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AUTUMN 2002

COMMUNITIES

P U B L I S H E D Q U A RT E R LY
BY THE COMMUNITY
A F F A I R S D E PA RT M E N T O F

BRIDGES

THE FEDERAL RESERVE

INDEX

B A N K O F S T. L O U I S

4

Electronic Transfer Accounts
Spanning The Region

5

Earned Income Tax Credit
Catches Fire In Louisville

6

W W W. S T L O U I S F E D . O R G

Calendar
Have You Heard

8

Banking Latino Immigrants
A Lucrative New Market for Progressive F inancial Institutions
By Elizabeth R. Kelderhouse
Community Affairs Officer,
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.,
Kansas City Region
On a warm Friday in August,
Stephen Galvan proudly stands
outside his bank’s headquarters
in a Latino neighborhood in
Kansas City, Kan. The place is
teeming with Argentine immigrants ready to deposit their
paychecks. Industrial State Bank,
the financial institution that
hired Galvan 30 years ago, does
a healthy business in this thriving Latino enclave. With four
branches in inner city Kansas
City, the bank is ideally located
to serve Latino immigrants.
To open accounts for many
immigrants who lack traditional
documents such as a driver’s
license and Social Security number, Galvan persuaded his bank
to accept Individual Taxpayer

Identification Numbers (ITINs)
and matriculas consulares, official
identification cards issued by
the Mexican government.
“Latino immigrants are in
tremendous need for financial
services,” Galvan says. “They are
the workers in America who take
the jobs that other Americans
refuse to take—the low wage,
unskilled jobs,” Galvan says.
“They pay taxes in America, and
they should be given the opportunity to fulfill their basic banking and credit needs.”
The Sheer Numbers
Statistics regarding the Latino
immigrant population show an
emerging, untapped market
nationwide. The 2000 census
revealed that nearly 13 percent
of the U.S. population (35.3 million people) is of Latino origin.
This is a 58 percent increase over
the 1990 census. About 39 per-

cent (14.5 million) of those are
immigrants from Latin America.
The Latino immigrant population
has jumped 73 percent since 1990.
Of the 14.5 million, a little more
than half were born in Mexico.
Latinos hold substantial buying clout. Last year, Hispanic
purchasing power was $452 billion, up 118 percent over 1990,
according to the National Council
of La Raza.
Research corroborates the need
for financial services: Latinos are
more likely to be “unbanked,”
or without a bank account, than
any other ethnic group. A 2002
survey by El Centro, a Kansas
City, Kan., nonprofit that provides
a wide range of services to Latino
immigrants, showed that only
30 percent of respondents held
a checking or savings account,
and more than 60 percent used
check cashers for financial services. Only 17 percent had a

The author, in black dress, visits the recent Feria de
Finanzas (Festival of Finances) at the nonprofit organization El Centro, in Kansas City, Kan. Banks opened
76 new accounts during the event.

credit card, and only 10 percent
had applied for a loan.
And Latino households save.
El Centro, which offers an avantgarde mortgage program for its
undocumented clients, reports
that many of its unbanked families have thousands of dollars
saved in cash. In fact, the first
four families that qualified for
the program had stashed between
$18,000 and $34,000 at home.
Immigrants not only save
but they also send sizable sums
continued on Page 2

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of money to relatives in Latin
America. According to the InterAmerican Development Bank
(IADB), immigrants send an
average of $250 across borders
on an almost monthly basis.
The average cost for this size

transfer is about $18. The cost
does not include speculation on
the exchange rate or the practice
of charging the customer a less
advantageous rate than the market’s in order to yield an additional profit. IADB estimates
that remittance transfer companies earn an extra $2.25 to
$10.50 per $250 transaction.
With about $20 billion being
wired to Latin America and the
Caribbean annually, financial
institutions nationwide are
scrambling to design competing
products. Bank of America
offers Safe Send—a safe, convenient and inexpensive way to
send money to Mexico. With
this product, the bank sends an
ATM card to the account holder’s family member in Mexico,
who can then withdraw money
at any ATM. The charge for this
service is $10 and up to $500
can be transferred daily.

The numbers point to opportunities for financial institutions.
If banks are flexible, they can
capture a profitable market.
Flexibility means accepting alternate forms of identification to
open bank accounts. Instead of
requiring a driver’s license and a
Social Security
number, many
bankers catering to
their burgeoning
Latino clientele ask
for an ITIN and a
matricula consular.
Forms of alternate
identification also
include foreign passports and voter registration cards, but
ITINs and matriculas consulares
are the most widely accepted
forms. What are these?
ITINs
In 1996, the Internal Revenue
Service (IRS) began issuing ITINs
for taxpaying purposes. ITINs
are tax processing numbers for
individuals required to have
a U.S. taxpayer identification
number but who are ineligible
to obtain a Social Security
number. To obtain an ITIN, an
individual must complete and
mail in IRS Form W-7. Some
banks include the form W-7 in
account-opening packets for
their immigrant customers.
Matricula Consular
The matricula consular is an
identification card issued by the
Mexican consulate to individuals
of Mexican nationality. The
matricula bears a picture of its

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owner; name, date, city and state
of birth (in Mexico); current
address; issue date; expiration
date; and the location of the
consulate that issued the card.
This year, the Mexican consulate
upgraded the matricula card to a
high-tech, digital version. The
new card incorporates seven security features, including holograms
and other embedded designs.
Alice Perez, Hispanic market
manager for U.S. Bank, one of
the first financial institutions to
begin accepting matriculas, says,
“Our bank decided to accept the
matricula when we realized that
the procedure for obtaining it is
similar to the bank’s ‘know your
customer’ rules.”
Mexican consulates in the
United States issued almost a
half million matriculas in the
first half of 2002 and expect to
break a million before year-end.
To date at least 61 banks,
14 states and 800 police departments accept matriculas as official identification. John Byrne,
senior counsel and compliance
manager at the American Bankers
Association, was quoted in the
July 6 New York Times: “The
consular ID card is a form of
identification that the private
sector finds acceptable. We feel
fairly comfortable with the consular ID as a form of identification, and we’re becoming more
comfortable the more we speak
with the U.S. government.”
During the six months that
have transpired since it began
accepting matriculas, Wells
Fargo Bank opened more than
30,000 bank accounts for Mexican

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immigrants. The bank also offers
a money transfer service that
charges a flat $10 fee for remittances to Mexico for transactions
up to $1,000.
Patriot Act Issues
Some bankers initially feared
that the U.S. Patriot Act would
restrict a bank’s ability to accept
alternate forms of identification.
The Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve Board,
the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corp. (FDIC), the Office of the
Comptroller of the Currency,
the Office of Thrift Supervision
and the National Credit Union
Administration have jointly
issued proposed regulations that
will implement Section 326 of
the Patriot Act. These rules
specifically cite foreign forms
of identification as acceptable
documents for opening bank
accounts. The regulations state
in Section 103.121(b)(2)(I)
Information Required that: “At
a minimum, a bank must obtain
from each customer the following
information prior to opening an
account: name; address; for individuals, date of birth; and an
identification number.” An
identification number is further
described: “For non-U.S. persons,
a bank must obtain one or more
of the following: a taxpayer identification number; passport number and country of issuance; alien
identification card number; or
number and country of issuance
of any other government-issued
document evidencing nationality
or residence and bearing a photograph or similar safeguard.”

What can bankers eager to capture this market do?
Techniques for reaching the Latino immigrant population
Personnel
• Employ bilingual, Spanish-speaking
staff. Start out with tellers and
new account representatives
because they are encountered
first by customers upon entering
the bank. Hire people from the
branch’s immediate community.
Immigrants will feel more at ease
with people they know. Churches
that offer bilingual services can
help with recruiting, as can community groups.
• Provide sensitivity/diversity training
for bank personnel. Instructing
employees about the cultures of
prospective customers will make
the employees more comfortable
working with Latinos.
• Pay your bilingual staff fairly.
Speaking another language is a
sought-after skill.

•

•
Community Involvement
• Become involved in community
groups. Find out which group is
the most effective at reaching out
to the Latino community. Ask the
group to refer its clients to you.
William P. Selenke, vice president
and Kansas City district manager
for U.S. Bank, speaks from experience. “We go into the community
as much as possible to find customers. We go to businesses to
open accounts for employees and
make presentations for community
groups.” Ask community groups
how you can work to overcome any
perceived obstacles to doing business with your bank. Many Latino
immigrants distrust banks because

•

•

of bad experiences in their countries of origin.
Offer financial education classes
to community group clients. Many
organizations offer English as a
Second Language (ESL) classes.
Offer low-cost accounts with
bonuses, such as free checks for
ESL students who attend a series
of financial education sessions.
The FDIC offers Money Smart, a
comprehensive financial education
curriculum in Spanish. It encompasses 10 modules that cover
everything from opening a bank
account to understanding credit
reports to obtaining a home loan.
Money Smart offers a scripted
course that has proved easy to
teach. Order it free at FDIC’s web
site at www.fdic.gov/consumers/
consumer/moneysmart/index.html.
Talk to your regulator’s community
affairs office for help with reaching
Latino communities. Chances are
that the office has already started
an initiative that you can latch on
to. Ask about linking some efforts
with CRA credit.
Do not limit yourself to helping
with the local Cinco de Mayo celebration. Sponsor booths at ethnic,
cultural and religious festivals.
Attend community and neighborhood association meetings. It’s
a good way to find out about your
new market and its needs. You
will build a network and meet the
community movers and shakers.
Partner with a faith-based organization. Offer to give a presentation
to its members on budgeting or

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another financial education topic.
Advertise in its bulletin. A church
in the Back of the Yards neighborhood, a historic Latino neighborhood in Chicago, partnered with
banks to provide free tax preparation to the community.
• Embark on a school partnership.
Sponsor school events. Arrange
a field trip for children to visit
the bank and open accounts
for them. The children will bring
their parents to the bank and will
remain loyal customers to you
when they grow up.
Branch Design and Services
• Design your branch in a friendly
and appealing manner. Marble
floors and Greek columns will not
make your new clients feel welcome. A Georgia bank that wanted
to serve Latino workers at a
chicken processing plant designed
one of its branches with an open
plan, Mexican tile floors, colored
neon signs over every department, a play area for children
and free coffee.
• Some banks establish branches
inside shopping malls frequented
by Latinos or businesses that hire
significant numbers of Latinos. A
rural Kansas bank set up a branch
and an ATM inside a meat packing
plant that employs 600 Latino
workers. Other banks send personnel to employers. If you bank
the employer, you have a conduit
to its employees. Offer to cash
employees’ paychecks. Your staff
can then market accounts to them.

WWW.STLOUISFED.ORG

Cater to merchants in Latino business enclaves. They may become
an excellent source for business
and other loans.
• Offer convenient hours. Find
out what hours people work at
major employers and tailor your
hours of operation to employees’
free time.
• Be careful about translating documents. Make sure the translator is
aware of the particular dialects of
your Latino group. Have people
from churches, community groups
and your own staff who are representative of the nationalities you
wish to serve review for clarity
and for any offensive language.
• Make your electronic services
bilingual. Offer Spanish language
options for your telephone banking, ATM screens and web site.
“Pushing for our voice response
to be in Spanish was a positive
move for Industrial State Bank,”
Stephen Galvan, senior vice president, says. “It gave us the ability
to communicate in Spanish 24
hours a day.”
Products
• Design products that your customers want. Don’t rely on traditional products to persuade new
clients. Survey community groups
that work with Latinos and ask
them what’s needed. Invite several
local Latino residents and businessmen to an evening chat with
refreshments at the local church
or group headquarters. You will
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continued from Page 3

get valuable information and,
most likely, several new customers.
• Latinos tend to be loyal to businesses that treat them well.
Because many have been tricked
into bad deals, especially when
they first arrived in this country,
they may be reluctant at first.
However, if you are perceived as
trustworthy and willing to offer
them good products, they will be
loyal customers. Latinos tend to
be conservative with their money
and avoid risk. Recognize that
there are different groups within
your Latino clientele: more-established immigrants, new immigrants,
second generation Latino youth.
They all need different products.
• Offer package deals and services.
Many immigrants send money to
relatives in foreign countries. Lowcost wire transfers and free calling
cards can be offered along with
new accounts tailored to their
needs. Offer products such as
Individual Retirement Account
certificates of deposit (CD) for
those customers who have substantial amounts to deposit. Be
innovative—a Connecticut credit
union baby-sits children while
clients are closing on mortgages.
• Consider using alternative underwriting guidelines for your products.
Many clients may not have a credit
history established. Use rent and
utility payments in lieu of debt
payments. A Missouri bank offers
a CD secured loan. The client
deposits a CD with the bank,
the bank extends a loan for the
amount, the client pays it off in a
year or two, and then gets to keep
the interest. This product helps

customers create a favorable credit
history and a savings pool.
• Start wary clients, those uncomfortable or unfamiliar with the
workings of a checking account,
with a savings account. Offer free
or reduced money orders with it
so that they can pay bills. This
will ease the transition from a
check-cashing outlet, reduce the
risk for your bank and earn you
a satisfied customer.
Toward the Future
“The Latino community needs
increased access to mainstream
financial services, and financial
institutions clearly face an opportunity to increase their customer base
by marketing their products and
services to this growing segment of
the population,” says Glenda Wilson,
Community Affairs Officer for the
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
“Banks may overcome cultural barriers that can discourage Latinos
from establishing a banking relationship by becoming engaged in
their communities.”
The Latino immigrant population
holds promise for financial institutions wishing to take the quantum
leap into this growing new market.
¡Mucha suerte!
A “Lending Avenues for Latino
Immigrants” workshop is scheduled
Dec. 5 in Kansas City. The workshop is cosponsored by the FDIC,
the Office of the Comptroller of the
Currency and the Small Business
Administration. For information,
call (816) 234-8158.

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Electronic Transfer Accounts
Bring Banking to the “Unbanked”
Electronic transfer accounts
(ETAs) are growing in popularity
among “unbanked” consumers
who receive federal benefits
checks, according to the U.S. Treasury. More than 30,000 people
have opened ETAs since the
program started a few years ago.
Six of the nation’s largest
banks have joined the list of
financial institutions participating
in the Treasury’s ETA program:
Bank One, Bank of America,
FleetBoston, J.P. Morgan Chase,
U.S. Bank and Wells Fargo.
Benefits to Consumers
ETAs provide an inexpensive
way for federal benefit, wage,
salary or retirement recipients
who do not have a bank account
to open an account and receive
their money electronically rather
than by check. ETAs require no
minimum balance (unless required
by law), allow for cash withdrawals and point-of-sale access
(if available) and provide account
holders with monthly statements.
Additionally, consumers can be
charged no more than $3 a
month for the ETA service.
Federal benefit recipients interested in ETAs can call 1-888-3823311 to obtain the names and
addresses of ETA provider locations
in their ZIP code area or visit
www.eta-find.gov on the Internet.
Benefits to Financial Institutions
To help defray the cost of setting up ETAs, the Treasury

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Department pays financial institutions a one-time fee of $12.60
for each new ETA opened. The
institutions also may receive
Community Reinvestment Act
credit under the service test
for participating.
Additionally, financial institutions may tailor ETAs to their
community’s unique needs as long
as the basic attributes remain.
For example, a financial institution can decide whether to limit
deposits to electronic federal
payments or to allow additional
types of nonfederal paper or
electronic deposits.
Where to Get Information
A brochure explaining electronic transfer accounts to consumers in easy-to-understand
language is available from the
Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
Community-based organizations
can order the brochure, published in English and Spanish,
for distribution to residents
who do not have bank accounts
and who receive government
benefits checks. To order,
contact Betsy Heilman at
betsy.heilman@dal.frb.org.
The Treasury also provides
free in-bank promotional materials for consumers and is conducting a nationwide advertising
campaign about the ETA’s benefits. Financial institutions can
call 1-888-382-3725 for information on the program or to
request an ETA enrollment kit.

SPANNING

THE REGION
The region served by the Feder al Reserve Bank of

New Tech Investment Fund
Targets Research in Arkansas
An investment fund designed to
finance new technology companies has been launched by a group
of private investors in Arkansas.
The Alpha Fund provides
working capital for the commercialization of promising new technologies developed at research
universities and federal laboratories. The fund will target, but will
not be restricted to, universities
and laboratories in Arkansas.
Financing is targeted for the
embryonic, research and development, and start-up phases of
companies. Fund administrators
anticipate investing between
$50,000 and $500,000 per project.
The fund has a target of between
$2 million and $5 million in
investments for capitalization.
The minimum investment in
the fund is $25,000.
For information, contact
David Lewis or John Nock at
(479) 444-9700.
Indiana Partnership Explores
Alternatives to Tobacco
Tobacco farmers in southern
Indiana can find industry news
and resources on a new web site
created by the Indiana Tobacco
Community Partnership. It is
www.intoag.org.
The web site features the most
recent tobacco and agriculture
news, reports on value-added and
community supported agriculture,

and a list of educational resources.
The partnership’s
goal is to encourage
interaction between tobacco
stakeholders and community
leaders and to help them explore
alternative economic development. In addition, the partnership will develop pilot projects
to help replace the loss of tobacco
revenue in southern Indiana.
For information on the partnership, contact the Southern
Indiana Rural Development
Project at 1-800-816-0019
or info@intoag.org.

S t. L o u i s e n c o m pa s s e s a l l o f A r k a n s a s a n d pa rt s o f I l l i n o i s ,
I n d i a n a , K e n t u c k y, M i s s i s s i p p i , M i s s o u r i a n d T e n n e s s e e .

Arkansas Group
to Operate VITA Sites
South Arkansas Community
Development, a subsidiary of
Summit Bancorp, is teaming up
with the Internal Revenue Service
to help low-income residents of
Clark County electronically file
their tax returns for free.
The development group and
the IRS will operate two new
Volunteer Income Tax Assistance
(VITA) sites during the 2003 filing season. One will be at their
office, 406 Clay St. in Arkadelphia,
and will be staffed by the group
and by Summit Bank employees.
The location of the second site
has yet to be determined but will
be at a church with a predominantly Hispanic congregation.
A Spanish-speaking member of
the development group’s staff

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will assist clients with their tax
returns and inform them about
other services, such as how to
establish an individual tax identification number or secure a
Social Security number.
Volunteers at both sites will
assist taxpayers with filing for
the Earned Income Tax Credit.
Participants will also be able
to pick up information on financial literacy, homebuyer education
programs and home ownership
programs offered by the development group.
Micro Loans Are Available
in St. Louis Metropolitan Area
Justine Petersen Housing &
Reinvestment Corp., located in
St. Louis and East St. Louis, Ill.,
last year became a Small Business
Administration intermediary
micro-loan lender. To date, the
nonprofit corporation has originated $380,000 in loans to 53
borrowers. Loans range in size
from $500 to $35,000, with an
average loan of $7,000. New
and existing for-profit corporations, partnerships and sole proprietorships with sales of less
than $500,000 may apply. The
service area includes the city of
St. Louis and the counties of
St. Louis, St. Charles, Jefferson,
Warren and Franklin in Missouri

WWW.STLOUISFED.ORG

and the counties of Clinton,
Jersey, Madison and St. Clair
in Illinois.
Call (314) 664-5051, ext. 0,
for information.
Home Repair Program
Targets Memphis Area
A new home-improvement
program in Memphis will make
loans at below-market interest
rates available to low- and moderate-income residents.
Homeowners who live in
Shelby County may be eligible
to borrow up to $5,000 for home
repairs. United Housing Inc., a
nonprofit affordable-housing
agency, will help homeowners find
a reputable contractor and will
keep tabs on work performance.
United Housing and National
Bank of Commerce are teaming
up to offer the Small Home
Improvement Program. The
Federal Home Loan Bank of
Cincinnati made $100,000
available for the loans.
To qualify, borrowers’ annual
income cannot exceed $45,850
unless they live in low-income
census tracts.
For information, call United
Housing at (901) 272-1122,
ext. 104, 109 or 115.

Tax Refunds Start Ball Rolling
Families in Louisville Lear n to Build Wealth
By Faith Weekly
Community Affairs Analyst
Andrea Breckenridge shares the
dream of many Americans—to one
day own a home. Breckenridge
has a high school diploma, works
30 hours a week and earned
$16,000 last year. She lives in a
government housing community
in the urban core of Louisville, Ky.
Is home ownership out of her
reach? The hard-working single
mother of three doesn’t think so.
She is moving toward her goal by
taking advantage of tax credits
and a matched savings account.
This past spring, Breckenridge
had her taxes prepared at a new
Volunteer Income Tax Assistance
(VITA) site established by the
Louisville Asset Building Coalition. Breckenridge heard about
the VITA initiative through The
Center for Women and Families.
In previous tax seasons, she
often paid more than $200 to
have her taxes prepared and to
get a refund anticipation loan.
“I could not believe it when
they said I could actually get all
this done for free,” Breckenridge
said. “I even tried to get my
friends to go, but they went and
paid $200 to have theirs prepared. Two weeks later I had
my tax refund, and they were
still waiting on theirs.”
Breckenridge received a refund
of $4,200, of which $3,200 was
her Earned Income Tax Credit

(EITC). She immediately paid
off five credit cards with debt
totaling $2,200 and put $1,000
into a new savings account as an
emergency reserve. This was on
top of making her regular $50a-month deposit into an individual development account (IDA).
She completed her 12-month
IDA financial literacy course on
time, attended a six-hour homeownership course and is continuing to save and to repair past
credit issues. Her goal is to
purchase a new home under the
Housing Authority of Jefferson
County Section 8 Home Ownership Program. Breckenridge has
already put $550 into her IDA
and will receive a 2-for-1 match
of up to $1,500 upon withdrawing the money for her home.
She has been able to accomplish
all of this in only one year.

Andrea Breckenridge’s story
is one that the Louisville Asset
Building Coalition would like
to see replicated throughout the
Louisville area. The coalition, a
group of more than 30 organizations, is dedicated to promoting
financial stability for individuals
and families. One of the coalition’s goals is to provide free
income-tax preparation, make
taxpayers aware of the EITC
and help them realize there
are ways to use their refunds
to build wealth.

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The coalition created eight
neighborhood-based VITA
sites during the 2002 tax-filing
season. In its initial year, the
effort resulted in 635 returns
prepared, $798,767 in refunds
($410,326 of which came
from the EITC), an estimated
$158,750 in tax preparation
fee savings and 25 new check- Andrea Breckenridge, a mother of three, is working diligently toward her goal of owning a house. With her in
ing accounts—far exceeding
a neighborhood park is her 8-year-old son, Jacorey.
the group’s expectations.
“By helping individuals obtain
strength of families and communitax credits and connecting them
ties in Tulsa and Chicago. When
to financial literacy training,
the team returned to Louisville,
financial services and asset develmotivated by what they had
opment such as IDAs, individuheard in Tulsa, they thought
als can begin to realize and plan
a realistic goal was to create
for a brighter financial future,”
five VITA sites with a goal of
said John Nevitt of Metro United
50 returns prepared at each site.
Way, a coalition member.
With the help of the Casey
The success of the EITC/VITA
Foundation and Metro United
initiative is even more impressive
Way, a briefing was convened in
considering that the coalition did
November. Civic leaders disnot exist before last November.
cussed how the community could
Last year, Louisville was one
work together to increase some
of 22 cities selected by the Annie
Louisville families’ economic
E. Casey Foundation to improve
security. The meeting focused
the lives of children by helping to on the EITC, financial literacy
lift their families out of poverty.
training, financial services and
In early October 2001, a team
asset development (such as IDAs
from various Louisville organiza- and home ownership programs)
tions attended a conference in
in Louisville. At that first meeting,
Tulsa, Okla. The conference
65 organizations were representwas sponsored by the Casey
ed, including banks, neighborFoundation, the Community
hood associations, a large group
Action Project of Tulsa County,
from the IRS and city agencies.
Shorebank and the Center for
The sponsorship by Metro
Law & Human Services, organiUnited Way and the Annie E. Casey
zations with a successful track
Foundation gave the initiative
record of building the financial
instant credibility. The potential

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economic impact of the EITC on
Louisville was also a powerful
tool in gaining support from the
community. As a result of this
initial meeting, participants committed themselves to developing
strategies that could vastly improve
the lives of low-income families.

The EITC is a refundable federal tax credit of up to $4,008 for
taxpayers with an income of less
than $28,281 and one qualifying
child or an income of less than
$32,121 and more than one
qualifying child. Individuals
with no children and an income
below $10,710 also qualify. It is
a tax benefit to help low-income
workers increase their financial
stability. The EITC is intended
to reduce taxes for workers,
supplement wages and make
work more attractive than welfare.
The General Accounting Office
estimates 25 percent of EITC
dollars owed to working families
go unclaimed every year. For
Louisville, this means a lost
opportunity to pump millions of
dollars into the local economy.
VITA sites assist low-income
workers with free filing of their
tax returns to ensure they receive
the EITC and other federal and
state tax credits for which they
qualify. VITA can be used to
connect low-income families
to asset-building opportunities
and to help them avoid predatory lenders.
The biggest challenge of opening the VITA sites was the short
time the coalition had to organize
the effort. Six or seven organi-

zations from the initial meeting
expressed interest in hosting a
site. Eventually, eight VITA sites
opened during the 2002 tax
season. They were at Wesley
House Community Services,
Presbyterian Community Center,
Louisville Central Community
Center (two locations), Clarksdale
Housing Project, Portland United
Methodist Center, Newburg
Cop Shop and Americana
Community Center.
Leigh Ray of Wesley House
Community Services volunteered
to coordinate the sites. Working
with the IRS, she arranged training for site coordinators and
volunteers. Normally, the IRS
requires three to five full days
of training, which would have
drastically reduced the pool of
volunteers. Fortunately, the
Atlanta IRS office was testing a
condensed version of training
that only required six hours for
those who had previous tax
preparation experience and who
were computer literate. Within
a few weeks, 80 volunteers were
trained. All of the sites offered
electronic filing, a step they had
not hoped for originally.
While Ray assumed responsibility for overseeing the VITA
sites and volunteers, Michael
Davis and the Center for Women
and Families took the lead in
coordinating the EITC effort.
The center created a hot line to
answer questions about the EITC.
The advertising agency used by
the center produced a brochure
to promote the EITC. In all,
50,000 brochures, including
2,000 in Spanish, were distrib-

ON

THE

INTERNET

AT

7

uted to the housing authorities of
Jefferson County and Louisville,
to nonprofit agencies and to VITA
sites. The Louisville Housing
Authority sent 8,000 fliers to
Section 8 families. Each VITA
site received a building banner
advertising the free tax services.
The Transit Authority of River City
placed brochures in 300 buses
and advertisements in bus shelters. Billboards in five targeted
neighborhoods displayed an ad
for the EITC. Five hundred
posters were distributed to social
service agencies, businesses and
government organizations. A
KFC restaurant located in a targeted neighborhood inserted
fliers in boxes of chicken.
Beyond the tax credit promotions, the coalition assembled
seven financial services providers
that offer services ranging from
basic banking to lessons on how
to become a homeowner. National
City Bank provided on-site
bankers to open checking and
savings accounts, increase financial literacy and answer basic
banking questions. Edward Jones
and Scott Financial Services presented financial literacy sessions
at VITA sites, and Jewish Family
Vocational Services offered multilingual financial literacy classes
at one site. Home Ownership
Partners and Kentucky Housing
Corp. provided home buying
seminars and materials. The
Center for Women and Families
set aside $200,000 in matching
funds for 60 EITC recipients to
enroll in an IDA program and
sent a staff member to a different VITA site every week to pro-

WWW.STLOUISFED.ORG

mote financial literacy programs
and recruit for the IDA program.
Next year, the coalition plans
to link unbanked clients to institutions that can provide basic
banking products, credit repair,
debt reduction, budgeting, money
management and homeownership
counseling. Other goals include
expanding to 10 VITA locations,
retaining all 200 trained volunteers, preparing 150 returns per
site, achieving $2 million in
refunds ($1 million in EITC)
and $375,000 in tax preparation
savings, and helping 500 clients
to save their money through
asset building connections. Also,
a certified public accountant will
join volunteers at each VITA
location to answer questions
that are more complex.

Members of the core group
that traveled to Tulsa agree that
the diversity of the organizations
willing to join the coalition contributed to the success of the firstyear effort. Glenna Deekle of the
Annie E. Casey Foundation said
that the interest and commitment
demonstrated by the local community far exceeded levels she
had seen in other first-year cities.
“United Way, The Center for
Women and Families, the IRS
and Wesley House—that was
really the core working group
that got this off the ground,” she
said. “Without players from
organizations such as these in
other cities, I’m not sure you
would be able to pull it off.
Those are the pieces you need.”

CALENDAR

OCTOBER
22-23
Rays of Hope: A New Day for America’s
Distressed Urban Areas—East St. Louis, Ill.
Sponsor: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(314) 444-8646 or www.stlouisfed.org

NOVEMBER
7
Livable Communities: Linking Community
Development and Smart Growth—
Cincinnati, Ohio
Sponsors: Local Initiatives Support Corp. (LISC),
National Neighborhood Coalition and the
Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland with
support from the Federal Reserve banks
of Chicago and St. Louis
www.clev.frb.org or e-mail jseward@liscnet.org

18-20
Banking Opportunities in Indian Country—
Scottsdale, Ariz.
Sponsor: Federal Reserve System
1-866-226-7167 or www.federalreserve.gov/
communityaffairs/national/

DECEMBER
10
A Shared Future, Part II: Community
Development and the Merger of Louisville
and Jefferson County Governments—
Louisville, Ky.
Sponsor: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(502) 568-9216

Post Office Box 442
St. Louis, MO 63166-0442

Have you

HEARD
SBA Expands Program for Lenders
Small businesses are expected to benefit from recent
changes to a pilot loan program administered by the U.S.
Small Business Administration (SBA).
Revisions to SBAExpress will significantly increase the
number of lenders participating in the program and will
increase small businesses’ access to capital, according to
the SBA.
The changes allow an estimated 2,400 lenders already
delivering SBA loan products to participate in the
SBAExpress program. Many of these lenders serve small
businesses in remote or rural areas. In addition, the SBA
will open the program to lenders who are experienced in
small-business lending but who have not participated
with the SBA.
The program’s loan limit will be raised to $250,000
from $150,000 and incentives will be offered to lenders
to increase the availability of smaller loans, especially
those of $50,000 or less.
To simplify access to loan products, the SBAExpress
program allows lenders to use their own forms and
processes to approve SBA-guaranteed loans. In addition,
the agency generally provides an immediate response to
SBAExpress applications.
For information, call the SBA Answer Desk at 1-800827-5722 or visit its web site at www.sba.gov.

BRIDGES
Bridges is a publication of the Community Affairs
department of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
It is intended to inform bankers, community development organizations, representatives of state and local
government agencies and others in the Eighth District
about current issues and initiatives in community and
economic development. The Eighth District includes
the state of Arkansas and parts of Illinois, Indiana,
Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri and Tennessee.
Contributors:
Glenda Wilson, Community Affairs Officer, Editor
Linda Fischer, Assistant Editor
Ellen Eubank, Community Affairs Manager
Matthew Ashby, Community Affairs Specialist
Lyn Haralson, Community Affairs Analyst
Faith Weekly, Community Affairs Analyst
Diana Zahner, Community Affairs Analyst
If you have an interesting community development
program or idea, we would like to consider publishing
an article by or about you. Please contact:
Linda Fischer
Assistant Editor
Bridges
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P.O. Box 442
St. Louis, MO 63166-0442
The views expressed in Bridges are not necessarily
those of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis or of the
Federal Reserve System. Material herein may be reprinted
or abstracted as long as Bridges is credited. Please provide the assistant editor with a copy of any publication
in which such material is reprinted.
Free subscriptions and additional copies are available
on request by calling (314) 444-8646 or by e-mail to
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