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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
THE CH ILD REN ’S BUREAU OF THE UNITED S T A T E S DE
P A R TM E N T OF LABOR—Distributes popular bulletins to inform
those concerned with the care of mothers and children • Conducts
research to discover the best methods of care • Administers the s e c
tions of the S ocial Security Act providing for Federal grants-in-aid to
the States for maternal and child-health services.
THE S T A T E HEALTH D E PA RTM E N TS, through Federal and
State funds, are—Strengthening their divisions of maternal and child
health • Training more doctors and public-health nurses • Helping the
public to understand the problems and how to meet them • Cooperating
with local comm unities in providing maternal and child-health serv
ices.
LOCAL COM M U NITIES, througn Federal, State, and local funds,
are making provision for—Full-time health departments, with m edical
and public-health-nursing service • Prenatal and postnatal clinics and
conferences • Home-delivery nursing services • Supervision of mid
w ives • Child-health conferences • Consultation services for practicing
physicians • Postgraduate education of practicing physicians in ob
stetrics and pediatrics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MAKE motherhood
T H E FED ERA L G O V E R N M E N T
TH E STA TE
safer ?
T H E C O M M U N ITY
¡iifi
u i i i > i
E D U C A T IO N R ESEA R C H
rnn
FU N D S
U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T
O F LA BO R
C H IL D R E N ’S B U R E A U
S TA TE G O V ERN M EN T
in
LO C A L
G O V ERN M EN T
SOCIAMjAQRKERS
H Hibt
C EN TER
But—we are not doing enough. There are still too many avoidable
deaths of mothers and young babies. W e need to ask ourselves:
How many mothers and babies are dying?
W here are they dying?
-
W hy are they dying?
Are fewer dying now than in the past?
HOW
ARE
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WE
GOING
TO
SAVE
MORE
i The following pages answer
these questions with figures for
the year 1939
L
OF
THESE
LIVES?
BABIES ARE ‘BORN ALIVE EVERT TEAR
» " ,6rf
* \ *
t
M ore than O N E
IN
SECONDS
✓
A N K T P
130» ' '
O N t BABY IS BORN EVERY 14
SECONDS
IN THE UNITED STATES
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I
\
' '
THE
M orethan O N E
IN
THE
MILLION
CO UN T R Y
MILLION
CI TY
CAW
' :
AT LEAST 1 OUT OF 2
MATERNAL DEATHS
CAN BE PREVENTED
1 OUT OF 3 DEATHS
OF YOUNG BABIES
. C A N BE PREVENTED
66,000
babies die in the
first month of life.
{
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
T
y
•v f
y
^ . ,*?
v
Is
DO MANY MODE MOTHERS DIE IN THIS COUNTRY
THAN IN THE COUNTRIES OF OUR ANCESTORS?
Each symbol represents 3 deaths per 10,000 live births
UNITED STATES
GERMANY
ENGLAND
AND WALES
IRELAND
SWEDEN
Mill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
ITALY
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
III
III
Hill I
III
II
DO MANY
ORE ^ o t iE R S DIE tN'SOME STATES
OF THIS COUNTRY THAN IN OTHERS?
The maternal mortality rate
varies in different States from
22 to 65 per 10,000 live births.
If the rate for Idaho (22)
prevailed in the whole United
States we would save 4,200
mothers in a year.
Maternal
deaths per
10,000
live births
• What is the risk to mothers in your State?
Less than 30 (7 States)
30-39 (22 States)
IHM liil
|
40-49 (8 States)
50 or more (12 States)
T H E R A T E F O R T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S W A S 40 IN 1939
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
• Find out if your State has adequate
facilities and personnel for lowering, the
death rate.
• Your State health officer needs the co
operation of every citizen in reducing the
risk.
7
Each symbol represents 10 deaths per 10,000 live bii
8 for FRASER
Digitized
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WHY DO THESE MOTHERS DÍE?
J-
i
t
A V- 1 1
( >v''
.J
MEDICAL CAUSES
INFECTION
TOXEMIAS
HEMORRHAGE
A LL OTHER CAUSES
iiitiitiiiiiilHl |ii
D U E T O A B O R T IO N
|N O T D U E T O A B O R T IO N
Each symbol represents 5 percent of all maternal deaths
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS
¡P O O R
¡S A N IT A T IO N
D IR T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PO V ERTY
P O O R FO O D
IG N O R A N C E
/
IN AC C ESSI
B IL IT Y
4
9
For many years there was little change in the maternal death rate but
a decline has begun.
WHAT WILL PREVENT INFECTION? Strict cleanliness in technique of
doctors and nurses.
A voidance of abortion, unnecessary operation,
and injury.
«
.V
WHAT WILL CONTROL TOXEMIAS? Adequate m edical care beginning
in the early months and continuing throughout pregnancy.
WHAT WILL CONTROL HEMORRHAGE? Competent m edicaland nurs
ing attendants.
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Facilities for blood transfusion.
W ÌO 'A T fiN liE Ò H e1MOTS e AS ÀT' DELIVERY? S33
IN HOSPITALS A TTEN DED BY DOCTOR
A T HOME ATTEN DED BY—
Each symbol represents 10 per cent of the live births
OF EVERY 100 W H ITE BABIES
45 A R E B O R N IN H O M E S
55 IN H O S P IT A L S
OF EVERY 100 NEGRO BABIES
iMidwives attended 3%
fÌT ÌY ÌT ÌY ÌY ÌY ÌY Ìì
80 A R E B O R N IN H O M E S
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
o i the births o£ white
infants, 52% o f the
20 IN H O S P IT A L S
Each symbol represents 10 babies
births o f Negro infants.
11
HOW
MOTHERHOOD SAFER
BEFORE CHILDBIRTH
\
E X A M IN A T IO N
W E IG H IN G
~
BLO O D
PRESSURE
U R IN E
TEST
B LO O D
TEST
V
P R O P E R D IE T
GO TO THE DOCTOR F O R Complete examination before the fifth month of pregnancy
Repeated tests and general supervision at regular intervals
12
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A D E Q U A T E C A R E BE F ORE, D U R I N G , A N D AF T E R
AT CHILDBIRTH
HOSPITAL
C H I L D B I R T H I S THE R I G H T OF E V E R Y M O T H E R
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V"
\ V '~ :
O né-half of all tHe
babies are born in
the poorest homes
LARGE CITIES
SM A LL CITIES AND TOWNS
VILLAGES AND FARMS
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In families with incomes of
$1,000 or more . . . . more
than 1,000,000 babies a year
DO MANY MORE BABIES
DIE IN SOME STATES THAN IN OTHERS?
The infant mortality rate
varies in different States
from 35 to 109 per 1,000 live
births.
Deaths in
the first
year of
life per
1,000 live
births
tvl-lv.'l'.'l Less than 40 (13 States)
If the rate for Oregon
(35) prevailed in the whole
United States we would
save 30,000 babies in a year.
• What is the risk to babies in your
State?
40-54 (23 States)
M il
■
55-69 (11 States)
70 or more (2 States)
T H E R A T E F O R T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S W A S 48 IN 1939
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
• Find out if your State has adequate
facilities for lowering the death rate.
• Your State health officer needs the
cooperation of every citizen in reduc
ing this risk.
15
ì
f
t
W f
*
WHO ARE THE BABIES THAT DIE?
Each symbol represents 5 deaths per 1,000 live births
W H ITE
NEG RO
HOW OLD ARE THE BABIES THAT DIE?
1-11 M O N T H S O F A G E
UN D ER O N E M O N TH O F AGE
U N D ER 1 DAY
1-6 D A Y S
Each symbol represents 5,000 babies
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16
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1-3 W E E K S
la
WHY DO BABIES DIE?
PR EN A TA L A N D N A TA L C A U SES
IN TH E
FIRST
M O N TH
AFTER TH E FIRST M O N TH
R E S P IR A TO R Y A N D G A S T R O IN T E S T IN A L
A LL O T H E R S
Each symbol represents 1 0 percent of the deaths in each period
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ON THE FIRST DAT OF LIFE
REDUCE premature birth through adequate prenatal care • REDUCE birth inj ury
through good obstetric care • PREVENT syphilis by treating syphilitic women through
out pregnancy.
PROVIDE special care for premature infants • PROVIDE consultation services of special
ists for both mother and child.
IN THE FIRST MONTH OF LIFE
REDUCE premature birth • REDUCE birth injury • PREVENT infection by improving
medical and nursing care • PREVENT syphilis.
PROVIDE better care for premature babies • PROVIDE supervision by competent physi
cian • PROVIDE consultation services of child specialists.
AFTER THE FIRST MONTH OF LIFE
PROVIDE supervision by physician and public health nurse • ENCOURAGE breast feed
ing for 6 or 7 months • PREVENT gastrointestinal disease by providing safe milk and
protecting food from flies • LESSEN the severity of respiratory infection by early recogni
tion and treatment • PROTECT the baby against colds and other communicable diseases.
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I sT d i e I !
[DURING
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O UT OF FIVE STILLBORN BABIES
11PWICW 1
WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT STILLBIRTHS?
DURING PREGNANCY:
PROVIDE adequate prenatal care beginning before
the fifth month.
PROVIDE early diagnosis and proper treatment of
Syphilis, Toxemias, and Hemorrhage.
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AT CONFINEMENT:
PROVIDE competent medical attendants.
^
SÜME OF THE* GAPS IN EXISTING
SERVICES FOR MOTHERS AND BABIES
These things can
O f the 2,400 rural counties in the United States —
About half have no full-time health departments.
About four-fifths have no prenatal clinics under State health-department
supervision.
About two-thirds have no child-health conferences under State healthdepartment supervision.
O f the 3,072 counties in the United States —
About 800 have no rural public-health-nursing service.
Many rural areas do not have enough well-trained doctors and. hospital
facilities for the ca re of mothers and babies.
Many communities lack facilities for expert diagnosis and specialists for con
sultation with doctors caring for mothers and babies.
TO n i l THE GAPS, EXPERTS SAY,
THESE THINGS MUST BE PROVIDED:
More and better ca re of mothers before, during, and after childbirth.
More and better ca re of young babies.
Local centers for diagnosis and consultation.
be provided through the
cooperation of Federal,
State, and local govern
ments, private agencies
and organizations, with
the help of an informed
citizenry, to the end that
every mother may seek
and obtain safe care for
herself and for her baby.
Better training of doctors and nurses in obstetrics and pediatrics.
Better distribution of qualified doctors and nurses.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1941-0-406860
Better distribution of good hospital facilities.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
CHILDRENS BUREAU
PUBLICATION NO.
278
@FedFRASER