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Li, 3 / to / f cataloged BLACK AMERICANS a chartbook U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR B U R E A U OF L A B O R B U LLETIN 1699 1971 SOUTHWEST MISSOURI STATE COLLEGE LIBRARY d e p o s it o r y AUG 1 o 1971 copy S T A T IS T IC S CATALOGED BLACK AMERICANS a chartbook U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR J. D. Hodgson, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTIC S G eoffrey H. M oore, C om m ission e r BU LLETIN 1699 1971 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.25 Stock Number 2901-0650 CATALOGED PREFACE This Chart Book was prepared in the Office of Economic and Social Research of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Sylvia S. Small had major responsibility for the preparation of the Chart Book, under the direction of Dr. Pamela Kacser, Advisor on SocioEconomic Research, Claudia Ellis, Susie Scandrett and Earl Mellor of BLS and Ann Brown of Trinity College contributed to the technical work. Much of the material on which the charts are based was devel oped for the joint publication of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of the Census, The Social and Economic Status of Negroes in the United States, 1969, BLS Report 375, part of a series initiated by the previous Advisor on Socio-Economic Re search, Mrs. Dorothy K. Newman. The Bureau wishes to express appreciation for the assistance of other organizations, especially the Bureau of the Census and the National Center for Health Statistics. CONTENTS Chart No. Page ................................................................. 1 Migration and Population........................................... 3 Introduction 1 2 3 The percent of blacks in the total population has remained about the same since the turn of the century ..................................................................... 5 Blacks are less than 10 percent of the population in the North and West, but nearly 20 percent in the S o u th ......................................................... 7 Despite substantial migration from the South, over half of all blacks still live t h e r e .......................... 4 5 6 Blacks have continued to leave the South in recent years, but at a slower ratethan in the 1940’s .. n The population increase among blacks has taken place in central cities and, among whites, out side the cities — but whites in central cities still outnumber blacks 4 to 1 ................................... 13 The percent of blacks living in segregated neigh borhoods has increased since 1960, according to special censuses in 15 c itie s .......................... 15 Employment and Unemployment 7 8 9 17 Employment of blacks rose 1.5 million between 1960 and 1970 — and unemployment is lower despite recent increases.............................. :. . 19 The black unemployment rate in 1970 was about 8 percent — much higher than the white rate. . 21 v Page In 1970, blacks accounted for 11 percent of the civilian labor force, 18 percent of the unem ployed, and 22 percent of those working part time involuntarily .............................................. 23 Married men had the lowest unemployment rates, among both blacks and w h ite s ........................ 25 Comparing teenagers and the adult unemployed — adults have lower unemployment rates and smaller black-white differences........................ 27 About half of all black teenagers are in school; of those out of school, over one-third are not in the labor force ......................................................... 29 In 1970, 6 out of every 10 blacks were in whitecollar, craftsmen, or operative jobs compared with 8 out of every 10 w h ite s ........ , ............. 31 The largest job gains among black men between 1963 and 1970 were in well-paid durable goods operative jobs’ .................................................... 33 Unemployment rates were lower for men in whitecollar and craftsmen jobs than for those in laborer and most service jo b s .......................... 35 Income 37 The ratio of black to white family income rose in the late 1960’s to the highest on record, but the level of black income was still only three-fifths of the w h ite ........................................................ 39 Black families are moving into the middle-income groups. The proportion with incomes of $10,000 or more was 8 times greater in 1969 than in 1947..................................................................... 41 Family incomes increased between 1947 and 1969 for both blacks and w h ite s .............................. 43 VI 19 The greatest disparity between black and white family income is in the S o u th ............................ 45 The earnings of black men are higher than those of either black women orwh-ite-women, but less than white men’s .............................................. 47 Family income is highest when both husband and wife work and lowest for female-headed fam ilies, for both blacks and w h ite s ...................... 49 Most wives who work for pay contribute less than one-third of family income, whether the family is black or w h ite ................................................ 51 Poverty 53 The number of poor has decreased sharply since 1959 — but nearly one-third of the blacks and one-tenth of the whites were still poor in 1969 55 24 Most of the poor do not receive welfare assistance. 57 25 Black families in poverty are more likely than white to be earners, and with children to support. . . 59 Most of the black poor do not live in large cities. . 61 20 21 22 23 26 27 28 29 Family 63 Three-fourths of black families and four-fifths of white are headed by aman.................................. 65 An increasing proportion of women heads of fam ilies — both black and white — are separated or divorced ..................................................... 67 Most black children live with both parents — but most poorblack childrenare in broken homes. . 69 VII Chart No. Page Vital Statistics and Health 30 Birth rates for both dropped 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 71 blacks and whites have ................................................................... 73 Infant and maternal mortality are much higher for blacks than for whites, although all are decreas ing ............................................................................. 75 The number of years of life remaining at any age is consistently lower for blacks thanfor whites. . . 77 Disabling illnesses and chronic conditions that limit activity are about the same for blacks and whites ............................................................... 79 The educational attainment of young black men has almost caught up with that of whites........... 81 Higher education has meant higher earning power for both blacks and whites, but at each educa tional level, black men have less income than white m e n ........................................................... 83 Most black youth of school age attend school. A larger proportion of whites above the compulsory school ages attend, but among 3- and 4-yearolds, a larger proportion of blacks are in school programs like “ Head Start” .............................. 85 In 1965, the average performance of black youth in the final year of high school was at a ninth grade level . . . the gap with white performance widened between sixth grade and tw elfth........... 87 The percent completing college had increased for both blacks and whites, but white gains have been larger........................................................... 89 Housing 91 The proportion of blacks living in housing either dilapidated or lacking basic plumbing is still much larger than among whites........................ 93 VIII 40 In all regions, housing of blacks is far worse in smaller cities, towns, and rural areas than in metropolitan c e n te rs ............................................. Crime 41 97 Black men and women are far more likely than white to be victims of crimes of violence........... 42 45 46 47 48 49 101 Blacks are more likely to be arrested for crimes of violence. Whites predominate in arrests for property crimes ......................................................... 44 99 At every income level, blacks are more likely than whites to be victims of serious crimes............ 43 95 103 Citizenship 105 In 1970, black men in the Armed Forces ac counted for 10 percent of the t o t a l................. 107 Blacks constituted 2 percent of all officers in the Armed Forces and 3 percent of those in South east A s ia ............................................................. 109 The reenlistment rate of eligible black men was much higher than the rate for eligible white men in the mid-1960’s ..................................... ill Young black Vietnam War veterans had higher un employment rates than whiteVietnam veterans. 113 Six out of every 10 blacks in the United States voted in the 1968 Presidential election, com pared with 7 out of every 10 whites................. 115 The number of blacks elected to State office has risen sharply, especially in the South............... 117 IX Chart No. 50 51 52 53 Page Projections 119 The population of the United States 16 years old and over will increase more than 25 million between 1969 and 1980 — 4 million of the increase will be blacks..................................... 121 Between 1969 and 1980, 2.8 million blacks will be added to the labor force............................. 123 The percent of black men in the labor force is expected to increase, and of black women, to decrease, by 1980, becoming closer to the white ra te s .................................................................... 125 By 1980, nearly half the white labor force and 60 percent of the black labor force will be under 35 years o ld .............................................................. 54 Educational differences between the black and white labor force will be much smaller by 1980. X 127 129 INTRODUCTION Blacks1 are America’s largest and most visible minority, and they are on the move — physically, economically, and socially. The record of the past two decades shows that blacks have been migrating out of the rural South into the cities of the Nation's North and West. There, with greater choices, many have been progressing economically from unskilled low-paid jobs into whitecollar and skilled occupations. In search of better housing, and better jobs, many have been moving out, from their first place of urban settlement in city core centers into the surrounding suburban rings. Over a period of time, a migrant population has been giving way to a settled, urban, second generation, as increasing numbers are moving economically and socially from extreme poverty into middle-class status. Others are left behind, both in the rural backwaters of the South and in the urban centers there and elsewhere. In many instances, white progress has been so much greater as to over shadow the blacks’ real gains. In other instances, apparent black gains have been illusory, when measured against those of the rest of the population. At the same time, many problems of urban interrelationship have been aggravated by the massive and swift movement of blacks in the past two decades. Whites and blacks alike have mis conceptions about the facts which surround today’s mobile popu lation. The charts that follow attempt to present visually some of the information about the progress and problems of blacks in recent years, as they advance toward full equality with the white majority. Many subjects of concern have been given only scant treatment because the information now available is too old to provide a truly relevant analysis. After the 1970 census has been tabulated and analysed, we may be able to ascertain better the problems and progress of black Americans. The tables accompanying each of the charts are very brief. For those interested in further detail, a list of the charts with sources of additional data is included in the appendices of sources and refer ences at the back of this publication. ’ The s ta n d a rd g o v e rn m e n t te rm in o lo g y to d is tin g u is h b etw e e n “ w h ite ” and “ N egro a nd o th e r ra c e s ” is used in th e ta b le s in th is b u lle tin . W h e re d a ta are a v a ila b le fo r N egroes o r b la c k s alo n e , th a t is s ta te d e x p lic itly . S ince a b o u t 91 p e rc e n t o f “ N egro and o th e r ra ce s” is b la ck, th e use o f th e e n tire c a te g o ry o f N eg ro and o th e r races in ta b u la tio n s w h e re th a t te rm in o lo g y is used m a y be re la te d to b la c k s in th e te x t. 1 MIGRATION AND POPULATION The percentage of blacks in the total population has changed little in this century. It was about 12 percent of the total in 1900, compared with 11 percent today. During the large immigrations of Europeans to the United States before World War I, it dropped to 10 percent and remained close to that level during the depression of the 1930’s and World War II. However, since World War II, a massive migration from the rural South and concentration in the large central cities of the North and West have occurred.’ 1 E xce p t w h e re n ote d, w h e re d a ta fo r re g io n s are sh ow n in th is and s u c c e e d in g ta b le s , th e s ta n d a rd C ensus d e fin itio n fo r each re gio n is used. The S o u th in c lu d e s A la b a m a , A rka n sa s , D e la w a re F lo rid a , G e o rg ia , L o u is ia n a , K e n tu c k y , M a ry la n d , M is s is s ip p i, N o rth C a ro lin a , O kla h o m a , S o u th C a ro lin a , Tennessee, Texas, V irg in ia , W est V irg in ia , a nd th e D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia . TABLE 1. TOTAL AND NEGRO POPULATION, 1890-1960, AND 1966-1969 Population in millions Year 1890 .................... 1 9 0 0 '.................... 1 9 1 0 '.................... 1 9 2 0 '.................... 1 9 3 0 '.................... 1 9 4 0 i.................... I9 6 0 '.................... 1960 .................... 1966 .................... 1967 .................... 1968 .................... 1969 .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Negro 62.9 76.0 92.0 105.7 122.8 131.7 150.5 178.5 194.1 196.1 198.2 199.8 7.5 8.8 9.8 10.5 11.9 12.9 15.0 18.8 21.3 21.7 22.3 22.3 Percent Negro 12 12 11 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 ’ D ata e xclu d e A laska and H a w a ii. N o te : In th is re p o rt p o p u la tio n d a ta e xc lu d e A rm e d Forces O verseas a nd in 1950, 1960, a nd 1966-69, A rm e d Forces liv in g in B a rra c k s . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 4 CHART 1. THE PERCENT OF BLACKS IN THE TOTAL POPULATION HAS REMAINED ABOUT THE SAME SINCE THE TURN OF THE CENTURY Percent ’ E xclud e s A la ska and H a w a ii S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A 5 By 1940, a substantial black population was in the larger Northern cities. Blacks continued to migrate North and West in increasing numbers. The most rapid acceleration took place in the 1940’s and 1950’s when the wartime and the post-War booms in industrial activity opened jobs in these areas. As a result, the black percent of the population has been declining in the South and rising elsewhere. Nevertheless, today blacks are less than 10 percent of total population in the North and West, but nearly 20 percent in the South. TABLE 2. NEGROES AS A PERCENT OF THE TOTAL POPULATION, UNITED STATES AND REGIONS, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1966, AND 1969 Region 1940' 1950’ 1960 1966 1969 United S ta te s ................... 10 10 11 11 11 South ............................ 24 22 21 20 19 North ........................... 4 N o rth e a s t......... -. . . 4 North C e n tra l......... 4 5 5 5 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 8 West 3 4 5 5 ........................... 1 ' D ata e xclu d e A la ska and H a w a ii. S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 6 CHART 2. BLACKS ARE LESS THAN 10 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION IN THE NORTH AND WEST, BUT NEARLY 20 PERCENT IN THE SOUTH Percent South 20 — 1940 1969 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 7 The greatest change in the black population has taken place in its location rather than its proportion in the total population, as blacks migrated from the rural and urban South to cities in other regions. Even with these substantial migrations, more than half of all blacks still lived in the South in 1969 compared with three-fourths in 1940. TABLE 3. PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE NEGRO POPULATION, BY REGION, 1940, 1950, 1960, AND 1969 Region 1940' 1950' 1960 1969 100 100 100 11 68 60 52 North .................... . . . 22 N o rth e a s t......... . . . 11 North Central . . . . . 11 28 13 15 34 16 18 41 19 21 4 6 7 United S ta te s ........... . . . 1 0 0 South .................... ... W e s t....................... . . . 1 ' D ata e xc lu d e A la ska a nd H a w a ii. S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 8 CHART 3. DESPITE SUBSTANTIAL MIGRATION FROM THE SOUTH OVER HALF OF ALL BLACKS STILL LIVE THERE Percent 100 1969 1940 S ource: See a p p e n d ix A. 9 The movement of blacks from the South to other places in the United States continued in the 1960’s. Between 1940 and 1966, a net total of 3.7 million had left the South for other regions. By 1970, average annual black migration out of the South was 8 percent lower than it had been in the 1940’s. In spite of massive migration, 12 million blacks still lived in the South in 1969, an increase of about 2 million since 1940, because of natural population increases and the increasing life span of the population. TABLE 4. ESTIMATED NET MIGRATION,1 BY REGION, 1940-66 (IN THOUSANDS) Negro and other races Region White South .........................................- 3 ,7 0 4 All other re g io n s ....................... + 3 ,7 2 2 + 930 + 5 ,0 8 4 TABLE 4A. NEGRO POPULATION, AND ESTIMATED NET OUT-MIGRATION OF "NEGROES AND OTHER RACES” FROM THE SOUTH,i 1940-70 (IN THOUSANDS) Item Population group 1940-50 "Negroes and other races,” average annual net out-migration from the South . . 159.7 1940 Negro population in the S o u th .................... 9,905 1950-60 1960-70 145.7 138.0 1950 1960 1970 10,222 11,312 12,064 ' In c lu d e s n e t m ig ra tio n fro m a bro a d . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 10 CHART 4. BLACKS HAVE CONTINUED TO LEAVE THE SOUTH IN RECENT YEARS, BUT AT A SLOWER RATE THAN IN THE 1940* S Average annual net out-migration from the South 0 50,000 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 100,000 150,000 200,000 The great majority of blacks today are city dwellers. Even in the South (where most rural blacks live) 3 out of every 5 were located in an urban area by 1970. In part, this is because most of the black population increase since World War II has taken place in central cities of metropolitan areas. — Most of the white increase, by contrast, has been in the suburbs or other places outside the central cities. TABLE 5. POPULATION BY LOCATION INSIDE AND OUTSIDE METROPOLITAN AREAS, 1950, 1960, AND 1969 Total population (m illions) Negro Location 1950 United States t o t a l ........................ 15.0 Metropolitan a r e a s .................. 8.4 Central c itie s ......................... 6.5 Outside central cities ......... 1.9 Smaller cities, towns, and r u r a l................................ 6.7 White 1960 18.8 1969 22.3 1950 135.2 1960 158.1 1969 175.3 12.2 9.7 2.5 15.6 12.3 3.3 80.3 45.5 34.8 99.2 47.5 51.7 111.7 45.3 66.4 6.7 6.7 54.8 58.9 63.6 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 12 CHART 5. THE POPULATION INCREASE AMONG BLACKS HAS TAKEN PLACE IN CENTRAL CITIES AND AMONG WHITES OUTSIDE THE CITIES WHITES IN CENTRAL CITIES BUT STILL OUTNUMBER BLACKS 4 TO 1 M illio n s M illio n s 200 1969 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 13 Urban blacks have been segregated, residentially, and indications are that their segregation has been increasing through the m id-1960’s. By 1965, only 1 city of the 15 in which there had been special Censuses since 1960, still had as much as half its black population in a “ w hite” neighborhood (less than 25 percent Negro) — Sacramento, California. By way of contrast, in 6 of these cities at least 2 out of every 3 blacks lived in predominantly black areas (where 75 percent or more of the population is black). In most, the proportion in such areas had increased. Blacks were moving, however, into middle-class neighborhoods that had been vacated by whites who moved to the suburbs. No data are yet available to indicate whether the tendency toward increased segregation has been affected by the new Open Housing Laws. TABLE 6. PERCENT OF ALL NEGROES IN SELECTED CITIES LIVING IN CENSUS TRACTS GROUPED ACCORDING TO PROPORTION NEGRO IN 1960 AND 19 64-1968 P ro p o rtio n N e g ro in C en su s T ra c t C ity a nd S ta te Year All census tra c ts 75 or m o re 50 to 74 25 to 49 Less th a n 25 P e rc e n t o f a ll N e g ro e s in c ity \ C le ve la n d , O h io . . . j i | M e m p h is , T e n n . . . j 1 ( P h o en ix, A riz ............ 1 l ( B u ffa lo , N .Y .............. | 1 [ L o u is v ille , K y............| l i N ew H aven, C on n , j II R o ch e ste r, N.Y. ' l 1 j l 1 Des M o in e s , Iow a . . j l 1 P ro vid e n ce , R .l. . . . j S a c ra m e n to , C a lif, \ S h re v e p o rt, La. . . .' E va n sville , In d . . . . > j1f ( l f R a le ig h , N .C .............. | 1 L ittle R ock, A rk. . . . j T re n to n , N .J ............. j [ i 1960 1965 1960 1967 1960 1965 1960 1966 1960 1964 1960 1 96 7 1960 1964 1960 1964 1960 1966 1960 1965 1960 1966 1960 1966 1960 1964 1960 1966 1960 1968 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 00 100 100 100 100 1 00 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 00 1 00 72 80 65 78 19 18 35 69 57 67 0 16 8 16 9 8 0 0 0 0 79 90 34 59 33 41 86 88 26 24 16 12 26 14 36 23 47 10 13 13 33 19 43 45 0 14 28 42 23 16 10 0 27 14 33 18 0 4 9 55 8 4 5 4 24 42 6 13 17 10 19 27 17 24 14 28 31 19 2 46 7 6 9 0 19 22 7 2 48 13 4 4 4 4 21 17 12 8 13 10 48 38 32 15 77 50 41 39 75 38 4 4 30 27 15 19 7 6 17 8 N o te: S ele cted c itie s o f 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore in w hich a s p ec ial census w as ta k e n in a ny o f th e y ea rs 196 4-68 . R anked a cc o rd in g to to ta l p o p u la tio n in la te s t Census. Source: See a p p en d ix A. 14 CHART 6. THE PERCENT OF BLACKS LIVING IN SEGREGATED NEIGHBORHOODS HAS INCREASED SINCE 1960, ACCORDING TO SPECIAL CENSUSES IN 15 CITIES S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A 15 EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT 17 The number of employed blacks rose by nearly one-fourth between 1960 and 1970, an increase of 1.5 million. White employment also rose sharply during the 1960’s. The number of unemployed was about the same for blacks in 1970 as in 1960, but higher for whites. TABLE 7. EMPLOYED AND UNEMPLOYED, NEGRO AND OTHER RACES 1960-1970 Employed (m illions) Year Negro and other races 1 9 6 0 . . . . ___ 6.9 1 9 6 1 ___ . . . .6.8 1 9 6 2 ___ . . . .7.0 1 9 6 3 . . . . ___ 7.1 1 9 6 4 . . . . ___ 7.4 1 9 6 5 ___ . . . .7.6 1 9 6 6 ___ . . . .7.9 1 967 ___ ___ 8.0 1 9 6 8 ___ ___ 8.2 1 969 ___ ___ 8.4 1 970........ ___ 8.4 WHITE AND Unemployed (m illions) White Negro and other races White 58.9 58.9 59.7 60.6 61.9 63.4 65.0 66.4 67.8 69.5 70.2 .8 1.0 .9 .9 .8 .7 .6 .6 .6 .6 .8 3.1 3.7 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.3 3.3 11.3 + 19 * * +3 +9 Change 1960-1970: Number (m illio n s ). . .1.5 Percent . . . . .+ 2 2 * Less th a n 50,000 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 18 CHART 7. EMPLOYMENT OF BLACKS ROSE 1.5 MILLION BETWEEN 1960 AND 1970 AND Unemployed (m illions) Employed (m illions) S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. UNEMPLOYMENT IS LOWER DESPITE RECENT INCREASES 19 By 1970, the black unemployment rate — the pro portion of the black labor force who were out of a job and looking for work was very high, over 8 percent. This was an increase of 1.8 percentage points from 1969, which had been the year with least unemployment since the Korean War. In most of the preceding 10 years, the black unemployment rate had been decreasing — from over 12 percent during the 1961 recession to 6.4 percent in 1969. Despite the 1970 increase, the ratio of black-to-white unemployment rates fell below the 2:1 relationship that had predominated for 15 years. TABLE 8. UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY RACE 1949-70 Year 194 9 1 950 1 951 1 952 1953 1 954 1 955 1 956 1957 1 958 1959 1 960 1 961 1962 1 963 1 964 1 965 1 966 1 967 1 968 1 969 1 970 Negro and other races ........... 8.9 ........... 9.0 ........... 5.3 ........... 5.4 ........... 4.5 ............ 9.9 ........... 8.7 ........... 8.3 ............ 7.9 .............12.6 .............10.7 .............10.2 .............12.4 .............10.9 .............10.8 ............ 9.6 ........... 8.1 ........... 7.3 ........... 7.4 ........... 6.7 ........... 6.4 ........... 8.2 White Ratio: Negro and other races to white 5.6 4.9 3.1 2.8 2.7 5.0 3.9 3.6 3.8 6.1 4.8 4.9 6.0 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.1 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.1 4.5 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.8 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 20 CHART 8. THE BLACK UNEMPLOYMENT RATE IN 1970 WAS ABOUT 8 PERCENT - MUCH HIGHER THAN THE WHITE RATE Percent of civilian labor force 15 WHITE 1949 1955 1960 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 21 1965 1970 In 1970, blacks made up 11 percent of the civilian labor force, about the same as their share of the total population. However, their unemployment and involuntary part-time work was nearly double their share in the labor force. This reflects not only the kinds of jobs blacks hold, their lower educational attainment and the larger proportion in the black labor force of women and teenagers, the groups that have the highest unemployment rates — but also, very likely, discrimination by employers. TABLE 9. THE LABOR FORCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT, 1970 Number in thousands Negro and other races: rate in civilian labor force Negro and other races Percent Negro and other races Total civilian labor force. . . .82,715 9,197 11 Unemployment ..................... 4,088 U nem ployeds1/^ consecutive months, 15 weeks or m ore. 662 Working part-time involuntarily ..................... 2,443 752 18 8.2 124 19 1.3 530 22 5.8 5,182 10 379 17 7.3 66 17 1.3 255 20 4.9 4,015 13 373 20 9.3 58 22 1.4 274 24 6.8 Item Total MEN Civilian labor f o r c e ...............51,195 Unemployment ..................... 2,235 Unemployed 3 1/2 consecutive months, 15 weeks or m ore. 398 Working part-time in v o lu n ta rily ....................... 1,295 WOMEN Civilian labor fo r c e ................. 31,520 Unemployment ..................... 1,853 Unemployed 3 ! / 2 consecutive months, 15 weeks or.m ore. 265 Working part-time involuntarily ..................... 1,147 S o u rc e : See a p p e n d ix A. 22 CHART 9. IN 1970, BLACKS ACCOUNTED FOR 11 PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE, 18 PERCENT OF THE UNEMPLOYED, AND 22 PERCENT OF THOSE WORKING PART TIM E INVOLUNTARILY 11% of the civilian labor force Q (5 Q 18% of the unemployed 19% of those jobless for 3 % consecutive months or longer 22% of those working part-time involuntarily S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 23 Despite recent sharp increases, unemployment rates were lowest and black-white differences smallest for married men. Black married men had an unemployment rate of about 4 percent in 1970 compared with about 8 percent in 1962. Although the 1970 rate was well above the white rate (2.4 percent) it was lower than for either black or white women, or black adult men in general. Unemployment rates for black teenagers rose very sharply in 1970, and were the highest in 7 years. TABLE 10. UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY RACE AND SEX, 1960-1970 Married men Year 1 9 6 0 .., 1961. . 1962. . . . 1 9 6 3 .. . . 1964. . . . 1965. . . . 1 9 6 6 .. . . 1967. . . . 1968. . . . 1 9 6 9 ... . 1970. . . . Negro and other races Adult women Adult men Negro and other White races Negro and other White races h) (i) 3.2 3.0 2.6 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 2.4 4.2 5.1 4.0 3.9 3.4 2.9 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 3.2 0) 0) .7.9 .6.8 .5.4 .4.4 .3.6 .3.2 .2.9 .2.5 .3.9 9.6 11.7 10.0 9.2 7.7 6.0 4.9 4.3 3.9 3.7 5.6 8.3 10.6 9.6 9.4 9.0 7.4 6.6 7.1 6.3 5.8 6.9 Teenagers White Negro and other races White 4.6 5.7 4.1 4.8 4.6 4.0 3.3 3.8 3.4 3.4 4.4 24.4 27.6 25.1 30.4 27.2 26.2 25.4 26.5 25.0 24.0 29.1 13.4 15.3 13.3 15.5 14.8 13.4 11.2 11.0 11.0 10.7 13.5 1 D ata n o t a v a ila b le . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 24 CHART 10. MARRIED MEN HAD THE LOWEST UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, AMONG BOTH BLACKS AND WHITES NEGRO AND OTHER RACES WHITE Percent unemployment A 'V > A ^ Teenagers ^ W A Adult women L Adult m e n i Married men 0 1960 1965 1970 1960 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 25 1965 1970 Unemployment rates are especially high for young people. The barriers to employment for young, inexperienced, black youth are formidable. Yet, many persist in looking for jobs. The unemployment rate among black teenagers was 29 percent in 1970, more than double the white teenage rate. By contrast among the adult unemployed, unemployment rates were lower, and whitenonwhite differences smaller especially, among married men who form a very large part of both the black and the white labor force. TABLE 11. UNEMPLOYMENT RATES IN 1970 WITH RATIO, NEGRO AND OTHER RACES TO WHITE Group T o t a l................ . Adult men . . . . Adult w om en. . . Teenagers . . . . . Married men . . . Negro and other races . 8.2 . 5.6 . 6.9 .29.1 . 3.9 White Ratio: Negro and other races to white 4.5 3.2 4.4 13.5 2.4 1.8 1.8 1.6 2.2 1.6 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 26 CHART 11. COMPARING TEENAGERS AND ADULT UNEMPLOYED ADULTS HAVE LOWER UNEMPLOYMENT RATES AND SMALLER BLACK-WHITE DIFFERENCES Percent unemployment rate, 1970 30 Adult men Adult women S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 27 Teenagers About half of all black teenagers are in school, and most of these are not in the labor force. Of those not in school, nearly 2 in every 10 are unemployed and nearly another 4 in 10 are neither at work nor looking for work. The majority of the latter are keeping house, awaiting military service or working without pay in the family business or farm. The other 4 in 10 black teenagers who are not in school — about 436,000 — are employed. TABLE 12. WORK AND SCHOOL STATUS OF TEENAGERS OF WHITE AND NEGRO AND OTHER RACES, 1970 Status Negro and other races White Number (in thousands) Percent Number (in thousands) Percent Out of school ............. . 959 100 5,878 100 Unemployed ................. . Employed .................... . Not in the labor fo rc e . . . Keeping h o u s e .......... . Unable to work . . . Other reasons' . . . . . 166 436 357 157 11 189 17 45 37 16 1 20 536 3,694 1,646 724 23 899 9 63 28 12 4 15 .................... .1,034 100 6,639 100 7 13 80 335 1,873 4,432 5 28 67 In school Unemployed ................ Employed .................... . Not in the labor force . . 69 136 830 ' In c lu d e s m a n y w a itin g to be ca lle d to m ilita r y d u ty and u n p a id fa m ily w o rk e rs . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 28 CHART 12. ABOUT HALF OF ALL BLACK TEENAGERS ARE IN SCHOOL; OF THOSE OUT OF SCHOOL OVER ONE-THIRD ARE NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Number of persons in 1970 1, 000,000 Unable to work 750,000 500,000 — 250,000 IN SCHOOL OUT OF SCHOOL S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 29 In 1967, for the first time, substantially more than half of all black workers held white-collar, craftsmen, or operative jobs. The proportion increased to 58 percent in 1969 and 60 percent in 1970. Employment of blacks in these occupations was 70 percent larger in 1970 than in 1960, compared with a 25 percent gain for whites. However, the proportion of white workers in these jobs was still higher than for blacks — 8 in every 10 whites compared with 6 in every 10 blacks. TABLE 13. EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION IN 1970 AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT Number (in thousands) Percent Negro and other races White Negro and other races White All o c c u p a tio n s .................. .8,445 70,182 100 100 Professional and technical. Managers, officials, and proprietors .................... C le ric a l................................ Sales .................................. Craftsmen, fo re m e n ......... Operatives ......................... Private household workers. Service workers ................ Nonfarm la b o re rs .............. Farmers, farm workers . . . 766 10,374 9 15 . 298 .1,113 . 179 . 691 .2,004 . 653 .1,547 . 866 . 328 7,991 12,601 4,675 9,467 11,904 906 6,608 2,859 2,797 4 13 2 8 24 8 18 10 4 11 18 7 13 17 1 9 4 4 Occupation . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. TABLE 13A. EMPLOYMENT BY BROAD OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, AND 1966-70 (NUMBERS IN MILLIONS) White-collar workers, craftsmen and operatives All other occupations White Negro and other races White Negro and other races White 58.9 65.0 66.4 67.8 69.5 70.2 2.9 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.9 5.1 46.1 52.5 53.6 54.9 56.4 57.0 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 12.8 12.6 12.7 12.8 13.1 13.2 19 72 24 Total Year Negro and other races 1 960___ 1 9 6 6 .... 1 967 ___ 1 9 6 8 .... 1 9 6 9 ___ 1 9 7 0 .... .6.9 ,7.9 .8.0 .8.2 .8.4 .8.4 Change 1960-70 (percent) 22 1960 -1 4 .8 3.2 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 30 CHART 13. IN 1970, 6 IN EVERY 10 BLACKS WERE IN WHITE-COLLAR, CRAFTSMEN, OR OPERATIVE JOBS COMPARED WITH 8 IN EVERY 10 WHITES 100% Professional and technical Managers, Officials Clerical Sales Craftsmen, Foreman Operatives Private household workers Service workers Nonfarm laborers Farmers, farm workers S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 31 Breaking the major occupational groupings down into detailed classifications makes it clear that the largest gains for black men between 1963 and 1970 were as factory operatives, especially in durable goods manufacturing. About 185,000 new jobs were opened to black men in durable goods factories in the 7 year period — and another 94,000 in nondurable goods. Next largest were increases in clerical jobs, some of which pay fairly high wages In terms of future trends, increases in professional and technical occupations, salaried management positions, craft occupations, and police and other protective service occupations may prove to be more important. TABLE 14. EMPLOYED MALES OF NEGRO AND OTHER RACES BY OCCUPATION, 1963 AND 1970 w e e kly e a r n in g s ' n o n w h ite m a le s E m p lo y m e n t (N u m b e rs in th o u s a n d s ) C hange in e m p lo y m e n t 1963-70 1970 1963 1970 N u m b e r (in th o u s a n d s ) T o t a l ................................................... .$ 1 1 4 4,229 4,803 574 14 174 148 188 172 208 28 45 135 374 40 62 271 166 12 17 136 80 43 38 101 169 123 147 222 2 28 354 81 132 55 59 99 123 125 91 155 129 100 7 215 72 38 34 454 47 5 349 88 54 34 662 55 —2 134 16 16 0 208 8 ( 2) 62 22 42 ( 2) 46 17 118 122 137 125 144 40 149 218 63 24 74 23 19 51 58 131 170 112 105 121 74 24 1,073 325 305 115 63 1,362 339 4 90 41 39 289 14 185 55 163 27 4 61 104 102 98 100 100 95 52 95 114 110 89 54 55 177 266 896 203 247 4 46 19 674 39 126 509 145 321 271 261 839 203 242 394 14 615 71 103 441 82 185 94 -5 -5 7 0 -5 -5 2 —5 -5 9 32 -2 3 -6 8 -6 3 — 136 53 -2 -6 ( 2) -2 — 12 -2 6 -9 82 -1 8 -1 3 -4 3 -4 2 O c c u p a tio n P ro fe s s io n a l and te c h n ic a l . . . . M e d ic a l and o th e r h e a lth . . . T e a ch e rs, e x c e p t c o lle g e . . . . O th e r ............................................ . M a n a g e rs, o ffic ia ls , and p ro p rie to rs ............................... . C le ric a l w o r k e r s ........................... . S teno, ty p is ts , and s e c re ta ria l ............................. O th e r ............................................ . S ales w o rk e rs ............................... . R etail t r a d e ............................... O th e r ........................................... . C ra fts m e n a nd f o r e m e n ............ . C a r p e n te r s .................................. . C o n s tru c tio n c ra fts , e x c e p t c a r p e n t r y ................................ . M e c h a n ic s and re p a irm e n . . . M e ta l c ra fts and m a c h in is ts . . O th e r c ra fts and k in d re d w o rk e rs .................................. . F o r e m e n ....................................... . .................................... . O p e ra tiv e s D riv e rs and d e liv e ry m e n . . . . D u ra b le g o o d s m a n u fa c tu rin g . N o n d u ra b le goods m a n u fa c tu rin g ................... . O th e r in d u s trie s ................... . N o n fa rm l a b o r e r s ........................ . C o n s tru c tio n ........................... . M a n u fa c tu rin g ........................ . O th e r ........................................... P riv a te h o u se h o ld w o rk e rs . . . . S e rvice w o rk e rs ........................... P ro te c tiv e se rvice w o rk e rs . . . W a ite rs , cooks, b a rte n d e rs . . . O th e r ............................................ . F a rm e rs and fa rm m a n a g e rs . . Farm la b o re rs and fo r e m e n . . . P e rc e n t ' M e dia n e a rn in g s o f w o rk e rs w h o u s u a lly w o rk fu ll-tim e . 2 Base to o s m a ll to sh o w s ig n ific a n t ch an g e . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 32 CHART 14. THE LARGEST JOB GAINS AMONG BLACK MEN BETWEEN 1963 AND 1970 WERE IN WELL-PAID DURABLE GOODS OPERATIVE JOBS L a rg e s t e m p lo y m e n t g a in s by o c c u p a tio n fo r m a le s o f N e g ro a nd o th e r races (s h o w in g u su a l w e e k ly e a rn in g s o f fu ll-tim e w o rk e rs ) In cre a se 1963-70 (in th o u s a n d s ) 0 50 100 150 C ra fts m e n (o th e r th a n c o n s tru c tio n , m e c h a n ic s o r m e ta l w o rk e rs ) P o lice m e n , fire m e n a nd o th e r p ro te c tiv e s e rvice s C o n s tru c tio n c ra fts m e n (e xce p t c a rp e n te rs ) T e a ch e rs (e x c e p t c o lle g e ) M e d ic a l and h e a lth w o rk e rs S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A 33 200 The unemployment rate is affected by the occupa tions of the labor force as well as by its composition. Changes in the rate for black men can be explained in part by the shift in their occupational distribution, as well by general economic changes between 1970 and earlier years. Black men were more likely to be unemployed in 1970 if they were in laborer or operative or service jobs than if they worked in white-collar or craftsmen jobs. In all occupations except private household work, their 1970 unemploy ment rates were higher than those of white men, but the differences were smaller in the professional and managerial groups where the unemployment rates for both blacks and whites were very low. Black men’s unemployment was much less than double the white rate in most occupations in 1970. However since more blacks worked in the high unemployment occupations, their total unemploy ment rate was nearly double the white rate. TABLE 15. 1970 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY RACE AND OCCUPATION Occupation Ratio: Male unemployment Male Female Negro and other races White Negro and other races White Negro and other races to White 4 .0 9.3 5.4 1.8 3.6 7.7 4.6 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.3 1.1 1.2 3.2 2.7 3.7 5.7 9.1 1.2 8.1 13.3 2.5 11.6 11.6 2.1 3.9 4.9 4.1 9.1 11.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 5.4 3.5 — 4.7 2.1 8.1 11.0 5.1 2.8 1.4 2.1 All occupations . . . 7.3 Experienced labor force .................... 6.6 Professional, te c h n ic a l............. 2.0 Managers, officials, proprietors ......... 2.0 C le ric a l.................... 5.2 Sales ...................... , 4.0 Craftsmen, forem en., 5.2 Operatives ............. 7.5 Nonfarm laborers . . 10.5 Private household * w o rk e rs ............... Other service w o rk e rs ............... . 6.8 Farm workers . . . . 4.5 S o u rc e : See a p p e n d ix A. * Base to o s m a ll to be sh ow n s e p a ra te ly 34 CHART 15. UNEMPLOYMENT RATES WERE LOWER FOR MEN IN WHITE-COLLAR AND CRAFTSMEN JOBS THAN FOR THOSE IN LABORER AND MOST SERVICE JOBS Male unemployment rates, 1970 All occupations Professional and technical Managers, officials, and proprietors Clerical Sales Craftsmen and foremen Operatives Nonfarm laborers Private house hold workers Other service workers Farm workers 1 Base to o s m a ll to be sh ow n s e p a ra te ly S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 35 INCOME The average (median) income that a black family receives has been lower than that of a white family throughout American history, reflecting the lower educational and occupational attainments of blacks as well as the effects of discrimination. Despite sharp gains in the late 1960's, the average income of a black family was only 60 percent of the average income of a white family. Information on the incomes of all races other than white — of which blacks are over 90 percent — indicates that this was the highest ratio on record. TABLE 16. MEDIAN INCOME OF NEGRO AND OTHER RACES AND NEGRO FAMILIES AS A PERCENT OF WHITE FAMILY INCOME, 1950-69 Percent of White income Negro and other races' Year 1 950 1951 1952 195 3 1954 1955 195 6 1 957 1958 195 9 196 0 1961 1962 1963 1964 196 5 1966 196 7 1968 1 969 ....................................54 ....................................53 .................................... 57 .................................... 56 .................................... 56 .................................... 55 .................................... 53 .................................... 54 .................................... 51 .................................... 52 .................................... 55 .................................... 53 .................................... 53 .................................... 53 .................................... 56 .................................... 55 .................................... 60 .................................... 62 .................................... 63 .................................... 63 Negro7 (3> (3> (3> <3> (3) (3> (3> (3) (3) (3) (3) (3> (3) (3) 54 54 58 59 60 61 1 In c lu d e a ll ra ces e x c e p t w h ite . 2 The a n n u a l fig u re s sh ow n are based on th e C u rre n t P o p u la tio n S u rve y. The p e rc e n t o f N e g ro to w h ite m e d ia n fa m ily in c o m e (in s te a d o f th e p e rc e n t o f N e g ro a nd o th e r ra ces to w h ite as sh o w n ) is a v a ila b le fro m th is s u rv e y o n ly fo r 1964 and la te r. - 3 D ata n o t a v a ila b le . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A 38 CHART 16. THE RATIO OF BLACK TO WHITE FAMILY INCOME ROSE IN THE LATE 19 60’S TO THE HIGHEST ON RECORD, BUT THE LEVEL OF BLACK INCOME WAS STILL ONLY THREE-FIFTHS OF THE WHITE Black median fam ily income as a percent of White 65 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 39 In 1969, about one-quarter of all black families had incomes of $10,000 or more, compared with 9 percent who had equivalent incomes in 1960, and 3 percent in 1947, adjusted for price changes. (In order to purchase the same amount as $10,000 bought in 1969, a family would have had to have $8,100 income in 1960 and $6,100 in 1947). As large a percent of black families had such incomes in 1969 as white families about 10 years before. In the North and West, about one-third of black families had incomes of $10,000 or more in 1969. TABLE 17. PERCENT OF FAMILIES WITH $ 1 0,00 0 OR MORE, 1947-69 ADJUSTED CHANGES (IN 1969 DOLLARS) Year Negro and other races United States 1 9 4 7 .... 3 1 948 ___ 2 194 9 ___ 2 195 0 ___ 3 1 9 5 1 .... 1 195 2 ___ 2 1 953 ___ 5 1 954___ 4 1 9 5 5 .... 3 1 956 ___ 5 1 957 ___ 5 1 958 ___ 5 1 959 ___ 7 1960 ___ 9 1 961 ___ 10 196 2 ___ 9 1 9 6 3 . . . . 10 196 4 ___ 13 1965. . . . 14 1966___ 17 1967___ 21 1968 ___ 24 1 969___ 24 White 12 11 11 12 12 13 16 16 19 22 21 21 25 27 28 30 33 35 37 40 43 46 49 Year INCOME OF FOR PRICE Negro and other races White South: 1 9 6 6 ___ 8 1 9 6 8 ___ 13 1 9 6 9 . . . . 14 32 38 41 Northeast 196 6 ___ 19 196 8___ 27 196 9 ___ 30 43 49 52 North Central 1 9 6 6 ___ 25 196 8 ___ 32 196 9___ 33 43 48 52 West 1 9 6 6 ___ .33 1 9 6 8 ... 42 1 9 6 9 . . . . 39 44 50 51 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 40 CHART 17. BLACK FAMILIES ARE MOVING INTO THE MIDDLE-INCOME GROUPS. THE PROPORTION WITH INCOMES OF $ 1 0,00 0 OR MORE WAS 8 TIMES GREATER IN 1969 THAN IN 1947 United States By regions Percent of families of Negro and other races with incomes of $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 'or more (in constant 1969 dollars). 1 1969 d o lla rs (a $ 10,000 in c o m e in 1969 b o u g h t as m u c h as $8,100 in 1960 and $6,100 in 1947) S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A 41 Incomes have increased since World War II for both black and white families, and the percent of black families with less than $3,000 in purchasing power (income adjusted for changes in prices) has been reduced from nearly 60 percent of all black families in 1947 to 20 percent in 1969. In addition, the rate of increase in incomes has been much sharper for black than for white families, as full time work replaced part-time jobs and occupational and educational advancement was reflected in incomes. However, black incomes were so low in 1947, that even with this sharper rate of gain, the actual difference in dollars between black family incomes and white (adjusted for price changes) widened between 1947 and 1968. In 1969, the average black family had about $6,200 to spend, $3,600 less than a white family. In 1947, a black family had $2,500 less than a white family (using constant 1969 dollars, adjusted for price changes). The decrease in the number of poor families, although impressive, still leaves a large number with low incomes. In 1969, despite 20 years of progress, 1 in every 5 black families had income of less than $3,000 compared with 1 in every 10 white families. TABLE 18. DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILIES BY INCOME IN 1947, 1960, AND 1969 (IN CONSTANT 1969 DOLLARS) Negro and other races White 1947 1960 1969 1947 1960 1969 3,119 4,333 5,215 34,120 41,123 46,022 Percent . . . . 100 57 Under $3,000 ......... $3,000 to $4,999 . . 25 9 $5,000 to $6,999. . 6 $7,000 to $9,999. . $10,000 to $14,999 1 $15,000 and over. . 1 3 100 38 22 16 14 f 7 l 2 100 20 19 17 20 16 8 100 21 26 24 18 100 14 14 19 26 18 8 100 8 10 12 22 28 21 Median income . . . . .$2,660 $4,001 $6,191 $5,194 $7,252 $9,794 Income group Number of families (in m illio n s ) ........... Net change, 1947-69 Percent......... $3,531 133 12 $4,600 89 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 42 CHART 18. FAMILY INCOMES INCREASED BETWEEN 1947 AND 1969 FOR BOTH BLACKS AND WHITES BLACK FAMILIES WITH LESS THAN $3,000 INCOME HAVE DECREASED BUT THE DOLLAR GAP BETWEEN BLACKS AND WHITES HAS INCREASED Median fam ily income Percent $ 10,000 100 75 NEGRO AND OTHER RACES 1947 1969 1947 1969 1947 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 43 1969 In recent years, the median income of black families has ranged from a little over half of the white median in the South to about three-fourths or more of the white median in the North Central and Western regions. Low incomes of blacks in the South, and the great disparity between black and white family income there, is explained in part, by the fact that much more of the black population there is rural than in other regions. In 1969, median income of blacks not on farms was more than double that of blacks living on farms. TABLE 19. MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME IN 1969 AND COMPARISON OF NEGRO AND WHITE FAMILY INCOME, 1967, AND 1969, BY REGION Negro income as a percent of white Median fam ily income, 1969 Region Negro Total United States. . $5,999 N o rth e a s t................ North C e n tra l......... South ....................... W e s t......................... .. .. .. .. 6,911 7,726 4,987 7,682 White 1967 1969 $9,794 59 61 10,265 10,194 8,764 10,197 66 78 54 74 67 76 57 75 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 44 CHART 19. THE GREATEST DISPARITY BETWEEN BLACK AND WHITE FAMILY INCOME IS IN THE SOUTH S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 45 Whether they were black or white, men earned more than women. White men earned most, but black men earned more than either black or white women. The relationships were such that a black man working full time, all year, earned about two-thirds as much as a white man working the same amount of time, but 1V2 times as much as a black woman, and 16 percent more than a white woman working full time, all year in 1969. The largest differences in the incomes of black men and women were in the West, where black incomes were highest, and the smallest differences in the South where incomes were lowest. TABLE 20. MEDIAN EARNINGS OF WORKERS BY COLOR AND SEX, 1969 Negro Group White Men All workers ................................ $4,375 Full-time, all year workers. . . . . 5,880 Ratio, women’s earnings to men’s (Men’s earnings = 1.00): All w o rk e rs ............................. Full-time, all year workers . . Women Men Women $1,991 4,009 $7,200 8,737 $2,688 4,977 .46 .68 .37 .57 TABLE 20A. MEDIAN INCOME' OF NEGRO MEN AND WOMEN WORKERS, AND RATIO BY REGION FOR NEGRO AND WHITE WOMEN, 1969 Region Median income of Negro workers Ratio: women’s to men’s income Men Negro White $4,094 .69 .58 4,618 4,774 3,536 5,494 .69 .64 .76 .70 .60 .56 .59 .59 Women Year-round, full-tim e workers . . $5,917 N o rth e a s t.................................... North C e n tra l............................. South ........................................... W e s t............................................. . . . . 6,686 7,485 4,655 7,836 1 R efers to to ta l in c o m e ra th e r th a n to e a rn in g s alo n e as in th e p re c e d in g ta b le . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 46 CHART 20. THE EARNINGS OF BLACK MEN ARE HIGHER THAN THOSE OF EITHER BLACK WOMEN OR WHITE WOMEN, BUT LESS THAN WHITE MEN'S Annual earnings of full-tim e year round workers in 1969 $ 10,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------WHITE 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 MEN WOMEN S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 47 Families with a man and wife at the head are more likely to have high incomes, whether they are black or white, especially if the wife works — and under these circumstances the percent difference in income between black families and white is smallest. On the other hand, families headed by a woman alone have the smallest incomes regardless of age. However, black families headed by younger men have higher incomes than the average for all black male-headed families. Their incomes are closer to those of whites. TABLE 21. MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME BY RACE, AND BY SEX AND AGE OF HEAD, 1969 Head aged 25-34 Ratio: Negro to White income White Negro White All ages Age 25-34 $9,794 $6,454 $9,819 6 1% 66% 11,886 9,174 11,275 76 81 9,111 8,818 5,500 6,641 0) 3,373 9,488 9,489 3,804 62 71 61 70 (i) 89 All age groups Family type Negro All fa m ilie s ........... $5,999 Male fam ily head married, wife present Wife in labor force ............. . 9,134 Wife not in labor force . . 5,612 Other status 2 . . 6,223 Femalefamily head 2 3,341 ' Base to o s m a ll to p ro v id e a d e q u a te sa m p le . 2 In c lu d e s s in g le , w id o w e d , d iv o rc e d , o r se p a ra te d . S ource: See a p p e n d ix A. 48 CHART 21 FAMILY INCOME IS HIGHEST WHEN BOTH HUSBAND AND WIFE WORK AND LOWEST FOR FEMALE-HEADED FAMILIES, FOR BOTH BLACKS AND WHITES Family income in 1969 (median) Married men with wife in the labor force Married men with wife not in the labor force Other male-headed families S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 49 Female-headed families About half of all black women at paid work in 1968 were married and living with their husbands. In most families, their earnings provided less than one-third of total family income, about the same as the white working wife’s contribution to family income. Only about 11 percent of the wives of either race contributed more than half of their family’s total income. Two in every 10 black women working for wages or salaries were single in 1968 and 3 in every 10 were widowed, divorced, or separated — and 5 were married and living with their husbands. Among whites, 6 in every 10 working women were married and living with husbands, 2 were single, and the remaining 2 were widowed, divorced, or separated. TABLE 22. DISTRIBUTION OF NONFARM FAMILIES BY PERCENT OF TOTAL FAMILY INCOME CONTRIBUTED BY WORKING WIFE LIVING WITH HUSBAND, 1968 Percent distribution Negro and other races Percent w ife’s earnings are of total fam ily income All earnings g ro u p s .................... ___ 100 Less than 20 percent................ 20-30 p e rc e n t............................. 30-40 p e rc e n t............................. 40-50 p e rc e n t............................. 50 percent and o v e r .................. ___ ___ .... ___ .... White 100 34 18 19 17 11 37 19 19 13 11 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 50 CHART 22. MOST WIVES WHO WORK FOR PAY CONTRIBUTE LESS THAN ONE-THIRD OF FAMILY INCOME, WHETHER THE FAMILY IS BLACK OR WHITE WIFE CONTRIB UTES: Less than 20% of family income 20-30% 30-40% 40-50% More than half of fam ily income S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 51 POVERTY While the incomes of many people increased duringthe 1960’s, and the number of poor persons decreased sharply, by 1969, nearly 25 million persons in over 5 million families were still poor. Of these, 3 in every 10 persons were black — a total of over 7 million poor blacks and a total of nearly 17 million poor whites in the 200 million American population. As a result of better education, widening job opportunities, and general economic growth, the proportion of the black population who were poor fell sharply from over half in 1959 to less than one-third in 1969; for the white population, the propor tion of poor fell from 18 percent in 1959 to 10 percent in 1969. In 1969, a nonfarm family of four headed by a man was considered in poverty if income was at or below $3,745. In 1959 prices, the comparable poverty standard would have been $2,973. The poverty standard varies by size, composition, and location of families. Between 1959 and 1969, the number of black persons who were poor dropped a little more than one-fourth compared with a drop of over two-fifths for whites. TABLE 23. PERSONS BELOW THE POVERTY LEVEL’ , 1959-69 (NUMBERS IN MILLIONS) Million Year 1 959 1 960 1 961 1 962 1 963 1 964 1 965 1966 Negro and other races ......11.0 ......11.5 ......11.7 ......12.0 ......11.2 ......11.1 ......10.7 ...... 9.7 Based on revised method 1 966 ............. 9.2 1967 4 ........... 8.8 1968 ...... 8.0 1969 ...... 7.6 Percent Negro 9.9 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (z) (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) White Negro and other races Negro 28.5 28.3 27.9 26.7 25.2 25.0 22.5 20.8 56 56 56 56 51 50 47 42 55 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 18 18 17 16 15 15 13 12 19.3 19.0 17.4 16.7 40 37 33 31 42 39 34 32 11 11 10 10 White 3 8.9 85 7.6 7.2 1 The p o v e rty c o n c e p t used th ro u g h o u t th is re p o rt is based on a re vise d d e fin itio n a d o p te d in 1969. A d e ta ile d e x p la n a tio n o f th e re vise d p o v e rty d e fin itio n a p p e a rs in C ensus B u rea u S p e cia l S tu d ie s, S e rie s P-23, No. 28. The p o v e rty th re s h o ld fo r a n o n -fa rm fa m ily o f fo u r w as $3,745 in 1969 and $2,973 in 1959. 2 N o t a v a ila b le . 3 R e fle c ts im p ro v e m e n ts in s ta tis tic a l p ro c e d u re s used in p ro c e s s in g th e in c o m e d ata . * Due to a p ro c e s s in g d iffe re n c e , d a ta fo r 1967 are n o t s tr ic tly c o m p a ra b le w ith th o s e sh ow n fo r 1966 and 1968. S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 54 CHART 23. THE NUMBER OF POOR HAS DECREASED SHARPLY SINCE 1959 - BUT NEARLY ONE-THIRD OF THE BLACKS AND ONE-TENTH OF THE WHITES WERE STILL POOR IN 1969 Percent of total in poverty 1959 1960 1965 N ote: R evision in m e th o d o lo g y m a de in 1966 ca use d b re a k in th e se rie s. S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 1969 Only a small fraction of the population and of the poor, whether black or white, receive welfare assistance. Since blacks are much more likely to be poor, they are also proportionately more likely to receive welfare than whites. In 1969, 18 percent of all black persons (mainly small children and the aged) received welfare, compared with 4 percent of all whites. The number of welfare recipients has increased considerably between 1966 and 1969. TABLE 24. NUMBER AND PERCENT OF PERSONS BELOW THE POVERTY LEVEL AND OF PERSONS RECEIVING WELFARE, BY RACE, 1966-69 (NUMBERS IN MILLIONS) Negro and other races White 1966 1967 1968 1969 1966 Total population . . .23.2 23.7 24.5 24.5 170.2 172.0 175.6 175.4 8.4 8.0 7.6 19.5 17.8 17.4 16.7 35 32 31 12 10 10 10 3.4 3.8 4.4 4.5 5.0 5.6 6.7 14 16 18 3 3 3 4 Group Below poverty level ......... . . 9.3 Percent of total population . . . 40 Receiving welfare . . . . . 3.2 Percent of total population . . . 14 1967 1968 1969 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 56 CHART 24. MOST OF THE POOR DO N O T RECEIVE WELFARE ASSISTANCE Millions of people in 1969 57 More of the black poor families than the white have young children under age 18 to support, and fewer are headed by elderly people over 65 years of age. In 1969, there were children under age 18 in 8 out of every 10 poor families that were black compared with 6 in every 10 that were white. Also, the proportion of poor black families headed by an elderly person (age 65) was about half as high as the white’s. A large majority of poor families had at least one earner, in most cases the head of the family. TABLE 25. CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES BELOW THE POVERTY LEVEL, 1969 Negro (Percent) Family type Total .................................................., . 100 Male fam ily h e a d s ........................... Female fam ily h e a d s ...................... Aged fam ily head ' ......................... Families with c h ild r e n * .................. Families with at least one earner. . Families with heads who worked during 1969. . . . . . . . White (Percent) 100 47 53 16 80 70 70 30 29 59 62 . 58 53 ' F a m ilie s w ith a t le a s t 2 p erso n s, w ith head age 65 o r over. 2 U n m a rrie d c h ild re n u n d e r age 18. S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 58 CHART 25. BLACK FAMILIES IN POVERTY ARE MORE LIKELY THAN WHITE TO BE EARNERS, AND WITH CHILDREN TO SUPPORT Percent of poor' families 1969 100 Poor families with at least one earner Aged poor fam ily heads 80 1 As d e fin e d by S o cia l S e c u rity A d m in is tra tio n . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 59 Poor families with children Poverty is most visible in cities, where many poor blacks live close together. It is less visible, but much more prevalent, among blacks outside the central cities of metropolitan areas. In 1969, a black family living on a farm was more than 2 V2 times as likely to be poor as one living in a metropolitan area, since only 21 percent of city families were poor compared with 57 percent of farm families. However, because so large a proportion of all black families live in large cities, a large proportion also, of black poor live there. In 1969, 6 in every 10 black families lived in the central cities of metro politan areas, but less than 5 in every 10 poor black families lived there. TABLE 26. LOCATION OF ALL NEGRO FAMILIES FAMILIES BELOW THE POVERTY LEVEL, 1969 Percent distribution of Negro families AND OF NEGRO Negro fam ilies below the poverty level in each location Below the poverty level Number (thousands) Percent United States ........................ 100 100 1,326 28 Inside metropolitan areas. . . 73 Central c it ie s ................ 57 Suburban fringe .............. 15 Small towns and rural areas. 27 Farm .................................. 3 Nonfarm ........................... 23 54 44 10 46 6 40 720 582 138 606 79 527 21 21 19 46 57 45 Location Total S ource: See a p p e n d ix A. 60 CHART 26. MOST OF THE BLACK POOR DO NOT LIVE IN LARGE CITIES Percent distribution, 1969 Percent of Negro families in each location who are poor, 1969 100 100 Small towns and rural areas 75 — 75 Suburban fringe TOTAL Negro families POOR Negro families farm S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 61 FAMILY Most black families, like most white families, are headed by a husband and his wife (especially those in the middle and higher-income groups). However, an increasing proportion of black families have a woman at the head. In 1969, more than one-fourth of all black families were headed by a woman. Many of these were very low-income families. More than half the black families with income under $3,000 were headed by a woman, but only 10 percent of those with income over $7,000. TABLE 27. COMPOSITION OF FAMILIES, 1950, 1955, 1960, AND 1966-70 (PERCENT DISTRIBUTION) Year 1 9 5 0 ... 1 9 5 5 ... 1 9 6 0 ... 1 9 6 6 ... 1 9 6 7 ... 1 9 6 8 ... 1 9 6 9 ... 1 9 7 0 ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Husband-wife Other male head Female head' Negro and other races White Negro and other races White Negro and other races White 88.0 87.9 88.7 88.8 88.7 88.9 88.8 88.7 4.7 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.9 4.5 3.9 3.5 17.6 20.7 22.4 23.7 23.6 26.4 27.3 26.8 8.5 9.0 8.7 8.9 9.1 8.9 8.9 9.0 .77.7 .75.3 .73.6 .72.7 .72.6 .69.1 .68.7 .69.7 3.5 3.0 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 ’ F e m ale h ea d s o f fa m ilie s in c lu d e w id o w e d and s in g le -jwomen, and w om e n s e p a ra te d fro m h u s b a n d s in th e a rm e d s e rvice s o r o th e rw is e a w ay fro m hom e in v o lu n ta rily , as w e ll as th o s e se p a ra te d fro m th e ir h u s b a n d s th ro u g h d iv o rc e o r m a rita l d is c o rd . In 1968, d iv o rc e a nd m a rita l d is c o rd a c c o u n te d fo r 50 p e rc e n t o f th e b la c k fe m a le fa m ily hea d s and 31 p e rc e n t o f th e w h ite . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. TABLE 27A. FAMILIES (PERCENT) BY SEX OF HEAD, BY All fa m ilie s .................. Under $3,000 .............. $3,000 to $ 4 ,9 9 9 . .. . $5,000 to $6,999. . . . $7,000 to $9,999. . . . $10,000 to $14,000. . . $15,000 and over. . . . Total . 100 . 100 . 100 . 100 . 100 . 100 . 100 GROUP, 1968 Female Male 9 27 17 12 6 4 3 91 73 83 88 94 96 98 White Negro Income Group INCOME Female Male 72 44 64 78 89 91 93 29 56 36 22 11 9 7 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 64 CHART 27. THREE-FOURTHS OF BLACK FAMILIES AND FOUR-FIFTHS OF WHITE ARE HEADED BY A MAN Percent 100 HEADED BY A MAN WHITE 1950 1970 1950 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 65 1970 Not long ago, most women who had their own households were widows. Now, an increasing proportion of women heads of families — both black and white — are separated or divorced. Although the percent separated or divorced is greater among black heads of families, the increase among them since 1960 has been less than among whites. The percent widowed is declining in both groups but remains greater among whites than blacks. TABLE 28. MARITAL STATUS OF FEMALE HEADS OF FAMILIES, 1960 AND 1970 (PERCENT DISTRIBUTION) Negro Marital status Total I9 6 0 ' ................................ 100 Single (never married). . Separated or divorced. . . S e p a ra te d .................... D iv o rc e d ....................... Married, husband absent. In Armed Forces......... Other reasons ........... W id o w e d ........................... 4 42 29 14 15 2 13 40 White 1970 1960 1970 100 100 100 16 47 33 14 7 2 4 30 10 25 9 16 10 2 8 55 9 36 11 25 8 3 5 47 1 N e g ro a nd o th e r races. S ource: See a p p e n d ix A. 66 CHART 28. AN INCREASING PROPORTION OF WOMEN HEADS OF FAMILIES BOTH BLACK AND WHITE - ARE SEPARATED OR DIVORCED Percent 50 NEGRO 1960 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 1970 1960 1970 About 70 percent of black children and 90 percent of white children live with both parents. At a family income level of $7,000 and above, about 90 percent of black children are living with both parents. At the other end of the economic scale, only about one-fourth of black children in families with incomes below $3,000 are living with both parents. TABLE 29. PERCENT OF CHILDREN' LIVING WITH BOTH PARENTS, 1960-69 Negro and other races Year 1 960 ......... 1961......... 1 9 6 2 ......... 1 963......... 1 964......... 1 965......... 1 966 ......... 1 9 6 7 ......... 1 968......... 1 969......... White .........75 .........76 .........73 ......... 70 ......... 71 .........71 .........71 .........73 ......... 69 ......... 69 92 92 92 92 92 91 91 92 92 92 TABLE 29A. PERCENT OF CH ILDREN’ LIVING WITH BOTH PARENTS, BY FAMILY INCOME, 1969 Income group Under $3,000 ............. $3,000 to $4,999 . . . . $5,000 to $6,999 . . . . $7,000 to $9,999 ___ $10,000 to $14,999 . . $15,000 and o ve r......... Negro White ....2 7 ....5 5 ___ 78 . . . . 90 . . . . 88 ....8 7 49 75 88 95 97 98 1 U n m a rrie d c h ild re n u n d e r 18 ye a rs o ld liv in g in fa m ilie s . S ource: See a p p e n d ix A. 68 CHART 29. MOST BLACK CHILDREN LIVE WITH BOTH PARENTS - BUT MOST POOR BLACK CHILDREN ARE IN BROKEN HOMES Percent living with both parents, by fam ily income 100 Under $3,000 $3,0004,999 $5,0006,999 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 69 $7,000 and over VITAL STATISTICS AND HEALTH Birth rates are higher for blacks than for whites, but they have decreased for both groups in recent years. Analysis of birth rates among black women shows that they are higher for the poor than for the middle-income groups, for the less educated than for those with higher education, and for rural than for urban populations. TABLE 30. FERTILITY RATES, 1955-68 (LIVE BIRTHS PER 1,000 WOMEN, AGE 15 TO 4 4 ) Negro and other races Year White 1 9 5 5 ........................................ 155 1 9 5 6 ........................................ 161 1 957 ........................................ 163 1 958 ........................................ 161 1 959 ........................................ 162 1 960 ........................................154 1 9 6 1 ........................................ 154 1 9 6 2 '......................................... 149 1963 1......................................... 145 1964 ........................................ 142 1 9 6 5 ........................................ 134 1 966 ........................................ 126 1 967 ........................................ 120 1 968 ........................................ 115 114 116 118 115 114 113 112 108 104 100 91 86 83 82 1 E xclu d e s d ata fo r N ew Je rsey. NOTE: B irth s 1955-59 a d ju s te d fo r u n d e r-re g is tra tio n o f b irth s . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 72 CHART 30. BIRTH RATES FOR BOTH BLACKS AND WHITES HAVE DROPPED Live births per 1000 women, age 15-44 0 1955 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 1960 1965 1968 Infant and maternal mortality rates have dropped sharply during the past 2l/ 2 decades. However, the mortality rate for black mothers was about 3 times that of white mothers in 1967. Infant mortality rates for blacks were also much higher than for whites. TABLE 31. MATERNAL AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES, 1940, 1950, AND 1960-68 (PER 1,000 LIVE BIRTHS) Infant Less than 1 month old Maternal N e g ro and o th e r races Year 1 9 4 0 ... 1 9 5 0 ... 1 9 6 0 ... 1 9 6 1 ... 1 9 6 2 ... 1 9 6 3 ... 1 9 6 4 ... 1965. ... 1 9 6 6 ... 1 9 6 7 ... 1 9 6 8 ... . . .7.6 . . .2 .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.0 .1.0 . 1.0 .1.0 .0.9 .0.8 .0.7 .0.7 .NA W h ite 3.2 0.6 0.3 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 NA N eg ro a nd o th e r races 39.7 27.5 26.9 26.2 26.1 26.1 26.5 25.4 24.8 123.8 123.0 1 month to 1 year old W h ite 27.2 19.4 17.2 16.9 16.9 16.7 16.2 16.1 15.6 i l5 . 0 il4 . 7 N e g ro and o th e r ra ces 34.1 17.0 16.4 14.5 15.3 15.4 14.6 14.9 14.0 212.1 211.6 W h ite 16.0 7.4 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.0 24.7 24.5 ' F ig u re s are fo r in fa n ts less th a n 28 d a ys old. 2 F ig u re s are fo r in fa n ts 28 days to 1 y e a r old . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 74 CHART 31. INFANT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY ARE MUCH HIGHER FOR BLACKS THAN FOR WHITES, ALTHOUGH ALL ARE DECREASING. MOTHERS Deaths per 1,000 live births NEGRO AND OTHER RACES WHITE Deaths per 1,000 live births (less than 1 month old) NEGRO AND OTHER RACES WHITE NOTE: In flu e n z a e p id e m ic s are kn ow n to a ffe c t n o n -w h ite in fa n ts m o re s e rio u s ly th a n w h ite in fa n ts . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 75 Length of life is a most significant indicator of the health of the population. During the 1960’s, the life expectancy of blacks was about 10 percent lower than that of whites in all age groups from 25 to 55 years of age, the prime working years. TABLE 32. LIFE EXPECTANCY IN PRIME WORKING YEARS, 1960 AND 1967 (ADDITIONAL YEARS OF LIFE EXPECTED AT EACH AGE) Age 25 years . 35 years. 45 years. 55 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960 1969i Negro and other races White Difference 48.8 39.4 30.3 22.0 -5 .6 -4 .8 -3 .6 -2 .3 .43.1 .34.3 .26.2 . 19.3 White Difference Negro and other races 48.3 38.8 29.7 21.5 -5 .2 -4 .5 -3 .5 -2 .2 43.2 34.6 26.7 19.7 ' P re lim in a ry . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 76 CHART 32. THE NUMBER OF YEARS OF LIFE REMAINING AT ANY AGE IS CONSISTENTLY LOWER FOR BLACKS THAN FOR WHITES Average number of years of life remaining at given ages. 50 At 25 years of age At 35 years of age At 45 years of age S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 77 At 55 years of age The incidence of disabling illnesses and chronic conditions that limit activities is about the same for blacks and whites, but days of bed disability and lost work days affect blacks slightly more. TABLE 33. DAYS OF DISABILITY PER PERSON PER YEAR, JULY 1965JUNE 1967, AND PERCENT OF POPULATION WITH ACTIVITY LIMITATIONS RESULTING FROM CHRONIC ILLNESS Percent of population affected 1 Type of activity limitation Restricted-activity days 2 .............................. Bed-disability d a y s ....................................... Work-loss days 3 ........................................... School-loss days * ......................................... Percent of persons with chronic conditions and activity lim ita tio n s........................... Negro and other races White 17 7 7 4 15 6 5 5 11 12 1 R ounded fig u re s . 2 For a ll ty p e s o f illn e s s e s , in c lu d in g c h ro n ic c o n d itio n s , a d ju s te d fo r age d iffe re n c e s in th e w h ite p o p u la tio n a nd th a t o f N e g ro a nd o th e r races. 3 In c lu d e s p e rso n s 17 y e a rs o f age and o v e r c u rre n tly e m p lo y e d . 4 In c lu d e s c h ild re n 6-16 ye a rs o f age (d a ta n o t a ge -a d ju ste d ). S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 78 CHART 33. DISABLING ILLNESSES AND CHRONIC CONDITIONS THAT LIMIT ACTIVITY ARE ABOUT THE SAME FOR BLACKS AND WHITES Percent of population with chronic disabling illnesses and activity lim itations 15 NEGRO AND OTHER RACES WHITE 10 5 0 Days lost because of illness (average per year) 0 5 Bed disability Lost work days Lost school days S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 79 10 Education has had a most important effect on the entire life style of the American population, as well as on its occupational achievement. The educational attainment of both blacks and whites has been increasing. Today, black men in all age groups have more education than in 1960. TABLE 34. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF PERSONS 25-29 YEARS OLD, BY SEX AND RACE, 1960 AND 1966-69 Median years of school completed Male Negro and other races Year 1 9 6 0 ......... 196 6 ......... 1 967 ......... 1 968 ......... 196 9 ......... ......... 10.5 ......... 12.1 .........12.2 .........12.2 .........12.3 Female White Negro and other races White 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.7 11.1 11.9 12.1 12.2 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 Percent completing 4 years of high school or more 1 960 ......... 1 9 6 6 ......... 1 9 6 7 ......... 1 968 ......... 1 9 6 9 ......... .........36 .........53 .........56 ......... 60 .........60 63 73 74 76 78 41 49 55 56 56 65 74 75 75 77 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 80 CHART 34. THE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF YOUNG BLACK MEN HAS ALMOST CAUGHT UP WITH THAT OF WHITES Median years of school completed 15 -------------------------------------------------M A L E S -A G E 25-29 WHITE 1960 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 1969 At each educational level, black men have less income than white men. The disparity is greatest at the college level. The dollar disparity is least among the less educated because their jobs and their age distributions are much more similar than among better educated white and black men. TABLE 35. MEDIAN INCOME OF MEN 25 YEARS OLD AND OVER, BY EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, 1969 White Negro income as a percent of white Elementary: Less than 8 years. $2,973 8 years ................ . 4,293 $3,613 5,460 82 79 High school: 1 to 3 years......... . 5,222 4 years ................ . 6,144 7,309 8,631 71 71 College: ; " 4 or more years. . . 8,567 12,437 69 Median income 1969 Level of education Negro S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 82 CHART 35. HIGHER EDUCATION HAS MEANT HIGHER EARNING-POWER FOR BOTH BLACKS AND WHITES, BUT AT EACH EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, BLACK MEN HAVE LESS INCOME THAN WHITE Educational attainm ent in 1969 of men, 25 years old and over Median income, 1969 $15,000 Elementary school High school S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 83 College Except among pre-schoolers and those in the compulsory school attendance ages of 6-15, enroll ment of black students continued to lag behind white despite steady increases. Nearly all 6-15 year olds are enrolled in school, and a very large proportion of those 16-17, both black and white. However, only 1 in every 8 blacks age 20-24 years compared with over 1 in every 5 whites of this age, go to school. (Most of these are in college.) An interesting change is the sharp rise in enrollment of 3-and-4-year-olds, where black enrollments were higher than white in 1968, especially in programs like “ Head-Start.” TABLE 36. PERCENT ENROLLED IN SCHOOL, BY AGE, 1960, 1966, AND 1969 Negro Students enrolled I9 6 0 ' 3 and 4 years........... , 0 5 y e a r s .................... 51 6 to 15 years........... 98 16 and 17 years. . . . 77 18 and 19 years. . . .,35 20 to 24 years......... 8 White 1966 1969 1960 1966 1969 14’ 65 99 85 38 8 21 70 99 86 45 12 0 66 99 83 39 14 12 74 99 89 46 21 15 80 99 90 51 24 1 N e g ro a nd o th e r races. S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 84 CHART 36. MOST BLACK YOUTH OF SCHOOL AGE ATTEND SCHOOL. A LARGER PROPORTION OF WHITES ABOVE THE COMPULSORY SCHOOL AGES ATTEND, BUT AMONG 3-AND-4-YEAR-OLDS, A LARGER PROPORTION OF BLACKS ARE IN SCHOOL PROGRAMS LIKE “ HEAD START” Percent of population in school ' N o t a v a ila b le e a rlie r. S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 85 Age Test scores on national standardized tests of reading and other school subjects, in the Fall of 1965, showed that at that time the average performance of black youth in the final year of high school was at a ninth-grade level, reflecting varied adverse factors, including environmental. The gap in achievement level between Negro and white students widened between the sixth and twelfth grades. Recent changes in educational techniques, supplementary programs like Headstart and other special efforts, as well as school desegration, may have effected gains in student achievement. However, there has been no recent nationwide study to indicate current comparative achievement. TABLE 37. ACHIEVEMENT ON NATIONAL STANDARDIZED TESTS OF READING AND OTHER SCHOOL SUBJECTS, FALL 1965 Test level grade Grade in school Negro White S ix t h ..........................................4.4 6.8 Ninth ........................................7.0 9.9 T w e lfth ..................................... 9.2 12.7 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 86 CHART 37. IN 1965, THE AVERAGE PERFORMANCE OF BLACK YOUTH IN THE FINAL YEAR OF HIGH SCHOOL WAS AT A NINTH GRADE LEVEL. . . THE GAP WITH WHITE PERFORMANCE WIDENED BETWEEN SIXTH GRADE AND TWELFTH (No recent studies have been made) Grade levels of achievement on national standardized tests S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 87 Many managerial jobs, as well as most professional positions, require a college education. Negroes have made substantial gains since 1960 in completing college. By 1969, 6.6 percent of all blacks age 25-34 had completed at least 4 years of college, compared with about 16 percent of all whites in this age group. However, the difference between the percent of blacks and whites finishing college was wider in 1969 than in 1960, as white college attendance increases outpaced those of blacks. TABLE 38. PERCENT OF POPULATION 25 TO 3 4 YEARS OLD WHO COMPLETED 4 YEARS OF COLLEGE OR MORE, BY SEX, 1960, 1966, AND 1969 Negro Year Male Female Total Male 1 9 6 0 .. . .4.3 3.9 4.6 11.7 15.7 7.8 1 9 6 6 .. . .5.7 5.2 6.1 14.6 18.9 10.4 1 9 6 9 .. . .6.6 7.6 5.6 16.2 20.2 12.3 Total White Female S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 88 CHART 38. THE PERCENT COMPLETING COLLEGE HAS INCREASED FOR BOTH BLACKS AND WHITES, BUT WHITE GAINS HAVE BEEN LARGER S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 89 HOUSING The condition of housing for blacks has improved since 1960. Nevertheless, the proportion living in housing that either is dilapidated or lacks basic plumbing facilities has decreased sharply since 1960 in all areas, especially in large cities. Yet about one-fourth of black households still live in such dwellings, compared with one-sixteenth of the whites. TABLE 39. PERCENT OCCUPYING HOUSING NOT MEETING SPECIFIED CRITERIA', BY LOCATION, 1960 AND 1968 Negro and other races White 1960 1968 1960 ............. .44 24 13 6 Metropolitan areas: Central cities ........... .25 Suburbs .................... .43 9 16 8 7 3 3 Nonmetropolitan areas . .77 55 23 11 Location United States 1968 1 H o u s in g is c la s s ifie d as " n o t m e e tin g s p e c ifie d c r ite r ia ” i f it e ith e r is d ila p id a te d o r la cks one o r m o re o f th e fo llo w in g b a sic p lu m b in g fa c ilitie s : h o t ru n n in g w a te r in th e s tru c tu re , flu s h to ile t fo r p riv a te use o f m e m b e rs o f th e h o u se h o ld , and b a th tu b o r sh o w e r fo r p riv a te use o f m e m b e rs o f th e h o u se h o ld . H o u s in g is re p o rte d as " d ila p id a te d ” i f d e fe c ts are so c r itic a l o r so w id e s p re a d th a t th e s tru c tu re w o u ld re q u ire e x te n s iv e re p a irs , re b u ild ing, o r ra zin g , o r w as o f in a d e q u a te o rig in a l c o n s tru c tio n . In fo rm a tio n is c o lle c te d a lso on h o u s in g c o n d itio n ra te d as " d e te r io ra tin g ,” th a t is, h a v in g one o r m o re d e fe c ts o f an in te rm e d ia te n a tu re th a t re q u ire c o rre c tio n i f th e u n it is to c o n tin u e to p ro v id e sa fe a nd a d e q u a te s h e lte r. S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 92 CHART 39. THE PROPORTION OF BLACKS LIVING IN HOUSING EITHER DILAPIDATED OR LACKING BASIC PLUMBING IS STILL MUCH LARGER THAN AMONG WHITES NEGRO AND OTHER RACES Percent WHITE 100 50 — 1960 1968 1960 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 93 1968 In the South, over one-third of all black households live in dwellings that either are dilapidated or lack basic plumbing facilities, compared with about one-tenth in the North and West. In all regions, housing is far worse in smaller cities, towns, and rural areas than in the metropolitan centers. TABLE 40. PERCENT OCCUPYING HOUSING NOT MEETING CRITERIA,1 BY REGION AND LOCATION, 1968 Region and Location North and West South Negro and other races White Negro and other races SPECIFIED White All housing uni t s. . . . . . . 11 Metropolitan areas: Central c it ie s ......... . . . 9 Suburbs .................. . . . 12 5 36 9 4 3 9 22 3 3 Nonmetropolitan areas . . .22 7 61 16 1 H o u s in g is c la s s ifie d as " n o t m e e tin g s p e c ifie d c r ite r ia ” if it e ith e r is d ila p id a te d o r la c k s one o r m o re o f th e fo llo w in g b a s ic p lu m b in g fa c ilitie s : h o t ru n n in g w a te r in th e s tru c tu re , flu s h to ile t fo r p riv a te use o f m e m b e rs o f th e h o u s e h o ld . and b a th tu b o r s h o w e r fo r p riv a te use. S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 94 CHART 40. IN ALL REGIONS, HOUSING OF BLACKS IS FAR WORSE IN SMALLER CITIES, TOWNS, AND RURAL AREAS THAN IN METROPOLITAN CENTERS Percent below specified criteria 0 North and West 10 20 NEGRO AND OTHER RACES WHITE Large cities South North and West Urban fringe South North and West Smaller cities, towns and rural South S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 40 95 60 CRIME Blacks are far more likely than whites to be the victims of serious crimes of violence such as murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, whether they are male or female. However, black females are the most vulnerable group of all. Burglary and larceny (over $50) are also greater threats to black than white women, but there is no significant difference between black and white men. On the other hand, black men and women are somewhat more likely to be the victims of auto theft than are whites. TABLE 41. VICTIMS OF SERIOUS CRIMES, BY SEX AND RACE, 1965-66 (RATES PER 100 POPULATION) Negro and other races Crimes Crimes of violence (Homicide, Rape, Robbery and Aggravated A ssa u lt)......... . Male White Female Male Female .5 .8 .4 .2 Burglary and larceny (over $50). . 2.4 1.2 2.4 .6 .2 .2 .1 Vehicle theft .................................. . .3 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A- 98 CHART 41. BLACK MEN AND WOMEN ARE FAR MORE TO BE VICTIMS OF CRIMES OF VIOLENCE LIKELY THAN Number of victims per 100 population (Homicide, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) 1.0 NEGRO AND OTHER RACES WHITE Female 1965-66 1965-66 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 99 WHITE Blacks are more likely to be the victims of serious crimes than whites, no matter what their income group. Crimes of violence against the person — including murder and other homicide, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault — are most likely to affect the poorest blacks. However, even blacks in the higher income groups are much more likely than whites to suffer such crimes. Crimes against property are also more likely to victimize a black than a white at every income level. However, the incidence of such crimes is much greater against higher-income blacks, and the black-white differences are larger in the high income than the lower-income groups. TABLE 42. NUMBER OF VICTIMS (PER 100 POPULATION) OF SERIOUS CRIMES BY RACE AND INCOME GROUP, 1966 Negro and other races Crimes Violent crimes Against those with income under $3,000. $3,000-$5,999 ......................... $6,000-$9,999 ......................... $10,000 and o v e r .................... Property crim es2: Against those with income under $3,000. $3,000-$5,999 ......................... $6,000-$9,999 ......................... $10,000 and o v e r .................... White .8 .7 14 2.1 1.9 } 3.0 .3 .4 ( i 2 -3 1.8 1.8 r i-s 1 1-9 1 M u rd e r and o th e r h o m ic id e , ra pe , ro b b e ry, a nd a g g ra v a te d a s s a u lt. 2 B u rg la ry , la rc e n y o v e r $50 a nd v e h ic le th e ft. S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 100 CHART 42. AT EVERY INCOME LEVEL, BLACKS ARE MORE LIKELY THAN WHITES TO BE VICTIMS OF SERIOUS CRIMES Victims per 100 population NEGRO AND OTHER RACES Under $3,000 income WHITE $3,000 to $5,999 <! income Over $ 6,000 income i S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 101 More blacks than whites are arrested for serious crimes of violence, but arrests for crimes against property take place mainly among whites. Even in cities, where most blacks live, they are not the major group responsible for serious property crimes, such as burglary, larceny (over $50), and auto theft. In the suburbs, a greater proportion of arrests for serious crimes involves whites, whether violent crimes (homicide, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) or property crimes. However, arrest data alone are not necessarily good measures of criminality, since an arrest may not result in conviction in court, and some groups are more subject to arrest than others. TABLE 43. ARRESTS FOR SERIOUS CRIMES, 1969 Total Percent of total (in thousands) Negro White All serious crimes: Violent crim es’ ................ ___ 190 Property crim es 2 .............. ___ 840 55 33 43 64 Serious crime in cities: Violent crimes ................ ___ 162 Property c rim e s ................ ___ 723 60 37 38 61 Serious crime in suburbs: Violent c r im e s .................. . . . . 34 Property c rim e s ................ . . . . 1 9 7 31 18 68 81 Crimes ' M u rd e r, ra pe , ro b b e ry a nd a g g ra v a te d a s s a u lt. 2 B u rg la ry , la rc e n y o ve r $50, a u to th e ft. S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 102 CHART 43. BLACKS ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE ARRESTED FOR CRIMES OF VIOLENCE. WHITES PREDOMINATE IN ARRESTS FOR PROPERTY CRIMES. Percent CRIMES OF VIOLENCE' CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY2 ' H o m ic id e , ra pe , ro b b e ry, a nd a g g ra v a te d a s s a u lt. 2 B u rg la ry , la rc e n y o ve r $50, a u to th e ft. S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 103 CITIZENSHIP On March 31, 1970, blacks made up 10 percent of the Armed Forces and 10 percent of those serving in Southeast Asia, but 13 percent of those who died in Vietnam combat. TABLE 44. MEN IN THE ARMED FORCES, 1970 (IN THOUSANDS) Negro Percent Negro Total .................................. .3,074 293 10 Outside Southeast Asia . . . .2,555 241 9 519 52 10 41 5 13 Area Total In Southeast A sia............. . Deaths in Southeast Asia. S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 106 CHART 44. IN 1970, BLACK MEN IN THE ARMED FORCES ACCOUNTED FOR 10 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL Percent 15 Deaths in Southeast Asia 1970 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 107 The number of blacks serving in the Armed Forces are roughly proportionate to their share of the population. In 1969 and 1970 blacks equalled about 10 percent of all enlisted men, and 11 percent of those in Southeast Asia. This amounted to 65,000 in Southeast Asia out of a total of nearly 315,000 black enlisted men in 1969. By contrast, a very small proportion of black soldiers were officers — 2 percent in the Armed Forces and 3 percent in Southeast Asia. TABLE 45. NEGRO OFFICERS AND ENLISTED FORCES, 1969 AND 1970 (IN THOUSANDS) Total Rank and area 1969 MEN Negro IN THE ARMED Percent Negro 1970 1969 1970 3,074 323 293 9 10 419 354 65 366 0) 0) 9 7 2 8 0) 0) 2 2 3 2 0) (i) Enlisted men ...................3,020 Outside Southeast A sia..2,447 In Southeast A sia. . . . 573 2,708 0) 0) 314 249 65 284 0) 0) 10 10 11 11 0) 0) Total ................................ .3,439 O ffic e rs ........................... . Outside Southeast Asia . In Southeast A sia. . . . 1969 1970 1 D ata n o t a v a ila b le . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 108 CHART 45. BLACKS CONSTITUTED 2 PERCENT OF ALL OFFICERS IN THE ARMED FORCES AND 3 PERCENT OF THOSE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Percent Total In Southeast Asia Total S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 109 In Southeast Asia In 1970, 14 percent of all blacks drafted into the Armed Forces who were eligible reenlisted after their first tour of duty, compared with 9 percent of eligible white draftees. The reenlistment rate for young servicemen who had enlisted into the regular armed services was also much higher for blacks than for whites. TABLE 46. REENLISTMENT RATES OF SERVICEMEN' 1968-1970 (EXCLUDES REENLISTMENTS OF CAREER SERVICEMEN AFTER FIRST TERM REENLISTMENT) Inductees Year Negro Enlistees White Negro White 1968 ................... 15 9 (2 ) (2 ) 1969 ................... 14 11 21 14 1970 ................... 14 9 18 11 ' S e rvice m e n w h o have e a rn e d h o n o ra b le s ta tu s a nd o th e rw is e d e m o n s tra te d th e q u a litie s n e ce ssa ry fo r c a re e r s e rvice in th e A rm e d Forces. O n ly firs t-te rm s e rv ic e m e n are in c lu d e d . 2 D ata n o t a v a ila b le . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 110 CHART 46. THE REENLISTMENT RATE OF ELIGIBLE BLACK MEN WAS MUCH HIGHER THAN THE RATE FOR ELIGIBLE WHITE MEN IN 1970 Percent 2 0 ------INDUCTEES ENLISTEES 1970 1970 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. Ill Unemployment rates were higher for young Vietnam war veterans 20-24 years old than for veterans in the next higher age group — 25-29 years old — whether they were black or white. However, Vietnam war veterans who were black had much higher unemployment rates than those who were white. In 1969 and 1970, 10 percent or more of the younger black veterans were unemployed compared with 8 percent or less of the white veterans. Part of the difference between black and white veterans’ unemployment rates may result from the higher participation of the white veterans in Veterans Administration Benefit Programs. Of enlisted men who had been discharged from the Armed Forces in the preceding year, 18 percent of the black and 24 percent of the white veterans were in Veterans Administration supported programs in 1969. Most of these men were attending college. Of other blacks in the programs, one-third were in schools below the college level, and under 10 percent in on-the-job training. TABLE 47. UNEMPLOYMENT RATES OF VETERAN-NONVETERAN STATUS Age Period MEN 20-29 YEARS OLD, BY Negro and other races White Vietnam veterans Nonveterans Vietnam veterans Nonveterans 20-24 years . . . 1969 11970 10.0 14.0 8.1 11.3 5.1 8.2 4.5 7.1 25-29 years. . . 1969 U970 3.6 6.2 4.1 6.7 3.2 3.8 1.7 3.2 TABLE 47A. PERCENT OF ENLISTED M E N -N E G R O E S , AND WHITES AND OTHER R A C E S -W H O ENTERED TRAINING UNDER VETERANS ADMINISTRATION PROGRAMS (OF MEN SEPARATED FROM THE ARMED FORCES JUNE-DEC. 1968) Training Other races including white Negro Percent who entered training. . . . 18 24 Type of training: all ty p e s ........... . 100 C o lle g e ............................. . 57 Below college schooling. . 35 On-the-job tr a in in g ......... 8 100 68 23 10 1 A ve ra g e o f fir s t 9 m o n th s , n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d . S ource: See a p p e n d ix A. 112 CHART 47. YOUNG BLACK VIETNAM WAR VETERANS HAD HIGHER UNEMPLOYMENT RATES THAN WHITE VIETNAM VETERANS Percent Young men 20-24 years old Men 25-29 years old NEGRO AND OTHER RACES 1970 1970 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 113 In recent elections, blacks have been exercising their right to vote in proportions nearly as high as those of whites. In the North and West, nearly 2 out of every 3 eligible blacks voted in the 1968 presidential election, compared with 3 out of every 4 eligible whites. In the South, 5 in every 10 eligible blacks voted, compared with 6 in every 10 eligible whites. TABLE 48. PERCENT OF PERSONS OF VOTING AGE WHO REPORTED THAT THEY HAD VOTED IN THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF 1964 AND 1968, BY REGION Negro Group and region 1964 Persons of voting age (thousands) .............. 10,340 Percent reporting that they had voted: United States . . . . North and West. . . South .................... 59 72 44 White 1968 1964 1968 10,935 99,353 104,521 58 65 52 71 75 60 69 72 62 S ource: See a p p e n d ix A. 114 CHART 48. SIX IN EVERY 10 BLACKS IN THE UNITED STATES VOTED IN THE 1968 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, COMPARED WITH 7 IN EVERY 10 WHITES THE PROPORTION VOTING WAS HIGHER IN THE NORTH AND WEST THAN IN THE SOUTH Percent 100 --------- SOUTH NORTH AND WEST WHITE 1968 1968 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 115 Although they are still a very small proportion of all legislators, the number of blacks in the U.S. House of Representatives and in State legislatures has increased sharply in recent years. At local levels, several cities now have black mayors, mostly in the South. TABLE 49. NEGRO LEGISLATORS AND NEGROES ELECTED TO OTHER PUBLIC OFFICE, 1962, 1964, 1966, AND 1970 Office held 1962 1964 1966 1970 U.S. C o n g re ss......................... 4 House of representatives. . 4 Senate ................................ 0 5 5 0 7 6 1 14 13 1 State legislatures United States to ta l........... 52 South .................................. 6 94 16 148 37 205 73 Local Mayors United States to ta l........... 0) South .................................. 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 64 42 1 D ata n o t a v a ila b le . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 116 CHART 49. THE NUMBER OF BLACKS ELECTED TO STATE OFFICE HAS RISEN SHARPLY, ESPECIALLY IN THE SOUTH Number of Negroes elected 250 All State legislatures 200 150 100 State legislatures in the South i 50 Congress of the U.S. 1 In c lu d e s b o rd e r s ta te s . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 117 PROJECTIONS To determine the Nation’s future manpower needs, BLS has been making economic projections for the past three decades. The latest of these indicate that the Nation’s working age population, 16 years old and over, will have increased by over 25 million between 1969 and 1980. Nearly 4 million of this increase will be men and women of races other than white — primarily blacks. Between 1969 and 1980, the black population 16 years old and over will increase about 29 percent, while the white population is increasing about 18 percent. In 1980, blacks are expected to be 12 percent of the 16 and over population compared with 11 percent in 1969. TABLE 50. POPULATION 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER, 1960-80 (PROJECTED) (IN MILLIONS) Projected 1969-80 Change 1965 1969 197 5 1 198 0 ’ Number Percent All persons 16 years old and over .................. . 121.8 133.3 140.0 154.3 166.6 26.6 + 19 Negro and other races ................ . 12.5 6.0 Men ............. 6.5 W o m e n ......... 14.1 6.7 7.4 15.2 7.2 17.4 8.3 9.1 19.6 9.3 10.3 4.4 +29 +29 +29 White ................ . 107.3 Men ............. . 53.4 W o m e n ......... . 55.0 119.2 57.7 61.3 124.8 60.4 64.4 136.9 146.9 71.0 75.9 22.1 10.6 Group 1960 8.0 66.2 70.7 2.1 2.3 11.5 + 18 + 18 + 18 1 As p ro je c te d by B u re a u o f th e C ensus. S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 120 CHART 50. THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER WILL INCREASE MORE THAN 25 MILLION BETWEEN 1969 AND 1980 + 4 . 5 MILLION OF THE INCREASE WILL BE BLACKS S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 121 As population in working ages increases, so does the labor force. The size of the labor force increase depends on the share of the population who decide to work. By 1980, the black labor force is expected to total 12 million — 2.8 million more than in 1969 — because of the rapid increase of working-age blacks in the population. The black labor force will increase by almost one-third between 1970 and 1980, compared with almost one-fifth increase in the white labor force, according to BLS projections. TABLE 51. LABOR FORCE BY RACE AND 1960, 1969, 1 9 7 5 ', AND 1 9 8 0 ' SEX, ANNUAL Change 1969-80 Number (m illions) 1960 1969 1975i 1980' Negro and other races . . .7.9 Male . . . . . 4.8 Female . . . 3.1 9.5 5.4 3.9 10.7 6.4 4.3 12.1 2.8 7.2 4.9 1.8 1.0 W h ite ........... .64.2 Male . . . . .44.1 .20.1 Female 74.9 48.3 26.6 82.1 52.5 29.6 88.6 13.7 56.4 32.3 5.7 Race and sex AVERAGES, Number 8.1 Percent 30.7 33.3 25.6 18.3 16.8 21.4 1 P ro je c te d by B u rea u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s . S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 122 CHART 51. BETWEEN 1969 AND 1980, 2.8 MILLION BLACKS WILL BE ADDED TO THE LABOR FORCE Millions of persons of Negro and other races in the labor force ' 1960 1969 1 P eople w o rk in g o r lo o k in g fo r w ork. S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 123 1975 1980 In the next 10 years, the proportions of men and of women in the black population who are in the labor force — working or looking for work are expected to become more like the white. About 77 percent of black men over 16 years of age were in the labor force in 1969. By 1980, this labor force participation rate will have edged up to 80 percent, the same as for white men. However, among black women — who have been more likely than white women to work outside their homes — the rate will edge downward. In 1969, half of all black women were in the labor force. By 1980, about 48 percent will be in the labor force, compared with 43 percent of all white women. TABLE 52. CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES Sex and race 1969 1980 All P e rso n s......................... .........60 61 Men: Negro and other ....................77 White ............................. ...........80 80 80 Women: Negro and other .................... 50 White ............................. ........... 42 48 43 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 124 CHART 52. THE PERCENT OF BLACK MEN IN THE LABOR FORCE IS EXPECTED TO INCREASE, AND OF BLACK WOMEN, TO DECREASE, BY 1980, BECOMING CLOSER TO THE WHITE RATES Civilian labor force participation rate 1 0 0 ------------------------------------------WOMEN MEN NEGRO AND OTHER WHITE 1969 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 1980 1969 1980 In contrast with 1968, when one-third of the black labor force was 45 years old or over, only about one-fourth will be that old in 1980. More than half will be under 35 years of age, born after World War II, and educated in the era of atomic advance, urban migration, and social change that followed. Their increasing proportion will contribute to an increasingly sophisticated labor force in the future. TABLE 53. DISTRIBUTION OF THE LABOR FORCE BY AGE, 1960, 1968, AND 19 80 i Negro and other races White 1960 1968 1980 1960 1968 1980 Number ....................... 7,894 9,106 12,093 64,210 73,166 88,634 100 100 100 9 15 23 100 10 100 7 7 9 13 100 8 Group Percent 16 years old and over. 16-19 years ................ 20-24 years ................ 25-34 years ................ 35-44 years .............. 45-54 years .............. 55-64 years ............. 65 years and over. .. 12 24 24 19 21 18 11 11 3 3 17 28 18 15 10 21 10 2 21 20 21 20 13 5 14 4 23 14 26 19 16 13 3 1 As p ro je c te d by BLS. S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 126 CHART 53. BY 1980, NEARLY HALF THE WHITE LABOR FORCE AND 60 PERCENT OF THE BLACK LABOR FORCE WILL BE UNDER 35 YEARS OLD NEGRO AND OTHER RACES Percent of the labor force 1980 1980 S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. WHITE 127 Differences between the educational qualifications of the black and the white labor force will continue into 1980. However, disparities will be much smaller, especially among young workers. By 1980, 74 percent of the blacks in the 25-34-year age group who are working or looking for work will have at least 4 years of high school education, compared with 84 percent of the whites in this age group, a difference of only 10 percentage points. In 1969, the difference was about 20 percentage points — 57 percent for blacks, compared with 76 percent for whites. TABLE 54. PERCENT WITH FOUR YEARS OF HIGH SCHOOL OR MORE, 1969 AND PROJECTED 1980, BY AGE AND RACE All ages 25 years old and over Age 25-34 1969 1980 1969 1980 Negro and other races. . . . .40.8 56.1 57.1 73.6 W h ite ................ . . .63.5 73.4 76.4 83.5 Race S ource: See a p p e n d ix A. 128 CHART 54. EDUCATIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE* BLACK AND WHITE LABOR FORCE WILL BE MUCH SMALLER BY 1980 Percent of high school graduates in the labor force 100 ------------------------------------------------------------ Young persons age 25-34 All persons 25 years old and over S o u rce : See a p p e n d ix A. 129 APPENDIX A Sources of Data Chart and table 1: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), The Social and Econom ic Status of Ne groes in the United States, 1969, BLS Report 375, p. 2, published jointly with the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, as Current Popu lation Survey (CPS), Series P-23, No. 29, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1970. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, The Negroes in the United States: Their Econom ic and Social Situation, BLS Bulletin 1511, U.S. 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966, p. 63. BLS Report 375, CPS series P-23, No. 29, p. 4. BLS Bulletin 1511, tables IA-3, IA-4, pp. 63 and 64. BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 3. BLS Bulletin 1511, tables IA-3, IA-4, p. 65. BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 5. BLS Bulletin 1511, table IB-2, p. 74. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., “ Recent Patterns of Internal Migration,” S tatistical Bulletin, Vol. 46, April 1965, p. 2. BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 6. BLS Bulletin 1511, table IA—8, p. 68. Newman, D. K., “ The Negro's Journey to the City,” M onthly Labor Review, May 1965, p. 502, and June 1965, p. 644. BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 10. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Handbook of Labor Statistics 1970, BLS Bulletin 1666, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1970, table 16. U.S. Department of Labor, Manpower Administration, M anpower Report of the President, 1971, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., table A-12, p. 219, and unpublished tabulations from the current Population Survey. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Em ploym ent and Earnings, January 1971, pp. 124 and 131-132. BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 37. 131 Chart and table 10: BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 31. M anpower R eport of the President, 1971, table A-5, p. 209 and A-17, p. 224. BLS Bulletin 1511, p. 87. 11: BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, pp. 3 0 - 31 and 31. BLS Bulletin 1511, table IIA-2, p. 80. 12: BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 33. BLS Bulletin 1511, table IIC-9, p. 130. 13: BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 20, p. 40. Em ploym ent and Earnings, January 1971, p. 127 BLS Bulletin 1511, tables IIB1-IIB5, pp. 107-115. 14: U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, Em ploym ent and Earnings, December 1969, table 8, p. 36. 15: BLS Bulletin 1511, p. 88. 16: BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 14. BLS Bulletin 1511, table IMA—1, p. 138. 17: BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 17. BLS Bulletin 1511, table MIA—6, pp. 139-141. 18: BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 16. 19: BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 15. BLS Bulletin 1511, pp. 140-141. 20: BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 20. 21: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, Consumer Income, Series P-60, No. 75. (See also Series P-60, No. 66, table 12.) 22: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, M arital and Fam ily C haracteristics of Workers, M arch 1968, Special Labor Force Report 120, table U, p. A-25. 23: BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 24. Newman, D. K. et al, “ Perspectives on Poverty," M onthly Labor Review, February 1969, pp. 33-62. Orshansky, Mollie, “ The Shape of Poverty in 1966," Social Security Bulletin, March 1968; Progressing Against Poverty, Research and Statistics Note No. 24, Social Security Administration, December 10, 1968; “ Recounting the Poor — A Five-Year Review," Social Security Bulletin, April 1966. 24: BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 26. Newman et al, “ Perspectives on Poverty,” pp. 32-36. Orshansky, Mollie, Counting the Poor Before and A fter Federal Support Programs, Joint Economic Committee; Old Age Insurance Part II: The Aged 132 Population and R etirem ent Incom e Programs, 25: 26: 27: 28: 29: 30: 31: 32: 33: U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1967, pp. 177-231; “ The Aged Negro and His Income,” Social Security Bulletin, February 1964, p. 3. Orshansky, “ The Shape of Poverty,” pp. 11-14. BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 25. BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 23. Orshansky, Mollie, “ The Poor in City and Suburb, 1964,” Social Security Bulletin, December 1966, p. 1. BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, pp. 70-73. BLS Bulletin 1511, pp. 184-186. BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 71. BLS Bulletin 1511, pp. 183-186. BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, pp. 74 and 75. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics, Vital Statistics of the United States, 1968, Vol. 1, “ Natality,” tables 1 and 2. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics, Vital Statistics of the United States, 1968, Vol. 2, “ Mortality,” table 1-16 and table 2-1. See also, White and Nonwhite M ortality D ifferen tials in the United States, June 1965, table 3. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, “ Life Tables,” Vital Statistics of the United States, 1967, Vol. 2, Section 5, table 5-4. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics, 1969, unpublished provisional tabulations. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 10, No. 56, D ifferentials in Health Charac teristics by Color, United States, July 1965June 1967. 34: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, Educational Attainment, Selected Years, Series P-20, Nos. 194, 182, 169, and 158. BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 51, for data for Negroes alon§. 133 35: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, Incom e in 1969 of Fam ilies and Persons in the United States, Series P-60, No. 75, pp. 104 and 108. BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 21, for men 25-54 years old. 36: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, School Enrollment, Series P-20, Nos. 206, 167, and 110, table 2. BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 48. 37: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, computed from basic data prepared for the Fall 1965 Survey of Equality of Educational Opportunity. Coleman, James S. and E. Q. Campbell, C. J. Hobson, J. McPatland, A. M. Mood, F. D. Weinfeld, R. I. York, Equality of Educational Opportunity, U.S. Depart ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash ington, D.C., 1966. 38: BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 52. 39: BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 57. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Housing, 1960, HC(1), No. 1, tables 2 and 22. 40: BLS Report 375, CPS Series, P-23, No. 29, p. 58. 41: Ennis, Philip H., C rim inal Victim ization in the United States, University of Chicago, National Opinion Research Center, submitted to the Presi dent's Commission on Law Enforcement and Admin istration of Justice, May 1967, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 42: Ennis, C rim inal Victim ization in the United States. 43: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States, Uniform Crime Reports, 1969. 44: U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Civil Rights, Data Sheet, March 31, 1970. 45: See Source of data, chart 44. 46: See Source of data, chart 44. 47: Waldman, Elizabeth, “ Vietnam War Veterans — Transition to Civilian Life,” M onthly Labor Review, November 1970, p. 28. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Veterans Administration, Two Years of Outreach, 1968-1970, VA Pamphlet 2 0 -7 -0 -1 , June 1970, pp. 22 and 23. 134 48: BLS Report 375, CPS Series P-23, No. 29, p. 89. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, Series P-23, No. 14, Technical Studies, Population of Voting Age, and Votes Cast fo r President. Series P-20, No. 192, Voting and R egistration in the Election of November 1968. 49: Metropolitan Applied Research Center and Joint Center for Political Studies, Washington, D.C. Original data provided December 10, 1970. 50: Travis, Sophia, “ The U.S. Labor Force Projections to 1985,” M onthly Labor Review, February 1970, p. 3. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Econom y in 1980: A Summary of BLS P rojec tions, BLS Bulletin 1673, table A - l, p. 39. 51: BLS Bulletin 1673, p. 41. 52: BLS Bulletin 1673, p. 41. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Em ploym ent and Earnings, January 1970, table A-2, pp. 105 and 106. 53: Travis, “ The U.S. Labor Force Projections to 1985,” table 5, p. 10. 54: Johnston, Denis F., “ Education of Adult Workers: Projections to 1985,” M onthly Labor Review, August 1970, pp. 52-55. See also chart on p. 50. 135 APPENDIX B Appendix B. Selected List of Bibliographies and Refer ences on Black Americans (The selection process was aided immensely by the Library of Congress bibliography, The Negroes in the United States: A Selected B ib lio g raphy, listed below.) Bibliographies A. Philip Randolph Institute. List of Publications Available from the A. Philip Randolph Foundation and the A. Philip Randolph Education Fund, New York, 1969. Abrahamson, Julia. Race Relations (Special section on Negroes by J. Waxman), Chicago, Julius Rosenwald Fund, 1945. American Jewish Committee, Negro History and Litera ture, by St. Clair Drake, New York, 1968. Baker, Augusta. Books about Negro Life for Children, New York Public Library, 1963. Bennet, Elaine C. Calendar of Negro-related Documents in the National Archives, Washington, D.C., American Council of Learned Societies, 1949. Booth, Robert E. with Gloria L. Dardarian, Patricia L. Mertins, and True M. English. Annual Index to Poverty, Human Resources, and M anpower Inform ation, 1966, Ann Arbor, Mich., University of Michigan-Wayne State University, Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations. (See also Poverty and Human Resources Abstracts.) Brooks, Alexander D. C ivil Rights and Liberties in the United States, New York Civil Liberties Educational Foundation, 1962. Chapman, Abraham. The Negro in Am erican Literature, Stevens Point, Wis., Wisconsin State University, 1966. (Wisconsin Council of Teachers of English, Special Publication No. 15.) Dodds, Barbara. Negro Literature fo r High School Students, Champaign, III., National Council of Teachers of English, 1968. 136 DuBois, W. E. B., ed. A Select B ibliography of the Negro Am erican, Atlanta, Ga., Atlanta University Press, 1905. Dumond, Dwight L., A B ibliography of Antislavery in Am erica, Ann Arbor, Mich., University of Michigan Press, 1961. Ellis, Ethel M. V. The Negro American, Washington, D. C. Howard University Library, Negro Collection, 1968. Harris, Helen Y, Lanetta Parks and Lillie Story. The Black List, Baltimore, Enoch Pratt Free Library, 1969. Hampton Institute. A Classified Catalogue of the Negro Collection in the Col Ms P. Huntington Library, Hampton, Va., 1940. Howard University. The Arthur B. Spingarn Collection of Negro Authors, Washington, D.C., 1948. Hussey, Edith, Mary Henderson, and Barbara Mars. The Negro Am erican: A Reading List, New York, National Council of Churches of Christ in the USA, Department of Racial and Cultural Relations, 1957. Index to Periodical A rticles By and About Negroes, March 1950, Boston, G. K. Hall, quarterly. Jackson, Miles M., assisted by M. E. Cleaves and A. L. Gray. A B ibliography of Negro H istory and Culture fo r Young Readers, Pittsburgh, Pa., University of Pittsburgh Press, 1969. (Published for Atlanta Univer sity.) Johnson, Clifton H. and Carroll G. Barber. The Negro Am erican (A bibliography for high schools and junior colleges), Nashville, Tenn., Amistad Research Center, 1968. Kaplan, Louis with J. T. Cook, C. E. Colby, Jr., and Daniel C. Haskell. A B ibliography of Am erican A uto biographies, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1961. Koblitz, Minnie W. The Negro in Schoolroom Literature: Resource M aterials for the Teacher of Kindergarten through the Sixth Grade, New York, Center for Urban Education, 1967. Lancaster, Emmet M. A Guide to Negro M arketing Inform ation, U.S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services Administration, Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Lewinson, Paul. A Guide to Documents in the N ational Archives fo r Negro Studies, Washington, D.C., American Council of Learned Societies Devoted to Humanistic Studies, Committee on Negro Studies, Publication, No. 1, 1947. McNamee, Lawrence F. Dissertations in English and Am erican Literature (1865-1964), New York, Bowker Co., 1968. 137 Bibliographies Miller, Elizabeth W. The Negro in Am erica, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1966. Murray, Daniel A. P. Preliminary List of Books and Pam phlets by Negro Authors for Paris Exposition and Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., U.S. Commission to the Paris Exposition, 1900. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Education Department. Integrated School Books: A Descriptive Bibliography of 399 Preschool and Elementary School Texts and Story Books, New York, NAACP Special Contribution Fund, 1967. National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA, Division of Christian Education. Negro Heritage Re source Guide, New York, Council Press, 1967. National Urban League, Department of Research and Community Projects. Selected B ibiliography on the Negro, New York, 1937, Supp. No. 1, 1938. New Jersey Library Association, Bibliography Committee. New Jersey and the N egro: A Bibliography, 1715-1966, Trenton, 1967. New York Public Library. The Negro: A List of Significant Books (compiled by Dorothy R. Homer), New York, 1960. New York Public Library. Shom burg C ollection of Negro Literature and H istory: D ictionary Catalogue (9 Vol umes), Boston, G. K. Hall, 1962. (See also 2-volume supplement published in 1968.) Oberlin College Library. A C lassified Catalogue of the C ollection of Anti-Slavery Propaganda, Oberlin, Ohio, 1932. Porter, Dorothy B. “ Early American Negro Writings,” in Papers, Bibliographical Society of America, Vol. 39, 3d quarter, 1945. Porter, Dorothy B. North Am erican Negro Poets, 17601944, Hattiesburg, Miss., Book Farm, 1945. Pride, Armistead S. Negro Newspapers on M icrofilm : A Selected List, Washington, D.C., Library of Congress, Photoduplication Service, 1953. Princeton University, Program in American Civilization. The Negro in Am erica, Princeton, N. J., American Studies Institute, 1966. Reid, Ira DeA. Negro Youth: Their Social and Econom ic Backgrounds: A Selected B ibliography of Unpublished Studies, 1900-1938, Washington, D.C., American Coun cil on Education, American Youth Commission, 1939. Rollins, Charlemae, H., ed. We B uild Together: A Reader’s Guide to Negro Life and Literature fo r Elementary and High School Use. Champaign, III., National Council of Teachers of English, 1967. 138 Ross, Frank A. and Louise V. Kennedy. A B ibliography of Negro M igration, New York, Columbia University Press, 1935. Salk, Erwin. A Layman’s Guide to Negro History, Chicago, Quadrangle Books, 1966. Sawyer, F. B., ed. D irectory of U.S. Negro Newspapers, Magazines, and Periodicals, New York, U.S. Negro World, 1966. Scally, Mary Anthony, Sister. Negro C atholic Writers, 1900-1943, Detroit, W. Romig, 1945. Schomburg, Arthur A. A B iographical C hecklist of A m eri can Negro Poetry, New York, L. F. Heartmann, 1916. Seig, Vera. The Negro Problem : A Bibliography, Madi son, Wis., Wisconsin Free Library Commission, American Social Questions No. 1, 1908. Social Sciences and Hum anities Index. J. Dims Dart, ed., D. E. Cere and L. J. Woods, indexers, Listings 1907-70, New York, H. W. Wilson Co., 1970. Southern Regional Council. Catalogue of Publications, Atlanta, Ga., 1969. Southern Regional Council, South Today Index (Monthly) Vol. 1, July 1969-June 1970, Atlanta, Ga., 1970. Spangler, Earl. B ibliography of Negro History, Minne apolis, Minn., Ross and Haines Co., 1963. Texas Southern University, Houston Library. Heartman Negro Collection, Catalogue Vol. 1, Houston, Texas, 1955. Thompson, Edgar T. and Alma M. Thompson. Race and Region: A D escriptive Bibliography, Chapel Hill, Univer sity of North Carolina Press, 1949. Treworgy, Mildred L. and Paul B. Foreman. Negroes in the United States: A B ibliography of M aterials for Schools Approveable fo r Purchase in Pennsylvania under NDEA Provisions, University Park, Pa., Pennsyl vania State University, Office of the Director of Libraries (School Series No. 1), 1967. Tuskegee Institute, Department of Records and Research. A B ibliography of the Student Movement Protesting Segregation and D iscrim ination, Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, 1961. A Selected List of References Relating to the Ele mentary, Secondary, and Higher Education of Negroes, 1949-June 1955, Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, 1955. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Office of Information and Publications. Catalogue of Publications of the U.S. Commission on C ivil Rights, 1970, Washington, D.C. 1970. 139 Bibliographies U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Docu m ent and Reference Text: An Index to M inority Group Em ploym ent Inform ation, prepared by University of Michigan-Wayne State University, Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, Research Division, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1967, pp. 473-572. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. A B ibliography of Research on Equal O pportunity in Housing, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1969. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics M onthly Labor Review; annual index appears in December issue; titles of articles listed under “ Equal employment oportunity” or “ Minority groups.” See also Index of Volumes 72-83 of the M onthly Labor Review, January 1951-Decem ber 1960, BLS Bulletin 1335 (1965). U.S. Library of Congress. 75 Years of Freedom: Com m em oration of the 13th Amendment, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1943. U.S. Library of Congress, Division of Bibliography. List of Discussions of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Am end ments with Special Reference to Negro Suffrage, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1906. U.S. Library of Congress. The Negro in the United States: A Selected Bibliography, compiled by Dorothy B. Porter, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1970. U.S. Library of Congress, Division of Bibliography. Select List of References on the Negro Question, U.S. Govern ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1906. Weinberg, Meyer, School Integration, Chicago, Integrated Education Associates, 1967. Welsch, Erwin K. The Negro in the United States, Bloom ington, Ind., Indiana University Press, 1965. Whiteman, Maxwell. A Century of Fiction by Am erican Negroes. Philadelphia, 1955. Williams, Daniel T., and Carolyn L. Redden. The Black M uslims in the United States. Tuskegee Institute, Hollis Burke Frissell Library, 1964. Work, Monroe N. A B ibliography of the Negro in Africa and Am erica, New York Argosy-Antiquarian, 1965. 140 References Bicknell, Marguerite E., and Margaret C. McCulloch. Guide to Inform ation A bout the Negro and Negro-white Adjustm ent. Memphis, Tenn., Brunner Printing Co., 1943. Davis, John P., ed. The Am erican Negro Reference Book, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice-Hall, 1966. Encyclopedia of the Negro: Preparatory Volume with Reference Lists and Reports, by W. E. B. DuBois and Guy B. Johnson, New York, Phelps-Stokes Fund, 1946. Fleming, George J., and Christian E. Burckel. Who’s Who in C olored Am erica, New York, C. E. Burckel, 1950. Gibson, John W. Progress of a Race, Naperville, III., J. L. Nichols, 1929. Haley, James T. Afro-A m erican Encyclopedia, Nashville, Tenn., Haley and Florida, 1895. Julius Rosenwald Fund. D irectory of Agencies in Race Relations: National, State and Local, Chicago, 1945. The N ational Encyclopedia of the C olored Race. Montgomery, Ala., National Publishing Co., 1919. The Negro Handbook, New York, Malliet Tables, 1942-49. Negro Year Book. New York, W. H. Wise, 1912-52. Plans for Progress. D irectory of Negro Colleges and Universities, March 1967, Washington, D.C. Ploski, Harry A., and Roscoe C. Brown. The Negro Alm anac, New York, Bellwether Publishing Co., 1967. Welsch, Erwin K., The Negro in the United States: A Research Guide, Bloomington, Ind., Indiana University Press, 1965. Who’s Who in C olored Am erica: A B iographical D ic tionary of Notable Living Persons of Negro Descent in Am erica, New York, T. Yenser, 1927-1938-40. Who’s Who of the C olored Race: A General B io graphical D ictionary of Men and Women of African Descent. Chicago, 1915. Williams, Ethel L. B iographical D irectory of Negro M inisters, New York, Scarecrow Press, 1965. Wright, Richard R., ed. The Encyclopedia of the African M ethodist Episcopal Church, Philadelphia, 1947. 141 ☆ G P O : 1971 O - 427- 595 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS WASHINGTON, D.C. 20212 OFFICIAL BUSINESS P E N A L T Y F O R P R IV A T E U S E, $ 3 0 0 POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR THIRD CLASS MAIL V
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