective construction. It affirmatively appears that defendant personally took no part in its construction, but that it was constructed by the masons, in accordance with the custom of the trade. A s the error of construction which occasioned the plaintiff’s injury was committed by workmen with whom he was working in a common employment, subject to a common danger which all equally knew must result from a negligent construction of the scaffold, the rule which denies the liability of the master for injury received Irom the negligence o f a fellow-servant was plainly applicable. A s there was no evidence that defendant was negligent in the selection and employ ment of the masons engaged in the work, there was no evidence of defendant’s liability sufficient to be submitted to a jury. For these reasons I think the rule should be made absolute. E ’ L —Y P — Carlson v. Northwest ern Telegraph Exchange Co. 65 Northicestern Reporter, page 914.— This m ployers ia b il it y ic e r in c ip a l case was brought before the supreme court of Minnesota on an appeal from the district court of Hennepin County. Suit had been brought in the district court to recover damages for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff by reason of the defendant’s negligence. Verdict was rendered for the plaintiff, and the defendant appealed from an order denying its motion for a new trial. January 20, 1896, the supreme court gave its decision, affirming the order of the court below. The evidence showed that the plaintiff, with some eighty other laborers employed by the defendant, a corporation, was engaged on A u gust 3, 1893, in the work of excavating a ditch in which telephone wires were to be laid. The work of making this ditch was in charge of a foreman o f the name of Purvey, who had control of the work and of all the men engaged thereon, with power to employ and discharge them, and to direct them what to do and where to work. He was the supreme authority there present, and all of the men were subject to his orders in every particular and no one present had any authority over him. A curbing had been put in to hold the side of the ditch in place, but it was insufficient for the purpose, and the complaint alleged that the defendant knew that the walls of the ditch were unsafe and were liable to cave in and injure persons there working. The plaintiff had no knowledge of the condition of the ditch at the point where the curbing was placed. W hen it was completed, he was ordered by the foreman to go into the ditch and clean out the loose sand at the bottom. H e obeyed the order and commenced the work as directed, when a piece of earth, constituting the side of the ditch, settled down under the curb ing into the bottom of the ditch, catching the plaintiff and breaking his foot and ankle. The foreman did not caution or advise the plaintiff as to the unsafe condition of the ditch at the place he was ordered DECISIONS OP COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 55? into. The following is the essential part of the opinion of the court, which was delivered by Chief Justice Start: This brings us to the important, and practically the only real, question presented by the record for our decision, viz: W a s tlie foreman dis charging a duty which rested upon the defendant as master, when, under the particular circumstances and conditions of this case, he ordered the plaintiff into the ditch at the point where the accident occurred ? W e answer the question in the affirmative. In the case of Leindvall W ood (41 Minn., 212) this court had the question under considera tion, and as a result of a review of its previous decisions, and upon principle, reached the conclusion: “ That it is not the rank of the employee, or his authority over other employees, but the nature of the duty or service which he performs, that is decisive; that whenever a master delegates to another the jjerformance of a duty to his servant which rests upon himself as an absolute duty, he is liable for the manner in which that duty is performed by the middleman whom he has selected as his agent; and to the extent of a discharge of those duties by the middleman, however high or low his rank, or however great or small his authority over other employees, he stands in the place of the master, but as to all other matters he is a mere coservant. It follows that the same person may occupy a dual capacity of vice principal as to some matters and of fellow-servant as to others.” W e adhere to this conclusion. It is correct in principle, and furnishes a ju st and rational test for determining whether the act or default of an employee in a given case is that of a fellow-servant or of a vice principal. The decisive test is not the conventional title, grade, or rank given to the employee, but the character of what he is authorized to and does do. Applying the rule to the facts of this case, it is clear upon principle that the foreman, Purvey, in ordering the plaintiff into the ditch at the point of the accident, must be regarded as a vice principal. W hile the employee assumes for himself the ordinary and obvious dangers of the work or business in which he engages, yet the master is bound to use ordinary care to warn and protect the employee from unusual and unnecessary dangers and risks. I f the nature and magnitude of the master’s work, whether it be that of construction or otherwise, and the number o f men engaged in its execution, are such that the exercise of ordinary care lor the safety and protection of the workmen from unusual and unnecessary dangers requires that they be given reason able orders, and that they be not ordered from one part of the work to another, without warning, into places of unusual danger and risks, which are not obvious to the senses and known to them, but which might be ascertained by the master by a proper inspection, the absolute duty rests upon the master to give such reasonable orders. Considerations of justice and a sound public policy impose this duty upon the master as such, which he can not delegate so as to relieve himself from the consequences of a negligent discharge of it. A workman, when ordered from one part of the work to another, can not be allowed to stop, examine, and experiment for himself, in order to ascertain if the place assigned to him is a safe one; and therefore, in obeying the order, while he assumes obvious and ordinary risks, he has a right to rely upon a faithful discharge of the master’s duty to use ordinary care to warn and protect him against unusual dangers. In the present case the foreman, Purvey, was the supreme authority in charge of the work, with power to give all orders directing the places where the employees v. 558 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. should work, and all reasonable and necessary orders to secure their safety, which orders the plaintiff was bound to obey and did obey, and was injured by reason of the negligence o f the foreman in knowingly ordering him into a place o f unusual danger without warning him of the risks incurred in obeying the order. In giving such order, under the special facts of this case, the foreman represented the master, the defendant. R a il r o a d l e a se of A id Cl a im — 136.— In this case A s s o c ia t io n — A cceptance of B e n e f it s — R e Otis v. Pennsylvania Co. 71 Federal Reporter, page the United States circuit court, district of Indiana, decided, on January 3, 1896, that where a railroad relief association, composed of associated companies and their employees, is in charge of the companies, who guaranty the obligations, supply the facilities for the business, pay the operating expenses, take charge of and are respon sible for the funds, make up deficits in the benefit fund, and supply surgical attendance for injuries received in their service, an employee’s agreement, in his voluntary application for membership, that accept ance of benefits from the association for an injury shall release the rail road company from any claim for damages therefor, is not invalid as being against public policy or for want of consideration or mutuality. The opinion of the court, delivered by District Judge Baker, is as follows: This is an action by the plaintiff, Eugene V . Otis, for the recovery of damages from the defendant, the Pennsylvania Company, for injuries received by him through the negligence of the defendant in employing and retaining in its service a careless and drunken engineer, with full knowledge of his habits, by whose carelessness the plaintiff sustained serious and permanent injuries, without fault on his part. The defend ant has answered in two paragraphs. The first is a general denial. The second sets up matter in confession and avoidance. To this para graph of answer the plaintiff has interposed a demurrer, and the ques tion for decision is, Does this paragraph o f answer set up facts sufficient to constitute a defense? The gist of this paragraph of answer is the payment to and acceptance by the plaintiff of benefits to the amount of $660 from the relief fund of the defendant’s “ voluntary relief depart m ent” on account of the injuries for which the action is brought, in full payment and satisfaction thereof. It is alleged in the paragraph under consideration that the plaintiff was a member of the relief department mentioned, which is composed of the different corporations forming the lines of the Pennsylvania Company west of Pittsburg, to which such of their employees as volun tarily become members contribute monthly certain agreed amounts. This department has for its object the relief of such employees as become members thereof in cases of sickness or disability from accident, and the relief of their families in case o f death, by the payment to them of definite amounts out of a fund “ formed by voluntary contributions from employees, contributions, when necessary to make up any deficit, by the several companies respectively, and income or profit derived from investments of the moneys of the fund, and such gifts as may be made for the use of the fund,” The associated companies have general DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 559 charge of the department, guaranty the full amount of the obligations assumed by them, and for this purpose annually pay into the funds of the department the sum of $30,000 in conformity with established regu lations, furnish the necessary facilities for conducting the business of the department, and pay all the operating expenses thereof, amounting annually to the sum of $25,000. The associated companies have charge of the funds, and are responsible for their management and safe keepin g. Employees of the Pennsylvania Company are not required to become members of the relief department, but are at liberty to do so if admitted on their voluntary written application; and may continue their membership by the payment of certain monthly dues, the amount of which depends upon the respective classes to which they may be admit ted ; and the benefits to which they may become entitled are determined by the class to which they belong. A disabled member is also entitled to surgical attendance at the company’s expense, if injured while in its employ. The plaintiff agreed in his application for membership: “ That the acceptance of benefits from the said relief fund for injury or death shall operate as a release of all claim for damages against said company arising from such injury or death which may be made by or through me, and that I or my legal representatives will execute such further instrument as may be necessary formally to evidence such acquittance.” Each company to the contract also agreed in behalf of itself and employees to appropriate its ratable proportion of the joint expense of administration and management, and the entire outlay necessary to make up deficits for benefits to its employees. It is further alleged that the member was a member of the relief department when injured, and that there was paid to him by the defendant through such department, on account o f the injuries so received, and in accordance with his appl:cation therefor, and in accordance with the certificate of membership so issued to him, and the rules and regulations of the relief department, the sum of $660, being at the rate of $60 per month for eleven months, which he accepted and received as the benefits due to him from the said relief department under his said application and certificate and the rules and regulations of said relief department. It is strenuously insisted by the learned counsel lor the plaintiff that the contract is void, because it is repugnant to sound public policy, and is an attempt by the defendant to exempt itself, by contract, from the consequences of its own negligence,* and because the agreement that the payment and acceptance of the benefits should operate to release the company from responsibility for its wrongful act is without con sideration, for the reason that the plaintiff, by the payment of his monthly dues, became entitled as a matter of legal right to receive the stipulated benefits as fully as he was entitled to the payment of his monthly wages. A s a general proposition, it is unquestionably true that a railroad company can not relieve itself from responsibility to an employee for an injury resulting from its own negligence by any contract entered into for that purpose before the happening of the injury, and, if the contract under consideration is of that character, it must be held to be invalid. But upon a careful examination it will be seen that it con tains no stipulation that the plaintiff should not be at liberty to bring an action for damages in case he sustained an injury through the neg ligence of the defendant. He still had as perfect a right to sue for his injury as though the contract had never been entered into. Before the contract was entered into, his right of action for an injury resulting 560 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. from the defendant’s negligence was limited to a suit against it for tlie recovery of damages therefor. B y the contract he was given an elec tion either to receive the benefits stipulated for, or to waive his right to the benefits, and to pursue his remedy at law. H e voluntarily agreed that, when an injury happened to him, he would then determine whether he would accept the benefits secured by the contract, or waive them and retain his right of action for damages. He knew, if he accepted the benefits secured to him by the contract, that it would operate to release his right to the other remedy. After the injury happened, two alternative modes were presented to him for obtaining compensation for such injury. W ith full opportunity to determine which alternative was preferable, he deliberately chose to accept the stipulated benefits. There was nothing illegal or immoral in requiring him so to do. A n d it is not perceived why the court should relieve him from his election in order to enable him now to pursue his remedy by an action at law, and thus practically to obtain double compensation for his injury. Nor does the fact that the fund was in part formed by his contribu tions to it alter the case. The defendant also contributed largely to the fund under its agreement to make up deficits, to furnish surgical aid and attendance, to pay expenses of administration and manage ment, and to be responsible for the safe-keeping of the funds of the relief department. It had a large pecuniary interest in the very money which the plaintiff received. W e are not concerned with the question whether the plaintiff might not have secured a larger sum of money if he had prosecuted his legal remedy for the recovery of damages for his injury. A fter the injury, the plaintiff was at liberty to compromise his right of action with the defendant for any valuable consideration, however sm all; and, if he chose to accept a less amount than that which he might have recovered by action, such settlement, if fairly entered into, constitutes a full accord and satisfaction, from which the court can not, and ought not to, relieve him. The question of the validity of such a contract as that relied upon in the paragraph o f answer under consideration is a new one in this court, but it has been considered by a number of reputable courts in other jurisdictions, and, with a single exception, so far as I am advised, it has been uniformly held that such a contract is not invalid for repugnancy to sound public policy, or for want of consideration, or for want o f mutuality. In the views expressed in these cases I entirely concur. I L O —Silver State Coun cil, No. I , of American Order of Steam Engineers v. Rhodes et al. 43 Pacific Reporter, page 451.— This case was heard in the district court n j u n c t io n s a g a in s t abor r g a n iz a t io n s of Arapahoe County, Colo., the injunction asked for being refused and judgment rendered for the defendants. The plaintiff brought the case on error to the court of appeals of Colorado, and on November 11,1895, the decision of said court was given, in which the judgment rendered in the court below was affirmed. The facts in the case are sufficiently set out in the opinion of the court delivered by Judge Thomson, which is as follow s: The purpose for which this proceeding was instituted is set forth in the prayer of the complaint, which we quote: That an injunction issue u DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 561 out of this honorable court, enjoining, restraining, and prohibiting the above-named defendants, each and all of them, and their said organi zations, their servants, agents, and employees, both as individuals and organizations, in any manner interfering with or trying by threats, boycotts, strikes, or intimidations to break up and destroy, or cause the resignation of any member by threats, boycotts, strikes, or intimida tions, of Silver State Council, No. 1, American Order of Steam Engi neers, plaintiff herein, or by strikes, boycotts, or any other threats to compel it or its members to throw up its certificate, articles, or charter of incorporation or organization, or to in any manner interfere with the rights and privileges of Silver State Council, No. 1, of the American Order of Steam Engineers, plaintiff* herein, or its right to exist and enjoy its rights, privileges, and freedom under the laws under which it was created; for costs herein expended, and will ever pray.” The complaint avers the capacity in which the plaintiff sues, and the objects of its corporate existence as follows: “ That plaintiff is a cor poration organized and existing by and under the laws of the State of Colorado, for the purpose ot promoting a thorough knowledge in its members of theoretical and practical steam engineering, to help each other to obtain employment, bury the dead, extend the license law throughout the United States as well as the State of Colorado, and for the further purpose of helping its members according to the terms set forth in its certificate of incorporation, reference to which is hereto made.” The complaint further states that the plaintiff is a “ nonstrik ing labor organization;” that certain of the defendants are trustees of an organization called the “ Trades and Labor Assem bly,” which is composed of various labor unions of Denver and vicinity, and was organized for the purpose (among other things) “ of enforcing the rights of* their several component parts by ordering a strike against all other organizations, employers, or individuals against whom it or they may have a grievance, and can not enforce their rights upon whicli they base their dem ands;” that certain other defendants are officers and members of an organization known as “ Steam Engineers’ Protective Union, No. 5703, of the American Federation of Labor,” whose objects are to com pel all stationary steam engineers to join their order, “ and to resort to force by boycotting anyone who employs stationary steam engineers not members of said organization,” or not subject to its orders or those of the Federation of* Labor; and that the members of this organization are also members of the Trades and Labor Assembly. It is also alleged that in March, 1892, the plaintiff was admitted into, and became a member of, the Trades and Labor Assem bly, and in April, 1893, was expelled from that body, because its charter, constitu tion, and by-laws declared that it was a “ nonstriking” organization; and that its expulsion was in pursuance of a conspiracy among certain of* the defendants, members of* the assembly, who, together with the other defendants, have since its expulsion been constantly endeavoring “ in all manner and ways, both openly and in secret, to destroy and exterminate” it. This purpose was jrroposed to be accomplished “ by declaring boycotts and strikes and using other means of warfare known to striking organizations against any and all who would employ any stationary steam engineer who was a member or belonged to Silver State Council, No. 1, of the American Order of Steam Engineers.” Some instances are given in which it was attempted to compel engineers belonging to the plaintiff’s organization to join the union, or procure their discharge from employment, by threatening to “ boycott” and “ levy strikes against” their employers. The plaintiff* is a corporation, 562 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. and to entitle it to relief, it must appear that its corporate rights are threatened with some injury of a kind which may be made the subject of an action, and for which courts have the power to afford redress. The complaint is that the defendants have banded together and con spired to “ exterminate” the plaintiff; and that they propose to accom plish their purpose t>y compelling its members to leave it. O f course, when its members have all withdrawn, it will be extinct. W e need not discuss the character of the means to be employed for its disintegration. W hether they are legal or illegal, they can not be made the subject of an action in favor of the plaintiff. It has no property in its members, and, in losing them, it sustains no damage which the law recognizes as damage. It can not compel its members to remain with i t ; and, if they are violently driven out of it,— if they are forced to relinquish their membership against tbeir will,— the grievance is theirs, and not the plaintiff’s. Or if, for the purpose of forcing their withdrawal, others, by means of “ boycotts” or “ strikes,” are made to suffer, the latter must fight their own battles. The law does not make the plaintiff their champion. The disorganization and resulting extinction of the plain tiff would, doubtless, be a calamity; but it is one which the law is power less to avert. W e have cited no authorities because we can find none which are of any use. I f a case bearing the remotest analogy to this was ever the subject of adjudication, our most diligent effort has failed to unearth any record of it. The judgment will be affirmed. E ’ L — Burst v. Carnegie Steel Cor Limited . 33 Atlantic Reporter, page 1102.— This was an action to recover damages m ployers ia b il it y for the death of Andrew Durst, who was an employee of the defendant, and lost his life by the fall of an embankment of earth into a ditch, which he was engaged with others in digging on October 18, 1893. The plaintiff was nonsuited in the court of common pleas of Allegheny County, Pa., and carried the case on appeal to the supreme court. In the opinion of the court of common pleas the following points were decided: (1) W hen a master intrusts to the superintendent in charge of an excavation the matter of notifying the employees of any latent danger, the foremen in charge of the gangs engaged in the work of excavation are not vice principals in the absence of the superintend ent, so as to render the employer liable for their failure to notify the employee of such danger. (2) W hen the only possible danger to an employee engaged in making an excavation is such as may arise during the progress of the work, the employer is not bound to stand by dur ing the work to see if a danger arises, it being sufficient if he provides against such dangers as may possibly arise and gives the workmen the means of protecting themselves. In arriving at these conclusions the following language was used by said court: The principles of the law governing such cases are well established. The difficulty arises in their application to particular cases. A n em ployee assumes all the ordinary risks of the business in which he may be employed. This includes accidents caused by the negligence of coemployees. But the master owes certain duties to the employee, and DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR. 563 among1these is to furnish a reasonably safe place to work, and to notify the employee of any latent danger of which the employer has knowl edge, or with reasonable care would know. These duties can not be avoided. I f the master intrusts them to another, the latter becomes a vice principal, and the master is liable for any neglect by him in per formance of the duties imposed by law upon the principal. It does not matter how many intermediates there may be, the person to whom the duty is committed is vice principal. In this case the duty was intrusted to John Molamphy, superintendent of labor, who had charge of all excavations. The company was therefore responsible for any neglect by him to perform the duty imposed by law upon them. It is contended that Patterson and McMillan, who were foremen of the gangs engaged at this work, were charged with the duty of protecting it in absence of Molamphy, and were therefore vice principals for the time being. W e do not so understand it. They were mere foremen in charge of the men, supervising and directing their labor. Under all the cases they were coemployees with the men under their charge. W e do not under stand that Molamphy turned over any of his duties to them, but merely instructed them, in cases of necessity, to call him or the carpenter to provide against danger. There was no evidence to show contribu tory negligence on part of deceased. The only question, therefore, is whether there was evidence of neglect on the part of Molamphy to per form any of the duties imposed by law upon the defendants. The duty which it is alleged was neglected is that of furnishing a reasonably safe place to work. It will be observed that the place as it stood when the work commenced was perfectly safe. The danger could only arise as the work progressed, and be caused by the work done. In such a case we do not think it is the duty of the employer to stand by during the progress o f the work to see when a danger arises. It is sufficient if he provides against such dangers as may possibly or probably arise, and gives the workmen the means of protecting themselves. They should look out for such dangers and use the means provided. The supreme court, on January 6,1896, approved the decision of the court of common pleas and affirmed its judgment in the following terms: The opinion of the learned court below on the motion to take off the nonsuit is so full, clear, and convincing that for the reasons there stated, and upon the authorities cited, we affirm the judgment in this case. PROTECTION OF GARMENT WORKERS IN SWEAT SHOPS IN MARYLAND. [January session, 1896, chapter 363, public local laws.] Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland S e c t i o n 1. , That two new sections be and the same are hereby added to article 4 o f the Code o f Public Local Laws, title “ City of Baltim ore/7 under the sub title “ B uildings/7 to follow section 131, to be designated as sections 131A and 131B, and to read as follows: 131A. It shall not be lawful for any person, agent, owner or proprietor o f any sweat shop or factory where four or more persons are employed, to use any coal oil, gasoline, or any other explosive or inflammable compound for the purpose o f lighting or heating in any form ; any per son, agent, owner or proprietor violating the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, be fined by the court before whom such conviction is had for every violation, the sum of one hundred dollars and costs, and stand committed until such fine and costs be paid. 131B. The owner or owners of any such house or building used as a sweat shop or factory where four or more persons are employed as gar ment workers, on other than the first floor of such house or building, shall provide fire escapes for the same, and if any owner or owners of any such house or building so used, fail to make or provide a fire escape within six months after the passage of this act, upon conviction thereof, shall pay a fine of two hundred dollars to be recovered as other fines in this State, or imprisonment in the city jail for sixty days, or both fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. Se c . 2. , That this act shall take effect from the date of its passage. Approved April 4,1896. And be it enacted 564 RECENT GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS. [It is proposed to publish in the Bulletin from time to time statements o f the contracts for construc tions entered into by the Treasury, W ar, and N avy Departments.] The following contracts have been made by the office of the Super vising Architect of the Treasury: F i s h e r m a n s I s l a n d , Y a .— June 11, 1896. Contract with W illiam H . Yirden, of Lewes, Del., for work on new toilet rooms, plumbing, piping, sewer, miscellaneous work, etc., in connection with extensions to barracks at quarantine station, for $2,032.60. W ork to be completed within fifty-five days. N e w b e r n , N. C . — June 24, 1896. Contract with Gude W alker, Atlanta, Ga., for interior finish, plumbing, approaches, etc., for post office, courthouse, and customhouse, $20,080. W ork to be completed within seven months. W a s h i n g t o n , D . O.— June 25, 1896.— Contract with Crook, Horner & Co., Baltimore, Md., for low-pressure steam-heating apparatus for extension to United States Bureau of Engravingand Printing, $1,638.20. W ork to be completed within thirty days. N e w a r k , N. J.— June 26,1896. Contract with the Standard Paving Company, Newark, N. J., for approaches to customhouse and post office, $5,000. W ork to be completed within thirty days. P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a .— J une 30,1896. Contract with Morse, Williams & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., for two hydraulic j>assenger elevators in the courthouse and post office, $22,097. W ork to be completed within four months. C h i c a g o , I I I . — July 1, 1896. Contract with D . H . Hayes, Chicago, 111., for the erection and completion of an operating wing to the United States Marine Hospital, $6,948,. W ork to be completed within three months. P a w t u c k e t , B. I.— July 6,1896. Contract with L. L. Leach & Son, Chicago, 111., for erection and completion (except heating apparatus) o f post office, $40,774. W ork to be completed within ten months. M i l w a u k e e , W i s .— Contract with Empire Fire Proofing Company, Chicago, 111., for terra-cotta fireproofing, miscellaneous ironwork, etc., on post office, courthouse, and customhouse, $39,800. W ork within building proper to be completed within ninety days, in tower within fifteen days from the time roofs are on. The following contracts have been made by the N avy Department: P i t t s b u r g a n d S o u t h B e t h l e h e m , P a .— June 1, 1896. Contract with the Carnegie Steel Company, of Pittsburg, and the Bethlehem Iron Company, of South Bethlehem, for nickel-steel armor plates and appurtenances for battleships Nos. 5 and 6, the “ Kearsarge” and the “ Kentucky,” the foswner amounting to $1,660,518.20 and the latter to $1,462,191.80. & 565
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