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BUCK Dayton & Montgomery Co. Public Library JAN 2 4 ia/3 dlYO O d 't'i 4D€01D€a DOCUMENT COLLECTION aocuRmorMLOMMGe U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin 1760 Revised 1972 BUCK /4M0 O W dDGGDGOf oocufyrnoviowriGG U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR James D. Hodgson, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Geoffrey H. Moore, Commissioner Bulletin 1760 Revised 1972 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 40 cents Stock Number 2901—00967 PREFACE This chartbook was prepared by Sylvia Small in the Office of Economic and Social Research, Bureau of Labor Statistics, under the general direction of Robert L. Stein. It grew out of an occupa tional analysis presented in a paper by Paul Ryscavage. Maxine Stewart, Program Planning Officer of the Bureau, provided expert guidance. Marian Hester was responsible for the statistical compilations underlying the charts and Susie Scandrett also contributed. Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction_______________________________________ Page 1 Opportunities for occupational advancement of black workers have been improving__________________ 2 The higher paid occupations tend to be more secure_____________________________________ 4 Occupational change has led to higher earnings and lower unemployment for black workers____________ 6 Occupational advancement is related to a better prepared black population__________________________ 8 Black youths are staying in school longer, and more are going to college__________________________ 10 The effect of educational and occupational advance is most apparent among youngblack workers___________ 12 Educational and occupational achievements, of both young and old, have been higher in the West and North than in the South ____________________ 14 As a result of wider job choices and increased job security, incomes of black workers have increased_______________________________________ 16 The improvement in black workers’ jobs and security has reduced, but not eliminated, low earners in the labor force___________________________________ 18 The future holds great promise________________________ 20 Appendix tables ___________________________________ 22 v INTRODUCTION Black workers have been moving up the occupational scale in recent years, away from the labor and service occupations and toward white-collar, craftsmen, and operative jobs. In 1960, 2 in every 5 black workers were in white-collar, craftsmen, or operative occupations. By 1970, more than half were in such jobs. These occupations are less subject to unemployment and they are better paid. The change in the occupational distribution of black workers has had the effect of reducing their unemployment rate by threetenths of a percentage point and increasing earnings more than $10 a week. The charts that follow separate the black labor force* into three occupational groups for analysis: The highest paid occupations, which include professional, technical, and managerial workers, whose usual earnings (median) for black men working full time were over $150 a week in 1970; the middle pay levels, including clerical and sales workers, craftsmen and foremen whose usual earnings (median of black men working full time) were $100-$150 a week; and the lower paid occupations whose usual earnings (median of black men working full time) were $100 a week or less. The charts show that black workers in the lowest occupational pay groupings tend to have the lowest educational attainment, and that as one proceeds up the occupational hierarchy education also increases. Lack of education has often been a barrier to employment in the higher paid occupations, whether required for performance of a job or not. Since educational attainment is much greater for young black workers than for older age groups, and since the trend to ward increasing education continues, prospects are encouraging for continued occupational advancement. * D a t a fo r b la c k w o rk e rs sh o w n in th is re p o rt r e fe r to th e N e g ro p o p u la tio n e x c lu s iv e ly in c h a rt 5a, 5b, 7 a , and 8b . A ll o th e r c h a rts a re b ased on d a ta fo r N e g ro a n d o th e r n o n w h ite races , 9 0 p e rc e n t o f w h o m a r e N e g ro e s , a c c o rd in g to th e 1 9 7 0 C e n su s o f P o p u la tio n . 1 OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL AD VAN C EM EN T OF BLACK W O R K E R S HAVE BEEN IMPROVING . . . BETWEEN 1 9 6 0 AND 1 9 7 0, TH E N U M B ER OF BLACK WORKERS IN HIG HERPAID AND M IDDLE LEVEL O CCUPATIO NS* INCREASED SHARPLY . . . Chart la . BLACK WORKERS Millions of employed ---------------------------------------- Higher paid* P ro fe s s io n a l T e c h n ic a l & M a n a g e ria l Middle pay level* C le ric a l S a le s C raftsm en & O p e ra tiv e s Lower paid* N o n fa rm la b o re rs S e rv ic e w o rk e rs P riv a te h o u seh o ld w o rk e rs F a rm w o rk e rs 1960 1970 . . . while the num ber of black workers in lower-paid o ccu pa tion s decreased. *S e e In tro d u c tio n , pag e 1, f o r o c c u p a tio n a l p ay level d e fin itio n s . 2 9 GAINS OF WHITE WORKERS WERE SMALLER, PROPORTIONATELY . . . Chart lb . W HITE WORKERS Millions of employed ----------------------------------------9 0 Higher paid* < P ro fe s s io n a l T e c h n ic a l & M a n a g e ria l Middle pay level* < C le ric a l S a le s C ra fts m e n & O p e ra tiv e s Lower paid* < N o n fa rm la b o re rs S e rv ic e w o rk e rs P riv a te h o u s e h o ld w o rk e rs F a rm w o rk e rs . . . but the share and num ber of white workers em ployed in the higher- paid occu pation s continued to be m uch larger than for black workers. 3 TH E HIGHER-PAID O C C U PATIO N S TEN D TO BE M ORE SE C U R E . . . B L A C K M EN IN THE PR O FESSIO N AL, T ECH N ICAL, A N D M A N A G ER IA L O CCU PAT IO N S EARN ED ABO U T $75 A W EEK M O RE THAN L A B O R ER S AN D SERVICE W O RKERS . . . Chart 2a. U S U A L W EEKLY EARNING S, M AY 1970 (M ED IAN FOR F U LL TIM E W O RKERS) $0 50 100 150 200 Higher paid Middle pay level Lower paid The usual earnings of black women in each occupation were generally lower than those of men. - N u m b e r o f w o m e n e m p lo y e d in th is o c c u p a tio n is to o s m a ll to be sho w n s e p a r a te ly . ''N u m b e r o f m e n e m p lo y e d in th is o c c u p a tio n is to o s m a ll to be sh o w n s e p a r a te ly . 4 THE HIGHER-PAID O CCU PATIO N S HAVE TH E LOWEST U N E M P L O Y M E N T RATES... C hart 2b. 1970 U N E M P L O Y M E N T RATE OF B L A C K W O RKERS 0 2 4 6 8 10 Higher paid Middle pay level Lower paid And black workers in the higher-paid occu pation s are rarely unem ployed more than once in a single year. C hart 2c. P ER C EN T U N E M P LO Y E D M O RE THAN O N C E IN 1970 OF A L L B L A C K W O RKERS 0 Higher paid 2 4 J _J 6 8 MEN WOMEN Middle pay level Lower paid White m en’ s unem ploym ent rates are lower, but follow the sam e pattern. Women as well as men have the lowest unem ploym ent rates in the higher-paid occupations. 5 10 O C CU PATION AL C H A N G E H A S LED TO H IG H ER E A R N IN G S W ITH LO W ER U N E M P L O Y M E N T FOR BLACK W ORKERS ... IN 1970, AVERAG E EAR N IN G S OF B L A C K M EN W ERE 1 1 % HIGH ER, A N D OF B LA C K W OM EN AB O U T 3 0 % H IGH ER T H AN TH EY W O U LD HAVE BEEN IF THE B L A C K LABO R FO RCE HAD NOT BEEN M OVING INTO TH E BETTER PAYING O CCU PAT IO N S . . . C hart 3a. U S U A L W EEKLY EAR N IN G S OF B L A C K W O R K ER S (M ED IAN ) Dollars 125 MEN Earnings attributable to occupational advances 1960-70 S im ila r occu pation al m ovem ent of white men contributed less than 3 % , and of white women about 4 % to 1970 earnings. 6 IN 1970, T H E B L A C K U N E M P L O Y M E N T RATE W AS 8 .2 % . . . CO M PA R ED WITH OVER 1 0 % IN 1960. PART OF TH IS RED UCTIO N R E S U LT E D FROM O C C U PA T IO N A L A D V A N C E M E N T - E S PE C IA LLY OF B L A C K M EN . Chart 3b. U N E M P L O Y M E N T RATE O F B L A C K W O R K ER S Reduction due to occupational advance 10 Reduction due to improved employment opportunities 8 6 4 2 0 1960 1970 O ccupational change had little or n o effect on white unem ploym ent rates. 7 OCCUPATIONAL AD VAN C EM EN T IS R E L A T E D TO A B E T T E R P R E P A R E D BLACK PO PULATIO N . . . BETTER ED U CATED B L A C K W O R K ER S HAVE BEEN A B L E TO FILL HIGH ER-PAID JO BS. C h art 4a. O C C U PA T IO N A L DISTRIBUTION OF B L A C K M EN BY ED U CAT IO N AL AT TAIN M EN T With 4 years of high school or more Without a high school diploma Higher educational attain m ent leads to higher occu pation al attain m ent for both men and women. Y O U N G B L A C K A D U LTS HAVE BEEN CLO SIN G T H E ED UCATIO N GAP. C hart 4b. M EDIAN YEAR S OF S CH O O L C O M PLET ED BY YO U N G A D U LTS (25-29 YE A R S OLD) By 1970, educational attain m ent of young black adults was within one-half year of young white people th is age. Lack of education is often a barrier to em ploym ent in better paid jobs for both black and white workers, whether education is required for perform ance of the job or not. 9 BLACK YOUTHS ARE ST A Y IN G IN SC H O O L L O N G E R A N D M O R E ARE GOING TO COLLEGE . . . BY 1970, M O RE TH AN H A LF OF TH E YO U N G B L A C K A D U LT S HAD FO U R YEAR S OF HIGH S CH O O L OR M O RE . . . C hart 5a. P ER C EN T OF B L A C K PO PULATIO N AGES 25-29 WHO HAD C O M PLET ED 4 YEAR S OF HIGH S C H O O L OR M ORE, A N D 4 Y E A R S OF C O LLE G E Percent 60* * D a t a r e fe r to N e g ro an d o th e r races . 10 . . A N D CO LLEG E E N R O L L M E N T S IN C R EA SED S H A R P LY . C hart 5b. N U M B E R OF B L A C K YO UTH EN R O LLE D IN CO LLE G E 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 Percent of total enrollm ent 100,000 0 -J 1964 1968 1970 TH E EFFECT OF EDUCATIO NAL A N D O C C U P A TIO N A L A D V A N C E IS M O S T A P P A R E N T AM O NG YO UNG BLACK W O RK ERS .. . YO U N G E R B L A C K W O RK ERS A R E M O R E LIK ELY TO BE IN H IGH ER PAID O CCU PAT IO N S THAN A R E O LD E R AGE G R O U PS . . . C h art 6a. O C C U PA T IO N A L DISTRIBUTION OF B L A C K W O R K ER S B Y AG E Percent Higher paid > Middle pay level > Lower paid 0 Ages Ages Ages 25-34 35-54 55-64 HOW EVER, DESPITE GAINS M AD E BY T H E YO UNG, M A N Y A R E S TILL IN TH E LOW EST PAID O CCU PATIO NS. Chart 6b. B L A C K W O RKERS AS A P E R C E N T OF YO U N G W O RKERS AG ES 25-34, BY O CCU PAT IO N AL PAY LEVEL Percent 100 H 80 —\ 60 —\ 40 —\ > White workers > Black workers 0 — I Higher paid Middle pay level Lower paid ED UCATIO NAL AN D OCCU PATIONAL AC H IEVEM ENTS OF BLA C K W O R K E R S, BO TH YO U N G A N D OLD, H AVE B EE N H IG H ER IN TH E W E S T A N D N O R T H *TH A N IN T H E S O U T H N E A R LY T H R EE-Q U AR T ER S OF TH E YO U N G B L A C K M EN IN T H E WEST, AN D O N E-H A LF OF THO SE IN T H E NORTH HAD FIN ISH ED FO U R YE A R S OF HIGH S C H O O L OR M ORE BY 1970, CO M PA R ED WITH JU S T OVER O N E-TH IRD IN TH E SO UTH . . . C hart 7a. P E R C E N T OF B L A C K W O R K ER S WITH 4 YEAR S OF HIGH S C H O O L OR M ORE Percent 100 Young men ages 25-44 * N o r t h is c o m p o s e d o f N o rth e a s t an d N o rth C e n tra l re g io n s . Older men ages 45-64 TW O-THIRDS OF TH E B L A C K W O R K ER S IN T H E W EST A N D N O RTH A R E IN T H E H IG H ER OR M IDD LE PAY LEVEL OCCU PATIO NS, CO M PA R ED WITH O N E-H A LF OF THE B L A C K W O R K ER S IN T H E SOUTH. C h art 7b. O C CU PAT IO N AL DISTRIBUTION OF B L A C K M EN BY REGION Percent Higher paid > Middle pay level 25 — > Lower paid West North South A S A R E S U L T OF W ID E R J O B C H O ICES, A N D IN C R E A SE D JO B SEC U RITY, IN C O M E S OF BLACK W O RK ERS HAVE INCREASED . . . TH E PROPORTION OF B L A C K M EN WITH O VER $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 EARN IN G S* Q U A D R U P L E D BETW EEN 1959 AN D 1969 . . . BU T WAS S TILL FAR BELOW TH AT OF WHITE M EN. C h art 8a. P E R C E N T WITH EAR N IN G S OF $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 OR M O R E IN C O N S T AN T DOLLARS* Percent MEN WOMEN 30 20 White I I Black 0 — 1959 1969 1959 1969 Black and white women lagged behind both black and white men in achieving such earnings, despite gain s during the decade. * In C o n s ta n t 19 6 9 d o lla rs . D a ta fo r b la c k m e n an d w o m e n r e fe r to N e g ro a n d o th e r races. 16 TH E P E R C E N T WITH IN CO M E OF $10 ,0 0 0 OR M O RE WAS M U C H LA R G ER IN TH E W EST A N D TH E N O RTH TH AN IN T H E SO UTH FOR BOTH B L A C K AN D W HITE MEN. C hart 8b. P E R C E N T OF P ER SO N S WITH IN CO M ES OF $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 OR M O RE IN 1969* Percent MEN WOMEN White However, few women earn such incom es in any region. * D a t a fo r b la c k m e n an d w o m e n r e fe r to N e g ro e s , only. 17 TH E IM P R O V E M E N T IN B L A C K W O R K E R S ’ J O B S A N D S E C U R IT Y H A S RED U C ED . B U T N O T ELIM INATED, N O N FARM LABOR FORCE . L O W E A R N E R S IN THE .. T H ER E WAS A S H A R P RED UCTIO N BETW EEN 1959 A N D 1969 IN TH E PER C EN T OF B L A C K M EN A N D B L A C K W OM EN WITH EAR N IN G S U N D ER $3,000*. C h art 9a BLACK MEN Less than 1 5% of w hite men were earning at th is level com pared with over 2 0 % of black men, in 1969. ‘ A n n u a l e a rn in g s in c o n s ta n t 1 9 6 9 d o lla rs . 18 B U T M O RE TH AN H A L F O F A L L B L A C K W OM EN STILL HAD S U C H EAR N IN G S IN 1969 . . . C h a rt 9b BLACK WOMEN 1959 Two-fifths of white women were earning at th is level in 1969. • A n n u a l e a rn in g s in c o n s ta n t 1 9 6 9 d o lla rs . 19 THE FUTURE HOLDS G R E A TP R O M ISE .. . BY 1980, A M U C H LAR G ER S H A R E OF TH E B L A C K LABO R FO RCE WILL BE YO U N G . . . C hart 10a. PER C EN T OF B L A C K LABO R FORCE U N D ER 3 5 YE A R S OF AGE Percent 100 ----------------------------------------------------------------- 75 ^ P ro je c tio n — T o ta l la b o r fo rc e . 20 . . . A N D BETTER EDUCATED. Chart 10b. P ER C EN T HAVING 4 YE A R S OF HIGH S CH O O L OR MORE, AG ES 25-34 Percent 100 ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1970 1980* As a result, a larger proportion of black w orkers is expected to be in the better paid occupations. P ro je c tio n — C iv ilia n la b o r fo rc e . APPENDIX TABLES C h arts l-a & b . Change in em ploym ent by occu pation and race 1960-70 (num bers in m illions) Race and occupation level Negro and other races All occupations Higher paid Middle pay level Lower paid White All occupations Higher paid Middle pay level Lower paid Percent change Percent of total 1960-70 1970 employment 1960 1970 6.9 .5 2.4 4.0 8.4 1.1 4.0 3.4 22 109 64 -1 5 100 13 47 40 58.9 14.0 32.1 12.8 70.2 18.4 38.6 13.2 19 31 21 3 100 26 55 19 Source: U.S. Departm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, E m p lo y m e n t a n d Decem ber 1369 and January 1971. E a rn in g s , C h art 2-a. Usual weekly earnings by occupation, m edian fo r full-tim e workers, Negro and other races, M ay 1970 Occupation Male Female Total Higher paid — Professional and technical Managers, officials, and proprietors $114 174 169 $ 82 146 1 123 125 129 112 98 71 1 75 Middle pay level — Clerical Sales workers Craftsmen and foremen Operatives Lower pay scale — Nonfarm laborers Private household Service workers Farmers and farm laborers 1 42 72 1 98 1 95 55 1 Data base below 40,000 — too sm all to show separately. Source: U.S. Departm ent of C om m erce, Bureau of The Census, C u rre n t P o p u la tio n S u rve y , May 1970. C hart 2-b. U nem ploym ent rates of Negro and other races, m ales and fem ales — 1970 Occupation level Males Females Higher paid Middle pay level Lower paid 2.1 6.5 8.3 2.1 9.8 7.3 Source: C u rre n t P o p u la tio n S u rve y , annual averages, 1970. C h art 2-c. Percent of w orkers with two or m ore sp e lls o f unem ploym ent, Negro and other races, by occupation of longest job, 1970 Occupation level Total Male Female Higher paid Middle pay level Lower paid 2.1 7.7 8.1 2.6 7.9 11.0 1.5 7.4 5.3 Source: C u rre n t P o p u la tio n S u rve y , w ork experience tabulations, March 1971 22 C h art 3-a. 1970 weekly earnings weighted by 1960 em ploym ent distrib u tion com pared with 1970 earnings weighted by 1970 em ploym en t distribution Race Negro and other Men Women White Men Women Using 1970 weights Using 1960 weights Difference Amount Percent $110.34 75.13 $ 99.57 57.56 $10.77 17.57 10.8 30.5 155.77 85.72 152.44 82.12 3.33 3.60 2.2 4.4 Source: C u r r e n t P o p u la tio n S u rv e y , annual averages 1970, and M ay 1970. C h art 3-b. 1960 and 1970 unem ploym ent rate Negro and other races, both sexes Actual unemployment rate of: Total Experienced labor labor force force Actual 1960 Rate Actual 1970 Rate Change: 1960-70 10.2 8.2 Computed unemployment rate of experienced labor force 9.3 7.1 -2 .2 Computed Unemployment Rate 1960 Labor Force Distribution x 1960 Unemployment Rates 1970 Labor Force Distribution x 1960 Unemployment Rates Change because of occupational advance, 1960-70 9.3 9.0 -0 .3 Source: U.S. Departm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s , Decem ber 1969 and January 1971 and C u r r e n t P o p u la tio n S u rv e y , annual averages, 1970. C h art 4-a. D istribution of em ployed men by occupation and educational a ttain m ent (18 years of age and over) Race and occupation level Less than 4 years of high school (percent) 4 years high school or more (percent) 4 years college or more (percent) Negro and other Higher paid Middle level Lower paid 100 4 53 42 100 24 55 21 100 78 15 6 White Higher paid Middle level Lower paid 100 11 64 25 100 42 48 11 100 83 15 2 Source: C u r r e n t P o p u la tio n S u rv e y , M arch 1970, educational attainm ent tabulations. 23 C h art 4-b. M edian years of sch ool com pleted by persons 25-29 years old Negro and other races 1940 1950 1960 1970 White 10.9 12.2 12.3 12.6 7.1 8.7 10.8' 12.2 ' Total population, not total civilian population as in other years. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 77, 99, 194, and 207, and Census ol Population 1960, PC(2)-5B, table 2. C h art 5-a. Percent of population ages 25-29 with 4 years of high sch ool or more, and 4 years of college or more Year 4 years high school or more Negro White 1960 1964 1968 1970 38.6’ 45.1 55.9 56.1 4 years college or more White Negro 11.8 13.6 15.6 17.2 5.4’ 5.6 5.4 7.3 63.7 72.1 75.2 77.8 1 Negro and other races Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-20, Numbers 138, 182, 194, and 207. C h art 5-b. N e groe s enrolled in college Year Number Percent of total enrollments 1964 1968 1970 234,000 434,000 522,000 5 6 7 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 190, and P-20, No. 148. C h art 6-a. D istribution o f o ccu pation s by age and race, 1970 25-34 yrs. Negro and other races 35-54 yrs. 55-64 yrs. Higher paid Middle level Lower paid 16 55 29 15 44 42 10 35 55 Higher paid Middle level Lower paid 31 55 13 White 29 56 15 27 52 21 Source: Current Population Survey, annual averages, 1970. 24 C h art 6-b. Percent Negro and other races of total em ploym en t by age and occupation, 1970 Total 25-34 years of age 12 35-54 years of age 11 Higher paid Middle level Lower paid 6 12 23 6 9 25 Occupation level 55-64 of age 9 4 6 21 Source: Current Population Survey, annual averages, 1970. C h art 7-a. Percent of Negro men with 4 years of high sch ool o r more, 1970, by region Region Younger men Ages 25-44 Older men Ages 45-64 West North South 72.4 50.0 36.0 45.6 29.5 17.3 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 207. C h art 7-b. O ccupational d istribution of em ployed persons by region, 1970 Occupation level North West South Negro and other Higher paid Middle level Lower paid 14 55 31 21 49 30 9 41 50 White Higher paid Middle level Lower paid 25 56 19 29 51 20 27 56 18 Source: Current Population Survey, 1970 special area annual averages. C h art 8-a. Percent of persons em ployed in nonfarm occupations, with earnings of $1 0 ,0 0 0 or more; 1959 and 196 9 1 Sex and race 1959 1969 Males Negro and other races White 2.3 15.5 8.9 31.7 Females Negro and other races White 0.2 1.3 2.1 3.1 ' In constant 1969 dollars. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey. 25 C h art 8-b. Percent of w orkers with incom es of $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore in 1969, by sex and race Negro and other races Men Women Total Total Negro Negro Region Total North South West White Men Women 6.8 5.5 1.3 1.2 26.1 2.6 9.4 2.6 15.4 8.7 2.3 12.2 1.7 0.9 2.1 1.7 0.9 1.1 27.5 20.9 30.2 2.6 2.1 3.4 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey. C hart 9-a&b. Percent of persons em ployed in nonfarm occu pa tion s with earnings under $ 3,000' in 1959 and 1969 Sex and race 1959 1969 Men White Negro and other races 18.0 15.9 39.5 14.6 14.0 22.1 Women White Negro and other races 51.9 48.6 75.3 43.3 42.0 52.0 ' In constant 1969 dollars. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey. C h art 10-a. 1980' D istribution of the total la b o r force by age, 1960, 1970, and Race and age 1960 1970 1980' Negro and other Under 35 years of age 35 years and over 100 42 58 100 48 52 100 55 45 White Under 35 years of age 35 years and over 100 38 62 100 43 57 100 48 52 ' Projection Source: Travis, Sophia C. The U.S. Labor Force Projections to 1985, Special Labor Force Report No. 119, and U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings, January 1972. C hart 10-b. Percent with 4 years of high sch ool or m ore in the civilia n labor force, ages 25-34, 1970 and 1980 Negro and other_______ White 1970 1980' 59 74 78 84 ' Projection Sourcp: Johnston, Dennis, Education of Adult Workers, Special Labor Force Report No. 122, and William Deutermann, Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1969 and 1970, Special Labor Force Report No. 125. 26 <r GPO : 1972 O - 474-354 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR THIRD CLASS MAIL B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A TIS T IC S W ASHING TO N, D.C. 20212 POSTAGE A N D FEES PAID O F F IC IA L BUSINESS U .S . D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300 LAB - 4 4 6
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