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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Frances Perkins, Secretary B U R E A U OF L A B O R ST ATISTIC S Isador Lubin, Commissioner (on leave) A . F. Hinrichs, A cting Commissioner Strikes and Lockouts in 1944 Bulletin 833 For sale by the Superintendent o f Documents, U . S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D . CL * Price 10 cents Letter o f Transmittal U n it e d S t a te s D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , Washington, D. C., M ay 18, 1945. The S e c r e t a r y of L a b o r : I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on strikes and lockouts occurring in the United States in 1944. In addition to a general statistical analysis, the report contains a brief statement on strikes under the War Labor Disputes Act which was passed by Congress June 25, 1943, and a short section on strikes and lockouts in which the National War Labor Board was concerned. The report was prepared in the Industrial Relations Division by Don Q. Crowther, assisted by Ruth Cole, under the general supervision of Florence Peterson, Chief of the Industrial Relations Division. A. F. H in r ic h s , Acting Commissioner. Hon. F r a n c e s P e r k in s , Secretary of Labor. Contents Page Summary—_________ Scope and method--------------------Statistical analysis of strikes and lockouts in 1944: Monthly trend____________________________________________ Industries affected________ States affected____________________________________________________ Cities affected_____________________________________________________ Workers involved. _____________________________________________ Sex of workers_____________________________________________________ Number of establishments involved________________________________ Labor organizations involved______________________________ Duration of strikes and lockouts______ ;____________________________ Causes of strikes and lockouts_________ ___________________ ____ ____ Results of strikes and lockouts________________ Methods of terminating strikes and lockouts________________________ Strikes under War Labor Disputes Act_________________________________ Strikes and lockouts of direct concern to the National War Labor Board_ Major issues involved in NW LB cases______________________________ Appendix: Table A— Strikes and lockouts in 1944 in States which had 25 or more stoppages during the year, by industry group_____________________ 1 2 4 4 9 11 12 13 13 14 15 17 22 25 25 26 28 29 TREND OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS 1935-39.100 If) OCX 400 350 300 250 200 150 (0 0 50 Bulletin T^o. 833 o f the U nited States Bureau o f Labor Statistics (Reprinted from the M onthly L ab or R e v ie w , May 1945, with additional data] Strikes and Lockouts in 1944 Sum m ary DU RIN G 1944 there were numerous work stoppages, but most of them involved comparatively few workers and were of short duration. Although there were frequent disagreements which caused temporary interruptions of work, union and company officials, assisted by govern ment agencies, were able promptly to arrange settlements or persuade the parties to resume work, while the issues were negotiated further or submitted to Government agencies or to arbitration for settlement. There were 4,956 strikes and lockouts during the year 1944, in volving approximately 2,116,000 workers. Idleness during these stoppages amounted to about 8,721,000 man-days, which was equiva lent to less than one-tenth of 1 percent (0.09 percent) of the avail able working time. (See table 1.) The number of strikes and lock outs exceeded that recorded for any previous year, but the time lost per worker involved was less than in any year for which information is available. About 70 wage earners of each 1,000 employed were involved in a work stoppage at some time during the year and were idle an average of 4.1 working days. The idleness during all stoppages in 1944 was equivalent in amount to the time that would be lost if all industry shut down for about 2% hours or one-fourth of a working day. Although the proportion of strikes and lockouts over wage issues was somewhat smaller than in 1943, wage disputes accounted for about a half of all work stoppages in 1944. Disputes over intraplant working conditions and policies increased considerably. Recognition and bargaining rights were issues in a substantial number of disputes, some of them involving large groups of foremen and supervisory workers. Sixty-nine strikes (slightly more than 1 percent of the total) followed strike votes conducted by the National Labor Relations Board under the War Labor Disputes Act. Workers involved in these disputes constituted less than 5 percent of the total workers involved. The National War Labor Board was directly concerned with 1,629 strikes and lockouts in 1944—840 of them occurring before the cases went to the Board, 353 while cases were pending before the Board, and 436 after Board decisions were reached, registering dissatisfac tion of one party or the other with the decisions. (l) 2 T a b le 1.— Strikes and Lockouts in the United States, 1916 to 1944 Strikes and lockouts Year Num ber Workers involved Aver Percent age of dura tion Number i total em (calen dar ployed 3 days) 1916*....... 1917......... 1918......... 1919......... 1920......... 1921......... 1922......... 3,789 4,450 3,353 3,630 3,411 2,385 1,112 («)• (4) (4) (4) 1923......... 1924......... 1925......... 1926......... 1927......... 1928......... 1929......... 1,553 1,249 1,301 1,035 707 604 921 1930......... 1931......... 1932......... 1933......... 1934......... 1935......... 1936......... 1937......... 1938......... 1939......... 1940......... 1941......... 1942_____ 1943......... 1944......... Man-days idle Number 1,599,917 1,227,254 1,239,989 4,160,348 1,463.054 1,099,247 1,612,562 8.4 6.3 6.2 20.8 7.2 6.4 8.7 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 26.5 27.6 22.6 756,584 654,641 428,416 329,592 329,939 314,210 288,572 3.5 3.1 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 637 810 841 1,695 1,856 2,014 2,172 22.3 18.8 19.6 16.9 19.5 23.8 23.3 182,975 341,817 324,210 1,168,272 1,466,695 1,117,213 788,648 4,740 2,772 2,613 2,508 4,288 2,968 3,752 4,956 20.3 23.6 23.4 20.9 18.3 11.7 5.0 5.6 1,860,621 688,376 1,170,962 576,988 2,362,620 839,961 1,981,279 2,115,637 (4) (4) Indexes (1935-39=100) Percent Per of Strikes Work worker and ers avail in lock in able working volved outs volved tim e3 Mandays idle 132 155 117 127 119 83 39 142 109 110 370 130 98 143 (4) (4) (4) (4) 79.5 40.2 18.5 54 44 45 36 25 21 32 67 58 38 29 29 28 26 (4) (4) (4) <4) 155 75 32 .05 .11 .23 .36 .38 .29 .21 18.1 20.2 32.4 14.4 13.4 13.8 17.6 22 28 29 59 65 70 76 16 30 29 104 130 99 70 20 41 62 100 116 91 82 .43 .15 .28 .10 .32 .05 .15 .09 15.3 13.3 15.2 11.6 9.8 5.0 6.8 4.1 166 97 91 88 150 104 131 173 165 61 104 51 210 75 176 188 168 54 105 40 136 25 80 51 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 26,218,628 12,631,863 5,351,540 (4) (4) (4) (4) 0.37 .17 .07 .8 1.6 1.8 6.3 7.2 5.2 3.1 3,316,808 6,893,244 10,502,033 16,872,128 19,591,949 15,456,337 13,901,956 7.2 2.8 4.7 2.3 8.4 2.8 6.9 7.0 28,424,857 9,148,273 17,812,219 6,700,872 23,047,556 4,182,557 13,500,529 8,721,079 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) i The number of workers involved in some strikes which occurred from 1916 to 1926 is not known. How ever, the missing information is for the smaller disputes and it is believed that the totals here given are fairly accurate. 3 “ Total employed workers” as used here refers to all workers except those in occupations and professions in which there is little if any union organization or where strikes rarely if ever occur. In most industries it includes all wage and salary workers except those in executive, managerial, or high supervisory positions or those performing professional work the nature of which makes union organization or group action imprac ticable. It excludes all self-employed, domestic workers, agricultural wage workers on farms employing less than 6, all Federal and State government employees, and the officials, both elected and appointed, in local governments. 3 Available working time was computed for purposes of this table by multiplying the average number of employed workers each year by the number of days worked by most employees during the year. 4 Not available. Scope and M ethod Coverage.— The Bureau’s statistics include all known strikes and lockouts in the continental United States which involve as many ,as six workers and last as long as a full day or shift. They include all such stoppages of work resulting from labor disputes regardless of whether the workers or employers initiate them. Stoppages involving fewer than six workers and lasting less than a full workday or shift are excluded from the Bureau’s statistics, principally because it is im possible to learn about all such minor stoppages. Furthermore, such disputes are usually of little importance, arising many times from misunderstandings which are cleared up within a few minutes or a few hours with no significant interruption in production. 3 Collection of data.— The Bureau has access to notices on labor dis putes from about 400 daily newspapers scattered throughout the country and more than 250 labor and industry papers and journals. It also obtains reports directly from Federal and State agencies which deal with employer-employee disputes. Upon receipt of the notices, detailed questionnaires are sent to the companies, unions, and im partial agencies involved in each stoppage to get first-hand and verified information concerning the number of workers involved, duration of the stoppage, major issues, methods of settlement, results, and other data. Quantitative measures.— Strike and lockout activity is measured by the number of stoppages, the number of workers involved and the number of man-days idle. The figures for each stoppage include all workers in any plant who are made idle during a dispute in that plant, but do not include workers or idleness in other plants of the same or other companies which may be indirectly affected and required to curtail production through failure to get materials from the struck plant. For example, if maintenance workers in an automobile-engine plant strike and thereby cause the entire plant to close, all workers idle during the dispute are counted as involved in the* strike. How ever, if an automobile-assembly plant closes or curtails production because it cannot obtain engines from a struck plant, idleness in the assembly plant is not counted. This is primarily because it is im possible to secure accurate information concerning the indirect and secondary effects of the stoppages. ' The present statistics are limited to basic information which can be obtained uniformly and accurately month after month so that information in different periods will be comparable and will accurately reflect the trends. Analysis of data.— In all the realm of industrial statistics, employeremployee disputes present some of the most baffling problems to be dealt with. In addition to the factor of judgment which enters into all statistical procedure, strikes and lockouts, by their very nature, lead to differences of viewpoint and approach in their measurement and classification. Since they are controversies in which the interests of employer, workers, and the public are at stake, each group naturally interprets and evaluates the situation in the way the dispute affects it. This divergency of viewpoint persists throughout every phase of the statistical treatment of strikes and lockouts— definition, unit of measurement, magnitude, causes, and results. Furthermore, the facts with reference to strikes and lockouts very often are too com plex or indeterminate to permit accurate and simple classification from whatever approach they are viewed. Causes leading up to any one dispute may be many and varied, and the basic causes may never be actually voiced by either party; so also with the results, especially when the dispute ends with no written contract. In view of these divergencies of approach as well as of the difficulty in always getting sufficiently detailed information, a portion of the statistics on strikes and lockouts is necessarily based on estimates and judgment. Nevertheless, through the use of specific definitions and the adoption of broad general policies, the Bureau tries to obtain the highest possible degree of comparability and uniformity of treatment.1 1See Bureau of Labor Statistics Bull. No. 651, pp. 163-169, for information on factors taken into account and general principles used in analyzing each item included in the statistical reports. 4 Statistical A n a lysis o f Strikes and Lockouts in 1944 MONTHLY TREND The number of strikes and lockouts in 1944 followed the general monthly trend evident in recent years. The number increased from 330 in January to a peak of 589 in May, then continued at a relatively high level of between 400 and 500 per month through October, after which they declined to 345 in November and an all-year low of 264 in December (table 2). The greatest number of workers involved and the largest amount of idleness during work stoppages were in May, T a b le 2.— Strikes and Lockouts in 1943 and 1944, by M onths Number of strikes and lockouts— Month Begin ning in month 1949 January__ _ _ _ . _ February March _ _ . ___ April___________________ M ay , _ _ J u n e _ J u ly ______ _ _______ August.................................... September .. _ _ _ _ October____ . . . . . . ________ November_________________ December Januarv _ _ 1944 _ _ _ _ _ ... . February............................... March _, April........................................ M ay_____ _ _ _____ June_ _ . Julv August . . . . . . . . September_________________ October November _ __ December_______ ____ _____ In progress during month Workers involved in strikes and lockouts— Beginningin month Man-days idle during month In progress during month Percent of Number total em ployed 1 Number Percent oi available working tim e2 192 200 248 384 412 433 369 310 237 287 325 355 207 226 272 416, 458 475 408 347 267 320 348 395 91,214 38,841 73,943 219,186 557,558 186,677 121,298 105,601 66,664 121,253 135,804 263,240 95,129 43,540 76,805 228,209 661,617 584,615 201,451 118,416 72,049 264, 453 537, 421 274, 532 0.33 .15 .27 .79 2.30 2.02 .70 .41 .25 .92 1.86 .95 452,192 117,279 179,093 661,738 1,467,728 4,698,796 695, 458 356,510 209,514 1,012,534 2,862,607 787,080 0.06 .02 .02 .09 .20 .62 .09 .05 .03 .14 .38 .11 330 340 386 453 589 441 469 501 408 430 345 264 363 378 429 516 666 519 538 587 480 493 426 318 113, 512 146, 438 134,696 165, 498 319,040 144,566 171, 529 197,930 207, 407 221,939 201, 396 91,686 133, 555 163, 231 147,845 181,218 343,281 220,503 208,110 238,861 234,755 238,096 229,264 116,628 .44 .54 .49 .60 1.15 .73 .69 .79 .78 .80 .77 .39 710,002 458,604 440, 667 614,430 .09 .06 .05 .08 .18 .09 .08 .12 .10 .10 .11 .05 1 See footnote 2 to table 1. 1,442, 571 726,531 652,382 958,624 785,763 755,641 789,058 386,806 2See footnote 3 to table 1. when strikes and lockouts were most numerous and when the largest strike of the year occurred— the foremen’s strike in the Detroit area. December had fewer workers involved in stoppages, and less idleness, than any other month. Over 1 percent of the total employed wage earners were involved in stoppages in May as compared with only 0.39 percent in December. Idleness during strikes and lockouts was 0.18 percent of the available working time in May but only 0.05 per cent in March and December. INDUSTRIES AFFECTED About two-thirds of the strikes and lockouts during the year were in manufacturing industries in which 11.3 percent of the workers em ployed were involved, and resulting idleness was equivalent to 0.14 percent of the available working time. Stoppages in nonmanufactur 5 iDg industries involved less than 3 percent of the employed workers, and idleness was 0.05 percent of the available working time. The automobile industry, now largely converted to production of aircraft and other war products, was affected by stoppages to a greater extent than any other industry, more than 50 percent of its workers being involved, with resulting idleness equivalent to 0.58 percent of the available working time (table 3). However, there were more stoppages in iron and steel than in any other industry group. These involved 20 percent of the workers in these industries and caused idleness amounting to 0.22 percent of the available working time. More than 10 percent of the workers in plants manufacturing rubber products, stone, clay and glass products, nonferrous metals, machinery (except electrical), and transportation equipment (except automobiles) also were involved in stoppages during the year. T ab le 3.— Strikes and Lockouts Beginning in 1944 , by Industry Group • Industry group • Number of strikes and lockouts beginingin 1944 Workers involved Number Man-days idle during 1944 Percent of total Number em ployed 1 Percent of avail able working time* All industries— . . . . --------------------------------------- -— 84,956 2,115,637 7.0 8,721,079 0.09 Manufacturing............................................................. Food and kindred products______ ____________ Tobacco manufactures........................................ Textile-mill products................... ......................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials— ......................... Lumber and timber basic products____________ Furniture and finished lumber products_______ Paper and allied products.................................... Printing, publishmg, and allied industries........... Chemicals and allied products________ ______ Products of petroleum and coal-------------- --------Rubber products............ ........... ..................... . Leather and leather products_________________ Stone, clay, and glass products______ ____ _____ Iron and steel and their products______________ Nonferrous metals and their products____ _____ Machinery (except electrical)_________________ Electrical machinery............................................ Transportation equipment (except automobiles). Automobiles and automobile equipment_______ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries________ *3,257 160 19 184 1,681,973 36,024 7,054 55,264 11.3 3.1 7.8 4.6 6,148,117 177,759 59,546 471,287 .14 .05 .21 .13 100 81 86 49 23 116 42 77 95 122 998 148 311 80 321 228 39 14,506 43,488 16,909 16,439 2,399 26,128 9,340 39,496 24,009 37,874 369,196 49,544 141,078 35,278 363,159 388,763 6,025 1.5 8.4 4.5 4.8 .7 3.9 6.6 18.5 7.1 10.4 20.3 10.8 10.8 4.4 14.4 50.5 1.4 70,476 299,439 81,316 122,907 9,806 116,334 25,102 113,905 116,038 204,451 1,225,660 142,851 507,917 111,944 897,345 1,361,053 32,981 .02 .19 .07 .12 .01 .06 .06 .18 .11 .18 .22 .10 .13 .05 .12 .58 .02 Nonmanufacturing_____I......................... ................... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing......................... Mining_____________ _________ __ ___________ Construction................................... ...................... Trade...................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate...................... Transportation, communication, and other pub lic utilities...........................................- .............. Services—personal, business, and other_________ Other nonmanufacturing industries____________ 1,700 18 893 168 139 15 433,664 9,851 278,051 22,485 31,450 954 2.8 (<) 34.3 3.5 .5 <<) 2,572,962 274,474 1,412,634 119,893 270,401 10,953 335 96 36 73,390 11,750 5,733 2.0 (<) (<) 344,956 73,979 65,672 .05 <<) .56 .06 .01 (<) .03 (<) <<) i See footnote 2 to table 1. 3 See footnote 3 to table 1. * This figure is less than the sum of the figures below. This is because one or more strikes, each affecting more than 1 industry, have been counted as separate strikes in each industry affected, with the proper allocation of workers and man-days idle to each industry. 4 Not available. • Strikes and lockouts are classified by industry on the basis of the normal or prewar products or services of the firms involved. Many of the firms were manufacturing other products and doing other types of work during 1944 because of war needs. In nonmanufacturing industries the greatest number of disputes resulting in stoppages was in mining, with more than 34 percent of the workers involved, and idleness equivalent to 0.56 percent of the avail648532*— 45------ 2 able working time. Although there were no very large strikes in the coal-mining industry comparable with the general coal strikes in 1943, a large proportion of the idleness in mining resulted from the numerous small stoppages. In no other nonmanufacturing industry were as many as 10 percent of the workers involved in strikes. Less than 1 percent of the employees in trade and in the printing and publishing industries were involved in work stoppages during 1944 and the resulting idleness was only 0.01 percent of the available working time. In tables 3 and 4 the strikes and lockouts are classified by indus try on the basis of the normal or prewar products or services of the firms involved. Many of the firms were manufacturing other products and doing other types of work during 1944 because of war needs. T a ble 4.— Strikes and Lockouts in 1944 , by Industry Industry All industries. Manufacturing Food and kindred products.............................- ........................ Meat products..................................................................... Dairy products.................................................................... Canning and preserving fruits, vegetables, and sea foods. Grain-mill products............................................................ Bakery products................................................................. Sugar.................................................................... - ........... . Confectionery and related products............... - ................. Beverage industries.......................................................... Miscellaneous food preparations and kindred products... Tobacco manufactures............................................................. Cigarettes........................................................................... . Tobacco (chewing and smoking) and snuff.................................. Textile-mill products............................................................................. Cotton textile mills......................................................................— Rayon and silk textile mills..............................- ........................... Woolen and worsted textile mills...... ..................................... — Knitting mills (except hosiery)..................................................... Dyeing and finishing textiles (except woolen and worsted)........ Carpets, rugs, and other floor coverings.................... .................. Hats (except cloth and millinery)................................................. Hosiery mills............................................- ..................................... Miscellaneous textile goods............................................................ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.................................................... - ...................................... Men’s and boys’ suits, coats, and overcoats............ .................... Men’s and boys’ shirts, work clothing and allied garments........ Women’s and misses’ outerwear................................................... Women’s undergarments and accessories...................................... Children’s and infants’ outerwear................................................. Miscellaneous apparel and accessories.......................................... Miscellaneous fabricated textile products..................................... Lumber and timber basic products..................................................... Sawmills and logging camps.......................................................... Planing and plywood mills............................................................ Furniture and finished lumber products............................. ............... Furniture (household, office, etc.)................................................. Office and store fixtures................................................................. Wooden containers...... ................................................................ Window and door screens and shades........................................... Morticians’ goods........................................................................... Miscellaneous wood products....................................................... Paper and allied products................................................................... Pulp, paper, and paperboard......................................................... Containers— paper and paperboard............................................. . Miscellaneous paper ana allied products...................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries...... .................................. . Newspapers and periodicals....... .................................................. . Books.......................................................................................... . Miscellaneous printing and publishing................... .......... ........ See footnote at end of table. Number of strikes and Number of Man-days lockouts idle during workers beginning 1944 involved in 1944 >4,956 2,115,637 8,721,079 160 35 3 4 16 48 1 9 27 17 19 1 14 4 184 63 21 51 8 10 8 3 8 12 36,024 6,454 122 170 2,868 10,041 303 2,923 9,753 3,390 7,054 2 447 2,337 2,270 55,264 24,189 6,593 14,174 402 4,110 873 139 1,375 3,409 177,759 15,165 189 5,293 14,166 42,474 362 14,350 73,219 12,541 59,546 38,838 11,029 9,679 471,287 333,259 46,015 53,163 2,487 10,329 4,297 2,342 5,169 14,226 100 14 31 28 1 6 7 13 81 62 19 86 34 6 27 3 1 15 49 28 17 4 23 13 1 14,506 1,620 5,259 2,454 480 533 2,787 1,373 43,488 36,112 7,376 16,909 10,499 834 3,887 410 159 1,120 16,439 8,998 3,804 3,637 2,399 1,371 17 1,011 70,476 5,457 28,349 11,840 *960 6,135 8,432 9,303 299,439 246,896 52,543 81,316 40,743 2,378 20,189 860 1,590 5,556 122,907 57,999 13,567 51,341 9,806 4,156 17 5 633 9 7 T a ble 4.— Strikes and Lockouts in 1944, b y Industry— Continued Industry Manufacturing—Continued Chemicals and allied products............................................................. Paints, varnishes and colors.................................................... ..... Vegetable and animal oils— ............... . ....................................... Drugs, toilet preparations, and insecticides........ ...........-............ Rayon and other synthetic textile fibers....................................... Wood distillation and naval stores............................................... Fertilizers ______________________________________________ Industrial chemicals....................................................................... Miscellaneous chemical products..... ............................................. Products of petroleum and c o a l.......................................................... Petroleum refining.......................................................................... Coke and byproducts....... .............................................................. Paving and roofing materials........ ................................................. Miscellaneous products of petroleum and coal............................. Rubber products........... ........................................................................ Tires and inner tubes_________ .................................................... Rubber footwear, heels, soles, and related products........ ............ Industrial rubber goods.___________________ ____ ___________ Rubberized fabrics and vulcanized rubber clothing.................... Rubber sundries and sponge rubber.................................. ........... Miscellaneous rubber industries.................................................... Leather and leather products......... ........ ............................................. Leather— tanned, curried, and finished...................................... Industrial leather belting and packing______ ____ ______ ______ Footwear (except rubber), including cut stock and findings____ Leather gloves and mittens................................................ .......... Luggage__ ________________________________________________ Handbags and small leather goods................................................ Miscellaneous leather goods....... .................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products— ................................................ ...... Glass and glass products............................................................... Cement______ _______ ____________ ____________________ - __ Structural clay products............................................................... Pottery and related products.............. ...................... .................. Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products...... ................................ Cut-stone and stone products....... ...... ...................... ......... ......... Abrasive asbestos and miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral prodnets Iron and steel and their products-----------------------------------------------Ordnance and accessories............................................................... Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills.............................. Iron and steel foundry products.................................................... Tin cans and other tinware............................................................ Wire products.................................................................... ............ Hand tools, cutlery, and general hardware....... ........................... Heating apparatus, enameled-iron sanitary ware, and boilershop products—...................................—.................................... Metal stamping and coating......................................................... Fabricated structural metal products---------------------- ------------Miscellaneous iron and steel products-----------------------------------Nonferrous metals and their products................................................. Smelting, refining, and alloying of nonferrous metals____ ______ Aluminum and magnesium products............................................ Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware....... ..................................... Watches and clocks.............................. — ..................................... Engraving, plating, and polishing.......................................... ...... Lighting fixtures............................................................................. Miscellaneous nonferrous-metal products. ................................... Machinery (except electrical)............................................................... Engines and turbines........................... ........................... - ............. Agricultural machinery and tractors............ ................................ Construction and mining machinery............................................. Metalworking machinery............................................................. . Special industry machinery (except metalworking machinery).. General industry machinery.......................................................... Office and store machines and devices__________ _____________ Household and service-industry machines____________________ Electrical machinery................................................................ ............. Electrical equipment for industrial use......................................... Electrical appliances....................................................................... Insulated wire and cable.................... ...................................... .... Automotive electrical equipment...... ........................... ............... Electric lam ps................................................................. .............. Communication equipment and related products........................ Miscellaneous electrical products..................................... ........... Number of strikes and Number of Man-days workers idle during lockouts beginning involved 1944 in 1944 116 10 6 13 4 2 10 63 8 42 18 14 8 2 77 42 10 14 3 4 4 96 24 3 59 1 2 1 5 122 38 5 32 12 13 4 26,128 916 792 4,758 5,088 339 1,179 12,540 516 9,340 3,669 3,880 1,727 64 39,496 21,056 3,403 7,841 6,790 1,089 317 24,009 5,278 1,389 16,079 169 625 217 252 37,874 23,392 622 5,079 1,456 1,345 230 116,334 2,434 2,263 41,958 12,372 438 4,013 50,896 1,960 25,102 6,043 7,937 10,560 562 113,905 43,879 22,476 25,452 17,955 3,377 766 116,038 28,986 4,118 74,942 898 4,725 434 1,935 204,451 136,372 3,500 28,242 6,127 6,581 631 18 998 37 345 248 4 35 25 5,750 369,196 30,454 135,124 86,801 5,275 9,277 5,590 22,998 1.225, 660 83,779 403,739 310,509 11,861 38,799 18,434 111 45 51 97 148 45 54 1 2 4 3 39 311 14 31 42 66 22 114 5 17 80 31 12 6 15 2 9 5 34,308 12,827 17,213 32,327 49,544 20,244 17,894 22 1,567 231 1,129 8,457 141,078 6,373 23,499 14,303 29,696 4,828 52,378 1,183 8,818 35,278 14,341 2,421 2,310 13,283 360 1,776 787 154,979 43,283 51,459 108,818 142,851 68,192 40,241 63 2,160 497 4,693 27,005 507,917 8,687 102,698 55,571 95,052 15,391 203,287 3,341 23,890 111,944 30,636 7,080 9,255 57,080 2,160 3,681 2,052 8 T a b le 4.— Strikes and Lockouts in 1944, b y Industry— Continued Industry Number of strikes and Number of Man-days workers idle during lockouts beginning involved 1944 in 1944 Manufacturing—'Continued Transportation equipment (except automobiles).............................. . Railroad equipment................................ - ................................... . Aircraft and parts......................................................................... . Ship and boat building and repairing......................................... . Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts___ __________ ________ _____ 321 60 103 156 2 363,159 46,353 189,801 124,543 2,462 897,345 143,055 386,371 363,876 4,043 Automobiles and automobile equipment....... .................................... Motor vehicles and motor-vehicle bodies............ ........................ Motor-vehicle parts and accessories_____ _______________ _____ Automobile trailers_________ _________ —................................. 228 111 114 3 388,763 290,733 97,341 689 1,361,053 972,508 385,081 3,464 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............................................. Professional and scientific instruments, photographic apparatus, and optical goods........................................................................ Brooms and brushes..................................................................... Toys and sporting and athletic goods........................................ . Pens, pencils, and other office and artists’ materials................. . Buttons........................................................................................... Costume jewelry and miscellaneous novelties.............................. Fabricated plastic products........................................................... Miscellaneous industries................................................................ 39 6,025 32,981 10 2 3 1 3 2 8 10 2,548 644 860 11 675 69 701 517 17,733 1,288 2,289 33 6,975 627 2,670 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing......................................................... Agriculture................. .................................................................... Fishing_____________________ ________. ___________________ _ 18 6 12 9,851 778 9,073 274,474 4,115 270,359 Mining................................................................................................. . Metal mining....... ......................................................................... . Coal mining, anthracite.................. ............................................. . Coal mining, bituminous............................................................... Crude petroleum and natural gas production— .......................... Nonmetallic mining and quarrying............................................. . 893 13 61 792 2 25 278,051 4,154 40.624 229,907 102 3,264 1,412,634 8,912 326,922 1,056,341 673 19,786 Construction.......................... .......................................................... .... Building construction.................................................................... Highways, streets, bridges, docks, etc.......... ............................... Miscellaneous................................................................................ . 168 151 16 1 22,485 20,662 1,777 46 119,893 99,561 20,286 46 Trade.................................................................................................... Wholesale___________________ ______ - ........................................ Retail............................... ............................................................... 139 60 79 31,450 6,608 24,842 270,401 111,123 159,278 Finance, insurance, and real estate...................................................... Insurance.................................................................................... ... Real estate..................................................................................... 15 2 13 954 252 702 10,953 8,792 2,161 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.............. Railroads....................................................................................... Streetcar and local bus transportation......................................... Intercity motorbus transportation............................................... Motortruck transportation........................................................... Taxicabs......................................................................................... Water transportation.................................................................... Communication.............................................................................. Heat, light, and power.................................................................. Miscellaneous............................................................................... 335 12 34 28 148 42 16 8 17 30 73,390 3,244 16,145 4,034 26,864 4,982 2,383 6,613 5,352 3,773 344,956 25,608 55,022 14,060 154,569 21,082 6,935 23,848 31,286 12,546 Services—personal, business, and other............................................. Hotels............................................................................................ Laundries...................................................................................... . Cleaning, dyeing, and pressing......................................... .......... . Barber and beauty shops.............................................................. Business services........................................................................... . Automobile repair services and garages....................................... Amusement and recreation........................................................... Medical and other health services................. ............................... Educational services...................................................... ............... Miscellaneous................................................................................ 96 14 29 7 3 3 7 11 1 16 5 11,750 1,617 2,311 774 287 41 313 1,132 13 5,171 91 73,979 14,244 18,215 5,728 9,433 296 988 4,438 130 19,631 876 Government—administration, protection, and sanitation................1 36 5,733 65,672 Nonmanufacturing 1 This figure is less than the sum of the group totals below. This is because a few strikes, each affecting more than one industry, have been counted as separate strikes in each industry affected, with the proper allocation of workers and man-days idle to each industry. 9 STATES AFFECTED Disputes in four States—Pennsylvania (821), Michigan (562), Ohio (549) and Illinois (492)— accounted for almost half of the strikes and lockouts during 1944, about 60 percent of the workers involved, and over half of the idleness. More than one-fourth of the workers involved in labor stoppages were in Michigan; 7 of 16 stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers each were wholly within this State, and another, the strike in February of members of the Mechanics Educational Society of America, involved workers in both Michigan and Ohio. Pennsylvania and Michigan each had considerably more than 1 million man-days of idleness during labor disputes in 1944. T ab le 5.— Strikes and Lockouts in 1944 , by States State All States................................................. — Alabama....................................................... Arizona......................................................... Arkansas______________________________ California...................................................... Colorado................................ - ..................... Connecticut.................................................. Delaware................................. ..................— District of Columbia................................... Florida.......................................................... Georgia......................................................... Idaho............................................................ Illinois................. ................................ ........ Indiana.................................................. ...... Iowa......... ................ ................... ................ Kansas.......................................................... Kentucky..................................................... Louisiana...................................................... Maine_____ ____________ ______________ Maryland...........—_................................... i Massachusetts............................... .............. Michigan________ _____ ________________ Minnesota______ ______________________ Mississippi.................................................... Missouri....................................................... Montana....................................................... Nebraska_______ - _____________________ Nevada..................... ................................... New Hampshire........................................... New Jersey........................................... ........ New Mexico................................................ New York_____________________________ North Carolina............................................. North Dakota__________________________ Ohio.............................................................. Oklahoma..................................................... Oregon.......................................................... Pennsylvania................................................ Rhode Island................................................ South Carolina..—....................................... South Dakota............................................... Tennessee..................................- .................. Texas............................................................. Utah.............................................................. Vermont....................................................... Virginia......................................................... Washington................................... .............. West Virginia___ 1....................................... Wisconsin...................................................... Wyoming...................................................... Number of strikes and lockouts beginning in 1944 Man-days idle during 1944 Workers involved Number Percent of total Number 14,956 2,115,637 100.0 8,721,079 209 5 33 103 21 44 14 9 39 33 7 492 195 34 15 147 29 13 48 196 562 19 14 157 7 11 3 21 202 6 265 45 1 549 24 49 821 43 10 2 127 65 10 5 99 46 121 88 2 56,941 313 4,304 26,599 2,290 24,665 8,460 1,926 10,334 6,705 1,132 152,015 93,516 9,360 4,515 34,227 10,321 8,830 8,844 48,440 568,738 6,768 3,296 70,115 684 1,149 112 4,611 93,298 656 50,999 11,056 200 216,360 2,846 20,081 328,220 23,533 1,945 144 35,223 24,226 2,067 798 24,346 32,429 41,791 36,167 42 2.7 179,722 1,460 18,526 126,856 13,408 76,458 12,047 7,092 176,159 33,935 6,885 745,319 354,468 53,692 7,532 142,640 60,377 13,609 24,003 406,034 1,836,903 42,709 58,677 240,184 3,745 6,426 280 25,193 332,714 3,646 218,609 68,057 1,800 705,065 16,033 124,544 1,379,781 109,612 28,150 1,163 200,016 81,044 7,862 1,926 77,648 284,978 260,139 143,743 210 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .2 1.3 .1 1.2 .4 .1 .5 .3 .1 7.2 4.4 .4 .2 1.6 .5 .4 .4 2.3 27.1 .3 .2 3.3 .1 .2 4.4 2.4 .5 10.2 .1 0.9 15.5 1.1 .1 1.7 1.1 .1 1.2 1.5 2.0 1.7 Percent of total 100.0 2.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .2 L5 .2 .9 .1 .1 2.0 .4 .1 8.5 4.1 .6 .1 1.6 .7 .2 .3 4.7 20.9 .5 .7 2.8 .1 .3 3.8 2.5 .8 8.1 ,2 1.4 15.8 1.3 .3 2.3 .9 .1 .9 3.3 3.0 1.6 0 i The sum of this column is more than 4,956. This is because 56 strikes which extended across State lines have been counted in this table as separate strikes in each State affected, with the proper allocation of workers involved and man-days idle. 3 Less than a tenth of 1 percent. 11 In each of 10 other States the total number of stoppages was over 100, and in three of these (Alabama, New Jersey, and New York) there were more than 200 strikes and lockouts. Twenty-two States had less than 2 percent of their employed workers involved in strikes and lockouts during 1944, 8 of these having less than 1 percent; 17 States had 2 but less than 10 percent and 9 had over 10 percent of their employed workers involved. There is some duplication in counting, however, since the same worker was counted twice if he was involved in two strikes during the year. In Michigan, the workers involved in strikes and lockouts were equivalent to about 39 percent of the employed wage earners in the State. No other State had nearly as large a proportion of its workers involved in stoppages. Pennsylvania and Alabama had about 13 percent, West Virginia about 12 percent, and Ohio 11% percent. Figures for each State are shown in table 5. In table A (p. 29), figures are given for each State having 25 or more strikes and lockouts during 1944, with classifications of the stoppages by industry groups. C ITIE S AFFECTED There were 79 cities which had 10 or more strikes and lockouts in 1944 as shown in table 6. Detroit, with 264 strikes and lockouts, 360,000 workers involved and 1,200,000 man-days of idleness, had the greatest strike activity in 1944. Chicago followed with 157 stoppages, about 50,000 workers involved and 222,000 man-days idle. There were 140 stoppages id New York City, but no other city had as many as 100 strikes in 1944. Twenty-two other cities had stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers. Other cities having substantial amounts of idleness were Fall River (Mass.) with 199,000 man-days idle, Toledo (184,000), Philadelphia (146,000), Cleveland (126,000), St. Louis (125,000) and Seattle (110,000). T a b le 6— Strikes and Lockouts in 1944 in C ities W hich had 10 or M ore Such Stoppages D uring the Y ear 1 City Akron, Ohio_________ Atlanta, Ga.................. Baltimore, M d _______ Bethlehem, Pa............. Birmingham, Ala......... Boston, Mass............... Buffalo, N . Y ________ Canton, Ohio________ Chicago, HI........ ........ Cicero, 111..................... Cincinnati, Ohio.......... Cleveland, Ohio_____ Columbus, Ohio--------Dayton, Ohio-----------Dearborn, M ich______ Detroit, M ich________ East Chicago, Ind____ East St. Louis, HI........ Fall River, Mass......... Num ber of strikes and lockouts begin ning in 1944 Num ber of work ers in volved Mandays idle during 1944 22,944 36 15,648 751 13 3,227 17 2,046 6,968 25 2,522 4,932 21,641 28 6,193 33 45,266 8,107 23 13,045 37,568 51,334 18 12,789 221,661 157 49,514 3,301 21,480 11 36 22,468 6,846 126,270 98 40,816 14 3,421 26,321 10 7,803 3,168 19 34,694 91,533 264 360,320 1,277,717 30 6,444 18,548 33 8,999 44,988 14 1,603 199,238 City Flint, Mich.................. Gary, In d .................... Grand Rapids, Mich__ Granite City, 111-....... Hamtramck, Mich___ Hannibal, M o.............. Highland Park, M ich High Point, N. C........ Houston, Tex..... ......... Huntington, W. Va___ Indianapolis, Ind......... Jackson, Mich.............. Jersey City, N. J_____ Johnstown, Pa_______ Joliet, HI____________ Kalamazoo, Mich____ Kansas City, M o......... Lansing, Mich............. Lawrence, Mass........... Num ber of strikes and lockouts begin ning in 1944 Num ber of work ers in volved 16 20 21 11 15 11 15 10 14 11 12 20 15 12 11 14 26 13 12 4,877 9,524 4,524 11,885 9,346 5,116 23,834 1,294 15,057 4,135 4,455 6,567 2,177 5,425 2,487 2,927 25,169 10,378 5,548 Mandays idle during 1944 18,883 20,370 15,534 69,891 31,723 15,539 62,979 5,515 38,563 26,120 21,141 20,451 10,105 19,295 18,963 8,081 52,784 33,931 15,152 1 There were a few other small cities—largely one-company towns—which had 10 or more strikes and lock** outs during 1944 but figures for them are not shown as they would reveal data for Individual companies. 12 T able 6.— Strikes and Lockouts in 1944 in C ities W hich had 10 or M ore Such Stoppages D uring the Y ear.— Continued City Los Angeles, Calif____ Lowell, M ass . _ McKeesport, Pa______ McKees Rocks, Pa___ Memphis, Term __ Miami, Fla Milwaukee, Wis Miincie, Tnd Muskegon, Mich_____ Nashville, Tenn........... Newark, N_ J New Bedford, M ass... New Castle, Pa _ New Orleans, La_____ New York City Passaic, N. J __ _ Paterson, N. J Peabody, Mass _ Philadelphia, Pa_____ Pittsburgh, Pa............. Port Huron, Mich....... Num ber of strikes and lockouts begin ning in 1944 Num ber of work ers in volved Mandays idle during 1944 34 14 10 18 16 11 37 15 15 14 31 10 10 20 140 13 23 11 51 76 19 9,634 2,964 3,003 3,949 5,025 1,182 11,017 17,048 8,379 3,686 11,312 2,155 1,263 6,712 18,370 2,465 15,555 1,882 30,503 15,669 6,107 41,316 13,549 7,115 15,080 16,531 16,630 23,605 80,808 47,284 10,790 44,831 19,430 3,583 43,908 96,955 11,065 40,273 11,667 145,661 65,055 20,576 City Portland, Oreg Num ber of strikes and lockouts begin ning in 1944 Num ber of work ers in volved 11 23 11 11 12 11 12 85 10 15 12 10 17 84 18 13 27 12 10 29 11,292 17,066 2,938 11,594 2,103 1,640 1,420 31,065 2,837 1,695 8,303 5,518 3,168 46,482 7,574 2,252 9,451 1,265 3,919 7,634 __ . Providence, R. I _ _ __ Quincy, TU Racine, Wis_________ Reading, Pa ___ Richmond, Va _.. T Rochester, N. Y_ St. Louis, M o___ ___ St. Paul, Minn_____ San Francisco, C alif... Seattle, Wash South Bend, Ind_____ Tampa, Fla ___ __ Toledo, Ohio _ Trenton, N. J_______ Wilkes Barre, Pa_____ Worcester, Mass Wyandotte, Mich__ York, Pa.............. ........ Youngstown, Ohio___ Mandays idle during 1944 66,984 69,485 29,063 56,723 9,841 4,475 9,447 125,566 22,394 11,628 110,152 10,263 30,725 184,212 36,211 12,759 45,037 3,050 31,220 18,830 WORKERS INVOLVED The average number of workers involved in the 4,956 strikes and lockouts occurring in 1944 was 427. Half of the stoppages involved less than 126 workers each. About 43 percent involved fewer than 100 workers, 49 percent involved from 100 to 1,000, and 8 percent involved over 1,000 each (table 7). There were 82 stoppages involv ing 1,000 or more workers each in the iron and steel industries, 76 in plants manufacturing transportation equipment (except automobiles) and 68 in the automobile industry. There were 16 strikes, each involv ing 10,000 or more workers as compared with 10 such strikes in 1943. These strikes were as follows! Month Approximate stoppage began Cramp Shipbuilding Co., Philadelphia, Pa____________ Briggs Manufacturing Co., Detroit, Mich_____________ M. E. S. A. strike, 55 plants, Detroit (Mich.) area, Toledo and Cleveland, Ohio________________________ Foremen’s strike, Detroit, M ich______________________ Chrysler Corporation, Detroit (Mich.) area___________ Northwest Lumber Workers, Tacoma, and Seattle, Wash., Portland (Oreg.) area, and Missoula, Mont— Ford Motor Co., Ypsilanti, Mich_____________________ Wright Aeronautical Corporation, Fairlawn, Paterson and East Paterson, N. J____________________________ Electric Boat Co., Groton, Conn______________________ Bituminous coal mines, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and * West Virginia______________________________________ Ford Motor Co., Ypsilanti, M ich_____________________ Todd-Houston Shipbuilding Corp., Houston, Tex______ Maintenance workers, Detroit (Mich.) area___________ Pratt & Whitney Corp. of Missouri, Kansas City, M o .. Packard Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich_______________ Wright Aeronautical Corporation, Paterson, Woodridge, Fairlawn, and East Paterson, N. J__________________ number of workers involved January February. 13, 800 11, 400 February. May____ M ay____ 18, 800 54, 800 M ay— July— 30, 000 25, 200 August. August. 10, 0 0 0 August____ SeptemberSeptember. October___ October. __ November- 30, 300 19, 300 10, 600 49, 500 13, 000 27, 600 November. 23, 000 11, 0 0 0 10, 400 13 T a b l e 7.— Strikes and Lockouts B eginning in 1944 , Classified b y N um ber o f W orkers Involved and Industry Group Industry group All industries: Nnmhftr Percent_____ ____ ___________ Me Num dian ber of num strikes ber of and work lock ers in outs volved Number of strikes and lockouts in which the number of workers involved was— 500 1,000 5.000 and and and 10,000 un un un and der over der der 1,000 5,000 10.000 100 and un der 250 250 and un der 500 574 1,570 1,194 11.6 31.6 24.1 761 15.4 459 9.3 347 7.0 6 and un der 20 20 and un der 100 4,656 100.0 126 160 19 184. 80 97 143 24 1 27 60 9 48 40 4 44 18 2 35 11 1 18 7 2 12 100 81 80 65 19 14 33 36 35 17 9 10 3 2 1 1 •20 13 11 7 3 6 3 4 35 0.7 16 0.3 Manufacturing Fnnd and kindred products_______ Tnhsccn manufactures___________ Textile-mill products ._ Apparel and other finished prod ucts made from fabrics and similar materials ____________ Lumber and timber basic products. Furniture and finished lumber products , _ Paper and allied products Printing, publishing, and allied in dustries , _ ...... Chemicals and allied products___ Products of petroleum and coal Pnhher products _ . .. . _ Leather and leather products_____ fitnne, clay, and glass products Iron and steel and their products... Nonferrous metals and their prod ucts ___________________ Machinery (except electrical) Electrical machinery Transportation equipment (except antnmohifpsF' Automobiles, and automobile equip ment. _______________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing in dustries „, r.. _ _ _T 1 86 49 75 126 13 4 36 15 23 115 42 77 95 122 £92 50 100 80 290 80 108 149 8 18 6 6 20 7 90 8 39 19 16 30 49 294 3 33 9 16 13 28 250 4 11 3 18 16 19 159 8 3 12 12 8 117 6 2 8 4 11 79 3 147 302 78 113 170 164 17 25 8 51 88 23 85 73 17 19 52 17 13 31 8 12 32 3 I 2 318 276 8 76 67 65 36 59 9 8 224 399 13 30 40 43 30 53 10 6 39 70 6 17 10 3 3 18 893 168 139 15 116 170 44 45 27 2 33 47 40 6 7 241 80 67 6 4 800 21 21 2 1 196 8 10 1 2 94 7 6 1 25 5 3 1 3 1 2 3 1 Nonmanufacturing Agriculture, forestry, and fishing... Mining r , _ T ... ............. Construction Trade r_.. .... __ __ Finance, insurance, and real estate. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities_ Services—-personal, business, and other ______ ______ _ Other nonmanufacturing industries. Interindustry ________________ 334 60 73 142 62 28 19 7 96 36 4 42 40 4,621 ' 28 11 46 14 11 6 3 3 5 1 3 1 3 1 S E X OF W O R K E R S Almost 60 percent of the stoppages involved male workers only, while approximately 39 percent involved both men and women. Less than 2 percent involved only women. Of the total number of workers involved in strikes and lockouts, 81 percent were men and 19 percent were women, as compared with 87 and 13 percent in 1943. N U M B E R OF E ST A B L ISH M E N T S IN V O L V E D Approximately 86 percent of the work stoppages in 1944, including about two-thirds of the workers involved and one-half of the idleness for the year, were stoppages occurring in single establishments only, for example, one factory or one mine. About 10 percent of the strikes 648532°— 45------ 3 14 were confined to from 2 to 5 establishments, nearly 2 percent involved 6 to 10 establishments, and slightly more than 2 -percent extended into 11 or more establishments. T able 8 .— Strikes and Lockouts Ending in 1944 , by N um ber o f Establishments Involved Strikes and lock outs Workers involved Man-days idle Number of establishments involved Number Percent of total Number Per cent of total Number Per cent of total Total................................................................... 4,958 100.0 2,127,352 100.0 8,880,078 100.0 1 establishment.................................................. 2 to 5 establishments......................................... 6 to 10 establishments........................................ 11 establishments and over..... .......................... 4,247 513 82 116 85.7 10.3 1.7 2.3 1,450,494 332,424 59, 285 285,149 68.2 15.6 2.8 13.4 4,721,057 1,794,636 601,476 1,762,909 53.1 20.2 6.8 19.9 L A B O R O R G A N IZA T IO N S IN V O L V E D Labor unions affiliated with the American Federation of Labor were involved in 34 percent of the strikes and lockouts, including 22 percent of the total workers and 28 percent of the idleness. Those affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations were involved in 39 percent of the stoppages, involving 52 percent of the workers and 39 percent of the idleness (table 9). Unaffiliated unions (other than the independent railroad brotherhoods) were involved in 20 percent of the total, as compared with 15 percent in 1943; however, the number of workers involved was 19 percent in 1944 as compared with 33 percent in 1943 when there were industry-wide coal strikes, and the idleness was 23 percent compared with 71 percent in 1943. While members of the United Mine Workers of America were in volved in 898 stoppages in 1944, there were no industry-wide strikes in the mining industry and consequently idleness for this group was much less than in 1943. Other unaffiliated unions involved in 5 or more stoppages in 1944 were the Mechanics Educational Society of America, the Foremen’s Association of America, the Brewery, Flour and Soft Drink Workers of America, the International Die Sinkers Conference, the United Brotherhood of Weldors, Cutters and Helpers of America, and the International Typographical Union in the period before it formally reaffiliated with the A. F. of L. in August 1944. Stoppages involving two rival unions constituted only 1 percent of all strikes and lockouts. Most of these involved unions affiliated with both the A. F. of L. and the C. I. O. In about 200 disputes no unions were involved. Although less than 1 percent of the total strikes and lockouts involved company unions (organizations composed of employees of a single plant or company), the proportion of total workers involved was almost 2% percent. The higher proportion of workers was due largely to the strike instigated by the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Employees Union in protest against upgrading of Negro workers to operating positions, and two strikes for recognition of the Wright Aircraft Supervisory Association at plants of the Wright Aeronautical Corporation in New Jersey. The classification of strikes and lockouts according to the union involved indicates only the affiliations of the unions to which the 15 striking workers belonged; it does not mean that these unions au thorized or sanctioned the stoppages. A great majority of the^stoppages were unauthorized, union officials disclaiming any responsi bility for them and exerting their efforts toward quick terminations of the stoppages. T a b le 9.— Strikes and Lockouts Ending in 1944, by A ffiliations o f Labor Organizations Involved Labor organizations involved Total . American Federation of Labor......................... Congress of ndustrial Organizations________ TJnaffiliated railroad brotherhoods__________ Unaffiliated unions (other)............................... 2 rival unions..- ................................................ Company unions____ ____________ . . . ______ No organization________ __________________ Not reported.................................... . . ____ . . . . Strikes and lock outs Workers involved Per Number cent of total Number Per cent of total Number Man-days idle Per cent of total 4,958 100.0 2,127,352 100.0 8,880,078 100.0 1,696 1,946 5 995 60 47 206 3 34.2 39.2 .1 20.1 1.2 .9 4.2 .1 456,877 1,112,795 6,880 407,504 67,839 50,714 24,599 144 21.5 52.2 .3 19.2 3.2 2.4 1.2 0) 2,453,521 3,410,597 30,770 2,021,573 701,640 196,116 65,480 381 27.6 38.5 .3 22.8 7.9 2.2 .7 0) i Less than a tenth of 1 percent. D U R A T IO N O F ST R IK E S A N D LO CK O U TS The duration of strikes and lockouts and average man-days of idleness per worker has decreased materially during the war years. Stoppages in 1944 lasted on the average 5.6 days as compared with 5 in 1943, 12 in 1942, 18 in 1941, 21 in 1940, and 23 in 1939. The workers involved in stoppages in 1944 averaged 4.1 days of idleness as compared with 6.8 in 1943, 5 in 1942, 9.8 in 1941, 11.6 in 1940, and 15.2 in 1939. More than 75 percent of all strikes and lockouts in 1944 lasted less than 1 week and these included more than 70 percent of the workers involved in stoppages during the year. About 20 percent lasted from 1 week to 1 month, and accounted for slightly less than half of the idleness for the year. About 2 percent of the 1944 strikes lasted more than 1 month, accounting for 14 percent of the year’s idleness as compared with a little over 2 percent in 1943. T able 10.— D uration o f Strikes and Lockouts Ending in 1944 Strikes and lock outs Workers involved Man-days idle Duration Number Percent of total Number Total_____________________________________ 4,958 100.0 2,127,352 1 day . 2 to 3 davs _ _ _ __ __ 4 days and less than 1 week.............................. 1 week and less than one-half month......... ...... H and less than 1 month................................... 1 and less than 2 months................................... 2 and less than 3 months................................... 1,066 1,714 1,051 759 260 85 23 21.5 34.6 21.2 15.3 * 5.2 1.7 .5 235,170 767,479 504,586 398,522 188,145 18,781 14,669 Percent Percent of total Number of total 100.0 8,880,078 100.0 11.1 *36.1 23.7 18.7: 8.8 .9 .7 235,170 1,464,597 1,630,282 2,493,977 1,786,059 662,371 607,622 2.6 16.5 18.4 28.1 20.1 7.5 6.8 CHART 3 DURATION OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS 1935 1944 - PERCENT OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS PERCENT PERCENT -llO O 10 0 - 80 - 60 - 40 - 20 »> > > > % w m v tv J v *>>>* * i 1935 1936 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ' 1937 1938 1939 ONE 6AY AND UNDER ONE WEEK 1940 1941 1942 ONE WEEK AND |. UNDER ONE MONTH 1943 ONE MONTH AND OVER 1944 0 17 CA U SE S OF STRIK ES A N D LOCKO U TS Wages— demands for increases and disputes over the application or operation of incentive systems, overtime rates, etc.—were important issues in nearly half of the strikes and lockouts in 1944. Over twofifths of the total workers and total idleness involved during the year were connected with disputes over wage questions. Workers gen erally were concerned with the pinch when the cost of living had in creased during the war period to a greater extent than wages had been permitted to advance under the wage-stabilization program. Some strikes occurred to force wages up to the limit permitted under the “ Little Steel” formula; 2 others were attempts to gain increases beyond the limits of the formula and had to be denied under the national stabilization policy. The proportion of stoppages in which wages were important issues was a little lower than in 1943. Second only to wages were disputes over intraplant working condi tions and policies, including such matters as supervision, discipline, job security, work load, physical and safety conditions, work schedules, shift arrangements, etc. Disputes over such matters accounted for about 36 percent of the strikes and lockouts during the year, includ ing 38 percent of the total workers involved and accounting for 29 percent of the total idleness (table 11). Questions of job security for individuals or comparatively small groups were important here. Work stoppages over questions of union recognition and bargaining rights increased in 1944 both numerically and proportionately. This was due in part to strikes over bargaining rights for foremen and supervisory workers. There were at least 30 such strikes in 1944, involving about 130,000 workers (6 percent of the total) and over 650,000 man-days of idleness (7 percent of the total). Three groups were involved in the largest of these strikes: The Foremen’s Associa tion of America in the Detroit area strike in M ay; the United Clerical, Technical and Supervisory Employees, a division of District 50, United Mine Workers of America, at bituminous-coal mines in Penn sylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky in August and September; and the Wright Aircraft Supervisory Association at New Jersey plants of the Wright Aeronautical Company in September and November. Interunion and intraunion matters—union rivalry, jurisdiction, etc.— were major issues in about 4 percent of the work stoppages in 1944. This was about the same proportion as in 1943, although in 1944 a greater proportion of workers involved and man-days of idleness were connected with such disputes. Cut-backs on war production were factors in about 35 stoppages during the year, the workers being concerned with effects on wages, hours worked, and on security of employment. A few strikes involved disputes over the reinstatement of veterans. There were 57 stoppages in which racial issues were contributing factors.* *That is 15 percent above rates existing on January 1,1941. 18 T a b le 11.— M a jor Issu es Involved in Strikes and Lockouts Ending in 1944 Strikes and lockouts Workers involved Man-days idle Major issue Percent Percent Number Percent of total Number of total Number of total All issues............................. .............. ................ 4,958 100.0 2,127,352 100.0 8,880,078 100.0 Wages and hours____ _____________________ Wage increase_________________ _____ Wage decrease............ - ............................... Wage increase, hour decrease................ . Hour decrease.............................................. Hour increase............................................... Other i......................................................... 2,146 1,046 66 10 9 10 1,005 43.3 21.1 1.3 .2 .2 .2 20.3 809,572 352,752 30,933 1,093 2,684 4,264 417,846 38.1 16.6 1.5 .1 .1 .2 19.6 3,376,500 1,698,363 206,895 4,675 9,471 6,622 1,450,474 38.0 19.1 2.3 .1 .1 .1 16.3 Union organization, wages and hours.............. Recognition, wages, and/or hours.............. Strengthening bargaining position, wages and/or hours........................................... Closed or union shop, wages, and/or hours. Discrimination, wages, tfid/or hours......... Other........................................................... 247 187 5.0 &7 66,136 43,439 3.1 2.0 496,233 335,577 5.6 3.8 26 23 8 3 .5 .5 .2 .1 12,589 4,200 5,638 270 .6 .2 .3 (*) 78,692 34,336 45,288 2,340 .9 .4 .5 Union organization............................................ Recognition............................................... Strengthening bargaining position............. Closed or union Shop.................................. Discrimination............................................ Other............................. ............................ 561 202 56 131 128 44 11.3 4.1 1.1 2.6 2.6 .9 329,374 169,958 22,054 32,395 76,758 28,209 15.5 8.1 1.0 1.5 3.6 1.3 1,536,472 853,118 92,787 193, 599 279,774 117,194 17.3 9.6 1.0 2.2 3.2 1.3 Other working conditions................................. Job security......... ...................................... Shop conditions and policies...................... Work load.................................................... Other........................................................... 1,800 792 801 168 39 36.3 16.0 16.1 3.4 .8 807,231 412,862 311,746 72,508 10,115 37.9 19.3 14.7 3.4 .5 2,584,520 1,212,709 1,036,228 305,226 30,357 29.1 13.7 11.7 3.4 .3 Interunion or intraunion matters..................... Sympathy................................................... Union rivalry or factionalism..................... Jurisdiction__________ _________________ Union regulations........................................ Other........................................................... 204 27 89 70 17 1 .5 1.9 1.4 .3 (’) 115,039 13,828 78,338 17,551 4,785 537 5.4 .7 3.7 .8 .2 (2) 886,353 54,759 759,189 56,656 15,212 537 10.0 .6 8.6 .6 .2 (2) (2) i Includes stoppages involving adjustments of piece rates, incentive rates, wage classifications for new ■nd changed operations, retroactive pay, holiday and vacation pay, payment for travel time, and so forth.] * Less than a tenth of 1 percent. In table 12 the strikes and lockouts, workers involved, and man dats of idleness in each industry group are classified according to major issues involved. The data are based on stoppages beginning during the year instead of, as in table 11, on stoppages ending in 1944. CHART 4 MAJOR ISSUES INVOLVED IN STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS 1935-1944 NUMBER OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS CO - 1935 1936 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP LABOR bureau of labor statistics 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 20 T a b l e 12.— Strikes and Lockouts in 1944, by Industry Group and M ajor Issues Involved Number of strikes and lockouts beginning in 1944 in which the major issues were— Industry group Union or Wages and ganization, hours wages, and hours All industries......................... ...................... Union organiza tion Other Inter- or working intra-union conditions matters 2,141 250 563 11,796 i20ft 69 15 88 16 1 10 26 2 18 42 1 66 7 66 37 42 23 10 37 13 50 60 63 495 61 128 40 8 5 11 6 7 16 1 16 25 16 10 1 32 19 23 24 37 357 63 89 20 3 4 3 2 1 3 30 4 19 4 7 10 14 8 5 25 6 3 9 13 93 18 58 11 127 83 19 7 6 2 36 29 8 126 103 9 2ft 7 1 11 249 61 57 7 1 13 7 21 2 45 28 28 .2 5 568 20 19 4 1 18 52 14 157 48 25 25 18 6 43 17 1 90 8 4 20 Manufacturing Food and kindred products......................... Tobacco manufactures ___ Textile-mill products................................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar-materials-.......... Lumber and timber basic products............ Furniture and finished lumber products. __ Paper and alJied products........................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries. Chemicals and allied products.................... Products of petroleum and coal................... Rubber products_______________________ Leather and leather products...................... Stone, clay, and glass products................... Iron and steel and their products.............. Nonferrous metals and their products........ Machinery (except electrical)...................... Electrical machinery.................................... Transportation equipment (except auto mobiles)______________ _______ _______ Automobiles and automobile equipment—_ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries... 2 ft 3 1 1 ft 23 2 17 ft Nonmanufacturing Agricnltnrp., forestry, and fishing Mining________________________________ Construction................................................ Trade............................................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate ____ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities............................... .......... Services—personal, business, and other... Other nonmanufacturing industries............ ft i This figure is less than the sum of this column. This is because a few strikes, each affecting more than 1 industry, have been counted as separate strikes in each industry affected, with the proper allocation of workers and man-days idle to each industry. 21 T a b l e 12.— Strikes and Lockouts in 1944, by Industry Group and M ajor Issues Involved—Continued Number of workers involved in strikes and lockouts in which the major issues were— Industry group All industries__________________________ Union or Wages and ganization, Union or wages, and ganization hours hours Other working conditions Inter- or intra-union matters 803,222 66,611 329,617 807,516 108,671 14,251 4,006 26,982 1.691 456 3,429 5,098 2,544 3,294 13,416 48 21,164 1,568 10,955 36,508 4,626 4,514 1,046 6,571 5,274 25,421 15,874 18,567 171,003 18,032 40,770 8,742 523 129 2,021 5,197 741 2,863 149 2,392 5,276 4,742 5,304 12 12,075 2,270 11,387 4,702 9,767 155,113 23,890 38,917 10,827 258 429 1,615 433 19 289 8,049 1,159 5,353 1,627 378 1,146 3,905 991 600 4,330 991 2,059 2,965 4,090 30,371 5,160 40,050 3,958 289 656 629 449 5,161 4,660 1,303 15,988 10,124 120,446 127,440 2,106 6,999 3,898 822 59,010 86*358 526 156,691 149,322 2,511 20,013 21,745 60 2,861 68,886 5,702 9,319 587 5,000 1,617 306 9,883 52 62,426 3,034 8,471 71 1,976 148,313 7,350 2,003 244 14 6,809 6,093 1,774 40,543 7,060 5,130 2,149 1,814 376 6,406 1,342 43 17,068 552 184 7,224 982 Manufacturing Food and kindred products______________ Tobacco manufactures Textile-mill products_______ ____ _______ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials______ Lumber and timber basic products.............. Furniture and finished lumber products... Paper and allied products........................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries. Chemicals and allied products.................... Products of petroleum and coal................... Rubber products Leather and leather products....... .............. Stone, clay, and glass products.................. Iron and steel and their products.............. Nonferrous metals and their products....... Machinery (except electrical)............ ......... Electrical machinery................................... Transportation equipment (except auto mobiles)..................................................... Automobiles and automobile equipment__ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries... 395 Nonmanufacturing Agriculture, forestry, and fishing_________ Mining............................ ............................. Construction............ ........................... ........ Trade....................................................... .... Finance, insurance, and real estate........... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities........................................... Services—-personal, business, and other____ Other nonmanufacturing industries— ___ 22 T able 12.— Strikes and Lockouts in 1944, by Industry Group and M a jor Issues Involved —Continued Man-days idle during 1944 in strikes and lockouts in which the major issues were— Industry group All industries. Union or Wages and ganization, Union or hours wages, and ganization hours Other Inter- or working intra-union conditions matters 3,289,058 516,891 1,545,331 2,582,375 787,424 61,941 16,324 113,888 46,258 10,319 4,239 *15,683 10,233 21,704 38,935 15,343 5,692 68,820 48 102,640 7,848 223,733 445 275,652 20,132 23,122 4,308 16,849 14,373 71,338 64,456 90,300 610.275 44,695 121,942 25,920 331,830 237 21,260 48,635 2,922 31,423 894 17,440 14,946 15,848 12 52,083 5,412 22,245 20,946 30,439 439,584 70,957 139, 545 15,804 308,618 1,515 1,835 29,593 57 4,838 36,159 1,200 40, 641 4,479 19,917 4,595 23,143 5,709 2,564 15, 111 2,893 19, 557, 30,130 16,797 116,414 22,948 165,417 11,686 150,610 326,143 13,769 15,150 1,819 443,380 6,482 469,535 10,811 106,845 100 116,412 435,712 58,329 81,474 1,642 197,354 149,000 12,241 1,401 58,159 220 8,925 302,832 14,534 73,732 318 26,074 8,978 639,534 19,105 12,043 8,773 74,819 84 22,315 26,524 44,993 43,629 60,991 15,418 1,422 8,237 494 2,777 2,765 3,918 Manufacturing Food and kindred products________ _____ Tobacco manufactures................................ Textile-mill products................................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials. Lumber and timber basic products______ Furniture and finished lumber products.._ Paper and allied products....................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries. Chemicals and allied products................... Products of petroleum and coal.................. Rubber products___________ ___________ Leather and leather products............. ........ Stone, clay, and glass products................... Iron and steel and their products............... Nonferrous metals and their products........ Machinery (except electrical)...................... Electrical machinery................. ......... ........ Transportation equipment (except automo biles). Automobiles and automobile equipment.. . Miscellaneous manufacturing industries... 14,975 868 1,530 765 449 62,077 23,228 3,051 40, 372 54,055 86,370 Nonmanufacturing Agriculture, forestry, and fishing................ M ining........................................................ Construction__________ ________________ Trade............................................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate............. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. Services—personal, business, and other.__ Other nonmanufacturing industries.......... 37,784 RESULTS OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS Of the stoppages ended in 1944 the issues in dispute were definitely settled, or the causes were abandoned or lost by workers, in 52 percent of the cases, while in 48 percent the issues were to be negotiated or processed further according to plans agreed upon. The disputes in which the issues were settled at the termination of the stoppages brought substantial gains to workers involved in 21 percent of all strikes and lockouts during 1944, compromise settlements in another 10 percent of the cases, and little or no gains in 18 percent. (See table 13.) Of the nearly 2,400 cases in which issues were to be processed further after resumption of work, the parties agreed to negotiate directly on about one-third, often in accordance with estab lished grievance procedures contained in their contracts. In a little less than two-thirds of the cases they agreed to submit the issues to Government agencies, and in a few cases (3 percent of all stoppages in 1944) the issues were to be submitted to private arbitrators. About 37 percent of the total workers involved and the same pro portion of the total idleness were connected with the disputes which were settled or determined when the stoppages ended and 63 percent were connected with those in which work was resumed while the issues 23 were to be processed further. About 38 percent of the total workers involved were included in the disputes in which work was resumed and the issues submitted to Government agencies for settlement. Many of these cases were wage disputes which were submitted to the National War Labor Board, others were representation cases which went to the National Labor Relations Board, and some were sub mitted to State mediation and arbitration agencies.i T a b l e 13.— R esults o f Strikes and Lockouts Ending in 1944 Strikes and lockouts Workers involved Man-days idle Result Percent Percent Number Percent of total Number of total Number of total Total 4,958 100.0 2,127,352 100.0 8,880,078 100.0 TfisnAS settled at strike termination 2,585 1,030 487 905 163 52.1 20.7 9.8 18.3 3.3 793,469 236,074 144,127 356,313 56,955 37.3 11.1 6.8 16.7 2.7 3,298,504 707,146 555,731 1,568,784 466,843 37.1 8.0 6.3 17.5 5.3 2,373 822 1,404 147 47.9 16.6 28.3 3.0 1,333,883 427,147 815,444 91,292 62.7 20.1 38.3 4.3 5,581,574 1,434,422 3,868,770 278,382 62.9 16.2 43.6 3.1 Substantial gains to workers___________ Partial gains or compromises____________ Little or no gains______________________ Indeterminate________________ ________ Issues to be negotiated_____________________ By parties concerned___________________ By Government agencies By private arbitrators__________________ T able 14.— Results o f Strikes and Lockouts in 1944 in R elation to M ajor Issues Involved Issues settled at termination of stoppage Total Major issues Number Per cent Issues to be nego tiated or settled by or with help of— Sub stan Partial gains tial Little Inde Parties or or no termi con gains com to gains nate 1 cerned pro wor mises kers Strikes and lockouts Gov Pri ern vate ment arbi agen trators cies Percent of strikes and lockouts AH issues 4,958 100.0 20.7 9.8 18.3 3.3 16.6 28.3 3.0 Wages and hours *______________ Union organization, wages, and hours_________ ______________ Union organization_____________ Other working conditions_______ 2,146 100.0 20.2 7.0 13.7 .7 16.2 40.5 1.7 247 561 1,800 204 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 23.5 25.8 21.8 1.0 12.6 9.3 13.9 1.5 9.7 15.5 27.2 4.9 .4 1.4 1.8 52.4 9.3 13.4 18.3 23.0 44.5 30.9 12.2 15.2 3.7 4.8 2.0 Tnter- or intra-iinion matters _ Workers in volved All issues _ _____ Wages and hours*______________ Union organization, wages, and hours________________________ Union organization_____________ Other working conditions __ Inter- or intra-union matters....... Percent of workers involved 2,127,352 100.0 11.1 6.8 16.7 2.7 20.1 38.3 4.3 809,572 100.0 10.0 3.9 8.6 1.3 18.3 55.8 2.1 66,136 329,374 807,231 115,039 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6.1 9.4 14.8 .1 10.4 4.9 11.0 .4 5.3 32.7 21.4 1.9 .1 1.1 .8 31.6 12.0 13.3 25.5 18.8 66.1 36.8 19.0 40.1 1.8 7.5 7.1 i Includes a few stoppages for which adequate information was not available; also those involving rival union or jurisdictional disputes, the results of which cannot be evaluated in terms of their effect on the wel fare of all workers concerned. * Hours of work were major issues in only a very small number of disputes. 24 As shown in table 13 the issues in 52.1 percent of the strikes and lockouts were settled or determined when the stoppages were termi nated, while in 47.9 percent the issues were to be negotiated and settled after work was resumed—in some cases by the parties con cerned and, in many others, with the help of Government agencies or arbitrators. A large proportion of the cases not settled when work was resumed were referred to Government agencies, ranging from 12 percent of all disputes over miscellaneous local working conditions to over 40 percent of the cases involving wages. Only 19 percent of the workers involved in stoppages over miscellaneous working condi tions had their disputes referred to Government agencies for settle ment as compared with nearly 60 percent of the workers involved in wage disputes. Results of the strikes and lockouts ending in 1944 are shown in table 14 in relation to the major issues involved. In general it was the smaller strikes and lockouts, from the stand point of the number of workers involved, in which the issues were settled or determined at the termination of the stoppages, whereas in the larger disputes, work was more frequently resumed upon agree ment to negotiate further or refer the disputes to Government agencies or private arbitrators for decision or assistance in arriving at settle ments.i T ab le 15.— Results of Strikes and Lockouts Ending in 1944 in Relation to Number of Workers Involved Issues settled at strike termination Number of workers involved Totals Sub stan tial gains to work ers Issues to be negotiated by— Partial Little or no gains Inde Parties Govern Private or com gains termi con arbi ment to pro nate 1 cerned agencies trators mises workers Number of strikes and lockouts All workers involved ___ 4,958 1,030 487 905 163 822 1,404 147 ft and under 20 20 and under 100 ___ 100 and under 2/50 _ ___ __ _ _ 2/50 and under 500__ Z500 and under 1,000 _ _ ____ 1,000 and under /5,000 ____ /5,000 and under 10,000_____________ 10,000 and over___________________ 574 1,567 1,197 760 460 348 36 16 163 372 245 137 68 43 1 1 52 167 134 68 44 20 1 1 124 280 234 148 72 38 7 2 26 55 36 18 15 12 1 80 234 189 139 89 80 8 3 123 417 326 220 151 144 15 8 6 42 33 30 21 11 3 1 Percent of strikes and lockouts All workers involved 100.0 20.8 9.8 18.3 3.3 16.6 28.2 3.0 ft and under 20 20 and under 100 _ _ _ 100 and under 2/50 __ __ 2/50 and under /500 _ /500 and under 1,000 __ ___ __ _ 1,000 and under .*5,000 _ __ _ /5,000 and under 10,000 10,000 and over , _ ____ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 28.5 23.7 20.5 18.0 14.8 12.4 2.8 6.3 9.1 10.7 11.2 8.9 9.6 5.7 2.8 6.3 21.6 17.9 19.5 19.5 15.7 10.9 19.4 12.5 4.5 3.5 3.0 2.4 3.3 3.4 2.8 13.9 14.9 15.8 18.3 19.3 23.0 22.2 18.8 21.4 26.6 27.2 29.0 32.7 41.4 41.7 49.8 1.0 2.7 2.8 3.9 4.6 3.2 8.3 6.3 i Includes a few stoppages for which adequate information was not available; also those involving rival union or jurisdictional disputes, the results of which cannot be evaluated in terms of their effect on the welfare of all workers concerned. 25 METHODS OF TERM INATING STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS There are two problems involved in settling any strike or lockout: (1) The problem of terminating the stoppage by an agreement under which the employees will go back to work, and (2) working out a satis-' factory settlement of the issues in dispute. During the war period, when immediate and continued production has been of paramount importance, the first has necessarily taken precedence and the efforts of local and international union officials and of Government agencies have been expended in obtaining a resumption of work. In 1944 more than a third of the strikes and lockouts were termi nated by agreements worked out by the parties directly concerned. In some of these the disputed issues were settled immediately, and in others there was agreement only on the procedure to be followed in settling the issues while work continued. Government agencies as sisted in getting work resumed in 59 percent of the stoppages which included nearly three-fourths of the total workers and idleness in volved (table 16), Here again the agreements reached settled the issues in some cases and in others simply provided for further process ing of the disputes while work continued. About 7 percent of the stoppages were terminated when the workers returned without any formal settlement. Most of these were short protest strikes, the workers involved having no intention of staying out until their demands were granted. T able 16.—Methods of Terminating Strikes and Lockouts Ending in 1944 Strikes and lock outs Workers involved Man-days idle Method Percent Percent Number Percent of total Number of total Number of total Total _____ __ __ _ ___ Agreement of parties arrived at— Directly....................................................... With assistance of Government agencies. _ Terminated without formal settlement........... Employers discontinued business.................... Not reported............. ............... ........................ 4,968 100.0 2,127,362 100.0 8,880,078 100.0 1,663 2,942 347 10 6 33.3 69.4 7.0 .2 .1 488,827 1,668,224 78,748 874 679 23.0 73.3 3.7 1,796,696 6,646,690 424,496 10,632 1,864 20.2 74.9 4.8 .1 0) 8 1Less than a tenth of 1 percent. There were 17 work stoppages that were followed by Government seizure of the plants or facilities during 1944 to avoid further inter ruption of war production. Two of the stoppages actually began in 1943, but the Government did not take over the plants until early in 1944. In some of these cases the Government’s action was to enforce compliance by companies or unions with National War Labor Board orders, and in others because of a refusal to resume production while the disputed issues were being resolved . In these cases the workers returned to work soon after the Government took over operation of the plants or facilities. Strikes Under W ar Labor D isputes A ct During 1944 the National Labor Relations Board conducted 317 strike ballots under the War Labor Disputes Act.8 In 271 of these a* * 67 Stat. 163 (1943). 26 majority of the employees voting cast their ballots in favor of, and in 46 cases a majority voted against, striking. Of the total votes cast, 72 percent were in favor of striking. There were 69 work stoppages 4 in 1944 which followed strike votes. These comprised slightly more than 1 percent of the total strikes and lockouts occurring during the year and the number of workers in volved (98,394) in such stoppages was less than 5 percent of the workers involved in all stoppages. Idleness in these 69 stoppages was slightly over 6 percent of the total idleness during the year. The average number of workers involved in the 69 strikes was 1,426, as compared with an average of 711 for similar stoppages during the last 6 months of 1943, and with an average of 427 workers for all strikes and lockouts in 1944. The average duration was 12 days, as compared with 5.6 days for all 1944 strikes and lockouts. Strikes ranged in duration from 1 to 69 days. On the average, 11 days elapsed between the time the votes were taken and the strikes occurred. Wages were the issue in over half of these strikes, although strikes for union recognition involved almost two-thirds of the workers and accounted for over two-thirds of the idleness in these strikes. Strikes and Lockouts o f Concern to National W ar Labor Board* The National War Labor Board was directly concerned with 1,629 strikes and lockouts, 33 percent of the total in 1944, including 961,000 or 45 percent of the total workers involved, and 4,867,000 or 56 per cent of the total man-days of idleness (table 17). This was an increase of 200 strikes over 1943, but the proportions of stoppages, workers involved, and man-days idle were less than in 1943, when the Board was directly concerned with 39 percent of the total strikes and lock outs, including 65 percent of the total workers and 84 percent of the man-days idle. T a b l e 17.— Strikes and Lockouts o f N W L B Concern Compared W ith all Stoppages in the United States, 19441 Strikes and lockouts Month Number A 11 m o n t h s ........... _ _ January_________________________ ___________________ February.. ______ ______ _ Jnna _ , ___ _ July__ __________________ _____ _____ August________________ ________ ___ M aro.h A p r il M ay _ September_______________________ Op.tohp.r November____________ ___________ December_______________________ Percent of all strikes and lock outs i Workers involved Number Percent of all strikes and lock outs 1 Man-days idle Number Percent of all strikes and lock outs 1 1,629 32.9 961,263 45.4 4,867,004 55.8 107 107 120 161 216 144 165 160 119 143 105 82 32.4 31.5 31.1 35.5 36.7 32.7 35.2 31.9 29.2 33.3 30.4 31.1 54,233 56,198 46,364 62,170 188,264 63,192 97,337 87,237 68,322 132,393 66,052 39,501 47.8 38.4 34.4 37.6 59.0 43.7 56.7 44.1 32.9 59.7 32.8 43.1 476,528 232,414 213,457 285,264 970,690 399,960 347,899 534,043 404,759 466,005 347,473 188,512 67.1 50.7 48.4 46.4 67.3 55.1 53.3 55.7 51.5 61.7 44.0 48.7 1 See table 2 (p. 4) for monthly totals on all strikes and lockouts. * Includes the large strike for recognition of supervisory workers in the coal-mining industry which fol lowed separate strike votes in about 66 individual mines. In a few of these cases a majority voted against striking, but strikes occurred nevertheless. 8 These were cases which (1) went to the Board for settlement of the issues, (2) occurred while cases were pending before the Board, and (3) took place after Board decisions, indicating dissatisfaction of one of the parties with decisions rendered. 27 Each month of 1944 .the Board was concerned with more than a fourth of all strikes and lockouts occurring. May and October were the months of greatest activity, when stoppages involving over 50 percent of all workers and over 60 percent of all idleness were or had been referred to the Board. Stoppages with which the Board was concerned were large (it handled 9 of the 16 involving 10,000 or more workers) and of long duration. Of all strikes and lockouts lasting less than 1 week, the Board was concerned with about 30 percent, including 38 percent of the workers and 41 percent of the idleness. Of the stoppages lasting longer than 1 week the Board was concerned with over 40 percent, including over 60 percent of the workers and idleness. Of the 1,629 strikes and lockouts of Board concern, 78 percent, in cluding 86 percent of the workers involved and 79 percent of the idle ness, were in manufacturing industries; 22 percent of the stoppages were in nonmanufacturing. More than 20 percent of the stoppages (337) were in the iron and steel industries, 149 in machinery manu facturing (except electrical), and 158 in transportation, communica tion, and other public utilities. More than 20 percent of the workers involved in stoppages which were of Board concern were in the automobile and automobile-equipment industry, over 15 percent were in industries manufacturing transportation equipment (except automobiles), and 15 percent were in iron and steel plants. Also of Board concern were the strikes and lockouts including over 80 per cent of the workers involved in all stoppages occurring in tobacco manufactures and lumber and timber products industries. Because of the Board’s responsibility for settling all labor disputes which might interrupt war production, the disputes may reach it at various stages of development. In more than half of the cases it handled in 1944 the stoppages occurred before the cases reached the Board. In some cases the issues still in dispute were referred to the Board for settlement; in others, particularly wage cases, the parties often agreed upon settlement terms and submitted them to the Board for approval under the Wage Stabilization Act. In about 22 percent of the Board cases stoppages took place while cases were pending before the Board, and in more than three-fourths of these, delay in rendering decisions was given as a cause of the strike. This was in contrast to 1943, when almost 40 percent of the WLB strikes occurred while cases were pending, although in about half of these, Board delay was stated to be a contributing factor. The number and proportion of stoppages occurring after Board decisions more than doubled in 1944, as did the proportion of workers involved in such disputes. In part of these, the workers were pro testing decisions of the War Labor Board; in others, they were attempting to force company compliance with Board decisions. Fifteen disputes involving work stoppages were followed by Gov ernment seizure of plants or operations in 1944 after the NWLB referred them to the President upon refusal of one party or the other to comply with Board orders. 28 T a b le 18.— Strikes and Lockouts of NWLB Concern, Classified According to Major Issues Involved and Time Stoppages Occurred, 1944 Major issues involved and time strikes and lockouts occurred Strikes and lock outs Workers involved Per Number cent of total Number Per cent of total Number Per cent of total Man-days idle Total................................................................... Wages................... ...................................... All other...................................................... 1,629 1,276 354 100.0 78.3 21.7 961,263 546,354 414,909 100.0 56.9 43.1 4,867,004 2,712,688 2,154,316 m o 55.7 44.3 Strikes before cases went to the Board............. Wages.......................................................... All other...................................................... 840 559 281 51.5 34.3 17.2 461,723 167,968 293,755 48.0 17.5 30.5 2,487,581 907,437 1,580,144 51.1 18.6 32.5 Strikes while cases were pending...................... Wages.......................................................... All other...................................................... 353 311 42 21.7 19.1 2.6 297,568 198,535 99,033 31.0 20.7 10.3 1,275,779 859,844 415,935 26.2 17.7 8.5 Strikes after Board decisions________________ Wages.......................................................... All other...................................................... 436 405 31 26.8 24.9 1.9 201,972 179,851 22,121 21.0 18.7 2.3 1,103,644 945,407 158,237 22.7 19.4 3.3 M AJOR ISSU E S IN V O L V E D IN NW LB CASES Wages, either alone or in connection with other demands, were issues in more than three-fourths of the strikes and lockouts of Na tional War Labor Board concern, involving more than half the workers and man-days of idleness. In half of these the wage issue came to the Board after the strike occurred. Wage issues were involved in most of the stoppages taking place while the cases were pending before the Board as well as in those which were protests against Board deci sions. More than 50 percent of all stoppages over wage issues alone, involving 60 percent of the workers and 70 percent of the idleness, were of direct concern to the Board. The Board was concerned with some of the larger strikes over questions of union organization, particularly the strikes in which the major issue was union recognition for foremen and supervisory work ers, because these stoppages interfered* drastically with war produc tion. The Board in some cases assumed jurisdiction over all issues in dispute, with the exception of union recognition and discriminatory discharges which were matters to be handled by the National Labor Relations Board. Appendix T able A .— Strikes and Lockouts in 1944 in States Which H ad 2 5 or M ore Stoppages During the Year, by Indu stry Group Number of strikes and lockouts State and industry group Workers involved Man-days idle Alabama.................................................. ...................... ...................... Food and kindred products........................................................... Textile-mill products...................................................................... Chemicals and allied products....................................................... products of petroleum and coal___................................................ Stone, clay, and glass products........ ............................................. Iron and steel and their products.............................. .................. Nonferrous metals and their products.......................................... Machinery (except electrical)......................................................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...... ................................ M in in g .......................................................................................... Construction.................................................................................. Trade..................... - ...... ................................................................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities_____ Services—personal, business, and o t h e r ...................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries.............................................. 209 6 5 2 3 1 39 1 1 8 1 128 5 1 6 1 1 66,941 618 3,103 81 98 70 16,222 8 120 3,048 170 32,295 217 85 785 13 8 179,722 5,678 4,909 252 484 420 46,587 64 240 10,328 340 106,510 1,552 510 1,776 58 14 Arkansas___ _________________ ________________________________ Food and kindred products........................................................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials......................................................................... Lumber and timber basic products............................................... Furniture and finished lumber products...... ................................ Chemicals and allied products....................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products..................................................... Nonferrous metals and their products........................................... Mining......................................................................................... — Construction................................................................................... Trade................. ................................................. ........................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities_____ Other nonmanufacturing industries............................................... 33 1 4,304 58 18,526 174 1 1 2 2 2 2 13 1 1 6 1 12 80 775 133 718 1,184 929 50 30 295 40 24 80 4,147 616 2,425 3,320 6,262 200 600 558 120 California..................................... .............- __ . . . . __________ . . . . . — Food and kindred products..................................................... ...... Textile-mill products. ...................................... ............................ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.................... .............. ....................................... Lumber and timber basic products........................ .................. Furniture and finished lumber products___ _________________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries........................ ......... Chemicals and allied products....................................................... Rubber products. ............ ............................................................. Leather and leather products........................................................ Stone, clay, and glass products..... ................................................. Iron and steel and their products........................................... ...... Nonferrous metals and their products............... .................... ...... Machinery (except electrical)........................................................ Electrical machinery.......... ............................................................ Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing— ................. —.......................... M in in g .......................................................................................... Construction................................................................................... Trade............. .................................................................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate................................................ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities_____ Services—personal, business, ana other...................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries— .......................................... 103 5 1 26,599 438 7 126,856 1,622 7 2 6 4 1 1 1 3 3 13 1 6 1 11 3 3 10 7 3 9 8 1 64 535 736 350 57 311 143 914 5,612 60 405 119 5,981 940 908 3,225 949 171 3,100 1,652 12 122 1,140 3,199 550 399 622 664 5,566 18,640 540 3,109 238 35,473 7,719 1,804 15,159 2,193 171 14,357 13,538 24 Connecticut_______________________________________________ — Textile-mill products............................................. ....................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials-------------------------------------------------------------Furniture and finished lumber products..................................... Paper and allied products — ...................................................... Rubber products........... ................................................................. Leather and leather products........................................................ Iron and steel and their products.................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products.................................... ...... Machinery (except electrical)......................................................... Electrical machinery— ................................. .............................. Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries....................................... 44 8 24,665 1,786 76,458 6,006 3 1 1 2 1 5 8 4 1 2 2 2 4 91 74 13 725 53 4,338 4,667 1,661 120 10,076 55 122 884 438 690 195 1,875 106 21,733 7,436 5,112 240 27,445 235 122 4,825 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities_____ (29) 30 T able A .— Strikes and Lockouts in 1944 in States W hich H ad 25 or M ore Stoppages During the Year, by Industry Group— Continued State and industry group Number of strikes and lockouts Workers involved Man-days idle Florida.............................................. .................................................... Tobacco manufactures.......... ............ ........................................... Furniture and finished lumber products..................................... Chemicals and allied products................. ..................................... Iron and steel and their products.......... .................................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing................................................... Mining................................ ........................................................... Construction................................................................................... Trade______________________________________________ ______ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities_____ Services—personal, business, and other........... ............................ 19 6 2 2 1 8 3 1 3 2 8 3 10,334 1,366 627 268 57 1,070 5,347 580 120 122 554 223 176,159 5,342 9,311 282 106 2,097 151,658 3,628 550 742 1,374 1,069 Georgia........ ........... ......... ............................................................. Food and kindred products...................... .............................. Textile-mill products--------------------------- ------------------------Furniture and finished lumber products............ .................. Printing, publishing, and allied industries......... .................. Chemicals and allied products......... ...................................... Products of petroleum and coal_._......................................... Iron and steel and their products......... ........................... Machinery (except electrical)____________________________ Transportation equipment (except automobiles)................. . Construction- _______ ______________ ____________ ____ Trade_______ ____ ________ ______________ ______________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. 33 6,705 323 1,492 60 175 89 7 340 40 3,732 54 52 341 33,935 1,482 6,917 120 350 164 14 2,019 2 152,015 4.220 841 745,819 11,970 3,291 5 7 11 3 197 429 647 1,877 529 6,522 2,548 27,264 3,915 3,236 234 5,201 4,876 50.220 9,213 18,677 109 13,163 12,469 459 30,561 19,799 217,569 44,368 73.836 397 29.837 3,475 2,493 128,623 6,908 66,615 75 32,797 1,557 8,155 2 3 1 1 2 1 4 2 7 3 1 6 212 20,888 212 662 895 Illinois_____________________________ __________________________ Food and kindred products........................................................... Textile-mill products................ ............................. .......... ............ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and simi lar materials____________________ ___________________ ____ Lumber and timber basic products.............................................. Furniture and finished lumber products...................................... Paper and allied products............................ ................................. Printing, publishing, and allied industries___________________ Chemicals and allied products............ .......................................... Products of petroleum and coal................................................... . Rubber products........................... ...... ........................................ . Leather and leather products...................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products..................................... ............... Iron and steel and their products.............. .................................. . Nonferrous metals and their products......................................... Machinery (except electrical)....................................................... Electrical machinery---------------------------------------- ----------------Transportation equipment (except automobiles'........................ Automobiles and automobile equipment.................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........ ............................ Mining.................... ........... ........... ................ ............................... Construction................... .............................................................. Trade................ ........................ — ....................................- ......... Finance, insurance, and real estate_____ ____________________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities____ Services—personal, business, and other....................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries.............................. .............. 492 26 6 2 1,825 333 18,398 1,177 10,900 75 5,501 289 352 Indiana---- ------- -------------------------------------------------------- ------------Food and kindred products........................................................... Textile-mill products......... ..................................... ......... ............ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials--------------------------------------------------- ---------Furniture and finished lumber products..................................... . Paper and allied products................ ........................................... . Printing, publishing, and allied industries................................... Products of petroleum and c o a l.......... ...................................... . Rubber products___....... ............................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products— ................................................ Iron and steel and their products................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products........................................... Machinery (except electrical)....... ............................................... Electrical machinery................................. .................................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles)....................... Automobiles and automobile equipment....... ............................. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...... ............................... Mining........................................................................................... Construction.................................................................................. Trade........... .......................................... ...................... ............... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities-----Services—personal, business, and other........................................ Other nonmanufacturing industries............................................. 195 5 1 93,516 2,319 367 354,468 12,269 2,840 1 4 50 3,838 151 36 13 7,904 5,909 15,169 1,160 8,442 2,554 14,591 18,407 189 9,578 822 1,306 436 175 100 110 13,563 739 108 13 32,619 44,683 34,534 3,428 22,739 7,719 37,215 73,210 1,373 44,785 3,631 12,078 4,795 1,717 1 18 11 1 14 12 126 17 46 3 26 7 5 77 18 12 1 35 2 1 1 3 6 54 2 20 4 15 21 1 32 4 4 8 5 1 13 39 31 T able A . — Strikes and Lockouts in 1944 in States W hich Had 25 or M ore Stoppages During the Year, by Industry Group— Continued State and industry group Iowa....................................................................................................... Food and kindred products,......................................................... Lumber and timber basic products. ............................................ Printing, publishing, and allied industries...... ........................... . Rubber products............................ ............................................. Iron and steel and their products................................................. Machinery (except electrical).......................................... ........... Mining....... ........................ - ........................................... ............. Construction ......................................... ..................................Trade.......... - --------- --------------------------- ----- ----------------- -----Transportation, communication, and other public utilities____ Services—personal, business, and other----- ------------------ --------Kentucky................................................................................................ Textile-mill products----- ------------------------------------------- --------Apparel ana other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials___________________ _______ - --------- ---------Lumber and timber basic products_____ ____________________ Furniture and finished lumber products...... ............................. . Paper and allied products........ ................................................... Products of petroleum and coal.._................. - ......... ......... ......... Stone, clay, and glass products............... ................................. Iron and steel and their products.............. ........... . ..................... Nonferrous metals and their products......................................... Mining............................................. ....................... - ................... Construction............................................ ................. ................... T ra de.................. ........................ . . . ................... ........................ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities..— Services—personal, business, and other...................................... Louisiana....... ....................................... .............................. ................ Textile-mill products........... ......................................................... Lumber and timber basic products............................................. Paper and allied products...................................... ...................... Chemicals and allied products.............................................. ------Stone, clay, and glass products......................... ........................... Iron and steel and their products............. ................................... . Transportation equipment (except automobiles).......................... Mining............................................................................................ Construction............................................................................... . Trade.............................................................................................. Transportation, communication,.and other public utilities....... . Maryland_________________________________ ___________________ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials....... ................................................................. . Lumber and timber basic products.............................................. . Chemicals and allied products........................................................ Rubber products............................................................................. Iron and steel and their products.................................................. . Nonferrous metals and their products_________ ______________ _ Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... . Mining....... ...................................................................... - ............ Construction................................................................................ . Trade...... ................................................................. .................... Finance, insurance, and real estate....................... ............ ........... . Transportation, communication, and other public utilities-------Services—personal, business, and other......................... - ............. Massachusetts.................................................................................... Food and kindred products........................................................... . Tobacco manufactures.............................. .................................... Textile-mill products---- ------------ --------- -------------------------------Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.................... ........... ........... ............................ . Furniture and finished lumber products...................................... Paper and allied products............................................................. Chemicals and allied products...................................................... . Rubber products............................................. ............................ Leather and leather products........................................................ Stone, clay, and glass products................................ ...................... Iron and steel and their products.................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products............................................ Machinery (except electrical)......................................................... Electrical machinery..... .............. .............. ...... ........................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles)........................ . Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.............. .................................... Construction................................................................................... Trade...... ................................................................................. Transportation, communication, and other public ut ilities-------Services—personal, business, and other......................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries.......................................... — Number of strikes and lockouts Workers involved Man-days idle 34 4 1 1 1 7 5 6 3 4 1 1 147 2 9,360 183 1,750 10 329 4,288 862 576 163 133 1,041 25 34,227 531 53,692 320 19,250 40 329 11,989 2,702 7,937 1,28? 489 8,928 425 142,640 2,409 2 2 2 1 1 4 7 1 116 4 1 3 1 29 1 1 1 3 1 1 10 1 3 1 6 48 122 245 199 114 225 837 5,839 104 24,955 263 19 764 10 10,321 1,210 300 1,649 595 641 226 4,904 78 72 98 548 8,844 145 1,210 1,610 912 450 4,798 12,2C0 104 115,094 848 133 2,437 230 60,877 9,68ft 1,575 3,926 1,691 8,333 678 31,498 156 456 1,274 1,110 24,003 1 1 4 3 14 1 5 3 3 2 2 8 1 196 9 1 40 45 6 1,913 475 3,295 177 1,219 269 128 585 98 613 21 48,440 1,079 9 12,612 270 66 3,135 862 8,660 177 2,439 845 1,308 585 2,478 3,031 147 406,034 3,677 36 236,903 12 2 3 1 4 31 4 31 1 9 3 3 6 6 5 23 1 1 768 151 329 450 1,323 5,532 137 8,284 180 4,476 570 5,952 876 454 161 5,013 50 34 2,123 199 2,305 530 2,566 24,361 896 35,702 180 17,431 626 21,404 25,151 1,739 1,235 27,849 100 1,021 32 T able A . — Strikes and Lockouts in 1944 in States WhtnJi H ad 2 5 or M ore Stoppages D uring the Y e a r , by Industry Group— C o n t in u e d State and industry group N um ber of strikes and lockouts See footnote at end of table. Man-days idle 568,738 3,480 1,836,903 23,807 785 8 649 2,888 4,258 270 2,731 901 414 57,107 8,833 31,794 3,556 99,321 331,327 193 2,519 1,558 8,065 19 3,868 4,060 134 70,115 3,957 1,826 3,273 2,884 13,224 30,705 914 4,930 2,394 489 157,576 14,959 82,962 9,091 172,116 1,164,075 453 4,327 26,981 87,693 228 11,242 22,122 450 240,184 18,861 7,907 22 864 693 499 242 161 78 820 8,094 1,930 4,504 65 3,500 5,453 19,611 2,867 38 461 128 3,979 9,796 406 143 )3,298 4,375 432 3,679 7,689 3,063 4,182 820 483 156 1,640 40,352 6,917 7,662 65 35,637 6,150 38,411 4,760 38 4,594 2,892 13,641 29,980 2,425 1,859 332,714 33,533 1,570 16,825 12 3 3 2 14 3 6 1 6 14 4 12 12 32 3 4 4 8 1 18 4 2 831 46 156 361 935 188 1,047 217 2,439 11,874 250 5,290 1,422 50,947 4,522 1,059 85 621 17 2,268 217 20 10,017 215 780 711 10,215 323 12,812 434 15,360 52,108 280 12,375 4,228 126,798 13,218 2,120 1,254 3,927 51 12,950 506 104 562 Food and kindred products........................................................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and simi lar materials.................................................................. ............. Lumber and timber basic products............................................... Furniture and finished lumber products...................................... Paper and allied products............................................................. Chemicals and allied products...................................................... Products of petroleum and coal...... .............................................. Rubber products............................- .............................................. Leather and leather products....................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products...................................................... Iron and steel and their products................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products......................................... . Machinery (except electrical)....................................................... . Electrical machinery...................................................................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles)........................ . Automobiles and automobile equipment.................................... . Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...................................... Mining........................................................................................... Construction.................................................................................. Trade............................................................................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate................ .............. ............... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities....... . Services—personal, business, and other.................................. Other nonmanufacturing industries............................................. Missouri....... .................................................. ................. .................... Food and kindred products........................................................... Tobacco manufactures................................................................ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and simi lar materials.................... ........................................................... Furniture and finished lumber products...................................... Paper and allied products.............................................................. Printing, publishing, and allied industries.................................. Chemicals and allied products..................................................... . Products of petroleum and coal.—................................................ Rubber products........... ............... .............................................. . Leather and leather products........... ............ .............................. Stone, clay, and glass products..................................................... Iron and steel and then products................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products.......................................... Machinery (except electrical)....................................................... Electrical machinery.................................................................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles)........................ Automobiles and automobile equipment..................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...................................... Mining............................................................. ............................. Construction.................................................................................. Trade...... .............................. ...................- ........- ........................ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities____ Services—personal, business, and other....................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries............................................. New Jersey....... .................................- .............................. —- .............. Food and kindred products.................................................. ........ Tobacco manufactures................................................................... Textile-mill products. _ ................................................- ......... — Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials. ....................................................................... . Furniture and finished lumber products..................................... . Paper and allied products............................................................ Printing, publishing, and allied industries.................................. . Chemicals and allied products..................................................... . Products of petroleum and coal..................................................... Rubber products........... ................................................................ Leather and leather products....................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products..................................................... Iron and steel and their products. ................................................ Nonferrous metals and their products........................................... Machinery (except electrical)....................................................... . Electrical machinery..................................................................... . Transportation equipment (except automobiles)........................ Automobiles and automobile equipment..................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...................................... Construction.................................................................................. Trade....................................................................................... . Finance, insurance, and real estate.............................................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities....... Services—personal, business, and other........................................ Other nonmanufacturing industries............................................ Workers involved 11 4 1 6 10 11 5 11 6 1 119 23 67 10 45 159 3 4 11 22 1 21 15 4 157 14 2 2 3 5 5 1 2 1 15 4 16 1 9 1 14 3 1 7 4 7 32 6 2 202 8 4 8 33 T able A .— Strikes and Lockouts in 1944 in States W hich H ad 2 5 or M ore Stoppages During the Year, b y Industry Group— Continued State and industry group Hew York------------------------------- -------- -------------- Number of strikes and lockouts Workers involved Man-days idle 265 12 1 13 50,999 2,281 293 1,449 218,609 6,417 3,644 8,660 17 1 12 4 6 12 1 2 9 5 51 5 5 7 18 5 9 1 1 10 18 1 21 16 2 4,565 6 698 1,365 698 1,816 140 60 949 1,115 11,064 750 2,449 1,694 4,736 5,156 2,175 301 9 629 1,171 6 3,918 1,132 374 15,013 6 4,790 11,381 4,897 13,221 350 180 2,030 1,749 42,307 1,528 12,172 4,915 10,366 26,778 14,518 5,703 27 3,060 6,245 6 10,815 7,134 697 45 3 25 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 11,056 2,891 6,937 267 8 31 59 148 72 225 61 247 110 68,057 40,610 23,173 747 8 106 626 985 72 225 167 459 879 Ohio........................................................................................................ Food and kindred products_________________________________ Tobacco manufactures---------- -------------------- --------- ---------------Textile-mill products.................................. — .............................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and sim ilar materials.............................----------------------------------- -----Furniture and finished lumber products-----------;--------------------Paper and allied products---------------------- ----------------------------Prmting, publishing, and allied industries----------------------------Chemicals and allied products___________ __________________ Products of petroleum and coal_____________________________ Rubber products------------------------------- -------------------------------Leather and leather products................ — Stone, clay, and glass products------------------- -— ........................ Iron and steel and their products.............. ............ ...... ............... Nonferrous metals and their products-----------------------------------Machinery (except electrical)..................................... ................... Electrical machinery.................................................................. — Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Automobiles and automobile equipment-------------------------------Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____________________ Mining_________ __________________________________________ Construction______________________________________________ Trade............................................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate......................... - .................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities_____ Services—personal, business, and other----- ---------------------------Other nonmanufacturing industries_________________________ >549 15 2 4 216,360 3,395 177 1,151 705,065 16,305 257 3,877 5 8 11 1 8 3 34 1 32 154 31 46 24 22 22 6 66 7 12 1 35 5 3 1,242 2,893 2,410 12 2,220 470 17,665 22 9,761 46,397 9,734 32,665 14,860 28,946 18,715 1,455 12,375 289 569 42 7,998 259 638 8,591 13,549 7,804 144 5,324 1,278 27,794 44 33,712 152,106 23,181 114,961 63,216 85,209 55,049 8,268 43,888 1,169 2,770 210 33,903 1,106 1,350 Oregon.------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- — Food and kindred products_____________ ___________________ Lumber and timber basic products__________________________ Furniture and finished lumber products___________________— Paper and allied products-----------------------Iron and steel and their p ro d u cts........__ 49 1 30 3 2 1 20,081 47 15,710 70 173 2,049 124,544 141 105,574 161 354 9,221 Food and kindred products_____ ______________ _____________ Tobacco manufactures_____________ ____________ ___________ Textile-mill products...................................................................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.......................................... ............................... Lumber and timber basic products________ . ____ _____ _______ Furniture and finished lumber products-------------------- ----------Paper and allied products.............................................................. Printing, publishing, and allied industries................................... Chemicals and allied products.............. ...... ................................. Products of petroleum and coal................... ................................. Rubber products. ...................... .................................................... Leather and leather products..................... ................................... Stone, clay, and glass products--------------------------------------------Iron and steel and their products.---------------------------------------Nonferrous metals and their products__________ ______ ______ Machinery (except electrical)..................—........... - ......... - .......... Electrical machinery...................................................................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Automobiles and automobile equipment...................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries....................................... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing................................................... Mining________ __________________________________________ Construction_________ ______ _____ —_______________________ Trade________ _________ _______ ___________________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate............................................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities____ Services—personal, business, and other---------------------------------Other nonmanufacturing industries__________________________ Horfch Carolina....... .............— -----------------------------Tobacco manufactures.......................................... Textile-mill products.................................. ......... Furniture and finished lumber products............. Leather and leather products_________________ Stone, clay, and glass products-----------------------Iron and steel and their products------ ----- -------Machinery (except electrical)...................... ........ Transportation equipment (except automobiles) Automobiles and automobile equipment............ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. Other nonmanufacturing industries_____________________ See footnote at end of table. 34 T able A . — Strikes and Lockouts in 1944 in States W hich H ad 25 or M ore Stoppages During the Year, by Industry Group— Continued State and industry group Oregon—Continued. Transportation equipment (except automobiles)................. Automobiles and automobile equipment........................... . Agriculture, forestry, and fishing-------- -------------- ------ — Construction---------------------------- ------ -------------------------Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. Services—personal, business, ana other................................ Pennsylvania. ------------------------------------------------------------------------Food and kindred products......... ........................................ ......... Tobacco manufactures........................................................ .......... Textile-mill products-------------- ---------------- ------------------------Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.,----------------------------- ---------- ----------------- Lumber and timber basic products............................................. . Furniture and finished lumber products...... ................................ Paper and allied products.......................... ................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries...... ............................ Chemicals and allied products..................................................... . Products of petroleum and coal............ ........................................ Rubber products...... ....... ............. —............................................. Leather and leather products....................................................... . Stone, clay, and glass products........ ........................................... Iron and steel and their products................................................ Nonferrous metals and their products......................................... . Machinery (except electrical)....................................................... Electrical machinery----- --------------------- ------ ----------------------Transportation equipment (except automobiles)_____________ Automobiles and automobile equipment.......... ............... ......... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...... ............................... Mining........................................................................................... Construction— .............................- ............................................. Trade........... ......................................................... ........................ Finance, insurance, and real estate.---------- ------------------------Transportation, communication, and other public utilities____ Services—personal, business, and other________________ _____ Other nonmanufacturing industries....... ........... ...................... . Rhode Island-------------- ----- ------ -------------------------Food and kindred products.................................. Textile-mill products________________________ Rubber products.................................................. Stone, clay, and glass products........ ................... Iron and steel and their products........................ Machinery (except electrical)--------------- --------Electrical machinery------------------------------------Transportation equipment (except automobiles) C o n stru ctio n ----------- --------------------------------Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. Tennessee------------------------ ------ --------------------------- ----------------- — Food and kindred products.......................... .............................. Textile-mill products............................. , .............. ........................ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials..................................... ...... ..................... ....... Lumber and timber basic products............................................. Furniture and finished lumber products...................................... Paper and allied products............................................................ Chemicals and allied products..................................................... Rubber products--------------------- ----- ------------- ........................... Leather and leather products.. ..................................................... Iron and steel and their products...... ........................................... Nonferrous metals and their products......................... ............... . M ining................................................. ......................................... Construction................................................................................... Trade............................................................................................ . Finance, insurance, and real estate.............. —........................... . Transportation, communication, and other public utilities____ Services—personal, business, and other........................................ . Texas.............................. ............... - ...........- ........................................ Food and kindred products.......................................................... Textile-mill products...................................................................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials........................................................................ Printing, publishing, and allied industries.................................. . Chemicals and allied products..................................................... . Products of petroleum and coal..................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products.................................................... Iron and steel and their products................................................ . Nonferrous metals and their products.............................. ............ Number of strikes and lockouts Workers involved 1 1 1 1 7 1 821 13 1 16 1,101 14 100 64 737 26 328,220 2,357 60 6,173 22 4,005 7 835 1 6 2 1 7 9 2 1 20 266 28 31 10 49 3 6 262 16 10 4 33 7 6 43 1 15 3 1 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 127 3 3 3 1 2 1 14 2 1 12 8 48 8 4 1 14 2 65 2 1 3 2 4 3 3 7 2 996 4,101 698 575 4,483 96,955 5,907 7,533 2,000 50,238 4,625 310 119,764 1,029 463 345 9,582 1,359 3,061 23,533 105 4,517 2,106 158 1,154 6,176 6 7,548 1,269 140 354 35,223 187 751 Man-days idle 1,101 42 3,900 270 3,672 208 1,379,781 20,739 180 47,060 20,056 21 5,159 9,120 990 7,148 8,081 721 4,600 23,675 254,708 13,973 20,783 12,235 136,642 17,752 839 658,530 7,685 3,950 1,366 53,743 2,029 47,996 109,612 288 43,799 5,788 576 2,531 27,596 24 21,331 3,122 1,120 3,437 200,016 1,151 1,475 63 29 353 1,522 4, 535 2,334 77 5,893 927 10,444 5,054 270 25 2,267 492 24,226 46 97 106 116 5,790 3,044 19,461 3,826 730 60,923 1,674 63,860 10,188 10,320 1,025 6,909 9,418 81,044 273 379 308 85 447 439 423 2,358 50 874 203 1,613 445 1,056 12,979 914 35 T able A . — Strikes and Lockouts in 1944 in States Which Had 2 5 or M ore Stoppages D uring the Year, by Industry Group— Continued State and industry group Texas—Continued. Machinery (except electrical).............................. Transportation equipment (except automobiles) Agriculture, forestry, and fishing......................... Mining...................... . ........................ . ................ Construction_______________________________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other— ................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries.............................................. Virginia.......................................... - ------ ------ ------ -----------------------Food and kindred products........................................................... Textile-mill products..................................................................... Lumber and timber basic products........................... ................... Furniture and finished lumber products..................................— Paper and allied products............................... .................- ........... Chemicals and allied products......... ............................................ Leather and leather products..........._........................................... Stone, clay, and glass products............. ........................................ Iron and steel and their products.................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products.......................... ................ Machinery (except electrical)........................................................ Mining...................................... ...... ........................... ................... Construction................... ............................................................... Trade............................................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate............................................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities___ Services—personal, business, and other..................................... . Washington....... ................................................ — .............. - ...........~ Lumber and timber basic products------------- ------------------------Furniture and finished lumber products......... ............................. Paper and allied products.............................................................. Iron and steel and their products.................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products........................................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles)............ ............ Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.................................................. Construction............................. ..................................................... Trade................ ..................................... ........... .............. .............. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other_______ ____ ______ ____ West Virginia------------- ------------------ -----------------------------------------Apparel and other finished* products made from fabrics and similar materials.............................................. ............ .............. Lumber mid timber basic products.............................................. Chemicals and allied products................. ..................................... Products of petroleum and coal-------------------------------------------Stone, clay, and glass products............................... ........... ........... Iron and steel and their products........................... ..................... Nonferrous metals and their products....................... ...... ............. Machinery (except electrical)------------------------ ------ — .............. Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Mining.................... .................... .............................. ........... ........ Construction............................................................................... Trade.............................................................................................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities_____ Services—personal, business, and other......................................... Wisconsin......................................... ..................................................... Food and kindred products......... ........................................ ........ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials............... .......................................................... Lumber and timber basic products.................................... ......... Furniture and finished lumber products....................................... Paper and allied products.............................................................. Rubber products_____ ________ _______________ _____ —........— Leather and leather products........... .............. .............................. Iron and steel and their products____ _______________________ Nonferrous metals and their products________________ . . . . . __ Machinery (except electrical)........................................ ................ Electrical machinery...................................................... ................ Transportation equipment (except automobiles)...................... . Automobiles and automobile equipment...................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..................................... Trade........................................................................................... . Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other........................................ Other nonmanufacturing industries............................. ............... Number of strikes and lockouts Workers involved Man-days idle 3 10 1 2 9 1 10 1 1 99 3 6 1 1 1 4 2 3 6 1 1 49 5 1 1 13 1 46 16 6 1,784 16,649 150 102 545 24 537 30 152 24,346 75 4,178 69 60 499 986 627 225 645 9 360 12,294 2,590 9 87 1,625 8 32,429 20,345 743 3 1 8 1 6 1 2 2 121 6,354 23 1,363 1,800 643 200 940 18 41,791 8,613 39,389 8,250 673 1,895 72 2,778 30 608 77,648 175 16,447 345 120 2,331 3,071 1,763 680 2,355 9 2,160 28,359 11,933 27 3,567 4,282 24 284,978 139,031 2,963 24,189 35,014 44 2,349 70,200 3,300 800 1,740 5,348 260,139 3 2 6 1 7 10 2 1 2 69 6 2 10 1 88 5 344 190 2,240 75 1,985 2,284 2,755 12 429 29,313 671 73 1,341 79 36,167 2,004 419 434 4,498 125 26,655 7,746 18,585 24 3,819 180,875 4,655 976 10,933 395 143,743 2,612 2 5 3 3 1 1 17 3 25 4 2 2 1 5 4 4 1 127 2,685 2,035 609 734 210 3,301 2,236 13,517 2,815 3,258 1,055 48 829 225 339 40 654 20,654 4,434 3,287 16,882 420 11,170 6,611 60,954 2,865 5,131 2,419 2,304 1,675 911 720 40 i This figure is less than the sum of the figures below. This is because one or more strikes, each affecting more than one industry, have been counted as separate strikes in each industry affected, with the proper allocation of workers and man-days idle to each industry. u. s. government printing office : m s
@FedFRASER