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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Frances Perkins, Secretary BU R E A U OF LABO R STATISTICS Isador Lubin, Commissioner + and Salary Payments in O hio By FRED C. CR O X TO N , FREDERICK E. CROXTON and F R A N K C. CROXTON Bulletin T^o. 613 UN ITED STATES GOVERNM ENT PRIN TING OFFICE W ASHINGTON : 1935 For sale by the Superintendent of Docum ents, W ashington, D . C. - Price 15 cents Letter of Transmittal U nited States D epartment of L abor, B ureau of L abor Statistics, Washington, August 27, 1935. report entitled “ Average Annual Wage and Salary Payments in Ohio, 1916 to 1932.” This report brings together 12 articles pub lished in the January, February, March, April, May, June, August, September, October, November, and December 1934, and January 1935 issues of the Monthly Labor Review. The report shows the amount and trend of annual wage and salary payments in Ohio from 1916 to 1932 and is based on statistical infor mation collected and compiled by the Ohio Division of Labor Statis tics. The Ohio reports furnish an unusually comprehensive and con tinuous record of employment and wage and salary payments. The importance of the studies collected in this report lies in the fact that annual income is a more significant economic factor in determining the standard of living than the wage rate per hour, day, week, or month. I sador L ubin , Commissioner. H on. F rances P erkins, Secretary oj Labor. M adam S ecretary: I have the honor to transmit herewith a in Contents Chapter 1.—Sources and scope of studies___________________________ Chapter 2.—All industries, 1918 to 1 9 3 2 __________________________ Chapter 3.—Construction industry, 1918 to 1932____________________ Chapter 4.—Manufactures, 1916 to 1932___________________________ Iron and steel and their products______________________________ Food and kindred products___________________________________ Lumber and lumber products_________________________________ Chemicals and allied products________________________________ Paper and printing__________________________________________ Rubber products_____________________________________________ Stone, clay, and glass products_________________________________ Vehicles_____________________________________________________ Leather and leather products___________________________________ Liquors and beverages_________________________________________ Metals and metal products, other than iron and steel_____________ Textiles_____________________________________________________ Tobacco_____________________________________________________ Miscellaneous manufactures____________________________________ Chapter 5.—Wholesale and retail trade, 1916 to 1932________________ Chapter 6.—“ Service ” industries, 1916 to 1932_______________________ Chapter 7.—Transportation and public utilities, 1916 to 1932___________ v Page 1 6 20 36 55 73 81 87 96 101 106 111 117 124 127 133 139 142 150 163 176 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bulletin o f the Bureau o f Labor Statistics Number 613 WASHINGTON October 1935 A V E R A G E A N N U A L W A G E A N D SA L A R Y PAYM EN TS IN OHIO, 1916 T O 1932 Chapter 1.—Sources and Scope of Studies series of studies has been made in an effort to measure as T HIS nearly as possible the amount and course of annual wage and salary payments in Ohio. The importance of such studies is due to the fact that the annual income, rather than the hourly, daily, weekly, or monthly rate of pay, is the important economic factor in determin ing the standard of living. The reports which form the basis of these studies have been compiled for a period of 19 years and afford an unusual statistical record of employment and of wage and salary payments to wage earners, clerical employees, and salespeople. The data which form the basis of these computations of average wage and salary payments in the three general occupation groups— “wage earners”; “bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks”; and “salespeople (not traveling)”—were collected by the office of the State government of Ohio responsible for labor statistics. For the earlier years of the period covered, that office was the Department of Investigation and Statistics of the Industrial Commission, but since July 1, 1921, it has been known as the Division of Labor Statistics, Department of Industrial Relations of Ohio. The statistical information collected each year was compiled by the Ohio department for all of the years except 1922. For that year it was compiled by the Women’s Bureau of the United States De partment of Labor. While the compilations were made promptly each year, the information has been published by the Ohio department for only 1914, 1915, 1923, 1928, and 1929, with a summary report for 1924 to 1927 accompanying the 1928 report.1 The series of Ohio 1 General summaries covering fluctuation of employment have been published in the Monthly Labor Review for April, August, and December 1930, for March 1932, and for December 1933. Bulletin No. 553 of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics shows summary and detailed information concerning fluctuation of employment in Ohio for 1914 to 1929, 1 2 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO reports bears the title, Rates of Wages, Fluctuation of Employment, Wage and Salary Payments in Ohio. A separate series of reports covers mining and quarrying, and that general industry group is not covered in these studies. The years 1914 and 1915 are also not covered, owing to the considerable difference in number of establish ments reporting data relative to number of employees and the number reporting data relative to wage and salary payments, and for the same reason 1916 and 1917 are omitted from the chapter on “all industries” (p. 6) and that on “construetion” (p. 20). The statistical data covering employees, classified rates of wages, and wage and salary payments were furnished annually, as required by law, by the employers of Ohio. The information was requested during 1914 to 1923 of all employers of five or more persons and during 1924 to 1932 of all employers of three or more persons in all industry groups except interstate transportation and governmental activities. The list of establishments reporting statistical information and the list of establishments carrying workmen’s compensation insurance are carefully and continuously checked against each other. Com pensation insurance was compulsory during 1914 to 1923 for all employers employing five or more, and since January 1, 1924, it has been compulsory for all employing three or more. Employers of fewer than the minimum number are permitted, but not required, to avail themselves of the provisions of the State workmen’s compensa tion law. Employers are not required to carry insurance for em ployees in household or domestic service, but may do so. Some employers with fewer than three employees (fewer than five prior to 1924) furnish statistical data each year and such reports are included in the tabulations. Comparatively few employing three or more (five or more prior to 1924) fail to report. The lists in the workmen’s compensation insurance file and in the statistical file have been expanded from year to year, and therefore represent a more nearly complete coverage during the later years than during the earlier years of the period. The approximate completeness of the material included in the Ohio reports, particularly during the period 1924 to 1932, in which information has been requested from all employers of three or more persons, can be seen from a comparison of the Ohio reports on the single industry group “manufactures”, with the United States biennial Census of Manufactures. Census figures in table 1 include only those Ohio manufacturing concerns reporting “value of product” of $500 or more in 1919 and $5,000 or more in other years covered. The Ohio reports, on the other hand, include only a comparatively few establishments employing fewer than three persons (fewer than five persons for the years prior to 1924). The census figures therefore SOURCES AND SCOPE OF STUDIES 3 include a number of small manufacturing establishments not requested to furnish information to the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. In table 1 the census and the Ohio reports are compared for each of the years in which the census made its biennial report for the period covered by this article. T able 1 .— COMPARISON OF COVERAGE OF UNITED STATES CENSUS REPORTS ON MANUFACTURES IN OHIO, AND OF REPORTS (M ANUFACTURES SECTION ONLY) OF OHIO DIVISION OF LABOR STATISTICS, 1919, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1927, 1929, AND 1931 Year and report 1919 United States Census of Manufactures.__ ___________ ___________ _ _ ___ Ohio report_________ ________ _____ ____ . . . Difference_____________________ . _ 1921 United States Census of Manufactures. ... Ohio report________________ ________ . ____ _ ... .. _ Difference______ _________ . . . . . . -............ 1923 United States Census of Manufactures__________ ________________ Ohio report______________ _____________________ . . . ____ Difference________________________ _______________________ 1925 United States Census of Manufactures_______ ________________ _ Ohio report___ _______ ________ ___________________________ Difference.— ___________________ ____ ____________ ________ 1927 United States Census of Manufactures__ ____ ____ ___ _______ Ohio report___ _ __ _________________ __________________ Difference______________________________________ ___ _ 1929 United States Census of Manufactures __ ________________________ Ohio report__________________________________________ ____ _ _ Difference.— __ ___ _______________ _____________ 1931 United States Census of Manufactures2______ _____ ___________ Ohio report . ____________________ ________Difference... .. __________ ___ _______________________ Wage Estab earners Amount paid lish (average in wages ments of 12 months) 16,125 9, Oil 7,114 730,733 $944,651,734 678, 525 i 872,014,593 52, 208 72,637,141 11,479 8, 632 2,847 494, 288 627,032,666 460,671 i 576,968, 355 33,617 50,064,311 11,195 8, 701 2,494 669,132 979, 659,869 654,142 i 933,989,207 14,990 45,670,662 11,131 9,502 1,629 676,661 975, 738, 405 651,944 i 956,106,644 24, 717 19, 631, 761 10,961 9,880 1,081 669,097 968,181,165 649, 111 i 950, 200,395 19,986 17,980, 770 11,855 10,035 1,820 741,143 1,102,166,499 718,108 11,076,213, 730 23,035 25,952,769 9,883 9,683 200 506, 974 593, 051,176 482,782 i 571,917,215 24,192 21,133,961 1 Amount reported paid to wage earners, and does not include amounts paid to bookkeepers, stenogra phers, and office clerks, salespeople (not traveling), and superintendents and managers. 2 Press release, Bureau of the Census, Apr. 1, 1933. Even with the omission, prior to 1924, from the reports of the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics of practically all manufacturing plants employing fewer than five persons and the omission for 1924 to 1932 of practically all those employing fewer than three persons, the aver age number of wage earners and the total amount paid in wages are not far below the census figures for manufactures in Ohio. The per 4 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO cent which the figures of the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics form of the figures of the census for each of those two items is as follows: T able 2 .—PERCENT WHICH FIGURES OF OHIO DIVISION OF LABOR STATISTICS FORM OF FIGURES OF THE CENSUS OF M ANUFACTURES FOR WAGE EARNERS AND WAGE PAYM ENTS Year 1919____________________ 1921____________________ 1923____________________ 1925____________________ Wage earners 92.9 93.2 97.8 96.3 Wage payments Year 92.3 1927__________ ______ 92.0 1929___________________ 95.3 1931___________________ 98.0 Wage earners 97.0 96.9 95.2 Wage payments 98.1 97.6 96.4 The industry groups included in these studies on average wage and salary payments are manufacturers, wholesale and retail trade, ser vice,2 transportation and public utilities, construction, and agricul ture. The great majority of Ohio farmers who hire help employ fewer than three persons, and therefore this report does not give a complete picture of conditions in agriculture in general, as the infor mation comes from the larger commercial farming undertakings, from the larger dairy farms, and from the larger florist, fruit-growing, and nursery establishments. The figures in the subgroup “ domestic service”, under the general industry group “service”, also do not afford a complete report, as comparatively few would employ three or more in domestic service and furthermore workmen's compensation insurance is not compulsory for such employers. In all the other industry groups included the Ohio reports and this report give prac tically a complete picture except for the very small establishments. Fisheries was carried as a separate industry group by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics prior to 1932, in which year the returns were tabu lated under “ trade, wholesale and retail”, as the establishments reporting were largely packing and sales houses. Chapter 2 shows average number of employees and total wage and salary payments for “fisheries”, but average wage and salary payments were not computed owing to the small number of persons involved. Average wage and salary payments shown in this report have been computed from reports furnished by Ohio employers immediately after the close of each calendar year. These reports show, among other items, the number of persons employed on the 15th of each month and the total wage and salary payments during the year. Employers are not requested to furnish, in connection with such annual reports, infor mation concerning number or proportion of employees working full time, part time, and overtime, nor are they requested to furnish information relative to the extent to which they have “spread” 2 The principal businesses and activities classified under the industry group “ service” are: Hotels, res taurants, clubs, theaters, bowling alleys, servants in private homes, garages, laundering and dry cleaning, barbers and hair dressers, banks, offices, office buildings, welfare agencies, hospitals, churches, schools and colleges, photographers, shoe repairing, undertakers, cemeteries, etc. SOURCES AND SCOPE OF STUDIES 5 work or shortened hours during slack periods or provided overtime during busy periods. Spreading work through reduced hours for individual employees, groups of employees, or for the establish.ment as a whole, was followed by many employers during the slack period in 1921 and was followed very generally during the longer slack period since 1929. Such plans, of course, merely distribute available work and wage and salary funds among the larger number of employees and all carry a part of the hardship resulting from reduced incomes. Such a procedure in which both employees and employers cooperate, it is generally believed, means less suffering on the part of the whole body of employees than would be caused by retention only of those who could be provided with full-time employment at former hours and furloughing or releasing all others. Spreading work during the slack periods following 1920 and 1929 was undoubtedly a considerable factor in reducing the average wage and salary payments during those two periods. Overtime work during the periods of great industrial activity preceding the slack periods, on the other hand, increased average wage and salary pay ments at those periods. It is not possible from data available to determine the amount of part-time and overtime work during the 17 years covered by these studies and to measure, even approximately, the effect of such conditions upon average wage and salary payments. Under each of the several general industry groups, data are shown in this chapter for each of the three general occupation groups—“wage e a r n e r s “bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks”; and “sales people (not traveling).” The table showing total wage and salary payments also shows separately payments to superintendents and managers, but data for such employees do not enter into any of the other tables or computations. Chapter 2.—All Industries, 1918 to 1932 1 R EPORTS from practically all establishments in Ohio employing three or more persons and falling within the general industry groups of manufactures, wholesale and retail trade, service, trans portation and public utilities, construction, agriculture, and fisheries show an average wage and salary payment of $1,048 for the year 1932 as compared with $1,480 in 1929. For the occupation group, “wage earners”, the reports show an average wage and salary payment of $978 for the year 1932 and $1,457 for 1929. For the group, “bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks”, the average was $1,390 for 1932 and $1,677 for 1929. The group, “salespeople (not traveling) ”, averaged $1,014 for 1932, $1,374 for 1929, and $1,417 for 1927. Average Number of Employees T able 3 shows the average number of employees in each of the three general occupation groups under each industry group. The annual reports made by employers to the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics show the number of persons employed on the 15th of each month, and the averages shown in this table were computed by dividing the total of the monthly figures by 12. Employers are not requested in their annual reports to give information as to the number of employees on full time and the number on part time each month. The number of establishments from which reports are secured varies from year to year, but within each year the establishments are identical throughout the 12 months. It should be borne in mind that reports were requested of employers of three or more persons each year from 1924 to 1932, and of employers of five or more during the earlier years of the period covered, and therefore any comparisons between years should be made separately within those two periods. For the first of the two periods indicated, 1918 to 1923, the highest average number of employees occurred in 1920 for all industries com bined, for construction, and for manufactures, and in 1923 for service, trade, and transportation and public utilities. For the second of the two periods, 1924 to 1932, the highest average number of employees occurred in 1929 for all industries combined, for manufactures, and for trade; in 1930 for service and for transportation and public utili ties; and in 1927 for construction. The lowest average during the 1 Certain figures in this study, as published in the Monthly Labor Review for January 1934, have been changed in accord with detailed studies made later. See statement as to 1916 to 1924 in studies of service and trade (pp. 150 and 163). 6 ALL INDUSTRIES— 1918 TO 1932 7 first period occurred in 1921 for all industries combined and for con struction, manufactures, and transportation and public utilities, and in 1918 for service and trade. The lowest averages during the second period occurred in 1932, except in service, where, with a very much smaller number of establishments reporting, it occurred in 1924. AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED EACH YEAR, 1918 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRY AND BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS All industries Agriculture T able 3 — Year 1918_____ 1919______ 1920_____ 1921_____ 1922_____ 1923_____ 1924_____ 1925_.......... 1926_____ 1927_____ 1928_____ 1929_____ 1930_____ 1931.......... 1932______ Estab All em lish ments ployees 22,709 23,652 27, 241 23,562 24,124 25,904 30,439 33,443 36,004 38,509 39,979 42,216 43, 348 42,095 39,109 Book keepers, stenog Wage earners raphers, and office clerks Book Sales keepers, Sales people Estab All em Wage stenog people (not lish raphers, (not travel ments ployees earners and travel ing) office ing) clerks 1,041,993 895,726 104,264 42,002 1,039,150 876,103 116,185 46,861 1,123,955 942,925 130,857 50,173 812,646 655,340 110, 523 46,784 912,160 750,403 112,283 49,474 1,070,998 889,627 126,470 54,901 1,055,721 860,379 133, 235 62,106 1,121,840 917,380 138,800 65,660 1,175,950 959,800 146, 255 69,895 1,171,268 947,125 150,848 73,295 1,197,885 966,125 154,287 77,473 1,278,992 1,024,165 168,127 , 701 1,133,846 888,527 174,099 71, 220 . 963, 791 739,813 153,136 70,842 817,862 619,044 134, 296 64, 523 86 520 552 586 504 519 548 732 910 1,052 1,199 1,329 1,444 1,639 1,777 1, 736 4,273 4,747 5,382 4,890 5,005 5,883 7,364 8,407 9,145 9,724 9,942 10,183 9,672 8,272 6,456 61,072 57,194 72,217 50,985 54,518 69,202 74,791 77,670 79,928 83,535 78,434 78,631 69,607 45,601 27,519 57,276 53,506 67, 871 47,411 50,981 65,077 69,838 72, 574 74,600 77,944 72, 633 72,670 63,625 41,066 24,094 3,381 3,177 3, 717 2,972 2,913 3,461 4,030 4,104 4,244 4,485 4,727 4,844 5,323 3,630 2,691 415 511 629 602 624 663 923 992 1,084 1,106 1,073 1,117 660 904 734 8,858 9,011 9,652 , 632 8,403 8,701 9,125 9,502 9,704 9,880 9,937 10,035 9, 683 9,102 8 10,011 3,071 3,157 4,650 3,499 3,745 4,120 5, 215 5,971 6,761 7,598 9,335 10,241 10,452 10,357 8,210 57,014 63,157 77,052 74,850 79,438 90,767 104,095 113,046 124,424 130,525 138,542 153,109 155,012 150,122 138,405 40,301 42,086 48,662 48, 537 51,517 59,082 , 937 73,399 82,072 87,132 91,160 100,805 99,427 97,184 91,523 66 217 180 247 215 233 271 301 334 359 422 410 431 379 317 202 48 53 57 63 60 0) 68 79 96 108 108 93 87 73 69 766,914 752,121 794,627 524, 316 609,903 726,043 679, 523 727,988 751, 340 729,250 749, 434 806,607 673,178 552,905 461,183 699,656 678,525 715,858 460, 671 546,435 654,142 606,558 651,944 671,910 649, 111 669, 039 718,108 590,506 482, 782 399, 790 62,155 68,249 73,035 57,965 57, 550 65,538 65,963 68,387 71,195 71, 769 72,041 79,197 77, 702 65,011 56,500 5,103 5, 346 5,735 5,680 5,919 6,363 7,002 7,657 8,234 8,371 8,355 9,302 4,969 5,112 4,893 Trade, wholesale and retail3 Service 2 1918_____ 1919_____ 1920_____ 1921_____ 1922_____ 1923______ 1924_____ 1925_____ 1926_____ 1927______ 1928_____ 1929........1930_.......... 1931........... 1932______ 8 4,511 4,403 4,592 4,185 4,138 4,358 5,433 6,056 6,714 7,287 8,016 8,437 8,471 8,706 7,528 Manufactures Construction 1918_____ 1919_____ 1920_____ 1921_____ 1922_____ 1923_____ 1924_____ 1925______ 1926_____ 1927_____ 1928_____ 1929_____ 1930_____ 1931_____ 1932_____ 4,776 4,635 4,895 4,450 4,413 4,590 5,772 6,436 7,144 7,754 ,545 8,940 8,989 9,159 7,915 14,813 18,685 25,993 23,418 24,644 27, 641 32,219 34,124 35, 664 37,934 40,181 44,374 51,162 48,590 42,964 1,899 2,386 2,397 2,896 3,277 4,045 4,939 5,523 6,688 5,459 7,202 7,930 4,423 4,348 3,918 4,815 5,063 5,786 4,962 5,354 5,497 6,707 7,277 7,867 8,526 8,916 9,524 , 111 9,716 10, 10022 92,318 41,539 100,434 43,843 110,524 49,494 98,818 42, 910 104,083 45,593 114,128 49,805 122,071 51,967 126,928 53,759 132,770 56,536 139, 720 58,368 140, 780 56,884 149, 224 56,971 142,286 57,845 137,304 55,482 122,738 49,087 16,448 18,208 19,904 18,547 19,083 20,850 21,380 22, 263 23,055 23,721 23,887 24,973 24,482 22, 267 19,545 34, 331 38,383 41,126 37, 360 39,408 43, 473 48, 724 50, 907 53,179 57,631 60,009 67,280 59,959 59,555 54,106 1 Tabulations of the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics carry these employees under “ Industries, not otherwise classified." 2 Including “ Offices.” s Not including “ Offices/’ 8 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EMPLOYED EACH YEAR, 1918 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRY AND BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS— Continued T able 3 .— In d u str ie s, not otherwise classi fied Fisheries Transportation and public utilities BookBookBook keep keep Sales ers, Sales keepers, Sales ers, All All Estab All em Wage stenog people Estab em Wage stenog people em stenog people lish ployees earners raphers, (not lish ploy earn ra (not ploy ra (not ments and travel ments ees ers phers, travel ees phers, travel and ing) and ing) office ing) office clerks office clerks clerks Year 1918___ 1919___ 1920___ 1921 1922___ 1923___ 1924___ 1925___ 1926___ 1927___ 1928___ 1929 1930___ 1931___ 1932___ 1,134 1,081 1,146 1,048 1,071 1,129 1,271 1,353 1,453 1, 561 1,625 1,674 1,741 1,776 1,742 59,448 61,172 64,254 58,919 59,473 65,876 69,096 69,426 80,008 80,162 81,849 82,137 84,450 68,382 60,103 52,037 53,357 56,115 51,368 51, 462 56,877 59,320 59,345 67, 671 ,999 68,126 66,862 68,358 54,303 47,021 66 7,205 205 7,633 181 7,915 224 7,372 179 7,830 181 8,701 298 9,331 446 9,584 498 11,728 609 12, 546 617 12,999 725 14, 297 978 14,969 1,123 13,231 847 12,279 803 38 452 41 439 39 385 27 307 27 327 26 287 25 325 23 304 296 283 268 344 295 24 289 (3) (3) 22 21 20 2122 406 384 333 257 278 287 325 304 296 283 268 312 295 289 (3) 46 54 47 46 49 ) ) ) ) )31 ) ) (3) 0 00 (000 00 61 0(0) 000) 00 00) 1 4 (3) 4 105 46 41 40 37 33 30 31 46 42 37 35 33 31 30 28 4 59 4 4 5 4 2 3 i Tabulations of the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics carry these employees under “ Industries, not otherwise classified.” 3 Tabulations of the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics carry fisheries under “ Trade” in 1932, as the establishments reporting were largely packing and sales houses. Total W age and Salary Payments T wage and salary payments reported paid in each of the 15 years 1918 to 1932 are shown in table 4. In supplying data for this table, employers were requested to report for the year total wage and salary payments in dollars, including bonuses and premiums and value of board and lodging furnished. Employers were also instructed not to include salaries of officials. While payments to superintendents and managers are included in this table, that occupation group is not included in the other tables in this article, and the amounts paid to that group do not enter into the average payments shown in table 6. Considering all industry groups combined, during the period 1918 to 1923, the highest payments occurred in 1920, and the lowest oc curred in 1921, with a drop (omitting payments to superintendents and managers) of 39.1 percent. During the period 1924 to 1932 there was a gradual increase in payments each year until the highest point was reached in 1929. Each year since 1929 shows a marked decrease, until in 1932 the payments reported (omitting payments to superin tendents and managers) show a decline from 1929 of $1,035,921,872, or 54.7 percent. In construction the highest payments reported during the second period were in 1927 and the lowest in 1932, with a drop (omitting otal 9 ALL INDUSTRIES— 1918 TO 1932 payments to superintendents and managers) from the peak in 1927 of $107,878,101, or 79.3 percent. In manufactures the highest pay ments reported during the second period were in 1929 and the lowest in 1932, with a drop (omitting superintendents and managers) in 3 years of $762,296,717, or 61.6 percent. Table 4.—TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS, EACH YEAR 1918 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRY AND GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS All industries Year 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1932. Estab lish ments Wage earners 22, 709 23, 652 27, 241 23, 562 24, 025 25, 904 30, 439 33, 443 36,004 38, 509 39,979 42, 216 43, 348 42, 095 39,109 $993, 233, 308 1,091,922,134 1,454, 725, 511 820,250,496 937.666, 389 1,264,809,860 1, 209,620,128 1,316,203,710 1,360,927,636 1,355, 767, 253 1,398,706,201 1,492,141,261 1,193,333, 662 877,928, 803 605,190, 299 Book keepers, Salespeople stenog (not travel raphers, ing) and office clerks $113, 268,144 152,690,186 195, 573,486 163,589,396 191,696,182 188,694,543 207,015,167 214, 608,478 230,689,854 244,426,090 252,050, 747 282,017,895 291,736,043 239,454,060 186, 710,032 $37, 548,872 48,683,649 62, 713, 758 59,447, 291 60,165,261 73,152, 030 81,728, 091 89, 783, 496 97, 523,735 103,849,983 109,017, 515 119,084, 364 88,972, 655 82, 265, 334 65,421,317 Total Superin tendents and managers Grand total $1,144, 050, 324 1,293,295,969 1, 713,012, 755 1, 043, 287,183 1,189, 527,832 1, 526, 656,433 1,498, 363,386 1, 620, 595,684 1,689,141, 225 , 704,043, 326 1,759, 774,463 1,893, 243, 520 1, 574, 042, 360 1,199,648,197 857,321, 648 $56,330, 774 73,247,706 87,328,956 83, 596, 901 82,884,097 95,328,822 103,035, 637 113,110, 564 117,637, 539 120, 285, 265 131,366,774 133,461,924 137,112,137 115,105,919 88,841,093 $1, 200, 381,098 1, 366, 543,675 1,800,341, 711 1,125,884,084 1, 272,411, 929 1, 621, 985, 255 1, 601, 399,023 1, 733, 706, 248 1,806, 778, 764 1,824, 328, 591 1,891,141,237 2,026, 705,444 1,711,154,497 1,314,754,116 946,162, 741 $3, 581,346 3,864, 498 5,162, 866 4,107, 272 4,024, 696 4, 565,925 5,859,253 , 573,860 6,932,321 7,616,884 8,424,430 8,681,984 8,529,965 7,499, 673 5, 228,800 $212,913 255,093 331,992 331, 291 338,837 420,316 506,092 542,439 558,358 593, 543 704, 202 712, 565 717,974 649, 410 495,600 $3, 794,259 4,119, 591 5, 494,858 4, 438, 563 4, 363, 533 4,986, 241 , 365, 345 7,116, 299 7,490,679 ,210, 427 9,128, 632 9,394, 549 9,247, 939 8,149,083 5, 724,400 $66,842, 364 $4,288, 305 80,847,147 4,001,698 122,659,406 5,474,355 71,370, 567 4,949,853 74,877,020 4,751, 917 133,463,865 5,936,960 122,775,242 ,339, 353 128,601, 390 , 553,458 129,615,775 7,003,830 136,121,851 7,334,053 128,359,248 7, 535,688 131,769,687 7,823,916 109,130,989 7,992,681 61,667,081 5,695, 227 28,243, 750 3,270,559 $71,130,669 84,848,845 128,133, 761 76, 320,420 79,628, 937 139,400,825 129,114, 595 135,154,848 136,619,605 143,455,904 135,894,936 139,593,603 117,123, 670 67,362,308 31,514, 309 1 Agriculture 1918______ 1919______ 1920______ 1921 ____ 1922______ 1923______ 1924______ 1925______ 1926______ 1927______ 1928______ 1929______ 1930______ 1931______ 1932______ 520 552 586 504 524 548 732 910 1,052 1,199 1,329 1,444 1,639 1,777 1,736 $3,356,920 3,625,412 4,789,088 3,788,157 3,705,059 4,236,632 5,466,661 6,116,041 , 404,230 7,030,170 7,768,284 8,074,741 7,940, 580 6,999,893 4,894,524 6 $182, 546 186, 241 301,168 236, 724 253, 726 263,927 312,116 348,940 413,050 431,662 511,921 483,350 481, 285 419,193 271,694 $41,880 52,845 72, 610 82, 391 65,911 i 65,366 80,476 108,879 115,041 155,052 144,225 123,893 108,100 80, 587 62, 582 6 6 8 Construction 1918.......... 1919______ 1920______ 1921______ 1922______ 1923______ 1924______ 1925______ 1926______ 1927______ 1928______ 1929______ 1930______ 1931______ 1932______ 1 4,273 4,747 5,382 4,890 5,007 5,883 7,364 8,407 9,145 9,724 9,942 10,183 9, 672 8,272 6,456 $62,646,726 $3,629, 209 75,722,325 4,063,456 115,574, 650 5,856,206 65,528,871 4,761,255 69,408,474 4,327,049 126, 632,946 5, 512,351 114, 334,620 6,631,822 , 767,973 119,786, 318 120,158,128 7,191,240 126,076,960 7, 712, 554 117,922,441 8,275,667 121,413,067 8,160,166 98,314, 644 9,367,262 54, 519, 506 5,833,638 23, 657,092 3, 636,039 6 $566, 429 1,061, 366 1,228, 550 1,080,441 1,141,497 1,318, 568 1,808,800 2,047,099 2,266,407 2,332,337 2,161,140 2,196,454 1,449,083 1,313,937 950,619 66 Tabulations of the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics carry these employees under “ Industries, not otherwise classified.” 10 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS, EACH YEAR 1918 TO INDUSTRY AND GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS—Continued T able 4 — 1932, BY Fisheries Year 1918______ 1919______ 1920______ 1921______ 1922______ 1923______ 1924______ 1925______ 1926______ 1927______ 1928______ 1929______ 1930______ 1931______ 1932______ Estab lish ments 38 41 39 27 27 26 25 23 22 21 20 2122 24 (2) Wage earners $577,228 573,347 626,871 378,476 416,996 408,462 537,035 489,088 481,277 479,939 455,426 511,443 481, 506 434,362 (2) Book keepers, Salespeople stenog (not travel raphers, ing) and office clerks $49,004 64,205 65,907 68,460 66,321 i 58,783 i 63,013 i 52,100 i 49,888 i 49,218 i 46,125 46, 515 i 46,565 i 47,323 (2) $1,250 12,807 9,744 110,290 i 9,820 i 12,020 i 5,673 i 5,950 i 10.358 i 4,320 1, 744 i 400 i 6,095 (2) Total Superin tendents and man agers Grand total $626, 232 633,802 705,585 456,680 493,607 477,065 612,068 546,861 537,115 539, 515 505,871 5o9,702 528,471 487,780 (2) $56,871 63,082 68,424 58,750 46,599 59,975 65,885 68,920 73,275 62, 620 68,400 72,822 69,640 61,153 (2) $683,103 701,884 774,009 515, 430 540, 206 537,040 677,953 615,781 610,390 602,135 574, 271 632,524 598, 111 548,933 (2) $890,820,104 980,653,836 1,273,071,437 677,863,449 823,365,751 1,052,041.376 989,331,453 1,089,684,210 1, 111, 592, 319 1,095,360,768 1,145,380, 749 1,238,371,838 958,368,992 690,217,455 476,075,121 $34,550,921 46,296,998 51,667,818 46,048,958 45,706,009 51,259,820 51,142,061 56,133, 781 58, 268,417 58,822,884 59,420, 091 62,777,638 60,396, 459 50,905,300 38,432,348 $925,371,025 1,026,950,834 1,324, 739,265 723,912,407 869,071,760 1,103,301,196 1,040,473, 514 1,145,817,991 1,169,860, 736 1,154,183,652 1, 204,800,840 1,301,149,476 1,018, 765,451 741,122,755 514, 507,469 $5,180,566 7,053, 211 10,297, 669 11,059,4'27 7,589,873 14,204,573 19,617,426 21,959, 639 21,849,163 21,607, 204 25,058,030 26,384, 039 27,932, 230 24, 510, 860 19, 735,297 $54, 743,454 68,660,880 104,171, 225 104, 736,870 80, 748, (556 127,960,847 153,114,973 167,419, 228 183,479,643 196,879,060 205,961,707 238, 291,343 230,365,631 210,047,916 168,416, 743 Manufactures 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 19281929. 193019311932. 8,858 9, Oil 9,652 , 632 8,330 , 701 9,125 9,502 9, 704 9,880 9,937 10,035 10, Oil 9,683 9,102 8 8 $810,785,446 872,014,593 1,143,662,785 5^6,968,355 693,948,886 933,989, 207 867,024,674 956,106,644 973,197, 214 950,200,395 1,000, 676, 770 1,076, 213,730 806, 211, 539 571,917, 215 382, 080, 692 $72,401,476 99,616,384 118,045,344 89,700, 261 118,786,876 105,092,484 108,441,736 116,531,491 121,169,678 127,339, 270 126,630,061 141,959,719 141,830, 517 109,165,152 85,497, 253 $7,633,182 9,022,859 11,363,308 11,194, 833 10,629,989 12,959,685 13,865,043 17,046,075 17,225,427 17,821,103 18,073,918 20,198, 389 10,326,936 9,135,088 8,497,176 Service, including “ offices” 1918______ 1919______ 1920______ 1921______ 1922 3_____ 1923______ 1924______ 1925______ ____ _ 1927______ 1928______ 1929______ 1930______ 1931______ 1932______ 1926 3,071 3,157 4,650 3,499 3,034 4,120 5,215 5,971 , 761 7,598 , 210 9,335 10, 241 10,452 10, 357 6 8 $30,516,708 35,598,590 52,601,409 53,671, 210 50,008,110 65,361,822 77,458,058 86,197,038 94,622,091 105,462,147 102,061, 685 118,959, 260 111, 692,103 103,607,067 85,957,730 22 $16, 348,100 , 453,467 36, 426,294 35, 368,928 19, 645,610 40, 017,329 46, 763,611 48, 314,102 53, 930,013 59, 000,261 65, 040, 343 76, 873,897 83, 742, 536 75, 869,112 58, 630,191 $2,698,080 3, 555, 612 4,845, 853 4,637, 305 3,504, 463 8,377,123 9, 275,878 10,948,449 13,078,376 10,809,448 13, 801, 649 16,074,147 6,998, 762 6,060,877 4,093, 525 $49,562,888 61,607, 669 93,873, 556 93,677, 443 73,158,183 113, 756, 274 133,497, 547 145,459, 589 161, 630,480 175,271,856 180,903, 677 211,907,304 202, 433, 401 185, 537, 056 148, 681, 446 1 Tabulations of the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics carry these employees under “ Industries, not other wise classified.” 2 Tabulations of the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics carry fisheries under “ Trade” in 1932, as the establishments reporting were largely packing and sales houses. 3 Not including offices. Data not available to combine. 11 ALL INDUSTRIES— 1918 TO 1932 T able 4.—TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS, EACH YEAR 1918 TO 1932, BV INDUSTRY AND GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS—Continued Tradef wholesale and retail, not including “ offices” Estab lish ments Year Wage earners 1918 __________ 4,815 $34,922, 511 1919 __________ 5,063 43,359, 687 1920 __________ 5, 786 58,837,839 1921 __________ 4,962 52,203,124 1922 4_____ 6,031 55,724,935 1923 __________ 5,497 59,354,971 1924 __________ 6, 707 64, 715,087 1925 __________ 7,277 67,929,464 1926 __________ 72,366,350 7, 867 1927 __________ 74,471,388 8, 526 1928 __________ 8,916 73, 571,115 1929 __________ 9, 524 72,980,211 1930 __________ 72,844,362 10, 022 1931 __________ 10, 111 67,505, 063 1932 __________ 9, 716 52, 243,081 Book keepers, stenog raphers, and office clerks $14,323,442 18,892, 259 25,512,300 23,802,292 37,310, 729 26,453,941 28,011,605 28,828,086 31,231,010 32,032,811 31,704,191 33,268,959 34,396, 203 28,548, 605 21,934,553 Salespeople (not travel ing) $26,379,860 34,693,649 44,205,304 42,127, 308 44,403,951 49,846, 849 55,619, 297 58,611, 692 63,490,776 71,337,704 73, 229,892 78,338, 716 67,848,122 64,051,911 50,317,419 Total Superin tendents and man agers $75, 625, 813 $9,619,073 96,945, 595 12,282, 299 128,555,443 15,917,877 118,132, 724 15,729, 323 137,439, 615 20,162,319 135,655, 761 19,384,463 148,345,989 20,594, 823 155,369, 242 22,965,987 167,088,136 24,120,423 177,841,903 25, 718,819 178,505,198 31,854,439 184,587, 886 28, 532,443 175,088,687 32,256, 244 160,105,579 26,096, 282 124,495,053 20,821, 876 Grand total $85,244,886 109, 227,894 144,473, 320 133, 862,047 157,601,934 155,040,224 168,940,812 178, 335, 229 191, 208, 559 203, 560, 722 210,359,637 213,120,329 207,344,931 186, 201,861 145,316,929 Transportation and public utilities $229,441 $56,991,577 $2,422,125 $59,413,702 $50,427,769 $6,334,367 68,738,422 3,295,325 72,033,747 61,028,180 7,414,174 296, 068 88,984,462 3,570,821 92,555, 283 78,632,869 9,366, 267 «985,326 67,712,303 9,651,476 82,098,347 315, 269 77,679, 048 4,419, 299 80,457,503 64,453,929 11,305, 871 409,160 76,168,960 4, 288, 543 90,758,882 86,696,167 4, 062,715 74,825, 820 11,295,728 574, 619 97,941,834 4,769,997 102, 711,831 80,083,993 16,791, 264 1,066, 577 99,246,872 94, 360,532 4, 886, 340 79,579,117 13, 765, 786 1,015, 629 93, 698, 346 16, 704,975 1,341, 758 111, 745, 079 5, 764, 073 117,509,152 92,046, 254 17,860, 314 1, 383,981 111, 290, 549 6,146,142 117,436, 691 96, 250,480 19, 842,439 1,602, 371 117, 695, 290 6,725,924 124,421, 214 93,988, 809 21, 225, 289 2,151, 021 117,365,119 7,158, 501 124,523, 620 95,848,928 21,871, 675 2,241, 252 119,961,855 7,746,909 127, 708,764 94,133, 573 7,187, 687 101,321, 260 72,945,697 19, 571, 037 1,616,839 74, 597,478 6, 085,413 56, 357,180 16, 740, 302 1,499,996 80, 682, 891 4 Including “ offices”, data not available to separate. 5 This amount is undoubtedly an error, but original schedules and work sheets have been destroyed and definite correction, therefore, cannot be made. The most likely error was mistaking a figure “ 1” in the left-hand column for a figure “ 7”. If this assumption is correct, it involves a reduction of $600,000, which would make the following changes in averages for 1920 shown in table 6 of this article: Transporta tion and public utilities, “ all employees”, from $1,385 to $1,376; all industries combined, “salespeople”, from $1,250 to $1,238. 1918______ 1919______ 1920______ 1921______ 1922______ 1923______ 3924______ 1925______ 1926______ 1927______ 1928______ 1929______ 1930______ 1931______ 1932______ 1,134 1,081 1,146 1,048 1, 072 1,129 1, 271 1,353 1,453 1, 561 1,625 1, 674 1, 741 1, 776 1,742 Average Annual Wage and Salary Payments T 6 shows average wage and salary payments for each year of the period, computed by dividing total wage and salary payments, as reported to and compiled by the division of labor statistics and shown in table 4, by the average number of employees within the same group, as shown in table 3. Very little information concerning aver age annual wage and salary payments has been made available on any extensive basis. The United States Census Bureau does not compute average annual wage payments in compiling the biennial Census of Manufactures, and states in the 1929 report the reasons for not making such computations. When computations are made, however, from the census reports, for wage earners in manufactures in Ohio, one finds the following comparisons (table 5) with the average wage and salary payments to wage earners based on the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics data. able 140446°—35---- 2 12 T a ble AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 5 .— AVERAGE WAGE PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANUFACTURES IN OHIO, IN SPECIFIED YEARS, 1919 TO 1929 Average wage payment— Year 1919____________________ 1921 __________________ 1923 __________________ 1925 ___________________ Com puted from United States census $1,293 1,269 1,464 1,442 Based on Ohio Division of Labor Statistics data Average wage payment— Year $1,285 1927___________________ 1,252 1929___________________ 1,428 1931___________________ 1,467 Com puted from United States census $1,447 1,487 1,170 Based on Ohio Division of Labor Statistics data $1,464 1,499 1,185 The two series show a remarkable agreement. The average annual payments to wage earners in manufactures in Ohio computed from the Ohio reports as compared with those computed from the United States census reports, are 0.62 percent lower in 1919, 1.34 percent lower in 1921, 2.46 percent lower in 1923, 1.73 percent higher in 1925, 1.17 percent higher in 1927, 0.81 percent higher in 1929, and 1.28 percent higher in 1931. It is not possible from the reports made to the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics to show wage and salary payments separately for males and for females, nor is it possible to classify occupations beyond the three general occupation groups shown in this report. Consid ering all industries combined, and all employees, the highest average wage and salary payment was in 1920, with the second highest in 1929. The lowest average was in 1932, with a drop in 3 years of $432, or 29.2 percent. In construction the highest average payment was in 1923, with a drop to the lowest point in 1932 of $903, or 46.8 percent. In manufactures the highest average payment was in 1920, and the second highest in 1929. The lowest was in 1932, with a drop of $503, or 32.8 percent, in 3 years. In service the highest average was in 1929 and the lowest in 1918. In wholesale and retail trade the highest average was in 1927 and the lowest in 1918; for salespeople (not traveling) under the general industry group “trade”, the highest average payment was in 1927. In transportation and public utilities the highest average was in 1928 and the lowest in 1918. Charts 1 to 6 show graphically average wage and salary payments from 1918 to 1932 for each of the industry groups numerically im portant and for all industry groups combined. Data are not avail able to compute 1922 average wage and salary payments for service (including offices) and for wholesale and retail trade (not including offices). ALL INDUSTRIES— 1918 TO 1932 13 F ig u r e l. —A v er a g e A n n u a l w a g e a n d sa l a r y P a y m e n t s in a l l in d u st r y G r o u p s C o m b in e d , 1918 t o 1932, by G en e r a l O c c u pa t io n G r o u p s F ig u r e 2.—A v er a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d S a la r y P a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s a n p t o A ll E m pl o y e e s in t h e C o n st r u c t io n in d u s t r y , i 918 t o 1932 14 T a ble AVEKAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 6.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS, EACH YEAR 1918 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRY AND GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS All industries Agriculture BookkeepEstab- All em- Wage ers, stenoglish- ploy- earn- raphers, ments ees ers and office clerks 1918______ 1919______ 1920______ 1921______ 1922______ 1923______ 1924______ 1925______ 1926______ 1927______ 1928______ 1929______ 1930______ 1931______ 1932______ 22,709 $1,098 $1,109 23,652 1,245 1,246 27, 241 1. 524 1,543 23, 562 1,284 1,252 324,025 1,304 1,250 25,904 1,425 1,422 30,439 1,419 1,406 33,443 1,445 1,435 36,004 1,436 1,418 38, 509 1,455 1,431 39,979 1,469 1,448 42, 216 1,480 1,457 43,348 1,388 1,343 42,095 1,245 1,187 39,109 1,048 978 Sales Bookkeep people Estab All em Wage ers, stenog (not lish ploy earn raphers, travel ments ees ers and office ing) clerks $1,086 $894 1,314 1,039 1,495 21,250 1,480 1,271 1,707 1, 216 1,492 1,332 1,554 1,316 1,546 1,367 1,577 1,395 1,620 1,417 1,634 1, 407 1,677 1, 374 1,676 1,249 1,564 1,161 1,390 1,014 520 552 586 504 3 524 548 732 910 1,052 1,199 1,329 1,444 1,639 1,777 1,736 $750 834 1,055 923 912 4981 1,015 1,021 970 982 986 971 949 819 661 Construction 1918........... 1919______ 1920______ 1921______ 1922______ 1923______ 1924______ 1925.......... . 1926______ 1927____ 1928______ 1929______ 1930______ 1931______ 1932______ jl 4,273 $1,094 $1,094 4,747 1,414 1,415 5,382 1,698 1,703 4,890 1,400 1,382 s 5,007 1,373 i, 361 5,883 1,929 1,946 7,364 1,642 1,637 8,407 1,656 1,651 9,145 1,622 1,611 9,724 1,630 1,618 9,942 1,637 1,624 10,183 1,676 1,668 9,672 1,568 1,545 8, 272 1,352 1,328 982 6, 456 1,026 3,071 3,157 4,650 3,499 4,120 5, 215 5,971 6,761 7,598 8,210 9,335 10,241 10,452 10,357 ( 8) $869 975 1,218 1,252 (8) 1,253 1,282 1,287 1,299 1,343 1,306 1,384 1,306 1, 236 1,074 $757 846 1,081 1,106 (8) 1,106 1,157 1,174 1,153 1,210 1,120 1,180 1,123 1,066 939 (0 0) 0) (0 0) 0) 0) (0 0) (0 (0 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) (5) 0) (0 0) 0) 0) (0 0) (0 0) (U Manufactures $1,073 0) 8,858 $1,162 $1,159 1,279 $2,077 9,011 1,304 1,285 1,576 1,953 9,652 1,602 1,598 1,602 1,795 8,632 1, 293 1, 252 1,485 1,829 3 8, 330 1,350 1,270 1,593 1,989 8, 701 1,449 1,428 1,646 1,960 9,125 1,456 1.429 1,649 2,064 9,502 1,497 .1,467 1,694 2,091 9,704 1,479 1,448 1,720 2,109 9,880 1,502 1,464 1,751 2,014 9,937 1,528 1,496 1,685 1,966 10,035 1,535 1,499 1,760 2,196 10, Oil 1,424 1,365 1,607 1,453 9,683 1,248 1,185 956 1,351 1,295 10,357 1,032 $1,165 1,460 1,616 1,547 2,064 1,604 1,644 1,704 1,702 1,774 1,758 1.792 1,825 1,679 1,365 $1,496 1.688 1,981 1,971 1,796 2,037 1,980 2,226 2,092 2,129 2,163 2,171 2,078 1,787 1,045 Trade, wholesale and retail7 Service6 1918______ 1919______ 1920______ 1921______ 1922______ 1923______ 1924______ 1925______ 1926______ 1927______ 1928______ 1929______ 1930______ 1931______ 1932______ $744 823 1,043 905 895 972 1,006 1,010 954 965 969 957 937 804 650 Sales people (not travel ing) $1,104 $1,421 4,815 1,202 1,490 5,063 1,401 2,022 5,786 1,510 1,601 4,962 1,448 2,071 5,497 1,451 1,878 6,707 1,416 1,982 7,277 1,512 1,955 7,867 1,555 1,980 8,526 1,619 1,916 8,916 1,732 2,027 9,524 1,637 1,582 10,022 1,561 1,394 10, 111 1,365 1,045 9,716 ( 8) ( 8) ( 8) $819 965 1,163 1,195 1,189 1,215 1,224 1,258 1,273 1,268 1,237 1,231 1,166 1,014 ( 8) $841 9&9 1,187 1, 217 (8) 1,192 1,245 1,264 1,280 1,276 1,293 1,281 1,259 1,217 1,064 $871 1,038 1,282 1,283 (8) 1,269 1,310 1,295 1,355 1,350 1,327 1,332 1,405 1,282 1,122 $768 904 1,075 1,128 1,147 1,142 1,151 1,194 1,238 1,220 1,164 1,132 1,076 930 ( 8) 1 Not computed owing to small number involved. 2 See note 5 to table 4. 2 The number of establishments reporting employees was: Total, 24,124; agriculture, 519; construction, 5,005; fisheries, 27; manufactures, 8,403; service, 3,032; trade, wholesale and retail, 6,067; and transportation and public utilities, 1,071. 4 Wage and salary payments to salespeople (not traveling) not included in this average, as number of such employees could not be determined. fi Combined with “Industries, not otherwise classified” in detailed tabulation by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics; number does not exceed 60. 6 Including “offices.” 7 Not including offices. Information concerning total wages and $ajary payments not available. 15 ALL INDUSTRIES— 1918 TO 1932 T able 6 — AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS, EACH YEAR 1918 TO INDUSTRY AND GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS—Continued 1932, BY Transportation and public utilities Year 1918___________________________________ 1919___________________________________ 1920___________________________________ 1921__________________________________ 1922___________________________________ 1923___________________________________ 1924___________________________________ 1925___________________________________ 1926_______________-__________________ 1927___________________________________ 1928___________________________________ 1929___________________________________ 1930___________________________________ 1931___________________________________ 1932___________________________________ Establish ments 1,134 1,081 1,146 1,048 3 1,072 1,129 1,271 1,353 1,453 1,561 1,625 1,674 1,741 1,776 1, 742 All em ployees 2 $959 1,124 1,385 1,318 1,281 1,316 1,417 1,359 1,397 1,388 1,438 1,429 1,420 1,377 1,241 Wage earners $969 1,144 1,401 1,318 1,252 1,316 1,350 1,341 1,385 1,374 1,413 1,406 1,402 1,343 1,199 Book keepers, Salespeople stenog (not trav raphers, and office eling) clerks $879 971 1,183 1,309 1,444 1,298 1,800 1,436 1,424 1,423 1,526 1,485 1,461 1,479 1,363 (0 (0 (0 0) (0 to 0) 0) $2,203 2,243 2,210 2,199 1,997 1,909 1,868 1 Not computed owing to small number involved. 2 See note 5 to table 4. 3 The number of establishments reporting employees was: Total, 24,124; agriculture, 519; construction, 5,005; fisheries, 27; manufactures, 8,403; service, 3,032; trade, wholesale and retail, 6,067; and transportation and public utilities, 1,071. General Indexes for Employment and for Wage and Salary Payments G eneral indexes for all em ployees, for wage earners, for book keepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and for salespeople (not f ig u r e 3.—A v er a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d S a la r y P a y m e n t s t o w a g e E a r n e r s a n d t o A ll E m plo y e es in m a n u f a c t u r e s , 1918 t o 1932 traveling), in all industries (m anufactures, w holesale and retail trade, service, transportation and public utilities, construction, agriculture, and fisheries), are presented in table 7. Indexes, based 16 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 F ig u r e 5.—a v e r a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d S a la r y P a y m e n t s t o S a l e spe o pl e (N o t T r a v e l in g ) a n d t o a ll E m plo y e es in w h o l e sa l e a n d r e t a il T r a d e , 1918 TO 1932 17 ALL INDUSTRIES— 1918 TO 1932 on the Ohio reports, are here shown for average number employed, total wage and salary payments, and average wage and salary pay ments for 1924 to 1932, which is the period during which reports were requested by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics from all establish ments employing three or more persons. The year 1926 was used as the base, or 100, in computing these indexes for the reason that it was, at the time of the publication of this study, the year used by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as the base in computing general indexes for employment and pay rolls in manufacturing. In 1932 the index for average number of wage earners in all indus tries combined was 64.5; for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, 91.8; for salespeople (not traveling), 92.3; and for all em ployees, 69.5. The index for total wage and salary payments in 1932 was 44.5 for wage earners; 80.9 for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; 67.1 for salespeople (not traveling); and 50.8 for all employees. The index for average wage and salary payments for wage earners was 69.0; for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, 88.1; for salespeople (not traveling), 72.7; and for all employees, 73.0. T 7 —GENERAL INDEXES FOR AVERAGE NUM BER EMPLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN ALL INDUSTRIES COMBINED, 1924 TO 1932 [1926=100.01 able All employees Year 1924 ___________________________ 1925 _________________________________ 1926__________ - _ _____________ 1927_____ ____ 1928__________________________________ 1929 ______ ______ __________ loan 1931__________________________________ 1932__________________________________ Total Average wage and number salary payments 89.8 95.4 100.0 99.6 101.9 108.8 96.4 82.0 69.5 88.7 95.9 100.0 100.9 104.2 112.1 93.2 71.0 50.8 Wage earners Average Total wage and Average wage and salary number salary payment payments 98.8 100.6 100.0 101.3 102.3 103.1 96.7 86.7 73.0 Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks 1924 ___________________________ 1925 ___________________________ 1926__________________________________ 1927__________________________________ 1928__________________________________ 1929__________________________________ 1930__________________________________ 1931__________________________________ 1932__________________________________ 91.1 94.9 100.0 103.1 105.5 115.0 119.0 104.7 91.8 89.7 93.0 100.0 106.0 109.3 122.2 126.5 103.8 80.9 98.5 98.0 100.0 102.7 103.6 106.3 106.3 99.2 88.1 89.6 95.6 100.0 98.7 100.7 106.7 92.6 77.1 64.5 88.9 96.7 100.0 99.6 102.8 109.6 87.7 64.5 44.5 Average wage and salary payment 99.2 101. 2 100.0 100.9 102.1 102.8 94.7 83.7 69.0 Salespeople (not traveling) 88.9 93.9 100.0 104.9 110.8 124.0 101.9 101.4 92.3 83.8 92.1 100.0 106.5 111.8 122.1 91.2 84.4 67.1 94.3 98.0 100.0 101.6 100.9 98.5 89.5 83.2 72.7 Conclusion A c o n s i d e r a t i o n of wage and salary payments and number of employees reported in Ohio affords some measure of the economic changes among wage earners, bookkeepers, stenographers, and office 18 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO clerks, and salespeople (not traveling) in Ohio during the 3 years from 1929 to 1932. T he average num ber of em ployees reported in all industries covered in this chapter com bined fell from 1,278,992 in 1929 to 817,862 in 1932. T he total am ount paid in wages and salaries (om itting super intendents and m anagers) fell from $1,893,243,520 in 1929 to $857,321,648 in 1932. T he average wage and salary paym ent to those em ployed fell from $1,480 in 1929 to $1,048 in 1932. T he average num ber em ployed decreased 461,130, or 36.1 percent, the total w age and salary paym ent decreased $1,035,921,872, or 54.7 percent, and the average w age and salary paym ent to those w ho were em ployed decreased $432, o r *29.2 percent. In all industries covered in this chapter com bined, the average num ber of w age earners reported fell in the 3 years, 1929 to 1932, from 1,024,165 to 619,044. T he total am ount paid to w age earners in wages and salaries fell from $1,492,141,261 to $605,190,299 and the average w age and salary paym ent to those em ployed fell from $1,457 to $978. T he average num ber em ployed decreased 405,121, or 39.6 percent, the total wage and salary paym ents to w age earners decreased $886,950,962, or 59.4 percent, and the average w age and salary paym ent to those w ho were em ployed decreased $479, or 32.9 percent. The average num ber of bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks reported fell in the 3 years from 168,127 to 134,296. T he total wage and salary paym ents to th at occupation group fell from $282,017,895 to $186,710,032, and the average w age and salary pay m ent to those w ho were em ployed fell from $1,677 to $1,390. T he average num ber em ployed decreased 33,831, or 20.1 percent, the total wage and salary paym ent decreased $95,307,863, or 33.8 percent, and the average w age and salary paym ent to those w ho were em ployed decreased $287, or 17.1 percent. This general occupation group shows a higher average num ber em ployed and a higher total wage and salary paym ent in 1930 than in 1929, w ith only $1 less in the average w age and salary paym ent. The average num ber of salespeople (not traveling) reported fell in the 3 years from 86,701 to 64,523. T he total w age and salary pay m ents to th at occupation group fell from $119,084,364 to $65,421,317, and the average wage and salary paym ent to those em ployed fell from $1,374 to $1,014. T he average num ber em ployed decreased 22,178, or 25.6 percent, the total w age and salary paym ent decreased $53,663,047, or 45.1 percent, and the average w age and salary p ay m ent to those w ho were em ployed decreased $360, or 26.2 percent. In this occupation group the highest average wage and salary p ay m ent was reported in 1927 and a decline has been reported each year since that date. ALL INDUSTRIES— 1918 TO 1932 19 T he greatest decrease in average num ber em ployed, in total w age and salary paym ents, and in average w age and salary paym ents during the 3 years 1929 to 1932 w as in th e general occupation group “ wage earners.” T he low est decrease in each of the three item s w as in the general occupation group “ bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks.” A com parison of the general occupation groups, showing the percent of decrease from 1929 to 1932, is show n in table 8. Table 8 —PERCENT OF DECREASE IN AVERAGE NUM BER EMPLOYED, AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS, FROM 1929 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS General occupation group Wage earners________________________ _____________________ _ Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks.— ______________ . Salespeople (not traveling)___________ ________________ _______ All employees. __________ _____ ______________ _________ Average number em ployed 39.6 20.1 25.6 36.1 Total Average wage and wage and salary salary payments payments 59.4 33.8 45.1 54.7 32.9 17.1 26.2 29.2 Com paring the decreases betw een 1929 and 1932 by industry groups, the construction industry show s the largest percent of decrease in average num ber em ployed, in total w age and salary paym ents, and in average w age and salary paym ents. T he sm allest percent of decrease is found in service for the first tw o item s, and transportation show s th e sm allest percent of decrease in average w age and salary paym ents. T able 9 show s th e percent of decrease during th e 3 years for w age earners, bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and salespeople (not traveling), com bined. T he figures are for both sexes. Table 9.—PERCENT OF DECREASE IN AVERAGE NUM BER EM PLOYED, AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS, 1932 COMPARED WITH 1929, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS Industry group Agriculture___ _____ _ _____________ ________ _____________ Construction_____ __________ ____________ ________________ .. Manufactures_____________ ______ ... . . ____________ _______ Service..__________ ___________ ____ ___ ___________ ____ Trade, wholesale and retail----------------------------- -----------------------Transportation and public utilities_____________________________ All industries combined------- ----------- ------------------------------ Average number em ployed 11.5 65.0 42.8 9.6 17.7 26.8 36.1 Total Average wage and wage and salary salary payments payments 39.8 78.6 61.6 29.8 32.6 36.4 54.7 31.9 38.8 32.8 22.4 18.0 13.2 29.2 Chapter 3.—Construction Industry, 1918 to 1932 average w age and salary paym ent in Ohio to w age earners in T HtheE construction industry, as com puted from reports from practi cally all concerns or individuals em ploying 3 or m ore persons (w ith reports from som e w ho em ploy fewer than 3), w as $1,668 in 1929 and $982 in 1932— a decrease in the 3 years of $686, or 41.1 percent. T he total w age and salary paym ents to w age earners in th e con struction industry, as reported by em ployers, were $121,413,067 in 1929, and $23,657,092 in 1932— a decrease in the 3 years of $97,755,975, or 80.5 percent. The average num ber of wage earners reported in the construction industry w as 72,670 in 1929 and 24,094 in 1932— a decrease in the 3 years of 48,576, or 66.8 percent. Scope of Study T U nited States Bureau of the Census recently issued a report on the construction industry. T he report states th at “ in 1930 the first census of the contracting group in the construction industry w as inaugurated as part of the decennial census.” T he report further states th at “ all persons and establishm ents engaged in construction business of any kind, provided their gross business for th e year am ounted to at least $25,000, were required to furnish detailed reports.” R eports were required for “ all kinds of construction work, including the erection of buildings and installation of equipm ent essential to their proper operation, as w ell as engineering construction, such as highw ays, streets, w ater-power developm ents, railroads and car lines, bridges and tunnels, docks and piers, sew age disposal and drainage, airports, and all kinds of public works, and utilities construc tion except th at done on ‘force accou n t.’” “ Force a ccou n t” is defined as the term “ used to indicate work b y ‘day labor’ or labor em ployed directly by individuals, corporations, m unicipal, county, State, or G overnm ent authorities and n ot done under co n tra ct.” C onstruction work on repairs and rem odeling, as w ell as new work, is covered. T he census report includes operative builders, general contractors and subcontractors. T he census report, w hich is lim ited to concerns w hose “ gross busi ness for the year (1929) am ounted to a t least $25,000” , covers in Ohio less than one-fifth as m any establishm ents in the construction industry as reported for 1929 to the Ohio D ivision of Labor Statistics, he 20 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY— 1918 TO 1932 21 which secured reports from practically every establishm ent em ploy ing 3 or more persons and from som e em ploying fewer than 3. The average num ber of w age earners reported for Ohio in the census w as 68 percent of the num ber reported to the Ohio division and the w age paym ents (to w age earners only) were 72 percent of the am ount reported to th e Ohio division. T he classification of contractors differs in the tw o reports, so that com parisons of lesser industry classifications are unsatisfactory. G enerally, how ever, the average w age paym ents are higher in the census report than in the Ohio report w ith its very large proportion of sm all establishm ents. T he average w age paym ent to w age earners in 1929 for the construction industry in Ohio, as com puted from the 1,929 establishm ents included in the census report, w as $1,786 and as com puted from the reports from 10,183 establishm ents com piled by the Ohio D ivision of Labor Statistics it was $1,668. Com parisons of the tw o reports are shown in table 10. Table 10.—COMPARISON OF COVERAGE OF UNITED STATES CENSUS REPORT ON THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN OHIO AND OF REPORT (CONSTRUCTION IN DUSTRY ONLY) OF THE OHIO DIVISION OF LABOR STATISTICS, 1929 Item Establishments_______ __________ __ _______ ___ ___________ Wage earners (average)_________________ ____ ___________ _ __ _ _ Wages paid (to wage earners) ______________ ________________ ____ Average wage payment (computed)_______- _________ ___ _____ _____ Division United States Ohio of Labor Census Statistics 1,929 49,183 $87,842, 724 $1, 786 10,183 72, 670 $121,413, 067 $1, 668 The census report on the construction industry presents a table (table X V I, p. 32) w hich shows, for the U nited States and for geo graphical areas, certain item s based upon the com puted average num ber em ployed. One of these item s is “ w ages paid for construc tion labor per workm an em ployed.” T he report states th at “ in m aking use of these figures the reader is cautioned th at they should be considered to provide only a very general basis of com parison and should not be taken as an accurate m easure of any given item .” A fter explaining the m ethod of com puting the average num ber em ployed (dividing by 12 the sum of the num ber on the pay roll on the 15th of each m onth), the report states: It is recognized th a t this figure may not represent the actual average number em ployed throughout th e year, because the actual number of men em ployed at other periods m ay have been greater or less than the number on the midmonth pay roll. N evertheless, th e average obtained by this m ethod may be assumed, in m ost instances, to be a close approxim ation of th e actual number. B y divid ing total wages paid throughout the year by this derived number employed, the approximate average annual am ount paid each workman was obtained. The method used in the present study in computing average number employed and average wage and salary payments is the same 22 AVEKAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO as th at just described, and the sam e caution should therefore be observed in using the resultant figures. I t should also be borne in m ind th at em ployers are n ot requested to give inform ation as to how m any em ployed on the 15th of each m onth are working full tim e and how m any are on part tim e, so th at som e reported as em ployed m ay be working either a short w eek or a short day. Table 11 show s the num ber of w age earners em ployed in the con struction industry on the 15th of each m onth of 1929, as reported by the 1,929 establishm ents included in the U nited States Census report and the 10,183 establishm ents reporting to the Ohio D ivision of Labor Statistics. T he percent of variation from m axim um to m inim um em ploym ent in this industry is slightly less w hen the larger num ber of establishm ents is considered. Table 11.—NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN OHIO ON THE 15TH OF EACH M ONTH OF 1929, AS REPORTED BY THE UNITED STATES CENSUS AND THE OHIO DIVISION OF LABOR STATISTICS Month January__ February. _ March___ April_____ May_____ June_____ July______ August----September. October__ Ohio United Division States of Labor Census Statistics 29,991 31,737 34,990 43,187 49, 598 55,649 60, 709 63,150 63,382 62, 773 46,346 46,779 54,814 66,568 76,626 85,393 91, 734 91,275 87,478 87,857 Month November________________ December_________________ Maximum_____________ ___ Minimum____ ___________ Variation from maximum: Number_____________ Percent________________ Establishments reporting___ Ohio United Division States of Labor Census Statistics 53,268 41,759 63,382 29,991 33, 391 52.7 1,929 75,806 61,363 91,734 46, 346 45,388 49.5 10,183 The Construction Industry as a Whole Total Wage and Salary Payments W a g e and salary paym ents in the construction industry, accord ing to the reports received and com piled by the division of labor statistics, represented 5.8 percent of the total w age and salary p ay m ents in all industry groups covered by th is series of studies in the year 1918. T his percentage rose in 1920 to 7.2, in 1927 to 8.0, and dropped in 1932 to 3.3. P aym ents to superintendents and m anagers are not included in these com putations. T he average num ber of em ployees in the construction group as com pared to the total for the industry groups nam ed was 5.9 percent in 1918, 6.4 percent in 1920, 7.1 percent in 1927, and 3.4 percent in 1932. Table 12 show s total w age and salary paym ents reported in the construction industry each year from 1918 to 1932. P aym ents are reported separately for each of four occupation groups— w age earners; bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; salespeople (not traveling); and superintendents and m anagers. P aym ents and other data relating to superintendents and m anagers are not included CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY— 1918 TO 1932 23 in any other tables nor in any of the com putations in this study. Em ployers are instructed not to include in their reports salary pay m ents to officials. T otal w age and salary paym ents (om itting super intendents and m anagers) in the construction industry increased rapidly from 1918 to 1920, decreased 41.8 percent in 1921, increased slightly in 1922, and show ed a very large increase in 1923. There was a recession in 1924, a gradual increase through 1927, a recession in 1928, a com paratively slight increase in 1929, and a very great decrease each year since th at date. T he total w age and salary pay m ent in 1932 as com pared w ith 1927 shows a decrease of $107,878,101, or 79.3 percent. T able 1 2 . —TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, 1918 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS AND BY YEARS Year Estab lish ments Wage earners 1918______________ 1919______________ 1920______________ 1921______________ 1922______________ 1923______________ 1924. __________ 1925______________ 1926______________ 1927______________ 1928______________ 1929______________ 1930........................ 1931______________ 1932______________ 4,273 4, 747 5, 382 4,890 i 5,007 5,883 7,364 8,407 9,145 9,724 9,942 10,183 9,672 8, 272 6,456 $62,646, 726 75,722,325 115,574,650 65,528,871 69,408,474 126,632,946 114,334,620 119, 786, 318 120,158,128 126,076,960 117,922, 441 121,413,067 98,314, 644 54, 519, 506 23,657,092 Book keepers, Sales stenog Total of people raphers, (not trav preceding and office eling) clerks Superin tendents and managers Grand total $3,629,209 $566,429 $66,842, 364 $4,288,305 $71,130,669 4,063, 456 1,061,366 80,847,147 4,001, 698 84,848,845 5,856, 206 1, 228, 550 122,659,406 5,474, 355 128,133, 761 4, 761, 255 1,080, 441 71,370,567 4,949,853 76,320,420 4,327,049 1,141, 497 74,877,020 4,751,917 79,628,937 5, 512,351 1,318, 568 133,463,865 5,936,960 139,400,825 6, 631,822 1,808,800 122, 775,242 6,339,353 129,114, 595 6, 767,973 2,047, 099 128,601,390 6, 553,458 135,154, 848 7,191,240 2, 266,407 129,615, 775 7,003,830 136,619, 605 7, 712, 554 2, 332, 337 136,121,851 7, 334,053 143,455,904 8,275, 667 2,161,140 128,359, 248 7, 535,688 135,894,936 8,160,166 2,196, 454 131,769,687 7,823,916 139, 593, 603 9,367,262 1,449,083 109,130,989 7,992, 681 117,123, 670 5,833, 638 1,313,937 61,667,081 5, 695, 227 67, 362, 308 950, 619 28, 243, 750 3,270, 559 31, 514, 309 3,636,039 i The number of astablishments reporting employees was 5,005; the number reporting wage and salary payments was 5,007. Fluctuation in Employment N o t only does em ploym ent in the construction industry vary greatly from year to year, but the num ber em ployed w ithin a year probably fluctuates m ore w idely than in any other industry in Ohio em ploying large num bers of people, except possibly som e special agricultural lines for w hich data are n ot available. T he fluctuation in em ploym ent w ithin each year is show n in table 13. T he num bers include both sexes em ployed as w age earn ers, bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and salespeople (not traveling). T he sm allest variation from m axim um num ber of em ployees w as 35.2 percent in 1921, and the greatest 54.2 percent in 1922. T he fluctuation w as m ore than 40 percent of the m axim um for the year in 11 of the 15 years covered in this study. 24 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO T able 1 3 —FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT (BOTH SEXES) IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, 1918 TO 1932, BY YEARS AND MONTHS [This table includes the 3 general occupation groups—wage earners; bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; and salespeople (not traveling)] Month 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 January______ - - ----- ----- 44,840 38,448 55, 538 43,463 32,994 49,161 54, 228 53, 527 February. -------------------------------- 44, 851 36, 932 54, 699 39, 820 32, 759 46, 665 53, 549 54,997 March _ ----- ----- ------------- ----- 52, 271 38,940 62, 260 42, 724 33, 001 52, 482 57, 834 61,133 April... ---------- ------------------------ 61,438 47,162 71, 570 48, 551 39,773 61, 639 71, 399 74, 292 M a y __________ _ --- --- - --- 63, 364 50, 834 76, 733 45, 315 51,450 70, 280 77, 271 83, 607 June ____________ ______ _____ -- 72, 253 59, 044 80, 830 55, 684 60, 942 79, 017 83, 201 89, 721 July— ----- --------------------------- 74, 001 63, 371 83,917 58, 784 66, 007 82, 337 90,122 92, 792 August___ . . . --------- -- -------------- 73, 574 69, 277 83,158 59, 387 71, 587 85, 939 90, 330 92,880 September __ --------- ---------------- 67, 254 72, 062 86, 793 61, 428 70, 499 82,105 88, 681 89,955 October ---------------------------------- 66, 419 73, 401 79, 869 59, 225 70, 706 79, 591 87, 424 88, 395 November------ ------------------------------ 50, 330 71, 624 71, 210 51, 963 67, 014 75, 495 78,484 79, 348 December.. ---------------------------- - 53, 268 65, 228 60, 030 45, 477 57, 481 65, 714 64,974 71, 393 Maximum --------- ----------------- 74, 001 73, 401 86, 793 61,428 71, 585 85,939 90,330 92,880 Minimum------------ --------------------- 44,840 36,932 54, 699 39,820 32, 759 46,665 53, 549 53, 527 Variation from maximum: Number _ ------------------------- 29,161 36, 469 32,094 21, 608 38,828 39, 274 36, 781 39,353 P ercen t.---------- ---------------------- 39.4 49.7 37.0 35.2 54.2 45.7 40.7 42.4 Establishments reporting __ ------- 4, 273 4, 747 5,382 4,890 5,005 5,883 7,364 8,407 Month 1927 1926 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 January. --------------------------------------- 54,655 59,160 54, 363 51,965 55,338 37,870 22,315 February------- ------- --------- - ------ 54, 738 61, 230 53,034 52, 461 55,174 37, 526 22, 659 March____________________ _______ 56, 558 67, 340 59,484 60, 592 60,103 39, 670 22, 329 April. ------------------------------------------- 69,200 77, 775 70,937 72,427 72,037 47,429 26,478 M ay------- ----------------------------------- 81,978 88,101 82,070 82, 554 81,203 52,179 29,316 June___ - - -------------- ----------------- 93,101 96, 463 87,411 91,432 82, 239 54, 402 30,984 July_______________________________ 96, 273 100, 442 91,919 97, 838 84, 511 54, 885 31, 057 August---------- ------------------------------ 97,455 102,812 97, 550 97, 432 81,937 53, 657 31,915 September.. ______________________ 98,970 101, 680 94, 819 93, 615 77, 639 51,469 32, 693 October . ---------------- — ---------- 93,992 94, 716 94, 230 93,976 72, 797 47, 671 31, 949 November. ----------------- — ------- -- 87,287 83, 566 85, 216 81,904 62, 290 39,388 27, 641 December. -------------- ----------------- 74,933 69,140 70,169 67,374 50, 021 31,060 20, 891 Maximum. . . . . . ------. . . -------- 98,970 102,812 97, 550 97,838 84, 511 54, 885 32, 693 Minimum____________ — ... .. 54, 655 59,160 53, 034 51,965 50, 021 31, 060 20, 891 Variation from maximum: 44,315 43,652 44, 516 45,873 34,490 23,825 11,802 Number _ _ . _ 44.8 42.5 45.6 Percent-----------------------------------46.9 40.8 43.4 36.1 Establishments reporting------- ------- 9,145 9,724 9,942 10,183 9, 672 8, 272 6, 456 The average num ber (both sexes) reported em ployed each year in each of the three general occupation groups and for all groups com bined is show n in table 14. T he highest average occurred in 1927 and the low est in 1932 w ith a drop in the 5 years of 67.1 percent. T able 1 4 —AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS AND BY YEARS, 1918 TO 1932 Bookkeep stenog Sales Establish Wage ers, em Year raphers, people (not All ments earners and office traveling) ployees clerks 4,273 57, 276 3,381 415 61,072 1918 ______ ________________ 4, 747 53, 506 3,177 511 57,194 1919___________________________ ___ 5,382 67, 871 3,717 629 72, 217 1920 ________________________________ 4,890 47,411 2,972 602 1921 _____________________________ 50,985 5,005 50,981 2,913 624 54, 518 1922 ______________________________ 5,883 65,077 3,461 663 69, 202 1923 ___________________________ 7,364 69, 838 4,030 923 74, 791 1924 _ ________________________________ 72, 574 8,407 4,104 992 77,670 1925 ______________________________ 74,600 4, 244 1,084 9,145 79,928 1926 _ _____________________________ 9, 724 77,944 4,485 1,106 83, 535 1927 _ ______________________________ 9,942 72, 633 4,727 1,073 78,434 1928 __________________________________ 72, 670 4,844 1,117 10,183 78, 631 1929 __________________________________ 9, 672 63, 625 5, 323 660 69, 607 1930 _____ ______________________ 904 , 272 41,066 3,630 45, 601 1931 _ _____________________ ________24,094 6,456 2,691 734 27,519 1932 __________________________________ 8 25 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY— 1918 TO 1932 Average Annual Wage and Salary Payments Table 15 show s average w age and salary paym ents m ade to each of the three general occupation groups. These averages were com puted by dividing the total w age and salary paym ents by the average num ber em ployed. T he highest average w age and salary paym ent was reported for w age earners in 1923, for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks in 1930, and for salespeople (not traveling) in 1930. T he low est average paym ent was reported for wage earners and for salespeople (not traveling) in 1932, and for the clerical group in 1918. T able 15 .—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS AND BY YEARS, 1918 TO 1932 Year 1918______________________________________________ 1919______________________________________________ 1920______________________________________________ 1921______________________________________________ 1922______________________________________________ 1923______________________________________________ 1924______________________________________________ 1925______________________________________________ 1926______________________________________________ 1927______________________________________________ 1928______________________________________________ 1929______________________________________________ 1930______________________________________________ 1931______________________________________________ 1932______________________________________________ Wage earners $1,094 1,415 1, 703 1,382 1, 361 1,946 1, 637 1,651 1, 611 1, 618 1,624 1, 668 1,545 1, 328 982 Bookkeep ers, stenog Salespeople All em raphers, (not travel ployees and office ing) clerks $1,073 1,279 1,576 1,602 1,485 1,593 1,646 1,649 1,694 1,720 1,751 1,685 1, 760 1,607 1, 351 $1,365 2,077 1,953 1,795 1,829 1,989 1,960 2,064 2,091 2,109 2, 014 1,966 2,196 1, 453 1, 295 $1,094 1,414 1,698 1,400 1, 373 1,929 1,642 1,656 1,622 1,630 1, 637 1,676 1,568 1, 352 1, 026 Chart 7 shows in graphic form the average w age and salary pay m ents to wage earners in the construction industry from 1918 to 1932. Wage Earners in Various Construction Industries T h is study deals prim arily w ith average wage and salary paym ents to wage earners in each of the various industries classified by the division of labor statistics as subdivisions of the construction-indus try group. W age earners form ed m ore than 90 percent of the em ployees reported in the construction-industry group in each of the 15 years except 1932 w hich show s 87.6 percent. T he num ber of establishm ents in the construction industry report ing statistical data to the division of labor statistics is show n in table 16. T he general construction-industry group is com posed of 12 industries plus construction “ not otherw ise classified.” As previ ously stated, reports were requested prior to 1924 from all em ployers of 5 or m ore persons, and from 1924 to 1932 from all em ployers of 3 or more. 26 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO F ig u r e 7.—A v er a g e a n n u a l w a g e a n d sa l a r y P a y m e n t s t o w a g e E a r n e r s in t h e C o n s t r u c t io n In d u s t r y , 1918 t o 1932 T 1 6 —NUM BER OF ESTABLISHMENTS REPORTING EMPLOYEES AND TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS, BY INDUSTRIES AND BY YEARS, 1918 TO 1932 a ble Brick, stone, Year and ce ment work 1918. 1919. 1920_ 1921_ 1922. 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1932. 421 441 513 480 507 558 733 775 874 950 955 1,005 897 795 600 Gen Oil, eral gas, Plaster Elec Erect ing or con and Paint ing, in Plumb Sand tri install tract and water, cluding ing cal ing ing, in drill and lathing ing and gravel con ma steam exca deco clud ing or and tract chin ing pro rating stucco fitting vat ing ery wreck duc ing work ing ing 169 186 224 202 228 219 294 331 388 428 454 456 433 402 317 73 85 104 86 49 80 113 152 161 164 194 239 245 180 152 1,462 11,808 1,970 1, 731 1, 798 2,185 2, 771 3,180 3,346 3, 554 3,608 3, 538 3,139 2, 566 1, 825 370 274 436 287 493 365 485 311 484 325 521 490 i 589 688 651 804 708 887 708 932 707 942 739 990 751 1,002 670 860 639 645 78 131 158 131 130 150 205 273 301 318 316 329 284 254 169 369 3 394 440 373 371 416 523 649 747 832 851 842 821 742 618 Street road, and sewer con tract ing Ven tilat ing and heat ing 86 307 603 73 306 556 86 338 625 72 294 663 79 282 705 91 306 795 117 3 353 906 124 403 965 135 431 1,029 148 441 1,093 151 457 1,131 155 515 1,161 158 505 1,203 146 473 973 136 382 770 40 29 58 58 45 70 69 85 117 121 125 141 148 157 169 Sheetmetal work and roof ing 11 additional establishment reported total wage and salary payments. 2 2 additional establishments reported total wage and salary payments. 31 of these establishments did not report total wage and salary payments. Con struc tion, not other Total wise classi fied 21 15 8 4 2 2 3 15 21 35 51 73 86 54 34 4,273 4,747 5,382 4,890 2 5,005 5,883 7, 364 8,407 9,145 9, 724 9,942 10,183 9, 672 8,272 6,456 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY— 1918 TO 1932 27 Some who employ fewer than the indicated minimum make annual reports to the division of labor statistics and such reports are in cluded in the tabulations. Reports from all establishments employ ing fewer than three persons in this industry group would, of course, increase the number of employees and total wage and salary pay ments, but the effect on the figures of average wage and salary payments probably would not be great. Total Wage and Salary Payments Table 17 shows total wage and salary payments reported paid to wage earners in each of the 12 specified subdivisions of the construc tion-industry group. The year of highest total wage and salary payments to wage earners during the period was 1920 for oil, gas, and water, drilling or producing; 1923 for general contracting, including wrecking; 1927 for brick, stone, and cement work, for plastering, in cluding lathing and stuccowork, for plumbing and steam fitting, and for street, road, and sewer contracting; 1929 for electrical contract ing, for erecting and installing machinery, for sand and gravel exca vating, for sheet-metal work and roofing, and for ventilating and heating. For painting and decorating, the figure for 1919 un doubtedly contains a clerical error. The amount of this error cannot be definitely determined, as all original schedules and work sheets were destroyed some years ago. Ignoring 1919 leaves 1927 as the highest year for painting and decorating. Wage and salary pay ments for 1922 were not tabulated for individual industries by the division of labor statistics. T 1 7 — TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, BY INDUSTRIES AND BY YEARS, 1918 TO 1932 a ble Year 1918____________ 1919____________ 1920____________ 1921____________ 1922____________ 1923____________ 1924____________ 1925____________ 1926____________ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ General Oil, gas, Plastering, Erecting contract Brick, Painting including or install ing, and water, and stone, and Electrical includ deco lathing contract ing ma ing wreck drilling or rating and cement ing stucco producing work chinery ing work $3, 723,965 $2,344, 269 4,020,501 2, 747,551 7,096, 687 4,626,351 4, 796,198 2, 746,188 (2) (2) 8, 273, 515 4, 567,314 9, 765,847 6,392, 767 10, 616, 263 5,022,878 11, 497, 547 4, 754, 735 11, 498, 602 5,877, 669 11, 077,411 5,828, 505 9, 321,964 8,327, 784 7, 251,131 6, 382,162 4,415,377 4,033,332 1, 570, 294 1,688,827 $532,624 543,918 1,063,629 678,033 (2) 821,039 1,118, 287 1,337,015 1,255,172 1, 550,966 1,785, 229 1,908, 439 1,891,426 1,417, 566 704, 785 $29,369, 737 $4, 664, 744 $1,760,571 35,932,286 4,826,955 i 8,130,348 61, 797, 823 7,244,175 3,634,081 27,324,324 5,133,372 2,435,930 (2) (2) (2) 70,788,995 6,124,838 4,711,684 51,699,955 5, 235, 221 5, 284, 414 52, 803, 369 5,426, 241 6,095,479 51, 609,933 5, 579, 322 5, 577,021 52,516, 510 4,933,887 6,618, 215 49,958, 661 3,861,371 6,123,203 49,728,610 4, 528, 510 6, 233,150 36,887,662 3,931, 343 4,907,841 19,064,336 2,509,033 2,875, 719 6,568,991 2,105,639 1,178,982 1 Apparently a clerical error but original schedules and work sheets have been destroyed, J Information not tabulated for individual industries. 1 4 0 4 4 6 °— 35-----3 $798, 531 1,033, 799 2,319, 708 1,677, 335 2, (2) 586, 648 3, 277, 208 3, 488,827 3,345, 643 3, 526,698 3,051,283 3,087,133 2,823,363 1,587,566 476, 461 28 T AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 1 7 .— TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, BY INDUSTRIES AND BY YEARS, 1918 TO 1932—Contd. a ble Total for Plumbing Sand and Sheet-metal Street, road, Ventilat Construc tion, not construc and steam gravel ex work and and sewer ing and otherwise in fitting cavating roofing contracting heating classified tion dustry Year 1918____________ 1919____________ 1920____________ 1921____________ 1922____________ 1923____________ 1924____________ 1925____________ 1926____________ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ 2 $3,482,929 $1,334,719 4, 311, 783 991,477 6, 623, 781 1, 227, 000 4,634, 266 720, 220 (2) (2) 6, 487,897 1, 235, 285 7,891,800 1,414,831 9, 226,283 1,461, 270 8,909,769 2,010,320 9, 786,114 2,014, 581 9, 370,665 2,023,808 8,985,868 2,135,412 7, 670, 555 1,915, 385 4,386,120 1,179, 212 1,791,863 781, 247 $2,363,983 2,676,208 4,428,101 2,623,078 (2) 4,000,132 4,041, 704 4, 589, 575 4,687,485 4,855, 797 4,625,910 5,040,264 4,132, 070 2,564, 741 1,092,041 $11,579,826 10,018,758 14,494,307 12,011, 516 (2) 16,075,879 17,072,641 18, 226,804 18,820, 568 20, 740,877 18,051,784 19,047,804 17,613,006 8,596, 268 4,951,779 $500,136 360,399 894,915 710, 721 (2) 933, 209 1,110, 257 1,358,086 1,909,400 1,842,197 1,751,694 2,427, 562 1,944,991 1,424, 202 570,668 $190,692 128,342 124, 092 37,690 (2) 26, 511 29, 688 134, 228 201,213 314,847 412,917 640, 567 963, 709 466,034 175. 515 $62,646, 726 75,722,325 115, 574,650 65,528,871 69,408,474 126,632,946 114,334,620 119, 786,318 120,158,128 126,076,960 117,922,441 121,413,067 98,314,644 54, 519, 506 23,657,092 Information not tabulated for individual industries. Fluctuation in Employment Probably no numerically important industrial group is subject to such violent fluctuations of employment as are wage earners in the construction industry. In addition to the wide variance of such employment from periods of expansion to periods of contraction and from year to year, there is a very great fluctuation within a year due to seasonal conditions, weather, and various other causes. Table 18 shows the fluctuations from month to month within each of the 15 years covered by this study. The variation from maximum was lowest (37.7 percent) in 1921 and highest (56.5 percent) in 1922. In 12 of the 15 years the variation exceeded 40 percent. T a ble 18.—FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS IN THE CONSTRUC TION INDUSTRY, BY YEARS AND MONTHS, 1918 TO 1932 Month 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 January---------------------------------------February _______________________ March___________________________ April— __________________________ M ay__________________ _________ June______________________ _______ July___ _____ ____________________ August____________________ _____ September_____________________ __ October_______ ___________ ______ November__________ _____ ______ . December.. ______________________ Maximum___________________ ____ Minimum________________________ Variation from maximum: Number. _____________________ Percent_________ _____________ Establishments reporting ______ _ 41,298 41,316 48,757 57,848 59, 641 68,249 69,860 69,506 63, 288 62, 515 55, 509 49,524 69,860 41, 298 28, 562 40.9 4,273 35,160 33,652 35,617 43,734 47,305 55,406 59,609 65,411 68,093 69,418 67,541 61,121 69,418 33,652 35, 766 51.5 4, 747 51, 516 50, 566 58,029 67,186 72, 277 76,351 79,415 78,678 82,340 75,469 66,894 55,726 82,340 50,566 31,774 38.6 5,382 39,711 36,134 39,025 44,881 41,685 52,082 55,219 55,864 57,956 55, 797 48,524 42,055 57,956 36,134 21,822 37.7 4,890 29,792 29,537 29,758 36,454 48,003 57,375 62,356 67,852 66,746 66,940 63,232 53,723 67,852 29,537 38,315 56.5 5,005 45,315 42,792 48, 568 57, 651 66,158 74,796 78,067 81, 684 77,895 75,305 71,214 61,483 81,684 42, 792 38,892 47.6 5,883 1924 1925 49,488 48, 676 48,719 50,129 52,975 56, 207 66, 470 69, 275 72, 322 78, 533 78,169 84,554 85,084 87,522 85, 301 87,606 83, 601 84,699 82, 327 83,187 73, 535 74,208 60,069 66,292 85, 301 87,606 48, 719 48,676 36,582 38,930 44.4 42.9 7,364 8,407 29 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY— 1018 TO 1932 T a ble 1 8 .— FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS IN THE CON STRUCTION INDUSTRY, BY YEARS AND MONTHS, 1918 TO 1932—Continued Month 1926 1927 1928 January______________________ __ _ Feburary__________________________ March___ _ __________________ __ April_____________ _______________ May______________________________ June___ _________________________ July_______________________________ August........................ _ __ ______ September____ ____ _ _____________ October. _ ____________ ___________ November_________________________ December__________________________ M aximum___________ ____ _________ Minimum______________ _________ Variation from maximum: Number_______ ________________ Percent_______________ _____ ___ Establishments reporting____________ 49,682 49,715 51,453 63,992 76, 693 87,672 90, 769 91,920 93,416 88,491 81,844 69,552 93,416 49,682 43,734 46.8 9,145 53, 855 55,926 61,965 72, 294 82,528 90,832 94,718 97,042 9% 866 88,980 77,828 63,498 97,042 53,855 43,187 44.5 9,724 48,940 46,346 47,572 46,779 53,930 54,814 65,249 66,568 76,276 76,626 81,508 85,393 85,950 91,734 91,540 91,275 88,802 87,478 88,268 87,857 79,285 75,806 64,281 61,363 91,540 91,734 47,572 46,346 43,968 45,388 48.0 49.5 9,942 10,183 1929 1930 1931 1932 49,419 49, 234 54,110 65,982 75,040 76,029 78, 479 75,887 71,634 66,900 56,447 44,333 78,479 44,333 34,146 43.5 9,672 33,411 33,030 35,181 42,705 47,421 49,671 50,235 48,993 46,886 43,243 35,126 26,895 50,235 26,895 23,340 46.5 8,272 18,815 19,170 18,880 22, 960 25,803 27,462 27,567 28,456 29, 264 28,590 24,403 17,762 29,264 17,762 11,502 39.3 6,456 The average number of wage earners reported for each of the indus tries is shown in table 19 for 1918 to 1932. Employers report the number of wage earners employed on the 15th of each month, and the average was computed by dividing the sum of the monthly figures in each instance by 12. Both males and females are included in this table. The reports from employers and the compilations of the division of labor statistics show the sexes separately as far as em ployees are concerned, but employers are not requested to show wage and salary payments separated according to sex of employees. In the whole construction-industry group, however, the number of female wage earners reported is small. The average number of female wage earners for each of the 15 years 1918 to 1932, in order, was 130, 155, 165, 147, 117, 119, 130, 154, 298, 129, 146, 156, 120, 108, and 60, representing a maximum of four tenths of 1 percent in 1926. T a ble Year 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922, 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1932. 1 9 .— AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS REPORTED EMPLOYED IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, BY INDUSTRIES AND BY YEARS, 1918 TO 1932 Gen Oil, Plast Sand ering, eral gas, Brick, Elec Erect and Sheetand Paint includ con ing or stone, trical install tract water ing ing Plumb grav and con ing ing, drill and lath ing and el ex- metal steam ca- work ce and ma includ ing or deco ing fitting ment tract vat- roofing rating and chin ing pro ing work ing stucco ery wreck duc work ing ing 3,341 1,983 397 26,127 3,801 1,549 1,351 2,805 1,000 2,149 3,238 2,007 338 26,437 3,893 1,753 668 3,116 820 2,062 4,416 2,447 562 34,961 4,473 2,049 1,105 3,621 867 2,610 3,378 1, 661 379 19, 373 3,527 1,544 898 2,797 594 1,874 4,153 1, 576 222 21,997 3,698 1,843 927 2,959 731 1,928 5,229 2,668 424 26,984 5,002 2,610 1,175 3, 778 903 2,420 6,001 2,877 629 29,242 3,903 2,790 1,487 4,300 1,107 2,500 6,602 2,671 648 28,845 4,525 3,275 1,830 4,783 1,138 2,747 6,824 2,479 601 28,663 4,527 3,054 1,584 4,764 1,452 2,922 7,039 3,145 752 30,768 3,916 3,520 1,705 5,205 1,470 2,896 6,733 2,976 878 29,641 3,072 3,311 1,550 5,015 1,438 2, 764 5,935 3,080 983 28,796 3,646 3,415 1,629 4,828 1,499 3,041 4,837 3,670 916 22, 695 3,139 2,834 1,462 4,270 1,430 2,651 3,380 2,372 742 13,866 2,349 1,895 972 2,885 1,066 1,771 1,678 1,267 467 6,516 2,295 1,061 420 1,680 863 1,159 Street, road, and sewer con tract ing Ven tilat ing and heat ing 12,194 8,815 10,185 10,950 10,668 13,187 14,410 14,741 16,641 16,452 14,151 14,184 14,001 8,509 5,921 411 274 507 417 268 677 574 674 956 889 796 1,180 1,078 909 556 Con struc tion, not other Total wise classi fied 167 85 71 21 12 16 20 93 135 187 309 457 642 353 212 57, 276 53,506 67,871 47,411 50,981 65,077 69,838 72,574 74,600 77,944 72,633 72,670 63,625 41,066 24,094 30 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO Average Annual Wage and Salary Payments The average wage and salary payments to wage earners are shown for each year from 1918 to 1932, except 1922, in table 20. These averages were computed for each year by dividing the total wage and salary payments to wage earners within each of the subdivisions as reported by employers to the division of labor statistics by the average number of wage earners employed as calculated from the employers’ reports of the number employed on the 15th of each month. T 20.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN THE CONSTRUCTION IN DUSTRY, 1918 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES AND BY YEARS a ble Plaster Erecting General Oil,andgas, Painting ing, in Brick, Electrical or in contract cluding stone, water, and Year and contract stalling ing, in drilling lathing machin cluding or pro decorat cement ing and ing work ery wrecking ducing stucco work 1918_________________________ $1,115 $1,182 $1,342 $1,124 $1, 227 $1,137 0) 1,242 1,609 1,359 1,369 1,240 $1,548 1919_________________________ 0) 1,607 1,893 1,768 1,774 1,891 1,620 2,099 1920_________________________ 1,420 1,789 1,410 1,455 1,578 1921_________________________ 1,653 1,868 1922_________________________ (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 1,582 1,224 1,805 2,201 1,712 1,936 1923_________________________ C) 1,894 1,778 1,768 1,341 1, 627 2,204 1924_________________________ 0) 1,608 1,881 2,063 1,831 1,199 1,861 1,906 1925_________________________ 1,685 1,918 2,088 1,801 1,232 1,826 2,112 1926_________________________ 1,634 2,062 1,869 1,707 1,260 1,880 2,068 1927_________________________ 1,645 1,959 2,033 1,685 1,849 1,257 1,969 1928_________________________ 1,571 1,941 1,727 1,242 1,825 1,895 1929_________________________ C) 1,499 1,739 2,065 1,625 1,252 1,732 1,931 1930_________________________ 1,306 1, 700 1,910 1,375 1,068 1,518 1,633 1931_________________________ 936 1,333 1, 509 1,008 1,111 1932_________________________ 917 1,134 Street, Construc Plumb Sand and Shoot- road, Ventilat tion, not Total for ing and gravel metal and ing and other construc work Year steam excavat sewer heating wise tion in fitting ing classi dustry roofing contract ing fied $950 $1, 217 $1,094 1918_________________________ $1,242 $1,335 $1,100 (2) 1,384 1,209 1,298 1,315 1,137 1919_________________________ 1,415 (2) 1,829 1,697 1920_________________________ 1,415 1, 765 1,427 1,703 (2) 1,400 1,657 1,212 1, 704 1,382 1921_________________________ 1,097 (2) 1922_________________________ 1,361 (3) (3> (3) (3) (3) (2) 1,368 1,717 1,653 1, 219 1,378 1923_________________________ 1,946 (2) 1,835 1,278 1,617 1,934 1,185 1924_________________________ 1,637 (2) 1,929 1,284 1,671 1,236 2,015 1925_________________________ 1,651 (2) 1,870 1,384 1,604 1,131 1,997 1,611 1926_________________________ (2) 1,880 1,370 1,677 1,261 2,072 1927_________________________ 1,618 (2) 1,869 1,407 1,674 2,201 $1,336 1,276 1,624 1928_________________________ 1,861 1,425 1,657 1,402 1,343 2,057 1929_________________________ 1, 668 1,796 1,339 1,559 1,804 1,258 1,501 1930_________________________ 1, 545 1,010 1,520 1,448 1,106 1,567 1,320 1931_________________________ 1,328 1,067 942 905 836 1,026 828 1932_________________________ 982 1 Apparently a clerical error was made in reporting or in tabulating number of employees or total wage and salary payments, but not possible to determine definite correction. 2 Not computed owing to small number involved. 2 Information concerning total wage and salary payments not tabulated for individual industries. Detailed tabulations for industries for 1922 were not made by the division of labor statistics and therefore only the average for the construction industry as a whole is shown. In five instances the individual averages have been omitted, as clerical errors have un doubtedly occurred and, since all original schedules and work sheets for those years have been destroyed, it is not possible to make correc- CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY— 1918 TO 1932 31 tions. These probable errors will affect only slightly the average for the entire construction industry. Wage earners in the construction industries, particularly in the building trades, have an hourly rate which is comparatively high as compared with rates of pay in factories and some other lines of in dustrial work. They have, however, also been subject to greater irregularity in work than is the case in most if not all other industries. Fluctuation of employment was discussed briefly in connection with table 18. With all the information available from many sources concerning hourly rates of wages in the construction industries, there has been very little made available concerning average wage and salary payments to such wage earners. According to the reports made to the Ohio Division of Labor Statis tics covering the 15-year period 1918 to 1932, the highest average wage and salary payment to wage earners in brick, stone, and cement work was $1,685 in 1926, and the lowest $936 in 1932, which represented a drop of $749, or 44.4 percent. The average payment to wage earners in electrical contracting was $1,959 in 1928, and $1,333 in 1932, which was a drop of $626, or 32 percent. In that industry, however, the average payment was lower in 1918 than in 1932. The average payment to wage earners in erecting or installing machinery fell from $2,088 in 1926 to $1,509 in 1932, which, though above the 1918 average, was a drop of $579, or 27.7 percent. In general contracting, including wrecking, the average payment to wage earners fell from $1,831 in 1925 to $1,008 in 1932, a drop of $823, or 44.9 percent. In oil, gas, and water, drilling or producing, the average payment to wage earners was $1,620 in 1920 and $917 in 1932, a drop of $703, or 43.4 percent. In painting and decorating, the average payment to wage earners was $1,894 in 1924 and $1,111 in 1932, a drop of $783, or 41.3 percent. The average payment to wage earners in plastering, including lathing and stucco work, was $2,204 in 1924 and $1,134 in 1932, a drop of $1,070, or 48.5 percent. The average payment to wage earners in plumbing and steam fitting was $1,929 in 1925 and $1,067 in 1932, a drop of $862, or 44.7 percent. The average payment to wage earners in sand and gravel excavating was $1,425 in 1929 and $905 in 1932, a drop of $520, or 36.5 percent. In sheet-metal work and roofing the average payment to wage earners was $1,697 in 1920 and $942 in 1932, a drop of $755, or 44.5 percent. In street, road, and sewer contracting the average pay ment to wage earners was $1,427 in 1920 and $836 in 1932, a drop of $591, or 41.4 percent. In ventilating and heating the average payment to wage earners was $2,201 in 1928 and $1,026 in 1932, a drop of $1,175, or 53.4 percent. 32 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO In considering the average wage and salary payments shown in table 20 it should be borne in mind that the average number of wage F ig u r e 8.—Av er a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d S a la r y [Pa y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s in b r ic k , s t o n e , a n d C em e n t w o r k , 1918 t o 1932 (E x c e p t 1922) earners was used in computing the average wage and salary pay ments. The total number of wage earners who received wage and salary payments was, of course, in excess of the average number. The average number of wage earners was computed by adding the number reported employed on the 15th of each month of the year and dividing that sum by 12. As employers are not requested to give information as to how many employed on the 15th of each month are working full time and how many are on part time, some reported as employed may be working either a short week or a short day. The general occupation group “wage earners” includes skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers. Both sexes also are included, but the number of female wage earners reported in the construction industry group did not exceed four-tenths of 1 percent of the total wage earners in that group in any year during the 15-year period. Charts 8, 9, and 10 show in graphic form the average wage and salary payments to wage earners in three industries—brick, stone, and cement work; general contracting, including wrecking; and street, road, and sewer contracting. The omission of 1922 from the three charts and of 1923 from one chart is explained in notes to table 20. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY— 1918 TO 1932 33 General Indexes for Employment and for Wage and Salary Payments G eneral indexes, based on the Ohio reports, are shown in table 21 for average number of wage earners employed, total wage and salary F ig u r e 9.—Av er a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d S a la r y P a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s in G en e r a l C o n t r a c t in g , in c l u d in g W r e c k in g , 1918 t o 1932 (E x c e p t 1922 AND 1923) payments, and average wage and salary payments for 1924 to 1932, which is the period during which reports were requested by the F ig u r e 10.—A v er a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d S a la r y P a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s in S t r e e t , R o a d , a n d S ew er C o n t r a c t in g , 1918 t o 1932 (Ex c e p t 1922) Ohio Division of Labor Statistics from all establishments employing three or more persons. The year 1926 was used as the base, or 100. 34 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO In 1932 the index for average number of wage earners employed in construction was 32.3; for total wage and salary payments to wage earners, 19.7; and for average wage and salary payment, 61.0. T 3 1 —INDEXES FOR AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN CONSTRUCTION, 1924 TO 1932 [1926=100.0] able Year 1924______________ 1925_____________ 1926______________ 1927______________ 1928______________ Total Average Wage wage wage earners and sal and sal (average ary pay ary pay number) ments ment 93.6 97.3 100.0 104.5 97.4 95.2 99. 7 100.0 104.9 98.1 101.6 102. 5 100.0 100.4 100.8 Year 1929______________ 1930____________ 1931______________ 1932________ _____ Conclusion Total Average Wage wage wage earners and sal and sal (average ary pay ary pay number) ments ment 97.4 85. 3 55.0 32.3 101.0 81.8 45. 4 19.7 103.5 95.9 82.4 61.0 T average number of wage earners employed, as reported by practically all concerns and individuals employing 3 or more persons (with reports from some employing fewer than 3), decreased between 1929 and 1932 more than 70 percent in 3 of the 11 individual indus tries listed under construction. Electrical contracting has not been included in the comparisons in this and succeeding paragraphs for reasons noted in table 20. The decrease was more than 50 percent in 9 of the 11 industries. The total wage and salary payments to wage earners, as reported by employers, decreased between 1929 and 1932 more than 80 per cent in 5 of the 11 industries listed under construction. The decrease was more than 70 percent in 9 of the 11 industries. The average wage and salary payments to wage earners, as com puted from reports from employers, decreased between 1929 and 1932 more than 40 percent in 6 of the 11 industries classified under construction. The decrease was more than 35 percent in 9 of the 11 industries. The greatest decrease in average number reported employed and in total wage and salary payments occurred in the general contracting industry, and the greatest decrease in average wage and salary pay ments occurred in ventilating and heating. In most of the industries classified under construction, the highest peak in number of employees and in total wage and salary payments came earlier than 1929. Table 22 shows for each industry the percent of decrease from 1929 to 1932 in each of the three items just discussed. he 35 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY— 1918 TO 1932 T 2 2 ..—PERCENT OF DECREASE IN AVERAGE NUM BER EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS, 1932 COMPARED WITH 1929, BY INDUSTRIES a ble Industry Brick, stone, and cement work_______________________ ____ Erecting or installing machinery_______ ________________ General contracting, including wrecking______ ____________ Oil, gas, or water, drilling or producing____________________ Painting and decorating--------------------------------------------------Plastering, including lathing and stucco work---------------------Plumbing and steam fittin g ________________ ____________ Sand and gravel excavating_____________ ____ ______ ____ Sheet-metal work and roofing___________________________ Street, road, and sewer contracting________________________ Ventilating and heating__________________________________ Total, construction industry________________________ Average number employed 71.7 52.5 77.4 37.1 68.9 74.2 65.2 42.4 61.9 58.3 52.9 66.8 Total wage Average wage and salary and salary payments payments 83.2 63.1 86.8 53.5 81.1 84.6 80.1 63.4 78.3 74.0 76.5 80.5 40.4 22.3 41.6 26.2 39.1 40.2 42.7 36.5 43.2 37.8 50.1 41.1 Chapter 4.—Manufactures, 1916 to 1932 1 I N MANUFACTURING industries in Ohio, according to reports from practically all establishments employing 3 or more persons in that industry group, the average wage and salary payment to the group “wage earners” was $1,499 in 1929 and $956 in 1932. The average for the group “bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks” was $1,792 in 1929 and $1,513 in 1932, and the average for the group “salespeople (not traveling)” was $2,171 in 1929 and $1,737 in 1932. The average for the 3 occupation groups combined was $1,535 in 1929 and $1,032 in 1932. The decline in average wage and salary payments in manufactures during the 3 years from 1929 to 1932 was $543, or 36.2 percent, for wage earners; $279, or 15.6 percent, for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; $434, or 20 percent, for salespeople (not traveling); and $503, or 32.8 percent, for the 3 groups combined. Scope of Study When measured by employment afforded, manufactures is the most important of the general industry groups covered in this series of studies. During the years 1916 to 1923, when reports were requested from employers of 5 or more persons, manufactures included from 64.5 to 73.6 percent of all employees covered and from 65 to 77.9 percent of total wage and salary payments. During the years 1924 to 1932, when reports were requested from employers of 3 or more persons, manufactures included 64.9 percent of all employees covered in 1925, but the percentage decreased each year, except in 1928 and 1929, until it was only 56.4 in 1932. Total wage and salary payments in manufactures in 1925 were 67.2 percent of the amount reported for all industries, with a decrease to 55.5 percent in 1932. Table 23 shows the percentage for each year 1916 to 1932. 1 Certain figures in this study, as published in the Monthly Labor Review for March 1934, have been changed in accord with detailed studies made later. See notes for 1926 in study of metals and metal products (p. 130); for 1926 and 1932 in stone, clay, and glass products (p. 108); for 1916 and 1917 in textiles (p. 133); and for 1916,1917, and 1918 in vehicles (p. 112) and miscellaneous manufactures (p. 143). 36 37 MANUFACTUKES— 1916 TO 1932 T a ble 23. —PERCENT EM PLOYM ENT AND PAY ROLL IN M ANUFACTURES FORM OF THOSE IN ALL INDUSTRIES IN OHIO, 1916 TO 1932 Percent Percent employees pay roll in manu in manu factures factures form of forms of all em in all ployees that industries (average) Year 1916__________________ 1917___________________ 1918____ . ______ 1919________________ 1920____________________ 1921 _ __ 1922 . . . _ . 1923 ___________________ 1924____________________ 73.5 72.9 73.6 72.4 70.7 64.5 66.9 67.8 64.4 75.2 75.4 77.9 75.8 74.3 65.0 69.2 68.9 66.0 Percent Percent employees pay roll in manu in manu factures factures form of forms of all em in all ployees that (average) industries Year 1925___________________ 1926___________________ 1927 _________________ 1928 __________________ 1929___________________ 1930 __________________ 1931___________________ 1932___________________ 64.9 63.9 62.3 62.6 63.1 59.4 57.4 56.4 67. 2 65.8 64.3 65.1 65.4 60.9 57.5 55.5 Table 24 shows the coverage in Ohio of the United States Census biennial reports on manufactures and of the reports of the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. Prior to 1919 the census of manufactures was taken every 5 years. Census figures include Ohio manufacturing concerns with “value of product” of $500 or more in 1919 and $5,000 or more in other years covered. The Ohio reports, on the other hand, include only a comparatively few establishments employ ing fewer than 3 persons (fewer than 5 prior to 1924*). The census figures therefore include a number of small manufacturing establish ments not requested to furnish information to the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. T 24.—COMPARISON OF COVERAGE OF CENSUS REPORTS ON MANUFACTURES IN OHIO AND OF REPORTS (M ANUFACTURES ONLY) OF OHIO DIVISION OF LABOR STATISTICS, BIENNIALLY FROM 1919 TO 1931 able Establishments Year United States census 1919________________ 1921________________ 1923________________ 1925________________ 1927________________ 1929________________ 1931________________ 1Press release, 16,125 11,479 11,195 11,131 10,961 11,855 i 9,883 Ohio report 9,011 8,632 8,701 9,502 9,880 10,035 9,683 and salary payments to Wage earners (average) Total wage wage earners United States census 730,733 494,288 669,132 676, 661 669,097 741,143 i 506,974 Ohio report 678,525 460,671 654,142 651,944 649, 111 718,108 482,782 United States census $944,651,734 627,032, 666 979,659,869 975, 738,405 968,181,165 1,102,166,499 i 593,051,176 Ohio report $872,014,593 576,968,355 933,989, 207 956,106, 644 950,200,395 1,076,213, 730 571,917,215 Bureau of the Census, Apr. 1, 1933. Table 25 shows the percent of wage earners and of total wage and salary payments to wage earners in manufactures covered by the Ohio reports as compared with the United States census reports on manufactures. 38 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO Table 2 5 .—COVERAGE OF OHIO REPORTS (MANUFACTURERS ONLY) AS COMPARED WITH CENSUS REPORTS ON MANUFACTURES IN OHIO, BIENNIALLY FROM 1919 TO 1931 Percent Ohio coverage forms of census cov erage as regards— Year 1919______________________________ 1921______________________________ 1923_____________________________ 1925______________________________ 1927 _________________ ________ _ 1929______________________________ 1931__________________________ and Number Wage salary of wage payments earners wage (average) toearners 92.9 93.2 97.8 96.3 97.0 96.9 95.2 92.3 92.0 95.3 98.0 98.1 97.6 96.4 Total Wage and Salary Payments, and Numbers Employed T wage and salary payments paid in manufactures as reported to the Division of Labor Statistics of Ohio are shown for each year from 1916 to 1932 in table 26. Payments are reported separately for each of four occupation groups—wage earners; bookkeepers, stenog raphers, and office clerks; salespeople (not traveling); and superin tendents and managers. Payments and other data relating to super intendents and managers are not included in any other tables or com putations in this study. Employers were requested to report each year total wage and salary payments in dollars, including bonuses and premiums and value of board and lodging furnished. Employers were instructed not to include in their reports salary payments to officials. Total wage and salary payments (omitting superintendents and managers) in manufactures increased rapidly from 1916 to 1920, decreased 46.8 percent in 1921, increased each of the next 2 years, decreased slightly in 1924, increased for 2 years, decreased slightly in 1927, increased in 1928 and 1929, and decreased very rapidly from 1929 to 1932. The highest total paid was in 1920 and the second highest in 1929. The lowest total was in 1932. The decrease from 1920 to 1932 was $796,996,316, or 62.6 percent. otal 39 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 T able 26.—TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN M ANUFACTURES IN OHIO, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Wage and salary payments to— Number of Superin Bookkeep Year estab ers, stenog Salespeople Total of tendents lish travel preceding and man Grand total ments Wage earners raphers, and (noting) office clerks agers 8,308 $483,223.146 $43,999,761 $7, 245,967 $534,468,874 $22,137,792 $556,606, 666 1916 8,608 625,127,087 56,367,407 6,808,428 688,302,922 26,874,017 715,176,939 1917 8,858 810,785,446 72,401,476 7,633,182 890,820,104 34,550,921 925, 371,025 1918 9, Oil 872.014,593 99,616,384 9,022,859 980,653,836 46,296,998 1,026,950,834 1919 9,652 1,143,662,785 118,045,344 11,363, 308 1,273,071,437 51,667,818 1,324,739, 255 1920 8,632 i 576,968,355 i 89,700, 261 11,194,833 677,863,449 46,048.958 723,912,407 1921 1922. 8,330 693,948,886 118,786,876 10,629,989 823,365,751 45,706,009 869,071,760 1923. 8,701 933,989,207 105,092,484 12, 959,685 1,052,041, 376 51,259,820 1,103, 301,196 1924. 9,125 867,024,674 108,441, 736 13,865, 043 989,331,453 51,142, 061 1,040, 473,514 9, 502 956,106,644 116,531,491 17,046,075 1,089, 684, 210 56,133,781 1,145, 817,991 1925. 9,704 973,197, 214 121,169, 678 17, 225,427 1, 111, 592, 319 58, 268,417 1,169, 860,736 1926. 9,880 950, 200,395 127,339, 270 17,821,103 1,095,360, 768 58, 822,884 1,154,183,652 1927. 9,937 1,000,676,770 126, 630,061 18,073,918 1,145,380,749 59,420,091 1, 204, 800,840 1928. 10, 035 1,076, 213,730 141,959, 719 20,198, 389 1,238,371,838 62, 777, 638 1, 301,149,476 1929. 806,211,539 141,830, 517 10,326,936 958,368,992 60,396,459 1,018, 765,451 10, Oil 1930. 9,683 571,917, 215 109,165,152 9,135,088 690, 217,455 50,905, 300 741,122,755 1931. 9,102 382,080,692 85,497, 253 8,497,176 476,075,121 38,432,348 514, 507, 469 1932. i Details for specific industries exceed total for the manufactures industry by $21 ($20 for wage earners and $1 for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks). 1 1 Table 27 shows the average number of persons reported employed in manufactures each year, 1916 to 1932, in each of the three general occupation groups and for all groups combined. Both sexes are included. Employers in their annual reports show the number em ployed on the 15th of each month and the average was computed by dividing the sum of the numbers reported for each month of the year by 12. The highest average number employed was in 1929, the second highest in 1920, and the lowest in 1932. The decrease in average number employed from 1929 to 1932 was 345,424, or 42.8 percent. Table 27.—AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED IN MANUFACTURES, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Year 1916...................................................................... 1917__________________________________ 1918..................................... ................................ 1919..................................................................... 1920.......... ............................................ .......... _. 1921..................... .............................................. . 1922_______________ ___________________ 1923____ __________ ___________________ 1924____ ______________________________ 1925_________ _________________________ 1926........ ............................................................ 1927.................................................................... 1928................. .......... ....................................... 1929........................................................ .......... 1930_______________ ____ _____ _______ 1931................... .......... .......... .......... ................. 1932................. ............................................ Establish ments 8,299 8,600 8,858 9, Oil 9,652 8,632 8,403 8,701 9,125 9,502 9,704 9,880 9,937 10,035 9,683 9,102 10,011 Wage earners 628,208 682,379 699,656 678, 525 715,858 460,671 546,435 654,142 606,558 651,944 671,910 649, 111 669, 039 718,108 590, 506 482, 782 399,790 Bookkeep ers, stenog Salespeople All em raphers, (not and office traveling) ployees clerks 49,079 55,741 62,155 68,249 73,035 57,965 57, 550 65,538 65,963 68,387 71,195 71, 769 72,041 79,197 77,702 65, Oil 56,500 5,035 5,316 5,103 5,346 5,735 5,680 5,919 6,363 7,002 7,657 8,234 8,371 ,355 9,302 4,969 5,112 4,893 8 682,322 743,436 766,914 752,121 794, 627 524, 316 609,903 726, 043 679, 523 727,988 751, 340 729, 250 749,434 806,607 673,178 552, 905 461,183 40 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO The fluctuation in employment in manufactures within each year is shown in table 28. The least variation from maximum employ ment within a year was 3.1 percent in 1917, and the greatest was 26.9 percent in 1920. The fluctuation was more than 11 percent of the maximum for the year in 10 of the 17 years covered. The month of maximum employment during the 17-year period was March 1920, and the month of minimum employment was August 1932. The variation from maximum to minimum for the 17 years was 427,177, or 49.8 percent. The second highest number employed was in May 1929. The maximum employed during 1932 was slightly below the minimum employed in any other year in the period covered by the study. Table 2 8.—FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT (BOTH SEXES) IN M ANUFACTURES, 1916 TO 1932 [Includes the 3 general occupation groups—wage earners; bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks^ and salespeople (not traveling)] Month 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 January______________________________ February____ _______________ ________ March__________ ___________________ April_________________________________ M ay__________________________________ June__________________________________ July___________ ____ __________________ August_________________ ______________ September_________________ _____ _____ October______ ______________________ November____________________________ December_______ _____________________ Maximum____ __________________ ____ _ Minimum_____________________________ Variation from maximum: Number____________ ______________ Percent___________________________ Establishments reporting_____ _________ 612,838 643,360 661,690 669,106 672, 247 687,933 684,107 700,054 706, 418 708,185 717, 977 723,949 723, 949 612,838 730,008 738, 585 753,422 741, 361 748,464 751,979 742, 324 743,490 743,536 745,270 747, 249 735,548 753,422 730,008 23,414 3.1 8,600 728, 224 739,834 759,095 753, 425 767,878 784,098 790,880 793,976 775, 796 778,696 774,308 756, 752 793,976 728,224 65,752 8.3 8,858 731,343 716, 585 713,013 709, 252 706,836 728,345 761, 881 788, 524 794, 472 759, 045 793,552 822, 599 822,599 706,836 115,763 14.1 9,011 841,071 834, 445 857,366 846, 274 824,476 844,531 835, 352 801,398 785, 346 750,158 688,556 626,562 857,366 626, 562 230,804 26.9 9,652 Month 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 January.......................................................... February...................................................... March................................................................ April— _________ _____________________ M ay............................... ................. ................. June................................................................... July.............................................................. August........................................ ..................... September......................................................... October........................................ .................... November........................................................ December.......................................................... Maximum.......................... ............................. Minimum__ ___________________ ______ Variation from maximum: Number.................. ................................ Percent______ ________________ ____ Establishments reporting.............................. 507,562 530,843 556,100 574,924 598,326 629,447 631,922 644,406 646,186 651,612 662,224 685,289 685, 289 507,562 177, 727 25.9 , 403 696,498 705,748 717, 741 721,615 725,959 724,881 722, 264 729,413 746,969 753, 087 749,713 741,970 753,087 696,498 56,589 7.5 9, 502 733,130 741,602 749,195 754,479 750, 771 753, 283 747, 934 758, 375 775, 597 770, 615 749, 377 731, 723 775,597 731,723 43,874 5.7 9,704 111,15.3 111 8,299 8 688,264 709,872 711,427 726,175 740,836 733, 686 741,235 723,205 749,373 687,200 756,243 644,854 732,935 631,913 736,158 642,840 722,905 661,455 719,014 ,443 714,338 657,252 702, 784 669,383 756, 243 733, 686 688,264 631,913 67,979 101, 773 9.0 13.9 8,701 9,125 666 1921 542,341 536,545 530,071 530,598 529,435 524,630 499, 263 508,228 512,913 521,458 531,039 525,271 542, 341 499,263 43,078 7.9 8,632 1927 710,987 736, 762 751,444 750,988 749, 004 748,332 727,987 726,733 731,609 720, 407 701,771 694,980 751,444 694,980 56,464 7.5 9,880 41 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 T able 28.—FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT (BOTH SEXES) IN M ANUFACTURES, 1916 TO 1932—Continued Month January____________________ ____ ______ February______ ____________ _________ March______ ________________ ______ April_________________________________ May_______ ________ _________________ June__________________________________ July__________________________________ August________________________________ September____ _________ ____________ October,,______________________________ November................ __ ______________ December________________ ___________ Maximum_______________ ____________ Minimum__________________ ________ Variation from maximum: Number..____________ _ _____... Percent______ _____________________ Establishments reporting________ ____ _ 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 689,774 719,446 734,971 736,907 746,657 753, 921 752,001 766, 243 779, 492 778,660 770,132 765, 007 779,492 689, 774 89,718 11.5 9,937 784,410 808,359 819,917 827,839 835, 820 834, 405 831,223 824, 563 823, 718 808,934 755, 581 724, 513 835,820 724,513 111,307 13.3 10,035 708,893 712, 557 711,876 721,938 715,937 695,838 664,999 652, 518 647,883 634,641 611, 376 599,679 721,938 599, 679 122,259 16.9 10, Oil 564, 729 572, 525 581, 691 585,839 583, 543 571,996 555,230 541,745 540,331 522,918 513,669 500,647 585,839 500,647 85,192 14.5 9,683 489,708 496,479 489, 228 475, 021 465, 873 460, 345 444, 690 430,189 445, 724 449, 596 446, 593 440, 745 496,479 430,189 66,290 13.4 9,102 A comparison of the biennial changes in average number of wage earners employed and in total wage and salary payments, as reported by the United States Census of Manufactures and as shown in the reports of the division of labor statistics, is presented in table 29. The change recorded by the two series of reports is in the same direc tion each biennium except in 1923-25, when the change was very slight. There is a remarkable agreement in the degree of change except in the biennium 1921-23. Table 2 9 —BIENNIAL CHANGES IN AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND IN TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANUFACTURES: COMPARISON OF OHIO REPORTS AND CENSUS REPORTS ON M ANUFACTURES IN OHIO, 1919 TO 1931 Wage earners (average) Period 1919-21_________________________________________ 1921-23________________ ________________________ 1923-25___________________________________________ 1925-27___________________________________________ 1927-29___________________________________________ 1929-31___________________________________________ United States census -32.4 +35.4 +1.1 -1 .1 +10. 8 -31.6 Ohio re ports -32.1 +42.0 - .3 - .4 +10.6 -32.8 Average Wage and Salary Payments Total wage and salary payments to wage earners United States census -33.6 +56.2 - .4 - .8 +13.8 -46.2 Ohio re ports -33.8 +61.9 +2.4 - .6 +13.3 -46.9 T able 30 shows average wage and salary payments in manufactures to each of the three general occupation groups and to all groups com bined. These averages were computed by dividing the total wage and salary payments by the average number employed. The highest average wage and salary payment was reported for wage earners and for all groups combined in 1920, for bookkeepers, stenographers, and 42 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO office clerks in 1922, and for salespeople (not traveling) in 1925. The lowest average payment was reported for all except salespeople in 1916 and for salespeople (not traveling) in 1917. Charts 11 and 12 show in graphic form average wage and salary payments to all employees in manufactures and to each of the three general occupation groups. Table 30.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN M ANUFACTURES, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Year 1916___________________________________ 1917___________________________________ 1918___________________________________ 1919___________________________________ 1920___________________________________ 1921___________________________________ 1922___________________________________ 1923___________________________________ 1924___________________________________ 1925______________________________ — 1926___________________________________ 1927___________________________________ 1928----------------------------------------------1929___________________________________ 1930___________________________________ 1931___________________________________ 1932____________________ ______________ Establish ments 18,299 2 8,600 8,858 9, Oil 9, 652 8,632 3 8,403 8,701 9,125 9,502 9,704 9,880 9,937 10,035 10, Oil 9,683 9,102 Wage earners $769 916 1,159 1,285 1,598 1,252 1,270 1,428 1,429 1,467 1,448 1,464 1,496 1,499 1,365 1,185 956 Bookkeep ers, stenog Sales raphers, people (not All em and office traveling) ployees clerks $897 1, Oil 1,165 1,460 1,616 1,547 *2,064 1,604 1,644 1,704 1,702 1, 774 1,758 1,792 1,825 1,679 1, 513 $1,439 1,281 1,496 1,688 1,981 1,971 1,796 2,037 1,980 2,226 2,092 2,129 2,163 2,171 2,078 1,787 1,737 $783 926 1,162 1,304 1,602 1,293 1,350 1,449 1,456 1,497 1,479 1,502 1,528 1,535 1,424 1,248 1,032 1 The number of establishments reporting employees was, 8,299, the number reporting total wage and salary payments was 8,308. 2 The number of establishments reporting employees was 8,600, the number reporting total wage and salary payments was 8,608. 3 The number of establishments reporting employees was 8,403, the number reporting total wage and salary payments was 8,330. * This figure, which is in accord with number employed and total wage and salary payments as tabulated by the Division of Labor Statistics, seems high. No further verification is possible as original schedules have been destroyed. The average for 1922 has been omitted from chart 12. It should be emphasized that average wage and salary payments as here computed do not show average full-time earnings, as data con cerning part-time and overtime work are not available. The changes in averages from year to year, also, do not afford any measure of changes in wage or salary scales or rates of pay. The United States Census Bureau does not compute average annual wage payments in compiling the biennial census of manufactures.2 For this study, however, such averages have been computed and are shown in table 31, which compares average wage and salary payments to wage earners in manufactures based on the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics data with computed average payments to wage earners in manufactures in Ohio based upon the census reports. The two series show a remarkable agreement. 2 In a report recently issued covering the construction industry, the Census Bureau computed the average annual wage payment in that industry. MANUFACTURES— 1916 1918 1920 1922 43 1916 TO 1932 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 F ig u r e 11 .—A v er a g e a n n u al , w a g e a n d S a la r y P a y m e n t s in m a n u f a c t u r e s , 1916 TO 1932, ALL EMPLOYEES F ig u r e 12.—A v er a g e a n n u a l W a g e a n d S a la r y P a y m e n t s in M a n u f a c t u r e s , 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS 140446°— 35- 44 T AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 3 1 .— COMPUTED AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN MANUFACTURES: COMPARISON OF OHIO REPORTS AND CENSUS REPORTS ON M ANUFACTURES IN OHIO, BIENNIALLY FROM 1919 TO 1931 a ble Year 1919 ________________________________ 1921 __________________________________ 1923__________________________________ 1925 ________________________________ 1927 __________________________________ 1929 ________________________________ 1931___________________________________ Average wage and Ohio reports below Ohio reports above salary payments U n ited States U n ited S tates census to wage earners census United Ohio Amount Percent Amount Percent States census reports $8 0.62 $1,293 $1, 285 1,252 1.34 1,269 17 36 1,464 1,428 2. 46 1,442 $25 1,467 1. 73 1,447 1,464 17 1.17 1,499 12 1,487 .81 1,185 15 1,170 1.28 Average Annual Wage and Salary Payments by Manufacturing Subgroups F the basic tables showing total salary payments and numbers of employees for the different subgroups of manufactures 3 there have been computed the average wage and salary payments in each of the subgroups for each year from 1916 to 1932. The subgroups of man ufactures, as classified in the Ohio reports, are as follows: rom Chemicals and allied products. Food and kindred products. Iron and steel and their products. Leather and leather products. Liquors and beverages. Lumber and its products. Metals and metal products, other than iron and steel. Paper and printing. Rubber products. Stone, clay, and glass products. Textiles. Tobacco manufactures. Vehicles. Miscellaneous manufactures. Average Annual Wage and Salary Payments T 32 shows average wage and salary payments in each of the 14 industry subgroups for each year 1916 to 1932. The average is shown for each of the 3 general occupation groups and for all combined. The highest average wage and salary payment (all employees) occurred in 1920 for iron and steel and their products, rubber prod ucts, stone, clay, and glass products, and tobacco manufactures; in 1923 for liquors and beverages; in 1925 for lumber and its products; in 1926 for textiles and miscellaneous manufactures; in 1927 for leather and leather products and vehicles; in 1928 for chemicals and allied products, food and kindred products, and paper and printing; and in 1929 for metals and metal products, other than iron and steel. able s For these basic tables see the discussion on the different subgroups of manufactures. 45 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 The lowest average wage and salary payments occurred in 1916 for all industry subgroups except liquors and beverages, where it occurred in 1917. The year 1917 shows the second lowest average for 12 of the 14 industry subgroups, and the year 1932 shows the third lowest average for 8 of the 14 industry subgroups. Table 32.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN EACH INDUSTRY SUB GROUP IN M ANUFACTURES, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Year 1916...................... 1917...................... 1918-................... 1919_________ 1920.................— 1921...................1922___________ 1923___________ 1924___________ 1925___________ 1926___________ 1927-............— 1928___________ 1929...................... 1930______ ____ 1931______ ____ 1932.................... Chemicals and allied products Food and kindred products Book Sales Book Sales All Estab Wage keepers, people Estab Wage keepers, people em stenog stenog lish earn raphers, (not ploy lish earn raphers, (not ments ers and office travel ees ments ers and office travel clerks ing) clerks ing) 1317 $743 340 887 351 1,074 369 1,222 411 1,465 360 1,305 6 373 1, 267 382 1,379 392 1,437 412 1,437 415 1,438 433 1,459 444 1,470 457 1,475 458 1,462 461 1,370 440 1,220 $879 914 1,120 1,187 1,491 1,390 1,419 1,451 1,60,0 1,587 1,629 1,559 1,696 1,656 1,683 1,788 1,586 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) $768 a 1,289 894 * 1,364 1,091 1,439 1,218 1,475 1,470 1,601 1,324 1,426 1,301 61,243 1,398 1, 278 1,468 1,366 1,477 1,433 1,481 1,498 1,485 1,601 1,522 1, 617 1,518 1,636 1,520 1,715 1,468 1,685 1,305 1,600 Iron and steel and their products 1916— ............... 71,490 1917...................... i 1,583 1918...................... 1,635 1919___________ 1,687 1920— ............. 1,797 1921— ................. 1,667 1922-.................. io 1, 613 1923— ............. 1,647 1924.................... 1,673 1925-............... ... 1,717 1926.................... 1,750 1927-................... 1,700 1928..................... 1,751 1929— ................. 1,775 1930...................... 1,754 1931...................... 1,697 1932.................... . 1,606 $879 1,073 1,377 1,534 1,874 1,327 1,428 1,656 1,609 1,675 1,640 1,621 1,686 1,705 1,541 1,260 959 $993 1, 111 1,285 1,442 1,669 1,665 (8) 1,707 1,718 1,841 1,843 1,922 1,782 1,980 2,034 1,621 1,543 (8) $2,429 2,375 2,442 2,978 (8) 2,626 3,421 3,727 4,107 3,274 3,041 3,362 3,344 2,997 2,578 2,505 $893 1,077 1,372 1,528 1,859 1,372 1,598 1,664 1,624 1,695 1,662 1,652 1,699 1,734 1,599 1,305 1,038 $674 723 907 1,061 1,287 1,222 1,125 1,235 1,255 1,252 1,219 1,317 1,343 1,331 1,363 1,212 1,067 $814 832 1,053 1,180 1,350 1,383 1,424 1,416 1,537 1,434 1,451 1,463 1,504 1,499 1,475 1,409 1,298 $912 994 1,266 1,348 1,696 1,532 1,450 1,500 1,623 1,704 1,628 1,627 1,682 1,677 1,307 1,237 1,192 All em ploy ees $702 751 941 1,091 1,322 1,262 1,180 1,274 1,315 1,315 1,284 1,366 1,395 1,386 1,371 1, 232 1,093 Leather and leather products 8161 $571 635 160 161 770 156 938 158 1,123 144 1,074 8 138 1,072 145 1,089 138 1,087 141 1,078 147 1,103 137 1,113 130 1,092 126 1,096 922 119 864 110 690 106 $606 672 858 1,039 1,134 1,318 1,298 1,355 1,311 1,325 1,463 1,552 1,473 1,461 1,395 1,323 1,315 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 0 1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 01) G1) (u) $574 638 776 945 1,125 1,091 1,088 12 1,104 1,105 1,096 1,129 1,144 1,118 1,122 12 954 12 892 12 724 1 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 2. 2 Not computed, owing to small number involved. 3 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 2. * Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 10. 8 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and sailary payments was greater by 1. 6 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 12. i Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 3. s Omitted; apparent clerical error in reporting, which cannot be definitely corrected, as original schedules have been destroyed. 8 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 1. Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 90. , . . . , . ii Carried with “ Manufactures, not otherwise classified m detailed tabulation. i2 Total wage and salary payments to salespeople (not traveling) deducted before computing this aver age, as average number in that group could not be determined from detailed tabulation. 46 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO T able 33.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN EACH INDUSTRY SUB GROUP IN MANUFACTURES, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS—Con. Liquors and beverages Year Lumber and its products Book Book Sales All Estab Wage keepers, Estab Wage keepers, people em stenog stenog lish earn raphers, (not ploy lish earn raphers, ments ers and office travel ees ments ers and office clerks ing) clerks 192 $1,170 974 179 182 1,137 167 1,286 150 1, 754 121 1,455 120 1,351 124 1,771 140 1,492 147 1,489 153 1,428 155 1,475 150 1,491 164 1,484 163 1,470 175 1,396 158 1, 200 1916___________ 1917___________ 1918___________ 1919___________ 1920___________ 1921___________ 1922___________ 1923___________ 1924___________ 1925___________ 1926___________ 1927___________ 1928___________ 1929___________ 1930___________ 1931___________ 1932___________ $1,094 1,154 1,286 1,409 1,551 1,615 1,549 1, 573 1,499 1,617 1,594 1,623 1,560 1,554 1,566 1,444 1,243 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) m (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) $1,172 13 860 1,004 3 899 1,160 913 1,308 923 1,732 1,003 1,483 914 1,393 6 932 1,761 1,007 1,561 1,130 1,584 1,175 1,493 1,206 1,521 1,238 1,553 1,215 1,527 1,231 1,522 1,192 1,431 1,104 1, 233 999 Metals and metal products other than iron and steel 1916___________ 3 331 339 1917___________ 395 1918___________ 409 1919___________ 457 1920___________ 432 1921___________ 1922___________ is 406 456 1923___________ 471 1924___________ 488 1925___________ 490 1926___________ 506 1927___________ 523 1928___________ 544 1929___________ 1930___________ 519 544 1931___________ 1932............ ......... 531 $699 786 1,113 1,128 1,416 1,180 1,154 1,311 1,302 1,372 1, 373 1,371 1,422 1,434 1,355 1,155 973 $815 943 1,060 1,170 1,410 1,440 1,544 1,761 1,549 1,662 1,693 1,688 1,705 1,740 1,809 1, 711 1,477 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) $715 802 1,110 1,137 1,422 1,222 1,199 1,360 1,333 1,412 1,416 1,418 1,466 1,476 1,411 1,235 1,047 $617 728 892 1,009 1,271 1,200 1,089 1,220 1,218 1,370 1,265 1,275 1,280 1,275 1,178 1,047 834 $867 939 1,064 1,295 1,457 1,545 1,437 1,513 1,618 1,689 1,629 1,807 1,652 1,678 1, 717 1,544 1, 359 Sales All people em (not travel ploy ees ing) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (v m m (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) $640 748 907 1,032 1,288 1,236 1,123 1,254 1,259 1,407 1,310 1,331 1,329 1,328 1,244 1,115 904 Paper and printing i4 928 930 939 924 977 869 0 886 913 980 1,037 1,075 1,110 1,130 1,158 1,151 1,160 1,139 $720 781 909 1,100 1,412 1,292 1,328 1, 376 1,420 1,282 1,478 1,464 1,508 1,513 1,473 1,362 1,192 $741 $1,204 833 1,478 835 1,200 1,052 1,707 1,295 1,939 1,323 1,790 1,319 2,002 1,476 2,075 1,446 2,116 1,309 2,334 1,466 2,354 1,554 2,341 1,979 2,637 1,550 2,307 1,621 2,354 1,536 2,112 1,356 1,997 $735 803 907 1,109 1,409 1,311 1,345 1,411 1,445 1,319 1,503 1,506 1,605 1, 545 1, 516 1,414 1,250 2 Not computed, owing to small number involved. 3 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 2. * Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 1. # Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 1. is Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 7. 14 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 7. i* Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 4. 47 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 Table 33 .—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN EACH INDUSTRY SUB GROUP IN M ANUFACTURES, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS—Con. Rubber products Year 1916___________ 1917___________ 1918___________ 1919___________ 1920___________ 1921___________ 1922___________ 1923___________ 1924___________ 1925___________ 1926___________ 1927___________ 1928___________ 1929___________ 1930___________ 1931___________ 1932___________ Stone, clay, and glass products Book Sales Book Sales All All Wage keepers, Estab Wage keepers, em Estab stenog people em stenog people lish earn raphers, (not ploy lish earn raphers, (not ploy ments ers and office travel ees ments ers and office travel ees clerks ing) clerks ing) 78 82 93 108 114 107 3 109 119 120 113 112 128 133 127 113 104 95 $810 1,042 1,233 1,288 1, 710 1,465 1,433 1,589 1,540 1, 553 1,562 1,583 1,611 1, 562 1,450 1, 254 1,011 $844 1,032 1,235 2,463 2,089 1,817 1,681 1, 717 1,896 1,906 1,857 1,936 2,014 2,033 2,008 1,985 1,873 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 00 (2) (2) (2) 00 00 00 00 00 00 712 $815 702 1,041 1,236 683 1,434 693 1,762 713 1,520 637 1,462 16 664 121,602 674 1, 576 711 1,586 762 1, 593 763 121, 619 768 121, 653 772 121, 610 770 121, 520 747 121, 341 708 12 1, 115 622 Textiles 1916___________ 17 719 $540 1917___________ 18 751 592 1918___________ 700 757 1919___________ 767 856 1920___________ 810 1,054 1921___________ 680 1,043 1922___________ 3 689 967 1923___________ 679 1,012 1924___________ 687 1,039 1925___________ 705 1,069 1926___________ 707 1,080 1927___________ 679 1,055 1928___________ 662 1,035 1929___________ 647 1,026 1930___________ 954 627 1931___________ 587 865 1932___________ 567 705 $806 814 1,032 1,128 1,382 1,519 1,378 1,336 1,396 1,463 1,360 1,458 1,417 1,449 1, 502 1,389 1,303 $689 829 971 1,145 1,453 1, 209 1,117 1,188 1,363 1,359 1,360 1, 330 1, 314 1, 319 1,187 1,096 834 $891 1,003 1,043 1,252 (8) 1,421 1,436 1, 533 1, 577 1,624 1, 716 1,686 1,757 1,796 1,909 1,780 1, 432 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) $697 836 976 1,151 1,483 1, 220 1,132 1,204 1,374 1,374 1,381 1, 351 1, 341 1,348 1,241 1,145 878 Tobacco manufactures (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (0 $562 242 611 239 724 246 878 249 269 1,081 226 1,082 998 is 210 1,039 213 191 1,070 1,105 175 172 1,107 1,087 160 1,066 157 1,062 137 996 144 904 133 746 127 $448 492 558 645 948 690 693 741 553 713 717 688 676 660 627 599 507 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) C11) 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 $457 499 571 657 957 705 12 705 12 752 12 562 12 726 12 729 12 701 12 691 12 676 12 643 12 614 12 525 2 Not computed, owing to small number involved. 3 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was. greater by 2. 8 Omitted; apparent clerical error in reporting, which cannot be definitely corrected, as original schedules have been destroyed. 11 Carried with “ Manufactures, not otherwise classified”, in detailed tabulation. 12 Total wage and salary payments to salespeople (not traveling) deducted before computing this average, as average number in that group could not be determined from tabulation. 15 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 4. I®Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 8. 17 Number of establishments reporting employees ;number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 5. is Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 3. 48 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO Table 33.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN EACH INDUSTRY SUB GROUP IN MANUFACTURES, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS—Con. Vehicles Year Miscellaneous manufactures Book Sales Book Sales All Estab Wage keepers, people All Estab Wage keepers, people em stenog stenog em lish earn raphers, (not ploy lish earn raphers, (not ploy ments ers and office travel ees ments ers and office travel ees clerks ing) clerks ing) 1916___________ i 376 383 1917___________ 374 1918___________ 390 1919___________ 416 1920___________ 363 1921___________ 1922___________ 10 320 331 1923___________ 328 1924___________ 1925___________ 319 318 1926___________ 319 1927___________ 304 1928___________ 304 1929___________ 297 1930___________ 265 1931___________ 228 1932___________ $789 952 1,246 1, 394 1, 698 1,364 1, 342 1, 538 1,656 1,631 1,394 1,687 1,666 1,609 1, 331 1,174 934 $969 1,148 1,204 1,383 1,629 1,611 1,618 1,719 1,874 1,842 1,836 2,004 1,583 1,647 1,744 1,910 1,667 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 00 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 00 00 $800 967 1,244 1,394 1,693 1,401 1,370 121,552 1,677 1,650 1,430 1,731 1,661 1,622 1,374 121, 242 121,008 3 604 3 649 690 694 776 686 20 700 733 798 878 898 946 949 959 982 950 884 $745 799 1,090 1,161 1,432 1,206 1,166 1, 224 1,309 1,341 1,420 1,387 1,373 1,379 1,285 1,196 940 $891 1,021 1,151 1,262 1,437 1,436 1,441 1,504 1,566 1,835 1,676 1,785 1,783 1,823 1,798 1,825 1, 526 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) $759 824 1,099 1,176 1,435 1, 247 1,204 1,273 1,347 1,410 1,458 1,443 1,431 1,441 1, 361 1, 297 1,043 1 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 2. 2 Not computed, owing to small number involved. s Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 2. c Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 1. 11 Carried with ‘‘Manufactures, not otherwise classified”, in detailed tabulation. 12 Total wage and salary payments to salespeople (not traveling) deducted before computing this aver age as average number in that group could not be determined from detailed tabulation. 19 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 8. 20 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 9. General Indexes for Employment and for Wage and Salary Payments G indexes for all employees (wage earners; bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; and salespeople (not traveling)) and separately for wage earners in manufactures, based upon the Ohio reports, are shown in table 33. Indexes are here shown for average number employed, total wage and salary payments, and average wage and salary payments for 1924-32, which is the period during which reports were requested by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics from all establishments employing three or more persons. The year 1926 was used as the base, or 100, in computing these indexes. The indexes for employees and for total wage and salary payments increased from 1924 to 1926, decreased in 1927, increased in 1928 and 1929, and decreased rapidly during 1930, 1931, and 1932. The index for average wage and salary payments increased in 1925, decreased slightly in 1926, increased each year until 1929, and decreased in 1930, 1931, and 1932. The course of the indexes for wage earners is the same as the indexes for all employees. The indexes for wage earners, however, do not reach as high a level in 1929 as do the indexes for all employees, and eneral 49 MANUFACTURES— 1 9 1 6 TO 1 9 3 2 in 1932 they reach a lower level than do those for all employees. These differences are found in each of the three items for which indexes were computed. 3 3 —GENERAL INDEXES FOR AVERAGE NUM BER EMPLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN M ANUFACTURES IN OHIO FOR ALL EMPLOYEES AND FOR WAGE EARNERS, 1924 TO 1932 [1926=100.0] T able Wage earners All employees Year 1924______ _________________ 1925_______________________ 1926_______________________ 1927_______________________ 1928_______________________ 1929_______________________ 1930....______________ __ _ 1931_______________________ 1932______ ____ ____________ Average Average wage wage wage wage Employees Total and Employees Total and salary salary and salary salary (average) and pay (average) pay payments ments payments ments 90.4 96.9 100.0 97.1 99.7 107.4 89.6 73.6 61.4 89.0 98.0 100.0 98.5 103.0 111.4 86.2 62.1 42.8 98.4 101.2 100 0 101.6 103.3 103.8 96.3 84.4 69.8 90.3 97.0 100.0 96.6 99.6 106. 9 87.9 71.9 59.5 89.1 98.2 100.0 97.6 102.8 110.6 82.8 58.8 39.3 98.7 101.3 100.0 101.1 103.3 103.5 94.3 81.8 66.0 Chart 13 shows in graphic form general indexes for average num ber employed (all employees) and total and average wage and salary payments in manufactures. Table 34 presents a comparison of the general indexes for average number employed and total wage and salary payments in manufac- F ig u r e 13.—G en er a l In d e x e s fo r A v er a g e N u m b e r E m plo y e d a n d T o ta l a n d a v e r a g e W a g e a n d S a la r y P a y m e n t s in M a n u f a c t u r e s , 1924 t o 1932 (1926=100) tures in Ohio, computed from reports of the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics, with the general indexes of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics for employment and pay rolls in manufacturing in 50 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO the United States. Indexes computed from the Ohio reports are shown for all employees (wage earners; bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; and salespeople (not traveling)), and separately for wage earners. The course of the three series of indexes is the same, except in 1928, both for employment and for wage and salary payments. The Ohio indexes are considerably lower than the Bureau indexes for the United States in 1924 and considerably higher in 1928 and 1929. For other years there is comparatively dose agreement, particularly in 1932. It is probable that certain industries which have a wide fluctuation in number employed and in total wage and salary pay ments, such as iron and steel, rubber products, and vehicles, form a larger proportion of the total in the Ohio reports than they do in the Bureau’s reports which cover the United States. COMPARISON OF INDEXES OF U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS FOR EM PLOYM ENT AND PAY ROLLS, IN M ANUFACTURING IN THE UNITED STATES, WITH INDEXES FOR M ANUFACTURES IN OHIO, COMPUTED FROM OHIO REPORTS, 1924 TO 1932 [1926 = 100.0] T able 3 4 .— Employees (average) Year 1924________________________ 1925_______________________ 1926_______________________ 1927_______________________ 1928_______________________ 1929_______________________ 1930_______________________ 1931_______________________ 1932_______________________ U. S. Bu reau of Labor Sta tistics 98.2 99.2 100.0 96.4 93.8 97.5 84.7 72.2 60.1 Wage and salary payments Ohio reports All em ployees 90.4 96.9 100.0 97.1 99.7 107.4 89.6 73.6 61.4 Wage earners 90.3 97.0 100.0 96.6 99.6 106.9 87.9 71.9 59.5 Ohio reports U. S. Bureau of Labor Sta All em Wage tistics ployees earners 94.6 97.7 100.0 96.5 94.5 100.5 81.3 61.5 41.6 89.0 98.0 100.0 98.5 103.0 111.4 86.2 62.1 42.8 89.1 98.2 100.0 97.6 102.8 110.6 82.8 58.8 39.3 Table 35 shows general indexes for each of the 14 industry sub groups under manufactures. The indexes are confined to wage earn ers only, and cover average number employed, total wage and salary payments, and average wage and salary payments.' The 14 industry subgroups are classified, upon the basis of a classification used by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, as manufactures of “dur able” products and manufactures of “nondurable” products. The index for average number of wage earners in 1932 stood below 50 for 4 of the 5 industry subgroups listed under “ durable” products. The lowest index for that year in the 9 industry subgroups listed under “nondurable” products was 57.2 and none of the other 8 fell below 65.5. The indexes in the “durable” group generally rose higher in 1928 and 1929 than did those in the “nondurable” group. The index for total wage and salary payments in 1932 stood below 33 for 4 of the 5 industry subgroups listed under “durable.” The 51 MANUFACTURES— 1 9 1 6 TO 1 9 3 2 lowest index for that year in the “nondurable ” group was 40.5. The indexes for total wage and salary payments generally rose higher in the “durable” group in 1928 and 1929 than did those in the “non durable” group. The index for average wage and salary payments do not disclose as great a difference between the “durable” and the “nondurable” groups as do the indexes for number of wage earners and total wage and salary payments to such employees. The lowest index in 1932 (58.5) and also the second lowest are found in the “durable” group, but the third and fourth lowest are found in the “nondurable” group. The highest index in that year in the “durable” group is 70.4 and the index for 5 of the 9 under “nondurable” was higher than that figure. 3 5 .—GENERAL INDEXES FOR AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EMPLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN MANUFACTURES, BY INDUSTRY SUBGROUPS CLASSIFIED AS M ANU FACTURERS OF “ DURABLE” AND OF "N O N DUR ABLE” PRODUCTS, 1924 TO 1932 [1926=100.01 T able W age earners (average num ber) Industry subgroup Manufactures of "durable” products: Iron and steel and their products. __ Lumber and its products_________ Metals and metal products, other than iron and steel_____________ Stone, clay, and glass products. . __ Vehicles________________________ Manufactures of "nondurable” prod ucts: Chemicals and allied products_____ Food and kindred products_______ Leather and leather products.____ Liquors and beverages---- ------ -----Paper and printing--------------------Rubber products_______________ Textiles___________________ _____ Tobacco manufactures___ ______ Miscellaneous manufactures. _. __ 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 90.5 95.2 100.0 93.7 95.0 103.7 101.2 105.3 100.0 101.8 95.7 95.3 93.7 99.9 100.0 96.5 99.3 116.0 96.0 102.7 100.0 97.0 95.8 92.1 82.3 100.9 100.0 91.4 114.8 127.4 1930 1931 1932 81.5 77.7 98.5 75.4 89.6 58.6 62.4 85.7 62.8 69.4 45.1 49.0 77.0 46.1 45.0 94.2 100.9 100.0 100.1 105.1 108.7 98.0 90.9 93.1 100.0 94.6 97.4 103.7 112.4 93.4 98.4 100.0 101.5 96.4 95.2 86.6 99.5 105.6 100.0 95. 7 89.8 89.7 85. 1 91.7 95.8 100.0 102.0 101.1 108.2 103.7 85.8 101.7 100.0 104.2 107.4 113.3 83.2 92.0 95.2 100.0 96.4 94.9 9c*. 0 88.5 114.4 96.5 100.0 96.0 91.0 80.7 74.5 80.2 88.7 100.0 99.4 106.9 120.6 100.1 93.2 106.4 81.6 78.1 98.5 70.6 78.6 65.4 81.8 79.8 97.5 79.7 67.6 90.8 65.5 72.7 57.2 67.2 76.6 72.3 97.3 65.8 85.6 45.0 51.6 72.1 50.6 58.5 26.4 32.3 54.6 28.3 30.2 99.6 125.6 72.5 87.6 103.3 77.2 78.1 65.2 90.6 105.8 64.0 76.4 90.8 56.7 63.0 54.7 68.9 67.7 85.3 49.9 56.8 73.3 42.4 47.4 40.5 44.5 Total wage and salary paym en ts to wage earners Manufactures of "durable” products: Iron and steel and their products. __ Lumber and its products_________ Metals and metal products, other than iron and steel_____________ Stone, clay, and glass products-----Vehicles ............................... .................. Manufactures of "nondurable” prod ucts: Chemicals and allied products_____ Food and kindred products----------Leather and leather products_____ Liquors and beverages____________ Paper and printing_______________ Rubber products._______________ Textiles____________________ ____ Tobacco manufactures____________ Miscellaneous manufactures______ 88.8 97.4 97.3 114.0 88.9 99.9 96.2 97.7 118.1 102.6 94.1 100.8 93.6 95.6 92.1 96.2 103.9 110.1 88.1 83.1 84.6 101.0 88.5 94.1 88.3 73.9 96.0 83.7 96.2 97.7 107.8 100. 100.00 102. 6 96.9 96.1 100. 0 96.4 102.9 121.2 100. 94.9 92.6 89.3 100.00 110. 6 137.2 147.1 100.00 101. 102.7 111.5 102.62 107.3 113.1 100. 102.4 95.5 94.6 100. 0 100. 0 98.9 93.8 93.2 103.2 100.00 105.6 110. 8 113.3 100. 94.1 90.9 93.9 100. 0 92.2 85.8 74.3 100. 0 100.0 97.1 103.4 117.1 101. 0 110.7 88.8 52 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 35.—GENERAL INDEXES FOR AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANUFACTURES, BY INDUSTRY SUBGROUPS CLASSIFIED AS M ANU FACTURES OF “DURABLE” AND OF “NO NDURABLE” PRODUCTS, 1924 TO 1932— Continued T able A verage wage an d sala ry paym en ts to wage earners Industry subgroup Manufactures of “ durable” products: Iron and steel and their products... Lumber and its products_________ Metals and metal products, other than iron and steel--------------------Stone, clay, and glass products------Vehicles_______ _____________ Manufactures of “nondurable” prod ucts: Chemicals and chemical products _ Food and kindred products_______ Leather and leather products______ Liquors and beverages____________ Paper and printing----------------------Rubber products---------- --------------Textiles-------- --------------------------Tobacco manufactures-----------------Miscellaneous manufactures........... 1924 1927 1928 1929 98.1 102.1 100.0 98.8 96.3 108.3 100.0 100.8 94.8 99.9 100.0 99.9 100.2 99.9 100.0 97.8 118.8 117.0 100.0 121.0 102.8 101.2 103.6 96.6 119.5 104.0 94.0 76.8 100.8 93.1 82.8 104.4 98.7 84.1 97.0 87.3 80.6 115.4 95.5 84.2 58.5 65.9 70.9 61.3 67.0 101.4 108.0 100.9 103.3 99.1 101.3 97.7 96.0 97.7 102.2 110.2 99.0 104.4 102.0 103.1 95.8 94.3 96.7 102.6 101.7 95.3 109.2 111.8 99.4 99.4 83.6 78.3 103.9 102.9 97.8 102.4 99.7 92.2 100.0 92.8 80.3 95.0 88.3 80.1 92.1 87.4 83.5 97.1 90.5 84.2 84.8 87.5 62.6 84.0 80.6 64.7 65.3 70.7 66.2 99.9 103.0 98. 5 104.5 96.1 98.6 96.2 77.1 92.2 1925 99.9 102.7 97.7 104.3 86.8 99.4 99.0 99.4 94.4 1926 100.0 100.0 100.0 mo 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1930 1931 1932 Conclusion F manufactures as a whole in Ohio, during the 17 years, 1916-32, the maximum employment was 857,366 in March 1920 and the mini mum was 430,189 in August 1932. This was a variation from maxi mum of 427,177, or 49.8 percent. The highest average number employed during a year was 806,607 in 1929 and the lowest average was 461,183 in 1932, which was a reduction of 345,424, or 42.8 per cent. The highest total wage and salary payment (omitting super intendents and managers) was $1,273,071,437 in 1920, and the lowest was $476,075,121 in 1932, which was a decrease of $796,996,316, or 62.6 percent. The highest average wage and salary payment was $1,602 in 1920, and the lowest was $783 in 1916. The second highest average was in 1929. The second lowest average was in 1917 and the third lowest in 1932. Two major declines in manufactures occurred during the 17-year period. The first began in the latter part of 1920 and the second began for manufactures as a whole late in 1929, although marked declines in numbers employed and in total wage and salary payments in six subgroups began 2 or 3 years prior to 1929. The six were leather and leather products, lumber and its products, liquors and beverages, stone, clay, and glass products, textiles, and tobacco manufactures. Table 36 shows for manufactures the decline in average number employed and in total and average wage and salary payments from 1920 to 1921 and from 1929 to 1932. In both periods wage earners show a greater decline in each of the three items than do either of the or 53 MANUFACTURES— 1 0 1 6 TO 1 0 3 2 other two general occupation groups, except in average employees in the later period. The number employed (all three occupation groups) in manufac tures declined 270,311, or 34.0 percent, between 1920 and 1921, and 345,424, or 42.8 percent, between 1929 and 1932. Total wage and salary payments to the three general occupation groups in manufactures declined $595,207,988, or 46.8 percent, be tween 1920 and 1921, and $762,296,717, or 61.6 percent, between 1929 and 1932. Average wage and salary payments in manufactures declined $309, or 19.3 percent, between 1920 and 1921, and $503, or 32.8 percent, between 1929 and 1932. —AMOUNT AND PERCENT OF DECREASE IN AVERAGE NUM BER EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN MANU FACTURES IN OHIO, FROM 1920 TO 1921, AND FROM 1929 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS T able 3 6 Average num ber employed Period and general occupation group Total wage and salary payments Average wage and salary pay ments Per Per Per Number cent of Amount of cent of Amount of of de cent decrease de de crease decrease de crease crease crease 1920-21 34.0 $595,207,988 35.6 566,694,430 20.6 28,345,083 1.0 168,475 46.8 49.6 24.0 1.5 $309 346 69 10 19.3 21.7 4.3 .5 1929-32 42.8 762,296, 717 44.3 694,133,038 28. 7 56, 462, 466 47.4 11, 701, 213 61.6 64.5 39.8 57.9 503 543 279 434 32.8 36.2 15.6 20.0 All employees _ __ __________ _---------- - 270,311 Wage earners______________________________ 255,187 Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks—_ 15,070 55 Salespeople (not traveling)----- -------------------All employees______ __________ __________ 345,424 Wage earners.__ __ __ ______ __ 318,318 Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks... 22,697 Salespeople (not traveling) _ ___________ .. 4,409 Table 37 shows for each industry subgroup the decline in average number employed and in total and average wage and salary payments from 1920 to 1921 and from 1929 to 1932. Considering average number employed, the greatest decline in each period was in the manufacture of vehicles. The decline in that industry was 52.6 percent from 1920 to 1921 and 63.6 percent from 1929 to 1932. Other industry groups with a decline of more than 40 percent in each of the two periods were iron and steel and their products and rubber products. Leather and leather products show a smaller decline (2.9 percent) from 1920 to 1921 than any other subgroup, and food and kindred products show the lowest decline from 1929 to 1932 and the second lowest decline in the first period. Considering total wage and salary payments, the greatest decline in each period was also in the manufacture of vehicles. Other industry subgroups showing a decline of more than 40 percent in 54 AVEKAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO each period are iron and steel and their products, metal and metal products other than iron and steel, rubber products, and miscellaneous manufactures. Additional industries showing a decline of more than 40 percent from 1929 to 1932 are leather and leather products, lumber and its products, stone, clay, and glass products, textiles, and tobacco manufactures. The average wage and salary payments declined more than 25 per cent in two industry subgroups—iron and steel and their products and tobacco manufactures—from 1920 to 1921. The decline was more than 25 percent in 9 of the 14 industry subgroups during the period from 1929 to 1932, the greatest decline being in iron and steel and their products, with vehicles second in order. The least decline from 1929 to 1932 was in chemicals and allied products. 37.—AMOUNT AND PERCENT OF DECREASE IN AVERAGE NUM BER EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN EACH INDUSTRY SUBGROUP IN M ANUFACTURES FROM 1920 TO 1921 AND FROM 1929 TO 1932 T able All employees Total wage and Average wage (average num salary payments and salary ber) payments Period and industry subgroup Per Number cent Amount of (de de decrease crease) ofcrease Per cent Amount of of de decrease crease Per cent of de crease 1920-21 Chemicals and allied products--------- ------------- Food and kindred products_____ _____________ Iron and steel and their products_____________ ____ Leather and leather products------------- ------------Liquors and beverages----------------------- - - - - - - -Lumber and its products— __________ _ Metals and metal products other than iron and steel __ Paper and printing__ _________ __________________ Rubber products__________________ ________ --Stone, clay, and glass products------------------------------Textiles---------- ----------- -----------------------------------Tobacco manufactures___________________________ Vehicles------------- ------------- --------------------------------Miscellaneous manufactures. . ______ ___________ Total___ _ *______________ -. _______ 6, 483 2,559 122,750 511 1,071 6,072 12,010 4,713 34,554 8, 245 7,228 2,363 40,326 22,425 270, 311 22.3 $10,863,462 30.1 7.1 5,406,153 11.3 41.9 311,003,309 57.1 2.9 1,154, 459 5.8 25.3 2,642, 572 36.0 21.1 9,006,048 24.2 31.4 22,309,347 41.0 11.4 10,233,937 17.5 48.4 69,819,458 55.5 19.7 21,047,150 34.0 16.3 7,787,920 16.3 14.8 5,706,032 37.3 52.6 78,904,499 60.8 37.2 39,323, 621 45.5 34.0 595,207,988 46.8 $146 60 487 34 249 52 200 98 242 263 i1 252 292 188 309 6,841 5,842 148.962 2,856 557 12, 607 13, 507 8,048 28, 510 21,249 12,391 2,644 49,921 31,900 345,424 24.6 14,062,217 35.2 13.9 18,715,432 32.0 54.7 344,231,688 72.9 17.4 8,579, 315 46.5 24.8 1,345,914 39.3 47.4 22,658,765 64.2 31.6 32,457,865 51.5 14.8 26,067,468 31.0 41.0 66,306,184 59.2 49.0 39,068,836 66.8 26.7 23,925,705 48.5 29.1 2,770,205 44.9 63.6 98,395,656 77.3 41.7 63,711,467 57.8 42.8 762,296, 717 61.6 213 14.0 293 21.1 696 40.1 398 35.5 292 19.1 424 31.9 429 29.1 295 19.1 495 30.7 470 34.9 316 29.8 151 22.3 614 37.9 398 27.6 2 503 2 32.8 9.9 4.5 26.2 3.0 14.4 4.0 14.1 7.0 13.7 17.7 i.l 26.3 17.2 13.1 19.3 1929-32 Chemicals and allied products— ................................ Food and kindred products----------------------------------Iron and steel and their products--------------------------Leather and leather products--------------------------------Liquors and beverages-------------------------------- --------Lumber and its products_________________________ Metals and metal products, other than iron and steel. Paper and printing. . ------ . ---------------------------Rubber products________________________________ Stone, cla^, and glass products________ ____ _____ Textiles-----------------------------------------------------Tobacco manufactures___ ______________________ Vehicles________________________________________ Miscellaneous manufactures__________________ ... Total_____________________________________ 1 Increase. 2 Owing to a clerical error, the article on “Average wage and salary payments in Ohio, 1918 to 1932’% in the Monthly Labor Review for January 1934, shows the decrease $461, or 30 percent. M ANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 55 M a n u fa ctu re o f Iron an d Steel an d T h eir P rod u cts M of iron and steel and their products in Ohio recorded the highest total wage and salary payments to wage earners during the 17 years, 1916 to 1932, in 1920 and the second highest in 1929, The amount reported for 1920 was $502,546,495 and for 1929, $420,269,624. The lowest total was $102,971,570 in 1932. The greatest average number of wage earners during the 17 years was 268,187 in 1920 and the lowest average was 107,348 in 1932. The maximum number of wage earners employed was 284,009 in March 1920, and the minimum number was 94,902 in August 1932. Average wage and salary payments to wage earners reached the highest point in 1920 and the second highest in 1929. The lowest average was shown for 1916 and the second lowest for 1932. From 1920 to 1921 average wage and salary payments to wage earners decreased from $1,874 to $1,327, and from 1929 to 1932 the average decreased from $1,705 to $959. The industries classified by the division of labor statistics under manufacture of iron and steel and their products employ approxi mately one-third of the total persons employed in manufactures in Ohio. During the 17 years, 1916 to 1932, the percent varied from 38 in 1917 to 26.8 in 1932. The percent had not fallen below 32.5 prior to 1931. The total wage and salary payments in the manufacture of iron and steel and their products shows an even higher percent of the total of such payments in manufactures. During the period from 1916 to 1932 the percent varied from 44.5 in 1918 to 26.9 in 1932. The percent stood above 40 in 7 of the 17 years and did not fall below 36.5 except in 1921, 1931, and 1932. With the percent for total wage and salary payments higher than the percent for number of employees, it means, of course, that average wage and salary payments in the manufacture of iron and steel and their products were higher than the average for manufactures as a whole. Table 38 shows the percent the average number employed and the total wage and salary payments reported in the manufacture of iron and steel and their products form of those in manufactures. The three general occupation groups—wage earners; bookkeepers, stenog raphers, and office clerks; and salespeople (not traveling)—are included. The data are for both sexes combined as employers are not requested to show separately total wage and salary payments to males and females. an ufacture 56 T a ble AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 3 8 — PERCENT EM PLOYM ENT AND PAY ROLL IN THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY FORM OF THOSE IN M ANUFACTURES, IN OHIO, 1916 TO 1932 Year 1916 ______ 1917 ________ 1918 _________________ 1919__________________ 1920___________________ 1921 ______ 1922 . ______ 1923 - _____ 1924___________________ Percent employees in iron and steel in dustry form of all em ployees in manufac tures (average) Percent pay roll in iron and steel forms of that in manufac tures 36.8 38.0 37.6 35.3 36.9 32.5 34.2 36.0 35.1 42.4 44.2 44.5 41.4 42.8 34.5 40.5 41.3 39.2 Year 1925___________ _______ 1926__________________ 1927_______ __________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930 _________ ____ _ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ Percent employees in iron and steel in dustry form of all em ployees in manufac tures (average) Percent pay roll in iron and steel forms of that in manufac tures 34.3 34.9 33.8 33.4 33.8 32.5 28.7 26.8 38.9 39. 2 37.1 37.1 38.2 36.5 30.0 26.9 Total wage and salary payments to general occupation groups in the manufacture of iron and steel and their products are shown in table 39. Payments to superintendents and managers are also shown but data for that group are not included in any other tables or com putations in this study. In supplying data, employers were requested to report for the year total wage and salary payments in dollars, including bonuses and premiums and value of board and lodging furnished. Employers were instructed not to include salaries of officials. Total wage and salary payments to the three general occupation groups combined (omitting superintendents and managers) increased each year from 1916 to 1920, when the highest total of $544,726,590 was reached, then alternately decreased and increased from 1921 to 1929, and decreased each year thereafter, reaching the lowest total of $128,275,747 in 1932. The decrease from maximum to minimum was $416,450,843, or 76.5 percent. From 1920 to 1921, total wage and salary payments to wage earn ers declined 60.1 percent and to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks 23.8 percent. Payments to salespeople (not traveling) increased. The decline for the three groups combined was 57.1 percent. From 1929 to 1932, total wage and salary payments to wage earn ers declined 75.5 percent; to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, 51.2 percent; and to salespeople (not traveling), 60.0 percent. The decline for the three groups combined was 72.9 percent. 57 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 T 39.—TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS a ble Year 1916.. 1917.. 1918.. 1919.. 1920.. 1921.. 1922. 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 _ . . . . . Num ber of estab lish ments Total wage and salary payments to— Wage earners Bookkeep ers, stenog Salespeo raphers, ple (not and office traveling) clerks 1,493 $208, 727,435 $15,695,199 1,581 282,854,136 20,743,181 1,635 368,668,646 26,516,900 1,687 371,891,426 32,238,757 1, 797 502, 546,495 40,655,200 1,667 200,732,645 30,988,188 1, 523 269,758,761 162,399,986 1,647 394,175,213 38,472,874 1,673 346,224,983 39,465, 209 1,717 379,481,681 42,173,960 1,750 389,986,133 43,619,979 1,700 361,055,437 44,315,282 _______ 1, 751 381,073,764 42,053,082 __________1,775 __________ __________ 420,269,624 50,131,320 .....................1,..................... 754 298, 611,..................... 604 50,301,885 _______ 1,697 175,577,104 30,540,053 _______ 1,606 102,971, 570 24,462,368 $2,051,022 782,185 983,200 1,362,369 1,524,895 2,002,448 1,155,545 1,645,622 1,677,028 2,110,855 1,869,523 1,514,329 1,758,116 2,106,491 1,324,488 618,657 841,809 Total $226,473,656 304,379,502 396,168,746 405,492,552 544,726,590 233,723,281 333,314,292 434,293,709 387,367, 220 423,766, 496 435,475,635 406,885,048 424,884,962 472,507,435 350,237,977 206,735,814 128,275,747 Superin tendents and man Grand total agers $6,892,316 8,825,159 11,259,841 14,253,989 17,241, 774 14,638,293 13,809,018 15,632,423 15,416,692 17,656,783 18,479,095 17,533,714 18,137,375 19,344, 111 18,319,553 13,890,090 10,271,831 $233,365,972 313,204,661 407,428,587 419,746,541 561,968,364 248,361, 574 347,123,310 449,926,132 402,783,912 441,423,279 453,954,730 424,418,762 443,022,337 491,851,546 368,557,530 220,625,904 138,547,578 1 Apparently a clerical error was made in reporting or in tabulating, but unable to make definite correction as original schedules have been destroyed. The average number of persons reported employed in each of the three general occupation groups and in the three groups combined in the manufacture of iron and steel and their products is shown in table 40. The general course of the average number of employees was the same as the general course of total wage and salary payments just discussed, except that in 1919 the average number of employees decreased and total wage and salary payments increased. The highest average number of employees was 293,054 in 1920 and the lowest 123,537 in 1932, the difference being 169,517, or 57.8 percent. From 1920 to 1921, the average number of wage earners reported employed decreased 43.6 percent and the average number of book keepers, stenographers, and office clerks decreased 23.6 percent. From 1929 to 1932, the average number of wage earners reported employed decreased 56.5 percent and the average number of book keepers, stenographers, and office clerks decreased 37.4 percent. The number of salespeople (not traveling) in this industry sub group is small, but a decrease was reported in each of the two periods. The decrease in the average for the three occupation groups com bined was 41.9 percent from 1920 to 1921 and 54.7 percent from 1929 to 1932. 58 T AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 4 0 —AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS EM PLOYED IN M ANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS able Average number of persons (both sexes) employed as— Number of establish Bookkeepers, ments Wage earners stenogra Salespeople em trav All phers, and (not ployees eling) office clerks Year 1916_______________________________ 1917_______________________________ 1918_______________________________ 1919_______________________________ 1920_______________________________ 1921_______________________________ 1922_______________________________ 1923_______________________________ 1924_______________________________ 1925_______________________________ 1926_______________________________ 1927_______________________________ 1928_______________________________ 1929_______________________________ 1930_______________________________ 1931_______________________________ 1932_______________________________ 1,490 1,583 1,635 1,687 1,797 1,667 1,613 1,647 1,673 1, 717 1,750 1,700 1,751 1,775 1,754 1,697 1,606 237,345 263,505 267,688 242,506 268,187 151,257 188,847 238,036 215,136 226, 552 237, 795 222,736 226,022 246, 554 193,792 139, 394 107, 348 15,804 18,667 20,635 22,361 24, 355 18, 610 19, 312 22,543 22,976 22,904 23, 663 23,051 23, 603 25,316 24,735 18,843 15,854 355 322 414 558 512 436 440 481 450 514 571 498 523 630 442 240 336 253,504 282,493 288,737 265,424 293,054 170, 304 208, 599 261,059 238, 562 249, 970 262,028 246,285 250,148 272,499 218,968 158, 476 123, 537 The computed average wage and salary payment to wage earners in the manufacture of iron and steel and their products is shown for each year, 1916 to 1932, in table 41. The highest average is shown for 1920 and the second highest for 1929. The lowest average was in 1916 and the second lowest in 1932. The average wage and salary payment to wage earners increased each year from 1916 to 1920, decreased and increased alternately thereafter until 1930; beginning with that year decreases have been shown. From 1920 to 1921, the decrease in average wage and salary pay ments to wage earners was $547, or 29.2 percent, and from 1929 to 1932 it was $746 or 43.8 percent. T a ble 4 1 —AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANU FACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932 Year Average wage and salary payment to wage earners 1916 1917 1918. 1919 1920 1921.......... ......... $879 1,073 1,377 1,534 1,874 1,327 Year 1922_____________ 1923 - ______ 1924_____________ 1925 _____ 1926....................—. 1927_________ ___ Average wage and salary payment to wage earners $1,428 1,656 1,609 1, 675 1,640 1,621 Year 1928_____________ 1929_____________ 1930_____________ 1931_____________ 1932_____________ Average wage and salary payment to wage earners $1,686 1,705 1,541 1,260 959 Chart 14 shows in graphic form average wage and salary payments to wage earners in manufacture of iron and steel and their products. 1916 to 1932. 59 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 Table 42 shows fluctuation in employment of wage earners in the manufacture of iron and steel and their products. The fluctuation f ig u r e 14.—A v er a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d sa l a r y p a y m e n t s t o w a g e E a r n e r s in M a n u f a c t u r e o f Ir o n a n d S t e el a n d T h eir P r o d u c t s , 1916 t o 1932 from maximum within the year varied from 4.9 percent in 1918, the year of least fluctuation, to 39.1 percent in 1922, the year of greatest fluctuation. The variation exceeded 20 percent in 8 of the 17 years. Maximum employment reported for wage earners during the 17 years was 284,009 in March 1920, and the minimum reported was 94,902 in August 1932. The variation from maximum within the period covered by this study was 189,107, or 66.6 percent. T 42.—FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN M ANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932 able Month 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 January---------------------------February-----------------------March___ ________________ April---------- --------- -----------M ay____ - _______________ June____ _______________ July______________________ August. ____________ September________________ October------------- ------ -------November________________ Decem ber,.-........................... Maximum________________ Minimum________________ Variation from maximum: Number.-. ........... . _-Percent_____________ . Number of establishments.-- 210,268 222,857 230,041 229, 770 232, 392 240,106 235, 434 243, 849 246,122 246, 564 253, 718 257,017 257,017 210, 268 46, 749 18.2 1,490 256,851 257, 355 264,432 257,134 262, 900 263, 787 261, 709 264, 653 265, 398 270,901 271,583 265,351 271,583 256,851 14,732 5.4 1,583 260,471 261, 511 267,384 262, 262 268,388 267,329 273,151 273,891 267,632 273,485 270, 790 265,965 273,891 260,471 13,420 4.9 1,635 262,719 247,464 239,715 232, 595 232,842 234,843 246, 578 253, 443 254,069 209.605 236, 211 259,982 262, 719 209,605 53,114 20.2 1,687 278, 796 273,372 284,009 274, 824 260,073 275, 016 277, 535 273, 682 279,608 269,161 250,121 222, 049 284, 009 222,049 61,960 21.8 1,797 184,993 172, 593 162,411 154, 695 152,142 145,447 128, 310 135, 411 137,489 142,958 150,845 147,795 184,993 128,310 56,683 30.6 1,667 140446°—35------5 1922 1923 140,990 221,850 150, 299 227,806 164,159 240,903 171,698 239, 038 182, 914 245, 405 195, 278 249, 272 197,511 243, 668 201, 783 246, 646 201,412 240,146 211,385 238, 252 217,385 234, 425 231, 346 229, 022 231,346 249, 272 140,990 , 221,850 90,356 27,422 39.1 11.0 1,613 1,647 1924 238, 390 243, 497 244,067 236,303 219,356 193,284 192,901 196, 660 199,627 203,280 200,524 213,744 244,067 192,901 51,166 21.0 1,673 60 T AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 4 2 —FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN M ANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932—Con. a ble Month 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 January_______ ___________ February__________________ March. _ ________________ April_____ ______ _____ May. ____ ________ ____ June.. . ... ... _______ July______________________ August____________________ September.. ___________ October__________ ______ November .. ... ._ ______ December __ _____________ Maximum_________________ Minimum_______ ________ Variation from maximum: Number___ _________ .. Percent_______________ Number of establishments... 224,937 224,472 225,610 223,988 224, 219 221,612 223,489 221,585 227,134 232,950 232, 264 236, 369 236,369 221, 585 14,784 6.3 1,717 235,263 236,823 238,957 240,450 236, 638 237,375 237,816 238, 378 243, 331 243,903 234,659 229,942 243,903 229,942 13,961 5.7 1, 750 224,127 232,185 236, 391 232, 453 229,310 230,842 222,382 219, 443 217, 489 212, 620 207,057 208, 537 236,391 207,057 29, 334 12.4 1,700 209,093 218,113 222,840 221,136 224, 520 222,829 223,925 230,114 232,936 236, 663 236,485 233,611 236, 663 209,093 27, 570 11.6 1,751 241,525 246,650 252,604 255,098 259,386 256,027 256, 678 255, 208 249, 668 247, 200 223,870 214, 731 259,386 214, 731 44,655 17.2 1,775 215,180 215, 272 211,169 215, 536 212,315 199, 629 190,147 183, 361 180, 837 175, 667 165, 209 161,181 215, 536 161, .181 54,355 25.2 1, 754 151, 254 153,082 154,317 154,655 151,481 144, 712 139,398 130, 730 126, 378 125, 539 122,150 119,026 154,655 119,026 35,629 23.0 1,697 121,338 121,382 118, 237 112,444 107,410 107,130 104,007 94,902 98,406 102,186 100, 389 100,347 121,382 94,902 26,480 21.8 1,606 Industries Manufacturing Iron and Steel and Their Products T Ohio Division of Labor Statistics classifies 26 industries under manufacture of iron and steel and their products. In addition a group designated as “iron and steel and their products, not otherwise classified” is carried. For the purposes of this study 8 of the smaller industries, 2 of which are represented by so few establishments that the division found it necessary in some years to tabulate them under “not otherwise classified” to avoid identification of individual estab lishments, and iron and steel, not otherwise classified, are combined under “iron and steel and their products, other.” The industries combined under “other ” are burial vaults, steel; files; nails and spikes, cut, wrought, and wire; pipe, wrought; savrs; scales and balances; screws, machine and wood; sewing machines, cases, and attach ments; springs, coil; springs, steel, car and carriage; and iron and steel and their products, not otherwise classified. Table 43 shows for each of 16 industries and for the group “ iron and steel and their products, other,” the number of establishments report ing, average number of wage earners, and total wage and salary pay ments to wage earners each year, 1916 to 1932, excepting 1922, for which the division of labor statistics did not tabulate total wage and salary payments by individual industries. For two industries data were not separately tabulated by the division of labor statistics for 1916 to 1918. The highest average number of wage earners during the 17 years was reported in 1917 for steel doors and shutters, foundry and ma chine-shop products, and wire work; in 1918 for bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets, and cutlery and tools; in 1919 for blast furnace products and forgings; in 192Q for safes and vaults and stoves and furnaces; he 61 MANUFACTURES— 1016 TO 1032 in 1923 for boilers and tanks, and pumps and windmills; in 1924 for wire; in 1926 for steel works and rolling mills; and in 1929 for calculat ing machines, gas engines and tractors, and tin plate and terne plate. The lowest average number of wage earners was reported in 1916 for manufactures of calculating machines; in 1917 for pumps and wind mills; in 1919 for boilers and tanks; in 1921 for gas engines and trac tors, tin plate and terne plate, and wire work; in 1922 for steel doors and shutters; in 1931 for blast furnace products; and in 1932 for the 8 other industries. The highest total wage and salary payments to wage earners (with data for 1922 not available) was reported in 1917 for manufactures of wire work; in 1918 for cutlery and tools; in 1919 for blast furnace products; in 1920 for boilers and tanks, forgings, foundry and machineshop products, safes and vaults, steel works and rolling mills, stoves and furnaces, and wire; in 1923 for bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets, and pumps and windmills; and in 1929 for calculating machines, steel doors and shutters, gas engines and tractors, and tin plate and terne plate. The lowest total wage and salary payments to wage earners was reported in 1916 for calculating machines and wire work; in 1917 for pumps and windmills; and in 1932 for the 13 other industries. T 4 3 —AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EMPLOYED AND TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS, IN M ANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES a ble Blast furnace products Year Estab lish ments 1916___________ 1917 ............. . 1918___________ 1919___________ 1920___________ 1921___________ 1922_______ 1923___________ 1924___________ 1925___________ 1926___________ 1927___________ 1928___________ 1929___________ 1930___________ 1931___________ 1932___________ Boilers and tanks Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets Wage Wage Total wage wage Estab Wage Total wage Estab earners earners Total salary lish earners salary lish (aver and salary (aver and (aver and payments ments payments ments age) age) age) payments 32 7,626 $7,814, 558 33 10,661 14, 575, 881 33 212,097 22, 799, 675 33 15, 237 30, 807,195 32 8, 336 19, 704, 265 34 3 3,815 6, 300, 350 31 4, 547 (4) 077 33 12, 498 24, 399, 27 6, 290 11,809, 300 26 5,922 11,259, 391 23 6, 225 11, 465, 568 19 8,460 15, 679,408 21 5,708 11, 201, 810 16 5,612 10,125, 412 13 4,927 9,556,144 10 2, 627 4,821, 541 11 2, 747 3, 563, 492 0) 0) (0 (0 0)23 0)989 34 2, 573 36 31,149 39 1,570 44 2,887 45 2, 345 47 2, 722 45 2, 457 48 2,586 49 2,466 53 2,768 55 2,518 55 1,844 53 1,333 0) 0) 0) $1,426,120 4, 675, 718 1, 500, 298 0) 567 4, 453, 3, 564, 495 4,041, 486 3, 886, 261 4,029,046 4,059, 976 4,537, 724 3, 813, 862 2,450, 516 1,423, 249 1 Not shown separately by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. 2 Total reported by industries exceeds total for iron and steel by 214. 3 Total reported by industries exceeds total for iron and steel by 331. 4Not tabulated by individual industries by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. 23 5,167 23 5,489 26 2 5, 948 30 5, 389 30 5, 533 30 3 3, 324 26 4, 503 27 5, 518 28 4, 602 29 5,303 27 5,070 24 4, 506 24 4,851 21 5,253 20 3,953 19 3,097 19 2,410 $3,917,427 5,014, 516 5, 774, 406 6,615, 074 7,166, 469 3,264, 053 7, (4) 252, 037 5,999, 517 7,244, 258 6,829, 174 5,936, 098 6, 755, 922 7,016, 049 4,585, 717 2,933, 475 1, 683, 201 62 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO T able 4 3 —AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED AND TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS, IN M ANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIE S—Continued Calculating machines Doors and shutters, iron and steel Wage Total wage Estab earners lish and salary ments (aver age) payments *8 397 $441,682 10 791 698,995 8 2 587 584, 828 7 439 500,034 7 521 778, 762 7 3 347 460,108 6 332 (4) 7 562 749, 704 621 9 893, 749 8 680 999, 212 8 605 902, 867 9 694 1,122, 964 10 712 1,189, 370 10 737 1,224,125 8 690 981, 223 7 539 707, 227 5 492 391, 310 Wage Total wage Total wage Estab earners and salary lish (aver and salary payments ments age) payments 14 $4,450,484 50 3,991 $4,751,891 191652 4,668 3,857,578 12 6,612,350 1917124 «11,990 713,442,258 7 6,025,831 191810 11,196,276 87 6,362 8,148,186 191913 86 4,997 7,483,908 1920. 15,704,018 76 3 2,485 2, 568, 817 9 1921. 8,811,889 71 3,079 1922_ 18 (4) (4) 21 12,167,843 70 3,831 4, 803,947 19233,472 4,403, 943 22 12, 244, 700 71 1924, 24 11,654,069 68 3, 695 4, 930, 763 192569 3,893 5,139, 688 27 12, 351,034 192669 3,333 4, 285,162 29 12,860,892 192766 3, 280 4, 628, 454 14,145, 437 192827 67 2,898 4,204, 685 15,927,499 192930 61 2, 541 3,004, 812 11,893,722 193027 22 1,163 1,074, 501 32 1931_ 8,493,224 16 1,035 679, 295 1932. 28 6,150, 363 Foundry and machine-shop Gas engines and tractors Forgings products 19165 35 5,602 $4, 665, 654 «1,048 115,937 $93,062,131 <0 0) 0) 37 5,846 5,492,904 81, 151 123,069 119,029,907 0) 19170) 0) 1918. 36 2 6,812 8,667,771 1,112 2116,782 138,472, 788 0) 0) (0 25 2,009 $2,775,412 34 8,236 9,872, 500 1,151 108, 073 145, 258, 653 191931 3,203 5,495,971 192037 7,241 11,847,593 1,222 117, 264 195,910,962 25 3 1, 220 1, 748,644 34 3 3,001 3, 362, 607 1,127 3 62, 334 78, 216,897 1921. 25 1,677 1922_ 1,079 69, 582 33 3,745 (4) (4) (4) 20 1,662 2,477, 579 34 4, 755 5, 603,388 1,086 92,977 152,490, 628 192321 2, 365 3, 668, 582 1924_ 35 4,827 6, 511,908 1,104 79,167 116,139, 746 21 2,047 3,322, 417 1925_ 37 5,135 7,496,977 1,143 82,927 124, 964, 528 19 2,235 3, 537, 720 1926_ 39 4, 570 6,641, 784 1,176 90,467 138,177, 292 18 2,232 3,440, 582 38 3, 632 5,069, 733 1,126 85,374 129, 529,326 192718 2, 581 4,274, 970 1928. 35 4, 389 7,045, 301 1,181 86, 386 134, 805,119 18 3, 349 5, 520,190 36 3,878 6,534,183 1,208 96,964 154, 920, 597 1929_ 14 2,448 3,882, 349 34 2,543 3,561, 808 1,220 76,423 106, 922, 227 1930_ 15 1, 743 2,671,109 1931_ 34 1,909 1,896, 390 1,209 54, 785 63, 577, 747 1932_ 32 1,271 1,041, 566 1,144 39, 305 35, 212, 399 17 1,336 1, 394, 948 Pumps and windmills Steel works and rolling mills Safes and vaults Year 1916_. 16 1,121 $755,199 51 59, 315 $61, 941, 809 11 1,829 $1,344,175 16 999 12 1,909 1,553, 266 1917 748, 679 48 71,416 93,992,805 23 2 2,816 3,077,040 54 2 74, 358 127, 783, 724 1918_ 16 2 2,096 2,160, 588 1919. 25 2,482 3,048,040 15 2, 565 3,051, 815 54 55, 039 108, 556, 468 1920.. 30 2,218 3,218,860 17 2,963 4,349, 931 63 71, 701 168, 237,913 1921.. 28 31, 866 2, 268, 492 19 3 2, 585 3,336,907 59 3 43, 560 63, 554, 745 1922.. 11 2,022 28 2,080 59 62, 356 (4) (4) (4) 1923.. 28 3,476 4,777,342 11 2, 555 4, 282, 001 62 70, 849 129,214,482 1924.. 29 2,812 3,762,407 11 2,406 4,032,144 64 72,145 131, 203,957 192511 2,399 3,956, 580 29 2,841 3,883,868 68 79,822 155,956,727 1926.. 29 2,874 4, 032, 422 9 2,169 3,686, 352 68 84,610 154, 225, 748 27 2, 574 « 2,834,854 1927. 10 2,038 3,464,765 66 75, 460 136, 630, 642 1027 2,277 3,568,272 9 2,033 8 1,938, 458 1928.. 60 77,748 149,174, 386 1929.. 31 2,483 3,612,665 9 1,786 2,861,131 69 81,165 156, 489,837 32 2,425 3,431, 782 9 1, 550 2,081, 740 1930.. 60 63, 615 112,105,497 1931.. 30 2,119 2, 550, 267 10 1,135 1,321,865 52 43,114 60,199,457 1932.. 30 1,868 1,678, 601 532 7 460,893 54 34,102 34, 389, 558 1 Not shown separately by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. 2 Total reported by industries exceeds total for iron and steel by 214. 3 Total reported by industries exceeds total for iron and steel by 331. 4 Not tabulated by individual industries by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. * Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 1. « Figure seems high, but cannot be verified, as original reports have been destroyed. Total reported by industries exceeds total for iron and steel by 214. 7 Figure seems high, but cannot be verified, as original reports have been destroyed. 8 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 2. * Figure seems low, but cannot be verified, as original reports have been destroyed. 10 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 2. Year Estab lish ments Wage earners (aver age) 5,345 6,973 2 5,503 8,105 9,418 3 6,040 6,943 8,287 7,549 7,453 7,945 8,170 8, 877 10,152 7,769 7,093 6,383 Cutlery and tools 63 MANUFACTURES— 1016 TO 1332 T 43.—AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED AND TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS, IN MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES—Continued a ble Stoves and furnaces Year Estab lish ments 1916___________ 1917___________ 1918___________ 1919___________ 1920___________ 1921___________ 1922___________ 1923._____ _____ 1924___________ 1925___________ 1926___________ 1927___________ 1928___________ 1929___________ 1930___________ 1931___________ 1932...................... Wire Wage Total wage Wage wage Estab Wage Total wage Estab earners earners Total salary lish (aver and salary salary lish earners (aver and (aver and ments payments payments ments age) age) age) payments 85 9, 558 $7,451,362 89 10,552 9,567,900 90 210,440 11,605,675 87 9,833 12,722,913 87 11, 366 17,807,153 84 3 8,005 9,368, 570 87 9,649 (4) 93 9,870 13,167,530 87 9,497 13,753,303 84 9,233 13, 252,697 91 8,330 11,945,310 90 8,820 12,766,449 95 9,773 14,513,167 86 10,340 15,124,721 86 8,394 10,838,531 74 6,307 6,899,938 71 5,261 4,612,109 Wirework, wire rope and cable 1916___________ 1917____ ____ ___ 1918___________ 1919___________ 1920___________ 1921___________ 1922___________ 1923____ ____ 1924___________ 1925___________ 1926___________ 1927___________ 1928___________ 1929___________ 1930___________ 1931___________ 1932. - ............... . Tin plate and terne plate 733 $678,206 36 42 7 3,038 7 3,336,471 2 696 678,442 38 622 36 679,835 672 875,495 37 3 532 744,658 30 24 555 0) 652 29 876,498 31 648 8 889, 380 34 676 977,109 662 1,036,881 33 34 783 1,221,207 32 714 1,107,557 33 710 1.153, 672 31 605 948, 703 32 7 1,608 7 1,874,094 32 882 1,181,483 6 4,290 $4,852,966 7 5,225 7,999, 553 8 2 4,773 9, 731,067 10 4,080 8,130, 531 9 5,267 11, 702, 227 8 3 1,909 3,571,650 8 4,213 (4) 7 4,923 8,000, 709 9 3,882 7,868,050 8 4, 749 8,895, 320 8 4,896 9,285,034 8 4,287 7,689,602 4 3,770 7,079, 873 5 7,644 14,337,463 4 3,375 6,103, 507 5 2,905 4,361,801 5 2,674 3,271,173 10 6,324 $4,296,960 7 4,233 4,468,851 11 2 6,411 10,190,578 10 5,190 9,438,972 11 6,851 14,993,918 9 3 4,148 5, 231, 243 9 4,265 (4) 10 5,656 9,116, 673 11 7,078 11, 648, 463 10 5,077 8,268, 551 9 3,887 6,355, 536 10 4,781 7,620,993 9 4, 507 7,486, 569 6 4, 290 7,271, 242 9 5,445 8,683, 697 8 3, 532 5,469, 919 8 2,810 3, 209, 200 Iron and steel and their products, other 65 10,113 $8,302,931 44 8,637 5,904,480 49 2 6,593 7,673,975 50 7,857 9,663, 402 51 8,064 12, 593, 332 52 3 5,269 6,422, 537 (*) 59 7,730 65 7,079 10,342,208 69 5,431 7,831,339 70 5,869 8,377, 728 70 6,901 10,487, 462 75 5,007 6,873, 714 8 84 5,950 8,099, 203 77 6,526 9,408, 429 71 4, 575 6,216, 283 83 3,873 4, 274,033 74 2,908 2,628, 730 2 Total reported by industries exceeds total for iron and steel by 214. 3 Total reported by industries exceeds total for iron and steel by 331. * Not tabulated by individual industries by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. 2 Figure seems high, but cannot be verified, as original reports have been destroyed. * Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 2. Average wage and salary payments to wage earners in each of the 16 industries and in the group “iron and steel and their products, other ” are shown in table 44. As explained heretofore, average wage and salary payments were computed by dividing total wage and salary payments by the average number of employees reported. The averages should not be taken as exact measures but as approximate figures. Wage earners include skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers. Both sexes are included but only 3.1 percent of the wage earners in manufactures of iron and steel and their products were females in 1920 and in 1929. Data concerning total wage and salary 64 AVEBAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO payments for 1922 were not tabulated by the division of labor sta tistics for individual industries, and information for 1916 to 1918 was not separately tabulated for boilers and tanks and gas engines and tractors. The highest average wage and salary payment to wage earners was in 1920 for manufacture of blast furnace products, boilers and tanks, calculating machines, cutlery and tools, foundry and machineshop products, gas engines and tractors, steel works and rolling mills, stoves and furnaces, tin plate and terne plate, and wire; in 1926 and 1927 for safes and vaults; in 1928 for bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets, steel doors and shutters, and pumps and windmills; and in 1929 for forgings and wirework. The lowest average wage and salary payment to wage earners was in 1916 for 9 of the 16 industries, and in 1932 for 7 industries. Table 44.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENT TOWAGE EARNERS IN M ANU FACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES Bolts, Foundry Gas en Blast Boilers nuts, Calcu Cutlery Doors and and Forgings machinegines, furnace and washers, lating Year and shutters, ma and products tanks and chines tools shop steel tractors rivets products $833 $1,191 $1,113 $833 $1,025 $758 $803 1916 1917 ____ 1, 367 914 948 884 940 967 ) 971 1,095 01,121 996 1,272 1,186 _______ 1,885 1918 1919____________ 2,022 $1,442 1.228 1,381 1,281 1,139 1,199 1,344 $1,381 1,716 1920____________ 2.364 1,817 1,295 1,667 1,498 1,495 1,636 1,671 982 1,459 1,034 1,326 1,120 1,255 1.433 1921____________ 1,651 1,306 1922____________ (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)1,491 1923____________ 1,952 1, 543 1,314 1,468 1,254 1,334 1,178 1,640 1,551 1924_ __________ 1,877 1, 520 1,304 1,622 1,268 1,439 1,349 1,467 1,623 1925____________ 1,901 1,485 1,366 1,564 1,334 1,469 1,460 1,507 1,582 1926____________ 1,842 1,582 1,347 1, 555 1,320 1,492 1,453 1, 527 1,541 1927____________ 1,853 1, 558 1,317 1,574 1, 286 1.618 1,396 1,517 1,656 1928____________ 1,962 1,646 1,393 1, 593 1,411 1,670 1,605 1,560 1,648 1929____________ 1,804 1, 639 1,336 1,569 1, 451 1,661 1, 685 1,598 1,586 1930____________ 1,940 1,514 1,160 1,531 1,183 1,422 1,401 1,399 924 1 312 947 1,197 993 1,160 1,532 1931____________ 1,835 1,329 964 656 795 819 1,044 698 896 1932____________ 1, 297 1,068 Wire Iron and Steel Pumps Safes and works Stoves Tin plate work, steel and Year and fur and including and terne their Wire and roll naces windmills vaults ing plate wire rope products, mills and cable other $674 $735 $1,044 $780 $1,131 $925 $821 $679 1916______________ 814 907 749 1,316 1,531 684 1,056 1,098 1917______________ 1,112 1,093 1,031 1,590 1,718 2,039 1,164 1918______________ 975 1,972 1,294 1,993 1,228 1,190 1,819 1,230 1,093 1919______________ 1,451 1,567 2,222 1920______________ 1,468 2,346 2,189 1,303 1,562 1,216 1,170 1,871 1,261 1,291 1,459 1921.......................... 1,219 1,400 1922______________ (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1,374 1,824 1923______________ 1,334 1,625 1,612 1,676 1,344 1,461 1924______________ 1,646 1,338 1,676 1,819 1,448 2,027 1,373 1,442 1,367 1,954 1925______________ 1,435 1,649 1,873 1,629 1,445 1,427 1,434 1,403 1,700 1926____, _________ 1,823 1,896 1,635 1,566 1,520 1927______________ 1,700 1,447 1,794 1,594 1,811 1,560 1,373 0) 1928______________ 1,567 1,919 1,485 1,878 1,661 1,551 1,361 0) 1,455 1,602 1929______________ 1,463 1,928 1,876 1,695 1,442 1,625 1930.................. ........ 1,415 1,762 1,343 1,291 1,595 1,808 1,568 1,359 1,204 1931______________ 1,165 1,094 1,501 1,396 1,549 1,165 1,104 1932________ _____ 899 866 1,008 877 1,223 1,142 1,340 904 i Omitted, as figure seems extremely low in comparison with other years; cannot be verified, however as original reports have been destroyed. 3 Not tabulated for individual industries by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. 65 MANUFACTURES1— 1916 TO 1932 Tables 45 and 46 show fluctuation in employment of wage earners in foundries and machine-shop products and in steel works and rolling mills. In the manufactures of iron and steel and their products these two industries rank first and second in number of wage earners em ployed. Manufactures of foundry and machine-shop products in cluded 39.3 percent of the total in 1929 and 36.6 percent in 1932. Steel works and rolling mills included 32.9 percent of the total in 1929 and 31.8 percent in 1932. In manufactures of foundry and machine-shop products the varia tion from maximum was 4 percent in 1917, which was the year of least variation, and 45.9 percent in 1922, which was the year of greatest variation. The variation from maximum exceeded 20 percent in 6 of the 17 years covered. Maximum employment during the 17-year period was 125,719 in March 1920, and minimum employment was 35,666 in August 1932. The variation from maximum for the period was 90,053, or 71.6 percent. In steel works and rolling mills the variation from maximum in 1918, the year of least change, was 6.6 percent and in 1919, the year of greatest change, it was 58.9 percent. The variation from maximum exceeded 20 percent in 10 of the 17 years covered. Maximum em ployment during the 17-year period was 89,188 in October 1926, and minimum employment was 26,467 in October 1919. The variation from maximum for the period was 62,721, or 70.3 percent. The second lowest month of employment was August 1932, with 29,782 reported. T 45.—FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN M ANUFACTURE OF FOUNDRY AND MACHINE-SHOP PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932 able Month 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 January...................................... February__________________ March____________________ April_____ ___________ ____ M ay______________________ June______________________ July________________ ______ August____________________ September________________ October___________________ November_________________ December_________________ Maximum_________________ Minimum_______ _______ Variation from maximum: Number_______________ Percent________________ Number of establishments__ 104,978 110, 364 114, 598 113,483 112,490 116, 806 115,565 118, 716 118,658 119,187 121,914 124,489 124,489 104,978 19, 511 15.7 1,048 120,247 121, 270 122, 282 120,863 122, 588 123,816 123, 304 123, 332 123, 582 125,135 125, 266 125,140 125,266 120,247 5,019 4.0 1,151 113,495 115,842 116,074 113, 346 114,180 115, 683 118, 655 119,644 116,873 120, 370 120,351 116,876 120,370 113,346 7,024 5.8 1,112 113,666 105,889 103,930 100,971 100,077 101,306 105, 340 108, 239 108,096 113, 559 116,367 119,430 119,430 100,077 19,353 16.2 1,151 123,645 121,891 125, 719 124,351 118, 649 121,126 121, 721 121,361 119, 653 111, 155 103, 954 93,942 125,719 93,942 31,777 25.3 1,222 81, 764 76, 383 71,511 66,350 64,523 59,881 55, 298 54, 058 52,974 53,177 55,830 56, 253 81, 764 52,974 28,790 35.2 1,127 50,929 53,085 55, 686 59,073 64,701 69,484 73,176 75,911 76,494 81,330 80,902 94, 213 94, 213 50,929 43,284 45.9 1,079 86,232 90,167 93, 710 95,812 97,927 99, 779 99, Oil 97, 701 93, 527 89,244 86,893 85, 726 99,779 85, 726 14,053 14.1 1,086 66 T AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 4 5 .—FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN M ANUFACTURE OF FOUNDRY AND MACHINE-SHOP PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932-Con. able Month 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 January________ __________ February.................................. March....................................... April.......................................... May_____________________ June_________________ ____ July______________________ August. ------------------------September_____ __________ October__________________ November________ ____ ___ December_____________ ___ Maximum______ ____ _____ Minimum________________ Variation from maximum: Number........................... Percent........... ................... Number of establishments... 84,009 87,216 89,068 85,941 83,029 78, 776 75,202 73,101 73,140 72,595 72,669 75, 257 89,068 72,595 16,473 18.5 1,104 79,267 80, 794 81,569 82,034 82,204 81,866 82, 594 82,092 83,425 85, 553 85, 776 87,945 87,945 79,267 8,678 9.9 1,143 88, 535 90,404 91,917 92,288 91,077 91,225 91,478 90,763 91,267 90,557 88,078 88,020 92,288 88,020 4,268 4.6 1,176 86,408 88,932 90,392 89,758 88,226 88,115 86,086 84,099 82, 722 81,092 79,275 79,377 90,392 79,275 11,117 12.3 1,126 77,832 81,107 82,397 83,277 85,700 86,445 86,408 88,695 89,931 91,178 91,401 92,256 92,256 77,832 14,424 15.6 1,181 91,926 96,041 98,559 98,969 100, 502 100,254 100,370 99,383 98,140 98, 299 92, 758 88,372 100,502 88,372 12,130 12.1 1,208 84,763 84,627 84,011 84,145 82,688 80, 595 75,415 72,554 70,892 67,644 65,393 64,350 84,763 64,350 20,413 24.1 1,220 T able 1931 1932 60,301 45,343 60, 711 45,298 60,123 44,166 59,975 41,043 59,372 40,124 57,108 39,013 54, 336 36, 721 51,397 35,666 50, 678 35, 733 49, 201 36,052 47,422 36,522 46, 791 35,975 60,711 45,343 46,791 35,666 13,920 9,677 22.9 21.4 1,209 1,144 4 6 —FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN STEEL WORKS AND ROLLING MILLS, 1916 TO 1932 Month 1916 1917 1918 January_____ _____ ________ February--------------------------March__________________ _ April------------- ------------------M ay________________ ____ June______________________ July--------------------------- -----August____________ _______ September________________ October----------------------------November-------------------------December---------- -------------Maximum------------------------Minimum-------------------------Variation from maximum: Number----------------------Percent_______________ Number of establishments__ 50,213 54,542 55,947 56,590 58,615 60,869 58,130 62,007 62,980 61,681 64,768 65,432 65,432 50, 213 15,219 23.3 51 64,811 66,175 70,161 66,639 73,135 72,964 72,526 74,189 73,508 74,645 75,290 72,947 75,290 64,811 10,479 13.9 48 72,428 64,361 74, 282 73,853 61,392 70, 734 75,130 56,078 75,593 73,904 53, 546 69,971 77,574 54,822 63,117 74,248 56,273 73,663 75, 577 60, 211 74, 716 74,933 62,880 70,373 72,761 63,134 77, 546 74,520 26,467 76,972 73,462 43,595 71,962 73,906 57, 712 61,483 77,574 64,361 77,546 72,428 26,467 61,483 5,146 37,894 16,063 58.9 6.6 20.7 54 54 63 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 51, 264 47,034 41,219 42,087 43,086 41,111 34, 677 40,498 42,050 45,444 48, 641 45,604 51,264 34,677 16, 587 32.4 59 46,305 49,195 58,455 61,045 62,559 66,020 65,369 65, 591 64, 710 67,872 70,521 70,629 70,629 46,305 24,324 34.4 59 64,071 64,185 71,839 69,362 71,451 72,610 70,921 73,270 72,707 74,251 73,705 71,811 74,251 64,071 10,180 13.7 62 Month 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1928 1930 January... February.. March....... April____ May-------June....... . July_____ August___ September October... November December . Maximum______ _______ Minimum______________ Variation from maximum: Number____________ Percent_____________ Number of establishments... 84, 801 84,114 84,151 80, 949 71,136 55, 597 60,089 65, 716 67, 440 69,041 67,142 75, 566 84,801 55, 597 29,204 34.4 64 82,809 79,999 80,118 78, 725 79,119 76,672 78, 590 76, 677 80,136 81, 750 80,464 82,803 82,809 76,672 6,137 7.4 84,296 83,429 83,453 85,349 83, 714 83, 771 84,275 84, 859 88,176 89,188 83,700 81,107 89,188 81,107 8,081 9.1 75, 354 80, 220 82,425 79, 248 78, 568 80,180 75,040 73, 428 72, 731 70,509 67, 735 70,087 82,425 67,735 14,690 17.8 73,337 77,258 79, 779 77,089 77,449 74,333 76,895 78, 634 79,838 80,554 80,391 77,423 80, 554 73,337 7,217 9.0 60 83, 520 83,099 84, 591 85,075 87,603 86, 352 86,897 86,627 82,590 78,879 65, 289 63, 456 87,603 63,456 24,147 27.6 71,623 70,965 68,857 73,161 72,976 64,608 63,437 60, 454 58,934 57, 464 51,322 49, 579 73,161 49, 579 23,582 32.2 60 68 1931 1932 46, 737 38, 776 47,959 38,258 49, 748 37,281 49, 586 35,922 48,422 33,045 45, 548 33,432 44, 084 34,065 39,816 29,782 37,149 32, 214 36,950 33,024 36, 526 31, 227 34,847 32,197 49,748 38,776 34,847 29,782 14,901 8,994 30.0 23.2 52 54 67 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 Indexes for Employment and Wage and Salary Payments G indexes for average number of wage earners employed and total and average wage and salary payments to wage earners in the manufacture of iron and steel and their products are shown in table 47. The base for these indexes is 1926. The years covered are 1924 to 1932, during which period reports were requested by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics from all establishments employing three or more persons. eneral T 4 7 —GENERAL IN DEXES FOR AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS, 1924 TO 1932 a ble Index numbers (1926=100.0) of— Year 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. Total wage Wage and earners salary (average) pay ments Average wage and salary pay ments 88.8 97.3 100.0 92.6 97.7 98.1 102.1 100.0 98.8 102.8 90.5 95.2 100.0 93.7 95.0 Index numbers (1926=100.0) of— Year 1929______________ 1930______________ 1931______________ 1932______________ Total wage Wage and earners salary (average) pay ments 103.7 81.5 58.6 45.1 107.8 76.6 45.0 26.4 Average wage and salary pay ments 104.0 94.0 76.8 58.5 The general index for average number of wage earners employed exceeded the base year, 1926, in 1929 only, and fell to 45.1 in 1932. The general index for total wage and salary payments also exceeded the base year only in 1929 and fell to 26.4 in 1932. The general index for average wage and salary payments exceeded the base year as 100.0, in 1925,1928, and 1929, and fell to 58.5 in 1932. In each of the 3 years (1930 to 1932) of declining employment and total wage and salary payments, the general index for average wage and salary pay ments has stood considerably above the indexes for the other two items. Chart 15 shows in graphic form general indexes for average number of wage earners employed and total and average wages and salary payments to wage earners, in manufacture of iron and steel and their products, 1924 to 1932. Table 48 shows for each of 14 industries classified under manufac ture of iron and steel and their products, indexes for average number of wage earners employed and total and average wage and salary payments to wage earners. Indexes were not computed for two industries, included in tables 43 and 44, which reported an average of less than 1,000 wage earners, nor for the group ‘‘iron and steel and their products, other.” 68 AVEKAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO The index for average number of wage earners employed reached the highest point during the 9 years in 1924 for 2 industries, in 1925 for 2 industries, in 1926 for 3 industries, in 1927 for 1 industry, and in 1929 for 6 industries. The lowest point was reached in 1932 by each of the 14 industries included. The index for total wage and salary payments to wage earners reached the highest point during the 9 years in 1924 for 2 industries, F ig u r e 15.—g e n e r a l in d e x e s o f W a g e E a r n e r s E m plo y e d a n d W a g e a n d S a lary p a y m e n t s t o w a g e E a r n e r s in m a n u f a c t u r e o f Ir o n a n d s t e e l a n d T h eir p r o d u c t s , 1924 t o 1932 in 1925 for 2 industries, in 1926 for 2 industries, in 1927 for 1 industry, and in 1929 for 7 industries. The lowest point was reached in 1932. The index for average wage and salary payments reached the highest point during the 9 years in 1924 for 2 industries, in 1925 for 1 industry, in 1926 and 1927 for 1 industry, in 1928 for 6 industries, and in 1929 for 4 industries. The lowest point was reached in 1932. In 1932 the index for average number of wage earners employed fell below 50 for 7 of the 14 industries; the index for total wage and salary payments to wage earners fell below 30 for 6 industries; and the index for average wage and salary payments to wage earners fell below 50 for only 1 of the 14 industries. MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 69 Charts 16 and 17 show in graphic form indexes for average num ber of w age earners em ployed and total and average w age and salary F IG U R E 16.— I N D E X E S OF W A G E EAR N ERS EM P LO YED AND W A G E AND S A L A R Y P a y m e n t s t o w a g e E a r n e r s in s h o p P r o d u c t s , 1924 t o 1932 M a n u f a c t u r e o f f o u n d r y a n d m a c h in e - paym ents to w age earners, in m anufactures of foundry and m achineshop products and in steel works and rolling m ills, 1924 to 1932. T able 4 8 —INDEXES FOR AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EMPLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES Year 1924............ ............... 1925................... ........ 1926. .......................... 1927______________ 1928_____ _____ _ 1929______________ 1930........................... 1931.____ ________ 1932........................ Index numbers (1926=100.0) in specified industries Bolts, nuts, washers, and Blast furnace products Boilers and tanks rivets Wage and salary Wage and salary Wage and salary Wage Wage Wage payments payments payments earners earners earners (average) Total Average (average) Total Average (average) Total Average 101.0 95.1 100.0 135.9 91.7 90.2 79.1 42.2 44.1 103.0 98.2 100.0 136.8 97.7 88.3 83.3 42.1 31.1 101.9 103.2 100.0 100.5 106.5 97.9 105.3 99.6 70.4 95.4 110.8 100.0 105.3 100.4 112.7 102.5 75.1 54.3 91.7 104.0 100.0 103.7 104.5 116.8 98.1 63.1 36.6 96.1 93.9 100.0 98.5 104.0 103.6 95.7 84.0 67.5 90.8 104.6 100.0 88.9 95.7 103.6 78.0 61.1 47.5 87.9 106.1 100.0 86.9 98.9 102.7 67.1 43.0 24.6 96.8 101.4 100.0 97.8 103.4 99.2 86.1 70.3 51.8 70 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO T able 48.—INDEXES FOR AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES—Continued Index numbers (1926=100.0) in specified industries Calculating machines Cutlery and tools Forgings Year Wage and salary and salary Wage and salary Wage Wage Wage Wage payments payments payments earners earners earners (average) Total Average (average) Total Average (average) Total Average 95.0 1924 . ________ 89.2 98.0 99.1 104.3 96.1 105.6 92.8 85.7 112.4 112.9 93.8 94.4 1925 _____________ 100. 5 94.9 95.9 1926 __________ 79.5 104.1 85.6 83.4 97.4 76.3 1927______________ 96.1 96.0 106.1 90.1 106.9 84.3 110. 5 1928 __________ 111.7 114.5 102.4 84.9 98.4 74.4 116.0 1929 __________ 127.8 129.0 100.9 81.8 109.9 97.8 55.6 96.3 65.3 96. 4 1930 __________ 98.5 58.5 89.6 53.6 89.3 41.8 1931 ____________ 77.0 70.0 28.6 68.3 29.9 20.9 80.3 27.8 1932. ___________ 13.2 59.4 49.9 62.0 26.6 49.7 15.7 Foundry and machine- Gas engines and tractors Pumps and windmills shop products 97.8 87.5 84.1 93.1 96.1 105.8 103.7 95.4 1924 ___________ 97.5 98.9 96.1 91.7 90.4 91.6 93.9 98.7 1925______________ 97. 4 _________ 1926 89.6 94.4 97.3 93.7 99.3 99.9 96.8 1927 __ __________ ) 79.2 115.5 88.5 95.5 111. 7 97.6 104.7 1928 _____________ 86.4 89.6 104.6 149.8 156.0 104.2 103. 7 1929 ____________ 107.2 84.4 77.4 84.5 91.6 109.5 109.7 85.1 100.3 1930 _ ______ 100.9 63.2 46.0 76.0 78.0 73.7 75.5 60.6 96.3 1931_____________ 85.8 65.0 59.8 39.4 41.6 1932 _____________ 43.4 25.5 58.7 64.1 Steel works and rolling Safes and vaults Stoves and furnaces mills 98.6 85.3 85.1 99.8 114.0 115.1 1924 .. ________ 110.9 109.4 94.3 107.2 110.9 107.3 97.0 1925 ____________ 1926 _______ 89.2 94.0 94.0 99.3 105.9 106.9 100.9 1927 __________ 93.7 91.9 96.7 105.3 117.3 121. 5 103. 6 1928 _ __________ ) ) 94.2 82.3 95.9 101.5 105.8 124.1 126.6 77.6 1929 _ __________ 75.2 71.5 56.5 79.0 90.7 72.7 96.7 90.0 1930 ____________ 68.5 51.0 75.7 52.3 35.9 39.0 76.6 57.8 76.3 1931 __ ___ 63.2 24.5 12.5 50.9 40.3 22.3 55.3 38.6 1932 ___________ 61.2 Tin plate and terne plate Wire 79.3 84.7 106.9 182.1 183.3 100.7 1924 ______ ______ 97.0 1925 95.8 98.8 130.6 130.1 99.6 1926 ______ -87.9 82.8 94.6 123.0 119.9 97.5 1927 __________ 76.3 99.1 116.0 117.8 1928 ................. 77.0 98.9 110.4 114.4 103.7 1929 __________ 156.1 154.4 95.4 140.1 136.6 1930 ______ 69.0 65.7 97.6 94. 7 59.3 47.0 79.2 1931 __________ 90.9 54.6 35.2 64.5 72.3 50.5 69.8 1932 __________ i Omitted as total wage and salary payments were extremely low as compared to previous and succeeding years but unable to make further verification as original schedules have been destroyed. 100.06 100.0 100.0 100. 101.10 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 102.80 100.0 100. 101.2 68.8 102.06 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. (0 0 120.8 112.1 102.2 66.0 110. 101.10 100.0 110. 100.80 100.0 100.60 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100. 100. 0 88.6 0 0 100.8 101. 0 100. 100.10 102.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.6 86.1 Conclusion I n t h e m anufacture of iron and steel and their products during the 17 years, 1916-32, em ploym ent for w age earners reached the peak in 1920. E m p loym en t w as only slightly less in 1918 and 1917, w hich cam e second and third in order. T he year 1929 w as fourth in average num ber em ployed. T w o m ajor reductions in average num ber em ployed occurred, the first follow ing 1920 and the second fol, low ing 1929. Lesser reductions in em ploym ent occurred in 19191924, and 1927. T otal w age and salary paym ents to w age earners reached the highest am ount during the 17 years in 1920. T he year 1929 show ed MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 71 the second highest amount, 1923 stood third, and 1926 fourth in order. The total for 1929 was $82,276,871 below the total for 1920 and $26,094,411 above the total for 1923. Major reductions in total wage and salary payments occurred following the 2 peak years. Lesser reductions occurred in 1924 and 1927. Average wage and salary payments to wage earners during the 17 years were highest in 1920 and second highest in 1929, with 1928 and 1925 third and fourth in order. Major decreases in average wage and 17.—In d e x e s o f W a g e E a r n e r s E m plo y e d a n d W a g e a n d S a lary P a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s in S te el W o r k s a n d r o l l in g M il l s , 1924 to 1932 F ig u r e salary payments to wage earners followed the two peak years with lesser reductions in 1924, 1926, and 1927. Table 49 shows for the manufacture of iron and steel and their products and for each of the several industries classified under that heading, the change in employment of wage earners and in total and average wage and salary payments to wage earners, from 1920 to 1921 and from 1929 to 1932. Manufacture of iron and steel and their products shows a decrease in average number of wage earners employed of 116,930, or 43.6 per cent, from 1920 to 1921, and a decrease of 139,206, or 56.5 percent, from 1929 to 1932. The decrease in total wage and salary payments 72 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO to wage earners was $301,813,850 or 60.1 percent, from 1920 to 1921, and $317,298,054, or 75.5 percent, from 1929 to 1932. The decrease in average wage and salary payments to wage earners was $547, or 29.2 percent, from 1920 to 1921, and $746, or 43.8 percent, from 1929 to 1932. Of the 16 industries included and the group “iron and steel and their products, other”, the decrease in average number of wage earners employed exceeded 50 percent for 6 industries from 1920 to 1921, and for 10 industries and the group “other” from 1929 to 1932. The decrease was less than 25 percent for three industries from 1920 to 1921 and for one from 1929 to 1932. One industry shows an increase from 1929 to 1932 in average number employed. Manufacture of tin plate and terne plate shows the highest percent of change during the first period, and safes and vaults during the second period. Total wage and salary payments to wage earners declined more than 60 percent for 9 industries from 1920 to 1921, and for 13 industries and the group “ other” from 1929 to 1932. The decline was less than 25 percent for two industries from 1920 to 1921. From 1929 to 1932, one industry shows a slight increase but no other industry shows a decline of less than 50 percent. Average wage and salary payments to wage earners declined more than 25 percent for seven industries from 1920 to 1921 and for all industries except one from 1929 to 1932. During the earlier period the average increased for one industry. T able 4 9 —AMOUNT AND PERCENT OF DECREASE IN AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EMPLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS, IN M ANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PROD UCTS FROM 1920 TO 1921 AND FROM 1929 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES Period and industry Wage earners wage and salary Average wage and (average num Totalpayments salary payments ber) Number Percent Amount of Percent Amount Percent (de of de of de of de of de crease) crease decrease crease crease crease 1920 to 1921 Blast-furnace products....................................... 4,521 Boilers and tanks________________________ 1,424 Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets_______ ____ 2,209 Calculating machines_____________ ________ 3,378 Cutlery and tools___________ _____________ 2, 512 Doors and shutters, steel__________________ 174 Forgings__________ __________ ___________ 4,240 Foundry and machine-shop products_______ 54,930 Gas engines and tractors________________ _ 1,983 Pumps and windmills____ __ ________ . 352 Safes and vaults. _ __________ ____ _______ 378 Steel works and rolling mills. ... _______ 28,141 Stoves and furnaces__________________ ____ 3, 361 Tin plate and terne plate....... ................... ........ 3,358 Wire_____ ____________________________ 2,703 Wirework, including wire rope and cable.......... 140 Iron and steel and their products, other.......... 2,795 T o ta l_________ _________________ _ 1116,930 1 * 54.2 55.3 39.9 35.9 50.3 33.4 58.6 46.8 61.9 15.9 12.8 39.2 29.6 63.8 39.5 20.8 34.7 43.6 $13,403,915 3,175,420 3,902,416 6,892,129 4,915,091 318, 654 8,484,986 117,694,065 3, 747, 327 950, 368 1,013,024 104,683,168 8,438, 583 8,130, 577 9,762, 495 130,837 6,170, 795 301,813,850 68.0 67.9 54.5 43.9 65.7 40.9 71.6 60.1 68.2 29.5 23.3 62.2 47.4 69.5 65.1 14.9 49.0 60.1 $713 511 313 208 464 169 516 416 283 235 177 887 397 351 928 2 97 343 547 30.2 28.1 24.2 12.5 31.0 11.3 31.5 24.9 16.5 16.2 12.1 37.8 25.3 15.8 42.4 27.4 22.0 29.2 The total reported by industries exceeds the total for iron and steel and their products by 331 in 1931, i.ncr§<^s§, 73 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 T able 4 9 —AMOUNT AND PERCENT OF DECREASE IN AVERAGE NU M BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS, IN M ANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL AND TH EIR PROD UCTS FROM 1920 TO 1921 AND FROM 1920 TO 1932, BY IN DUSTRIES—Continued Period and industry Wage earners wage and salary Average wage and (average num Total payments salary payments ber) Number Percent Amount of Percent Amount Percent (de of de of de of de of de crease) crease decrease crease crease crease 1929 to 1932 Blast-furnace products............... ........................ 2,865 51.1 Boilers and tanks_________ _________ _____ 1,435 51.8 Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets------------------ 2,843 54.1 Calculating machines_____________________ 3,769 37.1 Cutlery and tools_________________________ 1,863 64.3 245 33.2 Doors and shutters, steel---------------------------Forgings_________________________________ 2,607 67.2 Foundry and machine-shop products ---------- 57, 659 59.5 Gas engines and tractors---------------------------- 2,013 60.1 615 24.8 Pumps and windmills_______ _ ---------Safes and vaults_________ _______ ______ 1,254 70.2 Steel works and rolling mills----------------------- 47,063 58.0 Stoves and furnaces----------------------------------- 5,079 49.1 Tin plate and terne plate---------------------------- 4,970 65.0 34.5 Wire______________________________ ____ 1,480 Wirework, including wire rope and cable. ... 2 172 2 24.2 Iron and steel and their products, other------- . 3, 618 55.4 Total_____ _____________________ _ 139, 206 56.5 $6,561,920 3,114,475 5,332,848 9,777,136 3,525,390 832,815 5,492, 617 119,708,198 4,125, 242 1,934,064 2,400, 238 122,100, 279 10, 512,612 11,066, 290 4,062,042 2 27,811 6, 779, 699 317, 298,054 64.8 68.6 76.0 61.4 83.8 68.0 84.1 77.3 74.7 53.5 83.9 78.0 69.5 77.2 55.9 2 2.4 72.1 75.5 $507 571 638 605 795 866 866 702 604 556 736 920 5S6 653 553 285 538 746 28.1 34.8 47.8 38.6 54.8 52.1 51.4 43.9 36.7 38.2 45.9 47.7 40.1 34.8 32.6 17.5 37.3 43.8 2Increase. M a n u fa ctu re o f F ood an d K in d red P rod u cts R e p o r t s compiled from practically all establishments in Ohio employing three or more persons in the manufacture of food and kindred products show a reduction from 1929 to 1932 of 13.9 percent in average number of persons employed, a reduction of 32 percent in total wage and salary payments, and a reduction of 21.1 percent in the average wage and salary payments. During the 17 years covered by this study the average number of employees (wage earners; bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; and salespeople—not traveling) reached the highest point in 1930 and total wage and salary payments reached the •highest amount in 1929. The average wage and salary payment to the three general occupation groups combined reached the highest amount in 1928, when it was $1,395 or $9 above 1929. The average in 1932 was $1,093, which was lower than in any year since 1919. Total wage and salary payments to each general occupation group in the manufacture of food and kindred products are shown in table 50 for the 17 years, 1916 to 1932. Payments to superintendents and managers are shown in this table, but data for that group are not included in any other tables or computations in this study. In their annual returns to the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics, employers were requested to report for the year total wage and salary payments in dollars, including bonuses and premiums and value of board and 74 AVEKAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO lodging furnished. Employers were instructed not to include salaries of officials. Total wage and salary payments to the three general occupation groups combined (omitting superintendents and managers) increased each year from 1917 to 1920, decreased in 1921 and 1922, increased each year from 1923 to 1929, and decreased in 1930, 1931, and 1932. The great increase in total wage and salary payments to wage earners from 1929 to 1930 and the corresponding decrease to salespeople were occasioned by the change of classification by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics of bakery-wagon drivers from “ salespeople ” to “wage earners”, beginning in 1930. Table 5 0 —TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN M ANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Total wage and salary payments to— Year Number of estab lishments 1916_____________ 1917_____________ 1918_____________ 1919_____________ 1920_____________ 1921_____________ 1922_____________ 1923_____________ 1924_____________ 1925_____________ 1926_____________ 1927_____________ 1928_____________ 1929_____________ 1930_____________ 1931_____________ 1932_____________ 1,291 1,374 1,439 1, 475 1,601 1,426 1, 255 1,278 1, 366 1, 433 1, 498 1,601 1, 617 1, 636 1, 715 1, 685 1, 600 Wage earners $16,235,629 19,074, 215 25,327, 701 31,914,316 39,042,634 33,856,893 31,573,015 36, 236, 747 36,792, 791 37,566, 715 39,308, 242 40,154, 757 42,167, 215 44, 476, 748 i 49,382, 918 41, 570,846 33, 540, 768 Bookkeep ers, stenog Salespeople raphers, (not and office traveling) clerks $1,875,961 2,278,716 2, 698,833 3, 755,945 4,464, 524 4,688,149 4,467, 679 4, 742,100 5,058, 752 4,959, 436 5,157, 582 5,273,928 5,440,098 5,833, 977 6,043,039 5, 424, 379 4, 375, 497 $1,820,146 2,083,681 2, 623,167 3,117,622 4,363, 517 3, 919,480 4,182,688 4,487,112 5,459,096 6,489, 547 6, 904,109 7,168,164 7,389, 529 8,086,751 i 2, 546, 940 2, 536, 266 1, 765, 779 Total $19,931, 736 23, 436, 612 30, 649, 701 38,787,883 47,870, 675 42,464, 522 40, 223, 382 45, 465, 959 47, 310,639 49,015, 698 51,369, 933 52, 596,849 54,996, 842 58,397,476 57,972, 897 49, 531,491 39, 682,044 Superin tendents and managers Grand total $1,423,307 $21,355,043 1,830,166 25. 266, 778 2,407, 717 33,057, 418 3,024,171 41,812,054 3,419,168 51, 289,843 3,355,903 45,820,425 3, 291,830 43, 515, 212 3,535, 578 49,001, 537 3,716, 263 51,026,902 3,879, 589 52,895,287 4, 218, 742 55, 588,675 4, 224,092 56,820,941 3,993, 353 58,990,195 4, 578,972 62,976,448 4, 561, 737 62, 534,634 3, 954,936 53,486,427 3, 247, 201 42, 929, 245 1 Classification of bakery-wagon drivers changed by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics from “ sales people” to “ wage earners”, beginning in 1930. Table 51 shows the average number of persons reported employed in each of the three general occupation groups and in the three com bined, in the manufacture of food and kindred products. The general course of the average number employed was the same as the general course of total wage and salary payments (table 50) except that the average number of employees increased in 1922, decreased in 1927, and reached the highest point in 1930. The average in 1929 was second highest and in 1931 third highest for the 17-year period. The average in 1932 was the lowest since 1924. The large increase from 1929 to 1930 in wage earners and the corresponding decrease in salespeople were occasioned, as already noted, by a change of classification of bakery-wagon drivers. 75 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 Table 51 .—AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED IN THE M ANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND K INDRED PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Number of employees Number of estab lishments Year 1916_____________________________ 1917_____________________________ 1918_____________________________ 1919_____________________________ 1920_____________________________ 1921___ ___________ ______________ 1922_____________________________ 1923____ _____ ___________________ 1924_____________________________ 1925_____________________________ 1926_____________________________ 1927________ ____ ________________ 1928__________ ____ ______________ 1929___ ____ _____________________ 1930____ _____ ___________________ 1931_____________________________ 1932_____________________________ 1,289 1,364 1,439 1,475 1,601 1,426 1,243 1, 278 1,366 1,433 1,498 1,601 1, 617 1,636 1,715 1,685 1,600 Wage earners 24,074 26,374 27,933 30,067 30,335 27,706 28,058 29,336 29,323 30,007 32,241 30,485 31,409 33,422 i 36,237 34,302 31,442 Bookkeepers, Salespeople stenogra travel phers, and (noting) office clerks 2,306 2,738 2,564 3,182 3,306 3,390 3,138 3,350 3,291 3,459 3, 555 3,606 3, 617 3,893 4,098 3, 851 3,372 1,996 2,097 2,072 2,313 2, 572 2, 558 2,885 2,992 3,364 3,809 4, 216 4,406 4,392 4,821 i 1,949 2,051 1,481 All em ployees 28,376 31, 209 32, 569 35,561 36, 213 33, 654 34,082 35, 677 35,978 37,275 40,011 38,496 39,418 42,137 42, 284 40, 204 36, 295 1 Classification of bakery-wagon drivers changed by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics from ‘*salespeople *’ to “wage earners ”, beginning in 1930. Table 52 shows the computed average wage and salary payments to each of the three general occupation groups and to the three com bined, in the manufacture of food and kindred products, for each year from 1916 to 1932. The average wage and salary payment to wage earners increased each year from 1917 to 1920, then alternately decreased and increased until 1931 and 1932, which both showed decreases. The 1930 in crease in average to wage earners and decrease to salespeople were due, doubtless, to the change of classification of bakery-wagon drivers. The average wage and salary payment to bookkeepers, stenogra phers, and office clerks increased each year from 1917 to 1922, de creased in 1923, increased in 1924, decreased in 1925, increased in 1926, 1927, and 1928, and decreased each year from 1929 to 1932. Considering the three general occupation groups combined, the highest average wage and salary payment was reported in 1928, with 1929 and 1930 second and third in order. The average in 1932 was lower than in any year except the first four (1916 to 1919) of the period covered. 14 0 4 4 6°— 35- 6 76 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO T able 5 2 —AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN THE M ANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND K INDRED PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Average wage and salary payments to— Bookkeepers, Salespeople Year stenogra Wage All em travel phers, and (noting) earners ployees office clerks $674 $814 $912 $702 1916_____________________________ i 1,289 723 832 994 751 1917_____________________________ 2 1,364 1,439 907 1,053 1, 266 941 1918_____________________________ 1,475 1,061 1,348 1,180 1,091 1919_____________________________ 1, 696 1, 601 1, 287 1,322 1,350 1920_____________________________ 1,426 1, 222 1,383 1,532 1921_____________________________ 1,262 1,125 1,424 1922_____________________________ 3 1, 243 1, 450 1,180 1, 278 1, 235 1,416 1923. ___________________________ 1, 500 1, 274 1, 366 1, 255 1, 623 1,315 1, 537 1924_____________________________ 1, 252 1,433 1,434 1, 704 1925_____________________________ 1,315 1,498 1, 219 1,451 1,628 1926_____________________________ 1, 284 1,463 1,601 1,317 1,627 1,366 1927_____________________________ 1, 343 1,682 1,617 1,504 1928_____________________________ 1,395 1,636 1,331 1,499 1,677 1,386 1929_____________________________ 4 1, 363 1,715 1,475 4 1, 307 1930_____________________________ 1, 371 1,685 1, 212 1931_____________________________ 1,409 1, 237 1,232 1932_____________________________ 1,067 1, 298 1,192 1,600 1,093 1 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 2. 2 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 10. 3 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 12. 4 Classification of bakery-wagon drivers changed by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics from “ salespeople’ ' to ‘‘wage earners”, beginning in 1930. Number of estab lishments Chart 18 shows graphically average wage and salary payments to the three general occupation groups combined. F ig u r e 18.—A v er a g e a n n u a l W a g e a n d S a la r y P a y m e n t s in t h e M a n u f a c t u r e o f F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s , 1916 to 1932, a ll E m plo y e es Fluctuation in employment of wage earners in the manufacture of food and kindred products is shown in table 53. Fluctuation from 77 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 the maximum within a year varied from 14.8 percent in 1932 to 27.4 percent in 1925. The fluctuation falls between 20 and 25 percent in 11 of the 17 years. Extreme seasonal fluctuations occur in two industries—canning and preserving and in manufacture of sugar. In bakeries and in flour and grist mills there is comparatively slight seasonaLfluctuation. For the industry group, maximum employment for wage earners occurred in September in every year except 1922. Minimum em ployment fell in 1 of the first 4 months of the year, most frequently in April. T able 53.—FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND K INDRED PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932 Month 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 January__________________ February________________ _ March___ ________________ April---------------------------------M ay______________________ June.. ------------------------ _ July_______ _____ _________ August------------------------------September___ _____ ________ October_________ ______ November-------------------------December_________________ Maximum_________________ Minimum_________________ Variation from maximum: Number_______________ Percent________________ Establishments reporting------ 21,769 21,786 21,890 22, 021 21,174 23,005 23,199 25,068 28,184 27,418 27,155 25,220 28,184 21,769 6,415 22.8 1,289 24,124 24,010 24, 233 23,964 24,250 25, 652 25, 760 26, 393 30, 755 29,921 29, 234 28,193 30,755 23,964 6,791 22.1 1, 364 25,030 25,343 25,804 25,865 26,111 28,329 27,352 30,565 31, 503 29,811 29, 582 29,904 31,503 25,030 6,473 20.5 1,439 28,136 26,843 26,396 26, 459 27,036 30,183 29,947 32, 348 35, 224 33,133 33, 256 31,843 35,224 26,396 8,828 25.1 1,475 29,582 27,947 27, 581 27, 423 27,973 30, 529 31,125 32,123 36, 378 33,600 31,321 28,438 36,378 27,423 8,955 24.6 1,601 26,648 25,699 25,674 25,375 25,689 27,675 26,350 29,005 31, 725 30, 510 29, 833 28, 289 31,725 25,375 6,350 20.0 1,426 25,003 25,577 25, 425 25.304 25, 295 27,665 26,768 29,004 31,638 32,752 31, 686 30,581 32,752 25,003 7,749 23.7 1,243 26,236 26,462 26,452 26,038 26,754 29 459 28,782 31,126 35,283 33, 205 31,927 30,302 35,283 26,038 9,245 26.2 1,278 27,933 28,081 28,004 27, 597 27,627 28,777 29, 534 29,133 33, 668 32, 236 30, 250 29,036 33,668 27,597 6,071 18.0 1,366 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 27,705 27, 530 27,264 26,982 27,913 30, 593 29, 324 31,865 37,157 32,155 31, 219 30,376 37,157 26,982 10,175 27.4 1,433 29,900 30,018 30,236 29, 540 30,956 32, 269 31,901 33, 403 37,934 35,107 33,678 31,945 37,934 29,540 8,394 22.1 1,498 28,061 28,342 28,288 28, 265 28,809 30, 575 30, 231 30, 547 35, 576 34, 462 32,199 30,460 35,576 28,061 7,515 21.1 1,601 28,373 28,888 29,171 29, 252 29,752 31,629 31,803 32,116 37,052 34,462 33,028 31,377 37,052 28,373 8,679 23.4 1,617 30, 582 30,771 30,921 30,990 31,755 34,094 33,872 34,356 39, 538 36,631 34,721 32,835 39,538 30,582 8,956 22.7 1,636 34, 514 34,666 34,459 34,710 35, 372 36, 289 35, 605 35,877 42, 259 39, 687 36, 425 34,978 42,259 34,459 7,800 18.5 1,715 32,468 32,482 32,305 32,453 33, 284 34, 754 33,929 35, 512 41, 358 36,054 33,865 33,159 41,358 32,305 9,053 21.9 1,685 30, 367 30,227 30, 228 30, 214 30,601 31,140 30, 659 31,440 35,462 33,854 31,945 31,166 35,462 30,214 5,248 14.8 1,600 Month January------------------- ---------February. _ __________ _____ M arch................ .................... April______________________ M ay----------------------------------J u n e ..------ ----------------------July_______________________ August—. ______ __________ September--------- ----------------October........................................ November___ ____ _________ December__________________ Maximum__________________ Minimum----- ------ --------------Variation from maximum: Number. _______ ____ Percent-------------------- ----Establishments reporting------- Industries in the Manufacture of Food and Kindred Products I study several of the smaller industries classified by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics under the manufacture of food and kindred products have been combined under “Food and kindred n t h is 78 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO products, other.” The manufacturing industries combined are: Cor dials, sirups, and flavoring extracts; oleomargarine; sugar; vinegar and cider; and food and kindred products, not otherwise classified. Table 54 shows average wage and salary payments to wage earners in each of eight industries and in the group “Food and kindred prod ucts, other.” Average wage and salary payments were computed by dividing the total wage and salary payments for a given year by the average number employed. These averages should not be taken as exact measures but as approximate figures. The average wage and salary payment to wage earners was highest in 1920 for flour and grist mills and food and kindred products, other, in 1921 for confectionery, in 1925 for slaughtering and meat packing, in 1926 for food preparations, in 1928 for bakery products, in 1929 for canning and preserving, and in 1930 for coffee, spices, and peanut roasting and grinding, and dairy products and ice cream. The lowest wage and salary payment was in 1916 for all industries. It should again be emphasized that average wage and salary pay ments as here computed do not show full-time earnings, as data con cerning part-time and overtime work are not available. The changes from year to year, also, do not afford any measure of changes in wage or salary scales or rates of pay. Table 54.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYMENTS TOWAGE EARNERS IN M ANU FACTURE OF FOOD AND K INDRED PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES Year Coffee, Flour Slaugh spices, Dairy mill Canning and Food tering and pea Confec products Bakery and pre nuts: prepara grist and products serving roasting tionery and ice mill meat cream products tions packing and grinding 1916—........................ $729 1917- .................... 745 1918........................... 931 1919. ............... .......... 1,075 1920______________ 1,292 1921______________ 1,236 1922.......... ........... (2) 1923-............... ........... 1,335 1924_____________ _ 1,251 1925______________ 1,285 1926-_-........-............ 1,304 1927._____________ 1,294 1928........................... 1,466 1929_.......................... 1,309 1930-................... . 4 1,380 1931______ ____ _ 1,216 1932. ______ _______ 1,095 $414 483 605 713 832 1545 (2) 744 732 722 750 726 678 839 699 627 494 $572 $526 702 607 714 723 705 859 842 1,058 1,035 i 1,039 (2) (2) 809 1,058 1,055 873 1,074 867 1,090 868 981 866 921 1,044 1,041 893 1,110 880 924 797 671 937 $713 911 1,014 1,232 1,387 1,544 (2) 1,470 1,419 1,375 1,559 1,570 1,498 1,617 1,635 1,461 1,266 $730 785 980 1,115 1,589 1,202 (2) 1,273 1,302 1,325 1,402 1,346 1,359 1,323 1,309 1,159 1,163 $651 817 965 1,201 1,516 1,285 (2) 1,393 1,390 1,361 1,550 1,506 1,429 1,418 1,336 1,290 777 $809 1750 1,067 1,272 1,473 1,375 C2) 1,396 1,467 1,510 (3) 1,455 1,433 1,480 1,491 1,340 1,139 Food and kindred prod ucts, other $657 750 985 1,175 1,467 1,062 (2) 1,122 1,243 1,241 1,135 1,405 1,261 1,270 1,294 1,057 1,073 1 In accord with Ohio Division of Labor Statistics tabulations; further verification is impossible as original schedules have been destroyed. 2 Not tabulated by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics for individual industries. 3 Omitted; owing to probable error. 4 Classification of bakery-wagon drivers changed by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics from “ salespeople ” to “ wage earners”, beginning In 1930. MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 79 Indexes for Employment and Wage and Salary Payments I for average number employed and for total and average wage and salary payments in the manufacture of food and kindred products are shown in table 55 and chart 19. The base for these indexes is 1926. The years covered are 1924 to 1932, during which period reports were requested each year by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics from all establishments employing 3 or more persons. Indexes are shown for all employees, which is the total of the three general occupation groups—wage earners; bookkeepers, stenograndexes F ig u r e 19.— in d e x e s o f A v er a g e N u m b e r E m plo y ed a n d T o t a l a n d A v e r a g e W a g e a n d sa l a r y P a y m e n t s in t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f F o o d a n d K in d r e d p r o d u c t s , 1924 t o 1932 (1926=100) phers, and office clerks; and salespeople (not traveling)—and also for wage earners. The indexes for wage earners are affected by the change in 1930, by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics, in the clas sification of bakery-wagon drivers from salespeople to wage earners. Considering the three general occupation groups combined, the index for average number employed exceeded the base year (1926) in 1929, 1930, and 1931, and fell to 90.7 in 1932. The indexes for both total wage and salary payments and average wage and salary pay ments exceeded the base year in 1927, 1928, 1929, and 1930, and fell to 77.2 and 85.1, respectively, in 1932. 80 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO T able 5 5 .—INDEXES OF AVERAGE NUM BER EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN M ANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND K IND RED PRODUCTS, 1924 TO 1932 Index numbers (1926=100.0) of— Year All employees Wage earners wage Average Average Total and salary wage number and salary payments payment wage Average Average Total and salary wage number and salary payments payment 89.9 93.2 100.0 96. 2 98. 5 105. 3 105.7 100.5 90.7 1924 __ ___________________ 1925____________ __________ 1926 . ___ __________ 1927 - __________________ 1928 ____ _______________ 1929 - ________________ 1930 ____ ______ ___ 1931____ __________ . -1932 _____________________ 92.1 95.4 100.0 102.4 107.1 113.7 112.9 96.4 77.2 102.4 102.4 100.0 106.4 108.6 107.9 106.8 96.0 85.1 90.9 93.1 100.0 94. 6 97.4 103.7 i 112.4 106.4 97.5 93. 6 95.6 100.0 102. 2 107.3 113.1 1 125. 6 105. 8 85.3 103.0 102.7 100.0 108.0 110.2 109.2 i 111.8 99.4 87.5 1 Classification of bakery-wagon drivers changed by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics from“ salespeople ” to “wage earners”, beginning in 1930. Table 56 shows indexes for each of seven industries. Slaughtering and meat packing is omitted owing to the probable error in data for 1926. In 1932, the indexes for average number of wage earners em ployed stood above the base year in 3 of the 6 industries for which data were available for that year, but in manufacture of confectionery it fell to 65.5. The indexes in 1932 for total and average wage and salary payments show the greatest decline in food preparations, in confectionery, and in canning and preserving. T able 56.—INDEXES FOR AVERAGE N U M B E R OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND K INDRE D PRODUCTS, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES [1926=100.0] Bakery products Aver age wage and salary pay ment Canning and pre serving Aver age wage and salary pay ment Coffee, spices, and peanuts: Roasting and grinding Aver age wage and salary pay ment Confectionery Year Wage earn ers (aver age) Total wage and salary pay ments Total wage and salary pay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment 1924__________ 1925__________ 1926__________ 1927__________ 1928__________ 1929__________ 1930__________ 1931__________ 1932__________ 97.8 98.8 100.0 108.6 112.5 120.1 0) 0) 0) 93.8 95.9 89.8 87.7 97.6 109.8 106.2 96.8 94.5 95.2 97.3 98.5 114.2 109.9 96.3 118.5 116.8 98.5 99.0 98.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 107.8 99.2 86.0 83.2 96.8 127.4 114.7 90.0 84.1 83.9 126.4 112.4 90.8 82.1 90.4 137.5 131.7 95.8 83.0 88.1 120.5 100.4 109.1 122.0 111.9 136.5 130.5 95.5 92.5 95.2 98.9 93.2 106.3 108.3 101.8 80.3 81.4 (0 (9 106.2 (9 0) 115.2 96.4 83.6 89.9 76.3 84.8 75.7 69.5 64.3 65.9 100.2 86.2 86.0 65.5 50.7 97.7 h 0) 100.6 99.9 100.0 99.8 106.1 102.9 101.4 91.8 77.3 i Omitted. See note to table 50. Wage earn ers (aver age) Total wage and salary pay ments Wage earn ers (aver age) Total wage and salary pay ments Wage earn ers (aver age) 81 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 T able 5 6 —INDEXES FOR AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND K INDRED PRODUCTS, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES— Continued Flour mill and grist mill Food preparations products Total Average Total Average Total Average Wage wage wage wage wage wage Wage wage Wage earners and earners earners and and and and and (average) salary salary (average) salary salary (average) salary salary payments payment payments payment payments payment Dairy products and ice cream Year 1924______ 1925______ 1926______ 1927______ 1928______ 1929______ 1930______ 1931______ 1932______ 90.2 96.9 100.0 106.5 105.2 113.4 120.4 118.4 103.6 82.1 85.4 100.0 107.3 101.1 117.7 126.3 101.9 84.1 91.0 88.2 100.0 100.7 96.1 103.7 104.9 93.7 81.2 100.3 91.3 100.0 99.2 98.5 96.2 94.3 88.9 106. 4 93.2 86.3 100.0 95.2 95.5 90.8 88.1 73.5 88.3 92.9 94.5 100.0 96.0 96.9 94.4 93.4 82.7 83.0 114.5 112.8 100.0 107.5 112.2 106.5 117.1 117.8 84.0 M a n u fa ctu re o f L u m b er an d L u m b er P rod u cts 102.6 99.1 100.0 104.4 103.5 97.4 100.9 98.0 42.1 89.7 87.8 100.0 97.2 92.2 91.5 86.2 83.2 50.1 In manufacture of lumber and lumber products in Ohio, ac cording to reports from practically all establishments employing three or more persons, the average number of persons employed declined 12,607, or 47.4 percent, from 1929 to 1932; total wage and salary payments decreased $22,658,765, or 64.2 percent; and the average wage and salary payment decreased $424, or 31.9 percent. During the 17 years covered by this study the average number of employees (wage earners; bookkeepers, stenographers, office clerks; and salespeople—not traveling) reached the highest point in 1917, and both total and average wage and salary payments reached the highest amount in 1925. In 1932, the average number of persons employed and total wage and salary payments were at the lowest point during the 17 years and the average wage and salary payment was the lowest since 1917. Total wage and salary payments are shown in table 57 for the 17 years, 1916-32. Payments to superintendents and managers are included in this table, but data for that group are not included else where in this study. In their annual returns to the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics employers are requested to report for the year total wage and salary payments in dollars, including bonuses and premiums and value of board and lodging furnished. Employers were instructed not to include salaries of officials. Total wage and salary payments to wage earners reached the highest amount in 1925, to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks in 1927, and to salespeople (not traveling) in 1929. Total wage and salary payments in 1932 to wage earners were the lowest for any year during the period covered; to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks the lowest since 1918; and to salespeople the lowest since 1922. the 82 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO Table 57.—TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN THE M ANUFACTURE OF LUM BER AND LUM BER PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Year 1916............................ 1917.......... .................. 1918.......... .................. 1919______________ 1920.......... ............... 1921.......................... 1922______________ 1923............................ 1924_____ _________ 1925............................ 1926................. .......... 1927............................ 1928............................ 1929............................ 1930............................. 1931............................. 1932.................... . Number of estab lishments 867 901 1913 3 923 1,003 914 933 1,007 1,130 1,175 1,206 1,238 1,215 1,231 1,192 1,104 999 Wage earners $17,562,961 20,967,472 22,528,312 25,501,658 34,087,906 25, 013,240 25, 016,955 32,751,129 30,825,527 36,067,047 31,641,184 32,452,919 30,657,439 30,401,272 22,889,967 16,332,758 10,215,185 Total wage and salary payments to— Bookkeep Sales Superin ers, stenog people tendents (not Total raphers, and man and office travel agers clerks ing) $1,712,886 $337,982 $19,613,829 1,919,356 368,303 23, 255,131 1,722,879 277,708 24,528,899 2,209,712 283, 818 27,995,188 2,720,582 337,815 37,146,303 2,720,895 406,120 28,140,255 2,578,035 406,251 28, 001,241 3,091,756 592,431 36,435,316 3,274, 386 641, 293 34,741,206 3,866, 868 711,229 40,645,144 3,677,859 782,189 36,101,232 4,178,851 710, 020 37,341, 790 3,759,316 805,939 35, 222,694 4,025,948 869,472 35,296,692 3,704,156 559,999 27,154,122 2,871, 244 536,340 19,740,342 1,985,314 437,428 12,637,927 1Details by industries total 917 establishments. $1,117,267 1,254,873 1,306, 332 1,560, 221 2,054,180 1,931, 289 2,108,637 2,701,727 2,897,813 2,932, 257 2,908, 529 3,147,804 3,114,850 3,040,814 2,791,969 2, 234, 576 1,567,465 Grand total $20, 731,096 24,510,004 25,835, 231 29,555,409 39, 200,483 30, 071,544 30,109,878 39,137,043 37,639, 019 43,577,401 39,009,761 40,489,594 38,337,544 38,337, 506 29,946,091 21,974,918 14, 205, 392 * Details by industries total 924 establishments. The average number of persons reported employed in each of the three general occupation groups is shown in table 58. The highest average number of wage earners was employed in 1917 and the lowest in 1932. The average in that occupation group showed a decline each year since 1927. The highest average number of bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks was employed in 1929 and the lowest in 1932. Comparatively few salespeople (not traveling) are reported in the manufacture of lumber and lumber products. T able 5 8 .—AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES') REPORTED EM PLOYED IN THE M ANUFACTURE OF LUM BER AND LUM BER PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Year 1916...................................................................... ............... 1917.............................. ..................................................... . 1918............................................. ........................................ 1919...................................... .......... ..................................... 1920................................ ...................................................... 1921........................................................................................ 1922.............................. ......................................................... 1923.............................. ........................................................ 1924.............................. .......... .............................................. 1925...............................................................___................... 1926.............................. ................................................. 1927...................................................................................... 1928....................................................................... ............. 1929___ _______________________ _________ _______ 1930___ ___________________ ____ ____ __________ 1931....................................................................................... 1932............ .......................................................................... 1 Details by industries total 8 less. Number of estab lish ments 860 899 913 923 1,003 914 932 1,007 1,130 1,175 1,206 1,238 1,215 1,231 1,192 1,104 999 ]Number of?employees3 Book keepers, Sales stenog people All em Wage (not earners raphers, and travel ployees office ing) clerks 28,452 1,975 197 30,623 28,817 2,045 245 31,108 25,268 1,619 144 27,031 25,277 1,707 146 27,130 26,828 1,867 143 28,839 J 20,842 1,761 164 22, 767 22,974 1,794 165 24,932 26,843 2,044 163 29,050 25,307 2,024 259 27,590 26,329 2,289 260 28,878 25,014 2,258 278 27,549 25,461 2,312 282 28,055 23,949 2,276 288 26,512 23,844 2,399 344 26,587 19,426 2,157 241 21,824 15, 602 1,860 249 17,711 12, 255 1,461 264 13,980 M ANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 83 More than 85 percent of the employees in the manufacture of lumber and lumber products each year were classified as wage earners. Table 59 shows for that occupation group the fluctuation in employment from 1916 to 1932. The fluctuation from maximum within a year varied from 6.5 percent in 1926 to 23.3 percent in 1922. The fluctuation was less than 10 percent in 8 of the 17 years. Maximum employment during the 17-year period was 29,911 in November 1916 and minimum employment 11,379 in December 1932. T able 59.—FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEX ES)IN THE M ANUFACTURE OF LUM BER AND LUM BER PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932 Month January..................................... February................................... March........................................ April......................................... May............................................ June.................................-......... July.......................-.................... August....................................... September................................ October...................................... November............................. December.................................. Maximum_________ ____ Minimum____________ ____ Variation from maximum: Number..................... ....... Percent-----------------------Establishments reporting___ Month January__________________ February................................... March......................................... April............................................ May............................................. June______________________ July.............................................. August........................................ September.................................. October....................................... November................................. December................................. . Maximum.................................. Minimum.................................. Variation from maximum: Number............................... Percent................. .............. Establishments reporting___ 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 26,343 28,793 24,608 22,533 27,761 19,295 19,666 27,190 29,119 25,161 23,023 27,148 20,611 20,415 27,942 29,617 25,875 22,944 27,735 20,716 21,145 28,173 28,859 25,449 22,678 27,396 20,853 21,762 27,743 29,555 25, 287 24,800 27,245 20,842 22,550 28,784 29,659 25,989 25,689 27,915 21,677 23,184 28, 661 29,793 26,550 26,192 27,878 20,354 23,615 28,690 28,995 26,062 26,414 27,627 20,362 23,626 29,094 28,383 24,863 26,293 27,133 20,779 23,982 29,096 27,837 24,720 27,212 26,122 20,843 24,764 29,911 27,962 24,370 27,630 25,105 21,882 25,349 25,627 29,793 27,234 24,283 27,911 22,876 25,627 29,911 29,793 26,550 27,911 27,915 26,343 27,234 24,283 22,533 22,876 19,295 19,666 3,568 2,559 2,267 5,378 5,039 2,593 5,961 23.3 8.5 19.3 18.1 11.9 932 860 923 1,003 914 899 913 1926 1928 1930 1925 1927 1929 24,911 24,439 24,128 22,475 22,767 20,451 25,476 24,071 24,742 23,141 23,140 20,314 25,923 24,630 25,117 23,739 23,585 20,362 26,400 24,663 25,254 23,783 23,944 20,209 26,656 24,875 25,570 24,040 23,998 20,462 26,636 25,357 26,278 24,394 24,188 20,125 26, 427 25,117 25,837 24,305 23,981 19,269 26,656 25,299 25,986 24,296 24,566 19,196 26,755 25,379 26,292 24,513 24,766 18,851 26,978 25,755 26,235 24,925 25,000 18,898 26,876 25,718 25,616 24,198 23,970 17,965 26, 256 24,861 24,479 23,574 22,217 17,009 26,978 25,755 26,292 24,925 25,000 20,462 24,911 24,071 24,128 22,475 22,217 17,009 2,067 1,684 2,164 2,450 2,783 3,453 8.2 9.8 7.7 6.5 11.1 16.9 1,175 1,206 1,238 1,215 1, 231 1,192 8.6 21,888 21,888 11.8 1923 25,134 25,726 26,133 26,432 26, 782 27,872 27,791 27,533 27,357 27,554 27,336 26,471 27,872 25,134 2,738 9.8 1,007 1931 15,701 15,978 16,189 16,252 16,398 15,878 15,777 15,778 15,705 15,161 14,499 13,908 16,398 13,908 2,490 15.2 1,104 1924 24,482 25,388 25,851 26,268 25,681 25,238 24,308 24,592 25,019 25,570 25,734 25, 549 26, 268 24,308 1,960 7.5 1,130 1932 12,316 12,828 12,780 12,969 12,748 12,619 11,640 11,388 12,167 12, 254 11,966 11,379 12,969 11,379 1,590 12.3 999 Table 60 shows average wage and salary payments to wage earners, to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and to all occupa tion groups combined. Chart 20 shows graphically average wage and salary payments to wage earners. Average wage or salary payments to salespeople (not traveling) were not computed, because of the small number involved. The average wage and salary payment to wage earners reached the highest amount in 1925. The average declined each year since 1928, and in 1932 it was the lowest since 1917. The average wage and salary payment to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks reached the 84 AVERAGE AN NUAL WAGE PAYM ENTS IN OHIO highest amount in 1927, and in 1932 it was at the lowest amount since 1919. The average payment to the three general occupation groups F ig u r e 20.—a v e r a g e a n n u a l W a g e a n d S a la r y P a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s in M a n u f a c t u r e o f L u m b e r a n d l u m b e r P r o d u c t s , 1916 t o 1932 combined reached the highest amount in 1925, and in 1932 it was at the lowest amount since 1917. T able 6 0 .—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN THE M ANUFACTURE OF LUM BER AND LUM BER PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS i Average wage and salary Average wage and salary payments to— payments to— Num Num Book Book ber of ber of keepers, keepers, Year estab Year estab stenog All stenog All lish Wage raphers, lish Wage employ ments earners raphers ments earners and employ ees and ees office office clerks clerks 1916.........— . 2 860 $640 1925 ............. 1,175 $1,370 $1,689 $1,407 $617 $867 1917.__........... 3 899 748 1926...........— 1,206 1,265 728 939 1,310 1918________ 892 1,064 907 1927................ 1,238 1,275 1,629 913 1,331 1919________ 1,032 1928.............. 1,215 1,280 3,807 923 1,009 1,295 1,652 1,329 1920___ ____ 1,003 1,271 1,457 1,288 1929-.............. 1, 231 1,275 1,678 1,328 1921................ 1,236 1930.............. 1,192 1,178 1,717 914 1,200 1,545 1,244 1922................ 4 932 1,089 1,437 1,123 1931_.............. 1,104 1,047 1,544 1,115 1923........ . 999 834 1,359 1,007 1,220 1,513 1,254 1932_.............. 904 1924................ 1,130 1,218 1,618 1,259 1 Average for salespeople (not traveling) not computed, owing to small number involved. a Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 7. 3Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 2. * Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 1. Industries in the Manufacture of Lumber and Lumber Products S everal of the smaller industries classified b y the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics under the manufacture of lumber and lumber products have been combined in this study under “ lumber and 85 M ANUFACTUBES— 1916 TO 1932 lumber products, other.” The manufacturing industries combined are: Baskets, wood, rattan, and willow; billiard tables and ma terials; boxes, cigar; furniture, wicker and reed; lasts; looking-glass and picture frames; show cases and store fixtures; wood preserving; and lumber and lumber products, not otherwise classified. Table 61 shows average wage and salary payments to the wage earners in each of 7 industries and the group “Lumber and lumber products, other.” Average wage and salary payments were com puted by dividing the total wage and salary payments for a given year by the average number employed. These averages should not be taken as exact measures but as approximate figures. Considering the 7 manufacturing industries and the group “ other”, average wage and salary payments to wage earners reached the highest amount in 1920 for boxes and packing crates, cooperage and related goods, and matches, in 1921 for wood bending, turning, and carving, in 1925 for sawmills and planing mills, in 1927 for furniture, and in 1929 for coffins and undertakers’ goods and the group “ other.” The lowest average for each of the industries was in 1916, except for boxes and packing crates (with data not available for 1916 and 1917), which was in 1932. T 6 1 . — AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANU FACTURES OF LUM BER AND LUMBER PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES a ble Furni Sawmill Coffins in Boxes and and Cooper and and ture, cluding Matches planingpacking under age upholster mill crates takers’ related goods ing products goods Year 1916_______________ 1917_______________ 1918_______________ 1919_______________ 1920_______________ 1921__________ _____ 1922_______________ 1923_______________ 1924_______________ 1925_______________ 1926_______________ 1927_________ ____ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931_______________ 1932_________ _____ _ 0) 0) $815 2 863 1,207 940 (3) 1,020 1,047 1,086 1,084 1,047 1,138 1,104 1,062 957 743 $665 730 874 995 1,244 1,100 (3) 1,207 1,152 1,258 1,321 1,291 1,330 1,369 1,348 1,271 1,054 $629 691 876 950 1,230 1,119 (3) 1,109 1,194 1,137 1,197 1,159 1,152 1,196 1,095 928 759 $578 745 866 1,036 1, 276 1,255 (3) 1,182 1,216 1,257 1,258 1,301 1,288 1,290 1,149 1,013 753 $582 753 918 1,072 1,356 1,167 (3) 1,130 1,226 1,191 1,184 1,215 1,188 1,195 1,146 1,171 987 $668 746 961 1,033 1,331 1, 234 (3) 1,356 1,256 1,579 1,327 1,343 1,344 1,311 1,231 1,070 855 Wood Lumber bending, and turning, lumber and products, carving other $574 628 944 949 1,152 1,332 (3) 1,014 1,097 1,206 1,120 1,132 1,159 1,151 1,052 926 602 $556 596 704 946 1,065 1,082 (3) 1,089 1,207 1,236 1,226 1,169 1,231 1,272 1,154 1,017 843 1 Data not available. 3 In accord with Ohio Division of Labor Statistics; unable to make further verification as original schedules have been destroyed. 3 Data relating to total wage and salary payments not tabulated for individual industries by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. Indexes for Employment and Wage and Salary Payments I ndexes for average number of wage earners employed and for total and average wage and salary payments to wage earners are shown in table 62 and chart 21. The base for these indexes is 1926, 86 AVEBAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO The indexes cover the period during which the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics annually requested reports from all employers of 3 or more persons. Indexes are shown in the table for the manufacture of F ig u r e 21.—I n d e x e s o f W a g e E a r n e r s E m p l o y e d a n d W a g e a n d S a l a r y P a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s in M a n u f a c t u r e o f l u m b e r a n d L u m b e r PRODUCTS, 1924 TO 1932 (1926=100) lumber and lumber products and for each of the 7 industries under that classification. In 1932, the index for average number of wage earners employed stood slightly above the base year (1926) in the manufacture of matches. For the general industry group, for furniture, and for 87 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 sawmills and planing mills, the index for 1932 was below 50, the lowest index (35.5) being shown for sawmills and planing mills. The 1932 index for total wage and salary payments to wage earners was below 50 for the general industry group and for each of the industries except coffins and undertakers’ goods and matches. For sawmills and planing mills the index was 22.8. The 1932 index for average wage and salary payments to wage earners stood above 60, except for furniture and for wood bending, turning, and carving. T able 62.—INDEXES FOR AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS, IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LUM BER AND LUM BER PRODUCTS, 1924 TO 1932, BY IN DUSTRIES [1926=100.0] Lumber and lumber Boxes and packing crates products Year 1924__________ 1925__________ 1926__________ 1927..................... 1928.................... 1929.................... 1930— ............... 1931— ............. 1932.................... Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Cooperage and related goods Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Total wage and salary pay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment Total wage and salary pay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment 101.2 97.4 96.3 94.0 90.7 96.6 90.8 105.3 114.0 108.3 95.9 96.0 100.2 111.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.8 102.6 100.8 100.8 97.3 96.6 105.4 95.7 96.9 101.2 96.4 101.2 105.0 99.8 95.3 96.1 100.8 96.2 97.9 101.8 117.7 77.7 72.3 93.1 70.5 69.0 98.0 108.2 62.4 51.6 82.8 73.6 65.0 88.3 77.0 49.0 32.3 65.9 55.8 38.2 68.5 76.4 79.2 106.3 100.0 103.1 100.4 122.0 110.4 74.1 60.9 87.2 106.1 105.9 95.2 106.8 101.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.7 98.3 95.2 100.7 91.3 87.9 103.6 83.1 83.1 102.0 72.8 66.6 96.2 64.9 50.3 79.8 48.8 30.9 99.7 95.0 100.0 96.8 96.2 99.9 91.5 77.5 63.4 Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Total wage and salary pay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment Furniture, including upholstery 1924.. ................ 1925.................... 1926__________ 1927__________ 1928__________ 1929._________ 1930............ ....... 1931— ..........1932__________ Aver age wage and salary pay ment Coffins and under takers' goods 93.6 100.7 100.0 102.2 97.5 99.2 77.6 58.7 45.2 90.5 100.6 100.0 105.7 99.8 101.7 70.9 47.2 27.0 96.7 99.9 100.0 103.4 102.4 102.5 91.3 80.5 59.9 Total wage and salary pay ments Sawmill and planing- Wood bending, turn mill products ing, and carving TV/TofnV i nc 121.9 119.6 100.0 102.0 106.3 99.4 94.7 98.1 100.3 126.3 120.3 100.0 104.7 106.7 100.4 91.7 97.1 83.6 Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) 103.5 100.6 100.0 102.6 100.3 100.9 96.8 98.9 83.4 104.0 98.5 94.6 96.6 94.7 107.2 127.5 119.0 91.4 98.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 101.5 101.2 105.9 107.0 90.5 91.6 101.3 105.0 108.7 89.7 88.6 98.8 111.0 114.1 68.8 63.8 92.8 84.8 79.6 51.5 41. 5 80.6 61.5 50.9 35.5 22.8 64.4 50.9 27.4 97.9 107.7 100.0 101.1 103.5 102.8 93.9 82.7 53.8 M a n u fa ctu re o f C h em ica ls an d A llied P rod u cts T highest total amount of wage and salary payments to wage earners in the manufacture of chemicals and allied products in Ohio during the 17 years, 1916 to 1932, was reported in 1929, and the second highest in 1920. The amount reported for 1929 was $30,647,937 and the amount for 1920 was $845,356 less. The lowest total was reported in 1916, with 1917 and 1932 second and third lowest. The total reported for 1932 was $12,044,135 below 1929. The highest average number of wage earners during the 17 Tears was 20,779 in 1929 and the second highest was 20,340 in 1920. The lowest average number was 14,713 in 1916 and the second lowest was 14,968 in 1921. he 3 88 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO The average wage and salary payment to wage earners reached the highest point in 1929, with 1928 and 1920 second and third in order. From 1920 to 1921 the average wage and salary payment to wage earners declined from $1,465 to $1,305, or 10.9 percent, and from 1929 to 1932 the average declined from $1,475 to $1,220, or 17.3 percent. Slightly more than 3 percent of the wage earners in manufactures in Ohio were employed in the industries classified by the division of labor statistics under manufactures of chemicals and allied products, in 13 of the 17 years covered. The number was less than 3 percent in 1916 and 1917 and exceeded 4 percent in 1931 and 1932. Total wage and salary payments to wage earners in manufactures of chemicals and allied products were from 3 to 4 percent of the total for manufactures in 10 of the 17 years. They were less than 3 percent in each of the first 5 years of the period, 4.9 percent in 1931, and 5.4 percent in 1932. Table 63 shows percentages for each year from 1916 to 1932. The three general occupation groups—wage earners; bookkeepers, ste nographers and office clerks; and salespeople (not traveling)—are in cluded. The data are for both sexes combined, as employers are not requested to show separately total wage and salary payments to males and females. T able 63.—PERCENT EM PLOYM ENT AND PAY ROLL IN THE M ANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FORM OF THOSE IN ALL M ANUFACTURES REPORTED IN 1916 TO 1932 Year 1916 ....................... 1917............ .......................... 1918 . _ ____________ 1919 ................................. 1920 ..................................... 1921....................... ................ 1922 ________________ 1923 1924____________________ Percent employees Percent in chem pay roll in icals form chemicals of all em forms of ployees that in (average) manufac tures in manu factures 2. 6 2.7 3.0 3.2 3. 1 3.6 3.4 3. 2 3.3 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.7 3.3 3.1 3.4 Year 1925_........................ ........... 1926_ ................................___ 1927.............. ........................ 1928-________ __________ 1929____________________ 1930___________________ 1931-..................................... 1932 ___________ _______ Percent employees in chem icals form of all em ployees (average) in manu factures Percent pay roll in chemicals forms of that in manufac tures 3.3 3.2 3. 3 3.2 3.3 3.6 4. 2 4.3 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.2 3. 2 3.9 4.9 5.4 Table 64 shows total wage and salary payments to general occupa tion groups in the manufacture of chemicals and allied products. Payments to superintendents and managers are also shown in this table but data for that group are not included in any other table or computations in this study. In their annual returns to the division of labor statistics, employers were requested to report for the year total wage and salary payments in dollars, including bonuses and premiums and value of board and lodging furnished. Employers were instructed not to include salaries of officials. MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 89 Total wage and salary payments to the three general occupation groups combined (omitting superintendents and managers) increased each year from 1916 to 1920, decreased $10,863,462 in 1921, increased in each year from 1922 to 1925, decreased slightly in 1926, increased in 1927, remained practically the same in 1928, increased in 1929, and decreased in 1930, 1931, and 1932. From 1920 to 1921, total wage and salary payments to wage earn ers declined 34.4 percent and to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, 11.2 percent. Payments to salespeople (not traveling) in creased 13.5 percent. The decline for the three groups combined was 30.1 percent. From 1929 to 1932, total wage and salary payments to wage earn ers declined 39.3 percent, to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, 19.8 percent, and to salespeople (not traveling), 48.9 percent. The decline for the three groups combined was 35.2 percent. Table 6 4 —TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN M ANUFACTURE OF CHEMI CALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Num ber of estab lish ments Total wage and salary payments to— Bookkeep Sales Super ers, stenog people Total of intendents Grand raphers, (not trav preceding and man total and office eling) agers clerks 315 $10,928,677 $2,714,704 $169,836 $13,813, 217 $1,147,730 $14,960,947 1916__________________ 340 14,917,943 3,117, 251 233,260 18,268,454 1,387, 544 19,655, 998 1917.......... ................... — . 351 120,370,871 3,911,847 432,972 24,715, 690 1, 592,817 26,308,507 1918.......... .......................... 369 223,729,351 4,836,359 318, 792 28,884, 502 2, 287, 572 31,172,074 1919_____________ _____ 411 29,802, 581 5,883,978 436,871 36,123,430 2,767,256 38,890, 686 1920__________________ 360 19,537,820 5,226,491 495,657 25,259,968 2,921, 224 28,181,192 1921..................................... 1922_................................... 374 21,524,453 5,199,164 536,964 27,260,581 2,735,902 29,996,483 1923___________ _______ 382 26,062,140 6,322, 314 568,655 32, 953,109 3, 206, 292 36,159,401 1924____________ ______ 392 25,870, 674 7,037, 064 506,754 33,414,492 3,057,896 36,472,388 412 27,708,226 7, 627, 797 562,478 35,898, 501 2,909,386 38,807,887 1925__________________ 1926___________________ 415 27,491,839 7,695,488 483,802 35, 671,129 3,273,720 38,944,849 1927-.................-..............- 433 27,919,278 7,525,383 515,196 35,959,857 3,700,771 39, 660, 628 444 28,235,663 8,037,916 672,881 36,946,460 3,835,203 40,781,663 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 457 30,647,937 8,676,862 620,867 39,945, 666 4,185,920 44,131,586 458 27,387,946 9,145, 624 445, 803 36,979,373 3,965, 731 40,945,104 1930__________________ 461 24,407, 767 9,022,451 310, 588 33,740,806 3,762,085 37, 502,891 1931______________ ____ 440 18, 603,802 6,962,173 317,474 25,883,449 3,213,671 29,097,120 1932__________________ 1 This total exceeds the total for industries by $60,938, but correction cannot be made as original schedules have been destroyed. 2 This total exceeds the total for industries by $1,595, but correction cannot be made as original schedules have been destroyed. Year Wage earners Table 65 shows the average number of persons reported employed in each of the three general occupation groups and in all three com bined, in the manufacture of chemicals and allied products. Em ployers show in their annual reports to the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics the number of persons employed in each of the three general occupation groups on the 15th of each month. They are not re quested to give information in their annual reports as to the number of employees working full time, part time, and overtime each month. The general course of the average number of employees was the same as the general course of the total wage and salary payments, 90 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO except that in 1924 the average number of employees decreased slightly while total wage and salary payments increased. The highest average number of employees reported was 26,320 in 1929 and the lowest 17,983 in 1916. The second highest average was 24,568 in 1920. The years 1921 and 1932 rank second and third lowest in average number employed. From 1920 to 1921, the average number of wage earners reported employed decreased 26.4 percent and the average number of book keepers, stenographers, and office clerks decreased 4.7 percent. From 1929 to 1932, the average number of wage earners decreased 26.6 percent and the average number of bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks decreased 16.2 percent. Salespeople (not traveling), who were very few in number, increased from 1920 to 1921 and decreased from 1929 to 1932. Table 6 5 .—A V ER AG E N U M B E R OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) R E P O R TE D E M P L O Y E D IN M A N U F A C T U R E OF C H EM ICALS A N D AL L IE D PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, B Y GEN* ER AL OCCUPATION GROUPS Number of employees Year 1916______________________ -......... 1917.—______ ______________ — 1918.......................... — .........— ........ 1919____________ _______________ 1920____________________________ 1921................................ ....................... 1922___________ __________ _____ 1923________________ __________ 1924____________________________ 1925_____ ____ __________________ 1926_________ _________________ 1927....................................................... 1928................................................— 1929...................................................... 1930...................................................1931___________________________ 1932.......... ............................................ Number of Bookkeepers, Salespeople establish stenogra (not travel ments Wage earners phers, and ing) office clerks 317 340 351 369 411 360 373 382 392 412 415 433 444 457 458 461 440 14,713 16,825 18,974 19,421 20,340 14,968 16,989 18,903 18,005 i 19,277 19,112 19,138 19,209 20,779 18,730 17,812 15, 253 3,088 3,409 3,492 4,076 3,946 3,759 3,664 4,359 4,397 4,806 4,725 4,827 4,738 5,239 5,434 5,047 4,390 182 210 187 208 282 357 303 316 354 230 247 253 324 302 170 122 196 All employees 17,983 20,444 22,654 23,705 24,568 19,085 20,956 23, 578 22,756 24,313 24,084 24,218 24,270 26,320 24,334 22,981 19,839 i This total exceeds the total for industries by 19, but correction cannot be made as original schedules have been destroyed. Table 66 and chart 22 show average wage and salary payments to wage earners in the manufacture of chemicals and allied products; these averages were computed by dividing total wage and salary pay ments to wage earners by the average number (total of number em ployed on the 15th of each month, divided by 12) reported employed each year, 1916 to 1932. The average wage and salary payment to wage earners increased each year from 1916 to 1920, decreased in 1921 and 1922, increased in 1923 and 1924, remained unchanged in 1925, increased each of the next four years, and decreased in 1930, 1931, and 1932. From 1920 to 1921, the decrease in average wage and salary pay ments to wage earners was $160, or 10.9 percent, and from 1929 to 1932 the decrease was $255, or 17.3 percent. 91 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 T able 66.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANU FACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932 Year 1916.......... ......... .................... 1917.......... ........ ....................... 1918.................................... 3919.......... .................... ......... 1920.......................................... 1921........................................... 1922.......................................... 1923......................................... 1924......................................... Number of estab lish ments i 317 340 351 369 411 360 3 373 382 392 Average wage and salary payment $743 887 1,074 1,222 1,465 1,305 * 1,267 1,379 1,437 Year 1925......................................... 1926.......................................... 1927................................... . 1928.......................................... 1929..................................... 1930..................................... 1931.......................................... 1932........................................... Number Average of estab wage and lish salary ments payment 412 415 433 444 457 458 461 440 $1,437 1,438 1,459 1,470 1,475 1,462 1,370 1,220 i Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary pay ments was less by two. 3 Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by one. * In accord with Ohio Division of Labor Statistics tabulations; unable to make further verification as original schedules have been destroyed. Fluctuation in the employment of wage earners in manufactures of chemicals and allied products is shown in table 67. The least fluctuation from the maximum within a year was 8.1 percent in 1918 and the greatest was 23.4 percent in 1920. The fluc- F ig u r e 22.—A v er a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d s a l a r y p a y m e n t s t o W a g e Ea r1932. n e r s in t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f c h e m ic a l s a n d A llied p r o d u c t s , 1916 TO tuation was in excess of 15 percent in 3 of the 17 years and was below 10 percent in 6 years. The maximum employment reported for wage earners during the 17 years was 22,232 in September 1929, and the minimum was 13,825 in January 1916. 140446°—35--- T 92 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO Table 67 .—FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN M ANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932 JYLOnUl January.................................. . February..................................... March.......................................... April......................................... May............................................ June....... ................................... July.............................................. August.................................... -1 September.............................. — October. ..................................... November— ........................... December............................... Maximum— .............................. M inimum.--.............................. Variation from maximum: Number............................... Percent................................ Number of establishments---jYLontn January.............------- -----------February.--------------------------March..............-.......................... April------------------ --------- -----M ay_________ _____ ________ June---------- -----------------------July-------- --------------------------August-------------------------------September--------------------------October------------ ----------------November--------------------------December----------- ---------------Maximum__________________ Minimum----- --------- --------— Variation from maximum: Number________________ Percent...... .......... ............... Number of establishments___ Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 13,825 14,144 14,581 14,766 14,509 14,807 14, 607 14, 876 15, 364 14,886 14,913 15,273 15,364 13,825 1,539 10.0 317 15,777 16,186 16,864 16,719 16,703 16,911 16,888 17,145 17,311 17,080 17,142 17,178 17,311 15, 777 1,534 8.9 340 18,009 18,284 19,251 19,028 18,550 18,609 19,187 19,377 19,459 19,194 19,140 19,601 19, 601 18,009 1, 592 8.1 351 19, 353 18, 773 18, 125 17, 637 18, 140 18, 985 19, 715 20, 871 21, 809 20, 520 20, 003 19, 126 21, 809 17, 637 4, 172 19.1 369 20,347 20,443 21, 505 20,820 20,074 20,922 21,366 21,418 21,298 20,404 19,010 16,472 21,505 16,472 5,033 23.4 411 15, 543 15, 248 15, 156 14, 812 14, 435 14, 197 14, 068 14, 498 15, 496 15, 435 15, 559 15, 174 15, 559 14, 068 1, 491 9.6 360 16, 015 16, 300 16, 374 16, 512 16,565 16,435 16,883 17, 269 17, 710 17, 606 17,964 18,236 18,236 16,015 2,221 12.2 373 18, 672 18,828 19,304 19,106 19,178 19,119 19,117 19,386 19, 539 18,504 18, 201 17,823 19,539 17,823 1,716 8.8 382 17,978 18,356 18,864 18,978 18,451 17,829 16,874 17,166 18,117 17,789 17,737 17,922 18,978 16,874 2,104 11.1 392 Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 18,259 18,782 19,311 19,789 19,313 19, 338 19,335 19, 250 20,419 19,400 19,170 18,952 20,419 18,259 2,160 10.6 412 18,786 19,118 19,237 19,197 19,085 19,017 18,834 18, 967 20,434 19, 072 18,929 18,663 20,434 18,663 1,771 8.7 415 18, 697 18, 977 19, 707 19, 561 19, 176 19, 067 18, 865 19, 003 20, 329 19, 139 18, 762 18, 370 20, 329 18, 370 1, 959 9.6 433 17,763 18,176 18,788 19,154 19,053 19,231 19, 473 19,549 20,744 19,461 19,622 19, 493 20,744 17,763 2,981 14.4 444 19,600 19,888 20,325 21, 111 21,108 21,099 21,045 21, 224 22,232 21,258 20,590 19,870 22,232 19,600 2, 632 11.8 457 19, 525 19,344 19, 739 19,892 19, 432 18, 936 18,540 17,899 18, 661 18,134 17, 651 17,001 19,892 17,001 2,891 14.5 458 18,865 18,834 19,688 19,229 17, 961 17,273 16, 854 16, 502 17, 510 17,068 17, 215 16, 748 19,688 16, 502 3,186 16.2 461 16,158 16,117 15,676 15,789 15,569 15,159 14,989 14,521 15,023 14, 691 14, 742 14,600 16,158 14, 521 1, 637 10.1 440 Industries in Manufacture of Chemical and Allied Products T industries classified under manufacture of chemical and allied products by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics total 14, with an added group designated as “not otherwise classified.” For the pur poses of this study 7 of the smaller industries and the group “chemi cals and allied products, not otherwise classified,, are combined under “chemicals and allied products, other.” The industries com bined under “other” are baking powder and yeast; blacking, cleansing, and polishing preparations; bone, carbon, and lampblack; dyestuffs and extracts; explosives; ink (printing and writing); oil—linseed, he 93 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 lubricating, and cottonseed—and oil cake; and chemicals and allied products, not otherwise classified. Table 68 shows average wage and salary payments to wage earners (both sexes combined) in each of 7 industries and in the group “ chemicals and allied products, other.” The average wage and salary payment, as previously explained, was computed by dividing the total wage and salary payments for a given year by the average number employed. These averages should not be taken as exact measures but as approximate figures. Data concerning total wage and salary payments for 1922 were not tabulated by the division of labor statistics for individual industries. The highest average wage and salary payment to wage earners was in 1920 for manufacture of chemicals, acids, and wood distillation, fertilizers, tankage, petroleum refining, and salt; in 1921 for patent medicines and drug compounds; in 1927 for soap, candles, grease, and tallow; and in 1928 for paint and varnish. The lowest average wage and salary payment to wage earners was in 1916 for all industries. It should be emphasized, as explained heretofore, that average wage and salary payments as here computed do not purport to show full-time earnings, as data concerning part-time and overtime work are not available. The changes from year to year also do not afford any measure of changes in wage or salary scales or rates of pay. T able 6 8 .—AVE R A G E W A G E A N D SA L A R Y P A Y M E N T S TO W A G E EAR N E R S IN M A N U FACTU RE OF C H EM ICALS A N D AL LIE D PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, B Y IN D U STR IES Year 1916_______________ 1917_______________ 1918_______________ 1919_______________ 1920_______________ 1921_______________ 1922__________ _____ 1923_______________ 1924_______________ 1925_______________ 1926__________ ____ _ 1927_______________ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931............................... 1932_______________ Chemi cals, Paint acids, Fertiliz tank and var and wood ers,age nish distilla tion $911 1,086 0) 1,547 1,892 1,507 $753 927 1,133 1, 235 1,540 1,026 $713 797 993 1,173 1,352 1,268 (3) (3) (3) 1,644 1,657 1,728 1,720 1,731 1, 701 1,695 1,653 1,577 1,433 1,272 1,315 1,282 1,300 1,304 1,264 1,291 1,268 1,089 929 1,355 1,410 1,420 1,424 1,459 1,502 1,486 1,445 1,350 1,175 Patent medicines Petrole and drug um refin com ing pounds $479 544 599 739 957 2 1, 214 (3) 1,021 1,100 1,053 1,128 1,133 1,148 1,090 1,114 1,119 971 J1 Salt Soap, Chemi candles, cals and grease, allied and products, tallow other $839 989 1,123 1,376 1,628 1, 503 $610 971 1,116 1,232 1,556 1,391 $621 718 872 1,059 1,165 1,099 (3) (3) (3) 1,474 1,496 1,457 1,516 21,223 1,489 1,548 1,533 1,401 1,316 1,405 1,417 1,421 1,444 1,487 1,334 2 1,286 1,422 1,453 1,369 1,195 1,276 1,334 1,282 21,602 1,413 1,401 1,416 1,323 1,131 $768 842 1, 279 1,235 1, 414 1, 290 (3) 1, 325 1, 522 1, 380 1,379 1, 358 1,407 1, 411 1, 391 1,290 1,130 i “ Chemicals” apparently tabulated with “ Chemicals and allied products, not otherwise classified” by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics; acids and wood distillation was tabulated separately but in this study it has been combined in 1918 with “ Chemicals and allied products, other.” 3 In accord with Ohio Division of Labor Statistics tabulations; unable to make further verification as original schedules have been destroyed. 3 Total wage and salary payments not tabulated for individual industries by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. 94 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO Indexes for Employment and Wage and Salary Payments I for average number of wage earners employed and for total and average wage and salary payments to wage earners in manu factures of chemicals and allied products are shown in table 69 and chart 23. The base for these indexes is 1926. The years covered are 1924-32, during which period reports were requested each year by the ndexes F ig u r e 23.—In d e x e s o f A v er a g e N u m b e r o f W a g e E a r n e r s a n d o f T o ta l AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYMENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN THE MAN UFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS, 1924 TO 1932 (1926=100) Ohio Division of Labor Statistics from all establishments employing three or more persons. The index for average number of wage earners employed exceeded the base year, 1926, in 1925, 1927, 1928, and 1929, and fell to 79.8 in 1932. The same trend was shown by total wage and salary payments, which fell to 67.7 in 1932. The index for average wage and salary payments exceeded the base in 1927, 1928, 1929, and 1930, and fell to 84.8 in 1932. MANUFACTURES— 95 1916 TO 1932 69 .— IN D E X E S FOR AVE R A G E N U M B E R OF W A G E EA R N E R S E M P L O Y E D A N D T O T A L A N D AVE R A G E W A G E A N D SA L A R Y P A Y M E N T S TO W A G E EAR N ER S IN M A N U F A C T U R E OF C H EM ICALS A N D A L L IE D PR O D U CTS, 1924 TO 1932 T able Index numbers (1926=100.0) of— Year 9924........................................................................................ . 1925-........... ........ ......................... ........................................ . 1926.......... .........................__...................................................... 1927_____________ _____________ ____________ _______ 1928_____________ ____ ____________ ____ ___________ 1929_____________________________ _________________ 1930..............— ......................... ............................................. 1931........................................................................................ 1132............................................................................................ Wage earners (average) 94.2 100.9 100.0 100.1 105.1 108.7 98.0 93.2 79.8 Total wage and salary payments 94.1 100.8 100.0 101.6 102.7 111.5 99.6 88.8 67.7 Average wage and salary payment 99.9 99.9 100.0 101.4 102.2 102.6 101.7 95.3 84.8 Table 70 shows for each of seven industries classified under manu facture of chemicals and allied products, indexes for average number of wage earners employed and total and average wage and salary payments to wage earners. Indexes have not been computed for the group “ chemicals and allied products, other.” The index for average number of wage earners employed reached the highest point during the 9 years in 1924 for 1 industry, in 1925 for 1 industry, in 1925 and 1926 for 1 industry, in 1928 for 1 industry, in 1929 for 2 industries, and in 1931 for 1 industry. The lowest point was reached in 1928 for 1 industry, in 1930 for 1 industry, in 1931 for 1 industry, and in 1932 for 4 industries. The index for total wage and salary payments to wage earners reached the highest point during the 9 years in 1924 for 1 industry, in 1925 for 1 industry, in 1926 for 1 industry, in 1928 for 1 industry, in 1929 for 2 industries, and in 1931 for 1 industry. The lowest point was reached in 1930 for 1 industry and in 1932 for 6 industries. The index for average wage and salary payments to wage earners reached the highest point during the 9 years in 1924 for 1 industry, in 1927 for 3 industries, in 1928 for 2 industries, and in 1929 for 1 industry. The lowest point was reached in 1927 for 1 industry, in 1929 for 1 industry, and in 1932 for 5 industries. 96 T AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYM ENTS IN OHIO 70.—INDEXES FOR AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUS TRIES [1926=100.0] a ble Chemicals, acids and Fertilizers, tankage wood distillation Year Wage earn ers (aver age) 1924__________ 1925__________ 1926__________ 1927__________ 1928__________ 1929__________ 1930__________ 1931__________ 1932__________ 96.2 101.8 100.0 104.0 103.0 113.8 100.6 87.9 77.0 Year 1924__________ 1925__________ 1926__________ 1927__________ 1928__________ 1929__________ 1930__________ 1931__________ 1932__________ Total wage and salarypay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment Wage earn ers (aver age) Total wage and salary pay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment medicines and Paint and varnish Patent drug compounds Wage Total earn wage ers and (aver salary pay age) ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment Wage earn ers (aver age) Total wage and salary pay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment 92.7 96.3 87.7 88.2 101.2 85.8 85.0 99.0 90.0 87.8 97.5 102.3 100.5 108.5 106.4 98.6 96.3 96.1 99.7 100.0 93.4 93.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.7 100.6 90.2 90.0 100.3 97.7 100.1 102.5 89.4 89.8 100.4 101.8 98.9 107.3 103.7 97.2 96.8 102.0 105.5 86.2 87.7 101.8 112.2 98.5 103.5 102.3 99.3 100.1 104.5 104.4 80.8 78.1 96.6 96.7 96.1 94.7 91.9 97.5 92.1 93.5 101.5 73.7 72.8 98.8 80.6 91.7 67.7 56.4 83.8 74.4 70.5 94.8 64.1 63.6 99.2 64.2 83.3 72.0 51.2 71.5 67.1 55.4 82.5 63.8 54.9 86.1 Soap, candles, grease, and Petroleum refining Salt tallow Total Average Total Average Total Average Wage wage wage Wage wage wage Wage wage wage earners and and earners and and earners and and (aver salary salary (aver salary salary (aver salary salary age) pay pay age) pay pay age) pay pay ments ment ments ment ments ment 113.7 112.1 98.7 112.6 110.5 84.1 98.1 84.5 99.5 119.7 115.0 96.4 89.2 96.1 97.9 98.4 104.1 92.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.4 120.7 80.7 100.0 103.0 103.0 88.3 110.3 125.0 98.2 95.8 94.0 88.2 92.4 106.6 110.2 81.5 117.5 106.1 108.3 102.1 81.3 72.4 89.1 114.6 109.3 104.8 110.8 112.1 101.1 72.3 73.5 93.4 103.2 98.5 110.5 92.4 129.3 119.5 77.5 78.0 103.2 100.6 91.0 93.9 87.4 86.8 100.7 78.1 74.0 94.8 78.3 88.2 69.1 M a n u fa ctu re o f Paper an d P rin tin g I t h e m anufacture of paper and printing in Ohio during th e 17 years, 1916 to 1932, the highest average w age and salary p aym en t for all occupation groups com bined w as $1,605 in 1928, the second highest was $1,545 in 1929, and the low est w as $735 in 1916. T he average in 1932 w as $1,250, w hich w as the low est since 1919. T he decline in average w age and salary paym ents from 1929 to 1932 was $321, or 21.2 percent, for w age earners; $194, or 12.5 per cent, for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; $310, or 13.4 percent, for salespeople (not traveling); and $295, or 19.1 percent, for the three general occupation groups com bined. T he average num ber of persons reported em ployed in each of the general occupation groups is show n in table 71. T he year 1929 show s the highest average num ber em ployed of wage earners, of salespeople (not traveling), and of the general occupation groups com bined. T he highest average num ber of book keepers, stenographers, and office clerks w as em ployed in 1930. T he low est average num ber of wage earners w as em ployed in 1918, of salespeople (not traveling) in 1917, and of bookkeepers, stenogran 97 M ANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 phers, and office clerks, and of the general occupation groups com bined, in 1916. In 1932 th e average num ber of w age earners em ployed was the low est since 1923 and th e average for the general occupation groups com bined w as the low est since 1924. T 71.—AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED IN MANUFACTURE OF PAPER AND PRINTING, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPA TION GROUPS a ble Number of employees Bookkeepers, Year stenogra Salespeople em Wage travel All ployees earners phers, and (noting) office clerks 34, 526 820 928 29,339 1916___________________________ 4,367 764 34, 774 930 29, 627 4,383 1917___________________ ____ ___ 34, 668 1918__________ ____ ____________ 939 29,032 951 4,685 924 5,072 903 37, 205 1919___________________________ 31, 230 41,496 34,862 1,029 1920___________________________ 977 5,605 36, 783 1921_____ ______________________ 5,776 1,061 869 29,946 32, 207 39,041 1922___________________________ 1,047 5,787 42,097 913 34,766 6,096 1,235 1923__________________■_________ 45, 475 , 936 1,357 1924____ _______________________ 980 37,182 38,851 7,292 1,451 47, 594 1925___________________________ 1,037 49, 734 1,075 40, 540 7,676 1,518 1926___________________________ 41,352 50, 948 8,005 1,591 1927______________ ____ ________ 48,951 1,130 41,004 1,508 1928___________________________ ,439 43,871 1,764 54,286 1,158 8,651 1929____________________________ 42,022 9,462 52,451 1,151 1968 1930______________________ _____ 1,160 39,933 7,866 1,596 49, 395 1931____________________________ 1932___________________________ 7,696 46, 238 1,139 36,817 1, 726 1 In accord with tabulations of Ohio Division of Labor Statistics, but possibly some error in reporting or tabulating. Number of establish ments 886 6 1,110 6 In 16 of the 17 years covered in this stud y m ore than 80 percent of the em ployees were classified as w age earners. T able 72 show s for th at occupation group fluctuation in em ploym ent from 1930 to 1932. M axim um em ploym ent for th e 17-year period w as 45,024 in October 1929, and m inim um em ploym ent w as 27,881 in January 1916. T a ble 7 2 .— FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN M ANUFACTURE OF PAPER AND PRINTING, 1930 TO 1932 i Month January _ ___________ February March________________ April May _ June___________ _______ July...............................— August. ________ ___ Septem ber..________ October------------ ----------- Number of wage earn ers (both sexes) em ployed in— 1930 1931 1932 42,267 42, 352 42,999 43,142 42,708 42, 597 41,966 41, 514 41,410 41,341 40,899 40,956 40, 936 40,809 41,035 40, 701 39,425 38,935 39, 225 38,954 38,172 38,115 38,074 37, 735 37,198 36, 425 35, 781 35,447 36,196 36,159 Month November_____________ December_____________ Maximum_____________ Minimum_____________ Variation from maxi mum: Number.......... ............ Percent................. ....... Number of establish ments_______________ Number of wage earn ers (both sexes) em ployed in— 1930 1931 1932 41,072 40,892 43,142 40,892 38,934 38,389 41,035 38,389 36,530 35,968 38,172 35,447 2,250 5.2 1,151 2,646 6.4 1,160 2,725 7.1 1,139 1 For years 1916 to 1929, see Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. No. 553. Table 73 show s average wage and salary paym ents in the m anu facture of paper and printing. 98 T able AVERAGE ANNU AL WAGE PAYM ENTS IN OHIO 73.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN M ANUFACTURE OF PAPER AND PRINTING, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Average wage and salary payments to— Number of establish Bookkeepers, ments Wage earners stenogra Salespeople travel All employees phers, and (noting) office clerks Year 1916___________________________ 1917___________________________ 1918_____ ______________ ______1919.......... ................— ................. . . . 1920__________ ____ -____ _______ 1921____________________________ 1922_____ ______________ ________ 1923_____________ ____ ________... 1924..................................................... 1925........ ............................................. 1926.............................. .................... . 1927................................................ . 1928...................................................... 1929...................................................... 1930..................................................... 1931.......... ..................................... 1932....................................................... 1928 930 939 924 977 869 3 886 913 980 1,037 1,075 1,110 1,130 1,158 1,151 1,160 1,139 $720 781 909 1,100 1,412 1,292 1,328 1,376 1,420 1,282 1,478 1,464 1,508 1, 513 1,473 1,362 1,192 $741 833 835 1,052 1,295 1,323 1,319 1,476 1,446 1,309 1,466 1, 554 1,979 1, 550 1,621 1,536 1, 356 $1,204 1,478 1,200 1,707 1, 939 1,790 2,002 2,075 2,116 2,334 2,354 2,341 2,637 2,307 2,354 2,112 1,997 $735 803 907 1,109 1,409 1,311 1,345 1,411 1,445 1,319 1,503 1.506 1,605 1,545 1,516 1,414 1,250 1Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 7. 3Number of establishments reporting employees; the niifnber reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 1. The highest average w age and salary paym en t to w age earners was m ade in 1929 and to each of the other occupation groups and to the three groups com bined in 1928. T he low est average w as paid in 1916 to each classification except salespeople (not traveling), where the low est average w as paid in 1918. T he 1932 average paym en t to wage earners and to the occupation groups com bined w as th e low est since 1919, the 1932 paym ent to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks the low est since 1922, and to salespeople (not traveling) the low est since 1921. Chart 24 shows graphically the trend of average paym ents to w age earners. Industries in Manufacture of Paper and Printing I n t h i s stud y the follow ing industries have been com bined under “ Paper and printing, o th er” : Card cu tting and designing; engraving and die sinking; type founding and printing m aterials; w all paper; and paper and printing, n ot otherw ise classified. T able 74 show s average w age and salary paym ents to w age earners in each of the 8 industries and in th e group “ Paper and printing, other.” These averages should not be taken as exact m easures bu t as approxim ate figures. 99 M ANUFACTUKES— 1916 TO 1932 AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANU FACTURE OF PAPER AND PRINTING, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES T able 7 4 .— Year 1916............ 1917______ 1918______ 1919______ 1920______ 1921............ 1922............ 1923______ 1924............ 1925______ 1926.........1927........... 1928______ 1929........... 1930______ 1931______ 1932______ Bags, paper $534 659 770 940 1,107 941 0) 1,122 1,117 1,041 990 1,047 993 1, 111 1,099 1,038 874 Boxes, fancy and Labels paper, Enve lops and tags and drinking cups $469 516 635 766 918 941 0) 1,037 1,094 1,124 1,130 1,143 1,158 1,237 1,149 1,103 900 0)$607 726 863 1,024 970 0)983 1,012 1,000 1,046 1,028 1,043 1,085 1,061 1,011 907 (0 0)$803 905 1,311 1,367 0)999 1,246 1,386 1,330 1,367 1,282 1,147 1,167 1,317 1,204 Stereo Paper, Printing typing Paper and includ Photo and pub and elec printing, ing sta engrav ing lishing trotyp other tionery ing $666 775 1,010 1,182 1,564 1,244 0) 1,308 1,343 1,345 1,345 1,318 1,371 1,386 1,337 1,240 1,027 $1,015 1,172 1,232 1, 569 1,920 1,862 0) 2,017 2,124 2,115 2,298 2,394 2,491 2,610 2,384 2,158 1,960 $790 822 930 1,156 1,489 1,393 0) 1, 518 1,545 (2) 1,631 1,593 1,648 1,622 1,580 1,436 1,289 $842 983 1,068 1,239 1,482 1,606 (0 1,741 1,840 1,828 1,926 1,980 2,012 2,001 1,915 2,000 1,730 $564 705 835 895 1,194 1,186 0)1, 245 1,241 1,336 1,328 1,270 1,399 1,331 1,431 1,338 1,018 1Data not available. »Omitted due to probable error in reporting or tabulating; no further verification possible. The highest average w age and salary paym ent to wage earners was m ade in 1920 in 1 industry, in 1923 in 1, in 1925 in 1, in 1928 in 2, in f ig u r e 24.—a v e r a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d sa l a r y p a y m e n t s t o W a g e Ea r n e r s in M a n u f a c t u r e o f P a pe r a n d p r in t in g , 1916 to 1932 1929 in 3, and in 1930 in 1. T he low est average paym ent was m ade in 1916 in 7 industries, in 1917 in 1, and in 1918 in 1. 100 AVERAGE ANNU AL WAGE PAYM ENTS IN OHIO Indexes of Employment and of Wage and Salary Payments I ndexes of average num ber of wage earners em ployed and of total and average wage and salary paym ents to w age earners are show n in table 75. T he base is 1926. T he indexes cover the period during w hich th e Ohio D ivision of Labor Statistics requested reports from all em ployers of 3 or m ore persons. Indexes are show n for m anufac ture of paper and printing as a w hole and for each of 8 industries. T 75.—INDEXES OF AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANUFACTURE OF PAPER AND PRINTING, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES [1926=100.0] able Paper and printing Year 1924............ 1925............ 1926,..-- — 1927............. 1928............. 1929............ 1930............ 1931............ 1932............ Total Average Wage Total Average Wage Total Average Wage and wage and earners wage and wage and earners wage and wage and earners wage salary salary salary salary salary salary (average pay pay (average pay pay (average pay pay number) ments ment number) ments ment number) ments ment 91.7 95.8 100.0 102.0 101.0 108.2 103.7 98.5 90.8 88.1 83.1 101.0 103. 2 110. 7 103.3 90. 8 73.3 100. 0 96.1 86.8 100.0 99.1 102.0 102.4 99.7 92. 2 80.6 Envelops 1924............ 1925............ 1926.......... 1927______ 1928............ 1929............ 1930.......... 1931............ 1932............ 95.1 97.3 100.0 102.7 98.9 96.6 98. 6 90.9 84.4 92. 0 93. 0 100.0 101.0 98.6 100.2 100.1 87.9 73.3 83.1 94.3 100.0 120.5 125.5 144.9 142.5 138.2 111.0 76.8 86.8 100.0 125.5 136.0 164.6 147.8 129.8 94.7 78. 5 82.1 100.0 98.0 107.7 90.4 93.0 110.2 90.4 88. 5 86.4 100.0 103.6 108.1 101. 5 103.2 115. 6 79.9 112. 8 105. 2 105. 8 100.3 112. 2 111.0 104.8 88.3 100. 0 Labels and tags 96. 7 95. 6 100.0 98.3 99.7 103.7 101.4 96. 7 86.7 95.6 97.6 100.0 98.6 109.1 114.1 96.4 38.9 35.1 89.6 101.7 100.0 101.3 105.1 98.4 84.7 38.7 31.8 *, 93.7 104.2 100.0 102.8 96.4 86.2 87.7 99.0 90.5 Printing and publishing Photo-engraving 1924 .......... 1925............ 1926............ 1927............ 1928........... 1929 .......... 1930............. 1931............ 1932............ Boxes, fancy and paper, and drinking cups Bags, paper 92.4 92.0 100.0 104.2 108.4 113.6 103.7 93.9 85.3 90.6 95.1 100.0 103.7 100.5 111.2 110.3 109.1 101.5 85.8 0) 100.0 101.2 101.6 110.6 106.8 96.0 80.2 94.7 0) 100.0 97.7 101.0 99.4 96.9 88.0 79.0 93. 6 96. 3 100.0 93.8 90. 5 111.6 89.8 86.8 82.4 90. 6 95. 7 100.0 94. 9 92. 7 122. 2 91.3 84.7 65.6 96.8 99.5 100.0 101.2 102.5 109.5 101.7 97.6 79.6 Paper, including stationery 95.1 98.7 100.0 101.4 104.8 101.5 98.3 84.5 77.5 94.9 98.7 100.0 99.4 106.9 104.6 97.7 77.9 59.2 99.9 100.0 100.0 98.0 101.9 103.0 99.4 92.2 76.4 Stereotyping and electrotyping 91.8 104.0 100.0 108.4 116.1 105.3 99.8 80.7 78.4 87.7 98.7 100.0 111.4 121.3 109.4 99.2 83.8 70.4 95.5 94.9 100.0 102.8 104.5 103.9 99.4 103.8 89.8 i Omitted due to probable error in reporting or tabulating; no further verification possible. Considering the industry group as a w hole, the index in 1932 w as 90.8 for average num ber of w age earners em ployed, 73.3 for total wage and salary paym ents to w age earners, and 80.6 for average w age and salary paym ents. Labels and tags show the low est 1932 index for average num ber of w age earners em ployed and for total w age and salary paym ents, and MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 101 m anufacture of paper the low est 1932 index for average paym ents. T w o of the 8 industries show a higher average num ber of w age earn ers em ployed in 1932 than in the base year (1926). T he 1932 index for average w age and salary paym ents to w age earners w as above 85 in 5 of the 8 industries. Chart 25 show s graphically the indexes for the industry as a w hole. M a n u fa ctu re o f R u b b er P rod u cts I n manufacture of rubber products in Ohio, according to reports from practically all establishments employing three or more persons, the average number of persons employed declined 28,510, or 40.9 the F ig u r e 25.—In d e x e s o f W a g e E a r n e r s E m plo y ed a n d T o t a l a n d a v e r a g e W a g e a n d S a la r y P a y m e n t s t o w a g e E a r n e r s in M a n u f a c t u r e o f P a per a n d P r in t in g , 1924 t o 1932 (1926=100) percent, from 1929 to 1932; the total wage and salary paym ents decreased $66,306,184, or 59.2 percent; and the average wage and salary paym ent decreased $495, or 30.7 percent. D uring the 17 years covered b y this stu d y the average num ber of em ployees (wage earners; bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; and salespeople, n ot traveling) reached the highest point in 1919, and both total and average w age and salary paym ents reached the highest am ount in 1920. T he average num ber em ployed reached the low est point in 1921, and both total and average w age and salary paym ents were low est in 1916. T he average num ber of persons reported em ployed in each of the three general occupation groups is show n in table 76. T he highest average num ber of w age earners w as em ployed in 1919 and the highest average num ber of bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks in 1920. T he average num ber of wage earners em ployed 102 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO reached the low est point in 1921, and the average num ber of book keepers, stenographers, and office clerks the low est point in 1932. Table 76.—AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED IN M ANUFACTURE OF RUBBER PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Number of employees Number of establish Bookkeepers, Salespeople ments Wage earners stenograph (not travel All employees ers, and office ing) clerks Year 78 82 93 108 114 107 109 119 120 113 112 128 133 127 113 104 95 1916.......... ........................................ 1917............ .......................................... 1918.......... ........ ................................... 1919______________ _____________ 1920.................................................... 1921_____ ______________________ 1922..................................................... 1923___________________________ 1924..................... . . . ........................... 1925.'__________________________ 1926____ _____________________ _ 1927_______________________ ____ 1928_____ ______________________ 1929____________ _____ ____ _____ 1930_____________________ ____ _ 1931—........-..................... — ..........1932_______________ ____________ 5,702 6,942 7,835 9,213 9,598 5,458 5,314 5,311 5,040 5,614 5,994 6,450 6,897 7,138 6, 515 5,252 4,937 42,401 55,418 49,236 66,367 61,671 31,270 43,617 46,864 47,207 65,929 55,021 57,311 59,114 62,358 45, 755 38,870 36,048 113 428 53 73 73 61 53 0) 96 62 57 0) 0) 0) 0) (») 0) 48,216 62,788 57,124 75,653 71,343 36,789 48,985 52,175 52,343 61,605 61,072 63,761 66,011 69,496 52,270 44,122 40,986 i Carried with “ Manufactures, not otherwise classified”, in tabulations of the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. M ore than 85 percent of the em ployees in the m anufacture of rubber products were classified as w age earners except in 3 of the 17 years covered. T able 77 show s for th at general occupation group fluctuation in em ploym ent from 1930 to 1932. M axim um em ploy m ent for the 17-year period w as 82,063 in April 1920, and m inim um em ploym ent w as 23,240 in January 1921, w ith a reduction of 58,823, or 71.7 percent, in a period of 9 m onths. Table 77.— FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN M ANUFACTURE OF RUBBER PRODUCTS, 1930 TO 1932 i Month Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— 1930 January.............................. February............................ March................................. April.................................... M a y _________________ June..................................... July..................................... August.............. ................. September.......................... October............................... 49,561 48, 696 48,073 48,980 49,928 49,254 46,954 45,354 42,347 40, 617 1931 Month 1932 39, 734 37,427 November................. ......... 39,019 37, 706 December.................... ....... 39,248 37,497 38, 759 37,191 Maximum_____________ 39,950 36,904 Minimum.......................... 40,428 37,488 Variation from maxi 39, 789 36, 599 mum: Number....................... 39,003 35,086 Percent........................ 38,154 33,544 37,602 34,149 Number of establish ments............................. >For years 1916 tQ 1929 see bureau Qf Labor Statistics Bui. No, 663 Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— 1930 1931 1932 39,759 39.540 49,928 39.540 37,487 37.267 40,428 37.267 34,586 34,404 37,706 33,544 10,388 20.8 113 3,161 7.8 104 4,162 11.0 95 103 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 T able 78 show s average w age and salary paym ents to w age earners, to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and to all occupation groups com bined. T he average w age and salary paym ents to w age earners reached the highest am ount in 1920. T he average declined each year follow ing 1928 and in 1932 it w as the low est since 1916. T he average paym en t to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks reached the highest am ount in 1919, w ith 1920 second in order. T he low est average p ay m ent to th at group w as in 1916, w ith 1917 second in order. Table 78.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN M ANUFACTURE OF RUBBER PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Average wage and salary payments to— Number of Bookkeepers, establish em ments Wage earners stenogra Salespeople travel All ployees phers, and (noting) office clerks Year 1916____________ _______________ 1917-..........- ....................................._ 1918__________________________ 1919............................ ........................ 1920___________________________ 1921__________ ___ _____________ 1922____________________ _______ 1923___________________________ 1924_____ ____ _____________ ____ 3925___________________________ 1926___________________________ 1927__________________ ______ 1928..................... ........... ................ 1929............ ......................................... 1930_____ ______________________ 1931___ ________________ _______ 1932_________ ________ ________ 78 82 93 108 114 107 *109 119 120 113 112 128 133 127 113 104 95 $810 1,042 1,233 1,288 1,710 1,465 1,433 1,589 1,540 1,553 1,562 1,583 1,611 1,562 1,450 1,254 1, on $844 1,032 1,235 2,463 2,089 1,817 1,681 1,717 1,896 1,906 1,857 1,936 2,014 2,033 2,008 1,985 1,873 0) 0) 0) (0 (9 0) 0) (3) 0) 0) 0) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) ( 3) $815 1,041 1,236 1,434 1, 762 1, 520 1,462 * 1, 602 1,576 1, 586 1,593 4 1,619 41, 653 4 1, 610 4 1, 520 41, 341 41,115 1 Not computed, owing to small number involved. 3 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments greater by 2. 3 Carried with "Manufactures, not otherwise classified”, in tabulations of Ohio Division of Labor Statis tics. 4 Total wage and salary payments to salespeople (not traveling) deducted before computing this aver age, as average number in that group could not be determined from detailed tabulation. Chart 26 show s graphically average wage and salary paym ents to wage earners. Industries in Manufacture of Rubber Products D a t a for industries classified under m anufacture of rubber products were n o t tabulated separately b y the Ohio D ivision of Labor Statistics for 1916 to 1918. In this stud y, m anufacture of rubber garm ents and of rubber products n ot otherw ise classified have been com bined under “ R ubber products, other.” A verage w age and salary paym ents to wage earners in each of the industries and in the group “ R ubber products, other” , are show n in table 79. T hese averages should n ot be taken as exact m easures but as approxim ate figures, 104 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO T able 79.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER PRODUCTS, 1919 «• TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES Drug gists’ Tires sundries, and and toys, tubes rubber Year 1919________ _____ 1920______________ 1921______________ 1922______________ 1923_____________ 1924______________ 1925_____________ $981 1,094 1,061 (2) 1,163 1,162 1,238 $1,299 1,727 1,488 (2) 1,629 1.580 1.580 Rubber products, other Year 1926......................... 1927.. 1928______ 1929............. ...... 1930______ ______ $1,297 1931............. .............. 1,395 1932— 8 Drug gists’ Tires sundries, and and toys, tubes rubber $1, 227 1.194 1.195 1, 215 1,101 968 808 $1,594 1,619 1,659 1,600 1,492 1,294 1,040 Rubber products, other $1,379 1,195 1,186 1,306 1,152 978 801 1 Data by industries not available for 1916 to 1918. 3 Data not available. 3 Not computed, owing to small number involved. In the m anufacture of druggists’ sundries and toys, rubber, the highest average paym ent to w age earners was $1,238 in 1925, and F ig u r e 26.—a v e r a g e a n n u a l W a g e a n d S a la r y p a y m e n t s t o w a g e E a r n e r s in M a n u f a c t u r e o f R u b b e r P r o d u c t s , 1916 t o 1932 the low est $808 in 1932. In the m anufacture of tires and tubes the highest average paym ent to w age earners w as $1,727 in 1920, and the low est $1,040 in 1932. Indexes of Employment and of Wage and Salary Payments I n d e x e s of average num ber of w age earners em ployed and of total and average w age and salary paym ents to w age earners are show n in table 80 for 1924 to 1932. T he base is 1926. T he indexes cover the period during w hich the Ohio D ivision of Labor Statistics re- MANUFACTURES—~1916 TO 1932 105 quested reports annually from all em ployers of three or m ore persons. Indexes are show n for the m anufacture of rubber products and for F ig u r e 27.—In d e x e s o f W a g e E a r n e r s E m p l o y e d a n d T o t a l a n d a v e r a g e W a g e a n d s a l a r y P a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s in m a n u f a c t u r e o f r u b b e r PRODUCTS, 1924 TO 1932 (1926=100) In 1932, the indexes of em ploym ent of w age earners and of average wage and salary paym ents were above 60, and the index of total w age and salary paym ents to w age earners fell below 50 except for druggists’ sundries and toys, rubber. Chart 27 show s graphically the indexes for the m anufacture of rubber products. 106 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO Table 80.—INDEXES OF AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANUFACTURE OF RUBBER PRODUCTS, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES [1926—100] Year 1924______ 1925______ 1926______ 1927______ 1928______ 1929______ 1930______ 1931______ 1932______ Rubber products Druggists' sundries and toys, rubber Wage Total Average earners wage and wage and (average salary- salary number) payments payment Wage Total Average earners wage and wage and (average salary salary number) payments payment 85.8 101.7 100.0 104.2 107.4 113.3 83.2 70.6 65.5 84.6 101.0 100.0 105.6 110.8 113.3 77.2 56.7 42.4 98.6 99.4 100.0 101.3 103.1 100.0 92.8 80.3 64.7 103.0 99.2 100.0 97.7 117.1 115.2 102.9 85.8 76.3 97.5 100.0 100.0 95.0 114.0 114.0 92.3 67.7 50.2 94.7 100.9 100.0 97.3 97.4 99.0 89.7 78.9 65.9 Tires and tubes Wage Total earners wage and (average salary number) payments 85.6 102.8 100.0 105.9 106.8 112.3 82.3 68.8 63.7 84.8 101.9 100.0 107.5 111.2 112.7 77.0 55.8 41.6 Average wage and salary payment 99.1 99.1 100.0 101.6 104.1 100.4 93.6 81.2 65.2 T he total am ount of w age and salary paym ents to the three general occupation groups in the m anufacture of rubber products during the 9 years, 1924 to 1932, form ed 8.9 percent of the total reported paid in m anufactures in Ohio. In the m anufacture of rubber products, in w hich the m anufacture of tires and tubes em ploys m ore than 85 percent of the total w age earners em ployed, the peak in em ploym ent and also in total and average w age and salary paym ents w as reached prior to the depres sion in 1921. T he peak year for em ploym ent and total w age and salary paym ents during the latter part of the period covered was 1929, bu t in th at year the average num ber of em ployees (the three general occupation groups com bined) w as below 1919 and 1920, total w age and salary paym ents were below 1920, and average w age and salary paym ents were below 1920, 1928, and 1927. T he average num ber of persons em ployed in 1932 did n o t reach so low a point as in 1921. T he reduction in num ber of em ployees since 1929 has continued for a longer period but the reduction w as n o t so rapid nor so great as occurred beginning in m idsum m er of 1920. M a n u fa ctu re o f S ton e, Clay, an d G lass P rod u cts I n t h e m anufacture of stone, clay, and glass products in Ohio during the 17 years, 1916 to 1932, the highest average w age and salary paym ent to all occupation groups com bined w as $1,483 in 1920, the second highest w as $1,381 in 1926, and the low est w as $697 in 1916. T he average in 1932 w as $878, w hich w as the low est since 1917. T he decline in average w age and salary paym ents from 1929 to 1923 was $485, or 36.8 percent, for w age earners; $364, or 20.3 percent, for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; and $470, or 34.9 per cent, for the three general occupation groups (including salespeople, not traveling) com bined. 107 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 C ertain of the figures for 1926 and 1932 in this study w ill not be in agreem ent w ith the stud y of “ A verage w age and salary paym ents in m anufactures” , published in the M onth ly Labor R eview for M arch 1934, due to correction of an error in th e tabulations of the Ohio D ivision of Labor Statistics after the publication of th at study. T he average num ber of persons reported em ployed in each of the three general occupation groups is show n in table 81. T h e year 1925 show s the highest average num ber em ployed for w age earners and for the occupation groups com bined. T he highest average num ber of bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks w as em ployed in 1930, and of salespeople, not traveling (a very sm all group) in 1929. T he year 1932 show s the low est average em ploy m ent for wage earners and for the occupation groups com bined. T 8 1 .— AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED IN M ANUFACTURE OF STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS a ble Number of employees Number of establish ments Year 1916...............................................— . 1917....................................................... 1918.............................. ...................... . 1919..................................... .............. 1920..................................... .............. 1921....................................................... 1922....................................................... 1923....................................................... 1924....................................................... 1925............................................... ... 1926................................................ . .... 1927............-................................... 1928.................................... ................. 1929........................................................ 1930..................................................... 1931.............................. ........................ 1932.......................................................... 712 702 683 693 713 637 664 674 711 762 763 768 772 770 747 708 622 Wage earners 44,096 43,591 35,192 36.916 40,168 32,054 34, 909 43,053 42, 898 45,871 44,665 43, 328 42,805 41,128 33,670 28,068 20,603 Bookkeepers, Salespeople stenogra travel phers, and (noting) office clerks 1,329 1,287 1, 323 1,361 1,532 1,443 1,471 1,827 1,816 1,971 2,099 2,077 2,173 2,091 2,262 2, 089 1,460 84 84 83 88 101 61 65 93 94 145 160 133 147 174 139 78 81 All employees 45,509 44, 962 36,598 38, 364 41,802 33, 557 36,445 44,973 44,808 47,987 46,924 45,539 45,126 43, 393 36,071 30,234 22,144 M ore than 90 percent of the em ployees in the m anufacture of stone, clay, and glass products were classified each year as w age earners. T able 82 show s for th at general occupation group fluctuation in em ploym ent from 1930 to 1932. M axim um em ploym ent for the 17-year period w as 47,603 in O ctober 1925, and m inim um em ploym ent w as 18,323 in July 1932. 1 4 0 4 4 6 °— 3! -8 108 T AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 8 3 .— FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN M ANUFACTURE OF STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS PRODUCTS, 1930 TO 1932 i a ble Month Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— 1930 January___ ____ _______ February------ --------------M arch.__ __________ _ April___ ______________ M ay__________________ June__________________ July___________________ August________________ September_____________ October_______________ 33,670 34,589 35, 322 35, 930 35,806 35, 795 32, 329 33, 384 32,876 32,887 1931 1932 Month Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— 1930 26, 713 21, 516 November_____________ 31,937 28,401 22,482 December-------------------- 29.515 29, 516 22, 567 30,680 21,818 Maximum_____________ 35,930 31,108 21,192 Minimum_____________ 29.515 30, 219 20,581 Variation from maximum: Number............ .......... 6,415 27,623 18,323 Percent____________ 17.9 28,199 18,672 27,454 20,202 Number of establish 27,030 20,321 ments________ _______ 747 1931 1932 25, 795 24,076 31,108 24, 076 7,032 22.6 708 20,054 19, 504 22, 567 18,323 4,244 18.8 622 1 For years 1916 to 1929, see Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. No. 553. Certain figures have been revised since publication of the bulletin. Table 83 and chart 28 show average wage and salary paym ents in the m anufacture of stone, clay, and glass products. T he highest average paym ent to w age earners and to the occupation groups com bined was in 1920, w ith 1924 second in order for w age earners and 1926 for the groups com bined. T he highest average paym ent to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks w as in 1930. T he low est average paym ent in each classification w as in 1916. T he 1932 average paym ent to w age earners and to the occupation groups com bined w as the low est since 1917. Table 8 3 —AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN MANUFACTURE OF STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Average wage and salary payments to— Number of Bookkeepers, Salespeople establish Year All (not trav employees ments Wage earners stenographers and office eling) clerks 712 $689 $891 $696 1916_____ ____________________ 0) 702 829 1,003 837 1917____ _______________________ 0) 683 971 1,043 976 1918_____ _____ ____ ____________ (0 1,252 693 1,145 1919___________________________ 1,151 0) 1,453 1,483 1920____ _________ ____ ________ 713 (2) 1,421 (0 1,209 1921____ _______________________ 637 1,220 0) *664 1922___________________________ 1,436 1,132 1,117 0) 674 1,188 1,533 1,204 1923_______________________ ____ 0) 1,363 1924____________________________ 1,577 1,374 711 0) 1, 624 762 1,374 1925............................. ............. .......... 1,359 (0 763 1, 360 1, 716 1926<___________________ - .......... 1,381 0) 1, 330 1,686 768 1, 351 1927....................................................... 0) 1,314 772 1,757 1,341 1928______________ _____________ 0) 1929_____ ______________ ____ ___ 770 1,319 1,796 1,348 0) 1,241 1930. *____________ __________ 1,187 1,909 747 0) 1,780 1931____________________________ 708 1,096 1,145 0) <834 1,432 1932____ _______________________ 622 <878 0) 1Not computed, owing to small number involved. 2 Omitted, owing to probable error in reporting or tabulating; no further verification possible. 2 Number of establisnments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 8. <Not in agreement with study of “Average wage and salary payments in manufactures", Monthly Labor Review, for March 1934, due to correction in tabulations of Ohio Division of Labor Statistics after publication of March study. 109 MANUFACTURES— 1 9 1 6 TO 1 9 3 2 Industries in Manufacture of Stone, Clay, and Glass Products this study the following manufacturing industries have I been combined under “ Stone, clay, and glass products, other Burial vaults, concrete; crucibles; emery wheels and other abrasives, includ ing sand and emery cloth; glass cutting, staining, and ornamenting; n f ig u r e 28.—A v e r a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d S a l a r y P a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s in M a n u f a c t u r e o f S t o n e , C l a y , a n d G l a s s P r o d u c t s , 1916 t o 1932 lime; mirrors; statuary and art goods; stone and clay crushing and grinding; and stone, clay, and glass products, not otherwise classified. Average wage and salary payments to wage earners in each of the 7 industries and in the group “other’’ are shown in table 84. These averages should be taken not as exact measures but as approximate figures. Table 84.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANU FACTURE OF STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES Year 1916__________ _____ 1917______ _________ 1918_______________ 1919___________ ____ 1920_______________ 1921........................... 1922_______________ 1923______ ________ 1924______ _________ 1925_______________ 1926........................ . 1927...................... ........ 1928............. ................. 1929........................ . 1930_______________ 1931............. ........... . 1932______ ................. Brick and tile, Cement Concrete products clay $681 796 973 1, 235 1, 770 1,203 (2) 1,341 1,385 1,364 1,480 1, 302 1, 314 1,291 1,154 947 693 $819 1,070 1,467 1,473 1,652 1, 524 (2) 1,518 1, 696 1, 557 1,578 1,873 1,792 1,739 1,620 1,455 1,136 $691 822 861 1,479 1,344 1,238 (2) 1,403 1, 392 1,401 1,491 1,401 1,355 1,333 1,225 1,061 916 Glass $738 833 981 1,136 1,400 1,109 (2) 1,262 1, 355 1, 332 1, 329 1,344 1,344 1,346 1,190 1,109 959 Marble and stone work, stone yards $818 912 1,109 1,353 1,755 1,743 (2) 1,808 1,834 1,807 1,789 1,876 1,893 1,953 1,888 1, 686 1, 335 Pottery, Wall Stone, terra plaster, clay, and cotta, and including glass fire-clay hydrated products, other products lime $651 780 937 1,104 1,372 1,201 (2) 1,043 1, 342 1, 320 1, 257 1, 250 1,231 1, 227 1,085 1,123 734 $735 927 1,362 1,399 1, 717 1,789 (2) 1,653 0) 1, 519 1,647 1,632 1,379 1,527 1, 443 1, 302 901 1 Omitted owing to probable error in reporting or tabulating; no further verificati<?n possible, * Data not available, $698 C1)1,002 1,080 1, 361 1,189 (2) 1, 266 1,282 1, 303 1, 372 1, 327 1,326 1,332 1,293 1,092 776 110 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO The highest average wage and salary payment to wage earners was made in 1920 in 3 industries, in 1921 in 1, in 1926 in 2, in 1927 in 1, and in 1929 in 1. The lowest average payment was made in 1916 in each of the 8 industries and the average in 1932 was second lowest in 4. Indexes of Employment and of Wage and Salary Payments I n d e x e s o f average number of wage earners employed and of total and average wage and salary payments to wage earners are shown in table 85. The base is 1926. The indexes cover the period during which the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics has requested reports from all employers of three or more persons. Indexes are shown for manufactures of stone, clay, and glass products as a whole and for each of seven industries. INDEXES OF AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANUFACTURE OF STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS PRODUCTS, 1924 to 1932, BY INDUS TRIES [1926=100.0] Stone, clay, and Brick and tile, clay Cement Concrete products glass products 1 Wage Total Aver Wage Total Aver Wage Total Aver Wage Total Aver earn wage age earn wage age earn wage age earn wage age Year ers and wage ers and wage ers and wage ers and wage and (aver (aver salary and (aver salary and (aver salary and age pay salary age salary age pay salary age pay salary pay salary num ments pay num ments pay num pay num ments pay ber) ment ber) ment ber) ments ment ment ber) 1924__________ 96.0 96.2 100.2 69.5 65.0 93.6 64.7 69.5 107.5 78.9 73.7 93.4 1925__________ 102.7 102.6 99.9 115.1 106.2 92.2 105.9 104.5 98.7 96.9 91.1 94.0 1926__________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1927__________ 97.0 94.9 97.8 105.6 92.9 88.0 90.1 106.9 118.7 103.8 97.5 94.0 1928__________ 95.8 92.6 96.6 109.9 97.5 88.8 83.6 95.0 313.6 104.6 95.0 90.9 1929__________ 92.1 89.3 97.0 127.4 111. 1 87.2 77.6 85.1 110.2 96.6 86.4 89.4 1930__________ 75.4 65.8 87.3 94.4 73.6 78.0 64.4 66.1 302.7 76.1 62.5 82.2 1931 _________ 62.8 50.6 80.6 81.3 52.0 64.0 45.3 41.8 92.2 61.3 43.7 71.2 1932__________ 46.1 28.3 61.3 39.5 18.5 46.8 37.1 26.7 72.0 30.3 18.6 61.4 Marble and stone Pottery, terra cotta, Wall plaster, includ Glass work, stone yards and fire-clay products ing hydrated lime 1924— ......... 92.2 94.0 102.0 114.3 117.2 102.5 112.8 120.4 106.8 100.2 67.2 1925__________ 99.7 99.9 100.2 114.1 115.3 101.0 98.9 103.9 105.0 99.8 92.1 (2)92.2 1926__________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1927__________ 94.0 95.1 101.1 122.3 128.3 104.9 95.6 95.1 99.4 62.8 62.3 99.1 1928__________ 99.3 100. 5 101.1 93.2 98.7 105.8 89.3 87.5 97.9 63.7 51.6 83.7 1929__________ 109.3 110.8 101.3 112.2 122.6 109.7 69.0 67.4 97.6 55.4 51.4 92.7 1930__________ 83.9 75.1 89.5 101.5 107.2 105.5 60.1 51.9 86.3 45.0 39.5 87.6 1931__________ 87.0 72.6 83.4 89.5 84.3 94:2 42.1 37.6 89.3 33.8 26.7 79.1 1932.................... 76.3 55.1 72.2 59.2 44.1 74.6 36.7 21.4 58.4 25.8 14.1 54.7 1 Indexes not in agreement with study of “Average wage and salary payments in manufactures**^ Monthly Labor Review for March 1934, due to corrections in tabulations of Ohio Division of Labor Statistics after publication of March study. 2 Omitted owing to probable error in reporting or tabulating; no further verification possible. T able 8 5 — Considering stone, clay, and glass products as a whole, the index in 1932 was 46.1 for average number of wage earners employed, 28.3 for total wage and salary payments to wage earners, and 61.3 for average wage and salary payments. The indexes for the industry group are not in agreement with the study of “Average wage and salary payments in manufactures”, published in the Monthly Labor Review for March 1934, due to corrections in the tabulations of the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics after the publication of that study. 111 MANUFACTURES— 1 9 1 6 TO 1 9 3 2 The 1932 index fell below 40 in 5 of the 7 industries for average number of wage earners employed and for total wage and salary payments to wage earners. The 1932 index for average payments fell below 75 in each of the 7 industries, and in 1 it fell below 50. 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 F ig u r e 29.—In d e x e s o f W a g e E a r n e r s E m p l o y e d a n d T o t a l a n d A v e r a g e w a g e a n d S a l a r y P a y m e n t s t o W a g e e a r n e r s in M a n u f a c t u r e o f s t o n e , C l a y , a n d G l a s s P r o d u c t s , 1924 t o 1932 (1926=100) Chart 29 shows graphically the indexes for the industry group as a whole. M a n u fa ctu re o f V eh icles I n t h e manufacture of vehicles in Ohio, the average number of per sons employed declined 49,921, or 63.6percent,from 1929 to 1932; total wage and salary payments decreased $98,395,656, or 77.3 percent; and the average wage and salary payment decreased $614, or 37.9 percent. 112 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYM ENTS IN OHIO During the 17 years covered by this study the average number of employees (wage earners; bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; and salespeople, not traveling) reached the highest point in 1919; total wage and salary payments reached the highest amount in 1920; and the average wage and salary payment reached the highest amount in 1927. Employment and total wage and salary payments reached the lowest point in 1932, and average wage and salary pay ments in 1916. The Ohio Division of Labor Statistics classifies airplanes and ship and boat building under “Vehicles” beginning with 1919. In this study, therefore, those industries have been transferred for the earlier years from “ Miscellaneous manufactures” to “ Manufacture of vehicles” and the figures for 1916, 1917, and 1918 will not be in agree ment with the summary for manufactures published in the Monthly Labor Eeview for March 1934. The average number of persons reported employed in each of the three general occupation groups is shown in table 86. The highest average number of wage earners was employed in 1929. The average in 1919, however, was only one-half of 1 percent less. The lowest average number was employed in 1932 and the second lowest in 1921. The highest average number of bookkeepers, stenog raphers, and office clerks was employed in 1920, the lowest average in 1932, and the second lowest in 1916. Table 86.—AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED IN MANUFACTURE O F VEHICLES, 1910 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Number of employees Year 19161________________________ 19171________________________ 19181________________________ 1919_________________________ 1920_________________________ 1921_________________________ 1922_________________________ 1923_________________________ 1924_________________________ 1925_________________________ 1926_________________________ 1927_________________________ 1928_________________________ 1929_________________________ 1930_________________________ 1931_________________________ 1932_________________________ Number of establish ments 376 383 374 390 416 363 320 331 328 319 318 319 304 304 297 265 228 Wage earners 58,144 68,821 71,487 72,340 69,283 31,942 46,090 64,520 46,952 57,584 57,066 52,174 65,484 72,727 51,144 39,613 25, 684 Bookkeepers, Salespeople stenograph All (not ers, and office traveling) employees clerks 3,663 23101 61,907 54 4,681 73,556 <5,584 5 71 77,142 6,982 88 79,410 7, 287 98 76,668 4,315 85 36,342 4,510 65 50,664 5,732 70,252 (6) 5,083 97 52,132 5,012 115 62,711 4, 711 90 61,867 4,897 95 57,166 5,186 116 70,786 5,617 120 78,463 111 5,375 56,630 4,022 43,635 C9 2,858 28,542 (6) 1 Shipbuilding and boatbuilding classified by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics under “ Manufacture of vehicles” beginning in 1919 and therefore transferred in this study from “ Miscellaneous manufactures” for 1916 to 1918. Manufacture of airplanes and parts also transferred for the same reason for 1917 and 1918 but no data for that industry are available for 1916. 3 Number of salespeople (not traveling) in shipbuilding and boatbuilding not known. Total wage and salary payment, $7,200. 3 Number of salespeople (not traveling) in shipbuilding and boatbuilding not known. Total wage and salary payments, $2,600. 4 Number of bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks in manufacture of airplanes and parts and not known. Total wage and salary payments, $46,627. 5 Number of salespeople (not traveling) in shipbuilding and boatbuilding not known. Total wage and salary payments, $2,700. 6 Tabulated by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics with “ Manufactures, not otherwise classified.” 113 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 More than 90 percent of the employees in the manufacture of vehicles were classified as wage earners in 11 of the 17 years covered in this study, and more than 85 percent .in the other 6 years. Table 87 shows fluctuation in employment of wage earners from 1930 to 1932. Maximum employment for the 17-year period was 86,400 in February 1929, and minimum employment was 21,179 in October 1932. Table 87.—FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN M ANUFACTURE OF VEHICLES, 1930 TO 1932 i Month January_____ ____ _____ February______________ March________________ April.____ ____________ May_______ _ _ __ _ June__________________ July___________________ August____________ _ September..___________ October_______________ Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— 1930 1931 1932 54,365 56,553 56, 809 58, 691 57,343 54, 558 50, 023 47, 622 45, 225 44,010 41,062 41,079 43, 231 46,022 45,637 43,096 41,081 37, 582 35,621 32,024 29,137 30,890 28,855 27,379 27,119 25,626 25,169 22,712 22.179 21.179 Month Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— 1930 November_____________ December_____________ Maximum_____________ Minimum_____________ Variation from maximum: Number___________ Percent____________ Number of establish ments_______________ 43.430 45,100 58,691 43.430 15,261 26.0 297 1931 1932 35,207 23,353 33,710 24,610 46,022 30,890 32,024 21,179 13,998 9,711 31.4 30.4 228 265 1 For years 1916 to 1929 see Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. No. 553. Average wage and salary payments to wage earners, to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and to the general occupation groups combined are shown in table 88. The average wage and salary payment to wage earners reached the highest amount in 1920. The average in 1927, however, was only $11, or six-tenths of 1 percent less. Following 1927, the average de clined each year, and in 1932 it was the lowest since 1916. Average wage and salary payments to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and to the general occupation groups combined, reached the highest amount in 1927 and the lowest in 1916. 114 T able AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 88.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN MANUFACTURE OF VEHICLES, 19X6 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Year 19161__________________________ 1917 i__________________________ 19181__________________________ 1919____________________________ 1920____________________________ 1921____________________________ 1922____________________________ 1923____________________________ 1924____________________________ 1925____________________________ 1926____________________________ 1927____________________________ 1928____________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931__________ ________________ 1932__________ _____ ___________ Average wage and salary payments to— Number of establish Bookkeepers, ments Wage earners stenogra Salespeople All travel employees phers, and (noting) office clerks 2 376 383 374 390 416 363 »320 331 328 319 318 319 304 304 297 265 228 $789 952 1,246 1,394 1,698 1,364 1,342 1,538 1,656 1,631 1,394 1,687 1,666 1,609 1,331 1,174 934 $969 1,148 4 1,204 1,383 1,629 1,611 1,618 1,719 1,874 1,842 1,836 2,004 1,583 1,647 1,744 1,910 1,667 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 00 (3) 00 00 00 00 00 00 («) (0 4 $800 4 967 41,244 1,394 1,693 1,401 1,370 71,552 1,677 1,650 1,430 1,731 1,661 1,622 1,374 71,242 7 1,008 1 See note 1 to table 86. 2 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments less by 2. 3 Not computed, owing to small number involved. 4 Amounts indicated in notes to table 86 deducted before computing averages. « Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments greater by 8. « Carried with “ Manufacturers, not otherwise classified” in detailed tabulation. 7 Total wage and salary payments to salespeople (not traveling) deducted before computing this aver age, as average number in that group could not be determined from detailed tabulation. F ig u r e 30.—a v e r a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d S a la r y P a y m e n t s t o w a g e E a r n e r s in Ma n u f a c t u r e o f V e h ic l e s , 1916 to 1932 Chart 30 shows graphically average wage and salary payments to wage earners. 115 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 Industries in Manufacture of Vehicles I study manufacture of bicycles, motorcycles, and parts, and manufacture of vehicles, not otherwise classified, have been combined under “ Vehicles, other.” Table 89 shows average wage and salary payments to wage earners in each of the six industries and in the group “Vehicles, other.” These averages should not be taken as exact measures but as approxi mate figures. The average wage and salary payment to wage earners reached the highest amount in 1920 for automobiles and parts, steam and street railroad cars, and ship and boat building, in 1921 for airplanes and parts, in 1926 for carriages and wagons, in 1928 for children’s carriages and sleds, and in 1929 for the group “Vehicles, other.” The lowest average was paid in 1916 for all industries except airplanes and parts for which industry data for 1916 are not available, and the lowest average was paid in 1917. In 4 of the 6 industries the highest aver age for the 17 years was paid prior to the depression in 1921. n t h is T able 89.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANU FACTURE OF VEHICLES, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES Carriages, wagons, Cars, steam Ship and Auto Carriages and ma Airplanes mobiles street boat and sleds, and parts and parts children’s terials, and including railroad building repairing Year 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922. 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1932. 0)$989 1,214 1,740 1,600 1,899 (01, 735 1,816 1,791 1,602 1,601 1,578 1,604 1,718 1,761 1,527 $801 958 1,184 1,380 1,727 1,365 ) 1,567 1,700 1,659 1,380 1,719 1,687 1,621 1,309 1,153 916 0 $684 733 892 1,001 1,208 1,015 0)1,080 1,226 1,172 1,282 1,259 1,293 1,272 1,133 1,143 845 $691 828 956 1,030 1,386 1, 279 (}) 1, 205 1,196 1,280 1,437 1,356 1,331 1,236 1,144 943 759 $836 1,036 1,189 1,483 1,750 1, 380 0) 1,496 1, 561 1. 562 1,491 1,657 1,613 1,725 1, 605 1,264 1,076 $780 1,058 1,791 1,633 1,806 1,478 (9 1,579 1,654 1,664 1,642 1,660 1,702 1,628 1,549 1,305 1, 240 Vehicles, other $759 772 973 1,210 1,444 1,280 1,312 1,422 1,457 1,385 1,370 1, 504 1,580 1,344 1,282 981 1 Data not available. Indexes of Employment and of Wage and Salary Payments I of average number of wage earners employed and of total and average wage and salary payments to wage earners are shown in table 90. The base is 1926. The indexes are for the period during which the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics requested reports an nually from all employers of three or more persons. Indexes are shown for manufactures of vehicles as a whole and for each of six industries, ndexes 116 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO In 1932, the em ploym ent index for airplanes and parts w as con siderably above the base year. In all other industries, except chil dren^ carriages and sleds, the index w as below 50. T he 1932 index of total w age and salary paym ents to w age earners, also, w as con siderably above the base year for airplanes and parts, b u t it was below 50 in all other industries. T he 1932 index of average w age and salary paym ents to w age earners w as above 65 for all industries except carriages and wagons. Table 90.—INDEXES OF AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANUFACTURE OF VEHICLES, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES [1926 = 100.0] Vehicles Year 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1932. Airplanes and parts Carriages and sleds, children's Automobiles and parts Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Total wage and salarypay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Total wage and salary pay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Total wage and salary pay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Total wage and salary pay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment 82.3 100.9 100.0 91.4 114.8 127.4 89.6 69.4 45.0 97.7 118.1 100.0 110.6 137.2 147.1 85.6 58.5 30.2 118.8 117.0 100.0 121.0 119.5 115.4 95.5 84.2 67.0 92.4 171.9 100.0 117.1 222.0 248.4 257.9 230.2 126.8 104.7 192.1 100.0 117.1 218.6 248.7 276.5 253.0 120.9 113.3 111.8 100.0 99.9 98.5 100.1 107.2 109.9 95.3 81.6 102.6 100.0 92.8 121 9 134.7 93.1 73.3 47.2 100.6 123.3 100.0 115.6 149.1 158.3 88.4 61.3 31. 3 123.2 120.2 100.0 124.6 122.2 117.5 94.9 83.6 66.4 94.3 96.0 100.0 101.1 93.1 106.4 55.0 64.4 72.7 90.2 87.8 100.0 99.3 93.9 105.5 48.6 57.4 47.9 95.6 91.4 100.0 98.2 100.9 99.2 88.4 89.2 65.9 Carriages, wagons, and Cars, steam and street materials, including re railroad pairing Year 1924______________ 1925-.......................... 1926___________ — 1927______________ 1928______________ 1929______________ 1930______________ 1931______________ 1932______________ Total Wage wage Average Wage wage earners earners and and (average (average salary salary number) pay payment number) ments 106.7 104.8 100.0 79.1 88.0 57.2 35.8 26.0 17.4 88.8 93.3 100.0 74.6 81.5 49.2 28.5 17.1 9.2 83.2 89.1 100.0 94.4 92.6 86.0 79.6 65.6 52.8 104.2 73.7 100.0 45.5 43.6 53.8 48.2 21.3 13.8 Ship and boat building Total Average wage wage Wage and earners and (average salary salary pay payment number) ments 109.1 77.1 100.0 50.6 47.2 62.2 51.9 18.1 9.9 104.7 104.8 100.0 111.1 108.2 115.7 107.6 84.8 72.2 36.6 86.1 100.0 124.7 62.4 111.5 105.5 41.5 27.0 Total Average wage wage and and salary salary pay payment ments 36.8 87.2 100.0 126.0 64.6 110.5 99.5 32.9 20.4 100.7 101.3 100.0 101.1 103.7 99.1 94.3 79.5 75.5 Tw o industries show extrem e declines since 1926. In 1932 the in dexes for m anufacture of carriages and w agons were 17.4 for em ploy m ent and 9.2 for total w age and salary paym ents to w age earners, and the indexes for steam and street railroad cars were 13.8 for em ploy m ent and 9.9 for total w age and salary paym ents to w age earners. Chart 31 show s graphically the indexes for the m anufacture of vehicles. M ANUFACTURES— 1910 TO 1932 117 M a n u fa ctu re o f L eather an d L eath er P rod u cts I n t h e m anufacture of leather and leather products in Ohio, accord ing to reports from practically all establishm ents em ploying three or more persons, the average num ber of w age earners, bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks em ployed declined 17 percent from F ig u r e 31.—I n d e x e s o f W a g e E a r n e r s E m p l o y e d a n d T o t a l a n d A v e r a g e W a g e a n d S a l a r y P a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s in M a n u f a c t u r e o f V e h i c l e s . 1924 TO 1932 (1926=100) 1929 to 1932, total w age and salary paym ents to such em ployees decreased 46.3 percent, and average wage and salary paym ents decreased 35 percent. Salespeople (not traveling) were om itted in the preceding com parison, as data concerning the num ber em ployed in 1932 were n ot available. D uring the 17 years, 1916 to 1932, the average num ber of persons em ployed reached the highest point in 1916 and the low est in 1932. B oth total and average wage and salary paym ents reached the highest am ount in 1927 and the low est in 1916. 118 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO The average num ber of persons reported em ployed in the m anu facture of leather and leather products in each of the three general occupation groups is show n in table 91. The highest average num ber of w age earners w as reported em ployed in 1916 and th e second highest in 1919, w hile the low est w as in 1932, w ith 1931 and 1930 second and third in order. T he highest average num ber of bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks w as em ployed in 1926 and the low est in 1932. T he average num ber of w age earners, of bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and of the general occupation groups com bined show a decline in em ploym ent each year follow ing 1927. T 9 1 — AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED IN MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS a ble Number of employees Year 1916................... . .............................. . 1917........................................................ 1918....................................................... 1919....................................................... 1920...................................................... 1921........................................................ 1922....................................................... 1923_............................................... 1924..................................................._. 1925....................................................... 1926................................................ . 1927....................................................... 1928........................................................ 1929...................................................... 1930...................................................... 1931--.................................................. 1932....................................................... Number of establish Bookkeepers, ments Wage earners stenogra Salespeople travel phers, and (noting) office clerks 161 160 161 156 158 144 138 145 138 141 147 137 130 126 119 110 106 18,346 17,465 16,855 17,790 16,395 15,947 14,876 16,266 15,043 15,855 16,113 16,351 15,538 15,345 13,959 13,153 12,844 1,060 1,068 1,049 1,075 1,146 1,078 959 1,013 981 933 1,176 1,165 1,049 1,039 1,001 852 749 37 34 27 39 42 47 58 0) 55 60 59 67 61 65 0) 0) 0) All em ployees 19,443 18,566 17,930 18,904 17,583 17,072 15,893 17,279 16,079 16,848 17,348 17,582 16,647 16,449 14,960 14,005 13,593 1 Carried with “ Manufactures, not otherwise classified," in detailed tabulation by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. M ore than 90 percent of persons em ployed in the m anufacture of leather and leather products are classified in the general occupation group of w age earners. F luctuation in em ploym ent from 1930 to 1932 in th at general occupation group is show n in table 92. M axim um em ploym ent during the 17 years w as reported in D ecem ber 1919. M inim um em ploym ent w as reported in June 1922, w hen the num ber of w age earners em ployed w as 41.7 percent below the num ber at the peak 2 %years earlier. T he second low est num ber reported em ployed w as in N ovem ber 1931. 119 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 T a ble 9 2 . — FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN M ANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS, 1930 TO 19321 Number of wage earn ers (both sexes) em ployed in— Month January......... .................. . February................ .......... March................................ April.................. ................. May.................................... June.................................... July.................................... August....................... ......... September_____________ October............................... 1930 1931 1932 14,975 14,805 14,547 14,063 13,539 13,840 14,278 14,820 14,253 13, 737 12,590 13,345 13,756 13, 547 13,091 13,023 14, 221 14,379 13,941 12,652 12,663 13,203 13,224 12,886 12,660 12,649 13,017 13,293 13,394 13,007 Number of wage earn ers (both sexes) em ployed in— Month November. ........................ December........................... Maximum........................... Minimum.......................... Variation from maxi mum: Number...................... Percent........................ N umber of establishments. 1930 1931 1932 12,566 12.089 14,975 12.089 11.580 11,709 14,379 11.580 11.958 12,175 13,394 11.958 2,886 19.3 119 2,799 19.5 110 1,436 10.7 106 1 For years 1916 to 1929 see Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. No. 553. T able 93 show s average wage and salary paym ents to wage earners, to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and to the general occupation groups com bined, in the m anufacture of leather and leather products. T 9 3 . — AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN M ANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS i a ble Average wage and salary payments to— Year 1916_________ 1917............ . 1918_________ 1919................ 1920_________ 1921................... 1922................ 1923................... 1924............ Num ber of Book estab lish Wage keepers, em stenog ments earners raphers, All ployees and office clerks 161 160 161 156 158 144 3 138 145 138 $571 635 770 938 1,123 1,074 1,072 1,089 1,087 $606 672 858 1,039 1,134 1, 318 1,298 1,355 1,311 $574 638 776 945 1,125 1,091 1,088 <1,104 1,105 Average wage and salary payments to— Year 1925_____ ____ 1926.............. 1927_________ 1928_________ 1929_____ ____ 1930_________ 1931................1932_________ Num ber of Book estab lish Wage keepers, All em stenog ments earners raphers, ployees and office clerks 141 $1,078 147 1,103 137 1,113 130 1,092 126 1,096 922 119 110 864 106 690 $1,325 1,463 1,552 1,473 1,461 1,395 1,323 1,315 $1,096 1,129 1,144 1,118 1,122 * 954 4 892 4 724 i Average for salespeople (not traveling) not computed owing to small number involved; in 1923, 1930, 1931, and 1932, carried with “ Manufactures, not otherwise classified”, in detailed tabulation by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. * Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 1. 3 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 1. 4 Total wage and salary payments to salespeople (not traveling) deducted before computing this average, as average number in that group could not be determined from detailed tabulation. The average w age and salary paym ents to w age earners reached the highest am ount during the 17 years in 1920 and the low est in 1916. Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks received the highest average am ount in 1927 and the low est in 1916. C om bining the three general occupation groups, the highest average w age and salary paym ent w as reported for 1927 and the low est for 1916. 120 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO Chart 32 show s graphically average wage and salary paym ents to wage earners in the m anufacture of leather and leather products. Industries in Manufacture of Leather and Leather Products I n t h i s study several of the smaller industries classified by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics under the manufacture of leather and leather products have been combined under “ Leather and leather products, other.” The industries thus combined are: Leather belting F ig u r e 32.—Av e r a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d S a l a r y P a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s in M a n u f a c t u r e o f L e a t h e r a n d L e a t h e r p r o d u c t s , 1916 t o 1932 and hose; leather gloves and m ittens; saddlery and harness; trunks and valises; and leather and leather products, n ot otherw ise classified. E xcept in the year 1918, m ore than 80 percent of the w age earners in industries classified b y the Ohio D ivision of Labor Statistics under m anufacture of leather and leather products, were em ployed in the m anufacture of boots, shoes, cu t stock, and findings. T able 94 show s fluctuation in em ploym ent of w age earners in th at industry from 1930 to 1932. M axim um em ploym ent of w age earners during the 17 years w as reported in D ecem ber 1919 and m inim um em ploym ent 2 %years later, June 1922, w hen the num ber w as 47.1 percent less. T he second low est num ber reported em ployed w as in N ovem ber 1931. 121 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 T 9 4 . — FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN M ANUFACTURE OF BOOTS, SHOES, CUT STOCK, AND FINDINGS, 1930 TO 19321 a ble Month January______________ February_____ ____ ____ March___________ _____ April_________________ M ay__________________ June.................................. July..................................... August________________ Septem ber...................... October............................... Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— 1932 1930 1931 12, 251 10, 398 10,606 12,089 11,044 11,131 11,899 11,546 11,271 11,467 11, 330 10,987 10,937 10,838 10,809 11,271 10,858 10,916 11,724 11,995 11,290 12,265 12,166 11, 540 11,716 11,702 11,551 11,147 10,428 11,037 Month Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— 1930 1931 1932 10,081 9,452 10,076 9, 664 9,571 10,399 12, 265 12,166 11, 551 9,664 9,452 10,076 November___________ _ December________ _____ Maximum_____________ Minimum_____________ Variation from maxi mum: Number___________ 2,601 Percent____________ 21.2 Number of establish ments............................... 45 i For years 1916 to 1929, see Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. No. 553. 2,714 22.3 38 1,475 12.8 40 Table 95 shows average wage and salary paym ents to w age earners in each of the industries and in the group ‘‘Leather and leather products, o th e r /7 These averages should be taken not as exact m easures but as approxim ate figures. T 95.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYMENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN MANU FACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES a ble Leather, Leather Boots, Boots, shoes, tanned, shoes, and Year cut stock, curried, leather cut stock, products, and and and other findings findings finished $542 $1,044 $628 1925................. 1916................. $785 1,062 1917________ 773 1926________ 590 854 1918________ 1,076 719 1,050 873 1927................. 1919________ 886 1,348 1,015 1928................ 1,046 1920.. ___ 1,227 1929................. 1,050 1,067 1,490 1921________ 1,184 1930________ 1.302 859 1,045 1922________ 1931________ 816 0) 0) (0 1,061 1923— 1.302 1,089 1932_______ 650 1,138 1924________ 1,050 1,356 i Information concerning total wage and salary payments not tabulated by Statistics for individual industries. Year Leather, Leather tanned, and curried, leather and products, finished other $1,325 $1,138 1,370 1,207 1,415 1,137 1,441 1,127 1,430 1,132 1,344 1,022 1,242 882 999 177 Ohio Division of Labor In the m anufacture of boots, shoes, cut stock, and findings, the average w age and salary paym ent w as highest in 1927, second highest in 1920, low est in 1916, and second low est in 1917. In th e m anufac ture of tanned, curried, and finished leather, the average w as highest in 1920, second highest in 1928, low est in 1916, and second low est in 1917. In the group “ Leather and leather products, o th er77, the average w as highest in 1920, second highest in 1926, low est in 1916, and second low est in 1932. Chart 33 shows, graphically, average w age and salary paym ents in the m anufacture of boots, shoes, cut stock, and findings. Indexes of Employment and Wage and Salary Payments I n d e x e s of average num ber of w age earners em ployed and total and average wage and salary paym ents to w age earners are show n in table 96. T he base for these indexes is 1926. T he years covered are 122 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 1924 to 1932, during w hich period reports were requested each year by the Ohio D ivision of Labor Statistics for all establishm ents em ploying three or m ore persons. In the m anufacture of leather and leather products, the index for each of the three item s covered exceeded the base year in 1927. T he indexes were low est in 1932— 79.7 for average num ber of w age earners em ployed, 49.9 for total w age and salary paym ents, and 62.6 for average wage and salary paym ent. In the m anufacture of boots, shoes, cut stock, and findings, the index for each of the item s also exceeded the base year in 1927. The FIGURE 33.—A V ER A G E ANNUAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYMENTS TO WAGE EARNERS in M a n u f a c t u r e o f B o o t s , S h o e s , C u t S t o c k , a n d F in d in g s , 1916 t o 1932 indexes, how ever, were low est in 1931 for average num ber of w age earners em ployed (82.1), and in 1932 for total w age and salary p ay m ents (50.4) and for average w age and salary paym ents (61.2). In the m anufacture of tanned, curried, and finished leather, the index w as at the highest point in 1926 for average num ber of w age earners em ployed and at the low est point (79.3) in 1932. T he index for total w age and salary paym ents reached the highest point (102.3) in 1927 and the low est (57.9) in 1932, w hile th at for average w age and salary paym ent reached the highest point (105.2) in 1928 and the low est (72.9) in 1932. In the group “ L eather and leather products, oth er” , the index for average num ber of w age earners em ployed and also for total w age and salary paym ents w as highest in 1929 and low est in 1932. For average wage and salary paym ents the index w as highest in 1926 and low est in 1932. MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 123 F ig u r e 34.—In d e x e s o f W a g e E a r n e r s E m p l o y e d a n d W a g e a n d S a l a r y P a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s in M a n u f a c t u r e o f l e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r PRODUCTS, 1924 TO 1932 Charts 34 and 35 show graphically indexes for the m anufacture of leather and leather products and for the m anufacture of boots, shoes, cut stock, and findings. Table 96.—INDEXES OF AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EMPLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN THE M ANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES [1926=100.0] Year 1924..................... 1926..................... 1926..................... 1927..................... 1928..................... 1929............. . 1930............. . 1931.................... 1932.................... Leather and leather products Wage Total Aver earn wage age ers and wage (aver salaryand age pay salary num ments pay ber) ment 93.4 92.1 98.5 98.4 96.2 97.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.5 102.4 100.9 96.4 95.5 99.0 95.2 94.6 99.4 86.6 72.5 83.6 81.6 64.0 78.3 79. 7 49.9 62.6 .140446°— 35-------- 9 Boots, shoes, cut stock, and findings Wage Total Aver earn wage age ers and wage (aver salary and age pay salary num ments pay ber) ment 93.9 92.8 98.9 98.6 96.9 98.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.7 103.1 101.3 95.0 93. 7 98.5 93.2 92.2 98.9 85.4 69.1 80.9 82. 1 63.1 76.8 82.3 50.4 61.2 Leather, tanned, cur ried, and finished Wage Total Aver earn wage age ers and wage (aver salary and age pay salary num ments pay ber) ment 98.2 97.2 99.0 98.2 95.0 96.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.0 102.3 103. 3 96.1 101.1 105.2 97. 5 101.8 104.4 90.0 88.3 98 1 85.9 77.9 90. 7 79.3 57.9 72.9 Leather and leather products, other Wage Total Aver earn wage age ers and wage (aver salary and age pay salary num ments pay ber) ment 81.6 77.0 94.3 96.9 91.4 94.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.1 96.2 94.2 112 4 105. 0 93.4 114.2 107. 2 93.8 96.3 81.6 84.7 70.6 51.6 73.1 51.6 33.0 63. 9 124 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO M a n u fa ctu re o f L iq u ors an d Beverages In manufacture of liquors and beverages in Ohio during the 17 years, 1916 to 1932, the highest average wage and salary payment to all occupation groups combined was $1,761 in 1923; the second highest was $1,732 in 1920; and the lowest was $1,004 in 1917. The average payment in 1932 was $1,233, which was the lowest since 1918. In this industry group employment of wage earners and total wage the F ig u r e 35.—In d e x e s o f W a g e E a r n e r s E m plo y ed a n d W a g e a n d S alary P a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s in M a n u f a c t u r e o f B o o t s , s h o e s , C u t s t o c k , a n d F in d in g s , 1924 t o 1932 and salary payments have declined each year since 1925, and average payments each year since 1928. Emplojunent and pay rolls in this industry group were, of course, affected by the adoption of the eighteenth amendment to the Federal Constitution. The manufacture of distilled liquor disappears from the Ohio reports following 1918, and the manufacture of malt liquor following 1919. There occurred at once a great increase in employ ment and pay rolls in the manufacture of mineral and soda waters. Following 1920, however, employment and pay rolls in that industry began to decrease and a decline was reported each year since 1925. 125 M A N U F A C T U R E S — 1 9 1 6 TO 1 9 3 2 Table 97 shows the average number of persons reported employed in each of the three general occupation groups. The highest average number was employed in each of the occupa tion groups, except salespeople (not traveling), in 1916, and the second highest in 1917. The lowest average number was employed in 1932 in each of the occupation groups. Table 9 7 .—AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED IN M ANUFACTURE OF LIQUORS AND BEVERAGES, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OC CUPATION GROUPS Number of employees Year 1916___________________________ 1917_____________________ ____ 1918____ ____ ___________ _______ 1919___ ____ ___________________ 1920............... ...................................... 1921.......... ........ .................... .............. 1922.................................................... 1923_____________ ______________ 1924____________________________ 1925____________________________ 1926____________________________ 1927____________________________ 1928........................... ........................ 1929...___________________ _____ 1930______ _____ ___________ ____ 1931..._______________ ;________ 1932.................................. ................. Number of establish ments 192 179 182 167 150 121 120 124 140 147 153 155 150 164 163 175 158 Wage earners 6,461 6,342 5,820 4, 533 3, 651 2,670 2, 234 2,194 2,015 2,139 2, 026 1,939 1,820 1,817 1,724 1,583 1,370 Bookkeepers, stenographers, Salespeople travel and office (noting) clerks 639 636 576 529 453 362 313 316 279 282 285 255 245 261 247 248 244 150 168 152 144 128 129 134 127 142 131 165 163 143 163 99 91 71 All employees 7, 249 7,147 6, 547 5,206 4, 232 3,161 2, 681 2, 637 2, 436 2, 552 2, 476 2, 357 2,207 2, 242 2, 071 1, 922 1, 685 More than 80 percent of the employees in the manufacture of liquors and beverages were classified each year as wage earners. Table 98 shows for that occupation group fluctuation in employment from 1930 to 1932. This industry group has a high seasonal fluctuation and the varia tion from maximum within the year exceeded 30 percent in 11 of the 17 years. Within the year, maximum employment occurred in June, July, or August—usually in July—and minimum employment in January, February, or December—usually in December. Maximum employment of wage earners reported during the 17-year period was 7,368 in August 1916, and minimum employment was 1,183 in December 1932. 126 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO Table 98.—FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN M ANUFACTURE OF LIQUORS AND BEVERAGES, 1930 TO 1932 i Month January_______ ________ February______________ March................................. April__________________ May__________________ June...... .............................. July.................................. August__ _____ ________ September________ ____ October________ _______ Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— 1930 1931 1932 1,498 1,421 1,312 1,502 1,439 1,320 1,526 1,460 1,291 1,652 1,556 1,378 1,942 1,650 1,470 2,044 1,720 1,717 2,118 1,887 1,468 2,122 1,856 1,408 1,762 1,668 1,356 1,595 1,530 1,249 Month November December__ Maximum_____ Minimum_______ Variation from maxi mum: Number.. Percent__ Number of establish ments............................... i For years 1916 to 1929, see Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. No. 553. Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— 1930 1931 1932 1,480 1,414 1,286 1,449 1,389 1,183 2,122 1,887 1,717 1,449 1,389 1,183 673 31. 7 163 498 26.4 175 534 31.1 158 Table 99 shows average wage and salary payments in the manufac ture of liquors and beverages. The highest average payment to wage earners and to the three general occupation groups combined was reported in 1923, the second highest in 1920, and the lowest in 1917. The average in 1932 was the lowest since 1918. Table 99.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN M ANUFACTURE OF LIQUORS AND BEVERAGES, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS i Average wage and salary Average wage and salary payments to— payments to— Num Num Book Book ber of ber of keepers, estab Year keepers, estab Year lish Wage stenog All em lish Wage stenog All em ments earners raphers, ployees ments earners raphers, ployees and office and office clerks clerks 1Q1fi 192 $1,170 $1,094 $1,172 1925 ___ 147 $1,489 $1,617 $1,584 1917 ______ 179 974 1,154 1,004 1926.................... 153 1,428 1,594 1,493 1,286 1,160 1927.................... 155 1,475 1918 _____ 182 1,137 1,623 1,521 ___ 167 1,286 1919 1,409 1,308 1928................... 150 1,491 1,560 1,553 1,551 1,732 1929.................... 164 1,484 1,554 1,527 150 1,754 1920 ................. 1,615 1,483 1930.................... 163 1,470 1,566 1,522 1921. ______ 121 1,455 1,549 1,393 1931.................... 175 1,396 1,444 1,431 1922 120 1, 351 124 1,771 1,573 1,761 1932................. 1,243 1,233 158 1,200 1923 . ______ 1,499 1,516 140 1,492 1924................... i Average for salespeople (not traveling) not computed owing to small number involved. Industries in the Manufacture of Liquors and Beverages I n t h is study, the manufacture of vinous liquors, malt, and liquors and beverages not otherwise classified, has been combined under “ Liquors and beverages, other.” Two of the industries disappear from the reports following the adoption of the eighteenth amendment. Data for total wage and salary payments for 1922 were not tabulated by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics for individual industries. Average wage and salary payments to wage earners in each of the industries are shown in table 100. These averages should be taken not as exact measures, but as approximate figures. 127 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 Table 100.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M AN UFACTURE OF LIQUORS AND BEVERAGES, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES Mineral Liquors Liquors, Liquors, and and bev soda erages, malt distilled waters other Year 1916................ 1917................ 1918................ 1919............... 1920................ 1921.............. . 1922.............. 1923.......... ___ 1924................ 0)$712 746 $940 1,010 1,154 1,263 $766 846 1,157 1,301 1,775 1,463 (2) 1,791 1,479 $777 789 1,022 1,156 1,448 1,333 (2) 1,483 1,650 Year Mineral Liquors, Liquors, and distilled malt soda waters Liquors and bev erages, other $1,476 1,406 1,447 1,460 1,456 1,434 1,365 1,161 $1,637 1,624 1,725 1,736 1,669 1,664 1,521 1,331 1Q25 102fi 1927 1928 1929................ 1930................ 1931................ 1932................ i Omitted due to error in reporting or tabulating; unable to make further verification. Average for 1915 was $651. * Data not available. Indexes of Employment and Wage and Salary Payments of average number of wage earners employed and of total and average wage and salary payments to wage earners are shown in table 101 for the industry group as a whole and for the manufacture of mineral and soda waters. The base is the year 1926. The indexes cover the period during which the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics requested reports from all employers of three or more persons. The indexes of employment and total payments show a decline each year since 1925, and the indexes of average payments a decline each year since 1928. Indexes T able 101.—INDEXES OF AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN MANUFACTURE OF LIQUORS AND BEVERAGES AND IN THE MINERAL- AND SODA-WATER INDUSTRY, 1924 TO 1932 [1926=100.0] Manufacture of liquors and beverages Year 1924______ ________________ 1925.......................................... . 1926............................. ................. 1927........................................ — _ 1923______ ________________ 1929............................. ................. 1930_______________ _______1931............- ................. .............. 1932.............................................. Wage earners (average number) 99.5 105.6 100.0 95.7 89.8 89.7 85.1 78.1 67.6 Mineral and soda waters Total Average wage and wage and salary salary payments payment Wage earners (average number) 104.5 104.3 100.0 103.3 104.4 103.9 102.9 97.8 84.0 102.2 107.9 100.0 95.6 88.9 87.1 79.7 69.1 57.6 103.9 110.1 100.0 98.9 93.8 93.2 87.6 76.4 56.8 Total Average wage and wage and salary salary payments payment 107.6 113.2 100.0 98.3 92.4 90.2 81.3 67.0 47.5 105.2 105.0 100.0 102.9 103.8 103.6 102.0 97.1 82.6 M a n u fa ctu re o f M etals a n d M etal P rod u cts, O th er th a n Iron a n d Steel I n the manufacture of metals and metal products, other than iron and steel, in Ohio during the 17 years, 1916 to 1932, the highest average wage and salary payment to all occupation groups combined 128 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO was $1,476 in 1929 and the lowest was $715 in 1916. The average in 1932 was $1,047, which was the lowest since 1917. The decline in average wage and salary payments from 1929 to 1932 was $461, or 32.1 percent, for wage earners; $263, or 15.1 percent, for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; and $429, or 29.1 per cent for the three general occupation groups (including salespeople, not traveling) combined. Table 102 shows the average number of persons reported employed in each of the three general occupation groups. The year 1929 shows the highest average number employed of wage earners and of the occupation groups combined, the year 1920 shows the second highest average, 1921 the lowest during the 17 years, and 1932 the lowest since 1921. Table 102.—AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED IN M ANUFACTURE OF METALS AND M ETAL PRODUCTS, OTHER THAN IRON AND STEEL, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Number of employees Year 1916.__________________________ 1917____________________________ 1918____________________________ 1919____________ _____ _________ 1920___ _____ ___________________ 1921___ _____ ___________________ 1922____________________________ 1923____________________________ 1924____________________________ 1925____________________________ 1926______________________ _____ 1927______________ ____ _____ ___ 1928___________________ ____ 1929____________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931______________________ _____ 1932__________ _________ _______ Number of estab Bookkeepers, lishments Wage earners stenogra Salespeople travel phers, and (noting) office clerks 331 339 395 409 457 432 406 456 471 488 490 506 523 544 549 544 531 24,993 25,433 31,800 29,643 34,404 22,746 27, 523 34,148 30,496 32,506 32,533 31,383 32,306 37, 744 32,061 27,879 25,046 2,229 2,339 2,950 3,494 3,742 3,395 3,022 3,601 3, 540 3, 622 3, 657 4,062 4,115 4,724 4, 869 4,493 4,022 109 107 193 138 134 121 122 123 109 175 185 185 195 234 187 97 128 All employees 27,332 27,879 34,943 33, 259 38, 284 26,274 30,667 37,873 34,144 36,303 36,375 35,629 36, 616 42,703 37,116 32,469 29,196 More than 85 percent of the employees in the manufacture of metals and metal products, other than iron and steel, were classified each year as wage earners. Table 103 shows fluctuation in employ ment for that occupation group from 1930 to 1932. Maximum employment for the 17-year period was 40,148 in October 1929, and minimum employment was 20,733 in August 1921. 129 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 TABLE 103.—FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN M ANUFACTURE OF METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS, OTHER THAN IRON AND STEEL, 1930 TO 19321 Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— Month 1930 January_______________ February______________ March__________ ______ April_________ ____ _ __ M ay______________ __ June________ _________ July..................... ................ August________________ September_____________ October............................... 1For years 1916 to 34,047 33,715 33, 988 34, 322 33,991 32,490 31,075 30,302 30,657 30,801 1931 Month 1932 27,397 26,023 November_____________ 28,483 26,300 December _ _ _ _ 29,182 26,435 29,591 25, 520 Maximum 29,148 25,419 Mim’Trmrn 28, 351 25,148 Variation from maxi 27,665 24,259 mum— Number....................... 27,048 23,073 Percent...... ........ ......... 27,317 24,825 27,409 25,027 Number of establish ments.................... ......... Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— 1930 1931 1932 30,179 29,160 34,322 29,160 26,889 26,069 29, 591 26,069 24,769 23,748 26,435 23,073 5,162 15.0 549 3, 522 11.9 544 3,362 12.7 531 1929 see Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. No. 553. Table 104 shows average wage and salary payments in the manu facture of metals and metal products, other than iron and steel. The highest average payment to wage earners and to the general occupation groups combined was in 1929. The highest average pay- 1918 1922 1924 1926 1930 1932 F ig u r e 36.—A v er a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d S a la r y P a y m e n t s t o W a g e Ea r n e r s in M a n u f a c t u r e o f m e t a l s a n d M etal P r o d u c t s , o t h e r t h a n I ron a n d STEEL, 1916 TO 1932 ment to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks was in 1930. The lowest average was paid to each group in 1916. The 1932 aver age payment to wage earners and to the groups combined was the lowest since 1917. Chart 36 shows graphically average wage and salary payments to wage earners, 130 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO T able 1 0 4 .—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN MANUFACTURE OF METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS, OTHER THAN IRON AND STEEL, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS! Average wage and salary Average wage and salary payments to— payments to— Num Number of berof Book Book Year estab Year estab . lish Wage keepers lish Wage keepers, All em All em stenog stenog ments ments earners raphers, ployees earners raphers, ployees and office and office clerks clerks 2 331 $699 $815 $715 1925.................... 488 $1,372 $1,662 $1,412 1916. 802 1926 4................. 490 1,373 943 1,693 1,416 1917. 339 786 1927................... 506 1,371 1,418 395 1,113 1,060 1918. 523 1,422 409 1,128 1,170 1,137 1928................... 1,705 1,466 1919. 544 1,434 1920. 1,740 1,476 457 1,416 1,410 1,422 1929................... 1921. 432 1,180 1,440 1930.................... 549 1,355 1,809 1,411 1922. 544 1,155 *406 1,154 1,544 1,199 1931................... 1,711 1,235 1,761 1,360 1932................... 531 1923. 973 456 1,311 1,477 1,047 1924. 1,549 1,333 471 1,302 Average for salespeople (not traveling) not computed, owing to small number involved. Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 2. * Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 4. Not in agreement with study of “ Average wage and salary payments in manufactures,” Monthly Labor Review, March 1934, due to corrections in tabulations of Ohio Division of Labor Statistics after publication of March study. 1,110 1,222 1,688 48 4 Industries in the Manufacture of M etals and M etal Products, Other Than Iron and Steel I study the following manufacturing industries have been combined under “ Metals and metal products other than iron and steel, o th erB ab b itt metal and solder; metal caskets; electroplat ing; galvanizing; bar, pipe, and sheet lead; silverware and plated ware; smelting and refining of aluminum, brass, and copper; smelting and refining, not from ore; metals and metal products, other than iron and steel, not otherwise classified. Average wage and salary payments to wage earners in each of the 6 industries and in the group “Other ” are shown in table 105. These averages should be taken not as exact measures but as approximate figures. Omitting consideration of 1927 data for clocks, watches, and materials, and 1928 data for the group “Other ” 1the highest average wage and salary payment to wage earners was made in 1920 in 3 in dustries, in 1927 in 1, in 1928 in 1, in 1929 in 1, and in 1930 in 1. The lowest average payment was made in 1916 in 6 industries and in 1932 in 1. 1See note to table 105. n t h is 131 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 T able 105.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M AN UFACTURE OF METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS, OTHER THAN IRON AND STEEL, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES Year 1916.......... ....................................... 1917................................................. 1918............................................ 1919................................................ 1920___________________ _____ 1921................................................. 1922...................................... .......... 1923____________ ____________ 1924................................... .............. 1925___________________ _____ 1926......................... ....................... 1927.......... ...................................... 1928_____ ___________________ 1929.......... ....................................... 1930______________ __________ 1931.................................................. 1932.......... ........ .............................. Brass, bronze, and alumi num products $855 891 1,183 1,368 1,651 1,277 0) 1,468 1,435 1,457 1,505 1,452 1,494 1, 564 1,466 1,268 997 Clocks, Copper, Furni and ture watches, tin, and and ma sheetoffice iron terials products fixtures $615 750 855 998 1,242 1,066 (1) 1,253o 1,305 1,438 1,313 00 1,586 1,585 1,470 1,305 1,113 $709 808 1,228 1,123 1,424 1,154 0) 1,279 1,266 1,351 1,314 1,300 1,357 1,401 1, 289 1,058 906 0) (9 0) $1,056 1,420 1,066 0) 1,295 1,467 1,380 1,424 1,485 1,490 1,535 1,380 1,200 956 Gas and electric fixtures and lamps and re flectors $594 658 806 911 1,154 1,183 0) 1,175 1,181 1,267 1,275 1,311 1,301 1, 247 1,336 1, 222 1,095 Jewelry, Metals includ and ing re metal ducing products, and re other fining $757 840 929 1,000 1,253 1,366 0) 1,131 1,372 1,459 1,479 1,526 1,455 1,507 1,482 1,212 1,079 $820 975 1,109 1,246 1,611 1,295 0) 1,348 1,235 1,419 1,459 1,425 (3) 1,518 1,376 1, 270 1,049 1 Data not available. * Omitted, due to apparent error in reporting or tabulating; no further verification possible. Indexes of Employment and Wage and Salary Payments I n d e x e s of average num ber of w age earners em ployed and of total and average w age and salary paym ents to w age earners are show n in table 106. T h e base is the year 1926. T he indexes cover th e period during w hich the Ohio D ivision of Labor Statistics requested reports from all em ployers of 3 or m ore persons. Indexes are show n for the m anufacture of m etal and m etal products, other than iron and steel, as a whole, and for each of 6 industries. 106.—INDEXES OF AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN MANUFACTURE OF METALS AND M ETAL PRODUCTS, OTHER THAN IRON AND STEEL, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES [1926=100.0] Metals and metal products, other Brass, bronze, and Clocks, watches, and Copper, tin, and materials th a n ir o n an d aluminum products sheet-iron products steel1 Year Wage Total Aver Wage Total Aver Wage Total Aver Wage Total Aver age earners age earners age earners wage wage wage wage wage age earners wage wage (aver and and (aver and and (aver and and (aver and wage age salary age salary and age salary age salary num pay salary num pay salary num pay salary num pay salary pay pay pay pay ments ber) ber) ments ment ber) ments ment ber) ments ment ment 1924................... 93.7 88.9 94.8 79.3 75.6 95.3 94.5 93.9 99.4 101.9 98.1 96.3 1925................... 99.9 99.9 99.9 98.0 94.9 96.8 42. 5 46.6 109. 5 106.3 109.3 102.8 1926— . ............. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1927.................... 96.5 96.4 99.9 98.7 95.2 96.5 (2) (2) (2) 94.3 93.3 98.9 1928— ..........- 99.3 102.9 103.6 108.7 107.8 99.3 49.1 59.3 120.8 94.1 97.2 103.3 1929.................... 116.0 121.2 104.4 123.1 127.9 103.9 55.4 66.9 120.7 109.7 117.0 106.6 1930.................. 98.5 97.3 98.7 96.0 93.5 97.4 38.8 43.4 112.0 109.9 107.8 98. 1 1931.................... 85.7 72. 1 84.1 76.3 64.3 84.3 33.6 33.4 99.4 100.5 80.9 80. 5 1932.................- 77.0 54.6 70.9 74.2 49.2 66.2 19.3 16.4 84.8 85. 5 58.9 68.9 i Indexes not in agreement with study of “Average wage and salary payments in manufactures,” Monthly Labor Review, March 1934, due to corrections in tabulations of Ohio Division of Labor Statistics after publication of March study. T a bl e a Omitted due to apparent error in reporting or tabulating; no further verification possible. 132 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 106.—INDEXES OF AVERAGE NU M BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN M ANUFACUURE OF METALS AND M ETAL PRODUCTS, OTHER THAN IRON AND STEEL, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES—Continued T a bl e Year 1924____ ____ _____ 1925______________ 1926______________ 1927_____ _________ 1928______________ 1929_____ _________ 1930_____ _________ 1931..................... . 1932............................ Furniture and office fixtures Wage Total Average earners wage wage (aver and and age salary salary num pay pay ber) ments ment 97.7 100.6 103.0 115.7 112.0 96.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.8 110.4 104.3 104.6 109.4 104.6 124.0 133.7 107.8 105.4 102.1 96.9 85.3 71.8 84.3 64.1 43.0 67.1 Gas and electric fixtures Jewelry, including reducing and refining and lamps and reflectors Wage Total Average Wage Total Average earners wage wage earners wage wage and and (aver and (aver and age salary salary age salary salary num pay pay num pay pay ber) ments ment ber) ments ment 91.2 84.6 92.8 93.1 92.6 86.3 99.4 98.2 98.6 96.9 91.5 90.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.2 97.0 100.1 103.5 106.4 102.8 98.4 104.4 106.5 102.0 122.0 120.0 133.4 130.5 97.8 110.0 112.1 101.9 90.5 90.3 100.2 87.8 92.0 104.8 83.3 68.3 69.0 95.8 81.9 71.9 53.6 65.1 85.9 39.1 73.0 55.9 Considering the industry group as a w hole, the index in 1932 w as 77 for average num ber of w age earners em ployed, 54.6 for total wage and salary paym ents to w age earners, and 70.9 for average w age and 37.—I n d e x e s o f W a g e E a r n e r s E m p l o y e d a n d W a g e a n d S a l a r y PAYMENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN MANUFACTURE OF METALS AND METAL PROD UCTS OTHER THAN IRON AND STEEL, 1924 TO 1932 f ig u r e salary paym ents. T he indexes for the industry group are not in agreem ent w ith the stu d y of A verage W age and Salary P aym ents in M anufactures published in the M onth ly Labor R eview for M arch 1934, due to corrections in the tabulations of the Ohio D ivision of MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 133 Labor Statistics after the publication of the stu d y in M arch. C hart 37 show s indexes for the industry group as a w hole. T he m anufacture of clocks, w atches, and m aterials show s the low est 1932 index for average num ber of w age earners em ployed and for total paym ents to w age earners. T he m anufactures of brass, bronze, and alum inum show th e low est 1932 index for average paym ents to w age earners and furniture and office fixtures second low est. M a n u fa ctu re o f T extiles I n t h e m anufacture of textiles in Ohio the average num ber of em ployees (wage earners; bookkeepers, stenographers and office clerks; and salespeople— not traveling) declined 26.7 percent from 1929 to 1932, total w age and salary paym ents decreased 48.5 percent, and average w age and salary payments* decreased 29.8 percent. D uring the 17 years covered by this stud y the average num ber of em ployees reached the highest point in 1923 and both total and average w age and salary paym ents reached the highest am ount in 1926. E m ploym ent reached the low est point in 1932 and both total and average w age and salary paym ents the low est am ount in 1916. Table 107 show s by general occupation groups the average num ber of persons reported em ployed each year. T he highest average num ber of w age earners and of bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks w as em ployed in 1923 and the low est in 1932. 107.—AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) EMPLOYED IN THE M ANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES, 1916 TQJ1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS T able Number of employees Number of Bookkeepers, Salespeople establish Year travel All employees ments Wage earners stenographers, and office (noting) clerks 2, 330 2 385 719 40,336 19161..................................................... 43,051 2 320 41,291 2,535 751 19171___________ _______________ 44,146 40, 503 2,486 1918_____ ____ _________________ 757 266 43, 255 39,364 1919....................................................... 767 2,786 326 42, 476 810 41,058 2,959 294 44, 311 1920..................................................... 2,661 253 1921____ ______________ _________ 680 34,170 37,033 1922................... ................................... 292 2,467 40, 315 689 37, 556 1923................................................... 44, 316 679 3,285 278 47, 879 1924...................................................... 40, 234 2,953 687 290 43, 476 41,601 297 44, 965 1925....................................................... 705 3,068 312 43,721 3, 228 47, 261 1926................................................ . 707 259 45, 312 679 2,915 1927........ ................................... ......... 42,138 252 44,669 662 1928____ _____ _________________ 2,916 41, 500 1929..................................................... 647 43, 272 2,972 235 46,479 223 41, 572 627 38,674 2,675 1930........ ............................................ 34,359 2,405 180 1931....................................................... 36,944 587 2,131 170 567 31, 788 34,088 1932...................................................... 1 Manufacture of mattresses classified by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics under “ Manufacture of textiles'* beginning in 1918 and therefore transferred in this study from “ Miscellaneous manufactures" for 1916 and 1917. 2 Number of salespeople (not traveling) in the manufacture of mattresses and spring beds not known. Total wage and salary payments $2,488 in 1916 and $8,565 in 1917. M ore than 90 percent of the em ployees in the m anufacture of textiles were classified as w age earners in each year of the period covered. Table 108 show s fluctuation in em ploym ent of w age earners 134 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO from 1930 to 1932. M axim um em ploym ent in the 17-year period was 45,693 in O ctober 1926 and m inim um em ploym ent w as 27,260 in July 1932. T he m onth of second low est em ploym ent w as January 1921. T able 108.—FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES, 1930 TO 1932 i Month Number of wage earners (both sexes) employ ed in— 1930 1931 1932 40,531 33, 702 31,661 41,216 34,892 33, 757 40,906 35, 235 33, 649 40, 954 35, 024 31,304 40, 317 34,635 30,739 39, 871 34,966 30,255 36,844 33, 780 27,260 37,101 34, 700 ‘ 28,974 37,427 35,857 33,010 37,426 34,509 34,967 Month Number of wage earners (both sexes) employ ed in— 1930 1931 1932 36,314 33,248 34,061 35,183 31,761 31,814 41,216 35,857 34,967 35,183 31,761 27,260 November.......................... December............................ Maximum.......................... Minimum........................... Variation from maxi mum— Number...................... 6,033 Percent____________ 14.6 Number of establish ments----------------------627 1 For years 1916 to 1929 see Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. No. 553. January... February.. March___ April......... May.......... June.......... July........... August___ September. October__ 4,096 11.4 587 7,707 22.0 567 T able 109 show s average w age and salary paym ents to wage earners, to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and to th e general occupation groups com bined. A verages for salespeople (not traveling) were not com puted because of the sm all num ber involved. T he average w age and salary paym ents to w age earners reached the highest am ount in 1926 and declined each year since. T he low est average paid w as in 1916. T he average paym ent to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks reached the highest am ount in 1921 and the low est in 1916. T able 109.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS i Average wage and salary Average wage and salary payments to— payments to— Num Num Book Book ber of ber of keepers, keepers, Year estab Year estab All stenog stenog All lish Wage lish Wage em em ments earners raphers, ments earners raphers, and ployees and ployees office office clerks clerks $806 4 $562 1925................... 705 $1,069 $1,463 $1,105 3 719 $540 19162. 1917 2. ♦ 610 1926................... 8 751 592 814 707 1,080 1,360 1,107 1,032 724 1927................... 679 1,055 757 700 19181,458 1,087 767 856 1,128 878 1928.................. 662 1,035 19191,417 1,066 1,382 1,081 1929................... 647 1,026 810 1,054 1,449 1,062 1920680 1,043 1,519 1,082 1930................. 627 1921954 1,502 996 967 587 8 689 1,378 998 1931................... 865 1922_. 1,389 904 1,336 1.039 1932................... 567 705 679 1,012 1,303 746 19231,396 1,070 687 1,039 1924i Averages for salespeople (not traveling) not computed, owing to small number involved. * See note 1 to table 107. 3 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments greater by 5. 4 Amounts indicated in note to table 107 deducted before computing averages. « Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments less by 3. fl Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments greater by 2. MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 135 Chart 38 show s graphically average w age and salary paym ents to wage earners. Industries in the Manufacture of Textiles S everal of the sm aller industries classified by the Ohio D ivision of Labor Statistics under the m anufacture of textiles have been com bined in this stu d y under “ T extiles, other.” T he m anufacturing industries com bined are: B ags, other than paper; buttonholes; car pets and rugs; cotton goods, including sm all wares; dyeing, finishing, and sponging textiles; m en's furnishing goods; hats and caps, other F ig u r e 38.—A v e r a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d S a l a r y p a y m e n t s t o w a g e E a r n e r s in t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f T e x t il e s , 1916 t o 1932 than felt, straw , and w ool; horse clothing; oil cloth and linoleum ; shoddy; and textiles, n o t otherw ise classified. Table 110 show s average w age and salary paym ents to wage earners in each of 12 industries and in the group “ T extiles, other.” These averages should n ot be taken as exact m easures but as approxim ate figures. T he highest average w age and salary paym ent dining the period covered w as in 1920 for w om en's clothing, gloves, and w oolen and w orsted, in 1921 for m en's clothing, in 1923 for custom tailoring and m attresses, pillow s, etc., in 1924 for cordage, etc., in 1926 for m illinery and lace goods, in 1927 for hosiery and knit goods and the group “ O ther” , and in 1929 for awnings, etc., flags, banners, and regalia, and silk and silk goods. T he low est average w as paid in 1916 for 9 industries and the group “ O ther” , in 1917 for flags, banners, and regalia, and in 1932 for gloves and silk and silk goods. 136 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 110.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN THE M ANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES Awnings, Clothing, Custom Flags, tents, men’s, Clothing, Cordage, twine, tailoring, banners, and sails, includ women’s, jute, Gloves, Year and men’s including ing shirts including linen and cloth and auto and coat corsets goods women’s regalia fabrics pads $519 $505 $522 $637 $459 $604 1916_________________________ $450 707 705 1917______________________ ____ 569 405 410 0) 0) 686 636 801 722 1918.............................— ................. 653 670 510 940 803 1,066 734 936 809 1919____ ___________ ____ ______ 578 1,142 1,059 1,296 912 1,226 983 700 1920........................................... ........ 1,249 1921............................. .................... 1,018 1.186 753 1,100 915 555 1922_____________ _____ ________ (2) (2) (2) (2)900 (2) (2)971 (2) 984 1, 054 1,168 1923___________________________ 1,389 626 1,053 1,178 956 1,312 953 1924__________________________ 629 (3) 1,294 1,083 1,108 937 1,212 977 1925____________ ______________ 595 1,036 1,104 1,295 917 1,263 977 1926__________________________ 698 1.079 1, 242 929 ' 1,244 1,014 997 693 1927__________ _____ -............— . 1,161 1,003 1,147 872 1,023 1,309 1928______________ ____ _______ C35 1,203 995 1,091 862 1,335 1,037 642 1929___________________ _______ 925 1,010 856 1,081 983 1930___________________________ 1,106 545 950 894 870 868 807 985 1931___________________________ 469 769 1932__________________________ 667 753 841 824 599 346 Millinery Woolen, and lace Silk and worsted, es, goods, Hosiery Mattres in and wool- Tex pillows, goods, Year and knit and cluding silk goods, tiles, cotton artificial including felt goods including felts flowers and throwsters fur and other feathers felt hats $429 $655 $548 $504 $563 1916. (2) 467 706 584 650 597 1917. (2) 565 780 713 925 742 1918. (2) 665 965 915 894 799 1919. 787 1,165 1,108 1,075 1,017 1920. 763 996 1,000 $ 1,002 887 918 1921. 1922 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1,187 830 998 1,071 944 930 1923. 864 1,126 1,024 1,173 945 1924. 937 852 1,149 1,047 1,213 965 1,146 1925. 1,171 1,168 878 1,171 869 1,206 1926. 1,184 1,112 913 1,216 926 1,366 1927. 1,130 896 1, 111 1,231 964 1,106 1928. 1,144 886 1,018 1,276 1,013 1,110 1929. 1,133 994 900 1,193 919 1,070 1930. 979 936 792 765 1,027 987 1931. 682 798 733 905 644 854 1932. 1 Apparently some employees classified under custom tailoring should be under manufacture of men's clothing, but further verification not possible, therefore omitted. 2 Data not available. 3 Omitted due to apparent error in reporting or tabulating; no further verification possible. T able 8 Indexes of Employment and Wage and Salary Payments T a b l e 111 show s indexes of average num ber of w age earners em ployed and of total and average w age and salary paym ents to w age earners. T he base is the year 1926. T he indexes cover the period during w hich th e Ohio D ivision of Labor Statistics has requested re ports annually from all em ployers of three or m ore persons. Indexes are show n for th e m anufacture of textiles and for each of 12 industries. T he 1932 index for em ploym ent of w age earners w as above 75 for 7 of the 12 industries and below 50 for 3 industries. T he 1932 index for total w age and salary paym ents to w age earners w as above 50 for 7 industries and below 25 for 2 industries. T he 1932 index for average wage and salary paym ents to w age earners w as above 75 for 3 indus tries and below 60 in 2 industries. MANUFACTURES— 137 1916 TO 1932 111.—INDEXES OF AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EMPLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES [1926=100.0] T a bl e Awnings, tents, and Clothing, men’s, in Clothing, women’s, sails, including cluding shirts and including corsets coat pads auto fabrics Textiles Year Wage Total earn wage ers (av and erage salary num pay ber) ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment Wage earn ers av erage num ber) Total wage and salary pay ments Aver Wage Total age earn wage wage ers (av and and erage salary num salary pay pay ment ber) ments Aver Wage Total age earn wage wage ers (av and and erage salary num salary pay pay ment ber) ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment 1924__________ 1925__________ 1926__________ 1927__________ 1928__________ 1929________ __ 1930__________ 1931__________ 1932_____ ____ 92.0 88.5 95.2 94.1 100.0 100.0 96.4 94. 1 94.9 90.9 99.0 93.9 88.5 78.1 78.6 63.0 72.7 47.4 96.2 99.0 100.0 97.7 95.8 95.0 88.3 80.1 65.3 80.5 108.5 100.0 102. 6 101.5 118.3 98.2 90.9 78.0 0) 113.0 100.0 106.8 113.6 137.4 104.8 83.4 57.8 84.2 80.3 95.4 117.9 107.2 0) 104.5 94.6 95.0 100.4 96.3 96.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.2 97.0 87.6 90.3 124.6 119.5 112.1 93.4 84.9 90.9 137.6 121.9 116.1 102.1 92.0 90.1 133.3 112.3 106.8 93.4 78.3 83.8 125.1 97.6 91.7 84.1 66.3 78.8 120.4 80.7 74.2 79.2 47.8 60.4 91.2 53.0 91.0 99.9 100.0 95.9 88.6 84.2 78.0 67.0 58.1 Cordage, twine, jute and Custom tailoring, men’s Flags, banners, and regalia linen goods and women’s Year Wage earners (average num ber) 1924______________ 1925____ ____ _____ 1926______________ 1927................. ......... 1928____________ 1929______________ 1930______________ 1931 _____________ 1932. .......................... 107. 3 96.8 100. 0 96. 7 99. 1 99.3 84.7 85.2 78.4 Total Average Wage wage and wage and earners salary salary (average pay pay num ments ment ber) 112. 0 99. 0 100. 0 97.9 94.3 93.4 79.1 75.0 72.0 104. 3 102. 2 100.0 101. 3 95.1 94. 0 93.3 88.0 91.7 Gloves, cloth Year Wage earners (average num ber) 1924......................... 1925______________ 1926______________ 1927______________ 1928______________ 1929______________ 1930. ............. ........... 1931...___________ 1932____________ 112. 7 97.1 100.0 111. 2 94.8 101.6 95.8 63.9 56.5 101.5 82.8 100.0 110.4 86.2 93. 5 74.8 42.9 28.0 101. 6 96.9 100.0 65.2 69.4 50.4 21. 7 16. 7 12.0 103. 9 96.0 100.0 98. 5 103. 6 105. 7 85. 6 78. 0 65.2 Hosiery and knit goods Total Average Wage wage and wage and earners salary salary (average pay pay num ments ment ber) i Omitted. See note to table 110. 97.8 100.0 66. 2 67.0 47. 8 25.4 21.4 18.4 101. 0 Total Average Wage wage and wage and earners salary salary (average pay pay num ments ment ber) 90.1 85. 2 99.3 91.0 92.0 78.1 67. 2 49.6 100. 0 101. 5 106. 7 100. 0 96. 2 95.6 98. 5 90.4 75. 2 91.9 130.4 129. 8 100.0 122. 0 141. 7 145.8 126.4 110. 2 86.7 99.9 103. 4 100.1 97. 5 99.4 92. 6 65. 6 71.3 98.4 97. 0 104. 0 102.1 100. 9 102. 5 87.1 77.7 100. 0 127.2 129.8 100.0 126. 5 148.3 154. 7 128.9 100.8 53.1 97. 5 100.0 100.0 103.8 104. 7 106.1 100.6 91. 5 61.3 Mattresses, pillows, and cotton felts Total Average Wage wage and wage and earners salary salary (average pay pay num ments ment ber) 100. 0 Total Average wage and wage and salary salary pay pay ments ment 76.9 86. 2 79. 9 79.4 87.8 66.3 56.1 47.1 100. 0 Total Average wage and wage and salary salary pay pay ments ment 73.9 84. 6 80. 8 76. 7 85. 8 64.1 46. 9 32.1 100. 0 96. 2 98.1 100.0 101.1 96. 5 97. 7 96.8 83. 6 68.1 138 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 111.—INDEXES OF AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN THE M ANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES—Continued T able Millinery and lace goods, Silk and silk goods, includ Woolen, worsted, and woolincluding artificial flow felt goods, including fur ing throwsters ers and feathers and felt hats Year 1924............................ 1925______________ 1926______________ 1927_________ ____ 1928______________ 1929______________ 1930______________ 1931______________ 1932______________ Total Average Wage wage wage Wage earners and and earners (average salary salary (average number) pay pay number) ments ment 85.5 85.8 100.0 92.0 80.6 55.7 48.3 35.6 38.8 75.0 76.9 100.0 87.5 76.7 48.5 41.1 28.5 24.3 87.7 89.6 100.0 95.2 95.1 87.2 85.1 80.1 62.8 65.7 82.4 100.0 88.8 90.7 91.1 90.4 90.5 78.6 Total Average wage wage Wage and and earners; salary salary (average pay pay number) ments ment 65.8 85.3 100.0 92.2 95.3 99.2 92.1 79.4 60.8 100.2 103.6 100.0 103.8 105.1 109.0 101.9 87.7 77.3 97.4 93.6 100.0 95.7 81.3 100.1 96.5 75.6 71.3 Total Average wage wage and and salary salary pay pay ments ment 105.1 104.0 100.0 102.0 90.2 116.7 102.1 68.9 52.9 107.8 111.0 100.0 106.6 110.9 116.6 105.8 91.1 74.1 Custom tailoring shows the lowest indexes for employment of wage earners and total wage and salary payments. In that industry, the 39.— in d e x e s o f W a g e E a r n e r s E m p l o y e d a n d W a g e a n d S a l a r y PAYMENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES, 1924 TO f ig u r e 1932 1932 index for em ploym ent was 18.4, for total w age and salary p ay m ents 12, and for average w age and salary paym ents 65.2. Chart 39 shows graphically the indexes for the m anufacture of textiles. 139 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 M a n u fa ctu re o f T o b a cc o I n t h e m anufacture of tobacco the highest average w age and salary paym ent in all occupations com bined during the 17 years w as $957 in 1920 and the low est w as $457 in 1916. T he average paym en t in 1932 w as $525 w hich w as the low est since 1917. In this industry group em ploym ent and total and average w age and salary paym ents have declined each year since 1926. T h e average num ber of persons reported em ployed in each of the three general occupation groups is show n in table 112. T he highest average w as reported in 1920 and the low est in 1932. There w as a decline each year since 1926. T 1 1 2 . — AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED IN THE M ANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS able Number of employees Number of estab lishments Year 1916____________ __________ ____ 1917__________ ____ ____________ 1918_ ____________ _____ _________ 1919___________________________ 1920_____ ____ __________________ 1921____________________________ 1922................... .......... ....................... 1923_______________ __________ 1924____ ____ ____ ____ _________ 1925____________________________ 1926___________________________ 1927_____________ ______________ 1928____________________________ 1929_____________________ ______ 1930____________________ _______ 1931____________________________ 1932___ _____ __________________ 242 239 246 249 269 226 210 213 191 175 172 160 157 137 144 133 127 Wage earners 12,065 13,405 12,991 13,211 15,725 13,400 12,756 12,995 12,667 10,680 11,071 10,631 10,079 8,930 8,250 7,245 6,334 Bookkeepers, Salespeople stenogra travel phers, and (noting) office clerks 185 185 190 217 247 202 203 219 203 192 216 198 191 171 143 133 122 24 20 21 32 22 29 0) (l) (4 0) & 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) All employees 12, 273 13, 610 13, 203 13, 459 15,994 13, 631 12,959 13, 213 12, 870 10, 872 11, 287 10,830 10, 270 9,101 8,393 7, 378 6,457 i Carried with “ Manufactures, not otherwise classified” in tabulations of Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. M ore than 95 percent of the em ployees in the m anufacture of tobacco were classified each year as w age earners. T able 113 show s for th at occupation group fluctuation in em ploym ent from 1930 to 1932. M axim um em ploym ent reported during the 17-year period was 16,259 in June 1920 and m inim um em ploym ent was 5,644 in June 1932. 1 4 0 4 4 6 °— 31 -10 140 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO Table 113.—FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN THE M ANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO, 1930 TO 1932 i Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— Month January............................... February........................... March................................. April.................................... May June............... ..................... July...................................... August............................... September. ............. .......... October................................ 1930 1931 1932 7,926 8,674 8.241 8,421 8,151 8,318 7,974 8,271 8.242 8,404 5,740 7,181 7,945 7,748 8,318 7,718 7,258 7,109 6,954 7,180 6,452 6,748 6,705 6,917 6,597 5,644 5,963 6,290 6,492 6,064 Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— Month November__ r............ ....... December........................... Maximum_____________ Minimum_____________ Variation from maxi mum— Number. .................... Percent....................... Numberof establishments. 1930 1931 1932 8,158 8,219 8,674 7,926 7,013 6, 773 8,318 5,740 6,109 6,029 6,917 5,644 748 8.6 144 2,578 31.0 133 1,273 18.4 127 1 For years 1916 to 1929 see Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. No. 553. Average wage and salary payments in the manufacture of tobacco are shown in table 114. The highest average payment was reported in 1920 and the lowest in 1916. There was a decline each year since 1926. Table 114.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN THE M ANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS i Year 1916............. ........... . 1917............................ 1918........................... 1919—. .................... 1920.......................— 1921........................... 1922........................... 1923............................ 1924___________ _ Number of estab lish ments 242 239 246 249 269 226 2 210 213 191 Average wage and salary payments to— Wage earners All em ployees $448 492 558 645 948 690 693 741 553 $457 499 571 657 957 705 3 705 3 752 3 562 Year 1925......................... 1926—........................ 1927—. ...................... 1928............. ..........— 1929______________ 1930............................ 1931........................... 1932.......................... Number of estab lishments 175 172 160 157 137 144 133 127 Average wage and salary payments to— Wage All em earners ployees $713 717 688 676 660 627 599 507 3 $725 3 729 3 701 3 691 3 676 3 643 8 614 3 525 1 Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks—averages not computed owing to small number in volved. Salespeople (not traveling)—1916 to 1921, average not computed owing to small number involved; 1922 to 1932, carried with “ Manufactures, not otherwise classified” in tabulations of Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. 2 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 4. 3 Total wage and salary payments to salespeople (not traveling) deducted before computing average, as average number in that group could not be determined from detailed tabulation. Table 115 shows average wage and salary payments to wage earners in each of the 3 industries each year, 1918 to 1932. These averages should not be taken as exact measures but as approximate figures. The highest average payment was reported in 1920 in 2 indus tries and in 1930 in 1. The lowest (omitting 1924 for chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff) was reported in 1918 in 1 industry and in 1932 in 2. 141 MANUFACTURES— 1916 TO 1932 T a ble 115 —AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO, 1918 i TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES Chewing Tobacco and smok Cigars ciga rehan ing tobacco and rettes dlers and snuff Year 1918___________ 1919___________ 1920...................... 1921___________ 1922___________ 1923___________ 1924______ ____ 1925___________ $681 742 964 877 (2) 903 (3)1, 004 $546 643 975 673 (2) 743 570 696 $506 575 754 628 (2) 597 623 581 Year 1926_.................... 1927 ................. 1928................... 1929___________ 1930___________ 1931_._________ 1932...................... Chewing Tobacco and smok Cigars ciga rehan ing tobacco and rettes dlers and snuff $999 990 1,000 987 1,011 1,003 811 $682 658 637 617 579 518 413 $631 561 556 530 519 573 493 1 Data by industries not available for 1916 and 1917. 2 Data not available. 3 Omitted due to apparent error in reporting or tabulating; no further verification possible. Indexes for Employment and Wage and Salary Payments I of average number of wage earners employed and of total and average wage and salary payments to wage earners are shown in table 116 for the manufacture of tobacco as a whole and for each of the 3 industries. The base is the year 1926. The indexes for each of the three items in the manufacture of tobacco as a whole and in cigars and cigarettes show a decline each year since 1926, except for a slight increase in one item in 1928. ndexes INDEXES OF AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EMPLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES [1926=100.0] T able 1 1 6 — Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff Manufactures of tobacco Year 1924________ _______________ 1925__............................................ 1926............................................... 1927.............................................. 1928................................................ 1929............................................ 1930................................................ 1931............................................. 1932............... ............................... Average Wage earn Total wage Average Wage earn Total wage wage and ers (average and salary wage and ers (average and salary salary pay number) payments salary pay number) payments ment ment 114.4 96.5 100.0 96.0 91.0 80.7 74.5 65.4 57.2 88.3 96.0 100.0 92.2 85.8 74.3 65.2 54.7 40.5 77.1 99.4 100.0 96.0 94.3 92.1 87.4 83.5 70.7 81.2 78.6 100.0 96.5 89.4 87.6 76.0 73.3 87.6 (0 78.9 100.0 95.6 89.5 86.5 77.0 73.6 71.1 * Omitted due to apparent error in’reporting or tabulating; no further verification possible. 0) 100.5 100.0 99.1 100.1 98.8 101.2 100.4 81.2 142 AVEKAGE AN NUAL WAGE PAYM ENTS IN OHIO 1 1 6 —INDEXES OF AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN THE M ANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES-Continued T able Year 1924_______________________ 1925_______________________ 1926_______________________ 1927_______________________ 1928_______________________ 1929_______________________ 1930_______________________ 1931_______________________ 1932_______________________ Cigars and cigarettes Tobacco rehandlers Average Average Wage earn Total wage wage and Wage earn Total wage wage ers (average and salary salary and ers (average and salary- salary pay pay number) payments number) payments ment ment 126.8 102. 7 100.0 97. 1 97.3 80.9 70.9 69.0 54.7 106.0 104.8 100.0 93. 6 90.9 73. 5 60.2 52.4 33.1 83.6 102.1 100.0 96. 5 93. 4 90. 5 84.9 76.0 60. 6 90.8 85.3 100.0 91. 4 66.8 74. 1 88. 2 44. 7 43. 0 89.7 78.6 100.0 81.4 58.9 62.3 72. 5 40. 6 33.7 98.7 92.1 100.0 88.9 88.1 84.0 82.3 90.8 78.1 M iscella n eou s M a n u fa ctu res I n miscellaneous manufactures in Ohio during the 17 years, 1916 to 1932, the highest average wage and salary payment to all occupation groups combined was $1,458 in 1926 and the lowest $759 in 1916. The average in 1932 was $1,043 which was the lowest since 1917. The decline in average wage and salary payments from 1929 to 1932 was $439, or 31.8 percent, for wage earners; $297, or 16.3 percent, for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; and $398, or 27.6 percent, for the 3 general occupation groups (including salespeople, not traveling) combined. The Ohio Division of Labor Statistics classified the manufacture of mattresses and spring beds and the manufacture of airplanes and parts and ship and boat building under miscellaneous manufactures during the first years of the period covered. Beginning with 1918, the manufacture of mattresses was classified by the Ohio division under the manufacture of textiles and beginning with 1919 the other two industries were classified under the manufacture of vehicles. In order to secure in this study as far as possible a comparison of the same groups throughout the period from 1916 to 1932, all data con cerning the three industries enumerated above (except as noted in table 117) have been transferred from miscellaneous manufactures to the manufacture of textiles and the manufacture of vehicles. The figures in this study, therefore, will not be in agreement in 1916 to 1918 with the study of Average Wage and Salary Payments in Manufactures published in the Monthly Labor Review for March 1934. Table 117 shows the average number of persons reported employed in each of the three general occupation groups. The highest average number of wage earners was employed in 1918 with 1929 second in order. The lowest average was reported in 1921. The highest average number of bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks was employed in 1929 and the lowest in 1916. For the three general occupation groups combined, the highest average was reported in 1929 with 1918 second in order and the lowest was reported in 1921. M ANUFACTURES— 1 9 1 6 TO 1 9 3 2 143 AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED IN MISCELLANEOUS M ANUFACTURES, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS [Figures for 1916 to 1918 will not be in agreement with the study of Average Wage and Salary Payments in Manufactures, Monthly Labor Review for March 1934, due to transfer of industries. See statement in text] T able 1 1 7 .— Year Number of employees Number of Bookkeepers, Salespeople establish stenog travel All employees ments Wage earners raphers, and (noting) office clerks 152, 328 i 483 4,401 604 47,444 1916___________________________ 2 50. 758 2 467 4,826 45,466 649 1917____ _______________________ fi 74,514 4 470 2 7,168 690 66,876 1918____ ______ _________________ 56, 365 308 6,195 694 49,861 1919____________________________ 60, 241 302 52,949 6,990 776 1920____ ______________________ 37,816 306 5,757 31,754 686 1921____________________________ 43,666 270 5,596 1922______________________ _____ 37,800 700 314 48,058 5,842 41,902 1923____________________________ 733 60,854 6,444 317 44,093 1924____________________________ 798 56,100 391 48, 764 6,946 1925__________ _________________ 878 63,302 7,952 355 54,994 1926_______________ ____ ________ 898 367 63,001 54, 682 7,951 946 1927____ ___________ ____ _______ 67,744 8,596 347 949 58,801 1928______ _____________________ 76,410 9, 685 406 66,319 1929_____________ ______________ 959 64,139 982 347 55,063 8,729 1930_____ ______________________ 329 53, 350 44,971 8,050 950 1931_____ ______________________ 44,510 1932._____ _____________________ 884 7,203 348 36,959 1 Includes few salespeople in the manufacture of mattresses and spring beds and ship and boat building. Number could not be determined. Total wage and salary payments $2,488 and $7,200, respectively, and those amounts were added before computing the average shown in table 119. 2 Includes few salespeople in the manufacture of mattresses and spring beds and ship and boat building. Number could not be determined. Total wage and salary payments $8,565 and $2,600, respectively, and those amounts were added before computing the average shown in table 119. 2 Includes bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks in the manufacture of airplanes and parts. Number could not be determined. Total wage and salary payment $48,627 was added before computing the average shown in table 119. 4 Includes few salespeople in the manufacture of airplanes and parts. Number could not be determined. Total wage and salary payment $2,700. eAmounts shown in 2 preceding notes added before computing average shown in table 119. More than 80 percent of the employees in miscellaneous manufac tures were classified each year as wage earners. Table 118 shows for that general occupation group fluctuation in employment from 1930 to 1932. Maximum employment for the 17-year period was 76,308 in November 1918, and minimum employment was 29,872 in January 1922, which was a reduction of 46,436, or 60.9 percent, in a period of 3 years and 2 months following the World War armistice. T able 1 1 8 .— FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE EARNERS (BOTH SEXES) IN MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES, 1930 TO 1932 i Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— 1930 1931 1932 55,989 44,629 39,688 56,633 45,000 40,534 59,388 46,294 39,681 61,174 47,450 38,181 60,525 48,073 38,175 58,427 47,959 37,771 54,928 46,173 35,684 53,440 44,742 33,877 52,008 44,392 34,167 50,385 42,650 35,215 Number of wage earners (both sexes) employed in— 1930 1931 1932 January______________ November.......................... 49,181 41,662 35,718 February______________ December......................... 48.678 40.625 34,820 March________________ April._________________ Maximum.......... .............. 61,174 48,073 40,534 M inim um ________________ 48.678 40.625 M ay............................. ....... 33,877 Variation from maxi June.................... ........ — July...................................... mum— August....... ........................ Number....................... 12,496 7,448 6,657 September........ ................. Percent........................ 20.4 15.5 16.4 October.............................. Number of establish 884 ments...................... ....... 982 950 * For years 1916 to 1929 £00 Buroau of Labor Statistics Bui. No. 553. Month Month 144 A V E R A G E A N N U A L W A G E P A Y M E N T S IN OHIO Average wage and salary payments in miscellaneous manufactures are shown in table 119. The highest average wage and salary payment to wage earners was in 1920 with 1926 second in order, and the lowest was in 1916. The highest average payment to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks was in 1925 and the lowest in 1916. The average payment to the three general occupation groups combined was highest in 1926 and lowest in 1916. The average payment in 1932 to wage earners and to the general occupation groups combined was the lowest since 1917. Chart 40 shows graphically average payments to wage earners. 119.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN MISCELLANEOUS M ANU FACTURES, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS 1 [Figures for 1916 to 1918 will not be in agreement with the study of Average Wage and Salary Payments in Manufactures, Monthly Labor Review for March 1934, due to transfer of industries. See statement in text] T able Average wage and salary payments to— Average wage and salary payments to— Year 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1 Num ber of Book estab lish Wage keepers, All stenog ments earners raphers, em ployees and office clerks *604 * 649 690 694 776 700 733 798 4686 $745 799 1,090 1,161 1,432 1,206 1,166 1,224 1,309 $891 1,1,151 021 1,262 1,437 1,436 1,441 1,504 1,566 $759 824 1,099 1,176 1,435 1,247 1,204 1,273 1,347 Year 1925____ _____ 1926_________ 1927_________ 1928_____ ____ 1929_________ 1930_________ 1931................... 1932.......... ........ Num ber of Book estab lish Wage keepers, All stenog ments earners raphers, em ployees and office clerks 878 $1,341 898 1,420 946 1,387 949 1,373 959 1,379 982 1,285 950 1,196 SS4 940 $1,835 1,676 1,785 1,783 1,823 1,798 1,825 1,526 $1,410 1,458 1,443 1,431 1,441 1,361 1,297 1,403 Average for salespeople (not traveling) not computed, owing to small number involved. * Number of establishments ieporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 2. * Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 1. Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 9. 4 Industries in Miscellaneous Manufactures T h e Ohio Division of Labor Statistics classifies under miscel laneous manufactures several industries which employ comparatively large numbers of persons and also a number of industries employing but few people. In this study the manufacturing industries listed below have been combined under “ Miscellaneous manufactures, other”: Artists’ materials; belting and hose; brooms and mops; brushes; buttons; dairymen’s, poulterers’, and apiarists’ supplies; enameling and japanning; fancy articles; fire extinguishers, chemical; fireworks, flares, and signals; foundry supplies; fur goods; hair work; hand stamps, stencils, and brands; instruments, professional and scientific; jewelry and instrument cases; mucilage and paste; optical goods; paving materials; pens, fountain, stylographic, and gold; M A N U FA C TU R ES— 1916 TO 1932 145 photographic apparatus and supplies; soda-water apparatus; stationery goods; steam packing; surgical appliances and artificial limbs; um brellas and canes; upholstering furniture (not manufacturing furni ture); washing machines and clothes wringers; window shades and fixtures; and miscellaneous manufactures, not otherwise classified. Average wage and salary payments to wage earners in each of the 16 manufacturing industries and in the group “ Other” are shown in F ig u r e 40.—Av e r a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d S a l a r y P a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s in m is c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r e s , 1916 t o 1932 table 120. These averages should not be taken as exact measures but as approximate figures. As far as data are available, the highest average wage and salary payment to wage earners was reported for 1 industry (munitions) in 1919, for 4 in 1920, for 1 in 1925, for 2 in 1926, for 1 in 1926 and 1927, for 2 in 1927, and for 6 in 1929. The lowest average was reported in 1916 for all industries for which data are available for the whole period except in manufactures of pianos, organs, and materials where the lowest average was reported in 1932. The lowest average was reported in 1932 for 4 industries for which data are not available for the whole 17-year period. 146 T able A V E R A G E A N N U A L W A G E P A Y M E N T S IN O HIO 120.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYMENTS TOWAGE EARNERS IN MIS CELLANEOUS M ANUFACTURES, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES Agricul Batteries, tural im dry and plements storage Year Electrical HouseModels machin furnish Ice, man and pat terns, ery, ap ing goods, ufac other paratus, miscella tured than and sup neous paper plies Coke D en tists’ sup plies $878 1,170 1,423 1,675 2,260 1, 616 $580 588 772 899 1,232 1,137 $743 803 1,048 1,186 1,465 1,217 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) $866 946 1,139 1,347 1,637 1,605 $816 961 1,300 1,610 1,945 1,507 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 1,570 1,620 1,651 1,602 1,590 (0 1, 603 1,615 1,748 1,808 1,754 1,583 1,539 1,515 1,613 1,407 1,865 2,111 1, 692 1,720 1, 253 1916___ ____ _____ 1917______________ 1918______________ 1919______________ 1920______________ 1921______________ $728 848 1,081 1,239 1,471 1,149 1922______________ 1923______________ 1924______________ 1925______________ 1926______________ 1927______________ 0) 1,267 1,322 1, 308 1,376 1, 382 0) (0 0) $1, 334 1,469 1,422 0) 1,703 1,825 1,834 1,817 1,862 0) 1,142 1,179 1,163 1,254 1, 259 C1) 1928______________ 1929______________ 1930______________ 1931______________ 1932______________ 1,282 1,358 1,275 1,150 879 1,476 1, 504 1,333 1,183 992 1,860 1, 864 1,979 1,637 1, 504 1,313 1,338 1,213 1,379 1,205 1,406 1, 352 1,257 1,147 870 Musical in struments and mate rials, other than pianos and organs Year 1916______________ 1917______________ 1918______________ 1919______________ 1920_____________ 1921_____________ 1922______________ 1923______________ 1924______________ 1925______________ 1926______________ 1927______________ 1928___________ 1929______________ 1930_____________ 1931______________ 1932_____________ 0) 0) $988 1,219 1, 340 1,067 (01,166 1,131 1,151 1,315 1, 455 1,379 2 1,789 1,513 1,459 882 0) C1) 0) 0) 0) 0) 1,165 1,318 1, 378 1,464 1,425 $1, 559 1,633 1,493 1,382 1,004 Mu ni tions $834 848 1, 217 1,246 Miscel Pianos, Radios Roofing Signs and Sporting Toys laneous organs, and ath and and mate advertis manu and ma parts ing nov letic rials terials elties goods games factures, other $815 867 992 1,156 1, 223 1,197 0) 1,191 1,248 1,335 1,338 1,305 1,312 1,358 1,241 1,109 702 (0 (0 0) C1) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0)$977 1,051 1,182 848 877 928 866 744 $688 875 1,105 1,342 1,953 1,583 0) 1,797 1,816 1,659 1,724 1, 601 1,677 1,855 1,516 1, 540 1,116 $551 590 664 742 1,159 1,106 0) 1,073 1,146 1,041 1,270 1,270 1,259 1,247 1,239 1,073 895 $625 701 842 995 1, 289 1,165 0) 1,224 1,244 1, 253 1,347 1,312 1,305 1,297 1,268 1,084 930 $561 580 745 858 1,005 924 0) 1,000 956 1,063 1,066 1,085 1,061 1,065 990 879 692 $617 691 845 956 1,229 1,081 0) • 1,173 1,221 1,238 1,346 1,260 1,254 1,308 1,207 1,082 881 * Data not available. 2 In accord with compilations of the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics but possibly some error in reporting or tabulating. Indexes of Employment and Wage and Salary Payments I n d e x e s of average number of wage earners employed and of total and average wage and salary payments to wage earners are shown in table 121. The base is 1926. The indexes cover the period during which the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics has requested reports from all employers of three or more persons. Indexes are shown for miscellaneous manufactures as a whole and for each of the 14 indus tries for which data are available. Considering miscellaneous manufactures as a whole, the index in 1932 was 67.2 for average number of wage earners employed, 44.5 for total wage and salary payments, and 66.2 for average wage and M A N U F A C T U R E S — 1 9 1 6 TO 1 9 3 2 147 salary payments. Chart 41 shows graphically the indexes for wage earners in miscellaneous manufactures. Of the 14 industries, 2 (batteries and radios) are of comparatively recent development or have had a remarkable expansion in business and the increase in average number of wage earners employed and in F ig u r e 4 1.—I n d e x e s o f W a g e E a r n e r s E m p l o y e d a n d W a g e a n d S a l a r y P a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s in M is c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r e s , 1924 t o 1932 total wage and salary payments since 1926 (the base year) produces extremely high indexes for the later years of the period covered. Considering the 12 other industries, the 1932 index of average number of wage earners employed was below 50 for 6 and above 90 for 1. The 1932 index of total wage and salary payments to wage earners was below 50 for 7 of the 12 industries and the index for 5 of the 7 was below 25. Considering the 14 industries, the 1932 index of average wage and salary payments to wage earners was below 75 for 11 industries but none was below 50. 148 A V E R A G E A N N U A L W A G E P A Y M E N T S IN O HIO 131.—INDEXES OF AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYMENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN MISCELLANEOUS M ANUFACTURES, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES fl926=100.0] T able Miscellaneous man Agricultural imple ufactures ments Year 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Aver age wage and salary pay ment 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 Aver age wage and salary pay ment Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Total wage and salary pay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment 84.1 80.8 96.1 0) 80.2 ..................... 73.9 92.2..................... ..................... <*) 90.8 0) ___ 88.7 83.7 94.4 93.4 88.8 95.1 102.0 92.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 __________ 100.0 __________ ___ 99.4 97.1 97.7 98.7 99.2 100.4 203.7 197.2 96.8 ___ 106.9 103.4 96.7 68.5 63.8 93.2 220.7 221.8 100.5 ___ 120.6 117.1 97.1 74.5 73.6 98.7 211.7 216.8 102.4 ___ 100.1 90.6 90.5 57.3 53.1 92.7 169.3 153.6 90.7 ___ 81.8 68.9 84.2 35.0 29.2 83.6 157.4 126.8 80.5 ___ 67.2 44.5 66.2 22.1 14.1 63.9 170.5 115.2 67.5 110.0 107.8 100.0 98.6 91.7 101.4 72.8 27.4 28.2 110.4 108.8 100.0 101.0 93.9 104.0 79.1 24.7 23.3 100.4 100.9 100.0 102.5 102.4 102.6 108 9 90.1 82.8 Aver age wage and salary pay ment Total wage and salary pay ments Total wage and salary pay ments Electrical m a c h in and patterns, ery, apparatus, and Ice, manufactured Models other than paper supplies Total wage and salary pay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Total wage and salary pay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment Total wage and salary pay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment 82.2 94.0..................... ..................... 87.5 ..................... 74.8 67.3 ...... 99.0 91.8 92.7 78.3 73.7 ..... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ... 87.8 88.1 100.4 90.8 88.4 ...... 90.4 94.7 104.7 83.6 80.2 115.0 106.7 102.6 94.8 ..................... 107.8 ..................... 81.0 69.6 ..................... 100.6 96.7..................... 104.0 ..................... 104. 1 ..................... ..................... 114.5 110.0 63.9 50 1 .. 84.0 80.7 96.1 52.8 31.3 90.0 94.1 100.0 97.3 96.0 92.3 85.9 78.3 59.4 106.0 123.9 100.0 98.8 100.0 105.0 106.7 115.6 97.8 107.2 127.7 100.0 98.0 98.8 100.9 101.0 116.4 85.9 101.1 72.6 64.9 103.1 87.2 84.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.3 97.2 94.3 98.8 91.1 93.9 96.1 127.0 148.2 94.6 107.7 100.8 100.7 58.3 55.5 87.8 38.6 26.7 89.3 96.7 100.0 97.0 103.2 116.8 93.6 95.1 69.3 Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Total wage and salary pay ments Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Musical instruments and materials, Pianos, organs, and other than pianos materials and organs Year Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Coke Aver age wage and salary pay ment Total wage and salarypay ments Dentists’ supplies Year Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Batteries, dry and storage Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Total wage and salary pay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Total wage and salary pay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment Radios and parts Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Total wage and salary pay ments ...... 100.2 86.2 86.0 98.7 92.0 93.3 0) 1924 0) 1925 ...... 93.6 81.9 87.5 96.4 96.2 99.8 82.3 76.5 1926 ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 91 3 ..................... 101.0 110.6 91.3 89.1 97.5 131.8 148.2 1927 ..................... 1928 ___ 108.4 113.6 104.9 66.9 65.6 98.1 306.9 247.5 1929.................... 28.5 38.8 (2) 47.1 47.8 101.5 454. 5 379.2 30.3 —34.8 1930 ..................... . 115.1 39.7 36.8 92.8 436.3 385. 2 1931 ...... 22 4 24.9 111.0 31.2 25.8 82.9 316 5 260.9 1932 ...... 22.2 14.9 67.1 24.4 12.8 52.5 230.9 163.4 i Data not available. Aver age wage and salary pay ment Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Roofing materials Wage earn ers (aver age num ber) Total wage and salary pay ments Aver age wage and salary pay ment 84.7 89.2 0) 93.0 92.3 88.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 112.5 105.0 97.5 80.7 89.4 86.9 83.4 87.8 94.5 88.3 90.4 79.5 82.4 86.0 76.8 70.8 79.4 51.4 105.3 96.2 100.0 92.9 97.3 107.6 87.9 89.3 64.7 3Omitted, due to possible error in reporting or tabulating; no further verification possible. 149 M A N U F A C T U R E S — 1 9 1 6 TO 1 9 3 2 —INDEXES OF AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EMPLOYED AN D TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYMENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN MISCELLANEOUS M ANUFACTURES, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES—Continued T able 1 2 1 . Sign and advertising novelties Year Wage earners (aver age num ber) 1924______________ 1925______________ 1926______________ 1927______________ 1928............................ 1929______________ 1930______________ 1931______________ 1932____ _________ 98.7 104.8 100.0 81.3 114.8 123.7 114. 4 82.3 81.0 Sporting and athletic goods Total Average Wage wage wage earners and and salary- salary age(aver num pay pay ments ment ber) 89.1 85.9 100.0 81.3 113.8 121.4 111.6 69.6 57.1 90.2 82.0 100.0 100.0 99.1 98.2 97.6 84.5 70.5 95.5 97.9 100.0 108.4 120.5 120.6 135.9 113.2 87.3 Toys and games Total Average Wage wage wage earners and and salary salary age(aver num pay pay ber) ments ment 88.3 91.1 100.0 105.6 116.8 116.2 128.1 91.1 60.3 92.4 93.0 100.0 97.4 96.9 96.3 94.1 80.5 69.0 104.1 94.1 100.0 105.3 105.7 114.3 78.8 31.7 25.8 Total Average wage wage and and salary salary pay pay ments ment 93.4 93.9 100.0 107.2 105.3 114.2 73.2 26.2 16.8 89.7 99.7 100.0 101.8 99.5 99.9 92.9 82.5 64.9 I Chapter S.— Wholesale and Retail Trade, 1916 to 1932 N WHOLESALE and retail trade in Ohio during the 17 years, 1916 to 1932, the highest average annual wage and salary payment to wage earners was $1,293 in 1928 and the lowest $671 in 1916. The highest average wage and salary payment to bookkeepers, stenog raphers, and office clerks was $1,405 in 1930 and the lowest $723 in 1916. The highest average wage and salary payment to salespeople (not traveling) was $1,238 in 1927 and the lowest $656 in 1916. For the three general occupation groups combined, the highest average was $1,273 in 1927 and the lowest $675 in 1916. The average wage and salary payment in 1932 was the lowest since 1919 (with data for 1922 not available) for each of the three general occupation groups. The highest average number of persons reported employed was 149,224 in 1929. The average in 1932 was 122,738, which was less than in any year since 1924. The decline from 1929 to 1932 was 17.7 percent in average number of persons employed, 32.6 percent in total wage and salary payments, and 18 percent in the average wage and salary payment. The Ohio Division of Labor Statistics classifies under wholesale and retail trade, three trade groups—wholesale and retail stores; coal, lumber, and scrap yards; and retail delivery of milk, ice, and water. A fourth group “ offices” was included prior to 1925 but beginning in that year, that group has been classified by the division of labor statistics under the industry group “service.” In order to secure in this study a comxmrison of the same trade groups through out the period from 1916 to 1932, all data concerning “offices” have been eliminated from the wholesale and retail group for 1916 to 1924, except in table 123 as noted. With the elimination of data concern ing “offices” the figures for wholesale and retail trade in this study will not be in agreement, during the earlier years, with the study of Aver age Wage and Salary Payments in Ohio, published in the Monthly Labor Review for January 1934. The average number of employees reported in the trades grouped by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics under wholesale and retail trade was almost exactly one-ninth of the average reported to the division by employers in “ all industries” (manufactures, wholesale and retail trade, service, transportation and public utilities, construc tion, agriculture, and fisheries) from 1922 to 1929. During the period 1916 to 1920, the percentage varied from 8.7 to 9.8. The 150 151 W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E -----1 9 1 6 TO 1 9 3 2 percentage was 12.2 in 1921,12.5 in 1930,14.2 in 1931, and 15.0 in 1932. Similar computations for total wage and salary payments show a general upward trend from 6.6 percent in 1918 to 14.5 percent in 1932. The higher percentages during periods of slackened activities arise in part from the greater stability of employment and pay rolls in principal lines of trade than in some other lines of industry. Table 122 shows percentages for each year from 1916 to 1932. The three general occupation groups—wage earners; bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; and salespeople (not traveling) are included. The data are for both sexes combined as employers are not requested to show separately total wage and salary payments to males and females. T a bl e 123.—PERCENT EM PLOYMENT AND PAY ROLL IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE FORM OF THOSE IN ALL INDUSTRIES IN OHIO, 1916 TO 1932 Year 1916................ ....................... 1917________ ____ __________ 1918________ ______________ 1919________________ ____ 1920________________________ 1921........... .................................. 1922_______ ________ ______ 1923_____ _________________ 1924__________ __________ _ Percent employ ees in trade form of employ ees in all indus tries (av erage) Percent pay roll in trade forms of that in all indus tries Percent Percent 8.8 8.7 8.9 9.7 9.8 12.2 11.4 10.7 11.6 7.7 7.4 6.6 7.5 7.5 11.3 0) 8.9 9.9 Year 1925.............................................. 1926 ........... ........................... . 1927_____ _____ ____ 1928.................. ................ 1929...................... .......... .......... 1930 1931............................ 1932...................................... Percent employ Percent ees in pay roll trade in trade form of forms employ that in ofall ees in all indus indus tries (av tries erage) Percent 11.3 11.3 11.9 11.8 11.7 12.5 14.2 15.0 Percent 9.6 9.9 10.4 10.1 9.7 11.1 13.3 14.5 i Data not available. Table 123 shows total wage and salary payments to each of the three general occupation groups in wholesale and retail trade. Pay ments to superintendents and managers are also shown in this table but data for that group are not included in any other table or com putations in this study. In preparing annual reports for the Ohio Division of Labor Sta tistics, employers were instructed to classify employees as follows: W a g e earn ers: Include mechanics of all kinds, factory employees, shop fore men, laborers, laundry employees, cleaners and caretakers in buildings, employees of alteration departments and delivery departments in stores, cash girls, check boys, farm hands, etc. B oo k k eep ers sten o g ra p h ers a n d office clerks: Include bookkeepers, typists, stenographers, copyists, timekeepers, draftsmen, filing clerks, sales office em ployees, cashiers, etc. S a le sp e o p le (not tra v elin g ): Include the selling force in stores and other estab lishments. Do not include traveling salespeople. S u p erin ten d en ts a n d m an a g ers: Include all superintendents and managers but not shop foremen. Do not include salaries of officials. , , 152 A V E R A G E A N N U A L W A G E P A Y M E N T S IN O H IO In their annual returns to the division of labor statistics, employ ers were requested to report for the year total wage and salary pay ments in dollars, including bonuses and premiums and value of board and lodging furnished. The division of labor statistics did not tabulate total wage and salary payments for the year 1922 by individual industries and trades and it was, therefore, impossible to eliminate data for “offices” for that year. In wholesale and retail trade, total wage and salary payments to the three general occupation groups (omitting superintendents and managers) increased each year from 1916 to 1920, decreased $10,422,719 in 1921, increased each year from 1923 to 1929, and decreased in 1930, 1931, and 1932. The greatest increase in a single year was $31,609,848 from 1919 to 1920 and the greatest decrease was $35,610,526 from 1931 to 1932. Total wage and salary payments to wage earners reached the highest amount during the 17 years in 1927; to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks in 1930; and to salespeople (not traveling) in 1929. During the 9 years, 1924 to 1932, in which reports were requested of all employers of 3 or more persons, total wage and salary payments to each of the 3 general occupation groups reached the lowest point in 1932. T able 123.—TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Year Estab lish ments Wage earners 1916_______________ 1917_______________ 1918_______________ 1919_______________ 1920_______________ 1921_______________ 19221______________ 1923_______________ 1924_______________ 1925_______________ 1926_________ _____ 1927............ .................. 1928_____ ____ _____ ]929_______________ 1930.............................. 1931_______________ 1932_______________ 4, 056 4,425 4, 815 5,063 5,786 4,962 6,031 5, 497 6,707 7,277 7,867 8, 526 8, 916 9, 524 10, 022 10, 111 9, 716 $24,980, 288 31,212,896 34, 922, 511 43, 359, 687 58,837, 839 52, 203,124 55, 724, 935 59, 354,971 64, 715, 087 67,929, 464 72, 366, 350 74,471, 388 73, 571,115 72,980,211 72, 844, 362 67, 505, 063 52, 243, 081 Bookkeep Superin ers, stenog Salespeople Total of pre tendents raphers, (not trav ceding and man and office eling) agers clerks $10,159,344 12, 460, 593 14, 323, 442 18,892, 259 25, 512, 300 23,802, 292 37,310,729 26, 453, 941 28,011, 605 28,828, 086 31, 231,010 32,032,811 31,704,191 33. 268,959 34, 396, 203 28, 548, 605 21, 934, 553 $19,699, 259 23,402, 760 26, 379,860 34, 693, 649 44, 205, 304 42,127, 308 44,403,951 49,846,849 55, 619, 297 58,611, 692 63, 490, 776 71, 337, 704 73, 229,892 78, 338, 716 67, 848,122 64, 051, 911 50, 317, 419 $54,838,891 67,076, 249 75, 625, 813 96, 945, 595 128, 555, 443 118,132, 724 137,439, 615 135,655, 761 148, 345, 989 155, 369, 242 167, 088,136 177,841, 903 178, 505,198 184,587,886 175, 088, 687 160,105, 579 124, 495, 053 $5,919,182 7,605, 098 9,619, 073 12, 282, 299 15,917, 877 15, 729, 323 20,162,319 19, 384,463 20,594,823 22,965, 987 24,120, 423 25,718,819 31,854, 439 28, 532,443 32, 256, 244 26, 096, 282 20,821, 876 Grand total $60, 758, 073 74, 681, 347 85, 244,886 109, 227,894 144, 473, 320 133, 862, 047 157, 601, 934 155,040, 224 168,940,812 178, 335, 229 191, 208, 559 203, 560, 722 210, 359, 637 213,120, 329 207,344,931 186, 201,861 145, 316, 929 1 Data are not available to compute total wage and salary payments for wholesale and retail trade (not including offices). Table 124 shows the average number of persons reported employed in wholesale and retail trade, and in each of the three trade groups classified by the division of labor statistics under trade, each year from 1916 to 1932. WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE— 1 9 1 6 TO 1 9 3 2 153 In wholesale and retail trade as a group the highest average number of wage earners was reported employed in 1927, and of bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and salespeople (not traveling) in 1929. Eor the three general occupation groups combined, the highest average number was employed in 1929 and the average number employed in 1932 was lower than in any other year since 1924. In wholesale and retail stores, the highest average number of wage earners was employed in 1930, and of bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and salespeople (not traveling) in 1929. The highest average for the three general occupation groups combined was in 1929 and the average in 1932 was lower than in any other year since 1924. In coal, lumber, and scrap yards, the highest average number employed for the three general occupation groups combined was in 1928 and the lowest average number during the 17 years was in 1932. In retail delivery of milk, ice, and water, the highest average num ber reported employed for the three general occupation groups combined was in 1931 and the second highest was in 1932. 134.—AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, 1916 TO 1932, BY TRADES AND BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS T able Trade— wholesale and retail Establish ments Year 1916___________________________________ 1917_____________ _____________________ 1918___________________________________ 1919___________________________________ 1920___________________________________ 1921___________________________________ 1922___________________________________ 1923___________________________________ 1924___________________________________ 1925___________________________________ 1926___________________________________ 1927___________________________________ 1928___________________________________ 1929___________________________________ 1930___________________________________ 1931___________________________________ 1932___________________________________ 4,068 4,420 4,815 5,063 5, 786 4,962 5,354 5,497 6, 707 7,277 7,867 8,526 8,916 9, 524 10,022 10, 111 9, 716 Wage earners 37,237 40,304 41,539 43,843 49,494 42,910 45, 593 49,805 51,967 53,759 56,536 58,368 56,884 56,971 57,845 55,482 49,087 Bookkeep ers, stenog Salespeople All em raphers, (not travel ployees and office ing) clerks 14,049 30,010 81, 297 15,622 32,551 88, 477 16,448 34,331 92, 318 18,208 100, 434 38,383 19,904 41,126 110, 524 18, 547 37,360 98, 818 19,083 39,408 104,083 20,850 43,473 114,128 21,380 48,724 122,071 22, 263 50,907 126,928 23,055 53,179 132, 770 23, 721 57, 631 139,720 23,887 60,009 140, 780 24,973 67, 280 149, 224 24,482 59,959 142, 286 22, 267 59, 555 137,304 19, 545 54,106 122, 738 Stores— wholesale and retail 1916___________________________________ 1917___________________________________ 1918___________________________________ 1919___________________________________ 1920___________________________________ 1921____ _____ _________________________ 1922___________________ ____ __________ 1923___________________________________ 1924___________________________________ 1925___________________________________ 1926___________________________________ 1927___________________________________ 1928___________________________________ 1929___________________________________ 1930__________ ___________ ____________ 1931____________ ______________________ 1932____________ ____ __________________ 3,366 3,695 4,021 4, 271 4,932 4, 218 4, 526 4,634 5,666 6,107 6,603 7,195 7,485 8,061 8,494 8, 553 8,155 29, 611 31,639 32,882 35,910 41,112 36, 237 38, 215 41,161 42,235 43,357 45, 622 47,139 45,442 46,395 49, 204 46,498 41,000 12, 681 14,052 14, 754 16, 576 18,161 16,992 17,441 19,006 19,453 20,221 20,906 21,462 21, 689 22, 835 22,289 20, 254 17, 791 29, 768 32,298 33,999 38,093 40,840 37,058 39,120 43,146 48,293 50,328 52, 597 57,078 59,441 66, 777 59,617 59,134 53, 722 72,060 77,989 81, 636 90, 580 100,113 90,286 94,876 103, 313 109, 981 113,906 119,125 125, 678 126, 573 136, 007 131,109 125, 886 112, 513 154 AVERAGE A N NU AL WAGE PAYM ENTS IN OHIO 124.—AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EMPLOYED IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, 1916 TO 1932, BY TRADES AND BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS—Continued T able Yards— lumber, coaly and scrap Establish ments Year 1916___________________________________ 1917___________________________________ 1918___________________________________ 1919___________________________________ 1920___________________________________ 1921___________________________________ 1922___________________________________ 1923___________________________________ 1924___________________________________ 1925___________________________________ 1926___________________________________ 1927___________________________________ 1928___________________________________ 1929___________________________________ 1930___________________________________ 1931___________________________________ 1932___________________________________ 667 673 730 728 788 682 764 791 949 1,066 1,157 1,224 1,299 1,326 1,389 1,394 1,390 Retail delivery— 1916___________________________________ 1917___________________________________ 1918___________________________________ 1919_______________________ ___________ 1920___________________________________ 1921___________________________________ 1922___________________________________ 1923__________________________ --_______ 1924___________________________________ 1925_____________ _____________________ 1926___________________________________ 1927___________________________________ 1928___________________________________ 1929___________________________________ 1930___________________________________ 1931___________________________________ 1932___________________________________ Wage earners 7,184 7,903 7,843 7,058 7,436 5,585 6,341 7,417 8,277 8,887 9,185 9,566 9,639 8,597 6,578 6,445 5,943 Bookkeep ers, stenog .Salespeople All em raphers, (not travel ployees and office ing) clerks 1,326 1,492 1,608 1,532 1,645 1,436 1,504 1, 709 1,781 1,884 1,962 2,074 2,004 1,920 1,963 1,709 1, 513 226 238 211 220 223 227 273 273 379 410 436 435 479 444 307 392 359 8,737 9,632 9,662 8,809 9, 305 7,247 8,118 9,399 10,437 11,181 11, 582 12,075 12,122 10,961 8,848 8, 547 7,814 16 16 121 70 63 76 16 55 51 169 146 118 89 59 34 29 24 501 856 1,020 1,045 1,106 1,284 1,189 1,416 1,653 1,841 2,063 1,967 2,085 2,256 2,328 2,871 2,411 milky icey and water 35 52 64 64 66 62 64 72 92 104 107 107 132 137 139 164 171 443 762 814 875 946 1,089 1,037 1,226 1,455 1,514 1,730 1,664 1,803 1,979 2,064 2,538 2,145 42 78 85 100 97 120 137 135 146 158 187 185 193 218 230 304 241 F luctuation in em ploym ent in w holesale and retail trade, for the three general occupation groups com bined is show n in table 125. The least fluctuation from m axim um w ithin a year w as 8.3 percent in 1918 and the greatest w as 19.8 percent in 1922. T h e fluctuation was in excess of 15 percent in 9 of the 17 years. M axim um em ploy m ent reported during the 17 years w as 168,839 in D ecem ber 1929, and the m inim um w as 76,183 in February 1916. In the 9-year period, 1924 to 1932, during w hich reports have been requested from all establishm ents em ploying 3 or m ore persons, m inim um em ploy m ent reported w as 116,929 in A ugust 1932, w hich w as 51,910, or 30.7 percent, below the m axim um for the 9 years in D ecem ber 1929, and 30,893, or 20.9 percent, below the num ber reported em ployed in the corresponding m onth (A ugust) in 1929. 155 W HOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE— 1916 TO 1932 135.—FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT (BOTH SEXES) IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, 1916 TO 1932 [This table includes the 3 general occupation groups—wage earners; bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; and salespeople (not traveling)] T able Month January_____________________ February________ ________ _ March— ______ _____________ April-----------------------------------May________________________ June________________________ July________________________ August______________________ September___________________ October_____________________ November____ ______________ December.................................. Maximum___________________ Minimum_________________ _ Variation from maximum: Number______ _____ _____ Percent................................... Number of establishments____ Month January-------------------------------February___________________ March______________________ April............................................... M ay.-______ _______________ June____________ ___________ July..______ ________________ August____________________ September__________ ________ October________ ______ ____ November__________________ December________ __________ Maximum__________________ Minimum___________________ Variation from maximum: Number— ........... ............. Percent--------------------------Number of establishments. .. . 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 77,009 86,037 90, 513 93,296 107,807 99,638 76,183 84, 893 90, 306 93,061 106, 034 97,409 78,026 87, 454 92, 619 94, 561 108, 404 98, 575 81,027 88, 417 92,176 97,058 109, 483 98,913 80,349 88,268 91, 866 97,903 109,641 98, 221 80,112 88,146 92,662 99, 740 110, 403 98,731 79,193 87, 837 91, 462 100, 648 111, 093 96, 572 78, 065 86, 514 90, 508 101, 399 110, 256 95,470 81, 714 88, 788 91, 587 103, 396 111, 331 96, 642 84, 874 89, 726 92, 425 104, 687 111, 559 99, 317 86,920 90, 686 93,171 107, 597 113,015 100, 367 92,092 94,958 98, 517 111, 859 117, 262 105,982 92,092 94,958 98, 517 111, 859 117,262 105,982 76,183 84,893 90,306 93,061 106,034 95,470 15, 909 10,065 8,211 18, 798 11,228 10,512 17.3 10.6 8.3 16.8 9.6 9.9 4,068 4,420 4,815 5,063 5,786 4,962 1925 1926 1928 1927 1929 122, 243 127, 854 134, 570 133,135 139, 904 121, 441 126, 651 133,883 132, 598 139, 981 123,010 128, 273 135, 728 135,172 143, 364 125, 419 130, 275 138,802 137, 278 146,154 125, 329 130, 830 138,361 138,022 147,133 125, 509 130, 511 138,600 139,173 148, 505 123, 598 129, 534 136,802 138, 533 147, 296 124, 047 129, 402 136,908 137, 787 147, 822 126, 068 133, 517 138, 770 142,182 151,122 130,185 136, 336 142, 306 145,124 155,118 132, 703 139,169 144,117 147, 324 155, 454 143, 589 150,883 157,791 163,029 168, 839 143, 589 150,883 157,791 163,029 168, 839 121,441 126,651 133,883 132,598 139, 904 22,148 24,232 23,908 30, 431 28. 935 15.4 16.1 15.2 18.7 17.1 7,277 7,867 8, 526 8,916 9,524 1922 98,071 96,477 98, 252 102,046 101, 684 103, 076 103, 376 102, 267 104, 340 107,431 111, 714 120, 267 120, 267 96, 477 23,790 19.8 5,354 1930 140, 361 139, 685 141,836 145,993 143,854 143,088 138, 799 136,844 139,151 141, 065 142, 765 153,985 153,985 136,844 17,141 11.1 10, 022 1923 107, 756 107, 511 110, 448 111, 807 112, 275 113, 919 112, 848 111, 900 115, 302 116, 521 120, 327 128,921 128,921 107, 511 21,410 16.6 5,497 1931 134, 622 133,540 135, 958 139,181 138, 620 138, 022 134, 852 134, 243 137, 429 137, 085 136, 635 147,458 147,458 133, 540 13, 918 9.4 10, 111 1924 117, 819 117,917 119,928 122, 266 120,965 120,406 119,420 118, 547 121, 451 123, 356 126,110 136, 664 136, 664 117, 819 18, 845 13.8 6,707 1932 122,470 121,311 123,385 123,928 124,323 122, 579 118, 746 116,929 120,176 123,830 123,167 132,010 132, 010 116,929 15,081 11.4 9, 716 A verage w age and salary paym ents in w holesale and retail trade to wage earners, to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, to sales people (not traveling), and to the three general occupation groups com bined are show n for 1916 to 1932 (except 1922) in table 126. The av erage w age and salary paym ent, as previously explained, w as com puted by dividing the total w age and salary paym ents for a given year by the average num ber of persons em ployed. These averages should not be taken as exact m easures but as approxim ate figures. D a ta con cerning total w age and salary paym ents for 1922 were not tabulated by the division of labor statistics for individual industries and trades. In the group w holesale and retail trade and also in w holesale and retail stores, the highest average w age and salary paym ent to wage earners w as in 1928; to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks in 1930; and to salespeople (not traveling) and to the three general occupation groups com bined in 1927. T he low est average for each of the occupation groups w as reported in 1916. T he average for each group in 1932 was lower than in any other year since 1919. 1 4 0 4 4 6°— 35------- 11 156 AVERAGE A N NU AL WAGE PAYM ENTS IN OHIO 126.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, 1916 TO 1932, BY TRADES AND BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS T able Trade— wholesale and retail Establish ments Year 1916— ________________________________ 1917___________________________________ 1918___________________________________ 1919________________________ __________ 1920_________________________________ 1921___________________________________ 1922___________________________________ 1923___________________________________ 1924___________________________________ 1925______ ____ ____ ___________________ 1926___ ____________________________ 1927________________________ __________ 1928________________ ____ ______________ 1929.......— ______ ______________________ 1930.___ ______________________________ 1931....... — .................-.................................... 1932---------------- ------------------------------------ i 4,068 4,420 4,815 5,063 5,786 4,962 (3)5,497 6,707 7,277 7,867 8,526 8,916 9,524 10,022 10, 111 9,716 2 Wage earners Bookkeep ers, stenog Salespeople All em raphers, (not travel ployees and office ing) clerks $671 774 841 989 1,187 1,217 (3)1,192 1,245 1,264 1,280 1,276 1,293 1,281 1,259 1, 217 1,064 $723 798 871 1,038 1,282 1,283 (3)1,269 1,310 1,295 1,355 1,350 1,327 1, 332 1,405 1,282 1,122 $656 719 768 904 1,075 1,128 (3) 1,147 1,142 1,151 1,194 1, 238 1,220 1,164 1,132 1,076 930 $708 772 865 1,013 1,253 1, 258 (3) 1, 248 1,286 1, 266 1, 333 1, 327 1,302 1, 310 1, 392 1, 274 1,115 $652 714 761 898 1,067 1,121 (3) 1,138 1,133 1,139 1,183 1,228 1, 210 1,155 1,124 1,068 925 $675 758 819 965 1,163 1,195 (3) 1,189 1,215 1,224 1,258 1,273 1,268 1,237 1, 231 1,166 1,014 Stores— wholesale and retail 1916___________________________________ 1917_________________________ _____ ____ 1918_________________ _____ ____________ 1919___________________________________ 1920___ _______________________________ 1921--------- ----------------------- -------------------1922___________________________________ 1923___________________________________ 1924___________________________________ 1925___________________________________ 1926___________________________________ 1927___________________________________ 1928.........— --------- --------- ----------------------1929___________________________________ 1930___________________________________ 1931___________________________________ 1932____________________ ____ _________ 4 3, 366 3,695 4,021 4,271 4,932 4,218 (3)4,634 5,666 6,107 6,603 7,195 7,485 8,061 8,494 8, 553 8,155 $667 723 845 954 1,142 1,204 (3) 1,166 1,224 1,247 1,264 1,255 1,279 1, 258 1, 216 1,217 1,077 $668 728 814 941 1,132 1,180 (3) 1,169 1,195 1.203 1,240 1,255 1, 250 1, 215 1,204 1,156 1,011 Yards— lumber, coal, and scrap 6 667 $682 $872 1916___ _______________________________ $724 (5) 7 673 886 1,051 1917___________________________________ 925 (5) 730 778 918 1918_______________________ ___________ 823 (5) 728 1,123 1,305 1919___________________________________ 1,171 (5) 788 1,379 1,608 1920______________ ____________________ 1,442 (5) 682 1, 562 1,208 1921-------------------- -------------------------------1,305 (5) 1922_____________________ _____________ (3) (3)1,253 (3)1,493 (3) (3) 1923___________________________________ 791 1,328 (5) 949 1924___________________________________ 1,265 1, 565 1,348 (5) 1,066 1,269 1,590 1925___________________________________ 1,363 (8) 1,157 1,267 1,583 1926____________ ______________________ 1,363 (5) 1, 224 1,582 1,288 1927-------------------------------------------------1,378 (5) 1,299 1,592 1928___________________________________ 1,276 1,374 (5) 1929________________ ____ ___________ _ 1,326 1,274 1, 576 1,376 (5) 1930____________ _____ — ............................ 1,389 1,552 1,418 1,484 («) 1, 394 1931______________________ ____ ________ 1,053 1,343 1,160 (s) 1,390 852 1932- ______________________ ____ _______ 1,183 950 (5) 1 Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 12. 2 Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 5. 3 Information concerning total wage and salary payments not available. 4 Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 11. * Not computed, owing to small number involved. 6 Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 1. ^ Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 3, W HOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE— 1916 TO 1932 157 T able 1 2 6 —AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN WHOLESALE A N D RETAIL TRADE, 1916 TO 1932, BY TRADES AND BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS—Contd. Retail delivery— milk, ice, and water Bookkeep ers, stenog Salespeople All em raphers, (not travel ployees and office ing) clerks 35 $764 $752 1916__ ____ _________ __________________ (5) (5) o 52 1,732 1,612 1917___________ ____ __________________ 0) (5) 64 1,269 1918_______________ __________________ 1,233 (5) (5) 64 1, 354 1,326 1919__________________________________ (5) (5) 66 1,725 1920___________________________________ 1,677 (5) (5) 62 1,668 1921__________ ________________________ 1,638 (5) (5) 1922___________________________________ (3) 72 (3) (3) (3) (3) 1923___________________________________ 1,689 1, 663 (5) (5) 92 1924___________________________________ 1, 742 1,719 (5) (5) 104 1,713 1925___________________________________ 1,711 (5) (5) 1926___________________________________ 107 1, 763 1, 720 (5) (5) 107 1,786 1927__________________________________ 1, 753 (5) (5) 132 1928___________________________________ 1, 750 1, 725 (5) (5) 1929___________________________________ 137 1,860 1, 831 (5) (5) 1930___________________________________ 139 1,782 1,752 (5) (5) 164 1931___________________________________ 1,628 1,612 (5) (5) 1932___________________________________ 171 1,410 1,400 (5) (5) 3 Information concerning total wage and salary payments not available. 6 Not computed, owing to small number involved. 3 Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 2. Year Establish ments Wage earners Charts 42 and 43 show in graphic form average wage and salary paym ents in w holesale and retail trade and in w holesale and retail stores. It is possible to m ake only lim ited com parisons of this study, based upon reports to the Ohio D ivision of Labor Statistics, and the U nited F ig u r e 4 2 .— A v e r a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d S a l a r y P a y m e n t s in W h o le sa l e AND RETAIL TRADE, 191 6 TO 1932 States Census of D istribution in 1929. T he Bureau of the Census separates w holesale and retail establishm ents and apparently classifies under “ T rad e” som e activities n o t so classified b y the Ohio D ivision of Labor Statistics. T he census also includes a great num ber of sm all 158 AVERAGE AN NUAL WAGE PAYM ENTS IN OHIO establishm ents w hich w ould n ot be covered by the Ohio D ivision of Labor Statistics w hich requested reports only from those em ploying 3 or m ore persons (5 or m ore prior to 1924). T he census report covers in Ohio 8,077 w holesale establishm ents and 83,717 retail establish m ents for 1929 w hich is th e first census report on distribution. V ol um es 2 and 3 of th e C ensus R eport on D istribution have n o t y e t been published in final form. V olum e 1 relates to retail trade and show s for Ohio 229,870 full-tim e and 41,163 part-tim e em ployees. The total annual pay roll to full-tim e and part-tim e em ployees w as $318,273,446 and the total annual pay roll to part-tim e em ployees w as $10,100,969. Of the 83,717 retail establishm ents, 71,361 re$1400 1200 1000 600 6 00 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 F ig u r e 43.—A v e r a g e a n n u a l W a g e a n d S a la r y P a y m e n t s in W h o le sa l e a n d R eta il S t o r e s , 1916 t o 1932 ported annual sales of less than $50,000 and 33,350 reported annual sales of less th an $10,000. * T he Bureau of th e C ensus com putes an average annual salary in retail trade in Ohio per full-tim e em ployee in 1929 of $1,341. T he average annual w age and salary p aym en t in w holesale and retail trade according to the reports to the Ohio D ivision of Labor S tatistics for 1929, including full-tim e, part-tim e, and overtim e workers, was $1,237 which is $104, or 7.8 percent, less than the census average for full-tim e em ployees. Indexes for Employment and Wage and Salary Payments I n d e x e s for average num ber of persons em ployed (wage earners, bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and salespeople, n ot traveling) and for total and average w age and salary paym ents in w holesale and retail trade and in each of the trade groups classified under th at industry are show n in table 127. T h e base for the WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE— 1916 TO 1932 159 indexes in this table is 1926. The years covered are 1924 to 1932 during which period reports were requested each year by the Ohio Diyision of Labor Statistics from all establishments employing three or more persons. In the wholesale and retail trade, the index for average number of persons employed exceeded the base year (1926) each year from 1927 to 1931 and fell to 92.4 in 1932. The index for total wage and salary payments exceeded the base year in 1927, 1928, 1929, and 1930, and fell to 74.5 in 1932. The index for average wage and salary payments exceeded the base year in 1927 and 1928 and fell to 80.6 in 1932. In wholesale and retail stores, the index for average number of salespeople (not traveling) employed exceeded the base each year since 1926 and stood at 102.1 in 1932. The index for total wage and salary payments exceeded the base in 1927 to 1931 and fell to 79.9 in 1932. The index for average wage and salary payments exceeded the base in 1927 and 1928 and had fallen to 78.2 in 1932. The index for the three general occupation groups combined in 1932 was 94.4 for average number of persons employed, 77.0 for total wage and salary payments, and 81.5 for average wage and salary payments. 127.—INDEXES OF AVERAGE NUM BER EMPLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVER AGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE IN OHIO, 1924 TO 1932, BY TRADES AND BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS [1926=100.0] T able Trade— wholesale and retail Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks Wage earners Year 1924............................. .................. 1925_________ ______________ 1926_______________________ 1927_________ ______________ 1928--_____ _____ _________ 1929. — _________ __________ 1930.................. ........................... 1931__________________ _____ 1932___________ _____ _______ Average wage Average wage wage Number Totalsalaryand Number Total and and salary wage salary salary (average) and (average) payments payments payments payments 91.9 95.1 100. 0 103.2 100. 6 100. 8 102.3 98.1 86.8 89.4 93.9 100. 0 102.3 101.7 100. 8 100.7 93.3 72.2 97.3 98.8 100. 0 99.7 101.0 100. 0 98.4 95.1 83.1 92.7 98. 6 100. 0 102.9 103.6 108.3 106.2 96.6 84.8 Salespeople (not traveling) 1924_________________ ______ 1925..................................... ......... 1926— _____ ________________ 1927_______ ________________ 1928___________ _____ _______ 1929...........................— ............ 1930............................................... 1931________________________ 1932________________________ 91.6 95.7 100. 0 108.4 112.8 126.5 112.7 112 .0 101.7 87.6 92.3 100. 0 112.4 115. 3 123.4 106.9 100.9 79.3 89.7 92.3 100. 102. 60 101.5 106.5 110. 1 91.4 70.2 96.7 95.6 100. 0 99.6 97.9 93.3 103.7 94.6 82.8 All employees 95.6 96.4 100. 0 103.7 102.2 97.5 94.8 90.1 77.9 91.9 95.6 100. 0 105.2 106.0 112.4 107.2 103.4 92.4 88.8 93.0 100. 0 106.4 106.8 110.5 104.8 95.8 74.5 96.6 97.3 100. 0 101. 100.28 93.3 97.9 92.7 80.6 160 A V E R A G E A N N U A L W A G E P A Y M E N T S IN O H IO 1 2 7 —IN D EX ES OF AVERAGE NUM BER EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVER AGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE IN OHIO, 1934 TO 1932, BY TRADES AND BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS—Con. T able Stores— wholesale and retail Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks Average wage wage wage Average Number Totalsalary and Number Total and salary wage (average) and salary (average) and salary payments payments payments payments 92.6 89.6 96.8 93.0 89.8 96.5 95.0 93.7 98.7 96.7 91.9 95.0 103.3 99.3 102.7 99.5 99.6 103.7 101. 3 97.7 101.7 99.5 109.2 107.3 98.3 107.9 103.8 96.2 106.6 111.3 104.4 101.9 98.1 96.3 92.6 96.9 95.6 89.9 76.6 85.2 85.1 71.2 83.6 Salespeople (not traveling) All employees 91.8 87.9 95.8 92.3 96.4 89.0 95.7 92.1 96.3 95.6 92.7 97.0 108.5 112.7 103.8 105.5 106.8 113.0 115.6 102.3 106.3 107.1 127.0 124.0 97.6 114.2 111.9 98.0 113.3 107.8 95.0 106.9 97.1 112.4 90.3 101.5 105.7 98.5 93.2 79.9 78.2 94.4 77.0 81.5 Wage earners Year 1924______ ____ ____________ 1925.............................................. 1926________ _____ _________ 1927..________________ _____ 1928........................................ 1929______ _________________ 1930___________ ____________ 1931_______ _____ __________ 1932............................................... 1924________ ____ _________ 1925___________ _____ _______ 1926__________ _____________ 1927______________________ 1928........— ____ ____________ 1929_____ _____ ____________ 1930_____________________ __ 1931_________________ ____ _ 1932.......................................... 100.0 100. 102.860 100. 101.2 100.0 101.2 100.0 100.20 102. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 101.820 100. 110.1 102.1 Yards— lumber, coaly and scrap Wage earners 1924___________ ____ ________ 1925________________________ 1926....................................... 1927________________________ 1928 _________ ____ _________ 1929________________________ 1930 _______________________ 1931________________________ 1932.......................................... . 1924______ ____ ____ ____ ___ 1925________________________ 1926________________________ 1927________________________ 1928________________________ 1929________________________ 1930_______________________ 1931_____________________ 1932________ ____________ 90.1 96.8 100. 0 104.1 104.9 93.6 71.6 70.2 64.7 89.9 96.9 100. 0 105.9 105.6 94.1 80.1 58.3 43.5 All employees 90.1 89.1 96.5 96.5 105.4 104.3 104.7 105.5 95.5 94.6 83.1 76.4 73.8 62.8 67.5 47.0 100.0 100.0 99.8 100. 20 100. 101.7 100.7 100. 6 111.9 83.1 67.2 Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks 90.8 89.7 98.9 96.0 96.4 100.4 105.7 105.6 99.9 102.7 97.9 97.4 99.6 98.1 98.0 87.1 73.9 84.8 77.1 57.6 74.7 100.0 102.1 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.6 98.9 100. 100. 00 101. 1 100. 101.80 108.9 85.1 69.7 Retail delivery— milk , ice , and water 1924________________________ 1925__________ _____________ 1926________________________ 1927________________ _______ 1928________________________ 1929________________________ 1930________________________ 1931_______ _______________ 1932___________ ____________ Wage earners 84.1 83.1 87.5 85.1 96.2 97.4 103.5 104.2 114.4 120. 7 119.3 135.5 146.7 99.1 124.0 100.0 100.0 120.6 98.8 97.2 101.3 99.3 105.5 92.3 80.0 100.0 101.1 All employees 80.1 80.1 89.2 95.3 97.2 101.4 109.4 116.4 114.9 139.2 130.5 116.9 95.2 100.0 101.1 112.8 88.80 100. 99.9 99. 5 100. 0 10 LO 10013 106'. 5 101.9 93.7 81.4 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE— 1916 TO 1932 161 Charts 44 and 45 show in graphic form indexes for wholesale and retail trade and for wholesale and retail stores. The data are for the three general occupation groups combined. Table 128 provides a comparison of indexes of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics for employment and pay rolls in wholesale trade and in retail trade in the United States and of indexes for aver age number employed and total wage and salary payments in whole- F ig u r e 44.—In d e x e s fo r A v er a g e N u m b e r e m p l o y e d a n d T o ta l a n d A v e r a g e W a g e a n d s a l a r y P a y m e n t s in W h o lesa le a n d r e t a il T r a d e , 1924 TO 1932 sale and retail trade in Ohio computed from reports of the Ohio Divi sion of Labor Statistics for 1929 to 1932. The Bureau of Labor Statistics indexes for trade cover only the period beginning in 1929 and the average for that year is used by the Bureau as the base. It is therefore used in this comparative table. For employment the Ohio index for wholesale and retail trade is very slightly lower than the Bureau’s United States indexes for wholesale trade and for retail trade in 1930, considerably higher than either of the Bureau’s indexes in 1931, and also somewhat higher in 1932. For pay rolls, or total wage and salary payments, the Ohio index was lower than either of the Bureau’s indexes in 1930, slightly higher than 162 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 45. F ig u r e — In d e x e s f o r A v e r a g e N u m b e r E m p l o y e d a n d T o t a l a n d A v e r a g e W a g e a n d s a l a r y Pa y m e n t s in W h o l e s a l e a n d R e t a i l S t o r e s , to 1932 1924 either in 1931, and slightly lower than the retail trade and a trifle higher than the wholesale trade index in 1932. 128.—COMPARISON OF INDEXES OF THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS FOR EM PLOYM ENT AND PAY ROLLS IN WHOLESALE TRADE AND IN RETAIL TRADE IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN DEXES FOR AVERAGE NUM BER EMPLOYED AND TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE IN OHIO COMPUTED FROM REPORTS OF THE OHIO DIVISION OF LABOR STATISTICS, 1929 TO 1932 [1929=100.0] T able Bureau of Labor Statistics Year 1929 ______ ______________ 1930................................... .......... 1931 ________ _______1932 ________________ Wholesale trade Ohio reports—Whole sale and retail trade Retail trade Employ ment Pay rolls Employ ment 100.0 96.0 86.6 78.2 100.0 95.9 83.6 67.0 100.0 95.9 89.4 80.9 Total wage Pay rolls Employees salary (average) and payments 100.0 96. 2 86.6 69.4 100.0 95.4 92.0 82.3 100.0 94.9 86.7 67.4 Chapter 6.— “ Service” Industries, 1916 to 1932 highest average wage and salary payment in the “service” T HE industries in Ohio during the 17 years, 1916 to 1932, to all occupation groups combined was $1,384, in 1929; the lowest was $646, in 1916. The average in 1932 was $1,074, which was the lowest since 1919. The decline in average wage and salary payments from 1929 to 1932 was $241, or 20.4 percent, for wage earners; $367, or 21.2 per cent, for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; $982, or 48.4 percent, for salespeople (not traveling); and $310, or 22.4 percent, for the three general occupation groups combined. The Ohio Division of Labor Statistics classified “offices” under “ Wholesale and retail trade” prior to 1925, but beginning with that year “offices” have been classified under “service.” In order to secure in this study a comparison of the same groups, as far as pos sible, throughout the period from 1916 to 1932, all data concerning “ offices” have been transferred from “trade” to “service”, except for 1922, in table 129, as noted, and, therefore, the figures in this study are not in agreement, for the earlier years, with the study of average wage and salary payments in Ohio, published in the Monthly Labor Review for January 1934. The industry group “service” contains a number of activities seldom covered in statistical studies of employment and wage and salary payments. The reporting lists in some of such activities necessarily have been developed slowly, and, therefore, increases in employment and in total wage and salary payments are accounted for in part by more nearly complete coverage during the later years of the period. This should be borne in mind in using figures in this study for comparative purposes. Table 129 shows total wage and salary payments reported in “service” for the 17 years, 1916 to 1932. Payments to superintendents and managers are included in this table, but data for that group are not included elsewhere in this study. In their annual reports to the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics, employers were requested to report for the year total wage and salary payments in dollars, includ ing bonuses and premiums and value of board and lodging furnished. Employers were instructed not to include salaries of officials. Total wage and salary payments to the three general occupation groups combined reached the highest amount in 1929, while the total in 1932 was lower than in any year since 1925. 163 164 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 129.—TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN “ SERVICE 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS [Figures for the earlier years are not in agreement with study of Average Wage and Salary Payments in Ohio, Monthly Labor Review for January 1934, due to transfer of “ offices” from “ trade” to “service”] Bookkeepers, stenogra Salespeople Total of Superintend Grand Estab Wage ents and (not phers, and lish Year total earners traveling) preceding managers office ments clerks $30, 643, 737 1916___________ 2,153 $19, 652,032 $6,929,190 $1,231, 512 $27,812,734 $2,831,003 38,625,880 4, 269, 087 42,894,967 1917___________ 2, 595 26,609, 508 9,913,932 2,102,440 49,562,888 180, 566 54, 743,454 2,698,080 1918___________ 3,071 30, 516, 708 16,348,100 3,555, 612 61, 607, 669 1; 053, 211 68, 660, 880 1919___________ 3,157 35, 598, 590 22,453, 467 1920___________ 4,650 52,601, 409 36, 426, 294 4,845,853 93, 873, 556 10, 297, 669 104,171, 225 1921___________ 3,499 53, 671, 210 35,368,928 4, 637, 305 93,677,443 11,059,427 104, 736,870 80, 748,056 19221__________ 3,034 50,008,110 19, 645, 610 3, 504, 463 73,158,183 14,7, 589,873 204, 573 127, 960,847 1923___________ 4,120 65,361, 822 40,017, 329 8,377,123 113, 756, 274 19,617, 426 153,114, 973 133, 497, 547 1924___________ 5, 215 77,458,058 46, 763, 611 9, 275,878 639 167,419,228 1925____ _______ 5,971 86,197,038 48, 314,102 10, 948, 449 145,459, 589 21,959, 21,849,163 183, 479, 643 13, 078, 376 161, 630, 480 1926___________ 6,761 94, 622,091 53,930,013 1927___________ 7,598 105,462,147 59,000, 261 10,809, 448 175,271,856 21,607, 204 196,879,060 205,961, 707 1928___________ 8,210 102,061, 685 65,040, 343 13,801, 649 180,903,677 25,058,030 238, 291, 343 1929___________ 9, 335 118,959, 260 76,873, 897 16,074,147 211, 907, 304 26,384,039 932, 230 230, 365, 631 1930___________ 10, 241 111, 692,103 83, 742, 536 6, 998, 762 202,433,401 27, 1931___________ 10, 452 103, 607,067 75,869,112 6,060, 877 185, 537,056 24, 510, 860 210,047, 916 1932___________ 10, 357 85, 957, 730 58, 630,191 4, 093, 525 148, 681, 446 19, 735, 297 168, 416, 743 T able i Not including “offices.” Data not available to compute total wage and salary payments for service including offices. Table 130 shows the average number of persons reported employed in each of the three general occupation groups. Employers, in their annual reports to the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics, show the number of persons employed in each of the three general occupa tion groups on the 15th of each month. The average was com puted by dividing the sum of the number employed on the 15th of each month by 12. The highest average number reported employed was in 1930. The statement made earlier in this study concerning the more nearly complete coverage during the later years of the period should be borne in mind in using this table. 130.—AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED IN “ SERVICE”. 1916 TO 1932. BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS [Figures for the earlier years are not in agreement with study of Average Wage and Salary Payments in Ohio Monthly Labor Review for January 1934, due to transfer of “ offices” from “ trade” to “ service”] Bookkeepers, Salespeople Establish Wage All stenogra Year (not ments earners phers, and traveling) employees office clerks 1916_______________________________ 2,157 33,433 8,334 1,292 43,058 1917_______________________________ 2,599 40,490 10,735 1,784 53,009 1918____ ___________________________ 3,071 14,813 40, 301 1,899 57,014 1919_______________________________ 3,157 42,086 18, 685 2,386 63,157 1920_______________________________ 4,650 48, 662 25,993 2,397 77,052 1921___________________:............ .......... 3,499 48,537 23,418 2,896 74,850 1922_______________________________ 3,745 51, 517 24,644 3, 277 79,438 1923_______________________________ 4,120 59,082 27, 641 4,045 90, 767 1924_______________________________ 5,215 66, 937 32, 219 4,939 104,095 1925.............................................................. 5,971 34,124 73,399 5, 523 113,046 1926_______________________________ 6,761 82,072 35,664 6,688 124,424 1927_______________ _____ __________ 7,598 87,132 37, 934 5,459 130, 525 1928_______________________________ 8, 210 91,160 40,181 7,202 138,542 1929______________________________ 9,335 100, 805 44, 374 7,930 153,109 1930____ ____ _____________________ 10,241 99, 427 51,162 4, 423 155,012 1931_______________________________ 10,452 97,184 48, 590 4,348 150,122 1932_____ ___________________ ____ 10, 357 91, 523 42,964 3,918 138,405 T able 165 “ SERVICE” INDUSTRIES— 1916 TO 1932 Average wage and salary payments in “service” are shown in table 131. The average was computed by dividing the total wage and salary payment by the average number (sum of the number employed on the 15th of each month divided by 12) reported employed each year. The highest average wage and salary payment to wage earners was in 1927; to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, in 1929; to salespeople (not traveling), in 1923; and to the three groups combined, in 1929. The average in 1932 was lower than in any year since 1919 for the first two occupation groups and for the three combined. AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN “ SERVICE”, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS [Figures for the earlier years are not in agreement with study of Average Wage and Salary Payments in Ohio, Monthly Labor Review for January 1934, due to transfer of “offices” from “ trade” to “ service”] T a bl e 1 3 1 .— Year 1916_______________________________ 1917_______________________________ 1918_______________________________ 1919___________ ____ _______________ 1920_______________________________ 1921_______________________________ 1922____________ __________________ 1923_______________________________ 1924_______________________________ 1925_______________________________ 1926_______________________________ 1927_______________________________ 1928_______________________________ 1929_______________________________ 1930_______________________________ 1931_______________________________ 1932_______________________________ Establish ments i 2,157 i 2, 5J99 3, 071 3,157 4,650 3,4$9 (2)4,120 5,215 5,971 6,761 7, 598 8, 210 9,335 10, 241 10,462 10, 357 Wage earners $588 657 757 846 1,081 1,10.6 (2)1,106 1,157 1,174 1,153 1, 210 1,120 1,180 1,123 1,066 939 Bookkeepers, Salespeople All stenogra (not employees phers, and office clerks traveling) $831 924 1,104 1,202 1,401 1,510 (2) 1, 448 1, 451 1, 416 1, 512 1, 555 1,619 1,732 1, 637 1, 561 1,365 $953 1,178 1,421 1,490 2,022 1,601 (2)2,071 1,878 1,982 1, 955 1 980 1, 916 2,027 1, 582 1, 394 1,045 $646 729 869 975 1,218 1, 252 (2) 1, 253 1,382 1, 287 1, 299 1, 343 1, 306 1,384 1,306 1,236 1,074 1 Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 4. 2 Data not available. Chart 46 shows graphically the average wage and salary payments. Industries or Activities Classified under “ Service ” I n s t u d y i n g individual industries or activities under “ service” , consideration is given only to the tw o num erically im portant occupa tion groups— wage earners; and bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks. In the tables relating to wage earners the follow ing industries or activities have been com bined in this stu d y under “ service, o th e r” : H om es for aged and children, laboratories, m ausoleum s and cem eter ies, photographers, professional, recreation cam ps for boys and girls, shoe repairing, undertakers, and service, n o t otherw ise classified. In the tables relating to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, all 166 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO of the industries enumerated above and all except seven of the indus tries in table 132 are included in “Service, other.” I t should be em phasized th at m ore nearly com plete coverage during the later years is an im portant factor in several of the industries or activities, to be borne in m ind, in consideration of increases in F ig u r e 46.—A v e r a g e a n n u a l W a g e a n d S a la r y P a y m e n t s in “ S e r v ic e ” In d u s t r ie s , 1916 t o 1932 total wage and salary paym ents and in average num ber of persons em ployed. Tables 132 and 133 show for wage earners and for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, the number of establishments report ing, average number reported employed, and total wage and salary payments each year. 167 “ SERVICE” INDUSTRIES— 1916 TO 1932 133 .—AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS REPORTED EM PLOYED AND TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN “ SERVICE”, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES Advertising Banks Barbers and hairdressers T able Year 1916...................... 1917___________ 1918____ ____ — 1919 3______ _____ 1920___________ 1921___________ 1922___________ 1923______ _____ 1924___________ 1925 _____ ______ 1926-............. 1927....................... 1928-..................... 1929___________ 1930___________ 1931___________ 1932___________ Estab lish ments 0) 0) 36 38 46 42 40 46 57 45 47 55 47 58 65 65 69 Wage Wage Total wage wage Estab Wage Total wage Estab earners earners Total and salary lish (aver and salary salary lish earners (aver and (aver age) payments ments age) payments ments age) payments (0 <l)296 421 495 451 503 676 742 499 471 703 652 949 1,060 1,005 926 (2) 0) $292,087 0)188 506,097 192 771,073 4 1,073 334 724,500 385 0) 830,046 401 1,085, 516 579 920 877 599 943, 030 606 632 1,465, 327 1,199,016 636 1,239,331 908 1,263, 572 920 1,055,326 821 781,888 787 Bowling alleys and parks 892 5 45 55 1,117 67 1,104 867 59 70 1,026 66 917 71 946 88 1,136 116 1,398 138 1, 702 164 1,753 195 2,079 223 2,244 217 2, 538 311 2,812 265 2,323 231 1,858 1916.......... ............ 1917.......... ............ 1918_ ..................... 1919 3__________ 1920..................... 1921___________ 1922___________ 1923___________ 1924___________ 1925....................1926___________ 1927. ............. — . 1928___________ 1929___________ 1930.......... ............ 1931_____ ____ 1932___________ $608, 258 1,035, 566 777,473 851,150 1,253,538 1,242,253 0) 1,338,218 1,702,493 2,110, 797 1,919,194 2,265,471 2,493,337 2,652,999 2,747,409 1,989,162 1,499,999 Churches 0) 0) (0 0) 0) • 0) (*) 0) (0 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) C1) 0) 0) 11 0)125 28 276 49 446 65 587 78 601 941 113 138 1,077 160 1,182 Garages, including auto body repairing 1916. ............. — 1917....................... 1918...................... 1919 3................ .. 1920....................... 1921___________ 1922...................... 1923-,-................. 1924....................... 1925....................... 1926...................... 1927............ .......... 1928...................... 1929....................... 1930....................... 1931...................... 1932....................... 295 7 420 505 576 795 674 711 802 1,062 1,242 1,468 1,624 1,771 1,921 1,947 1,820 1,618 2,857 4,195 4,466 5,543 7,141 5,957 6,160 7,965 9,412 10,623 12,729 11,821 12,692 14,447 12,933 10,920 8,976 $2,333,190 3,878, 736 4,736,077 6,980,756 10,969,979 8,795,155 (0 11,484,236 14,207,772 16,165,183 18,740,425 18,177,235 19,574,658 22,139,131 19,431,205 13,977,910 9,101,898 0) 0) 0)328 $258,484 0) 412 362,915 701 555,267 847 923,640 898 0) 970 1,064,120 1,461 4 2,647,145 1,491 1,508,163 1,646 1,853,147 1,646 1,851, 244 1,725 1,759, 501 2,093 2,108,744 2,069 2,181,032 1,891 1,781,042 1,794 1,656,890 0) 0) 0) 0) C1) 0) 0) 0) 0) $93,124 235,852 401,219 526,589 557,528 822,300 1,102,937 1,120,129 24 25 24 31 27 30 35 57 66 73 95 100 108 119 142 168 0) 395 $169,876 209,750 487 602 306,714 766 448,660 926,442 1,156 3,735 3, 787,440 4,343 0) 4,968 4,177,744 5,652 4,729,461 6,337 5,781,399 7,116 6,022, 306 8,007 7,388,279 8,790 4 4,928,136 9,989 9,029,611 10,073 9,153,476 10,008 8, 701,021 9,406 7, 619, 766 $148,606 (2) 189, 719 217,084 318,930 277,900 C1) 367,789 492,894 570,459 625, 358 824,320 872,484 1,000,929 1,032,939 1,072, 291 990,197 Clubs (athletic, country, and yacht) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) (0 140 152 184 167 194 225 267 288 Hospitals 18 21 27 37 47 85 96 110 125 136 146 173 176 189 217 192 191 229 0)199 214 247 230 289 285 403 475 498 627 707 749 910 1,013 1,129 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 2,625 2, 734 3,158 2,907 3,028 3,088 3,099 2, 714 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) (0 $2,863,320 2,898, 647 3,353, 507 3,177,443 3,230,437 3,438,932 3,175,811 2,230,787 Hotels 6 300 6 351 356 330 352 318 303 348 390 340 364 360 411 406 390 383 356 8,680 9,924 9,923 10,700 10,914 10,470 10,561 11,444 11,725 10,753 11,613 10,933 11, 819 12.597 12, 289 11,441 9,808 $4, 220, 219 5,194,887 5,617,439 7,528,522 8,932,948 8,975,429 0) 9, 588, 675 10,230,997 8,558,784 9,764,422 9,133,790 9,824,079 10,300,526 10,539,727 8,914,610 6, 711,585 1 Data not available. 2 Combined with “service, other.” 3 Total of average number of wage earners by industries 1,346 less than service industry group total; no further verification possible. 4 In accord with compilations of Ohio Division of Labor Statistics, but possibly some error in reporting or tabulating. * Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 1. 6 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 2. 7 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was l;ss by 1. 168 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO 132.—AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS REPORTED EM PLOYED AND TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN “ SERVICE”, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES—Continued T able Laundries, dry cleaners, and renovated Year 1916___________ 1917___________ 1918___________ 1919 3__________ 1920___________ 1921___________ 1922___________ 1923___________ 1924___________ 1925___________ 1926___________ 1927___________ 1928___________ 1929___________ 1930___________ 1931___________ 1932___________ Estab lish ments 7 281 7 295 294 281 332 291 287 305 344 368 405 449 478 526 537 555 534 Wage Wage Total wage wage Estab Wage Total wage Estab earners earners Total salary lish (aver and salary salary lish earners (aver and (aver and ments payments payments ments age) age) age) payments 8,439 8,627 7,765 7, 837 8,325 7, 308 7,172 8,890 9, 717 10, 589 11,642 12, 664 13, 318 14, 487 14, 571 13, 428 11,915 $4,237,075 4,738, 564 4,619, 590 4,984, 771 7, 623,998 6,751, 435 0) 8,177,447 9,342,840 11,463, 041 12, 229, 747 14,358,044 14, 000, 370 15,447, 090 14, 798,966 12, 537, 847 9, 212, 019 7 369 1,224 $1,375,090 7 488 2,070 2,669,187 515 1,925 2,872,853 594 1,911 3,085,599 803 2,242 4,797,864 676 2,374 5,028, 786 713 2, 771 0) 779 2,858 6,366,611 982 4,103 7,978, 013 1,088 4 2,934 7,872,357 1,252 3,644 8,040, 702 1,403 4,927 10,376, 576 1,601 4,445 10, 257,752 1,826 4,728 11,365, 212 2,145 2, 502 4, 358,195 2, 301 3, 281 5, 605, 232 2,501 8 5, 972 8 9,909,947 Saloons Restaurants 1916___________ 1917___________ 1918___________ 1919 3__________ 1Q?D 1Q9I1 1922 1Q23 1924 1025 1026 1027 1028 1020 1930 1931 1932 ____ 7 272 7 280 327 406 440 365 421 465 615 758 850 1,004 1,011 1, 207 1,365 1,336 1,159 4,003 4,699 5,177 5,860 7,368 6, 306 7,803 8, 076 8,825 10,351 10,986 11,868 11,943 13, 731 14,438 13,496 11,404 $1,989, 311 2, 574, 035 3,363,482 4,191, 304 6,453,133 5,367,496 (0 6,661,751 7,783, 419 8,815, 289 8,860, 737 11,190, 694 10,424, 751 12, 033, 885 12,153,193 12,415, 063 7, 586, 438 115 190 201 78 0) (0 (0 0) 0) 0) (0 0) 0) 36 83 118 169 228 310 403 458 0) 0) (0 (0 0) (0 (0 0) 0) 107 344 563 849 1,050 1, 520 1, 739 1,844 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) (1) 0) 0) $93,962 341, 298 606,143 974,921 1,169,635 1, 682,058 1,826,861 1, 646, 731 1,300 1,606 1,543 269 fi 186 7 198 210 217 243 235 239 250 286 326 372 421 454 502 575 612 653 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) (0 51 46 70 77 93 109 121 133 139 138 148 (0 0) 0) (0 0) (0692 504 687 912 1,118 1,170 1,408 1,473 1,703 1,937 2, 396 2,938 $1,776,903 3,396 2,374,342 3,351 2,388,929 4 2,009 2,776,782 3,583 3, 522,274 3,366 3,344,352 3,359 0) 4,078 4,277,149 4, 225 4, 547,692 4,485 4,991, 289 5,176 5, 601,481 5,214 5,872,279 5,101 4 3,114,405 5,981 6,602, 726 6,304 7,056,866 6, 549 7,013,842 6, 768 6,334,047 Schools and colleges $965,353 1, 300,194 1, 771, 493 274, 240 (0 (0 24 6 26 55 70 66 79 94 89 92 99 107 130 126 132 132 Social agencies Servants in private homes 1916.....................1917___________ 1918— ................. 1919 3____________ 1920___________ 1921___________ 1922_________ _ 1923___________ 1924___________ 1925___________ 1926....................... 1927___________ 1928___________ 1929_____ ____ 1930___________ 1931___________ 1932___________ Office buildings, including window cleaning Offices 0) 0) 0) (0 (9 V0)1) $443,547 714,936 986,871 1,219, 748 1,222, 621 1,384,855 1,511,435 1,851, 448 2,079,074 2, 315,997 0) 0) 385 440 1,127 2,525 2,416 2,737 3,329 3,137 3,360 3, 707 3,988 4,539 4, 767 4,877 4,915 0) 0) $381, 726 392, 545 1,109,114 3,327,965 (!) 4, 313,978 4,352,631 4, 691,187 5,448,979 6,076, 644 6,578, 697 7, 512, 060 8,479,988 8, 510,027 7, 731,907 Theaters 7 122 136 152 154 188 171 161 179 207 231 261 275 308 291 274 278 279 1,508 1,982 2,223 2,363 3,001 2,903 2,378 3,124 3, 540 3,618 4,131 4,369 4,523 4, 217 3, 605 3, 775 3,028 $1,052,645 1,537,396 1,880,181 1,844,825 3,426, 547 3,803,841 0) 4, 514,921 5,405,084 5, 517,574 6,468,096 6,947, 769 7,079,818 6, 768,936 5,875,370 6,013, 291 4,072,324 i Data not available. 3 Total of average number of wage earners by industries 1,346 less than service industry group total; no further verification possible. 4 In accord with compilations of Ohio Division of Labor Statistics, but possibly some error in reporting or tabulating. 6 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 1. 7 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 1. 8 Increases probably due largely to change in classification of employees, in certain types of offices, by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. 160 ‘SERVICE” INDUSTRIES— 1916 TO 1932 T 1 3 3 .— AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS REPORTED EM PLOYED AND TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN “ SERVICE”, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES—Continued a ble Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. Year Estab lish ments 1916_____________________________________ 1917_____________________________________ 1918_____________________________________ 1919 3____________________________________ 1920____________________________ ________ 1921_____________________________________ 1922_____________________________________ 1923_____________________________________ 1924_____________________________________ 1925_______ ____ _____________________ 1926_____________________________________ 1927_____________________________________ 1928_____________________________________ 1929_____________________________________ 1930_____________________________________ 1931_____________________________________ 1932_____________________________________ 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 25 28 34 39 47 44 41 37 Service, other Wage wage Estab Wage Total wage earners Total salary lish earners (aver and salary (aver and age) payments ments age) payments 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0)785 784 748 907 947 874 1,024 904 0) 0) 0) 0) C1) 0) 0) 0) 0) $687, 707 681, 514 685,904 796, 640 888, 671 722, 516 811, 348 667,146 130 968 165 4 2,390 144 1,013 7 145 1,128 175 1,338 145 1,148 171 1,226 187 1,370 231 1,721 256 1,853 277 2,054 319 2,484 326 2,557 366 2,663 419 2,969 563 4,304 608 4,583 $775, 506 1,096, 851 1,060,461 1,153, 340 1,940,302 1,321, 018 0) 1,755, 590 2, 237,165 2, 505,655 2,727,408 3, 265,081 3,094, 233 3,400, 374 4,102,912 5,024, 371 4, 768, 035 1 Data not available. 3 Total of average number of wage earners by industries 1,346 less than service industry group total; no further verification possible. 4 In accord with compilations of Ohio Division of Labor Statistics, but possibly some error in reporting or tabulating. 7 Number of establishments reporting employees; number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 1. T 1 3 3 —AVERAGE NUM BER OF BOOKKEEPERS, STENOGRAPHERS, AND OFFICE CLERKS REPORTED EM PLOYED AND TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO BOOKKEEPERS, STENOGRAPHERS, AND OFFICE CLERKS IN “ SERVICE”, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES a ble Banks Year Garages, including auto body repairing Hospitals BookBookBookkeep keep keep ers, ers ers, stenog Total stenog Total stenog Total Estab raph wage and Estab raph wage and Estab raph wage and lish ers, lish ers, lish ers, salary ments salary ments salary ments and payments and and office office payments office payments clerks clerks clerks (aver (aver (aver age) age) age) 1916____ _______ 0) 0) 1917___________ 0) 0) 0) 1918____ _______ 0)188 4,945 $5,675,894 1919___________ 192 5,955 7,285,573 1920___________ 1,073 9,896 14,282,902 19213__________ 334 9,200 14,915,129 1922___________ 385 9,419 (0 1923___________ 401 10,207 14,871,217 1924___________ 579 12,019 16,653,801 1925___________ 599 12,228 16,125,118 1926___________ 606 12,476 19,065, 585 1927___________ 632 12,623 19,694, 310 1928___________ 636 12,841 20, 548,868 1929___________ 908 14,149 22,436,897 1930___________ 920 14,283 22,426,543 1931___________ 821 12, 249 18, 314,158 1932_______ _ 787 11,161 16,222, 488 See footnotes at end of table. 295 543 e 420 834 505 961 576 1,130 795 1, 592 674 1,459 711 1,591 802 1,946 1,062 2, 455 1,242 2, 650 1,468 2, 998 1,624 2,903 1,771 3,105 1,921 2, 794 1,947 3, 054 1,820 2, 521 1, 618 2,017 $391,059 677,185 1,154,983 1,315,265 2,251,762 1,932,757 0) 2,962, 034 3,464,682 3,860,093 4, 277, 577 4,222, 545 4,432, 215 4,734,176 4,240, 297 3,146, 707 2,167,971 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 85 96 110 125 136 146 173 176 189 217 192 191 0) (0 (0 0) 0) 294 329 456 437 522 599 759 697 907 907 918 882 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) $317,193 0) 462,951 4 656, 017 617, 229 634, 228 888, 549 4 671, 334 1,040,455 1,071,853 1,076,010 839,910 170 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO Table 133.—AVERAGE NUM BER OF BOOKKEEPERS, STENOGRAPHERS, AND OFFICE CLERKS REPORTED EMPLOYED AND TOTAL WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO BOOKKEEPERS, STENOGRAPHERS, AND OFFICE CLERKS IN “ SERVICE”, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES—Continued Laundries, dry cleaners, and renovators Hotels Year 1916___________ 1917___________ 1918___________ 1919___________ 1920___________ 19213__________ 1922___________ 1923___ ________ 1924___________ 1925___________ 1926___________ 1927___________ 1928___________ 1929___________ 1930___________ 1931___________ 1932___ ________ BookBookBookkeep keep keep ers, ers ers, stenog Total stenog Total stenog Total Estab raph wage and Estab raph wage and Estab raph wage and lish ers, lish ers, lish ers, salary ments salary ments salary ments and payments and and office office payments office payments clerks clerks clerks (aver (aver (aver age) age) age) 5 300 7 351 356 330 352 318 308 348 390 340 364 360 411 406 390 383 356 786 846 949 1,147 1,160 1,169 1,126 1,248 1,356 1,377 1,308 1,135 1,249 1,408 1,279 1,188 1,068 $560,497 699,761 817,617 1,036,169 1, 332,932 1,387, 779 0) 1,350,096 1,402,794 1,363,065 1,446, 348 1,477, 587 1,461,432 1,654,474 1,486,832 1,285, 726 1,056, 351 6 281 6 295 294 281 332 291 287 305 344 368 405 449 478 526 537 555 534 Schools and colleges 1916 _________ 1917 1918 ______ 1919 1920 ____ 19213 _______ 1922 . ____ 1923 1924 ____ 1925 1926 ____ 1927 _ _____ 1928 ___ 1929 1930 _ _____ 1931 . _____ 1932 ______ Offices (0 (i) 24 7 26 55 70 66 79 94 89 92 99 107 130 126 132 132 0) 0) 517 429 394 489 482 609 694 501 529 551 570 637 676 678 610 912 0) (i) s 1,045 $642,167 1,189 525,044 6 1,158 523,417 1,240 631,884 1,051 0) 1,184 804,836 1,296 861,757 1,639 641, 603 2,109 667, 672 2,428 750, 679 2,858 797,185 3,030 958, 449 3,429 932,343 3,959 921,133 4, 248 799, 009 4, 238 703 $382, 558 373,944 625 390, 265 597 610 4 807,685 632,056 645 599 4 946,803 598 0) 713,708 665 796,982 731 769 858,369 826 918,125 986 1,039, 550 945 4 2,065,651 1,021 1,177,130 1,083 1,293,668 955 1,037, 528 892 835,958 6 369 6 488 515 594 803 676 713 779 982 1,088 1,252 1,403 1,601 1,826 2,145 2, 301 2, 501 5,389 $4,975,171 7,537 7,447,713 5,856 6,644,321 8,430 10,449,361 11,002 16,031,468 9,230 13,944,327 9,818 0) 10,989 16, 705,632 12,691 20,420,468 13, 718 21,987,567 14,316 23,338,357 16,075 26,848,769 18,207 31,654,279 20,495 41,246,320 26,536 47,821,356 26,194 45,201,813 22,445 32, 361, 719 Service, other 913 892 988 984 1,304 986 1, 282 1, 521 1,837 2,359 2,612 2,903 2, 567 2,964 3, 345 3,889 3,890 $619,905 715,329 1,022 853 1,034,370 1,371,757 1,293,056 0) 2,146,855 2, 507,110 2,861,058 3, 582,121 4,078,272 3,409,379 3, 625,996 4,469,644 4,886, 037 4,346,785 1 Data not available. 2 Combined with “ Service, other.” 3 Total of average number of bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, by industries, 8 greater than “service” industry group total. 4 In accord with compilations of the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics, but possibly some error in report ing or tabulating. « Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 2. e Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 1. 7 Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 1. Average wage and salary payments in each of the industries or activities are shown for wage earners in table 134, and for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks in table 135. The average wage and salary payment, as previously explained, was computed by dividing the total wage and salary payment for a given year by the average 171 “ SERVICE” INDUSTRIES— 1916 TO 1932 number employed. These averages should not be taken as exact measures but only as approximations. As far as data are available, the highest average wage and salary payment to wage earners was reported for 1 industry or activity in 1920; for 2 in 1921; for 1 jn 1924; for 2 in 1926; for 4 in 1927; for 2 in 1928; for 3 in 1929; for 3 in 1930; and for 1 in 1931. The lowest average was generally reported for the earliest years for which data are shown, although in three instances the average was lowest in 1932. Comparatively few reports are received from employers of servants in private homes, and those are doubtless from the wealthier households. Average wage and salary payments to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks are shown for seven industries or activities and for the group “Other.” The highest average was reported in 1921 for 2 classifications; in 1923 for 1; in 1929 for 3; in 1930 for 1; and in 1925 and 1930 for 1. The lowest average was reported for the earlier years except in one classification where the lowest average was paid in 1932. T able 1 3 4 —AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN “ SERVICE”, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES Laun Clubs Garages, dries, (country, including Barbers Bowling Adver Hos dry Year tising Banks and hair alleys and Churches athletic, auto-body pitals Hotels cleaners, dressers parks and repairing and reno yacht) vators 1916____ 1917____ 1918........ 1919........ 1920____ 1921____ 1922____ 1923____ 1924____ 1925____ 1926____ 1927____ 1928____ 1929____ 1930____ 1931____ 1932____ 0) 0) $987 1, 202 1, 558 1,606 0) 1,228 1,463 1,845 2,002 2,084 1,839 1,306 1,192 1,050 844 0) 0) $788 881 792 1,090 0) 1,097 (2) 1,012 1,126 1,125 1,020 1,008 1,054 942 924 $649 0)953 1,014 1,291 1,208 0) 1,290 1, 223 1, 201 1, 256 1,315 1,234 1,336 1,135 1,059 877 1 Data not available. 140446° — 3! -12 $682 927 704 982 1, 222 1,355 0) 1,178 1, 218 1, 240 1,095 1,090 1, 111 1,045 977 856 807 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0)$745 855 900 897 928 874 1,024 948 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) $1,091 1,060 1,062 1,093 1,067 1,114 1,025 822 $817 925 1,060 1, 259 1, 536 1, 476 0) 1,442 1, 510 1, 522 1, 472 1,538 1, 542 1, 532 1, 502 1, 280 1, 014 $430 431 509 586 801 1,014 (0841 837 912 846 923 (2)904 909 869 810 i 2 Omitted, see note 4 to table 132. $486 523 566 704 818 857 0)838 873 796 841 835 831 818 858 779 684 $502 549 595 636 916 924 0) 920 961 1, 083 1,050 1,134 1,051 1,066 1,016 934 773 172 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO Table 1 3 4 —AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN “ SERVICE”, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES—Continued Year Office Serv Y.M.C.A. Schools ants Social buildings, Theaters and Service, Saloons and col in pri Offices including Restau Y.W.C.A. other window rants leges vate agencies homes cleaning 1916______ $1,123 1917______ 1,289 1918______ 1,492 1919______ 1, 615 1920______ 2,140 1921______ 2,118 1922______ 1923______ 2,0)228 1924______ 1,944 1925______ (2) 1926______ 2,207 1927______ 2,106 1928______ 2,308 1929______ 2,404 1930______ 1,742 1931______ 1,708 1932______ 1,659 $605 699 713 (2) 983 994 0) 1,049 1,076 1,113 1,082 1,126 (2) 1,104 1,119 1,071 936 $497 $743 548 810 650 1,148 715 1,019 876 851 0)825 882 852 807 943 873 876 842 920 665 0) 0)$991 892 984 1,318 1,0)576 1,307 1,495 1, 622 1,639 1, 650 1, 655 1,773 1,745 1, 573 0) 0) 0) 0) (0 0) 0) 0) 0)$878 992 1,077 1,148 1,114 1,107 1,051 893 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) (0 0)$880 1,041 1,082 1,091 1,044 984 1,026 1,087 1, 073 967 $698 776 846 781 1,142 1,310 0) 1,445 1, 527 1,525 1, 566 1, 590 1,565 1, 605 1, 630 1,593 1,345 0) 0) 0) 0) (0 0) 0) 0) 0)$876 869 917 878 938 827 792 738 $801 (2) 1,047 1,022 1, 450 1,151 0) 1,281 1,300 1,352 1,328 1,314 1, 210 1,277 1,382 1,167 1,040 2 Omitted, see note 4 to table 133. 1 Data not available. T able 1 3 5 —AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO BOOKKEEPERS, STENOG RAPHERS, AND OFFICE CLERKS IN “ SERVICE”, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES Year Banks 1916____________ 1917____________ 1918____________ 1919____________ 1920____________ 1921____________ 1922_______ 1923____________ 1924____________ 1925____________ 1926____________ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ 0) 0) $1,148 1, 223 1,443 1,621 0) 1, 457 1, 386 1,319 1, 528 1,560 1, 600 1,586 1, 570 1,495 1, 453 Garages, Laundries, including dry clean auto-body Hospitals Hotels ers, and Offices repairing renovators $720 812 1,202 1,164 1,414 1,325 0)1, 522 1, 411 1,457 1, 427 1,455 1, 427 1,694 1, 388 1,248 1,075 1 Data not available. 0) 0) 0) 0) $1,0) 079 0) 1,015 (2) 1,182 1, 059 1, 171 (2) 1,147 1,182 1,172 952 $713 827 862 903 1,149 1,187 0) 1,082 1,035 990 1, 106 1,302 1, 170 1,175 1,162 1, 082 989 $544 598 654 (2) 980 (2) 0)1, 073 1,090 1,116 1,112 1,054 (2) 1,153 1,195 1,086 937 $923 988 1,135 1,240 1, 457 1,511 0) 1, 520 1,609 1,603 1,630 1, 670 1,739 2, 013 1,802 1, 726 1,442 Schools Service, and colleges other 0) $1,0) 242 1,224 1, 328 1,292 0) 1, 322 1,242 1,281 1,262 1,362 1, 399 1, 505 1,379 1, 359 1,310 $679 802 1,035 1,051 1, 052 1,311 0)1,411 1, 365 1,213 1,371 1, 405 1,328 1, 223 1,336 1,256 1,117 2 Omitted, see note 4 to table 133. Indexes for Average Wage and Salary Payments I n d e x e s have been computed in this study for average wage and salary payments only. The base is 1926. The indexes cover the period during which the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics has re quested reports annually from all employers of three or more persons. Table 136 and chart 47 show indexes for the industry group “serv ice” by general occupation groups. In 1932 the index for wage earners was 81.4; for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks 90.3; and for the three general occupation groups combined (including salespeople, not traveling) 82.7. 173 “ SERVICE” INDUSTRIES— 1916 TO 1932 T able 1 3 6 — INDEXES FOR AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN “ SERVICE”, 1924 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS [1926=100.0] Year 1924__________ 1925__ ____ 1926__________ 1927 ___ 1928 ___ Bookkeepers, Wage stenogra All em earners phers, and ployees office clerks 100.3 101. 8 100.0 104.9 97.1 96.0 93.7 100.0 102.8 107.1 98.7 99.1 100.0 103.4 100.5 Year 1929__________ 1930 ________ 1931_________ 1932__________ Wage earners 102.3 97. 4 92. 5 81.4 Bookkeepers, stenogra All em phers, and ployees office clerks 114.6 108.3 103.2 90.3 106.5 100.5 95.2 82.7 Tables 137 and 138 show indexes for average wage and salary pay ments to wage earners and to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office F ig u r e 4 7 .— i n d e x e s f o r A v e r a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d s a l a r y P a y m e n t s in “ S e r v i c e ” In d u s t r i e s , 1 92 4 t o 193 2 clerks. For wage earners, the index in 1932 was above 100 for 1 of the 19 classifications, between 90 and 100 for 3 classifications, and below 80 for 8. For bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, the index in 1932 was above 100 for 1 of the 8 classifications and below 8Q for 1 classification. 174 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO Table 137.—INDEXES FOR AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN “ SERVICE”, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES [1926=100.0] Barbers Bowling Year Adver hair alleys tising Banks and and Churches dressers parks 1924........ 73.1 1925____ 92.2 1926____ 100.0 1927____ 104.1 1928____ 91.9 1929____ 65.2 1930____ 59.5 1931____ 52.4 1932____ 42.2 Year 97.4 95.6 100.0 104.7 98.2 106.4 90.4 84.3 69.8 0) 89.9 100.0 99.9 90.6 89.5 93.6 83.7 82.1 (2) 87.1 100.0 105.3 104.9 108.5 102.2 119.8 110.9 (2) 102.9 100.0 100.2 103.1 100.7 105.1 96.7 77.5 Garages, Laun includ Hos dries, dry ing auto pitals Hotels cleaners, body re and reno pairing vators 102.6 103.4 100.0 104.5 104.8 104.1 102.0 87.0 68.9 103.8 94.6 100.0 99.3 98.8 97.3 102.0 92.6 81.3 98.9 107.8 100.0 109.1 0) 106.9 107.4 102.7 95.7 91.5 103.1 100.0 108.0 100.1 101.5 96.8 89.0 73.6 Office buildings, Restau Schools Servants pri Social Theaters Y.M.C.A. Service, including rants and invate and agencies Y.W.C.A. other window colleges homes cleaning Offices 1924 _______ 1925 _______ 1926_____ 1927 _______ 1928________ 1029________ 1930________ 1931________ 1932________ 111.2 113.2 100.0 99.5 101.5 95.4 89 2 78.2 73.7 Clubs (country, athletic, and yacht) 88.1 0) 100.0 95.4 104.6 108.9 78.9 77.4 75.2 99.4 102.9 100.0 104.1 0) 102.0 103.4 99.0 86.5 109.3 105.6 100.0 116.9 108. 2 108.6 104.3 114.0 82.4 80.6 92.7 100.0 101.0 101.7 102.0 109.3 107.6 97.0 (2)88.5 100.0 108.6 115.7 112.3 111.0 105.9 90.0 i Omitted, see note 4 to table 132. 95.4 99.2 100.0 95.7 90.2 94.0 99.6 98.4 88.6 97.5 97.4 100.0 101.5 99.9 102.5 104.1 101.7 85.9 (2)100.8 100.0 105.5 101.0 107.9 95.2 91.1 84.9 97.9 101.8 100.0 98.9 91.1 96.2 104.1 87.9 78.3 2 Data not available. Table 1 38.—IN DEXES FOR AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO BOOK. KEEPERS, STENOGRAPHERS, AND OFFICE CLERKS IN “ SERVICE”, 1924 TO 1932 BY INDUSTRIES [1926=100.0] Year B anks 1924......... ................... 1925......... ................... 1926............. ............... 1927............................. 1928_____________ _ 1929........................... 1930............................ 1931............................ 1932....................... 90.7 86.3 100.0 102.1 104.7 103.8 102.7 97.8 95.1 Garages, including auto-body H ospitals H otels repairing 98.9 102.1 100.0 102.0 100.0 118.7 97.3 87.5 75.3 i Omitted, see note 4 to table 132. (0 111.6 100.0 110.6 0) 108.3 111.6 110.7 89.9 93.6 89.5 100.0 117.7 105.8 106.2 105.1 97.8 89.4 Laundries, d ry clean ers, and renovators Offices 98.0 100.4 100.0 94.8 0) 103.7 107.5 97.7 84.3 98.7 98.3 100.0 102.5 106.7 123.5 110.6 105.9 88.5 Schools and col Service, other leges 98.4 101.5 100.0 107.9 110.9 119.3 109.3 107.7 103.8 99.6 88.5 100.0 102.5 96.9 89.2 97.4 91.6 81.5 Conclusion I n t h e industry group “service”, considering the three general occupation groups combined, there was only a very slight decline from 1920 to 1921 in average number of persons employed (2.9 per cent) and in total wage and salary payments (0.2 percent), with an increase of 2.8 percent in the average wage and salary payment. From 1929 to 1932, the decrease was 9.6 percent in average number of persons employed, 29.8 percent in total wage and salary payments, and 22.4 percent in the average wage and salary payment. 175 “ SERVICE” INDUSTRIES— 1916 TO 1932 Table 139 shows the amount and percent of decrease from 1929 to 1932 in average wage and salary payments to wage earners and to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks by industries or activities. The average wage and salary payment to wage earners increased slightly for 1 of the 19 classifications, decreased less than 15 percent for 4, and more than 25 percent for 5 classifications. The average payment to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks decreased less than 15 percent for 3 of the 8 classifications and more than 25 percent for 2 classifications. Table 1 39 —AMOUNT AND PERCENT OF DECREASE IN AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS AND TO BOOKKEEPERS, STENOG RAPHERS, AND OFFICE CLERKS IN "‘SERVICE”, FROM 1929 TO 1932 Industry Amount Percent of de of de crease crease Wage earners Advertising._______ _________ Banks Barbers and hair dressers__ Bowline* allays an<i pa.rks Churches_____________________ Clubs—country, athletic, and yacht_______________________ Garages, including auto-body repairing____________________ Hospitals_____________________ Hotels _____________________ Laundries, dry cleaners, and ren ovators— Offices.. ________________ Office buildings, including win dow cleaning____ _______ _ Restaurants.. ............................... Servants in private homes______ Social agencies_________________ Theaters--------------------------------Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A__„ S n h n o l s n.nrl n n lla g a s 1Increase. $462 84 459 238 i 20 245 518 94 134 293 745 168 82 59 260 211 221 200 35.4 8.3 34.4 22.8 i 2.2 23.0 33.8 10.4 16.4 27.5 31.0 15. 2 24.1 5. 0 19.8 5.8 16.2 21.3 Industry Amount Percent of de of de crease crease Wage earners—Continued Service, other______________ Total___________ _______ $237 241 18.6 20.4 , , Banks__________________ Garages, including auto-body repairing______ ____________ Hospitals_____________ _____ H otels..................................... Laundries, dry cleaners, and renovators.......... ....................... Offices_____________ ____ _____ Schools and colleges___________ Service, other_________________ Total__________________ 133 619 195 186 216 571 195 106 367 8.4 36.5 17.0 15.8 18.7 28.4 13.0 8.7 .2 Bookkeepers stenographers and office clerks 21 Chapter 7.—Transportation and Public Utilities, 1916 to 1932 I N TRANSPORTATION and public utilities in Ohio during the 17 years, 1916 to 1932, the highest average wage and salary pay ment to all occupation groups combined was $1,438 in 1928, the second highest was $1,429 in 1929, and the lowest was $727 in 1916. The average in 1932 was $1,241 which was the lowest since 1919. This study does not include reports from companies engaged in interstate transportation nor from activities owned by Government units. The decline in average wage and salary payments from 1929 to 1932 to wage earners was $207, or 14.7 percent; to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks $122, or 8.2 percent; to salespeople (not traveling) $331, or 15.1 percent; and to the three general occu pation groups combined $188, or 13.2 percent. Table 140 shows the average number of persons reported employed in each of the three general occupation groups as far as covered by reports to the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. The year 1930 shows the highest average number of persons em ployed during the 17 years in each of the general occupation groups. The lowest average number of wage earners was reported in 1932. The lowest average number of bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks and of persons in all groups combined were reported in 1916. T 140.—AVERAGE NUM BER OF PERSONS (BOTH SEXES) REPORTED EM PLOYED IN TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPA TION GROUPS a ble Year 1916.--______ __________________ 1917____ _______________________ 1918__________ ____ — ............ . 1919_____________ ______ ____ — . 1920. .......................... .......................1921______________ ______ -............ 1922____________________________ 1923.........................-..................-......... 1924....................................................... 1926................................ ...................... 1926.......... ......................................— 1927___________________________ 1928____ ______ ____ ____________ 1929______________ ______ _______ 1930______________ _________ _ .... 1931____________________________ 1932.___________________________ Number of establish ments 1,137 1,149 1,134 1,081 1,146 1,048 1,071 1,129 1,271 1,353 1,463 1,561 1, 625 1,674 1,741 1,776 1,742 Wage earners 50,098 53,084 52,037 53,357 56,115 51,368 51,462 56,877 59,320 59,345 67,671 66,999 68,126 66,862 68,358 54,303 47,021 Number of employees Bookkeepers, Salespeople stenograph (not travel ers, and ing) office clerks 5,439 6,257 7,205 7,633 7,915 7,372 7,830 8,701 9,331 9,584 11,728 12,546 12,999 14,297 14,969 13,231 12,279 191 236 205 181 224 179 181 298 446 498 609 617 725 978 1,123 847 803 All employees 55,728 59,577 59,448 61,172 64,254 58,919 59,473 65,876 69,096 69,426 80,008 80,162 81,849 82,137 84,450 68,382 60,103 Table 141 shows for the three occupation groups combined the fluctuation in employment from 1930 to 1932. Maximum employ ment during the 17-year period was 87,540 in July 1930, and minimum employment was 49,143 in February 1916. 176 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES— 1 9 1 6 TO 1 9 3 2 T able 177 1 41 —FLUCTUATION IN EM PLOYM ENT (BOTH SEXES) IN TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES, 1930 TO 1932 i [Includes three general occupation groups—Wage earners; bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; and salespeople (not traveling)] Month Number (both sexes) em ployed in— 1930 January.............. ............. February______________ March...... .......................... April______ ___________ May_____ ___________ June______ ___________ July__________________ August________________ September_____________ October_______________ 84,419 83,465 83,182 84, 716 86,730 87, 217 87, 540 87,131 85,843 84,083 Month Number (both sexes) em ployed in— 1930 1931 1932 70,325 62, 758 November. __________ 80,966 69, 255 62,122 December________ _____ 78.107 68, 532 61,401 69, 515 61, 562 Maximum........................... 87, 540 69, 703 60,913 Minimum_____________ 78.107 69, 767 60, 599 Variation from maximum: 68,948 60,144 Number___________ 9,433 Percent____________ 10.8 68,831 59, 245 68, 579 58,813 Number of establish 67,482 58, 789 ments_________ ______ 1,741 65,491 64.154 70,325 64.154 6,171 8.8 1, 776 57,664 57.231 62,758 57.231 5,527 8.8 1,742 1931 1932 1 For years 1916 to 1929 see Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. No. 553. Table 142 and chart 48 show average wage and salary payments in transportation and public utilities as far as covered by reports to the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. The highest average wage and salary payment to wage earners, to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks (omitting 1924), and to the general occupation groups combined, was made in 1928. The lowest average was paid in 1916. The 1932 average payment to wage earners and to the occupation groups combined was the lowest since 1919, and to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks the lowest since 1923. T able 142.—AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS IN TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES, 1916 TO 1932, BY GENERAL OCCUPATION GROUPS Year Average wage and salary payments to— Number of Bookkeepers, Salespeople establish stenog ments Wage earners raphers, travel All employees and (noting) office clerks 1916....................................................... $790 11,137 $718 $727 (2) 1917....................................................... s 1,149 814 817 814 (2) 1918.......... ..................................... . 969 1,134 879 959 (2) 1919....................................................... 1,144 1,081 971 1,124 (2) 1920....................................................... 1,146 1,401 1,183 1,385 (2) 1921...................................................... 1,318 1,309 1,048 1,318 (») 1922....................................................... 1,252 < 1,071 1,444 1,281 (2) 1923____ ____ __________ ________ 1,129 1,316 1,298 1,316 (2) 1924_______________ ____________ 1,350 1,271 1,417 (*) (2) 1,341 1925___ _____ __________ ________ 1,353 1,436 1,359 (2)$2, 203 1926................ .................................. 1,424 1,453 1,385 1,397 2,243 1927..................................... ........... 1,374 1,423 1,561 1, 388 2,210 1928_________________________ 1,413 1,526 1,625 1,438 1929...................................................... 2,199 1,674 1,406 1,485 1,429 1930..................... ............................... 1,402 1,741 1,461 1,997 1,420 1,909 1931__________ _________________ 1, 343 1,479 1, 776 1,377 1932.......................................... ............| 1,742 1,199 1,363 1,868 1, 241 i Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 8. a Not computed owing to small number involved. 3 Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was less by 7. * Number of establishments reporting employees; the number reporting total wage and salary payments was greater by 1. * Omitted due to probable error in reporting or tabulating; no further verification possible. 178 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO Industries in Transportation and Public Utilities t h i s study the following transportation and public utility industries have been combined under “ Transportation and public utilities, other”: Gas, illuminating and heating; steam railroads; stock yards; water works; and transportation and public utilities, not otherwise classified. Table 143 shows average wage and salary payments to wage earners and to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, by industries. In F ig u r e 48.—A v e r a g e A n n u a l W a g e a n d S a l a r y P a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s in T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d P u b l ic u t il it ie s , 1916 t o 1932 These averages should not be taken as exact measures but as approxi mate figures. Considering wage earners only and omitting 1921 data for dray age and storage and 1920 data for transportation by water (see notes to table 143), the highest average wage and salary payment was made in 1920 in 2 industries, in 1927 in 1, in 1928 in 3, in 1929 in 1, in 1930 in 1, and in 1932 in 1. The lowest average payment was made in 1916 in 8 industries and in 1917 in 1. TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES— 1 9 1 6 TO 1 9 3 2 179 T able 1 4 3 —AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS AND TO BOOKKEEPERS, STENOGRAPHERS, AND OFFICE CLERKS IN TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES, 1916 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES Drayage and storage, in cluding liv ery stables Year 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922. 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1932. Bookstenog Wage raphers, earners and office clerks $693 $781 791 778 922 926 1,100 1,139 1,411 1,434 1,627 (9 (9 (9 Electric light and power Electric rail roads Natural gas Book Book Book keepers, keepers, keepers, stenog Wage stenog Wage stenog Wage raphers, raphers, earners and earners raphers, and earners and office clerks clerks clerks $796 $784 $742 $702 $731 $985 836 926 932 1,079 940 795 1,115 3 899 1,083 1,183 (9 ) 1,292 1,035 1,345 964 1,115 1,263 1,618 1,777 1,570 1,240 1,470 1,512 1,457 1,529 1,482 1,316 1,367 1,549 0 (9 Pipe lines (petroleum) Book keepers, stenog Wage raphers, earners and office clerks $857 (9 933 1,034 ((99 1,234 1,407 1,079 (9 8 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 1,523 1,316 1,435 1,417 1,442 1,489 1,230 1,588 1,455 1,492 1,416 1,454 1,570 1,217 (9 1,576 1,463 1,467 1,458 1,228 1,630 1,278 (9 1,533 1,411 1,588 1.425 1,182 1,562 1,369 (9 1,563 1,409 1,647 1.425 1, 229 1,481 1,294 (9 (9 1,539 1,519 1,660 1,466 1,240 1,840 1,339 1,589 1,466 1,589 1,296 1,338 1,709 1,256 1,580 1,427 1,600 (9 1,307 1,443 1,501 (9 1,538 1,449 1,498 1,126 1,358 1,384 1,518 (9 1,413 1,355 1,344 1,050 1,159 1,429 1,595 (9 Telegraph and tele Transportation by Transportation and Taxicab and bus phone, including water, including public utilities, service messenger serv stevedoring other ice Book Book Book Book Year keepers, keepers, keepers, keepers, stenog stenog stenog stenog Wage Wage Wage Wage earners raphers, earners raphers, earners raphers, earners raphers, and and and and office office office office clerks clerks clerks clerks 7 $762 $614 $984 1916__________ _____ $766 (9 (9$749 (6) (9 982 694 1917_______________ 616 1,175 (9 (9 (9 1918_______________ 684 742 1,511 1,256 978 (9 (9 (9 1919_______________ 819 1,333 1,049 861 1,648 (9 (9 (9 1920_______________ 1,002 794 1,731 1,123 (9 (9 (9 (9 1921_______ ________ 1,208 1,033 1,387 1,443 1,079 (9 (9 (9 1922_______________ (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (8) 1,640 1,651 1923_______________ 1,166 1,065 1,127 (9 (9 (9 1,831 1,701 1924_______________ 1,094 1,151 (9 (9 (9 (9 1,344 1,317 1,824 1,703 1,108 1925___________ ____ (9 (9 (9 1,422 1,856 1,691 1926_______________ 1,117 1, 270 (9 (9 (9 1,655 1,364 1,016 1,287 1,819 1927............................... (9 (9 (9 1,829 1,770 1,430 1,166 1,333 1928..........— ............... (9 (9 (9 1,931 1,710 1,364 1,195 1,391 1929........................— . (9 (9 (9 1,442 1,855 1,551 1,206 1930.............................. 1,072 (9 (9 (9 1,500 1,194 1, 520 1,627 1,067 1931_________ ______ (9 (9 (9 1,114 1,368 1, 256 1, 213 1932............................. 760 (9 (9 (9 1 Not computed owing to small number involved. 2 Included with electric railroads in tabulations of Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. 8 Includes electric light and power. 4 Omitted due to probable error in reporting or tabulating; no further verification possible. 8 Data not available. «Data tabulated by Ohio Division of Labor Statistics with transportation and public utilities, not otherwise classified. 7 Includes taxicab and bus service. 1,338 1,340 1,412 1,490 1,547 1,422 1,487 1,506 1,365 1,190 1,451 1,547 1,511 1,633 1,649 1,681 1,648 1,681 1,608 1,392 8 180 AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO Indexes of Employment and of Wage and Salary Payments I of average number of wage earners employed and of total and average wage and salary payments to wage earners, are shown in table 144. The base is 1926. The indexes cover the period during which the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics has requested reports from all employers of three or more persons (except Govern ment employment and interstate transportation). Indexes are shown for transportation and public utilities as a whole, as far as covered by reports to the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics, and for each of eight industries. ndexes T 1 4 4 —INDEXES FOR AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EARNERS EM PLOYED AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PAYM ENTS TO WAGE EARNERS IN TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES IN OHIO, 1924 TO 1932, BY INDUSTRIES [1926=100.0] able Transportation and public Drayage and storage, in utilities cluding livery stables Year 1924 ________ ____ 1925______________ 1926 _____________ 1927______________ 1928 _____________ 1929_____________ 1930______________ 1931______________ 1932................. .......... Wage Total Average earners wage and wage (average salary- and num pay salary ber) ments payment 87.7 87.7 100.0 99.0 100.7 98. 8 101.0 80. 2 69.5 85.5 84.9 100.0 98.2 102.7 100. 3 102.3 77.9 60.1 97.5 96.8 100.0 99.2 102.0 101. 5 101. 2 97.0 86.6 Wage earners (average num ber) 59.9 65.9 100.0 105.4 138.0 111. 2 107.1 98. 2 89.5 Electric railroads 1924______________ 1925____ ____ _____ 1926______________ 1927................... ......... 1928_____ _________ 1929______________ 1930______________ 1931..................... ....... 1932............................ 104.0 87.6 100.0 92.1 89.1 0)80.5 41.6 34.4 97.7 80.9 100.0 95.5 93.2 0)81.1 39.3 29.1 94.0 92.4 100.0 103.7 104.5 100.0 100.8 94.3 84.6 Taxicab and bus service 1924............................ 1925............................ 1926......... ................. 1927............................ 1928____ _____ ____ 1929______________ 1930______________ 1931 ___________ 1932 _________ ___ 76.1 74.0 100.0 102.1 93.1 114.5 157.2 141.3 127.2 61.6 70.0 100.0 98.0 93.6 109.8 118.5 106.0 67.9 80.9 94.5 100.0 95.9 100.6 95.9 75.4 75.0 53.4 Total Average wage and wage salary and pay salary ments payment 53.8 62.4 100.0 109.4 131.7 111.0 108.2 90.0 71.4 89.9 94.8 100.0 103.8 95.4 99. 8 101.1 91. 6 79.9 94.3 92.5 100.0 106.8 114.1 134.7 128.0 90.0 68.9 Wage Total Average earners wageand wageand (average salary salary num pay pay ber) ments ment 72.8 87.7 100.0 97.7 100.6 108.9 98.1 91. 7 79.5 75.4 90.2 100.0 99.6 101.0 112.9 101.1 92.0 73.3 123.0 103.9 100.0 104.0 104.9 113.2 110.6 114.9 98.1 142.1 117.3 100.0 115.0 119.5 137.6 109.9 95.6 69.4 126.3 109.5 100.0 108.7 116.9 126.3 120.4 106.1 80.9 88.9 93.4 100.0 94.5 97.8 91.7 109.6 110.9 116.5 Telegraph and telephone, Transportation by water, including m esse n g e r including stevedoring service 93.8 95.4 100.0 99.7 92.7 110.4 104.2 89.3 75.3 91.9 94.6 100.0 90.6 96.7 118.1 112.4 95.4 75.0 97.9 99.2 100.0 91.0 104.4 107.0 108.0 106.9 99.7 105.8 90.1 100.0 106.3 97.7 108.8 97.0 76.3 56.1 104.3 88.5 100.0 104.2 96.3 113.1 97.0 66.9 38.0 l Omitted due to probable error in reporting or tabulating; no further verification possible. 103.6 102.8 100.0 101.9 100.4 103.7 103.1 100.3 92.2 Pipe lines (petroleum) Natural gas 76.7 89.1 100.0 102.7 108.7 119.0 115.7 78.4 70.2 Electric light and power 98.7 98.3 100.0 98.0 98.5 104.0 100.0 87.7 67.7 Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s — i 9 i 6 t o 1932 181 Considering the general industry as a whole, the index in 1932 was 69.5 for average number of wage earners employed, 60.1 for total wage and salarjr payments to wage earners, and 86.6 for average wage and salary payments. Of the industries covered, electric railroads show the lowest 1932 index for average number of wage earners employed and for total F i g u r e 4 9 . — In d e x e s o f W a g e E a r n e r s E m p l o y e d a n d T o t a l a n d A v e r a g W a g e a n d s a l a r y p a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s in T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b l ic Ut il it ie s , 1 9 2 4 t o 1 9 3 2 (1 9 2 6 = 1 0 0 ) wage and salary payments to wage earners, and taxicab and bus service the lowest index for average payments to wage earners. The 1932 index of average wage and salary payments to wage earners was above 100 in 1 of the 8 industries and above 90 in 3 others. Chart 49 shows graphically the number employed and total and average wage and salary payments to wage earners in transportation and public utilities.