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Work Stoppages Caused by Labor-Management Disputes in 1948 Bulletin No. 963 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Maurice J. Tobin, Secretary BUREAU OF LAB O R S T A T IS T IC S Ewan Clague, Commissioner Work Stoppages Caused by Labor-Management Disputes in 1948 Bulletin No. 963 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Maurice J. Tobin, Secretary BUREAU OF LAB O R STA T IST IC S Ewan Clague, For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D . C. Commissioner Price 20 cents Letter of Transmittal U nited States D epartment of L abor, B ureau of L abor Statistics, Washington, D. C., April SO, 1949. The Secretary of L abor : I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on work stoppages caused by labor-management disputes in 1948 a portion of which was printed in the M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1949. This report was prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Industrial Relations, by D on Q. Crowther, Ann J. Herlihy, and Loretto R. Nolan, under the general supervision of Nelson M . Bortz. The Bureau wishes to acknowledge the widespread cooperation given by employers, unions, the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, and various State agencies in furnishing information on which the statistical data in this report are based. E wan C lague, Commissioner. Hon. M aurice J. T obin, Secretary of Labor. (H ) Contents Page Summary__________________________________________________________________________ Trend comparisons_________________________________________________________________ Review of the year---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------National emergency disputes_____________________________________________________ Monthly trends— Significant stoppages----------------------------------------------------------------Industries affected------------States affected-------- -----------Cities affected___________________________________________________________________ Major issues involved______________________________________________________________ Contract status at time of stoppage------------------------------------------------------------------------Pre-stoppage mediation------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Length of disputes before stoppages------------------------------------------------------------------------Unions involved_______________________________________ Establishments involved___________________________________________________________ Size of stoppages___________________________________________________________________ Duration of stoppages___________________________________________________________ Methods of terminating stoppages_______________________________________________ Disposition of issues_____________________________________________________________ A p p e n d ix p p e n d ix 2 3 4 8 8 9 10 10 10 11 1 11 12 13 13 14 A Table A.— Work stoppages in 1948, by specific industry_____________________________ Table B.— Work stoppages in 1948, by industry group and major issues__________ Table C.— Work stoppages in 1948 in States which had 25 or more stoppages during the year, by industry group---------------------------------------------------------------------------A 1 1 15 17 18 B Work of emergency boards of inquiry in 1948_______________________________________ A p p e n d ix C Methods of collecting strike statistics------------------------------------------------------------------ (in) 23 26 Work Stoppages Caused by Labor-Management Disputes in 19481 Summary similar tendencies—first a marked rise, followed by sharp declines as pent-up wartime tensions and emotions subsided. B y the end of 1948, labor and management had had more than 3 years in which to readjust to peacetime conditions o f production and industrial relations. As in the period follow - N o significant change occurred in the general level of strike activity in 1948. As compared with the preceding year, the number of work stoppages (3,419) declined about 7 percent. Approximately 1,960,000 workers were involved in stoppages, with a recorded idleness o f 34,100,000 man-days. These totals were slightly less than the corresponding totals for 1947. As in other recent years, wages and related fringe benefits were a major controversial issue and accounted for more than half of the stoppages. Union representation rights, the union shop and hiring hall, and allied issues, some stemming directly or indirectly from application of various provisions o f the Labor Management Relations Act, featured other controversies. Average duration of stoppages declined to 21.8 calendar days in 1948, from 25.6 calendar days in 1947. T a b l e 1 .— Work stoppages Year Trend Comparisons Trend comparisons in strike statistics are diffi cult: no two periods are strictly comparable, because of the complex and changing factors that shape the course o f labor-management relations. A host of economic forces—production trends, profits, prices, and worker purchasing power, to cite but a few— are at work upon an even more unpredictable human element. Strong convic tions, bitter prejudices, and sudden bursts of temper occasionally outweigh economic realities. Also present are the influences of Federal and State governmental policies as interpreted by administrative agencies and by courts. Comparison of trends following W orld War II with those after W orld War I showed generally Workers in volved Average Num Percent Num duration (in of total (in cal ber em ber thou endar sands) 1 ployed 2* days) Man-days idle Num ber (in thou sands) Percent Per of esti worker mated in working volved tim e2 19161.......... 1917............ 1918............ 1919............ 1920............ 3,789 4,450 3,353 3,630 3,411 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 1,600 1,230 1,240 4,160 1,460 8.4 6.3 6.2 20.8 7.2 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 1921............ 1922............ 1923............ 1924............ 1926............ 2,385 1,112 1,553 1,249 1,301 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 1,100 1,610 757 655 428 6.4 8.7 3.5 3.1 2.0 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 8 (4) (4) 1926............ 1927............ 1928............ 1929............ 1930............ 1,035 707 604 921 637 (4) 26.5 27.6 22.6 22.3 330 330 314 289 183 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 .8 (4) 26,200 12,600 5,350 3,320 (4) 0.37 .17 .07 .05 (4) 79.5 40.2 18.5 18.1 1931............ 1932............ 1933............ 1934............ 1935............ 810 841 1,695 1,856 2,014 18.8 19.6 16.9 19.5 23.8 342 324 1,170 1,470 1,120 1.6 1.8 6.3 7.2 5.2 6,890 10,500 16,900 19,600 15,500 .11 .23 .36 .38 .29 20.2 32.4 14.4 13.4 13.8 1936............ 1937............ 1938............ 1939............ 1940............ 2,172 4,740 2,772 2,613 2,508 23.3 20.3 23.6 23.4 20.9 789 1,860 688 1,170 577 3.1 7.2 2.8 4.7 2.3 13,900 28,400 9,150 17,800 6,700 .21 .43 .15 .28 .10 17.6 15.3 13.3 15.2 11.6 1941............ 1942............ 1943............ 1944............ 1945............ 4,288 2,968 3,752 4,956 4,750 18.3 11.7 5.0 5.6 9.9 2,360 840 1,980 2,120 3,470 8.4 2.8 6.9 7.0 12.2 23,000 4,180 13,500 8,720 38,000 .32 .05 .15 .09 .47 9.8 5.0 6.8 4.1 11.0 1946............ 1947............ 1948............ 4,985 3,693 3,419 24.2 25.6 21.8 4,600 2,170 1,960 14.5 6.5 5.5 116,000 34,600 34,100 1.43 .41 .37 25.2 15.9 17.4 1 The exact number of workers involved in some strikes which occurred during the period 1916 to 1926 is not known. The missing information is for the smaller disputes, however, and it is believed that the totals here given are approximate. 2 “ Total employed workers” as used here refers to all workers except those in occupations and professions in which there is little if any union organiza tion or in which strikes rarely, if ever, occur. In most industries it includes all wage and salary workers except those in executive, managerial, or high supervisory positions or those performing professional work the nature of which makes union organization or group action impracticable. It excludes all self-employed, domestic workers, agricultural wage workers on farms employing less than 6, all Federal and State government employees, and officials (both elected and appointed) in local governments. 3 Estimated working time was computed for purposes of this table by multiplying the average number of employed workers each year by the prevailing number of days worked per employee in that year. * Not available. 1 All known work stoppages arising out of labor-management disputes, involving six or more workers, and continuing as long as a full day or shift, are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “ workers involved” and “ man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for as long as one shift in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages. Work stoppages in the United States, 1916-48 (i) 2 ing W orld War I, the number of strikes in the third postwar year (1948) was about a third below the immediate postwar peak. The num ber of workers involved and the time lost, as in the former period, had declined still further. Over the 18-month period— July 1947 to Decem ber 1948— during which the Labor Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) A ct had been in effect, strike activity averaged substantially less than in the period immediately following VJ-day. It av eraged higher than in the more normal prewar period of 1935-39, however, in terms of number of strikes, number of workers involved, and time lost. (See chart 1.) their jobs after a strike of over 2 months, accept ing a wage increase no greater than the amount offered before the walk-out began. Chart 1. W ork Stoppages: M onthly Averages for Selected Periods New Stoppages Per Month Review of the Year Employment reached record levels in 1948. Workers’ money wages were high, as were em ployers’ profits. Under these circumstances some employers quickly reached agreement with their workers’ representatives rather than risk inter ruptions of output during a seller’s market. Others advocated a withholding of wage increases accom panied by modest price reductions as a means of checking inflation. Among the unions, long-term contractual commitments, no-strike clauses, and apprehension over incurring financial suits or strains on the union treasury served as strike deterrents. N o statistical process can fully and accurately interpret or record these involved motives— some simple in character, others intricate. The play of forces at times brought the parties together, and at other times put them at loggerheads. For example, the General M otors Corp. and the United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural Workers (CIO) on the brink of a strike reached a settlement; concurrently, the same union and the Chrysler Corp. failed to agree, causing the plants to be idle for over 2 weeks. A dispute over administration of a pension fund in the bitumi nous-coal industry caused a 40-day stoppage; 2 months later the commercial operators and the United Mine Workers (Ind.) reached an agree ment on a new contract without any suspension of work. But the management of the so-called “ captive” mines would not accept the same terms with regard to the union shop, and a strike ensued. Thousands of packinghouse workers returned to THOUSANDS 351 Aug. 1945 June 1947 Dec. 1948 UNITEO STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Injunctions and cooling-off periods, prescribed by the Labor Management Relations Act, failed to stem stoppages in maritime and longshore services, but helped to avert an interruption of 3 work in the atomic energy dispute, which was finally settled through negotiation.2 Some strikes arose because of management’s alleged refusal to bargain with union officials who did not sign the non-Communist affidavits required by law. At various plants such as the Univis Lens Co. in Dayton, Ohio, violence flared as the workers, members of a noncomplying union— the United Electrical, Badio, and Machine Workers (CIO )— sought to negotiate. But in other situations, the union rank and file shifted their affiliation when negotiations were stalemated by refusal of their leaders to sign the affidavits. Still other stoppages— as in the printing in dustry—revolved about the preservation of union shop conditions built up over a long period of years. In a relatively few instances, as in other recent years, competition between unions for jurisdiction over a job to be done, or for the right to represent a group of workers, found the employer in the position of affected bystander. M ost labor-management negotiations in 1948, as in preceding years, were concluded without work stoppages. Although complete statistics are not available, it is currently estimated that over 100,000 collective agreements are in effect. M ost of these are renegotiated, or reopened, annually. M any large groups of workers and their em ployers came to peaceful settlements during 1948. Steel workers, observing their contractual no strike pledge, first reluctantly accepted a con tinuance of their existing wage scales, but later obtained, by negotiation, an increase averaging about 13 cents an hour. Several hundred thou sand railroad workers, without the almost cus tomary intervention of Government mediation or fact-finding processes, bargained with representa tives of the Nation’s carriers and secured an up ward adjustment of 10 cents an hour. The same process of bargaining and compromise was success fully followed by countless other employers and unions—large and small— throughout the country. In many other instances, State and Federal conciliation services aided in adjusting contro versies. For example, the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service handled and helped to resolve 6,832 disputes in 1948. Of this number, 1,077 cases involved work stoppages and 5,755 were One of the developments during the postwar period of industrial unrest was the appointment of “ fact-finding” boards to investigate important dis putes and suggest a basis of settlement. These boards— designated either by the President or the Secretary of Labor—had no statutory authority. W ith the enactment of the Labor Management Kelations Act the President was authorized to appoint boards of inquiry in so-called national emergency disputes. Such boards, however, were limited to reporting the facts of the contro versy, without recommendations for settlement. Appointment of these boards was, in a large sense, a necessary preliminary step to obtaining a court injunction to forestall a stoppage or to order the return of striking workers. 8 See Appendix B, p. 23. for detailed statement on the “ national emer gency disputes” of 1948. 8 See Appendix B, p. 23, for details on boards of inquiry appointed chronology of developments. controversies or threatened strikes which were settled before actual stoppages developed. Direct idleness at sites of the plants or estab lishments involved in strikes amounted to less than 0.4 percent of total working time in American industry during 1948. A total of 20 stoppages began in 1948, in which 10,000 or more workers were involved. By con trast, a total of 15 such stoppages were recorded in 1947. Approximately 870,000 workers were directly affected in the 20 large stoppages and accounted for 44.5 percent of all workers involved in stoppages during 1948. Idleness resulting from the large stoppages aggregated 18,900,000 mandays in 1948, as compared with about 17,700,000 man-days in 1947. T able 2.— Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, in selected periods Stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers Workers involved Period 1935-39 average1941.................... 1946.................... 1947.................... 1948.................... Percent Num of total for ber period 11 29 31 15 20 0.4 .7 .6 .4 .6 Number 365,000 1,070,000 2,920,000 1,030,000 870,000 Percent of total for period 32.4 45.3 63.6 47.5 44.5 Man-days idle Number Percent of total for period 5,290,000 9,340,000 66,400,000 17,700,000 18,900,000 31.2 40.5 57.2 51.2 55.3 “National Emergency” D isputes3 4 Chart 2. Idleness Due to W ork Stoppages The “ national emergency” machinery was invoked seven times in 1948. W ork stoppages occurred in connection with four of these disputes. In the bituminous-coal pension dispute the board of inquiry was created about a week after the stoppage commenced and in the meat-packing wage controversy the strike began the day after the designation o f the board. The West Coast maritime and longshore controversy and the East Coast dock dispute were investigated by separate boards of inquiry. In each o f these two cases the report of the board was followed by a temporary injunction restraining the workers from striking and, after the expiration of the 80-day waiting period, a strike ensued. Three other labormanagement disputes referred to boards of inquiry were settled without any interruption o f work. These controversies included the atomic energy dispute at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the telephone industry wage controversy, and the June dispute between the United M ine Workers and bituminous-coal operators over the negotiation of the new contract. Monthly Trends—Significant Stoppages The occurrence o f strikes during 1948 conformed more closely than that o f 1947 to the m onth-bymonth trends noted in other recent years. In the early months, stoppages increased in number and continued upward until late summer, when they tapered off to the customary low point of the year in December. The most important o f the 85 stoppages which continued from 1947 into 1948 was the strike in volving about 1,600 typographical workers on 6 Chicago newspapers, over union-security issues in establishments where the closed shop had been 5 accepted for years. This strike continued through out 1948. M ore than 300 stoppages began in each month from April through August. W ith the large bitu minous-coal and meat-packing strikes in effect, March and April were the months with the greatest number of workers involved and the great est time loss. T able 3.— Work stoppages in 1947 and 1948, by month Number of stoppages Month Workers involved in stoppages Man-days idle during month In effect during month BeginBe In ning gin effect in ning during month in month (thou month sands) Percent Num of esti ber mated (thou work Num Percent of ing ber sands) (thou total tim e1 em sands) ployed * 1947 January............... February_______ March................. April.................... M ay..................... June..................... July..................... August................ September........... October............... November........... December............ 321 296 361 479 471 379 315 336 219 219 178 119 482 498 572 706 781 701 581 583 435 393 328 236 105.0 74.9 95.7 624.0 230.0 448.0 242.0 113.0 79.2 64.3 57.2 32.3 165.0 154.0 168.0 675.0 696.0 597.0 615.0 259.0 187.0 171.0 139.0 56.9 0.50 .47 .51 2.07 2.11 1.79 1.85 .77 .55 .50 .40 .16 1,340 1,230 1,100 8,540 6,730 3,960 3,970 2,520 1,970 1,780 829 590 0.19 .19 .16 1.19 .97 .57 .54 .35 .28 .23 .13 .08 221 256 271 319 339 349 394 355 299 256 216 144 306 367 426 496 553 565 614 603 553 468 388 283 77.5 93.2 494.0 174.0 168.0 169.0 218.0 143.0 158.0 110.0 111.0 40.5 102.0 132.0 552.0 621.0 344.0 243.0 307.0 232.0 267.0 194.0 189.0 93.1 .29 .38 1.58 1.79 .98 .69 .86 .64 .74 .53 .52 .26 1,050 913 6,440 7,410 4,080 2,220 2,670 2,100 2,540 2,060 1,910 713 .14 .13 .80 .97 .57 .28 .36 .26 .33 .27 .26 .09 1948 January............... February............. March................. April.................... May..................... June..................... July..................... August................ September........... October............... November........... December............ 1See footnotes 2 and 3, table 1. During January, approximately 12,000 timber and sawmill workers, members of the United Con struction Workers, affiliated with District 50, United Mine Workers of America (Ind.), stopped work for a wage increase, in the tri-State area of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Work was resumed in late January, after the oper ators granted a substantial wage increase and adjusted their cost-price relationships with the coal-mining and steel companies, the purchasers of the timber products. About 10,000 garment workers, members of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (AFL), stopped work in Los Angeles in February, 840010—49---- 2 in connection with a drive to organize all nonunion shops in the area. M ost o f the workers were idle only a few days, although picketing and individual stoppages continued over a considerable period before many o f the shops were brought under signed contracts. A demand for increased wages by 1,100 teachers in Minneapolis closed the city’s public schools on February 24. This stoppage lasted for almost a month. The two largest strikes of the year began in March when about 83,000 employees of major meat-packiug companies, and 320,000 bituminous- 6 coal miners became idle. The meat-packing em ployees, members of the United Packinghouse Workers of America (CIO) left their work in about 100 plants on March 16, when employers refused to offer more than a 9-cent hourly wage increase— the amount accepted previously by the Amalga mated M eat Cutters & Butcher Workmen of North America (AFL). Acting under the national-emergency provisions of the Labor Management Relations Act, the President appointed a 3-man board of inquiry on March 15 to investigate the issues and report its findings. The B oards report was submitted April 8, and the Federal Mediation and Concilia tion Service continued in its attempts to bring about a settlement. No injunction was sought to get the workers to return to their jobs. The strike continued officially until M ay 21, when it was terminated at the Swift, Armour, Morrell, and Cudahy plants, following a vote of the employees to accept the employers’ offer of a 9-cent hourly wage increase. The settlement also provided for arbitration of disputes over reinstatement of strikers charged with unlawful acts during the stoppages. The fifth large packer— Wilson and Co.—was unable to reach agreement with the union on the latter provision, and the strike continued in its plants until June 5. M ost of the Nation’s bituminous-coal miners stopped work on March 15, following a long dis pute over the establishment of a pension system for miners in accordance with the 1947 contract. The welfare fund provided for in that contract was to be administered by a board of trustees composed of an industry representative, a union representative, and a third or neutral member. After several months of disagreement the neutral trustee resigned. The deadlock continued, and on March 12 the president of the United Mine Workers advised the miners that the bituminouscoal operators had “ dishonored” their 1947 wage agreement and had “ defaulted under its provisions affecting the welfare fund.” The union further charged that “ no payments of any character have been made to any beneficiary or to anyone else from the welfare fund set up under the 1947 agreement.” A board of inquiry was appointed March 23. Following its report, a temporary restraining order was issued on April 3 instructing the union to order the soft-coal miners back to work and direct ing the parties to resume collective bargaining on the pension plan. No immediate response to the order was forthcoming, and on April 7, the Govern ment filed a request for contempt action against the union and its president, John L. Lewis. Three days later (April 10), Joseph W . Martin, Speaker of the House of Representatives, proposed that Senator Styles Bridges of New Hampshire be considered for the post of neutral trustee. The union and the operators both accepted this sugges tion. Two days later, M r. Bridges proposed that the parties agree to grant pensions of $100 per month to members of the union who, on and after M ay 29, 1946, had completed 20 years of service in the mines and had reached 62 years of age. This proposal was adopted, with the operators’ representative dissenting. On April 19, Mr. Lewis and the union were found guilty of civil and criminal contempt of court for having failed to instruct the miners to return to work. The union was fined $1,400,000, and its president $20,000, on the criminal con tempt count. B y April 26, most miners had re turned to work; but Mr. Lewis and the union were still subject to civil penalties if further stoppages occurred. Four stoppages, involving 10,000 or more work ers each, occurred in April. Of these, the 5-month strike of about 18,000 workers employed at the Seattle plant of the Boeing Airplane Co. attracted widespread attention. The company claimed that the strike was in violation of the Labor Management Relations Act, alleging that the local union, an affiliate of the International Association of Machinists (Ind.) had broken its no-strike clause and had failed to give the required 60-day notice. The striking workers, according to the company, lost their status as employees and were not entitled to reinstatement. The National Labor Relations Board ruled, however, that nego tiations had begun in March 1947, prior to the enactment of the law, and ordered the company to bargain with the union and reinstate the striking workers.4 Also in April, a strike of slightly more than 100 members of the United Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union (CIO) in New York 4On May 31, 1949, the U. S. Court of Appeals at Washington, D . C., up held the company’s position that the strike was illegal since the union failed to give the required notice of contract termination and consequently lost its status as bargaining agent. 7 City, against the Times Square Corp., gave rise to another significant NLRB decision. The Board ruled that in strike situations not caused by unfair labor practices, striking employees who have been replaced are not eligible to vote in collective bargaining elections.6 The largest stoppage in M ay was that of 75,000 employees of the Chrysler Corp., which involved members of the United Automobile Workers (CIO) working in 16 plants in Indiana, Michigan, and California. The union originally demanded an hourly wage increase of 30 cents and fringe adjustments, but scaled its demands down to 17 cents an hour just prior to the stoppage, which began M ay 12. A company offer of 6 cents an hour was withdrawn after its rejection by the union. The strike was settled on M ay 28, the workers receiving a flat 13-cent hourly wage increase under a contract effective until August 1950, with provision for a wage reopening by either party after June 15, 1949. Several days earlier, the General M otors Corp. and the UAW CIO had reached an agreement providing for an 11-cent increase with provision for quarterly adjustments in wages based upon changes in the Bureau of Labor Statistics consumers7 price index. Early in July, about 42,000 workers in “ captive” coal mines were idle for a short period when representatives of the large steel companies, operating the mines, refused to accept the unionshop provision in the 1948 contract previously agreed upon with the commercial operators. The captive mine operators filed an unfair labor practice charge against the union with the N LRB contending that the provision violated the Labor Management Relations Act. The General Coun* The occasion for the ruling arose out of an N LR B election conducted on July 2, in which the employees voted whether or not they wished to be represented by the Retail Clerks International Association (AFL). Local 830, United Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union (CIO), which had represented the employees in the past, was ineligible to appear on the ballot because it had not complied with the registration and non-Communist affidavit requirements of the law. At the election, the employer and the A F L challenged the voting eligibility of the 109 strikers on the ground that they were not entitled to reinstatement because they were economic strikers who had been permanently replaced. Board agents challenged 121 ballots cast by replacements pursuant to the CIO union's notice that the strike was caused by unfair labor practices of the employer, that the strikers consequently were entitled to reinstatement, and that their replacements, therefore, were temporary. The two sets of challenges, the Board pointed out, brought into issue the nature of the strike. If the strike was caused by unfair labor practices, then the strikers would be entitled to \ote. In considering the charge of unfair labor practices, the Board stated that it was bound by the determination of the office of the General Counsel and could not review his dismissal of charges that the employer had committed unfair labor practices. sel of the NLRB issued a formal complaint on July 9 against the union and sought to enjoin the strike in a Federal court in Washington. The union was given until July 13 to answer the charges. On that date an agreement was reached informally— the companies accepting the unionshop provision with the stipulation that it would be modified if subsequent court rulings required it.6 The miners were instructed to return to work the next day, and on July 17 the injunction petition was dismissed. This controversy evoked a sympathy stoppage of about 40,000 workers in commercial mines. During the latter part of August some 23,000 members of the United Automobile Workers, employees of the International Harvester Co., were idle for about 2 weeks. In this dispute, the union accused the company of following speed-up and time-study methods which reduced take-home pay. Early in September, disputes brought idleness to 16,000 truck drivers in New York and Northern New Jersey, 28,000 members of 5 West Coast maritime and longshore unions, 17,000 employees of a group of oil companies in Cali fornia, and 25,000 employees of the Briggs Manu facturing Co. in Detroit. The West Coast maritime strike, involving 28,000 workers, began September 2 after expira tion of an 80-day injunction obtained under the national emergency provisions of the Labor Management Relations Act. * It continued until early December. Higher wages and the retention of the union hiring halls were the principal issues in dispute. Negotiations were suspended when the Waterfront Employers Association and the Pacific-American Shipowners7 Association with drew all previous offers, demanding that union leaders sign non-Communist affidavits before re newal of bargaining discussions. Shipping opera tions to and from West Coast ports were virtually halted, although United States Army authorities made arrangements to move military cargo to the Orient and Pacific outposts. Negotiations were resumed on November 10, and 15 days later agreement was reached with the International Longshoremen^ and Warehouse men^ Union (CIO) providing for a 3-year con• On January 20, 1949, a N LRB trial examiner ruled that the union-shop provision of the contract between the United Mine Workers and the “ cap tive” mine operators was in violation of the Labor Management Relations Act since no union-shop election had been held as required by the act. 8 Industries Affected The mining industry (primarily coal) was af fected by work stoppages to a greater extent than any other industry during 1948. Approximately 10,400,000 man-days of idleness occurred in that industry— more than 30 percent of the total mandays lost. Excepting the record years of 1943 and 1946, this was the largest figure for mining since 1927. The meat-packing strike accounted for the bulk of the approximately 5 million man-days of idleness in the food and kindred products group. Maritime strikes caused the transportation, com munication, and other public utilities groups to rank third in the amount of time lost, with over 3 million man-days. In fourth place was the transportation-equipment manufacturing group, which also had over 3 million man-days of idleness. T able 4.— Work stoppages beginning in 1948, by industry group Stoppages be Man-days idle ginning in 1948 during 1948 Industry group All industries. Manufacturing. Work Num Percent of esti ers in Num volved ber mated ber (thous- (thou work ing sands) sands) tim e3 3,419 1,960.0 34,100.0 0.37 .46 11,675 959.0 17,600.0 Primary metal industries........................... Fabricated metal products (except ord nance, machinery, and transportation equipment).............................................. Ordnance and accessories........................... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies.......... ............... ......................... Machinery (except electrical)..................... Transportation equipment......................... Lumber and wood products (except furni ture).............................. ........................... Furniture and fixtures................................ Stone, clay, and glass products Textile mill products............... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials .......... Leather and leather products..................... Food and kindred products........................ Tobacco manufactures................................ Paper and allied products........................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries. Chemicals and allied products................... Products of petroleum and coal.................. Rubber products......................................... Professional, scientific, and controlling in struments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks...................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries__ 168 56.7 1,450.0 151 1 37.0 .1 Nonmanufacturing................................ 1JU 996.0 16,500.0 .81 23 614 380 241 18 23.1 531.0 651.0 10,400.0 108.0 1,430.0 30.2 557.0 1.9 46.3 00 4.51 .29 .03 <*> 293 150 160.0 3,290.0 20.7 306.0 .34 <*> Agriculture, forestry, and fishing............... Mining..................... ............... .................. Construction............................ ................... Trade........................................... .............. Finance, insurance, and real estate............ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities....... ...................... Services—personal, business, and other___ Government—administration, protection, and sanitation4......................................... 64 189 107 100 63 90 82 131 45 162 3 40 43 73 13 48 31 72 25 496.0 .2 31.0 402.0 152.0 2,090.0 278.0 3,170.0 24.6 12.1 22.3 21.2 493.0 } 156.0 365.0 719.0 23.8 267.0 9.8 215.0 133.0 4,720.0 .6 4.3 9.7 142.0 10.9 587.0 21.4 538.0 21.3 752.0 72.3 524.0 5.7 15.3 1.4 .33 .25 59 .89 .18 .27 .19 .08 .19 1.27 .02 .12 .46 .31 1.54 .90 146.0 339.0 8.8 CO tract, with average hourly wage increases of 15 cents, additional vacation benefits, and retention of the union hiring halls pending a court decision on their legality. Earlier, a tentative agreement had been reached with the National Marine Engineers Beneficial Association (CIO ), and the agreement reached by the longshoremen, paved the way for quick settlements with the 3 unions remaining on strike. No large strikes began in October, but in Novem ber Atlantic Coast shipping was disrupted when about 45,000 members of the International Long shoremen’s Association (AFL) stopped work in a dispute over increased wages and application of overtime rates of pay. The strike began as spasmodic stoppages on November 10, but became a union-authorized coast-wide strike 2 days later. Shipping from Portland, Maine, to Hampton Roads, Va., was affected. As in the case of the Pacific Coast maritime stoppage, the East Coast longshoremen struck after the national emergency machinery of the Labor Management Relations A ct had been used, and after the 80-day injunction was dissolved as of midnight, November 9. Union and employer negotiators reached an agreement on November 9; but a m ajority of local unions voted against its acceptance, whereupon the union officially author ized the strike. On November 25, settlement was reached with the aid of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, providing for wage increases of 13 cents in straight-time rates and 19% cents for night, holiday, and overtime rates, a welfare plan, and improved vacation benefits. Work was resumed on November 28 after ratification by union members. <» i This figure is less than the sum of the figures below because two stoppages which extended into two or more industry groups have been counted in this table as separate stoppages in each industry group affected; workers involved and man-days idle were allocated to the respective groups. 3 See footnotes 2 and 3, table 1 * Not available. 4 Stoppages involving municipally operated utilities are included under “ transportation, communication, and other public utilities.*1 States Affected New York and Pennsylvania each experienced about 450 stoppages in 1948. Ohio ranked next with 256 stoppages, Illinois had 237, and West Virginia 211. Less than 10 stoppages were 9 recorded in each of 9 States— Arizona, Delaware, Idaho, Mississippi, Nevada, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming. Idleness exceeded 2 million man-days in 6 States— California, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. T able 5.— Work stoppages in 1948, by State Work stoppages begin* ning m 1948 Man-days idle during 1948 (all stoppages) 1,960.0 100.0 34,100.0 100.0 Alabama.............. ........................ Arizona......................................... ArVansas California..................................... Colorado....................................... Connecticut............. - .................. Delaware.......... ........................... 124 7 12 178 19 42 8 69.8 2.7 4.1 106.0 9.5 18.0 1.7 3.6 .1 .2 5.4 .5 .9 .1 981.0 149.0 87.6 2,790.0 273.0 427.0 26.5 2.9 .4 .3 8.2 .8 1.3 .1 District of Columbia__________ Florida.......................................... Georgia......................................... Idaho.............. ........................... . Illinois __ __ _ Indiana................... ..................... Iowa................... ......................... 10 40 27 6 237 119 28 1.9 9.6 7.4 .4 154.0 76.1 23.6 .1 .5 .4 (>) 7.9 3.9 1.2 35.6 189.0 303.0 4.2 3,540.0 1,070.0 862.0 .1 .6 .9 (2) 10.4 3.1 2.5 Kansas.......................................... Kentucky__________ __________ Louisiana......... ............................ Maine........................................... Maryland-.................................... Massachusetts............. ............... Michigan. ------------ . . . . __ ____ 13 117 22 18 26 130 196 10.4 82.1 12.7 3.5 11.7 29.8 262.0 .5 42 .7 .2 .6 1.5 13.4 410.0 1,350.0 152.0 27.7 242.0 815.0 2,450.0 1.2 4.0 .4 .1 .7 2.4 7.2 Minnesota.................................... Mississippi................................... Missouri....................................... Montana....................................... Nebraska................................. .... Nevada______________________ New Hampshire............. ............. 37 8 65 16 14 7 18 16.9 1.4 15.6 2.1 10.9 2.8 2.1 .9 .1 .8 .1 .6 .1 .1 529.0 54.3 371.0 22.8 417.0 38.4 31.4 1.6 .2 1.1 .1 1.2 .1 .1 New Jersey.............................. . New Mexico................................. New Y ork .................. ............ . North Carolina............................ North Dakota.............................. Ohio.............................................. Oklahoma.................................... 161 18 450 22 7 266 17 37.8 7.7 155.0 2.6 .6 122.0 3.3 1.9 .4 7.9 .1 (*) 6.2 .2 772.0 82.4 2,380.0 59.4 21.6 1,480.0 76.0 2.3 .2 7.0 .2 .1 4.3 .2 Oregon.... ..................................... Pennsylvania.............................. Rhode Island............................... South Carolina______________ _ South Dakota.............................. Tennessee..................................... Texas............................................ 60 449 26 10 3 70 68 10.3 309.0 5.1 3.6 .2 27.2 25.1 .5 16.0 .3 .2 (2) 1.4 1.3 360.0 4,170.0 114.0 24.2 3.1 441.0 280.0 1.1 12.0 .3 .1 (a) 1.3 .8 Utah............................................. Vermont....................................... Virginia........................................ Washington................................ West Virginia............................... Wisconsin..................................... Wyoming........................... ......... 21 7 85 74 211 71 4 11.5 .6 35.0 37.3 180.0 25.8 4.2 .6 (*) L8 1.9 9.2 1.3 .2 366.0 14.2 431.0 1,650.0 3,150.0 469.0 109.0 11 (*) 1.3 4.8 92 1.4 .3 . i The sum of this column is more than 3,419 because the stoppages extending across State lines have been counted in this table as separate stoppages in each State affected, with the proper allocation of workers involved and man* days idle. * Less than a tenth of 1 percent. T able 6.— Work stoppages in 1948 in selected cities1 City Number Per Num (thou cent of ber Number Per sands) total (thou cent of sands) total All States..................................... 13,419 Except for New York City, with 295 stoppages, no city had as many as 100 strikes in the year There were 96 in Detroit, 66 in Chicago, 57 in Los Angeles, and 53 in Philadelphia. Over a million man-days of idleness during work stop pages were recorded for four cities: Detroit Work stoppages be ginning m 1948 Workers involved State Cities Affected Number2 Workers involved Man-days idle during 1948 (all stoppages" Akron, Ohio.......................................... Baltimore, M d ...................................... Boston, Mass...................... .................. Buffalo, N. Y .................. .......... .......... Chicago, 111............... ......................... Cincinnati, Ohio........ . . ...................... 23 10 31 29 66 26 33,500 5,700 11,100 11,300 57,500 6,700 89,700 121.000 235,000 247,000 1,640,000 45,200 Cleveland, Ohio.................................... Dallas, Tex............................................ Detroit, M ich....................................... East St. Louis, 111................................. Erie, Pa................... .............................. Evansville, Ind.......... .......................— 45 10 96 30 10 13 12,100 4,700 193,000 2,620 3,480 32,300 170,000 13,100 1,760,000 88,200 61,000 175,000 Fall River, M ass.—........................... Houston, Tex...................................... Indianapolis, Ind.................... ........... . Jersey City, N . J................................. Kansas City, M o ................................. Los Angeles, Calif_____ _____ - ........... 10 18 13 13 10 57 800 4,850 10,700 2,730 2,270 37,900 10,800 38,600 137,000 68,100 12,900 802,000 Lynn, Mass............................. ............ Memphis, Tenn— ............................... Miami, Fla............................................ Milwaukee, Wis................................... Minneapolis, Minn............................. Newark, N . J........................................ 10 10 17 18 18 37 950 11,000 2,090 12,400 6,120 9,980 10,000 98,600 90,900 211,000 142,000 138,000 New Bedford, Mass............................. New Orleans, La.................................. New York. N. Y .................................. Oakland-East Bay area, Calif............. Paterson, N . J....................................... Philadelphia, Pa................................. 13 12 295 20 16 53 3,310 3,000 112,000 17,100 1,120 33,800 83,400 55,800 1,570,000 597,000 22,100 679,000 Pittsburgh. Pa...................................... Portland, Oreg_____________________ Providence. R . I—................................ Rochester, N. Y .................................... St. Louis, M o....................................... San Francisco, Calif.......................... 40 17 15 13 29 21 10,200 3,990 2,100 1,670 4,050 16,800 140,000 173,000 30,400 26,500 73,300 509,000 Scranton, Pa......................................... Seattle, Wash....................................... Springfield, M a ss......................... . Toledo, Ohio......................................... Trenton, N . J........... ......... .................. Washington, D . C..... ................ ......... 14 20 11 15 11 10 1,360 25,700 1,740 11,700 630 1,930 19.000 1,300,000 70,300 85,400 7,400 35,600 Wilkes-Barre, Pa— ................. ......... Worcester, Mass....................... .......... Youngstown, Ohio......... ..................... 11 11 11 730 1,590 2,450 10,600 61,200 11,500 1 Data are compiled separately for 160 cities, including all those with a population of 100,000 and over in 1943 as well as a number of smaller cities in order to obtain a representative regional distribution. This table includes data for the cities in this group which had 10 or more stoppages in 1948. 2 Intercity stoppages, except those noted below, are counted in this table as separate stoppages in each city affected, with the workers involved and man-days idle allocated to the respective cities. In a few instances it was impossible to secure the detailed data necessary to make such allocations. Therefore, the following stoppages are not included in the figures for any cities affected: (1.) A strike of sardine fishermen in the Los Angeles-Long Beach harbor area, involving 4,000 workers in October; and (2) scattered brief stoppages in plants of the Western Electric Co. during July, August, and September, in which approximately 2,000 employees were involved. 10 (1.760.000) , C h i c a g o (1,640,000), N ew Y o r k (1.570.000) , and Seattle (1,300,000). See table 6. The number of cities in which 10 or more stoppages occurred has dropped steadily from 104 in 1946 to 61 in 1947 and 45 in 1948. Major Issues Involved Wage increases and fringe benefits continued to be important issues in 1948 disputes. About 51 percent of the strikes, 62 percent of the workers involved, and nearly 74 percent of the total idle ness dealt principally with demands for higher pay. Included in this category was the largest strike of the year, the prolonged bituminous-coal stoppage over the activation of the miners’ pension and welfare fund. In the later and smaller coal T able 7 .—Major issues involved in work stoppages in 1948 Work stoppages beginning in 1948 Major issues All issues................................ Man-days idle during 1948 (all stoppages) Workers involved PerPer cent Num cent Per Number of of ber total total Number cent of total 3,419 100.0 1,960,000 100.0 34,100,000 100.0 Wages and hours................... 1,737 50.8 1, 210,000 Wage increase.................. 1,310 38.3 657,000 13,000 18 .5 Wage decrease................. Wage increase, hour de 4,970 .9 31 crease............................ Other1 ............................. 378 11.1 533,000 Union organization, wages 9.4 128,000 322 and hours............................ Recognition, wages and/ 37,800 5.6 192 or hours........................ Strengthening bargain ing position, wages 5,860 and/or hours................. 25 .7 Closed or union shop, 83,800 wages and/or hours___ 96 2.8 Discrimination, wages 290 .2 and/or hours................. 7 380 2 .1 Other............................... 13.4 99,800 458 Union organization................ 34,500 9.2 Recognition..................... 313 Strengthening bargain 4,060 14 .4 ing position.................. 50,800 1.8 63 Closed or union shop— 6,060 45 Discrimination................ 1.3 4,390 .7 23 Other............................... 736 21.5 383.000 Other working conditions___ 341 10.0 134.000 Job security..................... Shop conditions and pol 9.7 213,000 331 icies............................... 21,600 46 1.3 Work load....................... 14,400 .5 18 Other............................... 130 3.8 128,000 Inter- or intra-union matters. 89,000 1.3 43 Sympathy....................... Union rivalry or faction33,400 1.4 49 alism............................. 4,250 35 1.0 Jurisdiction-.................... 1,220 .1 3 Union regulations........... 36 6,430 1.1 Not reported.......................... 61.9 25,200,000 33.7 14,600,000 .7 533,000 73.9 42.6 1.6 111,000 .3 27.2 10, 000,000 .3 29.4 6.5 4,390,000 12.9 1.9 772,000 2.3 .3 229,000 .7 4.3 3,390,000 9.9 2,100 <2> 710 (2) 5.1 1,590,000 729,000 1.8 (2) (2) 4.7 2.1 108,000 .2 632,000 2.6 62,900 .3 58,100 .2 19.6 1,740,000 656,000 6.9 .3 1.9 .2 .2 5.1 1.9 10.9 973,000 78,800 1.1 28,900 .7 6.6 1,080,000 477,000 4.6 2.9 .2 .1 3.2 1.4 566,000 27,200 14,000 69,900 1.7 .1 (2) .2 1.7 .2 .1 .3 1 This category includes the bituminous-coal pension dispute involving 320,000 workers, 2 Less than a tenth of 1 percent. strike of 42,000 “ captive” coal miners, as well as in stoppages in the maritime and printing indus tries, the retention of well-established unionsecurity provisions was an important factor. Roughly, about a fifth of the 1948 strike activity centered on questions of union recognition and union-security provisions. Prominent also in some of these disputes were wage issues. A number of stoppages—for instance, those at the National Carbon Co. in Cleveland, the H oover Co. in North Canton, and the Univis Lens Co. in Dayton, Ohio, the Bucyrus Erie Co. in Evans ville, Ind., and Government Services, Inc., in Washington, D . C.— centered on the alleged re fusal oi emplovers to recognize or negotiate with unions not certified as bargaining agents by the N LRB. In most cases these unions were ineligible for certification because o f their refusal to file nonCommunist affidavits. Jurisdictional, union rivalry, and sympathy strikes accounted for about 1 out of every 25 stoppages. These controversies affected less than 7 percent o f the total workers involved and ac counted for 3.2 percent of all idleness. Contract Status at Time of Stoppage Slightly more than a third of the stoppages in 1948 occurred while union-management contracts were in effect. M any of these were over griev ances which were not settled successfully. Others resulted from disputes over the renewal of the contract which was soon to expire. In still other cases the stoppages resulted from alleged attempts to change the terms of the contract while in force. Approximately half of the year’s stoppages occurred when no governing contract was in effect. M ost of these disputes were over terms of new contracts to replace those recently expired. Many, of course, resulted from attempts to obtain union recognition or an initial contract. In nearly 200 cases the union and company reported disagreement as to whether contracts actually were in effect when the stoppages occurred. Pre-stoppage Mediation Sixty-nine percent of the stoppages in 1948 took place without the utilization of a mediation agency or neutral third party to help settle the disputes. 11 M any of these open breaks could undoubtedly have been avoided if the parties had called in experienced mediators from Federal, State, or local agencies. The experience of these agencies has been that a large m ajority of the disputes referred to them, before a strike or lock-out begins, can be settled without a work stoppage. In 1,066 or 31 percent of the total stoppages, however, third-party mediators participated in negotiations before the stoppages began. Length of Disputes Before Stoppages For 2,423 or over two-thirds of the stoppages beginning in 1948, some information was obtained to show how long the disputes had existed before an interruption of work occurred. In nearly a fourth of these cases companies and unions dis agreed as to how long the disputes had been in effect. Among the cases in which there was agreement on the point, 14 percent of the stop pages were essentially spontaneous, arising from disputes at the moment or within a day while 27 percent resulted from disputes that had existed for 2 months or more. About 13 percent of the disputes reportedly had been in effect for 60 days before stoppages took place. Length of dispute before stoppage 1 day or less________ 1 day and less than month____________ y<Lmonth and less than 2 months. _____ ___ 2 months (60 days) _ _ Over 2 months______ Total________ Stoppages Number Percent Workers involved Number Percent 267 14.4 81, 000 6 .4 419 22.6 11 0, 0 0 0 8 .6 435 237 497 23.5 12.7 26.8 220, 000 160, 000 702, 000 17.3 12.6 55. 1 1, 855 100.0 1, 273, 000 100.0 Unions Involved Unions affiliated with the AFL were involved in more stoppages than were CIO affiliates. However, both the CIO and unaffiliated-union groups each had a greater number of workers involved in stop pages than did the AFL; they also accounted for the bulk o f the year's total idleness. T a b l e 8 .— W ork stoppages in 1 9 4 8 , by affiliation o f unions involved Stoppages beginning in 1948 Affiliation of union PerNum cent ber of total Man-days idle during 1948 (all stoppages) Workers involved Num ber Per Per cent Number cent of of total total Total....................................... 3,419 100.0 1,960,000 100.0 34,100,000 100.0 American Federation of Labor.................................. 1,446 Congress of Industrial Or ganizations.......................... 966 Unaffiliated unions................ 867 Rival unions (different affil iations)................................ 47 Single firm unions................. 10 Cooperating unions (differ ent affiliations)................... 20 No unions involved............... 65 Not reported.............. ........... 8 42.2 426,000 21.8 6, 000,000 17.6 28.3 25.1 692,000 749,000 35.4 12,400,000 38.4 12,900,000 36.3 37.8 1.4 .3 32,200 6,440 .6 1.9 .2 44,700 4,120 540 1.6 .3 561,000 59,800 L6 .2 2.3 2,130,000 .2 61,000 4,810 0) 6.3 .2 <*> 1 Less than a tenth of 1 percent. Establishments Involved About 73 percent of all stoppages in 1948 oc curred in a single plant or establishment— approxi mately the same proportion as in 1947. The proportion of workers involved in single-establish ment disputes (32.7 percent of the total) was a little greater than the 27.3 percent in 1947. Less than 10 percent of the stoppages extended into more than 10 establishments, but these stoppages T able 9.— Work stoppages in 1948, by number of estab lishments involved Stoppages beginning in 1948 Workers in volved Number of establishments Per involved1 Num cent ber of total Number Per cent of total Man-days idle during 1948 (all stoppages) Number Per cent of total All establishments............... 3,419 100.0 1,960,000 100.0 34,100,000 100.0 1 establishment.................... 2,494 2 to 5 establishments............ 457 141 6 to 10 establishments.......... 11 establishments and over.. 311 Not reported........................ 16 72.9 13.4 4.1 9.1 .5 640.000 236.000 139.000 933.000 9,220 32.7 7.990.000 23.4 12.1 3.860.000 11.3 7.1 1.810.000 5.3 47.6 20,300,000 59.5 .5 162,000 .5 12 T a b l e 10 .— W ork stoppages in 1948, classified by number o f workers involved Stoppages beginning in 1948 Workers in volved Number of workers PerNum cent ber of total Number All vrm'kfirs T Jan. able 128 (2) Mar. 15. 40 Mar. 16. *67 2 Mar. 22. Apr. 6.. *8 Apr. 7.. 4 Apr. 8. . 35 Apr. 22.. 5 142 May 12— 17 June 29 ®. 2 July 6— 9 Do 9 Aug. 17- 16 Sept. 1— Sept. 2__ 1 1 .— 14.5 35.2 22.0 13.6 7.5 6.0 .6 .6 5,930 59,300 121,000 160,000 176.000 434.000 131.000 870.000 .3 97,400 .3 3.0 1.030.000 3.0 6.2 1.820.000 5.3 8.2 1.960.000 5.8 9.0 3.120.000 9.1 22.2 6.250.000 18.3 6.7 977,000 2.9 44.4 18,900,000 55.3 O 93 Size of Stoppages As in the preceding year, approximately half of the stoppages in 1948 involved fewer than 100 workers. A t the other end of the scale were 20 stoppages which involved 5,000 to 10,000 workers each and another 20 which involved 10,000 or more workers each. The first group were short stoppages and accounted for only 2.9 percent of the total idleness. The 20 largest stoppages, on the other hand, accounted for 44 percent of the total workers involved in stoppages and 55 percent Work stoppages beginning in 1948 in which 10,000 or more workers were involved Approxi mate duration Establishment(s) and location (calendar days) 3. Feb. 17. Number Per cent of total 3,419 100.0 1,960,000 100.0 34,100,000 100.0 496 6 and under 20____________ 20 and under 100................... 1,204 751 100 and under 250_________ 466 250 and under 500_________ 257 500 and under 1,000________ 205 1,000 and under 5,000______ 20 5,000 and under 10,000_____ 20 10,000 and over____________ Beginning date Per cent of total Man-days idle during 1948 (all stoppages) were responsible for 48 percent of the total workers involved and 60 percent of the idleness. Timbermen and sawmill workers, western Pennsylvania and Maryland, and northern West Virginia. Women’s garment manufac turers, Los Angeles, Calif. Bituminous-coal strike, Na tion-wide. Union(s) involved United Construction Workers, affiliated with District 50 U M W A (independent). International Ladies Garment Workers (AFL). United Mine Workers (inde pendent). Meat-packing plants 20 States. United Packinghouse Workers (CIO). United Automobile Workers (CIO). United Mine Workers (inde pendent). United Rubber, Cork, Lino leum, & Plastic Workers (CIO). United Farm Equipment & Metal Workers (CIO); United Automobile Workers (CIO); United Automobile Workers (AFL). Boeing Airplane Co., Seattle, Aero Mechanics, affiliated with International Association of Wash. Machinists (independent). Chrysler Corp., Detroit, United Automobile Workers Mich., Evansville, Ind., (CIO). and Maywood, Calif. International Harvester Co., United Farm Equipment and Metal Workers (CIO). 10 plants in New York, Indiana, Illinois, and Ken tucky. “ Captive” coal mines, 5 United Mine Workers (inde pendent). States. D o___ Bituminous-coal mines, scat tered locations. International Harvester Co., United Automobile Workers (CIO). Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, and Tennessee. Hudson Motor Car Co., De troit, Mich. Anthracite mines, Pennsyl vania. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. (Plants 1 and 2), Akron, Ohio. Caterpillar Tractor Co., Peoria, 111. Truckers’ strike, New York and northern New Jersey. Maritime industry, West Coast. International Brotherhood of Teamsters (AFL). International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union (CIO); Marine Cooks & Stew ards (CIO); Marine Engineers Beneficial Association (CIO); Marine Firemen, Oilers, Watertenders & Wipers Associa tion (Independent); Radio Of ficers’ Union (Independent). Approxi mate number of workers involved Major terms of settlement 11,000 Wage increase averaging about 28H percent, contingent upon acceptance of an agreement by buyers of timber to pay increased prices. 10,000 Brief stoppage in connection with a local organizing campaign. Dispute over miners’ pensions terminated with selec tion of a neutral trustee and subsequent adoption of a plan calling for pensions of $100 per month to qualified members of U M W A who were 62 years old and who had completed 20 years of service in the mines on or after May 29,1946. Acceptance of prestrike offer of a 9-cent hourly wage increase. Strike terminated when management agreed to recon sider the cases of discharged workers. Work resumed following clarification of bituminouscoal pension controversy. (See above.) Agreement to arbitrate dispute over suspension of worker. 320,000 83,000 13,000 30,000 10,000 20,000 Employer questioned U FEM W ’s right to bargain on renewed contract; stoppage terminated following NLR B representation election. 18,000 Acceptance of company’s prestrike offer of a 15-cent hourly increase. 75,000 2-year contract providing for a wage increase of 13 cents per hour and a wage reopening provision. 34,000 Wage increase of 11 cents hourly made retroactive to June 28, and retention of provisions in old contract. 42,000 Retention of union shop clause with proviso for revision if required by court rulings. Miners returned to work when the agreement was signed in the captive mine strike. Agreement providing for automatic progression from minimum to maximum wage scale, policies for arbi tration and overtime pay for holidays falling on offduty days. Wage increases of 15 cents per hour and upward, based on local union settlements. Separate agreements with different unions provided for wage increases varying in amounts. Longshoremen received increase of 15 cents per hour, additional vaca tion benefits, and retention of union hiring halls pending court decision on their legality. 40,000 23,000 16,000 28,000 13 T a b l e 11 .— W ork stoppages beginning in 1 9 4 8 in which lOfiOO or more workers were involved— Continued Beginning date Sept. 4.......... Approxi mate duration Establishment^) and location (calendar days) (8) Sept. 8.......... 16 Nov. 9.......... 4 Nov. 10........ 18 Union(s) involved Oil companies, California........ Oil W orkersIntemationalUnion (CIO). United Plant Guard Workers (Independent). Briggs Manufacturing Co., Detroit, Mich. Chrysler Mich. Shipping Coast. Corp., Detroit, operators, East United Automobile Workers (CIO). International Longshoremen’s Association (AFL). i By late January approximately 8,000 workers had returned; others re- f i l m e d o K n n t O urnolrQ 1otni* iM ost workers idle 2 days; 3,000 workers for 5 days; 500 idle for approxi mately 2 months. * Settlements reached with Swift, Armour, and Cudahy plants on M ay 21. Stoppage continued at Wilson plants until June 5. * Some workers out only 2 or 3 days. « Total length of stoppage; some workers returned to their jobs during strike and company also hired replacements. of the idleness. The 20 stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers are listed separately in table 11. Duration of Stoppages : About a fourth of the stoppages ending in 1948 lasted from 1 to 3 days, approximately half of them lasted from 4 days to 1 month and the remaining quarter lasted for 1 month or longer. Over three-fourths of the total time lost during strikes in 1948 was in connection with stoppages which lasted for a month or more. (See table 12.) On the average, stoppages lasted 21.8 calendar days T able 12.— Duration of work stoppages ending in 1948 Stoppages Duration Workers involved Man-days idle Per Per Num cent Number cent of ber of total total Number Per cent of total All periods........................... 3,396 100.0 1,940,000 100.0 33,200,000 100.0 1 day..................................... 2 to 3 days............................ 4 days and less than 1 w eek1 week and less than H month................................ H month and less than 1 month................................ 1 month and less than 2 months.............................. 2 months and less than 3 months.............................. 3 months and over............... 127,000 196,000 183,000 127,000 368,000 602,000 .4 1.1 1.8 17.4 2, 200,000 6.6 19.5 4,570,000 13.7 335 531 455 9.9 15.6 13.4 6.5 10.1 9.4 708 20.8 338,000 590 17.4 379,000 468 13.8 505,000 26.1 12,800,000 38.6 165 144 4.9 4.2 127,000 87,700 6.5 4.5 5,930,000 17.8 6,650,000 20.0 Approxi mate number of workers involved 17,000 25,000 13,000 45,000 Major terms of settlement Wage increase of 12M cents per hour in most settlements with individual companies. A 2-year contract retaining a disputed 5-minute pre paratory time arrangement and providing a main* tenance of membership clause. Dispute over production standards to be handled through grievance procedure. Wage increase of 13 cents in straight-time rates, 19J4 cents in overtime rates, a welfare plan and improved vacation benefits. 6 Approximately 2,000 workers at Auburn, N. Y., went out on June 15 and remained out until June 30. 7 Approximately 10,000 New York truck drivers and helpers idled Sept. 1, with the New Jersey workers going out on Sept. 7. On Sept. 18, individual companies began to sign separate agreements with the union. 8 First settlements with individual companies were reached about Nov. 4; other settlements later in November. About 1,600 employees of one com pany still on strike at the end of December. in 1948. This compares with 25.6 calendar days in 1947, and 24.2 in 1946. During the war years (1942-45) the average was 7.8 calendar days; in the prewar period of 1935-39 it was 22.5. Methods of Terminating Stoppages Approximately 44 percent of the stoppages in 1948 were terminated by agreement between the employers and unions (or workers) involved with out the help of any outside agency. This repre sents a slight increase over 1947 when about 40 percent of all stoppages were settled directly. About one-fifth of all stoppages were terminated without formal settlement as contrasted with 14 percent in 1947 and about 12 percent in 1946. This group includes “ lost” strikes in which workers returned to their jobs without settlement or sought other employment because their cause appeared hopeless. About 13 percent of all workers involved were in this group. Government mediation and conciliation agencies (local, State, and/or Federal) assisted in termi nating approximately 31 percent of all stoppages as compared with almost 43 percent in 1947 and 53 percent in 1946. During the war years (194245) considerably more than half of the stoppages were terminated with the assistance of Govern ment agencies. 14 T a b l e 1 3 .— M ethod o f terminating work stoppages ending in 1 9 4 8 Stoppages Method of termination Per Num cent of ber total Workers involved Num ber Per cent of total Man-days idle Num ber Per cent of total All methods.......................... 3,396 100.0 1,940,000 100.0 33,200,000 100.0 A greem ent o f p arties reached— Directly.......................... 1,476 With assistance of non government media tors or agencies........... 25 With assistance of Gov ernment agencies........ 1,037 Terminated without formal settlement.......................... 681 Employers discontinued business............................ 43 Not reported......................... 134 43.5 607,000 31.1 6,630,000 19.9 .7 335,000 17.3 8,370,000 25.2 30.5 715,000 36.9 15,400,000 46.3 20.1 258,000 13.3 2,570,000 7.7 1.3 3.9 3,610 23,700 .2 1.2 158,000 117,000 .5 .4 T able 14.— Disposition of issues in work stoppages ending in 1948 Stoppages Disposition of Issues In almost 72 percent of the stoppages ending in 1948 the major issues were settled or disposed of at the termination of the stoppage. This group involved the largest percentage of workers (74.4) and man-days lost (85.2). In 16 percent of the stoppages the parties agreed to resume work and then settle the issues directly by further negotiations. Nearly 4 percent of the disputes went to arbitration after work was re sumed. Government agencies were to assist with negotiations in 2 percent and many other disputes were referred to the National Labor Relations Board for action. Disposition of issues Workers involved Per Per Num cent Number cent ber of of total total Man-days idle Number Per cent of total Total..................................... 3,396 100.0 1,940,000 100.0 33,200,000 100.0 Issues settled or disposed of Some or all issues to ^ a d justed after resumption of work— B y direct negotiation between employer (s) and union................... B y negotiation with the aid of Government agencies....................... By arbitration............... By other means1........... Not reported........................ 2,432 71.6 1,440,000 74.4 28,300,000 527 15.5 260,000 13.4 2,370,000 7.1 68 132 109 128 2.0 3.9 3.2 3.8 114,000 70,300 23,200 29,700 5.9 3.6 1.2 1.5 1,060,000 618,000 713,000 156,000 3.2 1.9 2.1 .5 85.2 i Included in this group are the cases which were referred to the National or State labor relations boards or other agencies for decisions or elections. Appendix A turing and nonmanufacturing industry groups. The principal developments in connection with the boards of inquiry are shown in chronological order on page 23. These boards were appointed in 1948 under the national emergency provisions of the Labor Management Relations Act. Tables A and B which follow present data for work stoppages in specific industries and within each industry group by major issues involved. In each of 26 States there were 25 or more stop pages in 1948. In table C the stoppages in each of these States are classified according to manufac T able Industry A .— Work stoppages in 1948, by specific industry Stoppages begin Man-days ning in 1948 idle dur ing 1948 stop Num Workers (all pages) ber Involved 13,419 1,960,000 34,100,000 All industries. M anufacturing Primary metal industries.................................... Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills............................................................ Iron and steel foundries................................ Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals............................................. Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals and alloys........................... Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals. . . ....................................... Nonferrous foundries. .................................. Miscellaneous primary metal industries— Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment).. Tin cans and other tinware.......................... Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware. Heating apparatus (except electric) and plumbers’ supplies..................................... Fabricated structural metal products......... Metal stamping, coating, and engraving. _. Lighting fixtures............................................ Fabricated wire products............................. Miscellaneous fabricated metal products. — 168 56,700 1,450,000 52 54 18,700 22,100 430,000 598,000 5 1,520 114,000 3 12 480 4,380 14,700 72,800 23 19 6,260 3,230 137,000 82,300 151 5 16 37,000 1,090 12,600 496,000 28,400 182,000 28 32 28 8 H 23 5,530 7,020 4,160 1,000 2,400 3,190 64,900 80,200 31,800 18,000 28,100 63,200 Ordnance and accessories.................................... Small arms..................................................... 1 1 130 130 230 230 Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies. Electrical generating, transmission, dis tribution, and industrial apparatus......... Electrical appliances..................................... Insulated wire and cable.............................. Electrical equipment for motor vehicles, aircraft, and railway locomotives and cars. Electric lamps............................................... Communication equipment and related products...................................................... Miscellaneous electrical products................ Machinery (except electrical)............................. Engines and turbines.................................... Agricultural machinery and tractors........... Construction and mining machinery and equipment.................................................. Metalworking machinery................. ........... Special-industry machinery (except metal working machinery).................................. General industrial machinery and equip ment- ........................—............................. Office and store machines and devices........ Service-industry and household machines.. Miscellaneous machinery parts.................... 64 31,000 402,000 ment........................................................... Aircraft and parts.. ..................................... Ship and boat building and repairing......... Railroad equipment.................................... . Transportation equipment, not elsewhere classified..................................................... See footnote at end of table. 25 6 3 17,500 2,990 1,610 181,000 36,400 2,390 8 5 3,100 910 60,600 10,200 12 5 1189 6 23 3,470 1,390 152,000 8,840 74,900 63,400 48,000 2,090,000 38,600 846,000 20 30 8,560 10,500 111,000 279,000 23 5,410 134,000 23 12 21 32 5,980 9,900 17,200 10,500 131,000 156,000 249,000 147,000 107 278,000 3,170,000 78 8 11 9 248,000 21,400 4,720 4,440 1,920,000 1, 110,000 41,900 92,900 1 40 2,490 Industry Lumber and wood products (except furniture). Logging camps and logging contractors___ Sawmills and planing mills.......................... Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products.......................... Wooden containers....................................... Miscellaneous wood products...................... Stoppages begin Man-days ning in 1948 idle dur ing 1948 Num- Workers (all stop ber Involved pages) 100 19 32 24,600 14,800 4,620 493.000 264.000 136.000 14 18 17 1,400 2,120 1,690 35.200 31,600 27.200 Furniture Mid fixtures........................................ Household furniture..................................... Office furniture.............................................. Public-building and professional furniture. Partitions, shelving, lockers, and office and store fixtures............................................... Window and door screens, shades, and Venetian blinds.......................................... 63 49 4 1 12,100 10,400 800 60 156,000 90,800 44,600 2,780 2 460 13,700 Stone, clay, and glass products........................... Flat glass....................................................... Glass and glassware, pressed or blown........ Glass products made of purchased glass___ Cement, hydraulic........................................ Structural clay products.............................. Pottery and related products....................... Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products... Cut-stone and stone products..................... Abrasive, asbestos, and miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products......................... 90 22,300 360 1,500 700 1,430 6,850 3,100 620 1,360 365.000 1,180 8,810 5,210 36,900 114.000 62,000 10,600 17,700 Textile mill products........................................... Yam and thread mills (cotton, wool, silk, and synthetic fiber)................................... Broad-woven fabric mills (cotton, wool, silk, and synthetic fiber)........................... Narrow fabrics and other smallwares mills (cotton, wool, silk, and synthetic fiber).. Knitting mills....... ....................................... Dyeing and finishing textiles (except knit goods)......................................................... Carpets, mgs, and other floor coverings___ Hats (except cloth and millinery)............... Miscellaneous textile goods.......................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics M id similar materials.......... .............. Men’s, youths’, and boys’ suits, coats, and overcoats.................................................... Men’s, youths’ and boys’ furnishings, work clothing, and allied garments................... Women’s and misses’ outerwear.................. Women’s, misses’, children’s and infants’ under garments.......................................... Millinery....................................................... Children’s and infants’ outerwear............... Fur goods....................................................... Miscellaneous apparel and accessories......... Miscellaneous fabricated textile products. . Leather and leather products............................. Leather—tanned, curried, and finished____ Industrial leather belting and packing........ Boot and shoe cut stock and findings.......... Footwear (except rubber)............................. Luggage......................................................... Handbags and small leather goods.............. (15) 7 2 5 9 4 23 9 13 8 4,130 17 6,400 108.000 82 21,200 719.000 7 4,820 164.000 17 5,540 297.000 200 1,900 30,200 68.500 6 3 11 4,100 3,090 160 1,440 39,000 81,400 1,700 37.500 131 23,800 267.000 2 30 230 15 71 3,940 13,300 72,700 113.000 9 3,080 110 200 10 2,200 11 160 760 27,200 1,830 1,350 38,700 2,370 9,860 45 8 9,770 940 880 150 7,390 320 90 215.000 24,500 58,300 680 129.000 2,510 540 2 13 4 5 2 2 28 4 1 16 T a b l e A .— W ork stoppages in 1 9 4 8 , by specific industry — Continued Industry Stoppages begin Man-days ning in 1948 idle dur ing 1948 Num Workers (all stop pages) ber Involved Food and kindred products................................ Meat products................................- ............ Dairy products............................................. Canning and preserving fruits, vegetables, and sea foods .......................................... Grain-mill products...................................... Bakery products........................................... Sugar.............................................................. Confectionery and related products............ Beverage industries...................................... Miscellaneous food preparations and kin dred products............................................. 162 28 7 22 133,000 90,400 660 3,880 4,720,000 3,780,000 15,600 78,300 16 29 2 6 40 4,400 12,300 2,710 1,450 15,200 57,500 190,000 215,000 18,400 279,000 12 2,030 81,100 Tobacco manufactures........................................ Cigars............................................................ 3 3 550 550 4,290 4,290 Paper and allied products................................... Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills............. Envelopes...................................................... Paper bags..................................................... Paperboard containers and boxes............... Pulp goods and miscellaneous converted paper products........................................... 40 14 1 1 9 9,720 3,580 80 40 1,520 142,000 51,400 3,200 270 19,400 15 4,500 67,800 Printing, publishing, and allied industries____ Newspapers. ................. - ........... - ............... Periodicals..................................................... Commercial printing.................................... Lithographing............................................... Greeting cards............................................. . Bookbinding and related industries............ Service industries for the printing trade— 43 15 1 15 4 1 3 4 10,900 720 20 9,190 440 60 320 180 587,000 264,000 220 300,000 10,100 220 8,510 3,820 Chemicals and allied products........................... Industrial inorganic chemicals................... . Industrial organic chemicals........................ Drugs and medicines................................. . Soap and glycerin, cleaning and polishing preparations, and sulfonated oils and 73 15 15 7 21,400 6,100 9,890 730 538,000 189,000 251,000 14,600 3 40 530 7 1 6 6 2,030 250 750 290 27,600 5,020 18,500 7,500 13 1,320 24,500 13 6 3 4 48 31 1 2 14 21,300 20,100 570 560 72,300 62,000 1,070 180 9,100 752,000 728,000 11,100 12,400 524,000 303,000 1,070 3,230 217,000 Paints, varnishes, lacquers, japans, and enamels; inorganic color pigments, whit ing, and wood fillers.................................. Gum and wood chemicals............................ Fertilizers.................................................... Vegetable and animal oils and fats............ . Miscellaneous chemicals, including indusProducts of petroleum and coal......................... Petroleum refining........................................ Coke and byproducts................................... Paving and roofing materials....................... Rubber products................................................ Tires and inner tubes................................... Rubber footwear........................................... Reclaimed rubber......................................... Rubber industries, not elsewhere classified. Professional, scientific, and controlling instru ments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks........................................... Laboratory, scientific, and engineering in struments (except surgical, medical, and dental) .................................................. . Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments.............................................. . Optical instruments and lenses.................. . Surgical, medical, and dental instruments and supplies............................................. . Ophthalmic goods....................................... . Photographic equipment and supplies------ 31 5,720 146,000 4 610 36,700 2 7 650 1,810 16,300 15,400 5 7 5 750 880 980 18,200 50,000 8,820 i This figure is less than the sum of the group totals below. This is because a few strikes each affecting more than 1 industry, have been counted as separate strikes in each industryaffected, with the proper allocation of workers and man-days idle to each industry. Industry Stoppages begin Man-days ning in 1948 idle dur ing 1948 Num Workers (all stopInvolved ber Professional, scientific, and controlling instru ments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks—Continued Watches, clocks, clockwork-operated de vices, and parts.......................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........... Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.......... Musical instruments and parts. ................. Toys and sporting and athletic goods......... Pens, pencils, and other office and artists’ materials-.................................................. Costume jewelry, costume novelties, but tons, and miscellaneous notions (except precious metal).......................................... Fabricated plastics products, not elsewhere classified..................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries... 40 80 15,300 400 300 5,540 339.000 14,700 1,800 101.000 24,000 2,820 2,200 92,700 3,260 39.400 65.400 23,100 11,200 11,900 531.000 270.000 260.000 Nonm anufacturing Agiiculture, forestry, and fishing....................... Agriculture.................................................... Fishing.......................................................... 23 10 13 Mining...................................................... Metal mining..................................... Coal mining, anthracite.................... Coal mining, bituminous.................. Nonmetallic mining and quarrying. 614 651.000 10,400,000 8,860 11 473.000 54,500 26 274.000 561 2 582,000 9.560.000 5,400 16 56,500 Construction. .................... ......................... Building construction........................... Highways, streets, bridges, docks, etc.. Miscellaneous- ..................................... . 380 345 31 4 108.000 103,000 280 1.430.000 1.340.000 80,600 5,960 Trade............. Wholesale. Retail____ 241 78 163 30,200 10,800 19,500 557.000 102.000 456,000 18 1,890 46,300 Finance, insurance, and real estate.................... Finance-banks, credit agencies, investment trusts, etc................................................... Insurance...................................................... Real estate.................................................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.................................................. Railroads...................... .............................. . Streetcar and local bus transportation........ Intercity motorbus transportation.............. Motortruck transportation......................... . Taxicabs........................................................ Water transportation.................................. . Air transportation....................................... . Communication............................................ Heat, light, and power................................. Miscellaneous. ............................................. Services—personal, business, and other____ Hotels....................................................... Laundries................................................. Cleaning, dyeing, and pressing............... Barber and beauty shops........................ Business services. .................................... Automobile repair services and garages . Amusement and recreation.................... Medical and other health services.......... Educational services................................ Miscellaneous-.......................... ...................j Government—administration, protection, and sanitation..........................................................| 1 1 16 1,200 40 29,000 700 16,600 160,000 3,670 13,300 1,270 30,100 6,630 83,800 1,760 5,160 2,530 3.290.000 12,200 39,300 309.000 106.000 2.270.000 114.000 174.000 13,600 73,800 6 17 17 20,700 1.720 7.720 1,700 200 2,370 600 550 810 4,280 780 306.000 19,100 103.000 19.700 1,140 26,000 25,000 6,270 13,500 61.700 31,200 25 1,440 8,830 293 12 45 21 55 52 40 3 12 18 35 150 16 25 15 6 18 20 10 108,000 86,000 2 These are more workers than are employed in the industry. Many workers were involved in more than ones toppage and were counted separately each time, 17 T a b l e B .— W ork stoppages in 1 9 4 8 , by industry group and major issues Stoppages begin ning in 1948 Industry group and major issues Num ber All industries................................................. Wages and hours.................................... Union organization, wages, and hours.. Union organization................................ Other working conditions...................... Interunion or intraunion matters......... Not reported........................................... IP All manufacturing industries....................... Wages and hours.................................... Union organization, wages, and hours.. Union organization................................ Other working conditions— ................. Interunion or intraunion matters......... Not reported.......................................... Workers involved Mandays idle during 1948 (all stop pages) 3,419 1,960,000 34,100,000 1,737 1, 210,000 25,200,000 322 128,000 4,390,000 99,800 1,590,000 458 383,000 1,740,000 736 128,000 1,080,000 130 69,900 6,430 36 11,675 927 219 254 219 46 11 959,000 17,600,000 595,000 13,000,000 80,100 2,150,000 34,900 888,000 915,000 213,000 583,000 34,000 52,500 1,860 168 97 10 17 41 1 2 56,700 37,800 3,530 3,750 9,860 1,000 770 1,450,000 1,080,000 107,000 151,000 99,700 13,600 1,370 Union organization, wages, and hours.. Union organization................................ Other working conditions.................... . Interunion or intraunion matters........ . 151 88 18 23 20 2 37,000 22,700 3,640 6,580 3,910 150 496,000 295,000 85,700 91,300 20,900 3,000 Ordnance and accessories............................. Union organization, wages, and hours. 1 1 130 130 230 230 64 43 7 6 6 2 189 116 29 19 20 4 1 107 56 10 5 34 2 31,000 20,400 7,360 450 2,500 230 152,000 80,400 15,600 3,550 28,200 23,900 30 278,000 151,000 14,400 1,760 111, 000 840 402,000 286,000 102,000 4,980 8,070 1,800 2,090,000 1, 010,000 434,000 29,500 159,000 464,000 1,040 3,170,000 2,660,000 147,000 6,530 337,000 21,000 100 56 13 18 10 3 63 39 6 14 3 1 90 52 8 16 10 4 82 35 17 19 8 1 2 24,600 19,100 1,010 1,320 2,050 1,130 12,100 10,400 400 790 190 270 22,300 15,300 1,040 1,240 3,640 1,100 21,200 8,380 2,700 5,000 4,970 90 100 493,000 339,000 31,100 50,900 36,300 35,800 156,000 99,600 33,300 17,000 5,560 530 365,000 296,000 33,400 16,400 17,300 2,000 719,000 313,000 187,000 205,000 12,700 810 110 Primary metal industries........................... Wages and hours.................................. Union organization, wages, and hours. Union organization............................... Other working conditions.................... Interunion or intraunion matters____ Not reported................................. ........ Fabricated metal products (except ord nance, machinery, and transportation equipment)................................................ Wages and hours..................................... . Electrical machinery, equipment, and Vages and hours.......................... Union organization, wages and hours.. Union organization....................... Other working conditions............ Interunion or intraunion matters. Machinery (except electrical)..................... Wages and hours............................... — Union organization, wages, and hours. Union organization............................... Other working conditions.................... Interunion or intraunion matters____ Not reported......................................... Transportation equipment......................... Wages and hours.................................. Union organization, wages, and hours. Union organization.................. .......... Other working conditions.................... Interunion or intraunion matters........ Lumber and wood products (except furni ture).......................................................... Wages and hours.................................. Union organization, wages, and hours. Union organization............................... Other working conditions.................... Interunion or intraunion matters........ Furniture and fixtures................................ Wages and hours.................................. Union organization, wages, and hours. Union organization............................... Other working conditions------ ---------Interunion or intraunion matters.----Stone, clay, and glass products.................. Wages and hours..................................... Union organization, wages, and hours. Union organization............................... Other working conditions................... Interunion or intraunion matters-----Textile mill products.................................. Wages and hours.................................. Union organization, wages, and hours Union organization.............................. Other working conditions....... ............ Interunion or intraunion matters-----Not reported......................................... See footnote at end of table. Industry group and major issues ManStoppages begin days id ning in 1948 during 1948 (all Num Workers stop involved pages) ber All manufacturing industries—Continued Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials............ Wages and hours.................................... Union organization, wages, and hours.. Union organization................................ Other working conditions..................... Interunion or intraunion matters......... Not reported.......................................... 131 36 32 46 7 6 4 23,800 5,440 12,500 2,690 1,980 340 910 267,000 89,800 72,000 45,100 5,770 6,750 47,300 Leather and leather products..................... Wages and hours.................................. Union organization, wages, and hours. Union organization............................... Other working conditions.................... Interunion or intraunion matters........ 45 24 5 8 6 2 9,770 6,400 300 460 2,060 540 215,000 128,000 73,700 4,730 8,300 700 Food and kindred products.................... Wages and hours............................... Union organization, wages, and hours.. Union organization........................... Other working conditions................. Interunion or intraunion matters... 162 91 15 29 20 7 133,000 117,000 1,040 1,770 10,300 2,530 4,720,000 4,500,000 26,300 52,700 124,000 13,400 3 1 1 1 550 20 500 30 4,290 20 4,240 30 Paper and allied products............................ Wages and hours................................... Union organization, wages, and hours.. Union organization................................ Other working conditions.................... . Interunion or intraunion matters......... Not reported......................................... . 40 27 6 2 l 3 1 9,720 7,300 660 80 280 1,380 20 142,000 103,000 20,100 3,390 280 13,000 2,660 Printing, publishing, and allied industries. Wages and hours.................................. . Union organization, wages, and hours. Union organization................................ Other working conditions.................... . Interunion or intraunion matters......... 43 22 12 4 3 2 10,900 1,460 9,070 150 120 120 587,000 26,600 556,000 1,780 130 2,650 Chemicals and allied products................... . Wages and hours.................................. . Union organization, wages, and hours.. Union organization................................ Other working conditions.................... . Interunion or intraunion matters......... 73 46 8 11 6 2 21,400 16,200 460 2,720 1,810 190 538,000 423,000 19,100 73,000 19,600 3,300 Products of petroleum and coal................... Wages and hours.................................. . Union organization, wages, and hours. Other working conditions.................... . 13 8 4 1 21,300 20,800 380 50 752,000 739,000 12,400 140 Rubber products......................................... Wages and hours.................................. Union organization, wages, and hours. Union organization............................... Other working conditions.................... 48 27 1 2 18 72,300 40,900 500 1,260 29,700 524,000 337,000 28,700 101,000 67,600 Professional, scientific, and controlling in struments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks....................... Wages and hours................................... Union organization, wages, and hours.. Union organization................................ Interunion or intraunion matters......... Not reported.......................................... 31 19 6 4 1 1 5,720 4,350 970 340 10 40 146,000 85,500 49,500 10,400 40 80 72 44 11 10 4 3 15,300 9,900 4,380 490 460 120 339,000 184,000 131,000 19,400 3,670 740 Tobacco manufactures............. Wages and hours................ Union organization............ Other working conditions.. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries— . Wages and hours....................................... Union organization, wages, and hours.. Union organization................................ Other working conditions.................... . Interunion or intraunion matters......... All nonmanufacturing industries................. Wages and hours.................................... Union organization, wages, and hours.. Union organization................................ Other working conditions...................... Interunion or intraunion matters......... Not reported........................................... 1,744 810 103 204 518 84 25 996,000 16,500,000 614,000 12,300,000 48,000 2,240,000 701,000 64,900 821,000 171,000 502,000 93,900 17,400 4,570 18 T a ble B.— W ork stoppages in 1 9 4 8 , by industry group and major issues— Continued Mandays idle during 1948 (all Workers stop involved pages) Stoppages begin ning in 1948 Industry group and major issues Num ber All nonmanufacturing industries—-Continued Agriculture, forestry, and fishing................ Wages and hours........................................ Union organization, wages, and hours— Union organization.................................... Interunion or intraunion matters............. 23 18 23,100 17,700 3 2 4,910 530 531,000 388,000 2 79,900 59,500 3,170 Mining........................................................... Wages and hours........................................ Union organization, wages, and hours___ Union organization.................................... Other working conditions.......................... Interunion or intraunion matters............. Not reported............................................... 614 106 5 43 415 24 21 651,000 10,400,000 355,000 8,580,000 185,000 4,060 454,000 51,500 713,000152,000 83,900 419,000 16,500 4,440 Construction.................................................. Wages and hours........................................ Union organization, wages, and hours___ Union organization................ ................... Other working conditions.......................... Interunion or intraunion matters............. Not reported............................................... 380 287 20 28 11 31 3 108,000 93,000 7,790 1,810 1,120 4,090 110 1,430,000 1,310,000 70,800 13,800 4,750 32,900 420 Trade.............................................................. Wages and hours........................................ Union organization, wages, and hours— Union organization.................................... Other working conditions.......................... Interunion or intraunion matters............. 241 146 27 42 18 8 30,200 24,800 1,980 900 1,440 1,090 557.000 458.000 46,300 22,900 17,000 12,900 i This figure is less than the sum of the figures below because a few stoppages, each affecting more than one industry group, have been counted as separate stoppages in each industry group affected; workers involved and man-days idle were allocated to the respective groups. T able Industry group and major issues ManStoppages begin days idle ning in 1948 during 1948 (all stopNum Workers ber involved All nonmanufacturing industries—Continued Finance, insurance, and real estate.............. Wages and hours........................................ Union organization, wages, and hours— Union organization.................................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......................................... Wages and hours........................................ Union organization, wages, and hours___ Union organization.................................... Other working conditions.......................... Interunion or intraunion matters............. Not reported............................................... Services—personal, business, and other----Wages and hours........................................ Union organization, wages, and hours— Union organization..................... .............. Other working conditions......................... Interunion or intraunion matters............. Not reported-............................................. Government—administration, protection, and sanitation........................................ Wages and hours........................................ Union organization, wages, and hours— Union organization.................................... Other working conditions.......................... Interunion or intraunion matters............. 18 11 3 4 1,890 530 1,250 120 46.300 12,800 30.300 3,280 293 158 21 41 59 14 160,000 105,000 31,400 3,760 16,000 4,030 3.290.000 1.280.000 1,790,000 116,000 77,900 30,600 2 180 150 65 26 40 14 4 1 20,700 16,500 1,570 1,860 490 250 20 306.000 224.000 41.400 28.400 8,450 3,550 280 25 19 1 3 1 1 1,440 1,310 20 80 30 10 4,720 340 3,690 60 20 2 Idleness in 1948 resulting from a stoppage which began in the preceding year, C.— Work stoppages in 1948 in States which had 25 or more stoppages during the year, by industry group Stoppages beginning in 1948 State and industry group Num Work ers in ber volved Alabama Primary metal industries.......................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation equipment).............. Machinery (except electrical)................................... Lumber and wood products (except furniture)....... Stone, clay, and glass products................................. Textile mill products. ............................................... Food and kindred products...................................... Chemicals and allied products................................. Products of petroleum and coal................................ Rubber products..................................................... . Mining....................................................................... Construction............................................................. Trade............ ............................................................ . Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.................................................................... Services—personal, business, and other................... California Primary metal industries......................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation equipment) ............ . Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies___ Machinery (except electrical).................................. . Transportation equipment....................................... Lumber and wood products (except furniture)___ Furniture and fixtures............................................. . Stone, clay, and glass products................................. Textile mill products ................................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials................................ . Leather and leather products.................................. . Food and kindred products..................................... . Paper and allied products........................................ . Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. See footnote at end of table. Mandays idle dur ing 1948 (all stop pages) Stoppages beginning in 1948 State and industry group 124 69,800 981,000 California —Continued 7 3,550 26,100 2 1 3 3 4 3 1 1 1 83 5 4 360 300 80 160 3,320 230 70 300 1,000 54,900 4,230 140 2,440 12,600 2,890 10,900 99,600 12,500 1,300 300 1,770 647,000 124,000 1,970 Chemicals and allied products.................................. Products of petroleum and coal................................ Rubber products. ..................................................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instru ments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks............................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ................. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.............................. Construction.............................................................. Trade.......................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate.......................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.................................................................... Services—personal, business, and other................... 5 1 1,200 10 37,100 260 178 106,000 2,790,000 8 5,450 151,000 6 3 3 7 6 3 4 2 830 700 250 4,140 670 180 90 1,290 10,300 13,800 740 54,100 8,500 980 380 10,300 13 3 15 11,300 300 4,780 3 166 51,900 2,430 153,000 190 2,460 Connecticut Primary metal industries........................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation equipment)............... Ordnance and accessories........................................... Machinery (except electrical).................................... Textile mill products.................................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.................................. Food and kindred products....................................... Paper and allied products.......................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries............... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................. Construction............................................................... Trade........................................................................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities..................................................................... Services—personal, business, and other.................... Government—administration, protection, and sanitation................................................................ Mandays idle dur ing 1948 (all stop Num Work ers in pages) ber volved 6 1 1 290 17,200 1,990 5,520 622,000 1,990 180 15,800 7,110 5,720 200 15.100 11,700 362,000 72,300 97.100 2,600 26,100 760 1,140,000 8,440 42 18,000 427,000 5 550 13.000 1 1 2 4 2,950 130 7,250 1,330 39,100 230 128,000 31.000 1 1 1 1 2 10 4 30 340 480 10 2,520 1,600 390 1,490 16,700 1,920 30 90.500 23.500 47,600 6 2 390 20 4,230 180 1 30 130 19 T a b l e C .— W ork stoppages in 1 9 4 8 in States which had 2 5 or more stoppages during the year , by industry group — Continued Stoppages beginning in 1948 State and industry group Num Work ers in ber volved Mandays idle dur ing 1948 (all stop pages) Florida 40 9,550 189,009 Transportation equipment........................................ Stone, clay, and glass products.................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials....... ........................... Food and kindred products....................................... Printing, publishing, and alKed industries............... Chemjicals and allied products.................................. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.............................. Mining........................................................................ Construction............................................................... Trade........................................................................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities..................................................................... Services—personal, business, and other.................... 1 1 90 10 630 100 1 5 3 130 810 250 4 1 8 7 4,580 750 1,240 190 3,250 9,050 2,380 1730 40,900 750 12,900 7,490 6 3 1,340 160 107,000 4,700 Georgia 27 7,430 303,000 Primary metal industries.......................................... Lumber and wood products (except furniture)....... Stone, clay, and glass products................................. Textile mill products. ............................................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.................................. Food and kindred products....................................... Paper and allied products.......................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.............................. Construction.............................................................. Trade.......................................................................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.................................................................... Services—personal, business, and other................... 1 3 3 3 190 380 790 2,250 1,150 17,300 7,940 172,000 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 140 1,950 650 50 80 330 120 630 80,300 6,500 1,020 80 12,400 120 5 1 500 10 3,130 80 237 154,000 3,540,000 Illinois Primary metal industries..*..................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation equipment).............. Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies___ Machinery (except electrical).................................... Transportation equipment........................................ Lumber and wood products (except furniture)....... Furniture and fixtures............................................... Stone, clay, and glass products................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials....... ......................... Leather and leather products.................................... Food and kindred products...................... ................ Paper and allied products.......................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. Chemicals and allied products.................................. Products of petroleum and coal__________________ Rubber products................... ................................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks......... .............................................................. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................. Mining............................................. .......................... Construction. .............................. ........... .................. Trade......................................... ............................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities..................................................................... Services— personal, business, and other................... Government— administration, protection, and sanitation...................................... .......................... Indiana Primary metal industries.......................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation equipment).............. Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies___ Machinery (except electrical).................................... Transportation equipment........................................ Lumber and wood products (except furniture)....... Furniture and fixtures............................................... Stone, clay, and glass products................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.................................. Food and kindred products...................................... Paper and allied products......................................... Printing, publishmg, and allied industries............... Chemicals and allied products.................................. Rubber products....................................................... Mining_____________________________________ See footnote at end of table. 2 18 6,520 223,000 13 5 25 10 1 7 3 2,970 760 62,700 3,920 180 850 190 37,500 23,400 803,000 101,000 1,980 8,900 520 6 4 11 3 3 9 2 1 320 1,560 23,200 950 1,770 2,880 370 1,070 1,960 13,500 975,000 15,400 372,000 68,500 8,460 1,070 4 6 24 36 16 550 2,220 31,300 5,730 770 9,910 24,200 689,000 45,600 8,980 18 11 3,000 260 99,000 8,210 1 50 110 119 76,100 1,070,060 12 2,390 47,300 4 1 14 9 1 2 4 1,650 1,190 14,200 23,700 70 390 530 18,700 9,450 247,000 214,000 460 21,100 14,600 2 11 2 1 50 6,160 480 80 2 38 1,120 22,000 8,250 158,000 6,830 21,500 1170 3,290 283,000 Stoppages beginning in 1948 State and industry group Num Work ers in ber volved Mandays idle during 1948 (all stop pages) Indiana —Continued Construction.............................................................. Trade.......................................................................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.................................................................... Services—personal, business, and other................... Government—administration, protection, and sani tation....................................................................... 5 3 820 230 5,180 3,140 5 3 460 340 5,160 5,130 1 150 |400 Iowa 38 23,600 862,000 2 270 14,600 2 2 3 6 1 1 4 3 180 980 280 19,700 20 390 1,470 50 2 2 250 30 4,960 16,700 7,250 790,000 50 6,680 14,500 250 ? 6,650 260 117 82,100 1,350,000 2 150 890 2 2 3 1 6 370 6,430 330 60 990 12,300 15,900 17,100 2,780 7,960 Food and kindred products...................................... Tobacco manufactures............................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. Chemicals and allied products.................................. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................. Mining....................................................................... Construction.............................................................. 2 2 1 1 2 1 72 7 5 160 110 20 30 330 80 70,400 2,100 250 660 540 20 460 4,310 3,280 1,250,000 27,500 1,120 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.................................................................... Services—personal, business, and other.................... 7 1 270 30 5,470 280 25 11,700 242,000 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 6 1,500 3,000 140 30 50 1,220 10 990 500 31,600 56,500 1,260 50 1,310 80,100 1,660 17,000 2,860 7 1 4,250 10 49,200 30 130 29,800 815,000 3 1,250 17,500 3 6 6 2 1 7 2 6 200 2,210 1,620 880 10 240 40 1,390 2,710 56,700 68,000 38,300 80 6,690 630 93,200 9 11 7 1 3 1 5 450 2,000 4,000 170 130 10 2,050 2,300 125,000 156,000 2,330 4,710 30 19,200 3 840 5,720 Primary metal industries.......................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation equipment) _ ............ Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies----Machinery (except electrical).................................. . Food and kindred products...................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. Mining...................................................................... . Construction............................... .............................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......................... ............... —............... — Services—personal, business, and other.................. . Kentucky Primary metal industries........................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation equipment).............. Machinery (except electrical)................................... Lumber and wood products (except furniture)....... Furniture and fixtures............................................... Stone, clay, and glass products................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials..................................... Maryland Machinery (except electrical).................................... Lumber and wood products (except furniture)....... Furniture and fixtures__________________________ Stone, clay, and glass products................................. Leather and leather products.................................... Food and kindred products....................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. M ining............................................... - ..................... Construction.............................................................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.................................................................... Services—personal, business, and other.................... M assachusetts Primary metal industries.......................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation equipment).............. Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies___ Machinery (except electrical).................................... Transportation equipment........................................ Lumber and wood products (except furniture)....... Furniture and fixtures............................................... Stone, clay, and glass products................................. Textile mill products.................................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.................................. Leather and leather products.................................... Food and kindred products....................................... Paper and allied products................................. ........ Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. Chemicals and allied products.................................. Rubber products........................................................ Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks....................................................................... 20 T a b l e C .— W ork stoppages in 1 9 4 8 in States which had 2 5 or more stoppages during the year, by industry group — Continued Stoppages beginning in 1948 State and industry group Num Work ers in ber volved Mandays idle dur ing 1948 (all stop pages) M ichigan Primary metal industries..................—..................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation equipment)............ Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies___ Machinery (except electrical)............................ Transportation equipment................................ Lumber and wood products (except furniture) Furniture and fixtures....................................... Stone, clay, and glass products......................... Food and kindred products............................... Tobacco manufactures....................................... Paper and allied products................................. Printing, publishing, and allied industries----Chemicals and allied products.......................... Rubber products................................................ Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks....................................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................. Mining........................................................................ Construction.............................................................. Trade......................................................................... . Finance, insurance, and real estate........................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities................................................................... . Services—personal, business, and other... ................ M innesota Primary metal industries.......................................... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies___ Machinery (except electrical)................................... Transportation equipment...................................... Lumber and wood products (except furniture)....... Furniture and fixtures............................................. . Textile mill products. ............................................. . Leather and leather products.................................. . Food and kindred products..................................... . Printing, publishing, and allied industries............ . Construction............................................................ . Trade..... ............................................ ...................... . Transportation, communication, and other public utilities................ - ---------------- ------ - ................... Services—personal, business, and other.................. . Missouri Primary metal industries.......................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation equipment).............. Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies...... Machinery (except electrical)................................... Lumber and wood products (except furniture)....... Furniture and fixtures. Stone, clay, and glass products.. Textile mill products. Leather and leather products.............................. Food and kindred products................................. Paper and allied products.................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. Chemicals and allied products................................. Products of petroleum and coal................................ Rubber products........... ........... ................................ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................. M ining..................................................................... Construction............................................................ Trade......................................................................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities................. - ................................................. Services—personal, business, and other................... State and industry group Work Num ers in ber volved New Jersey M assachusetts—Continued Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing............................. Construction--.......................................................... Trade.......................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate.......................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.—............................................................... Services—personal, business, and other................... Government—administration, protection, and sanitation................................................................. Stoppages beginning in 1948 1 2 18 8 1 650 860 2,870 180 10 6,520 8,280 56,300 1,690 40 15 7 7,480 260 137,000 6,260 2 60 60 196 262,000 2,450,000 6,980 232,000 4,780 22 4,840 9 28 15,500 42 201,000 510 5 880 4 1,970 4 1,700 11 30 1 960 2 20 1 6,260 5 8,000 2 39,800 78,100 238,000 1,510,000 4,370 15,900 43,400 20,600 30 14,600 60 121,000 14,200 1 2 3 4 10 2 100 810 560 550 1,370 70 3,600 32,700 24,900 3,470 3,670 2,100 17 5 3,870 930 39,300 10,200 37 16,900 529,000 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 5 5 680 80 20 20 40 50 190 330 9,650 120 1,780 390 26,400 2,110 1,570 1,510 1,340 250 6,920 10,400 381,000 300 21,700 5,080 2 9 210 3,350 1,300 69,600 65 15,600 371,000 1 60 290 3 480 4 1 2 1 1 5 8 1 2 1 1 1 3 4 14 4 1,240 20 60 50 370 1,720 2,800 70 410 20 50 20 380 4,790 1,550 150 13,000 i 190 13,600 480 1,320 460 14,800 7,440 57,200 1,680 5,300 890 50 340 9,180 216,000 18,300 900 6 2 1,270 70 6,320 3,350 16 Primary metal industries.......................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation equipment).............. Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies...... Machinery (except electrical).................................... Transportation equipment........................................ Lumber and wood products (except furniture)....... Furniture and fixtures............................................... Stone, clay, and glass products................................. Textile mill products................................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.................................. Leather and leather products.................................... Food and kindred products...................................... Paper and allied products—...................................... Chemicals and allied products.................................. Rubber products.................................—........- ......... Professional, scientific, and controlling instru ments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks......... ......................... ...... ..................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................. Mining........................................................................ Construction.............................................................. Trade..................................................................... — Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.................................................................... Services—personal, business, and other— ............... Government—administration, protection, and sanitation................................................................ New York Primary metal industries.......................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation equipment)............... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies___ Machinery (except electrical).................................... Transportation equipment........................................ Lumber and wood products (except furniture)....... Furniture and fixtures............................................... Stone, clay, and glass products................................. Textile mill products................................................ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.................................. Leather and leather products.................................... Food and kindred products....................................... Paper and allied products........................................ Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. Chemicals and allied products.................................. Rubber products........................................................ Professional, scientific, and controlling instru ments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing............................. Construction.............................................................. Trade...... .................................................................. Finance, insurance, mid real estate— ...................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities....... ......................... ................................ Services—personal, business, and other................... Government—administration, protection, and sanitation............................................................... . Ohio Primary metal industries.......................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation equipment)............... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies...... Machinery (except electrical)................................... Transportation equipment....................................... Lumber and wood products (except furniture)....... Furniture and fixtures............................................. . Stone, clay, and glass products............................... . Textile mill products................................................ Food and kindred products..................................... . Paper and allied products........................................ Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. Chemicals and allied products................................ . Products of petroleum and coal............................... Rubber products...................................................... Mandays idle dur ing 1948 (all stop pages) 151 37,800 5 2,180 772,000 65,700 8 12 15 6 3 1 5 6 1,680 3,730 1,890 1,020 150 80 490 1,580 32,200 31,800 48,400 36,700 830 800 20,500 17,900 3 5 12 3 6 2 180 370 3,650 1,010 2,150 3,140 5,330 3,210 117,000 12,700 72,300 19,000 2 6 1 18 9 260, 2,320 170, 1,630 390 9,020 31,400 4,410 140,000 8,630 15 7 9,380 330 83,500 11,100 1 fO 20 450 155,000 2,380,000 14 2,660 41,900 27 4 21 3 1 16 6 23 3,080 150 7,960 440 80 6,190 5,620 2,170 83,900 6,030 91,200 3,740 1,350 25,500 101,000 82,900 55 5 27 12 5 10 2 4,540 2,340 18,300 1,180 6,290 1,460 1,020 71,100 30,500 440,000 16,700 48,500 48,000 46,300 13 24 1 30 68 8 2,280 1,240 40 15,500 9,950 1,480 52,700 23,700 440 234,000 152,000 39,800 39 34 57,500 3,460 686,000 50,200 2 410 1,220 256 122,000 1,480,000 30 6,880 66,700 21 8 28 12 2 2 11 2 12 1 3 7 1 21 3,530 4,500 9,700 17,000 550 210 3,210 440 890 120 110 3,180 1,400 36,400 40,500 15,700 129,000 118,000 5,420 7,600 37,200 20,200 6,620 690 1,580 130,000 92,500 270,000 21 T a ble C .— W ork stoppages in 1 9 4 8 in States which had 2 5 or more stoppages during the year , by industry group — Continued Stoppages beginning in 1948 State and industry group Num Work ers in ber volved Mandays idle dur ing 1948 (all stop pages) 3 5 31 14 16 2 700 1,160 23,100 4,060 1,060 30 42,500 25,400 399,000 29,600 10,100 150 19 4 3,220 140 34,100 1,200 1 30 60 Oregon 50 10,300 360,600 Primary metal industries.......................................... Lumber and wood products (except furniture)....... Food and kindred products....................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.............................. Construction.............................................................. Trade.......................................................................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.................................................................... Services—personal, business, and other.................. 1 15 2 1 1 12 8 80 3,060 160 80 200 2,470 610 2,190 68,900 7,370 380 2,000 56,800 8,990 8 2 3,580 60 213,000 320 440 309,000 4,170,000 Pennsylvania Primary metal industries.......................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)......... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies— Machinery (except electrical)................................... Lumber and wood products (except furniture)....... Furniture and fixtures............................................... Stone, clay, and glass products................................. Textile mill products................................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials................................ . Leather and leather products.................................. . Food and kindred products...................................... Paper and allied produets......................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. Chemicals and allied products...........- ................... . Products of petroleum and coal................................ Rubber products.................................... - ................ Professional, scientific, and controlling instru ments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks.............................................................. . Miscellaneous manufacturing industries--------------Mining........................................................................ Construction....................................... . ................... . Trade.......................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate......................... . Transportation, communication, and other public utilities................................................................... . Services—personal, business, and other.................. . Government—administration, protection, and sanitation............................................................... . 26 11,100 399,000 18 11 21 6 12 6 16 12 7,660 9,380 11,900 2,270 5,430 1,000 4,730 1,740 72,600 128,000 82,100 10,500 105,000 33,700 60,100 88,100 28 3 12 10 5 7 2 6 3,740 510 1,950 2,840 1,110 1,260 270 6,660 53,100 3,650 45,700 46,800 116,000 22,600 11,700 16,500 2 340 10 2,390 124 207,000 28 5,310 22 2,740 1 40 6,920 58,600 2,520,000 62,000 43,200 400 42 16 10,450 6,930 91,400 90,900 3 70 100 R hod e Island Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)........ Machinery (except electrical)................................... Stone, clay, and glass products................................. Textile mill products................................................. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries................ Construction............................................................. . Trade.......................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate......................... . Transportation, communication, and other public utilities................................................................... . Services—personal, business, and other.................. . 26 5,050 114,000 1 4 1 2 1 7 2 1 40 2,630 80 50 100 790 30 30 4,990 75,900 1,360 330 8,970 14,800 50 90 3 4 260 1,040 5,550 2,340 Tennessee 70 27,200 441,000 Primary metal industries.......................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation equipment).............. Machinery (except electrical).................................... Lumber and wood products (except furniture)....... Furniture and fixtures............................................... Stone, clay, and glass products................................. See footnote at end of table. 2 470 5,330 1 1 4 2 2 100 1,320 850 70 400 1,100 15,800 30,900 440 14,100 State and industry group Mandays idle dur ing 1948 (all stopNum Work ers in 0 ber volved Tennessee—Continued O hio—Continued Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks....................................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................. Mining....................................................................... Construction.............................................................. Trade............................................... ...................— Finance, insurance, and real estate......................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.................................................................... Services—personal, business, and other.................... Government—administration, protection, and sani tation....................................................................... Stoppages beginning in 1948 Textile mill products................................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials..............- ........ _....... Food and kindred products...................................... Paper and allied products......................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. Rubber products........................................................ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................. Mining........................................................................ Construction.............................................................. Trade......................................................................... Transportation, communication and other public utilities..................................................................... Services—personal, business, and other................... Government—administration, protection, and sani tation....................................................................... Texas Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation Machinery (except electrical) Transportation equipment........................................ Stone, clay, and glass products................................. Textile mill products................................................ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials................................. Leather and leather products................... - .............. Food and kindred products....................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. Chemicals and allied products.................................. Products of petroleum and coal................................ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries— ............ Construction.............................................................. Trade...................................... ................................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.................................................................... Services—personal, business, and other.................. . Virginia Transportation equipment........................................ Lumber and wood products (except furniture)......... Furniture and fixtures............................................... Stone, day, and glass products................................. Textile mill products................................................. Leather and leather products.................................. Paper and allied products......................................... Chemicals and allied products.................................. Mining....................................................................... Construction............................................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate.......................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.................................................................... Services—personal, business, and other................... W ashington Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)......... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies....... Transportation equipment........................................ Lumber and wood products (except furniture)....... Furniture and fixtures............................................... Stone, clay, and glass products................................. Food and kindred products....................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.............................. Mining....................................................................... Construction.............................................................. Trade.......................................................................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.................................................................... Services—personal, business, and other.................... Government—administration, protection, and sani tation...................................................................... . West Virginia Primary metal industries.................................... Lumber and wood products ^except furniture). Furniture and fixtures........................... - ........... Stone, clay, and glass products.......................... Textile mill products.......................................... . 2 320 1,170 4 2 1 1 3 1 24 3 1 2,400 160 140 30 9,150 30 10,100 130 10 44,000 2,770 1,280 2,990 89,200 700 217.000 12 2 1,370 50 12,400 270 1,100 40 2 20 80 68 25,100 280.000 4 1 1 6 1 130 140 1,020 470 30 4,400 2,520 3,050 13,300 1 5 4 5 2 1 12 4 120 1,910 120 1,140 1,360 40 10,900 330 114,800 1,750 94.900 1,730 32.200 8,710 160 55.900 1,060 17 4 7,320 110 43,000 1,860 85 65,000 431.000 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 62 4 10 40 130 200 70 230 550 30 32,400 140 190 500 1,250 1,570 1,560 15,300 3,040 80 387.000 5 2 1,160 100 17.200 2,310 74 67,600 1,650,000 1,020 1420 2 130 2 15 1 2 1 18,500 3,260 80 240 80 2 2 11 12 250 1,210 2,180 1,990 770 1100 1.050.000 41,800 1,460 4.680 3.680 12,120 2,170 48,600 34.200 99,300 18 5 8,980 350 355,000 9,200 1 10 30 211 180,000 3.150.000 2 1 6 3 7 1 880 260 4,250 1,010 1,680 400 3,510 1,060 78.200 13.200 10,500 14,700 22 T a b l e C .— W ork stoppages in 1 9 4 8 in States which had 2 5 or more stoppages during the year , by industry group — Continued Stoppages beginning in 1948 State and industry group Num Work ers in ber volved Mandays idle during 1948 (all stop pages) Stoppages beginning in 1948 State and industry group Num Work ers in ber volved W est Virginia —Continued W isconsin—Continued Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.................................. Food and kindred products....................................... Tobacco manufactures............................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. Chemicals and allied products.................................. Products of petroleum and coal................................ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................. Mining......... - ............................................................. Construction. . ........................................................... Trade........................................................................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities..................................................................... Services— personal, business, and other................... Government—administration, protection, and san itation...................................................................... Machinery (except electrical).................................... Transportation equipment........................................ Lumber and wood products (except furniture)____ Furniture and fixtures............................................... Stone, clay, and glass products................................. Textile mill products................................................. Food and kindred products....................................... Paper and allied products......................................... Chemicals and allied products.................................. Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks....................................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................. Mining........................................................................ Construction............................................................. Trade........................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate........................... Transportation, communication, and other public utflities..................................................................... Services—personal, business, and other.................... Government—administration, protection, and sanitation................................................................ W isconsin Primary metal industries......................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation equipment)............. Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies— 2 120 3 270 1 500 2 50 5 1,480 1 150 1 40 138 160,000 13 6,660 5 270 12 4 1,010 910 1,830 3,980 4,240 510 17,000 3,750 80 2,860,000 111,000 6,330 7,510 5,960 4 110 4,120 71 25,800 400,000 5 2,060 60,200 7 3 4,450 2,440 50,200 20,400 Mandays idle during 1948 (all stop pages) 9 2 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 3,610 1,310 60 70 70 60 7,580 10 30 70,800 21,000 680 690 3,800 120 179,000 40 980 1 1 1 15 6 1 10 250 20 1,860 290 30 40 750 320 16,600 7,240 420 3 2 510 620 29,800 3,290 4 480 1,930 i Idleness in 1848 resulting from stoppages which began in the preceding extended into 2 or more industry groups have been counted in this table as year. separate stoppages in each industry group affected; workers involved and * The sum of this column is more than 119 because a few stoppages which man-days idle were allocated to the respective groups. Appendix B Work of Emergency Boards of Inquiry in 1948 Boards of Inquiry established by the President under the national emergency provisions of the Labor-Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) A ct o f 1947, investigated seven disputes in 1948. In each instance, operations are traced chrono logically in the following record from the date that the President named the members of the board through final settlement of the individual dispute. These summaries afford an opportunity to review the interplay of the work done by the boards of inquiry, by labor and management, and by public agencies in settling the major grievances which threatened national health or safety. Atomic Energy Dispute: Atomic Trades and Labor Council (AFL), and Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corp. M arch 5: Board of inquiry appointed by the President to investigate and report on the labor dispute at Oak Bidge National Laboratory over wage adjustments and retention of sick-leave benefits. Members— John Lord O’ Brian, New York and Washington attorney, chair man; C. Canby Balderston, dean of Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, University of Pennsylvania; and Stanley F. Teele, assistant dean of Harvard Gradu ate School of Business Administration. M arch 15: Board’s first report submitted to the President; it found that the issues in dispute remained unsettled and the threat of strike unaltered. M arch 19: Department of Justice requested and obtained injunction from the United States District Court of East Tennessee. M arch 24: Board of inquiry reconvened by the President. M ay 18: Board’s second report submitted to the President, containing a statement of employer’s last offer and stating that positions of the parties remained unaltered and dispute unsettled. J une 1-2: National Labor Kelations Board conducted a secret ballot to ascertain whether workers wished to accept final offer of the employer. By a vote of 771 to 26 the employer’s last offer was rejected. ' J une 11: Injunction dissolved by court upon motion of Attorney General. J une 15: Agreement by parties reached on the terms of a new contract, which granted workers hourly wage increases from 6% to 40% cents retroactive to Decem ber 18,1947, and sick-leave benefits, varying in amounts according to years of service. (2 3 ) J une 18: The President reported to Congress on the dispute and recommended that special study be given to the problem of peaceful and orderly settlement of labor disputes in Government-owned, privately operated atomic energy installations. He proposed establish ment of a commission to study possible need of special legislation to avert labor shut-downs in atomic energy plants. Members were to be appointed with the advice of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Joint Com mittee on Atomic Energy. Meat-Packing Dispute: United Packinghouse Workers of America (CIO), and Five Major Meat-Packing Firms. M arch 15: Board of inquiry appointed by the President to investigate the dispute in the meat-packing industry over the union’s demand for increased wages. Mem bers— Nathan P. Feinsinger, professor of law, University of Wisconsin, chairman; Pearce Davis, Department of Business and Economics, Illinois Institute of Technology; and Walter V. Schaefer, professor of law, Northwestern University Law School. M arch 16: Strike began in plants of the five companies in 20 States. Approximately 83,000 workers involved. A pril 8: Keport of board submitted to the President setting forth and analyzing the position of the parties. M ay 21: Strike terminated at plants of four o f the larger companies following the union’s acceptance of a 9-cent hourly wage increase. J une 5: Strike was ended at Wilson & Co. under approxi mately the same terms. Bituminous-Coal Miners’ Pension Dispute: United Mine Workers of America (Ind.), and Bituminous-Coal Mine Operators. M arch 15: Work stoppage began. Within a few days approximately 320,000 workers were involved. M arch 23: Board of inquiry appointed by the President. Members— Federal Judge Sherman Minton, chairman; George W. Taylor, Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, University of Pennsylvania; Mark Ethridge, publisher of the Louisville Courier-Journal. Principal issue was the union’s charge that employers had failed to set up a pension plan, as provided for in the contract of July 1947. M arch 31: Board report submitted to the President, find ing that action of union president by communications to UM W A officers and members induced miners to stop work in a concerted fashion and that stoppage was not independent action by miners acting individually and separately. A pril 3: A 10-day restraining order issued by United States District Court for District of Columbia. 24 A pril 10: The Speaker of the House of Representatives suggested Senator Styles Bridges of New Hampshire as the neutral member of the board of trustees. This was acceptable to the union and industry representatives of the board of trustees. A pril 12: Senator Bridges proposed a plan whereby pensions of $100 a month were to be paid to members of the U M W A, who, on and after May 29, 1946, had completed 20 years1service in the mines and had reached 62 years of age. This plan was accepted and declared adopted, the operators’ trustee dissenting. A pril 19: The court found the UM W A president and the union guilty of both criminal and civil contempt of court, resulting in fines, on the criminal charges, of $20,000 against John L. Lewis, president, and $1,400,000 against the union. April 21: An 80-day injunction issued by the court, forbidding continuance or resumption of a Nation-wide coal strike. A pril 24-26: Most miners returned to work. J u n e 23: The court dissolved the injunction which had been in effect since April 21. and retention of union hiring halls.8 Board hearings held concurrently in New York and San Francisco. J une 11: Board report submitted to the President. June 14: Temporary restraining orders issued by Federal District courts in New York, San Francisco, and Cleveland. June 22: Federal District courts in San Francisco and Cleveland issued second 10-day restraining orders. June 23: The Federal District Court in New York issued an 80-day injunction barring strikes of maritime workers on Atlantic and Gulf coasts. J une 30: The court in Cleveland issued an 80-day injunc tion covering Great Lakes area. J uly 2: The court in San Francisco issued an 80-day in junction covering Pacific Coast area. A ugust 10: Board reconvened, with some members sitting in San Francisco. A ugust 11: Board reconvened, with some members sitting in New York. A ugust 14: Board’s final report submitted to President, including statement of employers’ last offer of settle ment. A ugust 18: National Maritime Union reached an agree ment with Atlantic and Gulf Coast shipping operators Telephone Dispute: American Union of Telephone Workers providing for wage increases and retention of union {CIO), and American Telephone & Telegraph Co. {Long hiring halls pending court rulings on their legality. Lines Division). A ugust 25: National Marine Engineers’ Beneficial Asso M ay 18: Board of inquiry appointed by the President. ciation reached an agreement with Atlantic and Gulf Members— Sumner H. Schlichter of Harvard Univer Coast operators providing for wage increases; union sity, chairman; Charles A. Horsky, attorney of Wash hiring halls to be continued until their legal status ington, D. C.; and Aaron Horwitz, industrial relations determined by court action. expert of New York City. The Board to report by A ugust 27: American Radio Association signed new con June 8. Principal issues: Demands for increased wages tract providing for wage increases, and renewal of hiring and changes in working rules. hall provisions of old contract pending court rulings on M ay 25: Formal hearings scheduled to begin were post their legality. poned until June 8. A ugust 30-31: National Labor Relations Board con J u n e 4: The company and union signed a 21-month ducted secret ballot of West Coast employees on question agreement, which did not provide for general wage of accepting employers’ last offer. International Long increase but provided for improvements in working shoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union boycotted conditions and for reopening of wage question at any balloting and did not appear to vote; other West Coast time. unions received ballots by mail. September 1: The 80-day injunction covering Atlantic Maritime Industry Dispute— Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf and Gulf Coasts dissolved by court action. Coasts, and Great Lakes: Maritime Unions,7 and Shipping September 2: The 80-day injunction covering West Coast Companies. dissolved. September 2: National Maritime Union reached an agree J u n e 3: Board of inquiry appointed by the President. ment with Great Lakes operators, retaining hiring hall Members— Harry Shulman of Yale University Law clauses pending final court decision on the issue. School, chairman; Andrew Jackson, attorney, New September 3: Stoppage began at Pacific Coast ports over York City; Arthur P. Allen, University of California, wage and hiring hall issues. Approximately 28,000 long Institute of Industrial Relations; Jesse Freidin, attorney, shoremen and ship-crew members directly involved. New York City; George Cheney, San Diego labor N ovember 25: Settlement between employers and ILW U relations consultant. Principal issues were higher wages (CIO), providing for hourly wage increases of 15 cents, not retroactive, and retention of union hiring halls pend 7 International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union (CIO), ing court rulings on their legality. Other striking unions National Maritime Union (CIO), National Union of Marine Cooks and secured settlements within the next few days. Stewards (CIO), National Marine Engineer’s Beneficial Association (CIO), Pacific Coast Marine Firemen, Oilers, Watertenders and Wipers’ Association (Ind.), and American Radio Association (CIO). The International Brother hood of Electrical Workers (AFL) through one of its locals, representing marine radio operators, was also involved. 8 The basic dispute—the question of retaining hiring halls—arose from the amendment of National Labor Relations Act by Labor Management Re lations (Taft-Hartley) Act of 1047. 25 Bituminous-Coal Miners' Contract Dispute: United Mine Workers of America (Ind.), and Bituminous-Coal Mine Operators June 19: Board of inquiry appointed by the President to report on coal contract dispute over wages and other conditions of employment. Members— David L. Cole, attorney, of Paterson, N. J., chairman; E. Wight Bakke, Yale University; Waldo E. Fisher, University of Penn sylvania. June 24: Agreement covering commercial mines reached on a 1-year contract, which provided for a wage increase of $1 per day and for doubling the operators' payment into the welfare and retirement fund to 20 cents per ton of coal mined. J une 26: Board reported to the President that threat of a coal strike affecting the public interest had been averted.® Dock Workers' Dispute on the Atlantic Coast: International Longshoremen’s Association (AFL), and shipping com panies. A ugust 21: The Federal District Court in New York issued 10-day restraining order prohibiting strikes and lock-outs by longshoremen and employers at Atlantic Coast ports. A ugust 24: An 80-day injunction issued by the court. The effect of this was to prohibit strikes or lock-outs until November 9. A ugust 26: Board reconvened by the President. October 21: Board's final report submitted to the Presi dent, including a statement of employers’ last offer of settlement. N ovember 4 -5 : National Labor Relations Board con ducted poll of union members on question of accepting employers' last offer. Employees rejected terms by large majority. N ovember 9: Agreement concluded between union officers and shipping representatives, providing for hourly wage increases of 10 cents in straight-time rates and 15 cents in overtime rates. A ugust 17: Board of inquiry appointed by the President. Members— Saul Wallen, labor attorney, Boston, Mass., chairman; Joseph L. Miller, labor consultant, Washing ton, D. C.; Julius Kass, attorney, New York City. Principal issues: Wage increases and application of overtime rates. N ovember 9: Anti-strike injunction dissolved by court action. A ugust 20: Board's report submitted to the President stating that dispute over overtime payments had blocked negotiations and that agreement on other terms might be reached quickly if overtime question could be resolved.9 N ovember 12: Majority of union locals rejected tentative agreement and an official strike sanctioned by union. Approximately 45,000 dock workers, from Maine to Virginia, involved. 9 The agreement negotiated with the commercial bituminous-coal mine operators was not accepted by operators of “ captive” mines. The unionshop clause was the issue in dispute. About 42,000 employees of “ captive” mines were on strike for about 9 days in July. Operators then accepted the union-shop clause with proviso that it would be modified if court rulings required. N ovember 25: Agreement reached providing for a 13-cent hourly increase in straight-time rates, 19}4-cent increase in overtime rates, a welfare plan, and improved vacation benefits. Agreement ratified by membership, and dock workers returned to work on November 28. N ovember 10: Sporadic stoppages developed along Atlantic Coast as longshoremen voted to reject agree ment. Appendix C Methods of Collecting Strike Statistics pathy or protest strikes may also be intended to record the workers’ feelings against actions (or absence of action) by local, State, or Federal Government agencies on matters of general worker concern. Coverage.— The Bureau’s statistics on work stop pages include all known strikes and lock-outs in the continental United States involving as many as six workers and lasting a full shift or longer. Stoppages which affect fewer than six workers, or last less than a full workday or shift are not in cluded because it is virtually impossible to secure an adequate coverage of these minor disputes. Quantitative measures.— Statistically, work stop pages are measured in terms of the number of stoppages, the number of workers involved, and the number of man-days of idleness. Figures on “ workers involved” and “ man-days idle” cover all workers made idle in establishments directly in volved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establish ments or industries whose employees may be made idle as a result of material or service shortages. Definitions.— For statistical purposes the follow ing definitions are used: A strike is a temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees to express a grievance or to enforce a demand. A lock-out is a temporary withholding of work from a group of employees by an employer (or a group of employers) in order to coerce them into accepting the employer’s terms. Collection of data.— Notices of the existence of work stoppages are obtained from various sources. Press clippings on labor disputes are received from daily and weekly newspapers throughout the country. Notices are also received directly from the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, as well as from agencies concerned with labormanagement disputes in over 30 States. Various employer associations, corporations, and unions which collect data for their own use also furnish the Bureau with work stoppage information. Upon receipt of a work stoppage notice a ques tionnaire is sent to each party involved to secure first-hand information from the employer and the union as to the number of workers involved, dura tion, major issues, method of settlement, etc. In some instances, field agents of the Bureau secure the necessary data by personal visit. These definitions point out certain character istics inherent in each strike or lock-out: (1) The stoppage is temporary rather than permanent; (2) the action is by or against a group rather than an individual; (3) an employer-employee relation ship exists; and (4) the objective is to express a grievance or enforce a demand. A t times, the grievance may or may not be against the employer of the striking group. In jurisdictional, as well as rival union or representa tion strikes, the major elements of dispute may be between two unions rather than directly with the employer. In a sympathy strike there is usually no dispute between the striking workers and their immediate employer but the purpose is to give union support or broaden group pressure for the benefit of some other grdifp of workers. Sym (2 6 ) O. S . GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1 9 49