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U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R L. B. SCHWELLENBACH, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS A. F. Hinrichs, A cting Commissioner + W ork Stoppages Caused by Labors Management Disputes in 1945 Bulletin J<[p. 878 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 10 cents Contents Page Summary__________________________________________________________ Work stoppages during the war______________________________________ Work stoppages in 1945: Monthly trend_________________________________________________ Industries affected______________________________________________ States affected_________________________________________________ Cities affected__________________________________________________ Workers involved_______________________________________________ Stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers_____________ Number of establishments involved______________________________ Unions involved________ Duration of work stoppages_____________________________________ Major issues involved___________________________________________ Results of work stoppages__________________________________ Methods of terminating work stoppages__________________________ Strikes under War Labor Disputes Act in 1945________________________ Work stoppages of concern to the National War Labor Board__________ Scope and method__________________________________________________ Appendix: Table A.— Work stoppages in 1945 in States which had 25 or more stoppages during the year, by industry group__________________ (in ) 1 6 6 8 15 16 17 18 22 22 23 25 27 29 30 30 32 34 Letter o f Transmittal U n ited S tates D epa rtm en t op L abor , B ureau op L abor S ta tistic s , Washington, D. C.f M a y 29, 1946 . The S ecretary of L a b o r : I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on work stoppages caused by labor-management disputes in the United States during 1945. This report was prepared in the Bureau’s Industrial Relations Branch under the direction of Don Q. Growther. A. F. H in r ic h s , Acting Commissioner „ Hon. L. B. S ch w ellen ba ch , Secretary of Labor . (IV) Bulletin 7s[o. 878 o f the United States Bureau o f Labor Statistics [Reprinted from the M onthly L abor Review, May 1946, with additional data] W ork Stoppages Caused by Labor-Management Disputes in 1945 Summary There were 4,750 work stoppages arising from labor-management disputes in the United States during 1945. This number was greater than in any preceding year except 1944, when 4,956 occurred. The number of workers involved in 1945 stoppages (3,467,000) and the resulting idleness (38,025,000 man-days) were greater than in any year since 1919—the year following the close of World War I. In 1944, the last full year of the war, 2,116,000 workers were involved in stoppages, and idleness amounted to less than 9,000,000 man-days. The equivalent of slightly more than 12 percent of the country’s employed wage earners were involved in work stoppages during 1945, and the resulting idleness amounted to about one-half of 1 percent (0.47 percent) of the available working time in American industry. The total effect of these stoppages on the economy cannot be estimated, for the secondary effects cannot be measured. The 38,025,000 man-days of idleness among workers directly involved was equivalent to the time that would have been lost by wage earners in the United States if all industry had ceased to operate for about 1% working days. These figures for work stoppages during 1945 do not tell the full story, as there was a distinct change in the pattern of work stoppages after VJ-day (August 14). Also, the comparison with 1919 is not altogether valid, as 1919 represented a full postwar year, whereas there were only 4 % postwar months in 1945. M ost of the stoppages before the end of the war were small, spontaneous and unauthorized strikes, many of them over minor issues which were quickly settled or turned over to Government agencies for decisions or settlements to be worked out after work was resumed. After VJ-day, however, the stoppages, on the average, were bigger, longer, and more difficult of solution, as the disputes involved such fundamental issues as the wage structure and its relation to prices and profits. With the beginning of reconversion to peacetime production came lay-offs of workers in most war production industries and reductions in the number of working hours per week, which meant less takehome pay. Most employees had been working a 48-hour week, which, with overtime for the last 8 hours, meant the equivalent of pay for 52 hours at straig;ht-time rates. The change to a 40-hour week cut their weekly earnings substantially. Such reductions naturally intensified the demand for wage-rate changes which, as a matter of fact, had been more and more insistently advanced by the unions since the fall of 1943. Prior to that time the unions had supported wage stabilization and, in general, even the specific formulas for stabilization. They had, however, insisted on (l) 2 more rigorous price control and finally upon a roll-back of prices, for the Bureau of Labor Statistics consumers1 price index had con tinued to advance after the “Little Steel” formula was developed in 1942. When it had been demonstrated that prices could not be held within the 15-percent limit that basic wage rates were permitted to advance, the unions urged more and more strongly a wage-stabiliza tion policy that would permit general increases in basic wage rates at least equal to changes in the cost of living. Their demands were tempered by general adherence to the no-strike pledge on the part of union leaders and also perhaps by the fact that, with long hours, upgrading and administrative adjustment in the rates paid to indi viduals, the consequences of the virtual freezing of basic wage rates under the “Little Steel” formula were somewhat mitigated. In addition, of course, although there was no concession with respect to general wage-rate changes, the War Labor Board permitted some improvement in working conditions through concessions to the unions on a number of “fringe issues.” By the end of the war, however, there was less and less opportunity for these adjustments, while prices continued slowly but persistently to rise. With the ending of the war basic wage rates took on added importance, for it was certain that industry’s practice would result in paring away the gains that individuals had obtained in a wartime labor market. It was against this background then that the unions faced a large reduction in take-home pay as a result of the elimination of over time work. Reductions in the length of the workweek have always stimulated demands for wage-rate increases to maintain take-home pay. In addition to all this there was the belief that profits both before and after taxes were large enough for many companies to sustain some increase of wages without necessitating a price in crease. Thus some of the larger unions announced soon after VJday that they would seek wage increases sufficient to maintain for 40 hours of work the weekly earnings their members received during wartime, contending that employers, with their accumulated wartime profits and bright outlook for an era of high production and good markets, could well afford to pay such increases. During the war the National War Labor Board had been given the final authority to determine disputes affecting the war effort, and it was required to approve substantially all wage increases before they could be put into effect. Almost immediately after the termination of the war a change in wage policy was announced, permitting em ployers to increase wages without War Labor Board approval pro vided the increases were not used as grounds for seeking price in creases. It was also announced that the National War Labor Board would go out of existence at the end of 1945. The Board, therefore, declined to accept any additional dispute cases unless the parties agreed beforehand that they would abide by its decision. These developments opened the way for workers to seek wage increases without specific Government approval and widened the range for free collective bargaining. Many of the strikes that developed in connection with the disputes which followed were long and stubborn. The unions were strong and in dead earnest about maintaining high earnings, remembering the reductions in pay and in national income after the last war, which led to a period of hardship and the depres sion of 1921. 3 Of the total stoppages beginning in 1945, about 62.5 percent began in the 7K months preceding VJ-day, and made idle about 52 percent of the total workers involved. Only a fourth of the total idleness in 1945 occurred, however, in the months preceding VJ-day. From January 1 to August 14 the idleness during stoppages amounted to 0.17 percent of the available working time; from August 15 to De cember 31 it was 1.07 percent. The industries most affected by work stoppages were automobile manufacturing and coal mining. Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Ohio were the States most affected; these three experienced roughly 40 percent of the total work-stoppage impact. 1 The number of workers involved In some strikes which occurred from 1916 to 1926 is not known. How ever, the missing information is for the smaller disputes, and it is believed that the totals here given are fairly accurate. a “ Total employed workers” as used here refers to all workers except those in occupations and professions in which there is little if any union organization or where strikes rarely if ever occur. In most industries it includes all wage and salary workers except those in executive, managerial, or high supervisory positions or those performing professional work the nature of which makes union organization or group action im practicable. I t excludes all self-employed, domestic workers, agricultural wage workers on farms employ ing less than 6, all Federal and State government employees, and the officials, both elected and appointed, in local governments. * AvaDable working time was computed for purposes of this table by multiplying the average number of employed workers each year by the number of days worked by most employees during the year. <Not available. The average stoppage in 1945, regardless of the number of workers involved, lasted nearly 10 calendar days. Half of the stoppages involved 150 workers or less each, although the average number of workers involved per stoppage was 730 because of the heavy weight ing of a few large strikes. In nearly a fourth of the work stoppages the workers obtained agree ments for substantial gains before resuming work; they obtained IDLENESS DURING WORK STOPPAGES, EMPLOYMENT, AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION 1935-39 >100 INDEX INDEX 250 250 1 INDUS’!rRIAL PIRODUCTU \ y 200 MAN-DAY! P HI / 200 150 150 EMPLOYMENT 100 100 t \ i 50 50 1927 1928 1929 u n it c o s t a t e s d e p a r t m e n t o p l a b o r BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS_________ 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 CHART t 698252 WORK STOPPAGES BY YEARS 05 Cn IDLENESS AS A PERCENTAGE OF 6 compromise settlements in 12 percent of the cases, lost in 16 percent, and in about 45 percent agreed to resume work while the issues were negotiated further or decided by third parties. Government agencies assisted in settling about 60 percent of the stoppages. There were 20 Government seizures of plants and facili ties following work stoppages. Only 213 stoppages (4.5 percent of the total) followed strike ballots conducted by the National Labor Relations Board under provisions of the War Labor Disputes Act. Work Stoppages During the War Until VJ-day in 1945, work stoppages generally followed the pattern of preceding war years; they were numerous but, for the most part, small and quickly terminated. Labor’s “ no strike” and industry’s “ no lock-out” pledge made to the President of the United States at the inception of the war in December 1941 were generally observed by the leaders of both sides. During the entire war period few if any strikes were authorized by the national and international unions. When local stoppages occurred, union leaders usually cooperated with Government agencies in securing a resumption of work with a minimum loss of production. There were, however, 14,731 work stoppages from December 8, 1941, to August 14, 1945, in which 6,744,000 workers were involved (counting each worker separately each time if involved in two or more stoppages). Over 36,000,000 man-days of idleness—slightly over a tenth of 1 percent of the available working time—resulted from these stoppages. The record for each war year is given in table 2. T able 2.— Work Stoppages During World War I I Work stoppages Period Number Man*days idle Workers involved Number Percent of available working time Total—World War I I ........................................................ 14,731 6,744,000 36,301,000 0.11 December 8-31,1941........................................................... 84 2,968 3,752 4,956 2,971 16,000 840,000 1,981,000 2,116,000 1,791,000 303,000 4,183,000 13.501,000 8,721,000 9,593,000 .06 .05 .15 .09 .17 1943....................................................................................... January 1-August 14,1945................................................. Work Stoppages in 1945 1 M ONTHLY TREN D The concentration, in the few months after VJ-day, of nearly 75 percent of the year’s work-stoppage idleness was due to the change in the character of strikes (i. e., they involved more workers and were longer, on the average, than in the preceding period) rather than to a substantial increase in the number of stoppages. In fact, the monthly trend in number of stoppages was not unlike the general trend of i The section covered by pp. 6-21 pertains primarily to stoppages which began during the year; the succeeding part of the statistical analysis refers to those which ended in 1945. 7 CHART 9 WORK STOPPAGES IN 1945 BY MONTHS 'THOUSANDS WORKERS INVOLVED IN NEW STOPPAGES THOUSANDS 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 m il l io n s UNITEO STATES DEPARTMENT OP LABOR BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS MAN-DAYS IDLE M,LU0NS 8 other recent years. From 234 new stoppages in January the number increased each month to 523 in July, dropped to 447 in August, reached a high of 573 in September, then decreased monthly to a low of 134 in December (table 3). The number of workers involved in new stoppages increased each month from January to May, decreased somewhat during the summer months, rose in September and October to a high of over half a million, then declined in November and December. Less than twotenths of 1 percent of the country’s wage earners were involved in stoppages in January; in October 3.15 percent were involved some time during the month. Idleness ranged by months from about 200,000 man-days in Jan uary to 8,611,000 in October. The large figure for October was caused primarily by the strike of supervisory workers in bituminouscoal mines, which was in progress for the first 3 weeks of the month. Idleness in November dropped a little, but increased in December, largely as a result of the strike in General Motors Corp. plants, which began on November 21 and was still in effect at the end of the year. T able 3.— Work Stoppages in 1944 and 1945, by Months Number of stop pages— Month m January............................. F e b ru a ry ......................... M arch..................... .......... April.......... ....................... M ay______ _____ _____ June................ .................. Ju ly ................................... August............................. September......................... October........... .................. November...... .................. December.......................... idle during Workers involved in stoppages— May-days month In effect during month Begin ning in month Percent of avail able working tim e 2 In effect during month Beginning in month 330 340 386 463 689 441 469 601 408 430 346 264 363 378 429 516 666 519 538 687 480 493 426 318 113,500 146,400 134,700 165,500 319,000 144,600 171,500 197,900 207,400 221,900 201,400 91,700 333,600 163,200 147,800 181,200 343,300 220,500 208,100 238,900 234,800 238,100 229,300 116,600 0.44 .54 .49 .60 1.15 .73 .69 .79 .78 .80 .77 .39 710,000 459,000 441,000 614,000 1,443,000 727,000 652,000 959,000 786,000 756,000 789,000 387,000 0.09 .06 .05 .08 .18 .09 .08 .12 .10 .10 .11 .05 234 279 382 431 433 482 523 447 573 474 368 134 265 313 422 486 517 576 611 586 730 737 619 367 46,700 111,000 196,900 305,500 332,700 331,600 325,000 270,900 525,600 550,500 420,200 50,400 55,100 118,300 226,500 327,400 358,200 382,500 413,000 354.300 610,900 851,700 660,400 503,900 .19 .41 .78 1.13 3.24 1.32 1.44 1.24 2.26 3.15 2.40 3.82 199,000 388,000 775,000 1,472,000 2,219,000 1,886,000 1,769,000 1,712,0O0 4,341,000 8,611,000 6,935,000 7,718,000 .03 .06 .10 .20 .29 .25 .24 .24 .73 1.39 1.20 1.39 Number Percent of total em ployed 1 Number m s January............................. February........................... M arch................................ April.................................. M ay................................... June................................... July................................... A u g u st-............................ September......................... October.............................. November......................... December.......................... 1 See footnote 2 to table 1. *See footnote 3 to table 1. INDUSTRIES AFFECTED Automobile manufacturing was affected by work stoppages in 1945 to a greater extent than any other industry group, with idleness 9 during stoppages amounting to more than 4 percent of the available working time (table 4). There were several fairly large stoppages in the industry through the year in addition to the General Motors strike, which started in November and involved about 200,000 workers. The mining industries (principally coal) came next, with 2.88 percent of available time lost. Counting the workers separately each time when involved in more than one stoppage, the mining industries had more workers involved than any other group and automobiles came second. The rubber industry had the highest percentage of workers involved— 127 percent of the total employed in the industry. Several thousand workers in Akron plants were involved in more than one stoppage. Industries manufacturing iron and steel and their products had more stoppages (817) than any other group; the mining industries came next with 670. T able 4.— Work Stoppages Beginning in 1945, by Industry Group 1* 4 Industry group Number of stop pages begin ning in 1945 Workers involved Number Percent of total em ployed* Man-days idle during 1945 Number Percent of avail able working tim e» AH industries....................................... ........................... 4 4,750 3,467,000 12.2 38,025,000 0.47 Manufacturing............................................................... Food and kindred products.................................... Tobacco manufactures........................................... Textile-mill products.............................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials............................... Lumber and timber basic products....................... Furniture and finished lumber products.............. Paper and allied products...................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries_____ Chemicals and allied products............ ................. Products of petroleum and coal............................. Rubber products.................................................... Leather and leather products................................. Stone, clay, and glass products.............................. Iron and steel and their products.......................... Nonferrous metals and their products_________ Machinery (except electrical)................................. Electrical m achinery............................................. Transportation equipment (except automobiles). Automobiles and automobile equipment.............. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—........... Nonmanufacturing.................... .................................. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing............ ............ Mining...................................................................... Construction............................................................ Trade........................................................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate........................ Transportation, communication, and other pub lic utilities......................................................... . Services—personal, business and other................. Other nonmanufacturing industries...................... 3,185 212 22 187 2,509,000 83,900 15,800 107,400 19.6 7.4 18.0 9.3 28,758,000 959,000 284,000 1,456,000 T ii .30 1.12 .44 15,400 1.7 57,600 11.9 20,800 5.9 27,700 8.2 13,200 3.7 43,600 7.2 34.2 50,000 <258,400 <127.3 50,600 14.9 60,400 17.2 425,100 26.4 75,000 18.8 228,200 20.0 121,200 18.4 360,500 23.4 473, 700 75.9 20,600 5.0 958,000 6.1 5,000 («) 678,000 89.8 45,800 5.8 34,800 .6 15,700 («) 177,000 2,230,000 363,000 354,000 221,000 427,000 450,000 1,521,000 248,000 1,203,000 3,731,000 600,000 %965,000 1,390,000 2,430,000 7,308.000 441,000 9,267,000 47,000 6,234,000 447,000 336,000 80,000 .07 1.61 .36 .36 .22 .25 1.07 2.61 .25 1.19 .81 .52 .91 .74 .55 4.08 .37 .21 (•) 2.88 .20 .02 (•) 1,551,000 552,000 20,000 .15 <■) (« 118 67 90 92 47 120 38 123 111 104 817 142 335 96 223 184 76 1,569 20 670 206 182 23 342 97 32 157,000 18,400 3,400 4.4 (•) (« i Work stoppages are classified by industry on the basis of normal or prewar products or services of the firms involved. M any of the firms were manufacturing other products and doing other types of work during 1945 because of war needs. * See footnote 2 to table 1. * See footnote 3 to table 1. 4This figure is less than the sum of the figures below. This is because one or more strikes, each affecting more than one industry, have been counted as separate strikes in each industry affected, with the proper allocation of workers and man-days idle to each industry. * The number of workers involved was larger than the total number employed in the industry. This is because some workers have participated in more than one work stoppage, ana as a consequence have been counted more than once. *Not available. 10 T able 5.— Work Stoppages in 1945, by Specific Industry Industry Number of Number of Man-days stoppages workers idle during beginning involved1 1945 1 in 1945 ' 2 4,750 3,467,000 38,025,000 Food and kindred products.................................................................... M eat products........................... ....................................................... Dairy products-------------------------------------------------------------Canning and preserving fruits, vegetables, and sea foods........... Grain-mill products..... .................. ........... ................... .................. Bakery products............. ..................................................... ....... . Sugar......... ........................................................................................ Confectionery and related products.................................... .......... Beverage industries.------------------------------- -----------------------Miscellaneous food preparations and kindred products............. 2 212 57 10 24 15 52 4 10 35 10 83,900 31,800 1,130 10,600 3,200 16,300 3,600 3,330 12,300 1,550 959,000 172,000 5,970 110,600 119,100 247,600 65,000 26,900 188,600 23,500 Tobacco manufactures............................................................................ Cigarettes.......................................................................................... Cigars................... ......................... ................................................... Tobacco (chewing and smoking) and snuff................................... Tobacco stem m ing.......................................................................... 22 4 13 3 2 15,800 4,390 9,250 790 1,430 284,000 154,600 117,200 9,190 3,220 Textile-mill products............................................................................... Cotton textile mills......................................................................... Rayon and silk textile mills............................................................ Woolen and worsted textile mills................................... ............... Knitting mills (except hosiery)----------- -------------------- ---------Dyeing and finishing textiles (except woolen and worsted)------Carpets, rugs, and other floor coverings........................................ Hats (except cloth and m illinery).................................................. Hosiery mills............................. ........................................................ Miscellaneous............................ ...................................................... 187 49 19 52 9 24 9 2 11 12 107,400 40,300 9,790 17,200 2,510 24,700 8,050 100 2,340 2,330 1,456,000 907,200 61,900 54,100 14,400 324,700 34,800 480 29,700 28,900 Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials------ ----------------------------- ---------------- -------------------M en’s and boys’ suits, coats, and overcoats.. ---------------------M en’s and boys’ shirts, work clothing, and allied garments___ Women’s and misses’ outerwear---------------------------------------Women’s undergarments and accessories.......... ........................... Millinery......................................................................................... . Children’s and infants’ outerwear....... ........................................... Fur goods............... ........................................................................... Miscellaneous apparel and accessories......................................... . Miscellaneous fabricated textile products..................................... . 118 5 41 32 3 1 8 3 16 9 15,400 460 6,830 2,730 620 60 380 830 1,850 1,690 177,000 1,210 122,700 15,200 1,070 750 1,110 5,420 12,700 16,900 Lumber and timber basic products. ................................................... . Sawmill and logging c a m p s........................................................... Planing and plywood mills.... ....................................................... . 67 51 16 57,600 53,600 4,070 2,230,000 2,162,200 67,500 Furniture and finished lumber products............................................. . Furniture (household, office, etc.)................................................. . Office and store fixtures............ ...... ................................................ W ooden containers....................... .................................................. . Wiu£pw and door screens and shades............................................ Morticians’ goods............................................................................ . Miscellaneous wood products— ..................................................... 290 43 5 22 5 3 13 20,800 14,200 1,070 2,440 520 300 2,210 363,000 230,800 27,100 54,800 7,520 6,220 37,000 Paper and allied products.................................................................... . Pulp, paper, and p ap erb o ard ............ ........ ................................. Containers—paper and paperboard............................................... Miscellaneous paper and allied products...................................... . 292 48 37 8 27,700 16,200 9,050 2,470 354,000 162,300 169,300 22,200 Printing, publishing, and allied industries........................................... Newspapers and periodicals........................................................... Books........ ............................... ....................................................... Miscellaneous printing and publishing............................... ......... 47 30 1 16 13,200 7,940 10 5,230 221,000 145,000 10 75,600 Chemicals and allied products........................ —-................................ Paints, varnishes, and colors.......................................................... Vegetable and animal oils............................................................... Drugs, toilet preparations, and insecticides.................................. Soap and glycerin..... ....................................................................... Rayon and other synthetic textile fibers....................................... Wood distillation and naval stores...................... — .................... Fertilizers......................................................................................... Industrial chemicals........................................................................ Miscellaneous chemical products............................. -.................... See footnotes at end of table. 2 120 7 4 11 2 2 2 7 74 12 43,600 2,810 450 2,870 330 5,500 350 980 28,500 1,860 427,000 60,200 2,300 24,700 2,680 8,380 3,150 12,600 284,000 29,100 All industries. Manufacturing 11 T able 5.— Work Stoppages in 1945, by Specific Industry— C ontinued Industry Number of Number of Man-days stoppages Workers idle during beginning involved1 19451 in 1945 Manufacturing— Continued Products of petroleum and coal.............................................................. Petroleum refining.......... ................................................................. Coke and byproducts....... ................................................................ Paving and roofing materials........................................................... 238 30 5 4 50,000 48,800 410 720 450,000 429,000 3,400 18,000 Rubber products. .................................................................. ................ Tires and inner tubes.............. ....................................................... Rubber footwear, heels, soles, and related products. ................... Industrial rubber goods----- ---------------------------------------------Rubberized fabrics and vulcanized rubber clothing...................... Rubber sundries and sponge rubber............................................... Miscellaneous rubber industries...................................................... 2 123 76 10 30 6 1 1 258,400 215,600 5,670 27,500 9,360 170 10 1,521,000 1,243,000 69,600 128,000 79,600 760 20 Leather and leather products.'............................................................... Leather—tanned, curried and finished.... ...................................... Industrial leather belting and packing_______________ _____ Footwear (except rubber), including cut stock and findings........ Leather gloves and m ittens..............................................-............. 111 37 6 60 1 2 1 4 50,600 30,000 1,370 18,400 200 360 60 230 248,000 74,900 33,200 133,000 3,400 810 60 2,080 104 34 3 28 10 10 3 60,400 44,400 940 6,510 3,120 1,010 530 1,203,000 1,058,000 16,600 55,200 34,300 15,700 4,870 Handbags and small leather goods.................................................. Miscellaneous leather goods............................................................. Stone, clay, and glass products.......... .................................................... Glass and glass products.............................................. ........ ........... Structural clay p roducts............................... -................................ Pottery and related products.......................................................... Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products........................................ Cut-stone and stone products.-------- ------------ --------------------Abrasive asbestos and miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products _________________________________________ Iron and steel and their products. ........................................................ Ordnance and accessories............. .................................................... Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills................................. Iron and steel foundry products...................................................... Tin cans and other tinw are............................................................ Wire products............................. ............. -...................................... Hand tools, cutlery, and general hardware------------------ --------Heating apparatus, enameled-iron sanitaryware, and boilershop products............................. ................ ........................................... Metal stamping and coating......... ................................................. Fabricated structural metal products............................................. Miscellaneous iron and steel products............................................ Nonferrous metals and their products........ ......................................... Smelting, refining, and alloying of nonferrous metals................... Aluminum and magnesium products.............................................. Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.............................................. Watches and clocks...................... .................................................... Engraving, plating, and polishing.................................................. Lighting fixtures............................................................................... Miscellaneous nonferrous-metal products.-..................................... Machinery (except electrical).......................................................... ...... Engines and turbines......... ........... ................................. ................ Agricultural machinery and tractors.............................................. Construction and mining machinery.............................................. Metalworking machinery-------- „......................................... .— Special industry machinery (except metalworking machinery) _. General industry machinery.......................................................... Office and store machines and devices........................................... Household and service-industry machines..................................... Electrical m achinery................... ......................................................... Electrical equipment for industrial use.......................................... Electrical appliances....................................................................... . Insulated wire and cable........ ........................................................ Automotive electrical equipment................................................... Electric lamps............................. ...... ............. ................................ Communications equipment and related products....................... Miscellaneous electrical products..........— .................................... Transportation equipment (except autom obiles)............................... Railroad equipm ent........................................................................ Aircraft and parts......................... .................................................... Ship and boat building and repairfcg........................................... Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts..................................................... See fo o tn o tes a t end of table. 16 3,920 18,500 2 817 27 248 202 9 26 33 425,100 14,300 181,700 101,200 4,780 11,500 13,100 3,731,000 236,000 997,000 731,000 67,000 165,000 243,000 115 42 28 96 142 38 48 2 4 7 4 39 2335 18 46 42 69 35 95 6 31 296 33 10 11 15 2 15 13 223 52 85 83 3 41,100 9,140 10,500 37,700 75,000 22,800 29,800 3,090 2,130 1,120 300 15,700 228,200 34,500 41,700 20,200 23,300 7,680 73,700 5,480 21,600 121,200 64,900 6,480 7,290 16,700 450 13,300 12,100 360,500 42,800 150,200 164,300 3,250 478,000 15’, 000 40,300 623,000 600,000 202,000 202,000 17,200 20,200 12,200 3,240 143,000 2,965,000 240,000 561,000 266,000 472,000 151,000 985,000 112,000 179,000 1,390,000 858,000 31,700 26,800 128,000 900 136,000 209,000 2,430,000 203,000 581,000 1,556,000 89,400 12 T able 5.— Work Stoppages in 1945, by Specific Industry— C ontinued Industry Number of Number of Man-days stoppages workers idle during beginning involved1 1945 1 in 1945 Manufacturing— Continued Automobiles and automobile equinm ent............................................. Motor vehicles and motor-vehicle bodies....................................... Motor vehicle parts and accessories............................................... Automobile trailers......................................................................... - 184 87 96 1 473,700 398,500 75,100 160 7,308,000 6,471,000 837,000 1,310 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............................................. Professional and scientific instruments, photographic apparatus and optical goods........................................ .............................— Brooms and brushes........................................................................ Musical instruments............... ......................................................... Toys and sporting and athletic goods...... ................ ..................... Pens, pencils, and other office and artists’ materials..................... Costume jewelry and miscellaneous novelties ............................... Fabricated plastic products............................................................ Miscellaneous industries......... ......................................................... 76 20,600 441,000 24 1 3 10 2 1 12 23 5,180 400 1,620 1,110 60 880 2,830 8,480 23,400 2,790 9,160 10,300 490 5,160 24,800 364,000 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing........................................................... Agriculture-.................................. ................................................... ■Fishing . ,T . 20 7 13 5,000 1,330 3,670 47,000 6,870 40,500 M ining-. ________________________________________________ Metal mining........................ .......................................................... Coal mining, anthracite........ .......................................................... Coal mining, bituminous............ ............. ...................................... Crude petroleum and natural gas production................................ Nonmetallic mining and quarrying................................................ 670 8 43 598 5 16 678,000 1,950 87,700 581,500 5,630 1,250 6,234,000 9,560 1,163,000 5,007,000 41,300 12,800 Construction___ _____ ___________________________________ _ Building construction....................................................................... Highways, streets, bridges, docks, etc............................................ Miscellaneous.................................................................................... 206 186 15 5 45,800 43,500 950 1,350 447,000 437,300 4,580 5,330 Trade. , , ,.. „ _ Wholesale . __ . _ Retail_____ ——_______________________________________ 182 64 118 34,800 5,730 29,000 336,000 49,800 286,500 Finance, insurance, and real estate........................................................ Insurance_____________________________________________ Real estate......................................................................................... 23 1 22 15,700 50 15,600 8,0000 2,100 77,600 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.............. R ailro ad s_____________________________________________ Streetcar and local bus transportation............................................ Intercity motorbus transportation.................................................. Motortruck transportation.............................................................. Taxicabs_______ ______________________________________ Water transportation. . .................................................................... Air transportation...... ...................................................................... Communication................................................................................ Heat, light, and power..................................................................... Miscellaneous................................................................................... J 342 13 69 33 116 28 31 2 9 13 29 157,000 5,790 13, 300 10,700 48,000 2,370 48,500 2,690 15,200 3,500 7,040 1,551,000 56,900 62,000 258,000 560,000 14,600 411,000 12,000 84,800 14,400 78,300 Services—personal, business, and other................................................. H o te ls ______ _________________________________________ Laundries_____________________________________ _______ Cleaning, dyeing, and pressing...............................— •_................ Barber and beauty shops............................................................... . Business services............. ........... ..................................................... Automobile repair services and garages.......................................... Amusement and recreation............................................................. Medical and other health services.......... ........................................ E ducational services........................ ................................................ Miscellaneous......................... .......................................................... 97 17 25 8 4 7 6 9 8 4 9 18,400 1,090 2,570 1,770 150 250 290 10,400 770 790 290 552,000 13,900 73,100 17,500 2,530 2,680 2,740 419,000 13,600 1,910 5,220 Other manufacturing industries: Government—administration, protection, and sanitation............ 32 3,400 20,000 Nonmanufacturing i Owing to rounding of figures, the group totals are not in every case the exact sums of the subgroup totals which follow. a This figure is less than the sum of the group totals below. This is because a few strikes, each affecting more than one industry, have been counted as separate strikes in each industry affected, with the proper allocation of workers and man-days idle to each industry. 13 In table 6, the work stoppages in each industry group are classified according to the major issues involved. In nearly all industry groups, wages were the most important issues during the year. T able 6.— Work Stoppages in 1945, by Industry Group and M ajor Issues Involved Number of stoppages beginning in 1945 in which the major issues were— Industry group Wages and hours Union organi zation, wages, and hours Union organi zation Other Int(\r- or working intra condi union tions matters Not re ported All industries____ _______ -__________ 1 2,021 405 602 i 1,515 197 10 Manufacturing............................................. Food and kindred products.................. Tobacco manufactures.......................... Textile-mill products...... ................ — Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials..............................-............. Lumber and timber basic products. _. Furniture and finished lumber products............................................. Paper and allied products--------------Printing, publishing, and allied in dustries______________________ _ Chemicals and allied products............ Products of petroleum and coal........... Rubber products. ........................ ........ Leather and leather products............... Stone, clay, and glass products............ Iron and steel and their products.:__ Nonferrous metals and their products. Machinery (except electrical)........... . Electrical machinery............................. Transportation equipment (except automobiles).............................. ........ Automobiles and automobile equip m ent.................................. ................ Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries.................................................... 11,437 92 12 85 272 24 5 21 393 33 1 37 1972 50 4 38 108 13 3 5 1 63 38 20 5 16 10 15 8 4 6 42 47 17 9 18 18 10 16 3 2 23 46 10 60 70 45 371 60 155 53 10 17 2 5 8 15 40 10 32 9 8 11 9 12 7 13 76 17 32 10 3 39 12 43 22 28 307 53 112 20 3 7 5 3 4 3 21 2 4 4 84 6 30 90 13 66 6 24 82 6 34 11 11 20 Nomnanufacturing........... .......................... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing......... M in in g ......... ....................................... Construction.......................................... Trade. ............................... ...... ............. Finance, insurance, and real estate__ Transportation, communication, and other public u tilitie s........................ Services—personal, business, and other--- ------- ------------- -------------Other nonmanufacturing industries__ 1587 14 179 94 89 9 133 1 14 11 33 6 209 1 41 36 39 4 1544 4 412 24 12 4 89 7 18 41 8 6 145 43 58 79 17 40 20 21 4 27 3 5 4 4 1 ____ 2 1 i This figure is less than the sum of this column. This is because a few strikes, each affecting more than 1 industry, have been counted as separate strikes in each industry affected, with the proper allocation of workers involved and man-days idle to each industry. 698252°— 40------8 14 T a b l e 6 . — Work Stoppages in 1945, by Industry Group and Major Issues Involved—Con. Number of workers involved in stoppages in which the major issues were— Industry group Wages and houis Union organ ization, wages, and hours 1,689,000 194,000 523,000 891,000 169,000 1,400 Manufacturi: _ 1,248,000 Food and kindred products. 43, 500 Tobacco manufactures........................ . 9,850 Textile-mill products______________ 45,800 Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials______________________ 7,650 Lumber and timber basic products 52,200 Furniture and finished lumber prod ucts.--........................... ..................... 9,810 Paper and allied products................... 14,100 Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries--------------------------------------7,480 Chemicals and allied products.......... . 16,700 Products of petroleum and coal_____ 39,000 Rubber products__________ _____ _ 105,000 Leather and leather products_______ 39,400 Stone, clay, and glass products......... . 40,800 Iron and steel and their products___ 194,000 Nonferrous metals and their products. 38,400 Machinery (except electrical)_______ 109,000 Electrical machinery........................... 85,700 Transportation equipment (except automobiles)___ ______ ________ 115,000 Automobiles and automobile equip m ent___________ _____________ _ 262,000 Miscellaneous manufacturing indust r ie s .............................. .................. . 13,000 163,000 5,220 3, 520 30, 700 270,000 4,230 530 10,500 691,000 23,200 1,950 18,000 137,000 7,720 790 2,000 260 2,260 2,470 3,150 1,180 1,140 890 1,240 890 7,090 5,710 1,480 4,260 2,280 3,520 100 140 3, 520 1,180 9,070 11,700 2,130 7,660 25,600 67,500 1,580 6,390 6,480 . 8,370 27,200 170,000 5,150 25, 700 11,900 91,000 19,700 11,100 200 2,270 1,040 21, 600 1,470 690 13,700 210 4,920 590 All industries. Nonmanufactui ing........... .......................... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing____ Mining_________ _______________ Construction...... .................................. Trade_______________ _________ _ Finance, insurance, and real estate.... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities._. _________ Services—pei sonal, business, and other_________________________ _ Other nonmanufactui ing industries. _. 810 3,890 120 38,600 1,680 4,050 20, 500 5,490 11,800 4,120 Union organ ization Other working condi tions Inter- or intra union matters 9,070 81,500 127,000 28,500 4,100 49,200 108,000 50,300 1, 470 1,220 4,820 442, fiOO 3,700 284,000 29,600 11,100 15,300 31,100 750 2,410 2,330 16,800 210 253,000 20 236,000 4,060 4,580 50 200.000 530 146,000 4,910 1, 520 80 91,300 6,630 5,290 47,300 6,670 3, 720 2,550 1,840 110 2,430 380 180 320 10, 200 10 Not re ported 530 31,100 590 8,690 4,910 680 500 90 15 T a b l e 6 . — Work Stoppages in 1945, by Industry Group and Major Issues Involved—Con. Man-days idle during 1945 in stoppages in which the major issues were— Industry group Wages and hours Union organi zation, wages, a rd hours Union organi zation Other working condi tions Interor intra Not re union ported matters All industries................................................ 22,732,000 3,127,000 5,515,000 5,301,000 1,346,000 4,710 Manufacturing.................. .......................... 19,028,000 2,818,000 1,953,000 4,193,000 74,000 97,000 525.000 179.000 Food and kindred products....... .......... 530 5,150 131.000 148.000 Tobacco manufactures......................... 223,000 300,000 484,000 438,000 Textile-mill products______________ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar mate 20,200 8,000 49,700 79,300 rials______ _________ __________ 10,700 73,500 5,500 Lumber and timber basic products.. _ 2,129,000 Furniture and finished lumber prod 28,600 11,000 134,000 188,000 ucts________ ________ _______ _ 16,900 72,500 47,500 Paper and allied products__________ 216,000 Printing, publishing, and allied indus 1,690 60,200 121,000 34,400 tries....... ........................................... 52,600 83,200 33,000 209,000 Chemicals and allied products............. 35,200 460 9,470 Products of petroleum and coal........... 401,000 98,000 492,000 400,000 452,000 Rubber products................ ................. 14,500 22,200 29,200 Leather and leather products............... 179,000 42,600 44,400 49,800 Stone, clay, and glass products........... 1,048,000 255,000 965,000 Iron and steel and their products........ 2,017,000 384,000 Nonferrous metals and their products. 263,000 122,000 27,100 186,000 146,000 661,000 Machinery (except electrical).............. 1,814,000 313,000 52,800 107,000 Electrical machinery....................... . 1,167,000 61,500 Transportation equipment (except automobiles)................................ ...... 1,446,000 411,000 437,000 42,600 Automobiles and automobile equip m ent-....................... _ .i_____ _____ 5.913.000 36,200 413,000 703,000 Miscellaneous manufacturing indus 24,400 4,210 381,000 30,700 tries..................... ............................... 764,000 84,500 2,030 10,900 260 310,000 3,562,000 1,108,000 2,490 210 3.750 9.750 3,299,000 691,000 73,400 16,700 14,700 8,930 171,000 35,700 2,230 350 7,200 581,000 2,680 80,500 37,800 7,240 2,080 Nonmanufacturing. ................ ................... 3.704.000 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing......... 41,000 Mining................... ....................... ........ 2.151.000 Construction.......................................... 305,000 Trade......................... ...... ..................... 113,000 Finance, insurance, and real estate___ * 70,000 Transporation,. communication, and other public utilities................... ...... 970,000 Services—personal, business, and other............................... .................... 40,400 Other nonmanufacturing industries. __ 13,400 19,900 11,100 1,770 580 3,500 49,000 4,420 79,000 2,700 18,000 107,000 1,700 31,000 2,110 1,770 93,400 244,000 76,800 80,900 384,000 38,800 26,800 250 66,600 5,280 1,580 810 417,000 10 600 STATES AFFECTED2 Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Ohio, all heavily industrialized States, had more workers involved and more resulting idleness than other States during 1945 (table 7). Together these three accounted for more than a third of the total stoppages throughout the country, almost 45 percent of the total workers involved, and 40 percent of the Nation's idleness during stoppages. Pennsylvania and Michigan each had about 6,000,000 man-days of idleness during the year, and Ohio had well over 3,000,000. Other States with over a million mandays of idleness were California (2,777,000), Illinois (2,559,000), Indiana (1,989,000), New Jersey (1,778,000), West Virginia (1,664,000), and New York (1,396,000). 2 For more detailed data on work stoppages in the various States, classified according to major in dustrial groups, see appendix, p. 34. 16 T able 7.— Work Stoppages in 1945, by States Number of stoppages beginning in 1945 State Workers involved Number Percent of total Man-days idle during 1945 Number Percent of total All States.............................................................. »4,750* 3,467,000 100.0 38,025.000 100.0 Alabama............................................................... Arizona.................................................................. Arkansas............................................................... California...................................... ....................... Colorado.... .......................................................... Connecticut..................................................... . Delaware................. ............................................. District of Columbia........................................... Florida.................................................................. Georgia.................................................................. Idaho................................................................... . Illinois................................................................... In d ian a4............................................................... Iowa...................................................................... Kansas.................................................................. Kentucky............................................................. Louisiana.............................................................. Maine..... .............................................................. M aryland............................................................. Massachusetts............................................ - ........ M ichigan4............................................................ M innesota........................................................... Mississippi-.......................................................... Missouri................................................................ Montana............ ................................................. Nebraska............................................................... Nevada............. .................................................... New Hampshire................................................... New Jersey...................................................... New Mexico................................. ................ ...... New York..... ....................................................... North Carolina..................................................... North Dakota...................................................... Ohio..................................................................... Oklahoma............................................................. O regon................................................................ Pennsylvania....................................................... Rhode Island........................................................ South Carolina..................................................... South Dakota....................................................... Tennessee.............................................................. Texas..................................................................... U ta h .................................................................... Vermont................................................................ V irginia............................................................... Washington.......................................................... West V irginia..................................................... Wisconsin............................................................. Wyoming............................................................. 147 11 21 150 28 79 13 12 29 42 12 491 203 43 14 149 50 11 57 239 478 29 15 148 9 11 5 13 252 10 361 37 2 477 23 36 743 47 14 3 118 72 19 2 88 38 128 96 5 74,800 4,100 3,200 121,200 13,900 39. 300 3,600 5,100 13,100 15,300 1.900 275, 000 150.000 18, 200 6,000 99,100 20,700 14, 300 33,300 60, 700 528.000 10,900 9,100 70.600 3,000 4,000 400 5,800 168,100 1,600 174,800 17,500 400 417,900 5. 300 25,900 599, 300 22,900 7,200 700 69,800 73,800 3.100 (*) 40,300 32,500 156. 700 44,100 500 2.2 .1 .1 3.5 .4 1.1 .1 .1 .4 .4 .1 7.9 4.3 .5 .2 2.9 .6 .4 1.0 1.7 15.2 .3 .3 2.0 .1 .1 (2) .2 4.8 (2) 5.0 .5 (2) 12.1 .2 .7 17.5 .7 .2 (2) 2.0 2.1 .1 (2) 1.2 .9 4.5 1.3 (2) 459,000 59,000 32,000 2,777,000 86,000 750,000 49,000 35,000 143,000 149,000 75. 000 2,559. 000 1,807.000 256,000 43,000 964,000 251.000 203,000 246,000 397,000 6,143. 000 246,000 44,000 901,000 171,000 52,000 3,000 63,000 1,778,000 22.000 1,396.000 438.000 12,000 3,435,000 73.0C0 954,000 5,922,000 456,000 200.000 12,000 *461,000 510,000 16,000 (») 255,000 852,000 1,664,000 600,000 3,000 1.2 .2 .1 7.3 .2 2.0 .1 .1 .4 .4 .2 6.7 4.8 .7 .1 2.5 .7 .5 .6 1.0 16.2 .6 .1 2.4 .5 .1 (2) .2 4.7 .1 3.7 1.2 (2) 9.0 .2 2.5 15.6 1.2 .5 (2) 1.2 1.3 (2) (2) .7 2.2 4.4 1.6 (2) 1The sum of this column is more than 4,750, because the stoppages extending across State lines have been counted as separate stoppages in each State affected, with the proper allocation of workers involved and man-days idle. * Less than a tenth of 1 percent. * Less than 100. 4 Figures on workers involved and man-days idle revised since publication in the Monthly Labor Review, May 1946. CITIES AFFECTED There were 89 cities in the United States in each of which 10 or more work stoppages occurred during 1945. New York, with 226, had the highest number; Detroit, with 223, was second; and Chicago, with 170, was next in order. Detroit experienced the most idleness—2,548,000 man-days. San Francisco was next, with 1,111,000; and Flint, Mich., followed with 1,100,000. The strike at General Motors plants in late 1945 ac counted largely for the high Detroit and Flint figures, and the sub stantial San Francisco time loss was due in part to the strike of machinists late in the year. 17 Detroit, Akron, and Chicago had the largest numbers of workers involved. In Akron many workers in some of the rubber plants were involved in more than one stoppage and were counted separately each time they were so involved. The figures in table 8 are exclusive of any coal-mining stoppages which may have occurred within city limits. Intercity stoppages have been counted in this table as separate stoppages in each city affected, with the proper allocation of the workers involved and man-days idle. T able 8.— Work Stoppages in 1945 in Cities Which H ad 10 or More Such Stoppages During the Year City Number of stop Work pages begin ers in ning in volved 1945 Akron, Ohio....... ........ Aliquippa, P a ______ Allentown, P a______ Atlanta, Ga............. — Baltimore, M d_......... Belleville, 111............ Birmingham, Ala___ Boston, Mass_______ Buffalo, N. Y_............ Camden, N. J ............. Charleston, W. Va__ Chattanooga, Tenn--Chicago, 111................. Cincinnati, Ohio......... Cleveland, Ohio......... Columbus, Ohio____ Cumberland, M d___ Dallas, T ex ................ Dayton, Ohio.............. Decatur, 111..... ........... Dearborn, M ich____ Denver, Colo_______ Des Moines, Iowa___. Detroit, Mich______ E. Chicago, In d .......... E. St. Louis, 111_____ Elizabeth, N. J ........... Erie, P a . . . .................. Flint, M ic h ............... Ft. Wayne, In d _____ Gadsden, Ala.............. Gary, In d ........ ........... Grand Rapids, Mich. Granite City, 111------Hartford, Conn........... Haverhill, Mass_____ Hoboken, N. J ............ Houston, Tex.............. Indianapolis, In d ....... Jackson, Mich............. Jersey City, N. J ____ Johnstown, P a............ Joliet, IU.__................ Kalamazoo, Mich....... Kansas City, M o....... Mandays idle 57 160,000 904,000 20 5,020 25,600 12 6,060 39,500 17 3,250 34,200 19 9,000 118,000 14 2,020 5,560 28 10,800 79,800 44 6,090 63,800 22 3,660 45,500 120,000 13 26,900 118,000 11 5,220 19 6,480 61,700 170 109,800 986,000 129,000 48 15,400 89 28,400 424,000 7,170 78,900 12 14 15,900 80,800 13 1,280 12,300 11 17,800 174,000 12 5,590 29,400 41,200 17 12, 700 14 6,400 59,700 10 3,380 28,100 223 288,000 2,548,000 35 25,100 118,000 23 5,420 30,200 4,620 10 31,300 41,500 16 2,870 11 57,300 1,100,000 53,300 13 12,200 19,400 9,280 10 5,260 15,600 16 133,000 23 8,930 16,900 10 6,940 104,000 11 4,720 2,500 12 920 14 11,400 72,500 11,300 84,500 21 23 12,600 204,000 132,000 25 9,130 76,800 31 10,800 5,900 13 2,880 15 18,400 2,340 4,990 27 500 13 138,000 16 10,200 City Kearny, N. J ............... Lawrence, Mass......... Linden, N. J ............. Los Angeles, Calif___ Louisville, K y........— Lowell, M ass.............. Lynn, Mass................ Memphis, T en n ......... Milwaukee, Wis......... Minneapolis, M in n ... Mobile, Ala...... .......... Muskegon, M ich........ Newark, N. J „ _ ......... New Brunswick, N. J. New Haven, Conn__ New Orleans, L a........ New York, N. Y ........ Passaic, N. J ............... Paterson, N . J ............. Peoria, 111............. ...... Philadelphia, P a-----Pittsburgh, P a ............ Pontiac, M ic h ........... Providence, R. I ------Reading, P a .............— Rochester, N. Y ____ Rockford, 111-............ Saginaw, M ich .......... San Francisco, Calif. . Scranton, P a ._ ........... Seattle, Wash............ Shreveport, L a............ South Bend, In d ____ Springfield, Mass....... St. Louis, M o............. Toledo, O h io ............. Trenton, N. J ______ Washington, D. C ___ Wilkes Barre, P a ........ Williamsport, P a ........ Wilmington, Del........ Woonsocket, R. I -----Worcester, M ass........ Youngstown, Ohio__ Number of stop Work pages begin ers in ning in volved 1945 13 17 10 50 16 16 11 28 37 13 13 22 48 10 11 23 226 11 10 12 76 69 11 15 17 11 15 11 18 10 11 11 10 14 93 43 19 12 13 10 10 14 18 18 Mandays idle 2,160 18,100 5,870 12,300 4,170 40,700 44,000 510,000 5,200 * 24,900 4,600 32,400 1,240 2,800 24,500 68,400 15,200 298,000 2,870 41,100 6,250 7,520 17,300 152,000 15,300 192,000 2,810 30,400 1,300 5, 550 13,300 108,000 96,600 762,000 1,770 16,200 13,300 115,000 2,700 56,200 43,700 727,000 26,000 177,000 26,100 563,000 9,180 253,000 5,040 51,700 1,280 17,300 4,680 42,100 12,200 286,000 30,300 1, 111, 000 2,760 18,100 7,120 154,000 3,200 108,000 10,900 109,000 1,890 41,400 45,500 514,000 30,100 420,000 10,700 169,000 5,060 35,000 2,890 17,100 6,000 36,900 3,400 47,600 3,860 11,200 6,750 20,200 7,300 69,500 WORKERS INVOLVED The median number of workers involved in work stoppages during the year was 150. The average number involved per strike was 730. Ten percent of the stoppages involved fewer than 20 workers each; at the other end of the scale nearly 12 percent involved more than 1,000 workers each (table 9). 18 T able 9.— Work Industry group ining in 1945, Classified by Number of Workers Involved and Industry Group Num ber of stop pages1 All industries: Number__________ _______ _ 4,760 Percent........................................ 100.0 Manufacturing Food and kindred products............. 211 Tobacco manufactures..................... 21 Textile-mill products........................ 186 Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.................... ...... ......... 117 Lumber and timber basic products. 67 Furniture and finished lumber pro ducts............................................... 89 Paper and allied products....... ........ 91 Printing, publishing, and allied in dustries........................................... 47 Chemicals and allied products........ 118 Products of petroleum and coal__ _ 36 Rubber products............................... 122 Leather and leather products_____ 110 Stone, clay, and glass products___ 104 Iron and steel and their products 815 Nonferrous metals and their prod ucts.................................................. 141 332 Machinery (except electrical).......... Electrical machinery........................ 94 Transportation equipment (except 221 automobiles)................................... Automobiles and automobile equip m ent....... ................................... . 183 Miscellaneous, manufacturing in 75 dustries........................................... in which the number of workers Medi Number of stoppages involved was— an num ber of 20 6 100 250 500 1,000 5.000 10,000 work and and and and and and and ers in under under and under under under under over under volved 20 100 250 500 1,000 5,000 10.000 150 ....... 481 1,441 1,067 10.1 30.3 22.5 693 14.6 508 10.7 454 9.6 64 1.3 1 1 102 185 168 34 2 17 67 7 49 43 2 49 27 3 24 14 3 28 25 3 17 70 80 16 3 59 35 22 14 14 6 6 5 3 95 127 12 4 33 31 20 28 16 13 3 10 5 5 75 135 125 586 77 149 195 9 10 1 4 18 12 44 19 36 13 17 38 32 222 9 36 13 19 24 17 196 4 13 1 16 12 21 135 2 12 6 25 12 13 111 4 10 2 26 5 7 95 12 172 279 380 6 13 1 43 74 22 39 69 20 17 71 12 17 52 16 18 45 20 1 7 1 42 0.9 2 1 1 7 8 1 2 1 2 364 7 52 30 34 34 44 14 6 500 4 29 33 25 35 42 9 6 83 10 29 17 9 6 4 20 669 206 180 23 70 194 55 43 14 4 33 39 59 14 7 161 100 64 6 3 205 38 31 2 l 153 14 12 3 69 5 7 2 39 8 6 4 2 1 5 339 60 65 141 67 34 11 15 2 4 96 32 36 51. 32 8 39 16 16 5 4 2 3 1 1 1 Nonmanufacturing Agriculture, forestry, and fishing— Construction...................................... Trade................................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities............ Services—personal, business, and other................... .................... ...... Other nonmanufacturing industries. Interindustry..................................... 5 12,600 2 1 3 1 The total num ber of stoppages shown for each industry group may differ from the number shown for the corresponding group in table 4 because of the fact that in that table each stoppage extending into more than one industry group is counted as a separate stoppage in each group affected. In table 6 such stoppages are shown at the end as “interindustry” stoppages. In manufacturing industries the median number of workers involved ranged from 70 in the apparel industries to 586 in the rubber-products industries. In nonmanufacturing industries the range was from 14 in finance, insurance, and real-estate establishments to 194 in the mining industries. STO PPA G ES IN V O LV IN G 10,000 OR M O RE W O R K E R S There were 42 stoppages during the year in each of which 10,000 or more workers were involved. These stoppages, listed separately in table 10, accounted for 1,348,000 workers or 39 percent of the total number involved in all stoppages during the year. T a b l e 10.— Work Stoppages Beginning in 1945 in Which 10,000 or More Workers Were Involved Begin ning date Approx imate duration (days) Establishment involved Union involved Major issues Approx imate number of workers volved Feb. 23.. 11 Mar. 1__ 10 M ar. 26- 3 M ar. 28.. Apr. 3 ... 4 13 Chrysler Corp., Dodge Main, and DeSoto United Automobile Workers (CIO) plants, Detroit and Hamtramck, Mich. Briggs Manufacturing Co., Detroit and Ham ----- do........................................ -___ tramck, Mich. A. C. Spark Plug Division of General Motors, ..— d o - .............................................. Flint, Mich. Hudson Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich_______ ___ do................................................. Bituminous coal mines, 13 States._____ ______ United Mine Workers...................... Apr. 5 . . . Apr. 9 . . . Apr. 20. . M ay 1— 3 6 4 20 B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio........................ Packard Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich......... . B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio........................ Anthracite mines, Pennsylvania......................... M ay 1— 3 M ay 14— 18 Bituminous coal mines, 12 States............ ............ June 14.. 17 June 15. . 20 June 16-. 20 June 16.. 10 Trucking companies, Chicago, 111., and East Chicago, Ind. July 1__ 14 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. 16,000 11,000 Alleged discriminatory suspensions and dis 11,000 charges. Alleged discriminatory discharge........................ 13,000 Portal-to-portal pay, shift differentials, vacation 100,000 pay. Foreman’s Association of America....................... Union recognition................................................... 16,000 United Automobile Workers (CIO).................... Change in production standards.......................... 12,000 United Rubber Workers (CIO).......................... . Wage increase........................................................ 15.000 United Mine Workers............... .......................... Portal-to-portal pay, severance pay, increased 63.000 overtime, vacation pay, etc. ___ do...................................................................... Portal-to-portal pay, shift differentials, vacation 64.000 pay. United Clerical, Technical, and Supervisory Union recognition.................................. ................ 10.000 Employees, District 50, United Mine Workers. United Automobile Workers (CIO) and AFL Jurisdictional dispute over reconversion and 47.000 building construction. Building Trades. 32 bituminous-coal mines, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Chrysler Corp., Ford Motor Co., Packard Motor Car Co., Budd Wheel Co., Detroit and Dear born, Mich. Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co. and Pittsburgh Federation of Glass, Ceramic, and Silica Sand Plate Glass Co., Illinois, Louisiana, Ohio, Workers (CIO). Oklahoma, and West Virginia. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio....... United Rubber Workers (CIO)______ _______ Production standards. Alleged discriminatory discharges. Incentive pay rates, bonus, and seniority in con nection with new contract. 16.000 Union participation in setting wage rates, wage 21,000 increases, revision of merit system in some departments. Wage increase, vacation with pay, 48-hour week— 10,000 Chicago Truck Drivers, Chauffeurs, and Helpers (Ind.) and International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen, and Helpers (AFL). United Rubber Workers (CIO)............................ Wage issues in connection with new contract__ 17,000 T a b l e 10.— Work Stoppages Beginning in 1945 in Which 10,000 or More Workers Were Involved—C ontinued Begin ning date Approx imate duration (days) July 20— 8 July 25__ Aug. 3— 4 5 1__ 3— 4-._ 10- 6 1 22 19 Sept. 17Sept. 21- 20 30 Sept. 24- 6 Sept. 24- 4 Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. 24- (*) Sept. 27- 13 Oet. 1— 3 Oct. 1— 6 Oct. 1— 19 Oct. 16— . Oct. 29— Oct. 29— (*) 2 <*> Establishment involved Consolidated Steel Corp., Orange, Tex________ Goodyear Tire <fc Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio _ B. F. Goodrich Co.. Akron, Ohio Westinghouse Electric Corp., Maryland, Mas sachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania. _________________ Oil Refineries, 20 States Bituminous coal mines, 8 States_____ AFL craft unions _ United Rnhhftr Workers (CTO) ..... __ Foreman’s Association of America — ___ Federation of Westinghouse Independent Sala ried Unions. Oil Workers International Union (CIO)_______ United Clerical, Technical, and Supervisory Employees, District 50, United Mine Workers. Midtown Realty Owners, New York C ity......... Building Service Employees International Union (AFL). New York Shipbuilding Corp., Camden, N. J _ Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers (CIO). Northwest lumber industry, California, Idaho, Lumber and Sawmill Workers Union (AFL)__. Montana, Oregon, and Washington. Textile printing companies, Connecticut, New Federation of Dyers, Finishers, Printers, and Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Bleachers (CIO). Island. Consolidated Steel Corp., Los Angeles, Calif___ International Union of Operating Engineers (AFL) and International Association of Ma chinists (AFL). General Motors Corp., Frigidaire Division, United Electrical Radio and Machine Workers Dayton, Ohio. (CIO). New York Shipping Association, New York International Longshoremen’s Association(AFL). City; Hoboken, and Newark, N. J. Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co. and Pittsburgh Federation of Glass, Ceramic, and Silica Sand Workers (CIO). Plate Glass Co., 7 States. United Rubber Workers (CIO)......... ........... ...... Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio Machine shops, shipyards, etc., San Francisco International Association of Machinists (AFL) and United Steelworkers (CIO). Bay area, Calif. Major issues Union involved W right Aeronautical Corp., Paterson, East United Automobile Workers (CIO)__________ Paterson, Fair Lawn, Wood Ridge, N. J. Chrysler Corp., Chicago, ill__ Wright Aeronautical Corp., Lockland, Ohio___ __ do______ ___________ _______________ Approx imate number of workers in volved Discharge of union steward__________________ 24,000 Payment for clean up tim e__________________ Lay off of workers refusing transfers to lowerpaid jobs. Alleved union discrimination _ Discharges___________________________ ____ Lay off of foreman __ _. __________ Incentive bonus denied by War Labor Board___ 19,000 27,000 11,000 16,000 14.000 40.000 Wage increase_____________________________ 43,000 Union recognition ... _ __ 1209,000 Unsatisfactory War Labor Board decision on wages and hours. Discharges_______________________________ 17,000 15,000 Wage increase................... -_______ __________ 44,000 ___ do............................................................... ........ 16,000 Jurisdictional dispute over certain jo b s.............. 10,000 Disciplinary suspension of workers____ ___ 11,000 Weight of sling load and wages______________ 30,000 Wage increase_____________________________ 13,000 do _ ____ 15,000 37,000 Nov. 1__ <*) Nov. 6__ Nov. 12- 2 C9) No v. 15- 1 Nov. 19— Nov. 21Dec. 3— 6 (*) 1 ------- Closed shop, wage increase, shift premiums, Textile mills, Connecticut, Maine, Massachu Textile Workers Union (CIO)--------vacations. setts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. Substitution of 8-hour day for 6-hour day pro United Rubber Workers (CIO)______________ Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio........ vided in contract. __ __ _ — Midwest Truck Operators Association, 21 International Brotherhood of Teamsters (AFL)_. Wage increase________ States. Leather manufacturers, 15 States.......................... International Fur and Leather Workers Union ----- d o.—- t . I . . . . . . . . ... 11--- nii i I, - 1. .I,.__ (CIO). do Illinois Bell Telephone Co., Illinois and Ind ian a- Illinois Telephone Traffic Union _ . do General Motors Corp., 11 States_____________ United Automobile Workers (CTO) Steamship and stevedoring companies, Pacific, Maritime workers’ unions (CIO)_____________ Delay in returning troops from foreign war Atlantic, and Gulf ports. theaters. *About 45,000 workers were idle by September 30. The remainder became idle during October. * Still in effect at end of the year. 18,000 15,000 10,000 25,000 14.000 200,000 13.000 22 NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED3 Only 1 establishment was involved in each of 3,854 stoppages (83.5 percent of the total) ending in 1945 (table 11). In 627 or 13.6 percent of the stoppages 2 to 10 establishments were involved, and 135 stop pages (3 out of each 100) extended to more than 10 establishments. In these classifications an establishment is defined as a single work place, e. g., a factory, a mine, a construction project, a ship, or a farm. More than half of the total workers involved in the stoppages ending in 1945 were included in the 1-establishment stoppages. At least 41 percent of the total idleness resulting from the stoppages ending in the year was in connection with the single-establishment disputes, and 36 percent was caused by widespread stoppages each of which involved more than 10 establishments. T able 11 .— Work Stoppages Ending 1 in 1945, by Number of Establishments Involved Stoppages Number of establishments involved Number Percent of total Workers involved Man-days idle Number Percent of total Number Percent of total T otal.............................................. .................. 4,616 100.0 3,069,300 100.0 24,360,000 100.0 1 establishment................................................ 2 to 5 establishments....................................... 6 to 10 establishments....... .............................. 11 establishments and over............................ 3,854 509 118 135 83.5 11.0 2.6 2.9 1,620.900 446,200 165,400 836,800 52.8 14.5 5.4 27.3 10,031,000 4,181,000 1,416,000 8,732,000 41.2 17.2 5.8 35.8 i It should be noted that this and subsequent tables are based on the stoppages ending in the year and that the totals differ from those in preceding tables, which show the number of stoppages beginning in the year. UNIONS INVOLVED The work stoppages which ended in 1945 are classified in table 12 according to the affiliations of the unions to which the workers involved belonged. This does not mean necessarily that the stoppages were called or authorized by the unions. In fact, during the war period most of the strikes were unauthorized, and union officials endeavored to get the strikers back on the job as quickly as possible. Members of unions affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations were involved in 40 percent of the stoppages, which included 49 percent of the total workers involved and accounted for 39.5 percent of the resulting idleness. Members of American Federa tion of Labor unions were connected with 37 percent of the stoppages, which included 20 percent of the total workers involved and accounted for 25 percent of the total idleness. Unions affiliated with neither AFL nor CIO were involved in about 17 percent of the stoppages, which included more than a fourth of the total workers involved and accounted for about a third of the idleness. Most of the stoppages in the latter group were disputes involving the United Mine Workers of America. Single-company unions—labor organizations whose respective memberships consisted of employees of a single company— were involved in 31 stoppages. Workers belonging to no union were involved in 128 work stoppages. * The statistical analysis from here to the end of the section (p. 30) refers to stoppages which ended in 1945. 23 T able 12.— Work Stoppages Ending in 1945, by Affiliation o f Labor Organizations Involved Stoppages Labor organizations involved Tntfl.1 ... Number Percent of total . American Federation of Labor...................... Congress of Industrial Organizations............ Unaffiliated railroad brotherhoods________ Unaffiliated unions (other)............................. Two rival unions......................................... . Single-company unions________ _________ No organization.............................. ................ Not reported.................................................... Man-days idle Workers involved Number Percent Number of total Percent of total 4,616 100.0 3,069,300 100.0 24,360,000 100.0 1,720 1,864 3 792 71 31 128 7 37.2 40.3 .1 17.2 1.5 .7 2.8 .2 607,900 1,511,400 600 838,000 82,600 15.300 12,900 700 19.8 49.3 (0 27.3 2.7 .5 .4 0) 6.058.000 9.631.000 1,000 8.037.000 519,000 50.000 62.000 2,000 24.9 39.5 0) 33.0 2.1 .2 .3 0) 1 Less than a tenth of 1 percent. DURATION OF WORK STOPPAGES The average duration of work stoppages ending in 1945 was 9.9 calendar days. This is a simple average unweighted by number of workers involved. The average was somewhat higher than in 1944 (5.6) and 1943 (5.0), but lower than in 1942 (11.7) and 1941 (18.3), and was substantially lower than in the prewar years 1935 to 1940, when it ranged from 20.3 to 23.8. Workers involved in strikes during 1945 were idle 11 working days, on the average. This was much longer than in the preceding war years, when the averages were 4.1 in 1944, 6.8 in 1943, and 5.0 in 1942, but was less than in the immediate prewar years, when the averages ranged as high as 17.6 working days per worker in 1936. T able 13.— Duration of Work Stoppages Ending in 1945 Stoppages Duration Total _ .... ..... Number Percent of total _ . ... . Workers involved Man-days idle Number Percent of total Number Percent of total _ .... 4,616 100.0 3,069,300 100.0 24,360,000 100.0 1 day__________ ______________________ 2 to 3 days....................................................... . 4 days and less than 1 week........................... 1 week and less than H m onth....................... Yi and less than 1 m onth...................... .......... 1 and less than 2 months................................. 2 and less than 3 months................................. 3 months and over............................. ............. 705 1,220 924 919 494 261 71 22 15.3 26.4 20.0 19.9 10.7 5.7 1.5 .5 261,600 628,200 646,200 648,700 483,900 349,300 35.700 15.700 8.5 20.6 21.2 21.2 15.8 11.4 1.2 .1 262,000 1.309.000 2.320.000 4.311.000 6.265.000 7.264.000 1.706.000 923,000 1.1 5.4 9.5 17.7 25.7 29.8 7.0 3.8 More than 40 percent of the stoppages ending in 1945 lasted only 1, 2, or 3 days, and another 40 percent lasted from 4 to 15 days (table 13). Less than 8 percent of the stoppages lasted as long as 1 month. About 26 percent of the total idleness resulting from stoppages ending in the year was in connection with those which lasted from 15 to 30 days; about 30 percent of the idle man-days resulted from the stop pages which lasted from 30 to 60 days. CHART 4 DURATION OF W ORK STO PPAG ES 1935-1945 P ERCEN T OF ST RIK ES AND LOCKOUTS PERCEN T PERCENT 1 0 0 " 80 - 60 - to 40 - 2 0 - O L 1935 1936 1937 U N IT ED S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R BUREAU OF LA B O R S T A T IS T IC S 1938 1939 1940 ONE OAY AND UNDER ONE WEEK 1941 1942 ONE WEEK AND UNDER ONE MONTH 1943 1944 ONE MONTH AND OVER 1945 25 MAJOR ISSUES INVOLVED The causes of work stoppages arising from labor-management dis putes are many and varied, and the issues in any one strike or lock-out are generally numerous and complex. Such major factors as wages, hours, collective-bargaining relations, etc., are the underlying issues, but many stoppages occur because of the human element and lack of skill or apparent good faith in conducting negotiations. For every dispute which develops into a strike or lock-out, hundreds are settled without work stoppages. The human elements entering into the causes of work stoppages do not lend themselves to statistical evaluation, and it is realized that any effort to classify, for statistical count, the major economic factors over which individual disputes occur may yield only a partial indication of the real causes. Nevertheless, such a classification of issues furnishes the best, if not the only available approach to the causes of labor-management disputes. The issues involved in each stoppage are examined and evaluated in the Bureau, and the strikes are classified according to the apparent major issue. The results of this classification for 1945 appear in table 14. Dissatisfaction with existing wages and hours of work, sometimes in conjunction with union organization or other issues, continued in 1945 as the most important issue in work stoppages, with 50 percent of the cases concerned with this general problem. Following the trend begun in 1943, work stoppages concerned with so-called “fringe” wage issues (holiday and vacation pay, adjustment of piece rates, payment for travel time, etc.) have become steadily more important, and in 1945 were responsible for a larger percent of the total workers involved and man-days of idleness than those concerned with straight wage increases. ‘ In 1942 only 6.0 percent of the total man-days idle were attributed to the fringe issues; by 1944, the proportion had in creased to 16.3 percent, and by 1945, to 22.8. An even larger increase took place in the number of workers involved. The issues of union recognition, closed or union shop, discrimination, and other union-organization questions were primarily responsible for 12.6 percent of the work stoppages, 16.7 percent of the workers in volved, and 20.7 percent of the man-days idle in 1945. Some of the larger stoppages in this category represented efforts to obtain union recognition and collective-bargaining rights for supervisory workers. Other working conditions (including job security, shop conditions and policies, work load, etc.) continued to be the issues responsible for about a third of the stoppages, 29 percent of the number of workers involved, and a fifth of the idleness in 1945. Stoppages caused by issues concerned with interunion or intraunion matters (union rivalry or factionalism and jurisdiction) have remained relatively low, as in the past few years (4 to 5 percent). Since many of the strikes in 1945 were of longer duration than in 1944, the actual number of man-days of idleness in each instance is much larger, as compared with 1944, than a simple comparison of the percentages would indicate. For instance, the total number of days lost in 1944 because of work stoppages over all issues was about 9,000,000. In 1945 almost 13,000,000 days were lost as a result of issues involving wages and hours, and another 10,000,000 days were lost because of stoppages over union organization matters and other working conditions. CHART 9 MAJOR ISSU ES INVOLVED IN WORK STOPPAGES 1935-1945 THOUSANDS NUMBER OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS THOUSANDS 6 6 WAGES AND HOURS UNION ORGANIZATION AND WAGES AND HOURS UNION ORGANIZATION 4 - MISCELLANEOUS WORKING CONDITIONS to O 3- 2 gffjECT I - 1935 1936 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 27 T able 14.— Major Issues Involved in Work Stoppages Ending in 1945 Stoppages Major issue A11 issues r Workers involved Number Percent of total Man-days idle Number Percent of total Number Percent of total _ . 4,616 100.0 3,069.300 100.0 24,360,000 100.0 Wages and hours _ W age increase______________________ Wage decrease Wage increase, hour decrease Wage decrease, hour increase. __ T Other 1....................................................... TTnion organization, wages, and hours Recognition, wages, and/or hours_____ Strengthening bargaining position, wages, and/or hours_______________ Closed or union shop, wages, and/or hours _ __ Discrimination, wages, and/or hours___ Other TTnion organization___ . _ _ __ . Recognition ... ..... Strengthening bargaining position_____ Closed or union shop Discrimination ... _ _ Other __ Other working conditions _. ....... Job security___ ____ _______ ________ Shop conditions and policies Work load ___ Other . __ Tnternnion or intrannion matters _ _ __ _ Sympathy_____ _____ _____ _______ Union rivalry or factionalism________ _ Jurisdiction______ __ ______________ TTnion regulations. ... Other .. . _ ___ Not reported.................... ...................... ........ 1,956 915 56 20 7 958 366 236 42.4 19.8 1.2 .4 .2 20.8 7.9 5.1 1,339,400 488,200 47,600 9,100 18,000 776.500 158,000 75,200 43.7 15.9 1.6 .3 .6 25.3 5.1 2.4 10,817,000 4,758,300 347,400 111,000 50,200 5,550,100 2,116,000 953,700 44.4 19.5 1.4 .5 .2 22.8 8.7 3.9 27 .6 90 7 6 580 226 57 126 132 39 1,510 673 675 131 31 194 28 77 72 11 6 10 1.9 .2 .1 12.6 5.0 1.2 2.7 2.9 .8 32.7 14.6 14.6 2.8 .7 4.2 .6 1.7 1.6 .2 .1 .2 15.400 40.700 3,300 23.400 513,200 272.500 28,100 57.700 138,600 16,300 887,900 382.500 326,000 125.500 53,900 169,400 28,600 86,500 49,100 4,500 700 1,400 • .5 185.400 .8 1.3 .1 .8 16.7 8.9 .9 1.9 4.5 .5 29.0 12.5 10.6 4.1 1.8 5.5 .9 2.9 1.6 .1 (2) (2) 638.400 50,100 288.400 5.045.000 3,629,700 207.600 458,300 646.200 103.200 5.024.000 2,536,300 1,516,400 798,700 172.600 1.353.000 142,500 542,600 645,800 19,100 3.000 5.000 2.6 .2 1.2 20.7 14.8 .9 1.9 2.7 .4 20.6 10.4 6.2 3.3 .7 5.6 .6 2.2 2.7 .1 (2) (2) - Includes stoppages involving adjustments of piece rates, incentive rates, wage classifications for new and changed operations, retroactive pay, holiday and vacation pay, payment for travel time, etc. 2 Less than a tenth of 1 percent. RESULTS OF WORK STOPPAGES The classifications of work stoppages according to whether they were won, compromised, or lost is often difficult for the reason that many disputes are concerned with a number of complex issues which are frequently settled in such a way as to make it difficult to determine the respective gains or losses to the contending parties. The Bureau does attempt, nevertheless, to obtain from the parties directly con cerned statements on the issues involved and on the terms of settle ment, and endeavors to evaluate as nearly as possible the results of each stoppage on an over-all basis to indicate whether the stoppages resulted in substantial gains, partial gains, or little or no gains for the workers. Of the stoppages ending in 1945, the results of about 55 percent were determined at the time the stoppages ended (table 15). In the re mainder, work was resumed, with the issues in dispute to be negotiated later by the parties directly involved, by Government agencies, or by private arbitrators. Nearly 25 percent of the total stoppages resulted in substantial gains to the workers as determined at the time work was resumed. An additional 12 percent brought partial gains or compromises, and 16 percent resulted in little or no gains to the workers. About 11 percent of the total workers involved obtained substantially their demands, and an additional 13 percent obtained partial gains or com promise settlements, whereas 19 percent gained little or nothing. 28 About 51 percent of the workers went back to their jobs pending final disposition of their disputes through further negotations, mediation, or arbitration. T able 15.— Results o f Work Stoppages Ending in 1945 Stoppages Result Total ________ ___ Per Number cent of total _ _ __ __ Issues settled at strike termination: Substantial gains to workers--------------Partial gains or compromises_________ Little or no gains...................................... Indeterminate_____ ________________ Issues to be negotiated: By parties concerned____ ___________ By Government agencies____________ By private arbitrators---------------------Not reported.................................................... Workers involved Man-days idle Number Per cent of total Number Per cent of total 4,616 100.0 3,069,300 100.0 24,360,000 100.0 1,114 534 744 156 24.0 11.6 16.1 3.4 330.100 392,900 594.200 187,400 10.8 12.8 19.4 6.1 3.051.000 5.090.000 4.726.000 882,000 12.5 20.9 19.4 8.6 941 926 189 12 20.4 20.1 4.1 .3 656.200 771.200 136.100 1,200 21.4 25.1 4.4 <*> 3.817.000 5.463.000 1.322.000 9,000 15.7 22.5 5.4 0) i Less than a tenth of 1 percent. T able 16.— Results o f Work Stoppages in 1945 in Relation to M ajor Issues Involved Issues settled at termina tion of stoppage Total Major issues Number Per cent Issues to be negoti ated or settled by or with the help of— Sub Par stan tial tial gains Little Inde Par ties or gains or no termi con com gains nate 1 cerned to work pro ers mises Stoppages Gov ern ment agen cies Pri vate arbi tra tors Percent of stoppages All issues.. -------------------------- 4.616 100.0 24.0 11.6 16.1 3.7 20.4 20.1 4.1 Wages and hours.................... ....... Union organization, wages, and hours............................................. Union organization......................... Other working conditions....... ...... Inter- or intra-union m atters____ N ot reported ___________ 1,956 100.0 24.0 13.6 12.2 1.3 20.1 25.1 3.7 366 580 1,510 194 10 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 38.5 31.0 20.7 4.6 18.0 6.6 10.4 3.6 6.6 16.4 24.6 6.7 10.0 1.1 2.2 2.4 43.9 60.0 14.8 15.7 24.1 18.6 30.0 19.1 25.0 11.8 21.6 1.9 3.1 6.0 1.0 Workers in volved All issues......................................... 3,069,300 100.0 Wages and hours............................ 1,339,400 Union organization, wages, and hours............................................ 158,000 Union organization......................... 513,100 Other working conditions...........— 887,900 Inter- or intra-union matters......... 169,400 1,400 Not reported_________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Percent of workers involved 10.8 juT 14.8 5.9 14.1 10.9 12.8 19.4 6.1 21.4 25.1 4.4 22.4 13.5 2.6 19.2 28.4 4.0 17.5 1.7 6.2 1.4 2.2 49.0 16.8 4.8 11.4 5.2 0.5 5.9 53.2 36.4 22.9 14.6 29.8 13.4 52.2 36.9 27.2 18.7 16.2 0.5 1.1 8.5 0.1 i Includes a few stoppages for which adequate information was not available; also those involving rivalunion or jurisdictional disputes, the results of which cannot be evaluated in terms of their effect on the welfare of all workers concerned. 29 T able 17.— Results o f Work Stoppages Ending in 1945 in Relation to Number o f Workers Involved Issues settled at strike termi nation Num ber of workers involved Totals Issues to be negotiated by— Sub Partial Little Govern Private stantial gains or or no Inde Parties con arbi ment gains to com gains to termi cerned agencies nate 1 trators workers promise workers Number of stoppages All workers involved_________ __ _ 4,616 6 and linger 20 „ T __ 20 and under 100 ______________ 100 and under 250 250 and under son ' ... . . 500 and under i ,ooo __ 1,000 and Under 5,000 5,000 and under 10,000 __________ 10,000 and nver 467 1,416 1,031 673 496 435 62 36 1,114 175 408* 241 148 75 59 6 2 534 744 168 941 926 189 47 166 127 75 63 51 1 4 90 224 177 104 82 53 9 • 5 24 55 33 19 14 11 8 4 52 221 209 170 132 134 17 6 69 279 204 128 108 106 19 13 10 63 40 29 22 21 2 2 Percent of stoppages All workers Involved 100.0 24.0 11.6 16.1 3.7 20.4 20.1 4.1 0 and under 20 __ 20 and under ioo _ _ _____ 100 and under 250... _ _ _ __ 250 and under 500 500 and under 1,000 __ _ _ 1,000 and under 5,000 5,000 and under 10,000 10,000 and over - - 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 37.5 28.9 23.3 22.0 15.1 13.6 9.7 5.6 10.1 11.7 12.3 11.1 12.7 11.7 1.6 11.1 19.3 15.8 17.2 15.5 16.5 12.2 14.5 13.9 5.1 3.9 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.5 12.9 11.1 11.1 15.6 20.3 25.3 26.7 30.8 27.4 16.7 14.8 19.7 19.8 19.0 21.8 24.4 30.7 36.0 2.1 4.4 3.9 4.3 4.4 4.8 3.2 5.6 i Includes a few stoppages for which adequate information was not available; also those involving rivalunion or jurisdictional disputes, the results of which cannot be evaluated in terms of their effect on the welfare of all workers concerned. METHODS OF TERMINATING WORK STOPPAGES Nearly 60 percent of the stoppages ending in 1945, including 72 percent of the total workers involved and accounting for 81 percent of the total idleness, were terminated with the assistance of Govern ment agencies (table 18). In some cases the disputes were settled before work was resumed, and in others the workers were persuaded to go back to their jobs while the issues were negotiated further. About 32 percent of the stoppages, including 17 percent of the workers involved and accounting for 13 percent of the idleness, were settled T able 18.— Methods o f Terminating Work Stoppages Ending in 1945 Stoppages Method of termination Total________________________________ Agreement of parties arrived at— • Directly...................................................... W ith assistance of impartial chairmen—. With assistance of G o v e r n m e n t agencies........ ............. ............................ Terminated without formal settlement____ Employers discontinued business_________ Not reported............... ..................................... 1 Less than a tenth of 1 percent. Number Percent of total Workers involved Man-days idle Number Percent of total Number Percent of total 4,616 100.0 3,069,300 100.0 24,360,000 100.0 1,485 9 32.2 .2 534,500 41,400 17.4 1.3 3.098.000 361,000 12.7 1.5 2,745 339 29 9 59.5 7.3 .6 .2 2,203,000 286,200 3,400 800 71.9 9.3 .1 <*> 19,765,000 1.084.000 43,000 9,000 81.1 4.5 .2 <9 30 directly by the companies and unions concerned. Approximately 8 percent of the stoppages, including over 9 percent of the total workers and accounting for nearly 5 percent of the idleness, were terminated without formal settlements. In a few of these cases the employers discontinued business at the establishments involved. In most cases, however, the strikes were called off and the employees returned to work with no agreement or settlement of the matters at issue. There were 20 work stoppages in 1945 which were followed by Gov ernment seizure of the plants or facilities. Seventeen of these occurred before VJ-day; 14 involved company or union failure to comply with decisions or orders of the National War Labor Board. Strikes Under W ar Labor Disputes A ct in 1945 During 1945 the National Labor Relations Board conducted 1,445 strike ballots under provisions of the War Labor Disputes Act, more generally known as the Smith-Connally Act.4 In 1,249 of these a majority of the employees voted in favor of striking. Of the total votes cast, 84 percent approved strike action. There were 213 work stoppages in 1945 which followed strike votes. These comprised 4.5 percent of the total strikes and lock-outs occurring in the year; the number of workers involved in such stoppages was 736,000 or 21.2 percent of the workers involved in all stoppages; and idleness in these stoppages amounted to 15,095,000 man-days or 39.7 percent of the total idleness during the year. The average number of workers involved in the 213 strikes was 3,454, as compared with averages of 1,426 during 1944 and 730 workers for all strikes and lock-outs in 1945. Idleness per worker involved in the 213 strikes was 20.5 days as compared with 11.0 days for all 1945 stoppages. On the average, 23 days elapsed between the time the votes were taken and the time the strikes occurred. Wages were an issue in three-fourths of these strikes, and 30 percent of them resulted from noncompliance by either the workers or manage ment with directives or decisions of the War Labor Board. In 84 instances the War Labor Board was not involved in any way, and disputes were settled either by the parties themselves or through the aid of State and Federal conciliation services. Work Stoppages of Concern to the National War Labor B oard5 The National War Labor Board, which terminated its existence December 31, 1945, was directly concerned with 1,007 stoppages (21 percent of the total) in 1945 which included 992,000 of the total workers involved and caused 9,173,000 man-days of idleness. This w^as a decrease of more than 600 stoppages from 1944. While the number of workers involved in such stoppages increased somewhat and the idleness was almost double that of 1944, the percentage of total workers involved dropped from 45 in 1944 to about 29 in 1945, and the idleness from about 56 percent to 24 percent of the year’s total. The number of stoppages going to the Board decreased sharply following the President’s issuance of Executive Order 9599 (August 18, 1945)* * 57 Stat. 163 (1943). * These were cases which (1) went to the Board for settlement of the issues; (2) occurred while cases were pending before the Board; and (3) took place after Board decisions, indicating dissatisfaction of one of the parties with decisions rendered. 31 relaxing wage stabilization controls, and in anticipation of tbe Board’s discontinuance at the end of 1945. T able 19.— Work Stoppages o f N W L B Concern Compared with all Stoppages in the United States, 1945 Stoppages Month Number Workers involved Percent of all Number stoppages Percent of all stoppages Man-days idle Number Percent of all stoppages All months.......................................... 1,007 21.2 992,012 28.6 9,172,645 24.1 January............................................... February............................................. March.................................................. A pril................................................... M ay............................................ ........ June........................ ............................ J u l y .................................................... August................................................ September.......................................... October.. ............................................. November........................................... December............................................ 66 82 112 124 144 132 135 74 64 38 28 8 28.2 29.4 29.3 28.8 33.3 27.4 25.8 16.6 11.2 8.0 7.8 6.0 15,113 59,450 76,169 169,704 141,371 137,901 147,310 88, 504 82,728 39,104 27, 599 7,059 32.3 53.5 38.7 55.5 42.5 41.6 45.3 32.7 15.7 7.1 6.6 14.0 102,750 263,054 484,688 1,099,909 1,521,567 1,120,882 1,142,172 827,050 1,138,205 575,302 557,286 339,780 51.5 67.8 62.5 74.7 68.6 59.4 64.6 48.3 26.2 6.7 8.0 4.4 Of the 1,007 stoppages of direct concern to the NWLB, 550 or 55 percent were referred to the Board after the stoppages began. About 15 percent occurred while cases were pending before the Board, com pared with 22 percent in 1944 and almost 40 percent in 1943; in a large percentage of these, Board delay in arriving at a decision was given as one cause of the stoppage. Over 300 stoppages, 30 percent of the total, occurred after decisions had been rendered, the workers protest ing terms of Board decisions or protesting the noncompliance of employers with such decisions. In about 750 stoppages, over 70 percent of the total, wages alone or in connection with other factors, were given as the major issue in dispute. T able 20.— Work Stoppages o f N W L B Concern, Classified According to M ajor Issues Involved and Tim e Stoppages Occurred, 1945 Stoppages Major issues involved and time stoppages occurred Workers involved Per Per Num cent of Number cent of ber total total Man-days idle Number Per cent of total T otal........................................................................ Wagps _ _ All other _ 1,007 749 258 100.0 74.4 25.6 992,012 669,610 322,402 100.0 67.5 32.5 9,172,645 6,502,574 2,670,071 100.0 70.9 29.1 ■Strikes before eases wont to Board _ Wages_______________________________ All other___ ____•___ __________________ £!trilrps whilp. easps wptp pending Wages All other. _ . . . _____________ -_____ Strikes after Board d e c i s i o n s _ Wages.. ____________________________ All other_____________________________ 550 341 209 153 136 17 304 272 32 54.6 33.9 20.7 15.2 13.5 1.7 30.2 27.0 3.2 495,822 218,733 277,089 279,462 257,901 21,561 216,728 192,976 23,752 50.0 22.0 28.0 28.2 26.0 2.2 21.8 19.4 2.4 4,118,867 1,990,501 2.128.366 2,723,143 2,566,707 156,436 2,330,635 1.945.366 385,269 44.9 21.7 23.2 29.7 28.0 1.7 25.4 21.2 4.2 32 Scope and Method Coverage.—The Bureau’s statistics include all known work stoppages due to labor-management disputes in the continental United States which involve as many as six workers and last as long as a full day or shift. All such stoppages, whether initiated by workers or employers, are included. Stoppages involving fewer than six workers and lasting less than a full workday or shift are excluded from the Bureau’s statistics, principally because it is impossible to obtain a complete record of these minor controversies. Furthermore, these disputes are usually of little importance, arising many times from misunder standings which are cleared up within a few minutes or a few hours with no significant interruption in production. Collection of data,—The Bureau receives press clippings on labor disputes from nearly 400 daily newspapers throughout the country and more than 250 labor and industry papers and journals. It also obtains reports directly from Federal and State agencies which deal with employer-employee disputes. Upon receipt of information as to the existence of a work stoppage detailed questionnaires are sent to the companies, unions, and impartial agencies involved to get first-hand and verified information concerning the number of workers involved, duration of the stoppage, major issues, methods of settle ment, results, and other data. Quantitative measures.—Stoppages due to labor-management dis putes are measured for statistical purposes by their number, the workers involved, and total man-days of idleness. The indirect effects of work stoppages upon related and dependent industries and the general public are not reflected by the Bureau’s data since no sound basis yet exists, statistically, for the calculation of these secon dary or tertiary effects of strikes. Thus, the Bureau’s figures show the total number of workers in any plant who are made idle during a dispute in that plant, but do not include workers or idleness in other plants of the same or other companies which may be indirectly affected and required to curtail production through failure to get materials from the idle plant. For example, if maintenance workers in an automobile-engine plant strike and thereby cause the entire plant to close, all workers idle during the dispute are counted as involved in the strike. However, if an automobile-assembly plant closes or curtails production because it cannot obtain engines from the struck plant, idleness in the assembly plant is not counted. The difficulties of securing accurate information concerning the indirect, or the secondary and tertiary effects of all stoppages can be further illustrated by several additional examples from the transportation or public utility field where the number of workers directly engaged in a stoppage may be small but the effect far-reaching. In a streetcar and bus strike, in order to determine the number of workers indirectly made idle, it would be necessary to find out how many persons did not walk to work or obtain rides by other means. In a strike of elevator operators, it would be necessary to determine how many workers were kept from their offices or shops as opposed to the number who climbed the stairs and reported for work. Since it is practically impossible to measure all of these elements accurately, the statistics 33 are limited to basic information which can be obtained uniformly month after month so that information for different periods will be comparable and will reflect general trends. Analysis of data.—Strikes and lock-outs, by their very nature, lead to differences of viewpoint and approach in their measurement and classification. Since they are controversies in which the employers, the workers, and the public are deeply concerned, each group naturally tends to interpret and evaluate the situation from its own, often strictly partisan, point of view. This divergency of outlook persists throughout every phase of the statistical treatment of strikes and lock-outs—definition, unit of measurement, extent, causes, and results. Furthermore, the facts with reference to strikes and lock-outs very often are too complex or indeterminate to permit accurate and simple classification by any approach. Causes leading up to any one dispute may be many and varied, and the basic causes may never be actually voiced by either party; so also with the outcome, especially when the dispute ends with no written agreement. In view of these divergencies of approach as well as of the difficulty in securing sufficiently detailed information, a portion of the statistics on strikes and lock-outs is, of necessity, based on estimates and judg ment. Through the use of specific definitions and the adoption of policies to be followed in the evaluation of the data, the Bureau, however, seeks to obtain the highest possible degree of comparability and uniformity of treatment. 34 T a b l e A.— Work Stoppages in 1945 in States Which H ad 25 or More Stoppages During the Year, by Industry Group Number of— State and industry group Workers Man-days >ppages involved1 idle dur ing 19451 Alabama........................................................... ....................................... Food and kindred products............................................................. Textile-mill products........... .................. ......................................... Furniture and finished lumber products....................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.................................... Chemicals and .allied products....................................................... Products of petroleum and coal...................................................... Rubber products..................... ................. . ...................................... Leather and leather products.......................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products....................................................... Iron and steel and their products. ................................................. Machinery (except electrical). ................... .................................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles).......................... M ining....... ........... .......................................................................... Construction................................................................................... Trade................................ ...... ........... ................. — ..................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other.................. ...................... M47 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 19 1 10 76 9 1 13 2 74,800 110 3,280 180 170 40 20 5,940 60 130 16,500 150 10,700 33,900 450 40 3,090 40 459,000 360 8,200 3,590 3,200 170 20 8,860 1,320 1,350 112,400 150 34,800 276,000 1,920 380 6,300 300 California.......................—......................................... -............................ Food and kindred products....... .................................................... Tobacco manufactures................................................... ................. Textile-mill products.............................................. ..................... . Apparel and other finished praducts made from fabrics and simi lar materials......... .................................................... .................... Lumber and timber basic products............................................... Furniture and finished lumber products....................................... Paper and allied products.................. ............................................ Printing, publishing, and allied industries.......................... ......... Chemicals and allied products........................................................ Products of petroleum and coal...................................................... Rubber products-------------- ------------ ......................................... . Leather and leather products......................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products....................................................... Iron and steel and their products. ................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products.................................. ......... Machinery (except electrical)................ ....................................... . Electrical machinery........................................................................ Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Automobiles and automobile equpiment...................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........................................ Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.................................................... Mining. ................... ...... ................................................................ . Construction............. ....................................................................... Trade.................. .................................... ............ -------------------Transportation, communication, and other public utilities___ Services—personal, business, and other........................................ Other nonmanufacturing industries............................. ................ . 2150 18 1 2 121,200 11,900 380 110 2,777,000 266,000 16,900 4,660 3 7 5 2 1 8 3 6 5 3 14 3 5 3 10 3 3 3 1 15 19 14 11 1 290 2,940 900 1,270 20 1,510 3,520 3,060 360 620 12,300 1,200 6,130 1,120 48,600 1,510 70 810 20 2,630 3,280 4,680 11,880 110 11,900 166,000 17,900 28,000 80 32,800 29,600 20,900 11.900 12,800 226,000 4,570 204,000 49,000 1,071,000 39,900 510 4,750 570 25,900 56,900 36,400 438,000 430 Colorado_________ ____------- --------------------------------------- ------- Food and kindred products................ ............................................ Furniture and finished lumber products..................................... . Rubber products...... ........................................................................ Iron and steel and their products.................................................. . Mining............................................................................................... Construction.................................................................................... . Trade............................................... ........................ — .................. . Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Other nonmanufacturing industries.................................... ........... 228 3 1 1 6 7 1 1 8 1 13,900 490 30 2,100 6,200 710 50 1,850 2,240 250 86,000 1,630 130 6,300 11,900 3,090 100 7,650 53,600 2,000 Connecticut....................................................................... ..................... . Food and kindred products.............................— ......................... Tobacco manufactures.................................................................... . Textile-mill products. ................................... --------------------Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials........................ .............................................— Furniture and finished lumber products...................................... . Printing, publishing, and allied industries................................... . Chemicals and allied products....................................................... . Products of petroleum and coal..................................................... . Rubber products............. ................................................................ Stone, clay, and glass products...................................................... . Iron and steel and their products.................................................. . Nonferrous metals and their products......... .................................. Machinery (except electrical).................. ...... ............................ .... See fo o tn o te s a t end of table. 79 2 2 9 89,300 50 30 6,060 750,000 320 1.130 84,400 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 9 11 14 100 20 20 10 20 3,010 230 7,350 2,730 7,210 400 220 140 80 50 A020 1,070 133,000 21,700 205,000 35 T able A . — Work Stoppages in 1945 in States Which H ad 25 or More Stoppages During the Year, by Industry Group— Continued. Num ber of— State and industry group pages Workers Man-days idle dur involved1 ing 1945 i Connecticut—Continued. Electrical machinery........................... .................. ................. Transportation equipment (except automobiles).................. Automobiles and automobile equipment............................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries................................ Construction................................... . . ...................................... Trade_____ _____-................................................ ........-........ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. Services—personal, business, and other.................................. 2 1 1 3 2 3 6 1 3,640 300 7,530 240 90 120 530 40 83,900 900 203,300 4,160 1,920 710 2,330 190 Florida....................................... ................................. ..................... Tobacco manufactures................................ ........................... Lumber and timber basic products...... ................................. . Furniture and finished lumber products............................... . Printing, publishing, and allied industries............................ . Iron and steel and their products.................. .......................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles)................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries................................ . Agriculture, forestry, and fishing............................................ . Construction............................................................................. . Trade........................................ .............. ................................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.. 29 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 4 3 8 13,100 7,580 100 360 70 40 840 10 1,570 350 100 2,150 143,000 100,000 100 14,600 2,020 280 2,440 70 14,400 2,760 960 5,060 Geoi•rgia.................................................................................... - ........ Food and kindred products..................................................... Textile-mill products................................................................ Iron and steel and their products............................................. Machinery (except electrical).................................................. . Electrical machinery..... .............................. ............................. Transportation equipment (except automobiles)................... Automobiles and automobile equipment_____ _____ ____ Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.............. .............................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.. Other nonmanufacturing industries........................................ 42 4 8 7 1 1 5 1 1 13 1 15,300 410 1,110 1,150 70 140 9,320 960 600 1,450 60 149,000 2,060 32,500 2,780 200 4,690 60,300 26,000 13,200 7,730 130 Illinois_______________________________ -___________________ Food and kindred products............................................................. Textile-mill products........ ....................... ....................................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials............................................................................ Lumber and timber basic products................................................ Furniture and finished lumber products....................................... Paper and allied products..... .......................................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.................................... Chemicals and allied products........................................................ Products of petroleum and coal....................................................... Eubber products.......................... ............. ...................................... Leather and leather products........................................ — ............. Stone, clay, and glass products—....................................... ............ Iron and steel and their products................................................... Nonferrous metals and their products............................................ Machinery (except electrical)....................... -................................. Electrical machinery........................................................................ Transportation equipment (except automobiles).......................... Automobiles and automobile equipment....................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........................................ M in in g ........................................... ......... ....................................... Construction..................................................................................... Trade................................................................................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate................................................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other.......................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries................................................ 2491 20 2 275,000 3,880 200 2,559,000 53,500 730 9 2 11 6 9 13 9 2 12 19 102 15 65 6 14 16 8 64 20 18 3 28 17 3 830 1,340 910 1,900 4,500 5,350 2,880 120 6,340 5,300 52,600 4,990 47,600 2,340 37,100 18,100 1,650 37,100 1,360 4,110 90 32,000 1,290 1,180 2,610 2,680 15,800 12,300 74,500 106,000 30,100 420 20,500 64,700 578,000 79,200 544,000 35,300 104,000 332,000 17,900 155,000 17,000 26,200 350 265,000 15,200 7,040 Indiana............................................................ ...... Food and kindred products.......................... Lumber and timber basic products............ Furniture and finished lumber products.. . Paper and allied products...................... — Printing, publishing, and allied industries. Chemicals and allied products..................... Products of petroleum and coal.................... Eubber products................................ .......... Leather and leather products___________ Stone, clay, and glass products..................... See fo o tn o tes a t end of table. 2203 11 1 3 2 2 2 1 9 2 6 157,100 4,680 130 790 410 110 140 5,860 13,100 130 1,130 1,989,000 12,600 4,480 5,780 6,640 2,860 2,880 49,800 130,000 3,240 11,100 36 T a b l e A .— Work Stoppages in 1945 in States Which H ad 25 or More Stoppages During the Year, by Industry Group— C ontinued Number of— State and industry group Workers Man-days idle dur ages involved 1 ing 1945 1 Indiana—Continued. Iron and steel and their products............... -................................... Nonferrous metals and their products............................................ Machinery (except electrical).......................................................... Electrical machinery_____ ______________-............................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles).......................... Automobiles and automobile equipment....................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........................................ Mining............................................................................................... Construction.......................................................................... .......... T rade........... ................... ...................... ................ ........... ........... . Transportation, communication, and other public utilities-----Services—personal, business, and other......................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries............................................... 54 4 25 10 7 12 1 19 7 5 16 2 4 28,800 3,730 11,600 5,720 3,640 52,600 1,400 18,000 1,850 180 2,380 130 550 144,000 54,500 217,000 72,600 11,800 1,049,000 8,640 155,000 7,460 1,440 32,400 740 5,460 Io w a........................................................................................................ Food and kindred products............................................................. Lumber and timber basic products. .............................................. Printing, publishing, and allied p ro d u cts.................................... Rubber products._................................................................... — Stone, clay, and glass products....................................................... Iron and steel and their products ............................ ..................... Machinery (except electrical)......................................................... Automobiles and automobile equipment....................................... Mining.................................... .......................................................... Construction.......................... ......................................................... Trade............................ ........... ........................... ............................ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other......................................... 43 10 2 1 2 1 10 6 1 2 2 2 3 1 18,200 8,270 150 130 880 180 3,210 3,100 240 180 480 50 1,330 50 256,000 67,000 1,160 640 1,750 5,220 21,270 101,000 5,860 3,390 2,810 1,440 44,200 190 Kentucky_________________________________________________ Food and kindred?products.............. ............................................. Furniture and finished lumber products______________ ____ Chemicals and allied products............................... ................... Products of petroleum and coal...................................................... Leather and leather products.......................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products........................................ .............. Iron and steel and their products. ................................................ Nonferrous metals and their products.......................................... Machinery (except electrical)........................................................ Electrical machinery...................... .................................................. Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Automobiles and automobile equipment....................................... Mining............................................................................................... Construction. .................................................................................. T rade..................—......................................................................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities____ Services—personal, business, and other.......................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries.............................................. . 149 3 2 2 2 2 4 5 1 1 1 1 1 100 3 4 14 2 1 99,100 800 230 610 930 830 380 2,880 3,130 70 2,830 500 40 83,700 170 590 1,230 90 50 964,000 6,180 1,340 23,200 4,610 7,130 5,780 26,100 15,600 200 113,000 800 320 734,000 200 17,200 8,000 590 100 Louisiana.................................................................. ............................. . Food and kindred products............................. .............................. Paper and allied products............................................................... Chemicals and allied products........................................................ Products of petroleum and coal...................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products....................................................... Iron and steel and their p roducts................................................. Machinery (except electrical)........................................................ . Transportation equipment (except automobiles)........................ . C onstruction .................................... ..............— .......................... Trade __ ____ _ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities....... . Services—personal, business, and other........................................ . 50 2 2 8 3 3 3 1 8 5 13 1 20,700 60 580 1,830 1,940 1,620 130 310 11,300 1,320 110 1,490 20 251,000 330 3,030 15,100 13,800 46,400 1,550 9,520 97,100 48,600 1,160 13,700 220 Maryland------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- Food and kindred products............................................................. Textile-mill products........................................... ........................... Apparel ana other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials........................................................................... Furniture and finished lumber p roducts.................................... . Paper and allied products.............................................................. . Chemicals and allied products........................................................ Rubber products............................................................................. Leather and leather p ro d u cts............ .......................................... Stone, clay, and glass products...................................................... . Iron and steel and their products.................................................. . Nonferrous metals and their products............................................ See fo o tn o te s a t end of table. 57 6 1 33,300 1,430 140 246,000 8,950 270 2 2 2 5 6 1 1 11 2 80 270 3,090 6,000 10,100 210 550 3,470 670 850 7,370 28,000 10,200 71,200 210 9,880 7,140 1,130 2 37 T a b l e A .— Work Stoppages in 1945 in States Which H ad 25 or More Stoppages During the Year, by Industry Group— Continued Num ber of— State and industry group pages Maryland—Continued. Electrical machinery........................................................................ Automobiles and automobile equipment:..................................... M in in g ...................................................... ..................................... Construction---------------------------------- -------- -.......................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Workers Man-days idle dur involved1 ing 1945 i 1 1 3 4 9 800 850 90 3,360 2,220 11,900 22,800 1,250 49,800 15,400 Massachusetts--------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------Food and kindred products............................................................. Tobacco manufactures...................................................................... Textile-mill products ....................................................................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar m aterials......................................................................... Furniture and finished lumber products. ..................................... Paper and allied products.................... ........ ................................... Printing, publishing, and allied products...................................... Chemicals and allied products ....................................................... Products of petroleum and coal—................................................... Rubber products.............................................................................. Leather and leather products.—.................................................... Stone, clay, and glass pi oducts ................................................... Iron and steel and their products. ................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products............................................ Machinery (except electrical).......................................................... Electrical machinery ....... ........................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..... ................................... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.................................................... Construction.--............................................................................... Trade................................................................................................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities........ Services—personal, business, ana other....................................... . Other nonmanufacturing industries........................................ ...... >239 13 2 45 60,700 1,450 130 15,400 397,000 8,820 3,890 77,300 17 3 4 1 1 1 6 47 1 17 3 11 6 5 7 8 8 29 4 1 1,000 250 940 60 20 190 5,000 12,200 50 7,870 290 4,780 2,950 290 1,320 1,100 320 4,920 150 20 . 3,100 3,500 5,240 2,850 70 970 17,000 29,700 1,050 76,500 2,320 41,300 74,700 2,780 11,800 7,850 3,760 22,500 590 50 Michigan................................................................................................... Food and kindred products............................................................. Textile-mill products...... ................................................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials................... ......................................................... Lumber and timber basic products................................................ Furniture and finished lumber products........................................ Paper and allied products............... .............................................. Printing, publishing, and allied industries.................................... Chemicals and allied products....................................................... Products of petroleum and coal......... ............................................ Rubber products................................- ...................................... — Leather and leather products.......................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products............... ........................................ Iron and steel and their products. ................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products............................................ Machinery (except electrical).......................................................... Electrical machinery........................................................................ Transportation equipment (except automobiles).......................... Automobiles and automobile equipment....................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........................................ M ining................................................ -............. *............................. Construction...................................................................................... Trade..... ......................................................-.............................. — Finance, insurance, and real estate------------- --------------- -------Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other.......................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries................................................ *478 7 1 521,100 3,340 10 5,960,000 118,000 10 2 1 8 12 2 9 1 8 2 1 98 20 76 5 37 117 12 2 9 22 1 24 1 2 130 70 2,900 4,680 290 4,550 420 15,600 1,500 180 48,600 8,570 41,500 14,200 34,900 318,000 1,890 130 7,260 8,210 50 4,420 10 60 1,490 210 40,000 50,'800 1,470 67,100 7,180 132,000 1,800 3,480 327,000 46,200 398,000 33,700 203,000 4, 298,000 96,700 1,680 25,300 82,400 2,110 22,200 10 740 Minnesota..................................... ....................-................ ..................... Food and kindred products............................................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials............................................................................ Lumber and timber basic products................................................ Printing, publishing, and allied industries.................................... Chemicals and allied products........................................................ Leather and leather products.......................................................... Iron and steel and their products.................................................... Machinery (except electrical).......................................................... Construction..................................................................................... T rade.— ..........................................................................-................ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Other nonmanufacturing industries.............................................. . See fo o tn o tes a t end of table. 29 8 10,900 4,590 246,000 72,300 1 2 1 1 1 4 5 2 1 2 1 80 830 20 10 180 1,380 1,090 290 60 2,370 60 2,290 3,660 290 950 180 52,700 30,400 1,720 660 81,000 90 38 T a b l e A.— Work Stoppages in 1945 in States Which H ad 25 or More Stoppages During the Year, by Industry Group— C ontinued Number of— State and industry group •ppages Workers Man-days idle dur involved 1 ing 1945 i Missouri................................................................................................... Food and kindred products............................... -............................ Tobacco manufactures..................................................................... Textile-mill products__.----------------- ------------------------ -------Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials....... .................. -........... ................................... Lumber and timber basic products . _ ........................................... Furniture and finished lumber products....................................... Paper and allied products.................. ............................................. Printing, publishing, and allied industries.................................... Chemicals and allied products......................................................Products of petroleum and coal..................................................... . Rubber products...... ....................................................................... Leather and leather products....................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products...................................................... . Iron and steel and their products...... ........................................... Nonferrous metals and their products............................................ Machinery (except electrical)......... ................................................ Electrical machinery------------------------------------------------------Transportation equipment (except autom obiles)........................ Automobiles and automobile equipment....................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries— ............................... . Agriculture, forestry, and fishing-................................................. M ining............................................................................................... Construction................................................................. -................ T rade................................. -........... —-........... -........... -................ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other...................... .. Other nonmanufacturing industries.............................................. . 148 12 1 2 70,600 5,190 190 250 901,000 18,100 740 900 f) 1 3 4 4 1 2 2 14 5 16 *6 9 2 11 3 6 2 3 5 11 14 3 1 2,320 50 980 780 2,540 30 790 880 6,860 3,970 6,870 2,910 3,590 600 11,700 11,500 850 30 70 660 4,150 2,790 100 40 58,400 320 39,400 45,400 31,800 120 3,310 4,380 23,000 125,000 49,200 42,000 61,000 590 57,800 216,000 2,410 230 1,530 12,700 36,700 66,400 1,810 1,850 New Jersey............................................................................................... Food and kindred products......................................................... . Tobacco manufactures.................................................................. . Textile-mill products______ _____________ ----------------------Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials--------- ---------Furniture and finished lumber products...................................... . Paper and allied products..... ........................................................ . Printing, publishing, and allied industries...... ............................ . Chemicals and allied products....................................................... . Products of petroleum and coal..................................................... Rubber products.............................................................................. Leather and leather products........................................................ . Stone, clay, and glass products..................................................... . Iron and steel and their products.................................................. . Nonferrous metals and their products............................................ Machinery (except electrical)....................................................... . Electrical machinery.----- ----------------------------------------------Transportation equipment (except automobiles)........................ . Automobiles and automobile equipment....................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........................................ Mining.............................................................................................. Construction...... ................ - .............: ........................................... Trade.................................................................................-............. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities....... . Services—personal, business, and o th er......................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries............................................... «252 17 6 22 168,100 9,170 2,770 12,100 1,778,000 124,000 39,400 153,000 10 6 11 5 11 3 8 3 6 20 10 17 12 14 5 6 1 13 18 25 5 1 1,430 1,110 2,070 250 3,810 810 2, 770 2,330 2,760 13,000 5,480 10,300 6,650 54,200 13,400 3,200 30 1,930 2,900 15,600 150 30 11,500 16,800 32,900 3,490 36,800 4,750 41,660 27,500 17,700 275,000 15,900 176,000 116,000 186,000 254,000 58,900 170 14,700 33,900 136,000 780 80 New York..............................................-............................ ..................... Food and kindred products............................................................. Tobacco manufactures..........................................................-......... Textile-mill products----------- --------- ----------------------- -------Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials................ ........................................— ........... Furniture and finished lumber p r o d u c t s ................................... Paper and allied products........ ...................................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.................................... Chemicals and allied p ro d u cts............... ................................ .. Products of petroleum and coal...................................................... Rubber products....................... ....................................................... Leather and leather products.......................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products...................................................... . Iron and steel and their products.................................. .............. . Nonferrous metals and their products............................................ Machinery (except electrical).......... ............................................ Electrical machinery.......... ...... ..................................................... . Transportation equipment (except automobiles)........................ . Automobiles and automobile equipm ent..................................... See fo o tn o tes a t end of table. 2381 21 1 18 174,800 8,380 30 14,000 1,896,000 62,700 660 91,300 33 19 19 3 10 3 1 8 3 41 17 12 16 15 4 3,000 2,050 2,860 2,010 3,140 690 410 5,470 270 18,000 9,340 2,340 7,160 17,300 9,870 19,000 30,900 33,200 25,700 20,500 4,490 7,380 14,000 2,150 104,000 87,200 24,300 27,000 58,400 266,000 39 T a b l e A.— Work Stoppages in 1945 in States Which Had 25 or More Stoppages During the Year, by Industry Group— Continued Number of— State and industry group Man-days idle dur ing 1945 i Stoppages Workers involved i New York—Continued. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........................................ Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.................................................. Construction..................................................................................... Trade _____ _______________________________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate-------------------------------- ..--Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other.................... ..................... 12 1 12 30 12 37 15 4,170 80 8,720 4,560 15,300 34,100 1,750 21,700 80 121,000 32,400 70,100 259,000 12,800 Tobacco manufactures.............. . ..................................................... Textile-mill products........................................................................ Furniture and finished lumber products.—.................................. Paper and allied products........ .................. .................................... Leather and leather products. ........................ —......................._. Iron and steel and their products........... ........................................ Machinery (except electrical)....... .................................................. Electrical machinery___ _________________ ___________ Transportation equipment (except automobiles)______ ______ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities........ Services—personal, business, and other....................... ................. 37 2 19 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 17,500 1,430 11,700 50 110 650 50 220 20 1,620 730 890 438,000 3,220 363,000 560 960 2,050 300 11.700 40 3,240 2,400 50,000 477 13 1 4 417,900 680 ,80 3,110 3,485,000 4,310 5,200 12,000 2 8 5 1 15 4 45 3 22 127 18 32 16 21 19 6 2 47 18 10 2 27 5,030 58,700 18,100 530 25,500 49,700 948,000 2,360 301,000 459,000 11,800 351,000 214,000 162,000 449,000 7,060 1,030 215,000 18,100 3,910 6,480 88,800 16,700 30 Food and kindred products............................................................. Tobacco manufactures...................................................................... Textile-mill products--------------------------------------------------— Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.................................. ....................................... Furniture and finished lumber products........................................ Paper and allied products.................... ....................................... . Printing, publishing, and allied industries.................................... Chemicals and allied products........................................................ Products of petroleum and coal....................................................... Rubber products.................. ............................................................ Leather and leather products.......................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products........................................................ Iron and steel and their products.................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products............................................ Machinery (except electrical).......................................................... Electrical machinery.......... ............. .................. .............................. Transportation equipment (except automobiles).......................... Automobiles and automobile equipment......... .............................. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........................................ Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.................................................... Mining_______________________________________________ Construction. ................................................................................... Trade_________________________________________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate------------------------------------Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other.......................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries................................................ 1 710 4,130 2,310 20 4,240 4,010 164,000 1,790 14,800 60,000 4,220 33,200 21,800 38,200 26,000 1,310 100 26,300 1,630 590 150 3,900 630 10 Oregon _______________________ . . . . . . . . . . . ................................ Food and kindred products............................................................. Lumber and timber basic products................................................ Furniture and finished lumber products.......... ........................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing............................................... Construction...............................- .................................................... 36 2 21 4 6 1 2 25,900 310 21,200 980 3,220 190 10 954.000 7,520 933,000 2,330 9,860 1,290 20 Pennsylvania __________________________________ Food and kindred products.............. .............................................. Tobacco manufactures...................................................................... Textile-mill products........................................ --------- -------------Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials............................... -...............-».......................... Furniture and finished lumber products........................................ Paper and allied products............................................................... Prmting, publishing, and allied industries.................................... Chemicals and allied products........................................................ Products of petroleum and coal....................................................... Rubber products..................................—........................................ Leather and leather products......................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products........................................................ Iron and steel and their products................................................... Nonferrous metals and their products............................................ Machinery (except electrical)......................................................... Electrical machinery......................... —.......................................... See fo o tn o tes a t end of table. 743 10 1 10 599,300 7,280 700 3,860 5.922.000 78,600 37,800 11,100 27 6 6 4 16 7 3 9 24 211 21 32 14 3,380 490 1,190 1,400 5,030 3,050 2,350 6,130 19,400 115,000 11,400 33,700 47,500 32,300 2,200 4,830 28,000 27,000 19,900 42,500 25,200 361,000 947,000 46,500 247,000 498,000 8 40 T a b l e A.— Work Stoppages in 1945 in States Which H ad 25 or More Stoppages .During the Year, by Industry Group— C ontinued Number of— State and Industry group Stoppages Workers Man-days dur involved 1 idle ing 19451 Pennsylvania—Continued. Transportation equipment (except automobiles) . ___ ______ Antnmnhiles and automobile equipment. _ ___ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries . Mining Construction 11UJ., , Trade , Finance, insurance, and real estate....... ......... - ..................... ........ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... flervjnes—personal, business, and other _ __ ,. , __ Other nonmannfaetnring industries__ _ . 88 5 6 211 17 8 1 44 8 4 26,700 8,760 4,350 287,000 870 1,700 30 7,580 400 130 122,000 118,000 209,000 2,946,000 4,090 16,700 450 93,800 2,650 330 Rhode Island __ _ _ _ , . _ _ _ Tobacco manufactures _ _ _ Textile-mill products - * __nr nil ___. , T Paper and allied products _ r .. _n , _ ._ _ _ Rubber p roducts'______________________________________ Tron and*steel and their products. , , _ .. Machinery (except electrical)___ _ _ ______ Electrical'machinery Transportation equipment (except automobiles).......................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. _ ___ ____ Construction___________________________________________ Trade___ ____________________________________________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... 47 1 26 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 22,900 40 14,000 150 1.070 3 390 5,750 440 550 200 20 40 250 456,000 310 214,000 1,710 2,480 10 235,000 1,010 550 1,200 200 220 280 118 1 2 69,800 70 190 461,000 560 2,490 1 4 2 5 4 8 2 11 4 3 1 38 6 5 20 1 720 380 190 l, 510 630 23,000 650 4,240 9,740 1,430 230 20,500 3,77,0 140 2,310 170 18,600 1,700 920 24.300 9,850 50.300 7,670 26,100 63,900 4,110 5,180 175.000 45,000 2,030 21,200 2,560 * 72 5 1 73,800 1,570 800 510.000 3,250 17,400 1 1 6 7 7 2 2 2 2 8 1 2 5 2 1 19 1 1 200 170 180 2,760 21,100 220 210 2,620 1,150 31,600 80 2,520 550 20 10 7,700 370 30 7,410 340 4,040 35,800 212,000 240 2,520 12,900 4,450 103,000 2,870 17,600 8,540 60 10 72,700 5,840 140 88 40,300 1,780 255,000 6,160 1 130 3 3 1 1,910 2,280 20 250 1,240 10,800 65,700 20 Food and kindred products _ Textile-mill products _ _________________________________ Apparel and'other finished products made from fabrics and sim ilar materials _____________________ __ _______________ Lumber and timber basic products________________________ Furniture and finished lumber products. „ - „ Faper and allied products r........... . Chemicals and allied products.. . . . . . __. . . _________________ Rubber products_______________________________________ Leather and leather products Iron and steel and their products_________________________ Non ferrous metals and their products. _ Machinery (except electrical)_____________________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. Mining ______________ -_____________________________ Construction __ __________ ____________________________ Trade. __ __________________________________________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other_____________________ Food and kindred products _ _ _ _ _ _ Textile-mill products ______________________ _________ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and simi lar materials _______________________________ Paper and allied products . . . Printing; publishing, and allied industries _ _ Chemicals and allied products ________ ___________________ Products of petroleum and coal . Rubber products _ _ _ Stone, clay, and glass products . _. _ Iron and steel and their products _________________________ Machinery (except electrical)_______________________ -_____ Transportation equipment (except automobiles)_____________ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries . Mining _____________________ ______ . . . ___________ Construction___________________________________________ Trade — _____________________________________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate________________________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities........ Services—personal, business, and other ....... o th e r nonmenufacturing industries__________ __________ __ _______________________ _____ . . . . . . . _. . . ___________ Textile-mill products ______________________________ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and simi lar materials ________________________________________ Lnmher and timber basic products _____________________ Paper and allied products ____ __ Leather and leather products __ Stone, clay, and glass products........................................................ See fo o tn o tes a t end of table. V irg in ia 3 41 T a b l e A.— Work Stoppages in 1945 in States Which H ad 25 or More Stoppages During the Year, by Industry Group— Continued Number of— State and industry group Stoppages Virginia—Continued. Nonferrous metals and their products______________________ Machinery (except electrical).................................... ..................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles).......................... M ining.............. ............................. ................................................ Construction........ _........................................................................... Trade................................................................................................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other......................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries............................................... 1 1 2 43 10 Workers Man-days idle dur involved * ing 1945» 11 3 1 660 320 80 28,800 2,960 130 1,000 40 190 Washington................................. ..................... ........... ........................... Food and kindred products............................................................. Lumber and timber basic products...... ......................................... Furniture and finished lumber products....................................... Paper and allied products................................................................ Printing, publishing, and allied industries.................................... Stone, clay, and glass products....................................................... Iron and steel and their produces.................................................... Nonferrous metals and their products............................................ Transportation equipment (except automobiles).......................... Automobiles and automobile equipment....................................... Construction............................................... ..................................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other— .................................... . 38 32,500 West Virginia..................................... ...................................................... Food and kindred products............................................................. Tobacco manufactures................... —............................................. . Printing, publishing, and allied industries..-............................... Chemicals and allied products...................................................... . Products of petroleum and coal...................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products....................................................... Iron and steel and their products.................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products............................................ Machinery (except electrical).......................................................... Electrical machinery................. .................. .................................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles)....................— Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............................ ......... M ining.............................................................................................. Construction__________________________________________ Trade........ ........................................................................................ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other............................... ......... Other nonmanufacturing industries.............................................. . 2128 3 1 1 5 5 7 10 4 1 1 2 1 72 Wisconsin..................................... ....................... ............. -............... ...... Food and kindred products............................................................ Textilfe-mill products........................................ ............. ........ ......... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.......... ........... ................................................... . Lumber and timber basic products. .............................................. Furniture and finished lumber products...................................... . Paper and allied products............................................................... Rubber products. ............................................................................ Leather and leather products.......................................................... Iron and stebl and their products................................................... Nonferrous metals and their products....... .................................... Machinery (except electrical)........................................ ................. Electrical machinery...... ........... ............ ....................................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Automobiles and automobile equipm ent...................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries— .................................. Mining............................................................................................. Construction. ................................................. .......................... — Trade................................................................................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate................................................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities-----Services—personal, business, and other— .................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries. ............................................. 123 5 2 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 6 2 640 22,400 50 100 1,270 150 40 490 5,800 130 220 1,130 20 2 1 156,700 340 330 20 3,650 890 7,030 5,880' 2,770 270 230 1,180 390 132,000 1,100 80 510 70 10 96 6 1 44,100 2,020 530 2 3 5 2 4 2 350 640 3,600 220 4,850 1,010 5,330 2,420 12,100 2,910 1,770 4,870 190 40 230 6 2 5 21 3 12 4* 3 6 2 2 4 2 1 4 2 5 100 10 450 20 450 3,450 7,310 490 138,900 11,100 520 9,580 320 190 852,000 1,750 765,000 90 250 36,900 l , 190 110 1,250 34,100 260 1,310 9,900 200 1, 664,000 8,250 7,150 20 10,600 8,800 182,000 36,900 19,400 1, 610 2,070 4,100 780 1, 370,000 7,600 520 2,620 2,100 80 600,000 16,300 1,600 460 36,700 100,000 280 30,700 1,010 97,900 82,400 88,400 52,700 54,100 27,400 440 70 880 1,770 10 6,070 160 550 1 Due to rounding of figures, the State totals are not in every case the exact sum of the industry group totals which follow. 2 This figure is less than the sum of the figures below. This is because one or more strikes, each affecting more than one industry, have been counted as separate strikes in each industry affected, with the proper allocation of workers and man-days idle to each industry. 3 Most of these workers were involved in an interstate stoppage which began in 1945 although the Rhode Island workers involved did not lose tune until 1946. ^ s government printing o f f ic e : 1946
@FedFRASER