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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Frances Perkins, Secretary B U R E A U O F L A B O R ST A T IST IC S Isador L ubin, Commissioner (on leave) A . F . H inrichs, A ctin g Commissioner + Strikes in 1943 Prepared in the INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS DIVISION Florence Peterson, Chief Bulletin T^p. 782 {Reprinted from the M onthly Labor R eview, May 1944, with additional data] U N IT E D ST A T E S G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G OFFICE, W A SH IN G T O N : 1944 For sale by th e Superintendent o f Docum ents, U . S. G overnm ent Printing Office W ashington 25, D . C. - Price 10 cents Letter o f Transmittal U n it e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t of L a b o r , B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , Washington, D. C., M ay 18, 1944. The S e c r e t a r y of L a b o r : I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on strikes occurring in the United States ip 1943. In addition to a general statistical analysis of strikes, the report contains a brief statement on strikes under the War Labor Disputes Act which was passed by Congress June 25, 1943; a short section is devoted to strikes of direct concern to the National War Labor Board from its establishment in January 1942 to the end of 1943; and, since such a large part of the Nation’s strike activity in 1943 was centered in the coal-mining industry, a section on the coal-mining dis putes is included also. The report w;as prepared in the Industrial Relations Division under the general supervision of Don Q. Crowther. Ruth S. Cole prepared the section on strikes of direct concern to the National War Labor Board and was in immediate charge of compiling statistics for the entire report. A. F. H in r ic h s , Acting Commissioner. Hon. F r a n c e s P e r k in s , Secretary of Labor. Contents Page Summary-----------------------------------------------------Statistical analysis of strikes in 1943: Strikes, by months---------------Industries affected------------------------------States affected-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cities affected_____________________________________________________ Workers involved__________________________________________________ Sex of workers_____________________________________________ Number of establishments involved________________________________ Labor organizations involved______________________________________ Duration of strikes------------------------------------------------------------------------Causes of strikes__________________________________________________ Results of strikes--------------------------------------------------------------------------Methods of negotiating settlements________________________________ Strikes under War Labor Disputes A ct--------------------------------------------------Strikes of direct concern to the National War Labor Board______________ Trend of strikes_____________________________________________ Status of disputes when referred to Board--------------------------------------Major issues involved___________________ Strikes in coal mining__________________________________________________ Appendix: Methods used in collecting and analyzing strike statistics----------------Table A .—Strikes in 1943 in States which had 25 or more strikes during the year, by industry group--------------------------------------------------------- (in) 1 2 3 9 12 13 14 14 15 16 16 21 24 24 25 26 27 28 29 33 34 CHART I T R E N D OF S T R IK E S , 1916-1943 1935 - 39 • IOO B ulletin T^o. 782 o f the U nited States Bureau o f Labor Statistics {Reprinted from the Monthly Labor Review, May 1944, with additional data] Strikes in 1943 Sum m ary There were 3,752 strikes during the year 1943, in which 1,981,279 workers were involved. Idleness during these strikes amounted to 13,500,529 m an-days, which was equivalent to fifteen one-hundredths of 1 percent of the available working tim e. A bout 69 workers in each 1,000 employed wage earners were involved in strikes during the year. A large share of the 1943 strike activity occurred in the coal-mining industry, over 69 percent of the total strike idleness resulting from coal-m ining stoppages. Excluding all coal strikes, there were 3,322 strikes in other industries, involving 1,376,182 workers and 4,153,646 m an-days of idleness. M o st of the strikes in 1943 were of short duration, and a large m ajority were spontaneous stoppages of employees that were un authorized by unions. Considerably more than half of the strikes were over wage issues and registered the dissatisfaction of the workers with the wartime wage-stabilization policy. In June 1943 when the large coal strikes seriously threatened to interfere with production of war m aterials, Congress passed the W ar Labor Disputes A ct (over the President’s veto) making illegal any strikes that would interfere with war work, until 30 days after a notice had been filed and a form al strike vote had been taken under Governm ent supervision. This law was in effect during the last 6 m onths of the year, but only 34 of the 1,919 strikes occurring during this period took place after strike votes were taken under its provisions. T he N ational W ar Labor Board was concerned with approximately 39 percent of the total strikes during 1943. In 674 cases the strikes took place before the issues were subm itted to the B oard; 565 strikes occurred while the disputes were under Board consideration; and 200 took place after the Board rendered its decisions. Some of the last group represented workers’ protests against Board awards, while others were called to obtain compliance by employers. In at least 300 of the strikes that took place while the issues were pending before the Board, delay in Board decisions was cited as a m ajor factor in causing the stoppage. (1) 2 T able 1.— Strikes in the United States, 1916 to 1943 Workers involved in strikes Year Number of strikes Number1 Percent of total em ployed 2 Man-days idle Number 19161................... 1917..................... 1918..................... 1919..................... 1920..................... 1921..................... 1922..................... 1923..................... 1924..................... 3,789 4,450 3,353 3,630 3,411 2,385 1,112 1,553 1,249 1,599,917 1,227,254 1,239,989 4,160,348 1,463,054 1,099,247 1,612,562 756,584 654,641 8.4 6.3 6.2 20.8 7.2 6.4 8.7 3.5 3.1 (4) (4) (4) (4 (4) (*) (*) 1925..................... 1926..................... 1927..................... 1928..................... 1929..................... 1930..................... 1931..................... 1932..................... 1933..................... 1,301 1,035 707 604 921 637 810 841 1,695 428,416 329,592 329,939 314,210 288,572 182,975 341,817 324,210 1,168,272 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 .8 1.6 1.8 6.3 (4) (4) 26,218,628 12,631,863 5,351,540 3,316,808 6,893,244 10,502,033 16,872,128 1934..................... 1935..................... 1936..................... 1937..................... 1938..................... 1939..................... 1940..................... 1941..................... 1942..................... 1943..................... 1,856 2,014 2,172 4,740 2,772 * 2,613 2,508 4,288 2,968 3,752 1,466,695 1,117,213 788,648 1,860,621 688,376 1,170,962 576,988 2,362,620 839,961 1,981,279 7.2 5.2 3.1 7.2 2.8 4.7 2.3 8.4 2.8 6.9 19,591,949 15,456,337 13,901,956 28,424,857 9,148,273 17,812,219 6,700,872 23,047,556 4,182,557 13,500,529 Index of (1935-39=100)— Percent of avail able working time* (4) <4) (4) (4) (4) («) (4) («) (4) (4) (4) 0.37 .17 .07 .05 .11 .23 .36 .38 .29 .21 .43 .15 .28 .10 .32 i .05 ! .15 Strikes Workers Man-days involved idle 132 155 117 127 119 83 39 54 44 142 109 110 370 130 98 143 67 58 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (*) (V 45 36 25 21 32 22 28 29 59 38 29 29 28 26 16 30 29 104 (4) (4) 65 70 76 166 97 91 88 150 104 131 130 99 70 165 61 104 51 210 75 176 (4 155 75 32 20 41 62 100 116 91 82 168 54 105 40 136 25 80 1 The number of workers Involved In some strikes which occurred between 1916 and 1926 is not known. E owe ver, the missing information is for the smaller disputes and it is believed that the totals here given are fairly accurate. 2 ‘ ‘Total employed workers” as used here includes all workers except those in occupations and professions where strikes rarely if ever occur. In general, the term “ total employed workers” includes all employees except the following groups: Government workers, agricultural wage earners on farms employing less than 6 workers, managerial and supervisory employees, and certain groups which because of the nature of their work cannot or do not strike (such as college professors, clergymen, and domestic servants). Self-employed and unemployed persons are, of course, excluded. 2 “ Available working time” was estimated for purposes of this table by multiplying the average number of employed workers each year by the number of days worked by most employees during the year. * Not available. Statistical A n a lysis o f Strikes in 1943 STRIK ES, B Y MONTHS T he number of strikes in 1943 ranged from 192 in January to 433 in June, and the number of workers involved in new strikes ranged from 38,841 in February to 557,558 in M a y . In addition to more than 400 local strikes over a variety of issues, there were 4 general stoppages in the coal-m ining industry— 1 in M a y , 2 in June, and 1 in Novem ber. These stoppages were, in effect, resumptions of the same dispute and the workers involved are included only once under the column (table 2) headed “ W orkers involved in strikes beginning in m onth,” although they, of course, are included for each of the months under the column headed “ W orkers involved in strikes in progress during m onth.” 1 The proportion of total employed workers m volved in strikes ranged from 0.15 percent in February to 2.3 percent in M a y . The greatest am ount of idleness during strikes was m the m onth of June, when the See p. 29 for account of the coal stoppages. 3 coal miners stopped work two different tim es. Idleness durmg all strikes ranged from 0.2 percent of the available working tim e in February and M arch to 0.62 percent in June. T a b l e 2.— Strikes in 1942 and 1943, by Months Number of strikes Month Begin ning in month idle during Workers involved in strikes— Man-days month In progress during month In progress during month Begin ning in month Number Percent of total em ployed 1 Number Percent of avail able working time3 tdifi Januarv February March April. M ay___ ___ _ . . . . . . .... June. _ . . . . . . . . . ____ July . ___ August.. September. _ October N ovem ber _ ... _ _ ... December 156 181 234 277 285 345 388 330 274 207 144 147 239 255 297 357 373 421 471 430 349 269 172 169 26,929 58,122 67,292 56,038 68,820 109,611 99,676 92,226 87,904 61,593 62,481 59,269 43,223 75,961 79,691 85,701 79,170 126,160 113,697 107,915 100,515 67,183 55,361 61,735 0.15 .26 .27 .29 .26 .42 .37 .35 .32 .22 .18 .20 330,567 357,333 401,739 367,400 322,085 586,408 416,741 448,712 387,150 243,756 128,164 192,502 0.05 .06 .06 .06 .05 .09 .06 .07 .06 .04 .02 .03 1943 January _ _____ _ February March „ _ ._ ... ____ April M ay. _ _ _ ____ _ _ June _ _ T.. July______ ____ ____ _______ Auerust September October November _ _ .... December 192 200 248 384 412 433 369 310 237 287 325 355 207 226 272 416 458 475 408 347 267 320 348 395 91,214 38,841 73,943 219,186 557,558 186,677 121,298 105,601 66,664 121,253 135,804 263,240 95,129 43,540 76,805 228,209 661,617 584,615 201,451 118,416 72,049 264,453 537,421 274,632 .33 .15 .27 .79 2.30 2.02 .70 .41 .25 .92 1.86 .95 452,192 117,279 179,093 661,738 1,467,728 4,698,796 695,458 356, 510 209, 514 1,012.534 2,862,607 787,080 .06 .02 .02 .09 .20 .62 .09 .05 .03 .14 .38 .11 1 See footnote 2 to table 1. * See footnote 3 to table 1. IN D U STRIE S AFFECTED The m ining industries, with 9,370,000 m an-days idle, were affected to a far greater extent by strikes than any other industry group in 1943. N early all of this idleness was in bitum inous-coal and anthra cite m ining. The iron and steel industry, with 726,000 m an-days, ranked second in amount of strike idleness during the year and was followed by the autom obile industry with 441,000, transportationequipm ent m anufacturing (except autom obile) with 382,000, and the textile-m ill products industry with 306,000 m an-days idle. In terms of severity, measured by the ratio of strike idleness to available work ing time, the rubber and tobacco industries came next to mining. Idleness in the mining industries amounted to 4.25 percent of the available working time,* in the rubber industries it amounted to 0.44 percent; in the tobacco industry it was 0.38 percent; in the automobile m dustry, 0.20 percent; in the leather industries, 0.17 percent; and in iron and steel industries, 0.14 percent. CHART 2 NUMBER OF WORKERS INVOLVED IN STRIKES IN THE COAL MINING INDUSTRY number AND IN ALL OTHER INDUSTRIES number The iron and steel industries experienced 650 strikes during the year, the greatest number for any m dustry group. There were 463 in mining mdustries (all except 33 of these were in coal m in in g); 284 in transportation, communication, and other public utilities; 210 in the machinery-m anufacturing industries; and 192 in transportationequipment manufacturing (except autom obile). T a ble 3.— Strikes in 1943, by Industry Groups Industry group All industries........................................................... idle during Workers involved Man-days 1943 Number of strikes Percent of beginning Percent of em Number available in 1943 Number total ployed working workers1 time 2 3,752 1,981,279 6.9 13,500,529 0.15 135 16 177 26,567 24.865 54,361 2.7 27.3 4.4 98,645 91,161 306,170 .03 .38 .10 142 72 66 38 23 76 29 73 93 109 650 133 210 61 192 153 43 54,485 11,367 11,055 21,304 1,981 21,267 4,017 89,303 27,491 26,952 351,238 46,619 62,125 33,235 154,753 186,293 9,451 6.4 2.4 3.1 6.8 .6 2.9 3.2 46.8 8.2 7.6 20.4 11.2 5.0 4.7 6.9 26.8 2.4 175,149 55,675 46.226 95,540 7,946 68,395 14,801 260,308 147,901 144,728 726.129 89,617 138,544 95,008 382,077 441,123 48,313 .08 .04 .04 .10 .01 .03 .04 .44 .17 .13 .14 .07 .04 .04 .05 .20 .04 16 463 188 119 26 8,667 609,678 35,659 25,482 3,099 284 114 51 55,588 14.142 10,235 Manufacturing Food and kindred products.................. ................. Tobacco manufactures.............. ............................ Textile-mill products.............................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.............................. Lumber and timber basic products....................... Furniture and finished lumber products............... Paper and allied products....................... .............. Printing, publishing, and allied industries............ Chemicals and allied products............................... Products of petroleum and coal....... ...................... Rubber products..................................................... Leather and leather products................................. Stone, clay, and glass products............................... Iron and steel and their products........................... Non ferrous metals and their products........ ........... Machinery (except electrical)................................. Electrical machinery.............................................. Transportation equipment (except automobiles).. Automobiles and automobile equipment............... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries................ Nonmanufacturing Agriculture, forestry, and fishing----------------------Mining..................................................................... Construction................. .......................................... Trade........................................................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate....... ................. Transportation, communication, and other pub lic utilities.................. .......................................... Services—personal, business, and other................. Other nonmanufacturing industries....................... 09 86.2 3.4 09 09 0 09 09 96,386 9,370,218 140,827 90,711 15,106 0 0 183,298 122,069 48,458 0 0 0 0 4.25 .04 1 “ Total employed workers” as used here includes all workers except those in occupations and professions where strikes rarely, if ever, occur. In general, the term includes all employees except the following groups: Government workers^ agricultural wage earners on farms employing less than 6, managerial and supervisory employees, and certain groups which because of the nature of their work cannot or do not strike, such as college professors, commercial travelers, clergymen, and domestic servants. Self-employed and unemployed persons are, of course, excluded. 2 “ Available working time” was estimated for purposes of this table by multiplying the total empldyed workers in each industry or group by the number of days worked by most employees in the respective industry or group. * Data not available. In the mining industries 86.2 percent of the employed workers were involved in strikes during the year. This figure is somewhat inflated because of the double counting of workers in the coal-m ining strikes. Approxim ately 150,000 workers who were involved in the general coal-m ining stoppages were also involved in other local strikes during the year. Elim inating this duplication, the percentage would be 65.0. In the rubber industries 46.8 percent of the employed workers were involved in strikes, in tobacco m anufacturing 27.3 percent, in auto591607° — 44- 2 6 mobiles and autom obile equipment 26.8 percent, and in iron and steel 20.4 percent. The figures for the tobacco industry are affected also by some repeated counting of workers involved, owmg to the fact that aDout 5,000 workers in Tam pa, F la ., were involved in 3 different strikes during the year. A few industries were relatively free from strikes during the year, notably the printing and publishing industries with only 0.6 percent of the em ployed workers involved in strikes. Idleness during strikes was only 0.03 percent of the available working tim e in the food and chemical industries and only 0.04 percent in the construction, lum ber, furniture, petroleum and coal products, m achinery, and electricalmachinery industries. T he 1943 strikes are classified in tables 3 and 4 on the basis of the normal or pre-war products and services of the firms involved, rather than on the basis of war products to which they have tem porarily converted. T a b le 4.— Strikes in 1943, by Industry Number of strikes beginning in 1943 Number of workers involved 3,752 1,981,279 13,500,529 Food and kindred products.................................................................. Meat products................................................................................ Dairy products________ ___________________________________ Canning and preserving fruits, vegetables, and sea foods............ Grain-mill products............................... ............— ...................... Bakery products..... ....................................................................... Sugar____________________________________________________ Confectionery and related products............... - ............................. Beverage industries______ ________ ______________ ____ _____ Miscellaneous food preparations and kindred products............... 135 32 9 12 17 24 4 6 13 18 26,567 5,310 724 6,034 1,341 2,118 717 2,903 3,927 3,493 98,645 15,029 1,613 9,133 3,274 12,399 2,436 23,353 23,539 9; 869 Tobacco manufactures.......................................................................... Cigarettes________________________________________________ Cigars _ ' _ ___ _________ _____ _______________ Tobacco (chewing and smoking) and snuff......... ......................... Tobacco stemming...................................................................... 16 2 Q 2 3 24,865 2,210 16,682 1,527 4,446 91,161 9,651 63,351 4,939 13,220 Textile-mill products.. ......................................................................... Cotton-textile mills........................................................................ Rayon and silk textile m ills..... .................................................... Woolen and worsted textile mills___________ ________________ Knitting mills (except hosiery). _______ _____________________ Dyeing and finishing textiles (except woolen and worsted)......... Carpets, rugs, and other floor coverings....... ................... ............. Hosiery m ills ................................................................................ Miscellaneous textile goods. ............ ............................................. 177 59 12 48 12 15 4 17 10 54,361 28,199 6,392 10,295 1,532 4,092 196 1,932 1,723 306,170 218,880 25,572 26,482 8,280 10,461 400 7,667 8,428 Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials___________________________________________________ Men’s and boys’ suits, coats, and overcoats.................................. Men’s and boys’ shirts, work clothing, and allied garments........ Women’s and misses’ outerwear.................................................. Women’s under garments and accessories..................................... Children’s and infants’ outerwear..... ............................................ Fur goods ________________ _____ _________________________ Miscellaneous apparel and accessories........................................... Miscellaneous fabricated textile products. ......................... ......... 142 11 48 43 4 4 1 19 12 54,485 1,242 12,145 34,791 853 356 132 3,324 1,642 175,149 6,689 53,658 77,650 5,311 1,487 792 22,655 6,907 Lumber and timber basic products. ................................................... Sawmills and logging camps.......................................................... Planing and plywood mills................... ....................................... 72 47 25 11,367 6,304 5,063 55,675 29,950 25,725 Furniture and finished lumber products.............. ................. ............. Furniture (household, office, etc.)................................................. Office and store fixtures........................................................ ......... Wooden containers...................... .................................................. Window and door screens and shades...................... .................... Morticians’ goods........ ............................................................ . Miscellaneous wood products______________ _____________ ___ 66 23 4 22 1 4 12 11,055 4,566 312 2,194 300 923 2,760 46,226 15,229 808 18,210 300 4,423 7,256 Industry AH indnstrips _ _ __ Man-days idle during 1943 Manufacturing 7 T able 4.— Strikes in 1943 , by Industry — Continued Man-days idle during 1943 Number of strikes beginning in 1943 Number of workers involved Paper and allied products.................................................................... Pulp, paper, and paperboard......................................................... Containers—paper and paperboard...... ........................................ Miscellaneous paper and allied products....................................... 38 23 12 3 21,304 18,072 2,081 1,151 95,540 77,057 10,387 8,096 Printing, publishing, and allied industries.......................................... Newspapers and periodicals........................................................... Miscellaneous printing and publishing......................................... 23 15 8 1,981 1,311 670 7,946 5,257 2,689 Chemicals and allied products............................................................. Paints, varnishes, and colors.......................................................... Vegetable and animal oils..... ...................... .................................. Drugs, toilet preparations, and insecticides.................................. Rayon and other synthetic textile fibers. ..................................... Wood distillation and naval stores................................................ Fertilizers..................................... .................................................. Industrial chemicals....................................................................... Miscellaneous chemical products.................................................. 76 6 4 13 1 2 8 28 14 21,267 898 546 2,166 579 206 747 7,944 8,181 68,395 1,958 1,706 10,117 1,180 430 1,587 38,061 13,356 Products of petroleum and coal................................... ....................... Petroleum refining— ................. ........................... ....................... Coke and byproducts..................................................................... Paving and roofing materials......................................................... 29 9 10 10 4,017 1,854 904 1,259 14,801 3,355 1,455 9,991 Rubber products.................................................................................. Tires and inner tubes-------------- ------ -----------------------------------Rubber footwear, heels, soles, and related products----------------Industrial rubber goods___________________ ______ _____ Rubberized fabrics and vulcanized rubber clothing-------- --------Rubber sundries and sponge rubber— ........................................ Miscellaneous rubber industries...... ............................................. 73 45 5 15 3 3 2 89,303 70,124 10,180 6,436 1,050 675 838 260,308 223.696 15,808 16,437 1,180 1,531 1,656 Leather and leather products............................................................... Leather—tanned, curried, and finished........ ................................ Industrial leather belting and packing----------------------------------Footwear (except rubber), including cut stock and findings..— Leather gloves and mittens......................... .................................. _____________________________ _____ Luggage. Handbags and small leather goods.............................. — ............. Miscellaneous leather goods........................................................... 93 26 1 55 1 5 2 3 27,491 5,733 18 20,212 11 1,303 133 81 147,901 41,172 18 86,919 33 19,014 352 393 Stone, clay, and glass products.................. ......................................... Glass and glass products................................................................ Cement— ___ ___________________________________________ Structural clay products.................... ........................................... Pottery and related products......... ...... ....................................... Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products........................- ............. Cut-stone and stone products-------------- -------------- ----------------Abrasive asbestos and miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral prod ucts ___________________________________________________ 109 21 8 42 8 8 2 26,952 8,481 964 11,958 2,121 420 18 144,728 44,777 6,173 72,067 7,709 2,321 56 20 2,990 11,625 Iron and steel and their products......................................................... Ordnance and accessories.............................................................. Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills................................ Iron and steel foundry products.................................................... Tin cans and other tinware--------------------- -------------- ------ -----Wire products. ________________________ ____ _____ _________ Hand tools, cutlery, and general hardware----------------------------Heating apparatus, enameled-iron sanitary ware, and boilershop products__ _____ __________________________ _________ Metal stamping and coating.......................................................... Fabricated structural metal products........................................... Miscellaneous iron and steel products........................................... 650 20 207 156 3 20 36 351,238 7,858 204,214 61,998 2,510 9,778 4,966 726,129 19, 771 369,414 158,648 3,653 17,108 12,991 85 35 20 68 23,148 11,013 4,726 21,027 59,525 30,951 8,897 45,171 Nonferrous metals and their products.................. .............................. Smelting, refining, and alloying of nonferrous metals................... Aluminum and magnesium products................... ....................... Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware............................................ Watches and clocks.................... .................................................... Engraving, plating, and polishing................................................. Lighting fixtures....................... ........... ........................................ Miscellaneous nonferrous-metal products..................................... 133 31 55 4 2 2 6 33 46,619 8,117 24,611 750 426 592 6,018 6,105 89,617 14,059 50,865 2,494 2,188 2,008 7,927 10,076 Machinery (except electrical)............................................................... Engines and turbines................................................................... Agricultural machinery and tractors............................................. Construction and mining machinery............................................. Metalworking machinery_________________ ____ ______ ______ Special industry machinery (except metalworking machinery).. General industrial machinery.......... ......... ................................... Office and store machines and devices......................................... Household and service-industry machines.................................... 210 11 20 26 50 18 73 2 10 62,125 2,221 4,698 7,786 14,239 3,102 27,529 32 2,518 138,544 5,279 9,414 14,153 32,890 6,700 62,173 338 7,597 Industry 8 T able 4 .— Strikes in 1943 , by Industry — Continued Number of strikes beginning in 1943 Number of workers involved 61 26 3 11 10 5 6 33,235 14,597 613 5,587 7,043 3,482 1,913 95,008 22,802 994 14,513 11,762 39,761 5,176 Transportation equipment (except automobiles)................................ Railroad equipment.................................................................... Aircraft and parts 1......... ................................ ............................. Ship and boat building and repairing................ ......................... 192 46 60 86 154,753 15,656 52,481 86,616 382,077 46,104 130,112 205,861 Automobiles and automobile equipment............................................ Motor vehicles and motor-vehicle bodies_________ ___________ Motor-vehicle parts and accessories.................................. ........... 153 94 59 186,293 141,436 44,857 441,123 315, 772 125,351 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries-------------------- ----------------Professional and scientific instruments, photographic appara tus, and optical goods_________ _____________ _____ _____ ... Brooms and brushes______________ _______________ ________ Toys and sporting and athletic goods........................ ................. Pens, pencils, and other office and artists’ materials................... Buttons......................... ......... ...................... ........................... Costume jewelry and miscellaneous novelties........ .......... ......... Fabricated plastic products....... .................................................. Miscellaneous industries............................................................... 43 9,451 48,313 9 5 4 2 1 3 3,559 567 806 50 510 605 1,245 2,108 6,246 2,846 1,718 617 1,530 2,486 1,803 31,067 8,667 4,160 4,507 96,386 6,086 90,300 9,370,218 9,817 1,836,486 7,510,397 13,518 Industry Electrical machinery................ ........................................................... Electrical equipment for industrial use........................................ Electrical appliances....................... ............................................... Insulated wire and cable............... ................. .............................. Automotive electrical equipment......... ........................................ Communication equipment and related products....................... Miscellaneous electrical products.................................................. r~ : 8 11 Man-days idle during 1943 Nonmanufacturing Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.............. Agriculture__________________ _____ Fishing.................... ............................. M ining........ .............. .............. ................. Metal mining............. ......................... Coal mining, anthracite.................... Coal mining, bituminous j.__________ Nonmetallic mining and quarrying... Construction__________________________ Building construction---------------------Highways, streets, bridges, docks, etc. Miscellaneous-------------------------------Trade________ Wholesale _ Retail........ Finance, insurance, and real estate..------- ------------- ------ Finance—banks, credit agencies, investment trusts, etc. Real estate________________________________ ________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.. Railroads--------------------------------------- ------------- ........... Streetcar and local bus transportation....... .................. . Intercity motorbus transportation................................... Motortruck transportation............................................... Taxicabs. ......... ...................................... - ...................... . W ater transportation........................................................ Air transportation.............................. - ........................... Communication............................................................. Heat, light, and power............................. ...................... M iscellaneous— ....................... - ..........................- ........ Services—personal, business, and other............................. ... Hotels and other lodging places...................................... Laundries...... .................................................................. Cleaning, dyeing, and pressing.......................—............. Barber and beauty shops................................................ Business services............................. ......... - ..................... Automobile repair services and garages.......................... Amusement and recreation......... .................................... Medical and other health services.................... .............. Educational services........................................................ Miscellaneous................................................................... Government—administration, protection, and sanitation.. 16 9 7 463 11 30 400 22 188 167 20 1 119 57 62 26 1 25 284 8 49 14 115 28 29 1 9 15 16 114 16 32 7 609,678 2,421 117,623 487, 474 2,160 35,659 34,150 1,500 9 25,482 17,176 8,306 3,099 8 3,091 55,588 3,269 16,215 2,180 23,407 2,275 3,422 35 346 3,136 1,303 140,827 131,797 9,003 27 90,711 53,876 36,835 15,106 24 15,082 183,298 9,229 30,974 7,257 100,812 12,198 9,992 35 4, UOl 4,298 10 7 14 7 14,142 998 6,133 651 654 554 155 504 793 3,249 451 122,069 5,874 74,267 3,974 5,976 1,374 347 2,343 3,269 13,098 11,547 51 10,235 48,458 6 7 8 i In addition to the figures shown for this industry there were at least 54 strikes, involving 106,933 workers and causing 242,478 man-days of idleness, in plants manufacturing aircraft and aircraft parts but classified, according to their pre-war products, in other industries. Most of these were in plants which normally manufacture automobiles and automobile equipment. 9 STATES AFFECTED* There were more than 100 strikes in each of 13 States during 1943. A bout 56 percent of the workers involved in all strikes were m four States— Pennsylvania, Ohio, M ichigan, and Illinois. In Pennsylvania there were more strikes, more workers involved, and more idleness than in any other S tate; about 21 percent of the total workers involved in strikes and 32 percent of the total idleness were in Pennsylvania. Ohio had 15 percent of the total workers involved, M ichigan 14 per cent, and Illinois about 7 percent. N early 60 percent of the total m an-days of idleness was concentrated in four States— Pennsylvania, W est Virginia, K entucky, and Ohio. In the first three States this idleness was accounted for principally by coal-m ine strikes, and in Ohio by strikes in the rubber industry and iron and steel industries as well as in coal mining. T a ble 5.— Strikes in 1943, by States State Number of strikes beginning in 1943 Workers involved Number Percent of total Man-days idle during 1943 Number Percent of total All States............................................................... * 3,752 1,981,279 1C0.0 13,500,529 100.0 Alabama................................................................. Arizona.................................................................. Arkansas____________________ ____ - ------ -------California............................................................... Colorado. ................................................... .......... Connecticut........................................................... Delaware............................ - .................................. 72 13 15 109 9 36 14 53,802 2,923 4,822 29,602 7,356 9,099 1,558 2.7 .1 .2 1.5 .4 .5 .1 825,885 6,927 77,935 83,479 99,153 23,194 5,213 6.1 .1 .6 .6 .7 .2 District of Columbia.................................... ........ Florida..... .................................................- ........... Georgia................ .............................................. Idaho...................................................................... Illinois.................................................................... Indiana......... - ....................................................... Iowa....................................................................... 9 38 35 5 343 130 26 1,203 29,446 5,689 1,527 132,059 80,058 9,213 .1 1.5 .3 .1 6.7 4.0 .5 2,789 99,294 80,564 6,875 772,229 433,780 57,635 Kansas.................................................................... Kentucky....... ...................................................... Louisiana............................................................... Maine..................................................................... Maryland............................................................... Massachusetts........................................................ Michigan................................................................ 12 133 20 12 36 127 413 1,902 78,076 11,761 8,803 18,471 37,269 274,531 .1 3.9 .6 .4 .9 1.9 13.9 17,061 1,086,823 51,211 19,331 114,328 254,005 592,270 Minnesota............................................................. Mississippi............................................................. Missouri................................................................. Montana................................................................ Nebraska................................................................ Nevada.................................................................. New Hampshire.................................................... 13 18 106 5 6 2 20 666 8,300 32,257 1,526 475 207 7,705 (2) 0.4 1.6 .1 (2) (2) .4 5,056 36,371 144,610 15,241 2,813 207 15,686 New Jersey................................... ........................ New Mexico........ ................................................. New York.............................................................. North Carolina...................................................... North Dakota........................................................ Ohio........................................................................ Oklahoma............................................................... 177 6 296 57 4 467 25 57,283 2,870 91,272 18,511 114 297,145 6,003 2.9 .1 4.6 .9 (2) 15.0 .3 169,490 37,467 307,323 103,368 322 1,019,039 41,937 See footnotes at end o f table. 2 See table A, p. 34 for strikes in specified States, classified by industry group. (2) (2) .7 .6 .1 5.7 3.2 .4 .1 8.1 .4 .1 .8 1.9 4.4 (2) (2) (2) 0.3 1.1 .1 .1 1.3 .3 2.3 .8 (2) 7.5 .3 10 T able 5.— Strikes in 1943 , by States— Continued State Number of strikes beginning in 1943 Workers involved Number Percent of total Man-days idle during 1943 Number Oregon.................................................................... Pennsylvania......................................................... Rhode Island......................................................... South Carolina....................................................... South Dakota....................................................... Tennessee............................................................... Texas...................................................................... 31 571 45 16 1 105 34 4,720 414,012 18,565 5,804 31 32,168 4,999 0.2 21.2 .9 .3 (*) 1.6 .3 13,924 4,265,225 64,516 37,915 438 227,566 29,679 Utah....................................................................... Vermont........- ....................................................... Virginia....... .......................................................... Washington............................................................ West Virginia............ ........................................... Wisconsin.............................................................. Wyoming............................................................... 6 4 54 27 110 29 3 4,897 465 29,982 10,279 123,176 4,792 3,885 .2 (i*3) 1.5 .5 6.2 .2 .2 43,537 1,730 365,306 64,436 1,700,429 33,082 43,835 Percent of total 0.1 31.7 .5 .3 (*) 1.7 .2 .3 (3) 2.7 .5 12.6 .2 .3 i The sum of this column is more than 3,752. This is because 41 strikes which extended across State lines have been counted in this table as separate strikes in each State affected, with the proper allocation of work ers involved and man-days idle. * See table A, p. 34 for strikes in specified States, classified by indurtrial groups. 3 Less than a tenth of 1 percent. 12 CITIES AFFECTED F ifty-five cities had 10 or more strikes in 1943. Figures for these cities, together with 52 others which had 10 or more strikes in some year from 1927 to 1943, are shown in table 6. D etroit, with 193 strikes, had more strike activity during 1943 than any other city. N ew Y ork with 151 strikes was next in order of number of strikes, followed by Cleveland (119), Chicago (8 9 ), and Philadelphia (67). Akron with 62,686 workers involved in strikes came next to D etroit although the number was less than half of those reported for D etroit (132,755). N ext to Akron came N ew Y ork (4 9 ,6 5 2 ), Cleveland (4 4,364), and Dearborn (40,975). C ities having the greatest am ount of idleness during strikes were D etroit (with 282,235 m an-days), Akron (208,010), N ew Y ork (1 9 8 ,4 6 0 ), Cleveland (87,5 8 6 ), and F all R iver (8 4,814). T a ble 6.— Strikes in 1943 in Cities Which Had 10 or More Strikes in Any Year From 1927 to 1943 City Num Num Manber of ber of days strikes workers idle begin during in ning volved 1943 in 1943 City Num Num ber of ber of Mandays strikes workers idle begin in during ning volved 1943 in 1943 Akron, Ohio................. . Allentown, Pa................. Atlanta, Ga.~............... Baltimore, M d ._ ............ Bay City, Mich________ Bethlehem, Pa................ Birmingham, Ala............ Boston, Mass.................. Bridgeport, Conn............ 40 10 18 18 11 12 24 27 7 62,686 2,446 4,566 8,490 2,742 1,289 9,696 6,573 697 208,010 5,854 71,727 62,083 8,363 5,247 34,600 56,171 5,537 Kansas C ity, M o ............ Knoxville, T enn............... Lancaster, P a .................. Lawrence, M ess___ ____ Long Beach, Calif............ Los Angeles, Calif............ Louisville, K y __________ Lowell, Mass___________ Lynn, M ass........ .............. 8 6 1 5 1 18 11 8 8 513 1,067 65 965 263 8,481 2,449 866 521 1,242 5,064 130 1,831 789 19,103 5,352 2,678 1,453 Buffalo, N. Y .................. Camden, N. J.__............ Canton, Ohio............. . . . Charleston, W. Va.......... Chattanooga, Tenn......... Chicago, 111.___________ Cincinnati, Ohio............. Cleveland, O h io............ Columbus, Ohio___„___ 25 8 17 10 12 89 26 119 15 11,468 1,024 21,791 1,113 2,432 19,710 8,753 44,364 8,969 27,688 4,380 36,813 3,439 6,579 49, 713 41,920 87,586 17,852 McKees Rocks, P a ......... Memphis, T e n n ............ . Milwaukee, W is......... ..... Minneapolis, M inn.......... M obile, Ala....................... Muncie, Ind...................... Muskegon, M ich _______ Nashville, Tenn________ Newark, N . J______ ____ 12 23 6 4 8 11 26 14 30 2,169 9,907 1,548 153 6,540 5,929 19,424 2,157 6,904 3.798 33,612 23,747 697 29,164 31,761 39,399 11,250 28,334 Cuyahoga Heights, Ohio. Dallas, Tex____________ Dayton, Ohio.................. Dearborn, M ich ............. Denver, C olo.................. Des Moines, Iowa......... . Detroit, Mich...... ........... Duluth, M in n ............ Easton, Pa...................... 5,880 11 154 5 2,788 8 40,975 29 373 4 219 3 193 132,755 1 110 4 457 11,630 880 13,051 62,565 1,766 517 282,235 220 964 N ew Bedford, M ass......... N ew Haven, C o n n ......... N ew Orleans, L a _______ New York (Greater)____ Norfolk, V a________ ____ Oakland, Calif. (East Bay area)____________ Paducah, K y .................... Passaic, N . J ..................... 10 9 10 151 3 3,774 2,914 8,366 49,652 137 34,970 6,187 25,534 198,460 405 13 4 6 1,504 1,848 957 3,970 10,681 4,359 East St. Louis, 111.......... Elizabeth, N. J............... Erie. Pa______________ _ Evansville, Ind________ Fall River, Mass.... ........ Flint, Mich______ ____ _ Fort Smith, A rk........... . Fort Wayne, Ind........... Gary, Ind____________ _ 19 5 4 11 7 4 4 2 14 8,78* 1,656 866 5,930 6,409 3,698 298 365 3,934 28,070 2,973 1,569 10,772 84,814 11,042 613 1,220 8,941 Paterson, N . J.................. Pawtucket, R . I ............... Peoria, 111........................... Philadelphia, P a .............. Pittsburgh, Pa..... ............ Portland, Orcg ........ ........ Providence. R . I . . ......... Reading, P a ...................... Richm ond, V a ................. 14 3 6 67 54 1 20 3 7 4,319 125 1,327 32,454 26,101 1,800 7,587 385 198 11,060 625 13,105 62,351 50,198 1,800 21,907 5,100 984 Granite City, 111............. Hartford, C o n n ............. Haverhill, M a ss............ Houston, Tex__________ Huntington, W. V a........ Indianapolis, I n d ........... Jackson, M ich ............... Jersey City, N. J............. Johnstown, Pa................. 14 4 6 9 13 13 15 12 15 10,869 243 233 3,445 2,343 4,019 3,591 5,547 5,033 30,533 638 2,368 22,907 5 206 10,119 12,210 18, 217 8,381 Rochester, N . Y ............... Rockford, 111..... ........ ....... Saginaw, M ich................. St. Louis, M o ................... St. Paul, M in n ................ San Diego, Calif............... San Francisco, Calif........ Scranton, P a..... ........... Seattle, Wash.............. . 11 9 5 58 5 3 14 8 8 3,089 1,926 4,099 16,324 289 853 4,146 661 2,440 5,705 10,007 10,090 61,015 716 2,132 18,456 1,983 6,579 13 T a b l e 6.— Strikes in 1943 in Cities Which Had 10 or More Strikes in A ny Year From 1927 to 1943—Continued Num Num Manber of ber of days strikes workers idle begin in during ning volved 1943 in 1943 City 1 4 5 2 6 14 7 39 17 Rhamnlrin, Pa Smith Band, Tnd Springfield, Til _ _ Springfield, Mass. .... _ Tacoma, Wash................ Tampa, Fla..... .............. Terre Haute, Tnd .... Toledo, Ohio__________ Trenton, N. J.................. 178 5,684 3,882 16 1,834 18,054 1,224 17,618 4,741 456 20,998 12,015 16 7,943 67,475 6,762 44,883 14,735 Num Num Manber of ber of days strikes workers idle begin during in ning volved 1943 in 1943 City Washington, T). C Waterbury, Conn _ Wilkes-Barre, Pa............ Wilmington, Del............. Winston-Salem, N. C__„ Woonsoelret, B.. T Woreester, Mass York, Pa. . __________ Youngstown, Ohio......... 8 4 14 10 10 6 7 11 12 970 261 8,478 1,222 6,258 5,206 5,372 5,193 21, 223 2,556 642 52,409 3,892 19,125 47,732 12,394 9,139 47,737 W O R K E R S IN V OLVE D A bout 46 percent of the strikes involved fewer than 100 workers each, and about an equal percent involved from 100 up to 1,000, while about 7 percent involved 1,000 or more workers each. Each of 10 strikes during the year involved more than 10,000 workers. These strikes were as follow s: Month strike began Dress-manufacturing industry, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Anthracite miners, eastern Pennsylvania______________ Bituminous-coal miners, industry-wide________________ Anthracite miners, Eastern Pennsylvania_____________ Chrysler Corporation, Detroit and Hamtramck, Mich.Firestone, General, Goodrich, and Goodyear rubber companies, Akron, Ohio. Packard Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich_______________ Ladies’ cloak and suit industry. New York City________ Cramp Shipbuilding Co., Philadelphia, Pa____________ Steelworkers, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsyl vania and West Virginia. January__ January__ A p ril1____ May 1____ May______ May______ May______ June______ October___ December. Approximate number of workers involved 16, 000 20, 1 360, i 73, 27, 49, 000 000 500 100 300 24, 300 15, 000 17, 000 134, 400 1 About 90,000 bituminous-coal miners were out in April. The industry-wide stoppages began May 1. Most of the same workers were out also in general stoppages over the same dispute which began June 1, June 21, and November 1. 591607°—44 3 14 T able 7.— Strikes Beginning in 1943, Classified by Number of Workers Involved and Industry Group Industry group All industries: Number..................... Percent....... *............. Number of strikes in which the number of Median workers involved was— num Num ber of ber of work 500 1,000 5.000 6 100 250 20 strikes ers in and and and and and and and 10,000 and volved under under under under under under under over 250 100 500 1,000 5,000 10.000 20 3,752 100.0 . 117 464 1,252 12.4 33.3 870 23.2 521 13.9 359 9.6 252 6.7 10 23 12 5 17 4 3 11 21 5 9 3 1 4 7 1 6 24 0.6 10 0.3 Manufacturing Food and kindred products............. Tobacco manufactures.................... Textile-mill products.................. . Apparel and other finished prod ucts made from fabrics and sim ilar materials—_______ _________ Lumber and timber basic products. Furniture and finished lumber products----------------- --------- -----Paper and allied products.......... Printing, publishing, and allied industries_____________________ Chemicals and allied products____ Products of petroleum and coal...... Rubber products_____ ____ ______ Leather and leather products_____ Stone, clay, and glass products....... Iron and steel and their products... Nonferrous metals and their prod ucts__________________________ Machinery (except electrical)......... Electrical machinery_____________ Transportation equipment (except automobiles)________ _________ Automobiles and automobile equipment____________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing in dustries........................................ 135 16 177 66 673 130 19 22 61 4 52 142 72 82 80 17 11 60 29 32 22 66 38 76 288 5 6 34 3 13 7 23 76 29 73 93 109 650 48 101 81 272 90 128 165 6 10 4 15 15 57 11 28 11 15 35 33 173 4 19 11 20 13 30 160 133 61 165 149 243 10 28 4 46 62 18 192 162 15 54 153 340 9 31 43 93 6 16 16 463 188 119 26 107 179 59 40 42 4 131 85 44 10 284 60 114 51 45 62 210 2 1 2 2 2 7 6 2 14 11 21 136 13 11 5 74 29 49 9 22 32 10 16 26 11 48 21 1 1 9 13 9 1 22 21 10 1 24 37 4 2 2 3 65 9 4 2 3 1 3 1 Nonmanufacturing Agriculture, forestry, and fishing... Mining........................... ................. Construction.................................... Trade______ ____________ _______ Finance, insurance, and real estate. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities............. Services—personal, business, and other..----------- ------------- ---------Other nonmanufacturing industries. 3 140 41 19 4 2 79 10 9 125 50 27 9 48 29 22 6 9 5 1 2 S E X OF W O R K E RS M ale workers exclusively were concerned in alm ost 61% percent of the total strikes in 1943, while women were the only workers concerned in 2% percent; in 36 percent both men and women were involved. O f the total number of workers involved in strikes during the year, approxim ately 87 percent were men and 13 percent were women. N U M BER OF ESTABLISHM ENTS IN V O LVE D A bout 88 percent of the strikes in 1943, including approxim ately half of the total workers involved and accounting for slightly more than one-fifth of the total strike idleness, were stoppages confined to single plants or establishm ents. A bout 10 percent of the strikes involved from 2 to 10 establishm ents each. Some of these involved 15 different em ployers; others, several plants of the same com pany. Slightly more than 2 percent of the strikes were widespread in char acter, involving 11 or more establishm ents. The strikes in the latter group included 36 percent of the total workers involved and accounted for 71 percent of all strike idleness during the year. T he widespread coal-m ining stoppages were the largest in this group. T a b l e 8.— Strikes Ending in 1943, by Number of Establishments Workers involved Strikes Number of establishments involved Total Number Percent of total _ _ _ _ _ 1 establishment__________________________ 2 to 5 establishments_____________________ 6 to 10 establishments____________________ 11 ftStaKlisbniantS find nvi>r . Man-days idle Number Percent of total Number Percent of total 3,734 100.0 1,965,151 100.0 13,298,654 100.0 3,277 311 61 85 87.8 8.3 1.6 2.3 972,497 204,657 76,190 711,807 49.5 10.4 3.9 36.2 2,799,777 692,948 326,495 9,479,434 21.1 5.2 2.5 71.2 LA BO R O RGAN IZATION S IN V O LVE D Unions affiliated with the Am erican Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations were involved in approxim ately the same proportion of strikes (37 percent), although the A . F . of L . strikes included about 20 percent of the total workers and 11 percent of the total idleness, while the C . I . O . strikes included 44 percent of the total workers and 16 percent of the total idleness involved in all strikes. Unions affiliated with neither of the m ajor labor organiza tions were involved in 586 strikes, or 16 percent of the to ta l; these strikes included nearly one-third of the total workers involved and accounted for 71 percent of the total strike idleness during the year. In m ost of these strikes (466 out of 586) members of the United M ine W orkers of Am erica were involved. Other unaffiliated unions having strikes were the International Association of M achinists (during the period that this union was not affiliated with the A . F . of L .), the M echanics Educational Society of Am erica, and the International Typographical Union. N o other unaffiliated union had more than 5 strikes during the year. The classification of strikes according to affiliation of the unions involved does not mean that these organizations sanctioned or author ized the strikes but indicates merely the affiliations of the unions to which the striking workers belonged. Usually the strikes were unauthorized and the union officials disclaimed responsibility for them . M o st of the strikes involving two rival unions were strikes in which both A . F . of L . and C . I. O . unions were involved. “ Com pany unions,, 3 were involved in slightly over 1 percent of the strikes. In 7 percent of the strikes— m ostly small disputes scattered throughout the various industries— no unions were involved.* * Company unions are organizations whose membership is confined to the employees of a single plant or •company. 16 T able 9.— Strikes Ending in 1943 , by A ffiliations o f Labor O rganizations Involved Workers involved Strikes Labor organizations involved Percent of total Man-days idle Number Percent of total Total..................................................... 3,734 100.0 1,965,151 100.0 13,298,654 100.0 American Federation of Labor............ Congress of Industrial Organizations._ Unaffiliated unions............................... Railroad brotherhoods......................... 2 rival unions....................................... Company unions................ .................. No organization.................................. 1,395 1,368 586 7 67 43 268 37.3 36.6 15.7 .2 1.8 1.2 7.2 384,924 870,949 638,330 2,655 26,600 10,506 31,187 19.6 44.3 32.5 .1 1.4 .5 1.6 1,427,055 2,127,048 9,436,743 6,532 150,679 58,941 91,656 10.7 16.0 71.1 Number Number Percent of total 0) 1.1 .4 .7 i Less than a tenth of 1 percent. D U RATIO N OF STRIKES Strikes in 1943 lasted on the average 5 calendar days as compared with 12 in 1942, 18 in 1941, 21 in 1940, and 23 in 1939. The workers involved in 1943 strikes were idle 6.8 working days on the average as compared with 5 days in 1942, 9.8 in 1941, 11.6 in 1940, and 15.2 in 1939. A bout 80 percent of all strikes in 1943 lasted less than a week— m ost of them only 1 to 3 days. N early two-thirds of the total workers in volved were in these brief stoppages. A bout 18 percent of the strikes lasted from 1 week to 1 m onth and, although these strikes included only one-third of the total workers involved, they accounted for 77 percent of the total m an-days of idleness. The coal miners involved in the four general stoppages were idle about 19% working days on the average. Less than 2 percent of the strikes lasted a m onth or more and these strikes accounted for sJightly more than 2 percent of all strike idleness. T a b l e 10.—Duration of Strikes Ending in 1943 Strikes Duration of strikes Workers involved Man-days idle Number Percent of total Total..................................................... 3,734 100.0 1,965,151 100.0 13,298,654 100.0 1 day..................................................... 2 to 3 days............................................. 4 days and less than 1 week................. 1 week and less than H month............ H and less than 1 month...................... 1 and less than 2 months...................... 2 and less than 3 months..................... 3 months or more................................. 943 1,325 716 506 177 60 5 2 25.3 35.5 19.2 13.6 4.7 1.6 .1 296,236 644,599 372,692 151,034 491,638 8,493 402 57 15.1 32.8 19.0 7.7 25.0 .4 296,236 1,222,843 1,248,210 932,988 9,300,368 267,816 22,665 7,528 2.2 9.2 9.4 7.0 69.9 2.0 .2 .1 (9 Number Percent of total <9 <9 Number Percent of total i Less than a tenth of 1 percent. CAUSES OF STRIKES M ost strikes are caused by a complex set of factors, some human and some economic. Although it is impossible for the Bureau to obtain the background of each dispute and to weigh the numerous elements that influence a decision to strike, in m ost cases the m ajor economic issues involved can be determined. Such issues form the basis of the classification of strikes in table 11. MAJOR ISSUES INVOLVED IN STRIKES 1935-1943 5-44 18 During the past 2 years decreasing proportions of strikes have been concerned with questions of union recognition, discrim ination, etc. From 1935 through 1941, half or more of the total strikes were due chiefly to disputes over union-organization m atters. Such m atters were of m ajor importance in less than one-third of the 1942 strikes and in less than 16 percent in 1943. # In m any of these, the question of wages was of secondary, if not prim ary, importance. T a b le 11.— Major Issues Involved in Strikes Ending in 1943 Strikes Workers involved Man-days idle Major issue Number Percent of total Number Percent of total Number Percent of total All issues........................................................ 3,734 100.0 1,965,151 100.0 13,298,654 100.0 Wages and hours........... ................................ Wage increase......................................... Wage decrease.......................................... Wage increase, hour decrease.................. Hour increase................................. - ........ Other...........................- ........................... Union organization, wages and hours--....... Recognition, wages, and/or hours--------Strengthening bargaining position, wages, and/or hours.............................. Closed or union shop, wages, and/or hours.........- .......................................... Discrimination, wages, and/or hours___ Other........................................................ Union organization.......................... —........... Recognition.............................................. Strengthening bargaining position......... Closed or union sh op--....... - ................. Discrimination-............ ......................... Other................................... *................... Other working conditions.............................. Job security.........................................— Shop conditions and policies................... Work load................................................ Other........................................................ Interunion or intraunion matters. ............... Sympathy................................................ Union rivalry or factionalism.................. Jurisdiction.............................................. Union regulations.................................... Other........................................................ 1,906 1,280 85 18 10 513 232 152 51.0 34.2 2.3 .5 .3 13.7 6.2 4.0 1,216,360 872,747 21,116 2,311 3,967 316,219 57,324 30,541 61.9 44.4 1.1 .1 .2 16.1 2.9 1.5 10,687,799 9,932,592 57,390 8,209 6,861 682,747 272,349 126,460 80.4 74.7 .4 .1 .1 5.1 2.0 .9 15 .4 5,164 .3 77,214 .6 47 15 3 353 92 37 99 96 29 1,094 461 506 91 36 149 5 77 53 13 1 1.3 .4 .1 9.5 2.5 1.0 2.6 2.6 .8 29.3 12.3 13.6 2.4 1.0 4.0 .1 2.2 1.4 .3 0) 12,066 8,179 1,374 168,567 14,440 18,696 29,672 52,559 53,200 461,808 173,233 242,426 34,317 11,832 61,092 510 27,916 9,362 23,135 169 .6 .4 .1 8.6 .7 1.0 1.5 2.7 2.7 23.5 8.8 12.4 1.7 .6 3.1 0) 1.4 .5 1.2 (0 42,899 23,603 2,173 470,844 71,168 44,893 118,039 118,524 118,220 1,404,634 508,432 718,690 150,000 27,512 463,028 952 159,059 40,544 262,304 169 .3 .2 (0 3.5 .5 .3 .9 .9 .9 10.6 3.8 5.5 1.1 .2 3.5 0) 1.2 .3 2.0 0) i Less than a tenth of 1 percent. In considerably more than half of the strikes ending in 1943 the m ost im portant issue was that of wages. These strikes included nearly two-thirds of the total workers involved and more than fourfifths of the total idleness during all strikes. D uring the last half of the year, especially, strikes registered the growing pressure of labor to obtain wage increases commensurate with increased living costs. M o st of the wage strikes were demands for increased rates. Although there were few, if any, general reductions in wage levels as such, m any strikes occurred in protest against adjustm ents of time or piece rates, which the workers felt would result in lower earnings. There were also m any strikes over the application of overtim e rates, incentive system s, etc. M ore than one-fourth of the total strikes resulted from disputes over local working conditions and com pany policies with respect to sen iority, disciplinary m ethods, racial questions, supervision, work loads and numerous other questions which arise in the process of hiring and training new workers, filling vacancies by promotions, adopting new 19 procedures, and converting to new products. Racial questions caused 50 strikes during the year. In some of these there were objections to hiring Negroes to work in the same departments with white workers or prom oting them to skilled occupations; others were in protest against racial discrimination. Four percent of the strikes were due to interunion or intraunion m atters, m ost of them involving questions of union rivalry and jurisdiction. In table 12 the strikes, workers involved, and m an-days of idleness in each industry group are classified according to m ajor issues involved. The data are based on strikes beginning during the year instead of, as in table 11, on strikes ending in 1943. T a b le 12.— Strikes in 1943, by Industry Group and Major Issues Involved Number of strikes beginning in 1943 in which the major issues were— Industry group All industries............. ................................ Union or Wages and ganization, Union or hours wages, and ganization hours Other working conditions Inter- or intra-union matters 1,916 230 353 1,103 150 67 s 12 1 13 21 1 13 28 6 49 7 98 80 35 39 17 11 33 17 44 67 62 374 73 98 38 17 6 10 5 7 5 1 2 3 8 25 6 10 2 13 7 5 5 2 10 2 1 6 9 58 6 28 3 30 19 11 7 3 24 9 26 15 27 180 48 71 14 2 5 1 4 81 61 25 8 3 2 14 11 6 77 75 9 12 3 1 11 204 68 62 12 3 10 7 14 8 1 14 34 20 2 1 226 36 16 1 9 43 7 3 143 59 29 17 19 6 36 18 7 74 13 8 Manufacturing Food and kindred products______________ __ Tehscen TnqYii7fa.etnrp.s Textile-mill products................................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials........... Lumber and timber basic products_______ Furniture and finished lumber products. — Paper and allied products......... ............... Printing, publishing, and allied industries. Chemicals and allied products___________ Products nf pet.rnlenrn and nnal _ ......... p.i|hhar products ........._ .. Leather and leather products____________ Stone, clay, and glass products................... Iron and steel and their products............... Nnnfermns metals and their products Machinery (except electrical)________ ___ Electrical machinery................................... Transportation equipment (except auto mobiles)............. ...... ................................ Automobiles and automobile equipment— Miscellaneous manufacturing industries... 4 4 2 3 13 3 4 Nonmanufacturing Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Mining.......... ..................................... ........ Construction...................................... ......... Trade................. ................................ ......... Finance, insurance, and real estate............ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities— ............... ......... ........... Services—personal, business, and other----Other nonmanufacturing industries........... 14 5 l 20 T able 12.— Strikes in 1943 , by Industry Group and M ajor Issu es Involved — Continued Number of workers involved in strikes in which the major issues were— Industry group All industries................................................ Union or Wages and ganization, Union or hours wages, and ganization hours Inter- or Other working intra-union conditions matters 1,223,730 56,869 168,663 463,327 68,690 13,220 3,276 21,663 1,159 137 2,236 3,318 731 3,363 5,676 20,721 18,244 3,194 31,110 5,497 6,487 6,418 1,035 7,797 1,446 76,811 19,228 16,585 252,609 21,879 25,408 16,369 3,126 597 2,244 3,776 691 1,300 29 1,016 355 691 11,020 1,061 6,616 2,700 16,810 1,804 190 3,743 129 2,177 1,422 181 1,702 1,967 24,726 7,076 7,319 591 3,065 2,909 2,056 4,971 126 8,435 1,120 11,295 3,556 7,139 58,311 16,603 21,807 9,289 374 560 78 2,396 53,254 40,293 5,451 3,968 1,235 305 29,581 37,550 1,493 62,689 106,045 2,101 5,261 1,170 101 7,384 514,036 17,188 8,225 1,484 1,175 1,244 517 965 301 92 3,419 7,069 4,728 136 16 68,844 5,582 10,809 50 22,135 5,303 755 1,128 39,218 7,212 3,247 1,949 3,419 3,037 4,190 1,726 1,430 8,124 1,239 2,505 2,107 546 16 Manufacturing Food and kindred products......................... Tobacco manufactures... ............................ Textile-mill products. . _________________ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials........ . . Lumber and timber basic products_______ Furniture and finished lumber products... Paper and allied products........................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries. Chemicals and allied products.................... Products of petroleum and coal................... Bubber products....... .................................. Leather and leather products...................... Stone, clay, and glass products........... ........ Iron and steel and their products................ Nonferrous metals and their products........ Machinery (except electrical)...................... Electrical machinery................................... Transportation equipment (except auto mobiles)_____ ____ —_________________ Automobiles and automobile equipment__ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. . 8,955 1,558 2,650 570 4,572 975 4,286 Nonmanufacturing Agriculture, forestry, and fishing................ Mining..... ............ A ................ ................... Construction..................................... .......... T ra de...*..................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate........... . Transportation, communication, and other public utilities____ _____________ _____ Services—personal, business, and other___ Other nonmanufacturing industries............ 21 T able 12.—S trik es in 1943, by Industry Group and M a jor Issues Involved — Continued Man-days idle during 1943 in strikes in which the major issues were— Industry group Union or Other Wages and ganization, Union or working hours wages, and ganization conditions hours All industries...................................... ......... Inter- or intra-union matters 10,781,367 266,707 467,774 1,409 353 575,328 39,257 13,510 69,424 2,688 959 10,389 9,212 1,462 11,679 24,672 75,230 110,066 104,612 99,738 20,747 23,407 24,701 2,513 20,319 8,638 232,470 85,592 79,113 468.178 47,074 55,949 32,154 23,426 8,841 6,023 12,257 2,682 11,642 116 3,132 2,397 5,278 29,879 2,752 11,696 5,400 39,766 10,925 761 12,751 2,193 6,313 2,844 543 11,056 7,258 70,397 9,317 19,867 1,107 10,507 12,303 15,411 19,952 558 17,446 3,203 24,163 17,706 51,649 139,521 30,474 49, 479 47,570 148,395 105,379 38,772 6,863 2,256 465 47,815 87,340 4,529 163,967 233,396 4,244 84,818 8,811,749 51,767 29,732 7,279 10,840 8,999 3,623 5,594 2,992 184 22,706 38,052 17,432 485 544 267,440 17,159 35,017 100 259,324 30,226 2,936 4,250 123,436 28,054 29,202 3,759 68,324 13,435 13,750 15,578 2,452 29,330 4,957 3,289 13,023 5,156 80 Manufacturing Food and kindred products--------------------Tobacco manufactures__________________ Textiie-mill products-------------- --------------Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials—......... Lumber and timber basic products............ Furniture and finished lumber products. ~ Paper and allied products....................----Printing, publishing, and allied industries. Chemicals and allied products.................... Products of petroleum and coal _ Rubber products _____________ - _______ Leather and leather products...................... Stone, clay, and glass products................... Iron and steel and their products.............. NonferrOUS Tn#»tftls and t-boir products Machinery (except electrical)— ............... Electrical machinery........................ ........... Transportation equipment (except auto mobiles)................................................... Automobiles and automobile equipment__ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries... 22,816 1,712 2,859 624 25,879 12,675 31,150 1,430 18,154 1,553 8,777 - 15,037 12,752 303 Nonmanufacturing > grionltnr«, forestry, and fishing __ Mining.......................................... ...... ........ Construction-............................................. Trade.............. ................... ............... ......... Finance, insurance, and real estate............. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities........ ...................... ........... Services—personal, business, and other___ Other nonmanufacturing industries............ RESU LTS OF STRIK ES In 1943 the results of strikes depended more than ever before on decisions of Federal Governm ent agencies. In normal tim es, when strikes are allowed to take their course with little or no Governm ent intervention, they are won, lost, or compromised according to the bargaining strength of the parties involved. Since the beginning of the war, however, the tendency has been for union and Governm ent representatives to persuade the strikers (who in m ost cases have struck spontaneously and w ithout union authorization) to return to work w ithout delay, leaving the issues in dispute to be decided by Govern m ent agencies. A s the N ational W ar Labor Board has been em cowered to make final determination of disputes that threaten to interere with the war effort, and has been charged with the responsibility of stabilizing wages, a large m ajority of wage strikes go to the Board. T he processmg of the thousands of cases before the Board requires tim e, and m any strikes have occurred in protest against delay in obtaining decisions. A t the tim e this report was prepared, the results o f more than one-tenth of the 1943 strikes were still unknown; the m ajority o f these cases were still pending before the W ar Labor Board. ? 22 W hen decisions by Governm ent agencies are rendered or when strikes are otherwise settled, the Bureau of Labor Statistics attem pts to evaluate the results of individual strikes by comparing what the workers obtained with what they demanded. The strikes are then classified into three principal categories to indicate whether the workers obtained substantially all they demanded, whether they compromised the issues and obtained only part of their original demands, or whether they gained little or nothing. T a b l e 13.—Results of Strikes Ending in 1943 Strikes Result Total Workers involved Number Percent of total _ . Substantial gains to workers........ ................. Partial gains or compromises1...................... . Little or no gains to workers................. - ........ Interunion or intraunion settlements............. Indeterminate................................................. Not reported3................................................. Man-days idle Number Percent of total Number Percent of total 3,734 100.0 1,965,151 100.0 13,298,654 100.0 1,145 957 959 139 104 430 30.7 25.6 25.7 3.7 2.8 11.5 355,476 862,253 314,154 59,009 215,976 158,283 18.1 43.8 16.0 3.0 11.0 8.1 994,708 9,807,944 962,388 459,431 457,416 616,767 7.5 73.8 7.2 3.5 3.4 4.6 i The major coal stoppages accounted for 22 percent of the workers involved and 64.5 percent of the mandays idle. ** 3 A majority of the strikes in this group were awaiting decisions of the National War Labor Board or other agencies to which they were submitted for settlement. O f all strikes ending in 1943, about 31 percent were substantially successful from the workers' point of view, 26 percent were com promised or brought partial gains to the workers, and 26 percent re sulted in little or no gains. About 18 percent of the total workers involved obtained substantially all they demanded, 44 percent obtained part of their demands, and 16 percent gained little or nothing. A bout 7% percent of the strike idleness resulted from the successful strikes; 74 percent, largely because of the general coal-m ining stop pages, resulted from the strikes which were followed b y partial gains; and 7 percent of the idleness resulted from strikes which brought the workers little or no gains. N early 4 percent of the strikes were interunion or intraunion dis putes in which settlem ents resulted in one group or union whining at the expense of another. The results of another 3 percent of the strikes were indeterm inate, that is, the results could not be evaluated in terms of their effect on the welfare of the workers concerned. M a n y of these were short protest strikes in which the workers had no intention of remaining out until any specific demands were granted, and they returned to work without either gaining or losing. W orkers won m ost of their demands in a large proportion of the strikes in which union-organization issues were the m ost im portant, but a sm all proportion where wage-and-hour issues were involved. A b ou t 55 percent of the workers involved in wage-and-hour strikes (including the large coal disputes) obtained only part of what was demanded, 10 percent won their demands, and 10 percent gained little or nothing. A bout 56 percent of the workers involved in strikes rincipally over union-organization issues substantially won their emands. (See table 14.) S 23 T able 14.— Results o f Strikes Ending in 1943 , in Relation to M ajor Issues Involved Total Major issue Number Strikes resulting in— Substan Partial Little or gains gains or no gains Percent tial to work com to work ers promises ers Strikes Other 2 Percent of strikes All issues................... ................................. 3,734 100.0 30.7 25.6 25.7 18.0 Wages and hours............................. .......... Union organization, wages, and hours___ Union organization..................................... Other working conditions........................... ‘Interunion or intraunion matters.............. 1,906 232 353 1,094 149 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 28.6 31.0 44.8 33.7 1.3 2tT 35.4 19.2 26.4 1.3 2 lF 15.5 24.1 34.0 1.3 200 18.1 11.9 5.9 96.1 Workers All issues.................................................. Percent of workers involved 1,965,151 100.0 18.1 43.9 16.0 22.0 Wages and hours........................ ............... 1,216,360 Union organization, wages, and hours....... 57,324 Union organization......... ........................... 168,567 Other working conditions.......................... 461,808 Interunion or intraunion matters.............. 61,092 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.3 23.8 55.9 26.5 .8 255.4 38.1 18.7 29.0 .4 10.3 17.4 16.4 32.7 .3 24.0 20.7 9.0 11.8 98.5 1Includes strikes awaiting decisions of the National War Labor Board and other agencies; a few for which sufficient information was not available; and those involving rival unions and questions of jurisdiction, the results of which cannot be evaluated in terms of their effect on the welfare of all workers concerned. 2 Excluding the general coal stoppages, this figure would be about 31 percent. The number of workers involved had no marked relation to whether the issues were won, lost, or compromised, as shown in table 15; although there was some tendency toward either definite victory or complete loss among the smaller disputes and a greater proportion of compromise settlem ents among the strikes involving large numbers of workers.i Table 15.— Results of Strikes Ending in 1943 in Relation to Number of Workers Involved Number of strikes resulting in— Percent of strikes resulting in— Sub Par Little Total stan Total Sub Par Number of workers involved strikes or no tial strikes stan tial tial tial gains gains gains gains or com to Other gains or com to to pro work pro work mises work mises ers ers ers 3,734 1,145 957 959 465 6 and under 20........................ 20 and under 100..................... 1,247 100 and under 250................... 865 250 and under 500................... 517 500 and under 1,000._............. 357 1.000 and under 5,000............ 250 23 5.000 and under 10,000............ 10.000 and o v e r...................... 10 152 425 251 141 113 59 1 3 98 296 226 155 86 83 9 4 157 314 219 120 91 48 10 All workers involved............. 1673 Littlo or no gains Other to work ers 100.0 30.7 25.6 25.7 18.0 58 lo o .o 212 100.0 169 100.0 101 100.0 67 100.0 60 100.0 3 100.0 3 100.0 32.7 34.1 29.1 27.3 31.6 23.6 4.3 30.0 21.1 23.7 26.1 30.0 24.1 33.2 39.1 40.0 33.7 25.2 25.3 23.2 25.5 19.2 43.6 12.5 17.0 19.5 19.6 18.8 24.0 13.0 30.0 i Aside from 139 interunion or intraunion strikes (jurisdictional and union rivalry disputes principally) and 104 the results of which were indeterminate (see p. 22), most of these cases were still before the National War Labor Board at the end of the year for settlement of the issues. 24 METHODS OF NEGOTIATIN G SETTLEM ENTS The large m ajority (nearly 70 percent) of the strikes ending in 1943 were settled with the assistance of Governm ent officials or boards. These strikes included 82 percent of all workers involved and accounted for 93 percent of the strike idleness during the year. The proportion of strikes settled with the assistance of Governm ent agencies has increased during recent years. In 1935 and 1936 less than a third of the strikes^ were adjusted through Governm ent inter vention. T he proportion increased to 43 percent in 1940, 53 percent in 1941, 62 percent in 1942, and 70 percent in 1943. T he proportion of total workers involved and of m an-days idle included in these strikes has usually been high, because Governm ent conciliators and other agencies have intervened in the larger and more serious strikes. Pre vious to 1941 the intervening Governm ent agencies were the U . S. Departm ent of Labor Conciliation Service, the N ational Labor Rela tions Board, and, for railroad disputes, the N ational M ediation Board. The N ational Defense M ediation Board was active in 1941 and its successor, the N ational W ar Labor Board, during the past 2 years. Since two or more of these agencies m ay cooperate in settling a dispute, it is not possible to classify the strike by the particular Governm ent agency that was responsible for its settlem ent. A bout 22 percent of the strikes in 1943 were settled directly between employers and union officials, while over 5 percent were terminated w ithout form al settlem ents. M an y of the latter were short protest strikes in which the workers had no intention of remaining out until specific demands were granted. Others were strikes which were abandoned by the workers involved when they returned to work on the em ployers’ term s. In still other cases the striking workers obtained jobs elsewhere and new workers were hired to fill their places. T able 16.—Methods of Negotiating Settlements of Strikes Ending in 1943 Strikes Agency carrying on negotiations toward set tlements Number Workers involved Man-days idle Per cent of total Number Per cent of total Number Per cent of total All agencies..................................................... 3,734 100.0 1,965,151 100.0 13,298,654 Employers and workers directly................... Employers and representatives of organized workers directly......................................... Government officials or boards...................... Private conciliators or arbitrators................ Terminated without formal settlement........ Not reported................................................... 72 1.9 6,125 .3 26,504 .2 827 2,602 17 210 6 22.1 69.7 .5 5.6 .2 266,060 1,613,261 5,265 73,424 1,016 13.5 82.1 .3 3.7 .1 645,035 12,344,430 19,003 259,116 4,566 4.9 92.9 .1 1.9 0) 100.0 1Less than a tenth of 1 percent. Strikes Under W ar Labor D isputes A ct The W ar Labor Disputes A c t 4 became effective on June 25, 1943. It gave the President power to take immediate possession of any plant in which a labor dispute threatened seriously to interrupt war production and made it unlawful for workers to strike in any plant thus possessed. I t provided that, before strikes should take place on any work connected with the war effort, the following procedure should be follow ed:* * 57 Stat. 163 (1943). 25 (1) Representatives of employees should file a notice of the dispute with the Secretary of Labor, the N ational W ar Labor Board, and the N ational Labor Relations Board, giving a statem ent of the issues involved. (2) W ork should then continue for 30 days under the same condi tions prevailing when the dispute arose unless modified by m utual agreement or decision of the N ational W ar Labor Board. (3) On the thirtieth day after filing of notice the N ational Labor R elations Board should conduct a secret ballot among the employees concerned, to determine whether they wished to perm it an interrup tion of war production. T he ballots should include a concise state m ent of the m ajor issues involved and the facilities being utilized for settlem ent of the dispute. Results of the ballots were to be certified prom ptly and m ade public. A fine of not to exceed $5,000 or imprisonment for not more than 1 year, or both, constituted the penalty specified for any person will fully instigating or encouraging a strike in a plant or facility possessed by the U nited States. A n y person striking in a war plant not so possess ed was m ade liable for resulting damages to anyone injured thereby. Between June 25 and the end of the year there were 1,919 strikes in which 825,758 workers were involved. During this period the N a tional Labor R elations Board conducted 117 strike ballots. In 102 cases the workers voted in favor of striking and in 15 cases, voted against. O f the total votes cast, 68 percent were in favor of striking. The 102 cases where workers approved strike action did not all develop into strikes, however. Only 34 strikes occurred following strike ballots conducted by the N ational Labor Relations Board. These constituted less than 2 percent of all strikes during the period, and the number of workers involved (24,171) was less than 3 percent of the total workers involved in all strikes during the period. T he average number of workers involved in the 34 strikes was 711, and the average duration was about 11 days, as compared with 5 days for all strikes during the year 1943. The strikes ranged in duration from 1 to 66 days. Some of them occurred on the same day the strike ballot was taken, while in other cases the workers waited several weeks before striking. On the average, 18% days elapsed between the ballot and the strike. M o st o f these strikes were over wage questions, and all except 1 case went to the N ational W ar Labor Board at some stage of the dis pute. In 12 cases the disputes wrent to the W ar Labor Board after the strikes began; in 10 cases the disputes were pending before the Board when the strikes occurred; and 10 strikes were m protest against decisions of the W ar Labor Board. Strikes o f D irect Concern to National W ar Labor Board T he N ational W ar Labor Board was established in January 1 9 4 2 5 for the purpose of settling those disputes which could not be adjusted through m ediation of the U . S. Conciliation Service. In October 1942 the B oard’s authority was expanded under the A nti-Inflation A c t,6 so that no adjustm ents in wage rates, or, with certain exceptions, in salary rates under $5,000 per year, could be made w ithout the B oard’s approval. The Board’s added responsibilities connected with wage• * Executive Order No. 9017, issued January 12,1942. •Executive Order No. 9250, issued October 3,1943. 26 stabilization naturally resulted in a great increase in the number of disputes referred to the B oard; also, its efforts to stabilize wages caused a relative increase in wage disputes compared to disputes for other causes. T his is revealed in the following analysis of the strikes occurring in 1942 and 1943 in which the Board was directly concerned. In 1943 there were 1,439 strikes that were of direct concern to the N ational W a r Labor Board. These involved 1,288,359 workers and caused 11,302,181 m an-days of idleness. Less than one-third of that number— 420 strikes, involving 238,485 workers and causing 818,244 m an-days of idleness— concerned the Board in 1942. The 1,439 strikes in 1943 represented alm ost 40 percent of all strikes; they included 65 percent of the total workers involved in strikes and accounted for alm ost 85 percent of the m an-days of idleness. Exclud ing the general coal stoppages in A pril, M a y , June, October, and Novem ber, 55 percent of the total workers and about the same per centage of the total m an-days of idleness were included in strikes of Board concern. In 1942 about 14 percent of the strikes, 28 percent of the workers involved, and about 20 percent of the m an-days of idleness were connected with strikes in which the Board intervened. M o st of the strikes with which the N ational W a r Labor Board was concerned were referred to the Board as “ dispute” cases, the em ploy ers and unions not having reached an agreement before the cases went to the Board. In some of the strikes on wage issues, the employers and unions had agreed upon terms for settlem ent and these were subm itted as “ voluntary” cases to the Board for final approval under the stabilization program. The strikes of direct concern to the W ar Labor Board fall into three principal categories so far as tim e of occurrence is concerned: (1) Strikes occurring before the issues went to the Board for settlem ent. Some of these were certified to the Board while the stoppages were in progress, while in others work was resumed with the understanding that the issues would be subm itted to the Board for decision or approval of terms agreed upon. (2) Strikes occurring in establish m ents which had cases pending before the Board. In a few instances the issues involved in these strikes were only indirectly related to the fact that cases were pending before the Board, but in m ost instances the issues were the same and the object was to hasten Board decisions. (3) Strikes following W L B decisions in which the workers objected to their terms or struck to force reluctant employers to accept terms of the decisions. T R EN D OF STRIK ES T he period from January 1942 through Decem ber 1943 covers the first 2 years of the Board’s existence, as well as a period of expanding Board responsibility. In the first 5 m onths of 1942 only 4 percent of the total strikes, in cluding 14 percent of the total workers involved, and accounting for 10 percent of the total m an-days idle, were of concern to the Board. Following the President’s message to Congress in A pril, outlining a 7-point anti-inflation program dealing in part with w age-stabilization policy, and following the B oard’s decision in the “ L ittle Steel” cases in July, there was a substantial increase in the proportion of strikes connected with Board action. T he increase was accelerated after the issuance of Executive Order N o . 9250 in October, giving the Board 27 responsibility for the control of all wage changes. D uring the last 7 m onths of 1942, about 20 percent of all strikes, including 36 percent o f all workers involved and 27 percent of the total idleness, were of direct concern to the Board. Although there was no such steady upward trend dining 1943, it is significant that in every m onth of the year no less than one-fourth of all disputes involved the W L B , the proportion being more than one-half in M a y . Com paring the workers involved and the resulting m andays of idleness, the proportions were even greater; 88 percent of the workers involved in M a y strikes and more than 90 percent of the idleness in M a y and N ovem ber were in strikes of Board concern. T able 17.— Strikes of Board Concern Compared with AU Strikes in the United States,1 January 1942 through December 1943 Workers involved Strikes Year and month Man-days idle Number Percent of all strikes1 1942 All months............................... .......... 420 14.2 238,485 28.3 818,244 19.5 January................................................. February............ ................................. March.................................................... April...................................................... May....................................................... June....................................................... July....................................................... August................................................... September............................................. October................................................. November............................................. December.............................................. 5 9 6 10 15 40 51 56 64 57 59 48 3.2 4.9 2.6 3.6 5.3 11.3 13.1 16.9 22.9 27.0 40.9 32.6 3,527 4,199 4,903 6,702 18,496 18,714 27.462 35,479 35,751 21,058 34,596 27,598 13.1 7.2 7.3 10.2 26.9 17,1 27.6 38.5 40.7 34.2 65.9 46.6 33,645 32,926 38,886 23,601 46,240 83,769 76,393 111, 077 150,235 72,273 71,594 77,605 10.2 9.2 9.7 6.4 14.4 14.3 18.3 24.8 38.8 29.6 55.9 40.3 1948 All months............................................ 1,439 38.9 1,288,359 *65.0 11,302,181 *83.7 January................................................. February__________________________ March................................................... April...................................................... M ay....................................................... June....................................................... July....................................................... August................... .............................. September............................................. October.................................................. November............................................. December.............................................. 63 78 90 158 226 195 137 101 78 113 106 94 32.1 39.0 36.3 41.1 54.9 45.0 37.1 32.5 28.7 39.3 32.6 26.5 54,129 18,293 35,530 147,615 493,039 83,883 87,814 37,756 23,726 53,095 65,427 188,052 59.3 47.1 47.9 67.3 88.4 44.8 72.4 35.7 35.6 43.8 48.2 71.1 343,185 50,771 77,490 465,605 1,291,400 4,399,137 488,416 107,012 65,105 831,500 2,660,580 521,980 75.9 43.3 43.2 70.4 82.5 92.8 70.2 30.0 31.1 82.1 92.9 66.4 Number Percent of all strikes1 Number Percent of all strikes 1 1 See table 2, p. 3, for monthly totals on all strikes. 2 Excluding coal stoppages, this figure would be 55 percent. There were but two strikes of Board concern, which involved as m any as 10,000 workers in 1942. Aside from the general coal strikes, only 5 such strikes in 1943 involved 10,000 or more workers. There were also 11 strikes in 1942 and 26 in 1943 that caused more than 10,000 m an-days of idleness but involved fewer than 10,000 workers. STATUS OF DISPUTES WHEN REFERRED TO BOARD In 1942 about 83 percent of all strikes in which the Board was concerned, involving 75 percent of the workers and 84 percent of the m an-days of idleness, occurred before the issues were referred to the Board, while 14 percent occurred while the issues were pending before the Board, and less than 4 percent after Board decisions. 28 In 1943, the proportion of strikes that occurred before the issues were referred to the Board dropped to about 47 percent, workers involved to 25 percent, and m an-days of idleness to less than 12 per cent. In contrast, about 40 percent of the strikes, involving 65 per cent of the workers and 85 percent of the m an-days lost, took place after the issues in dispute were referred to the Board but before the Board had rendered decisions. T he coal stoppages, which took place while the miners’ request for a wage increase was under consideration by the Board, account for a large proportion of these workers and m an days of idleness. However, even after elim inating the m ajor coal strikes from the calculation, at least 49 percent of the workers involved in strikes connected with the Board and 37 percent of the m an-days of idleness were due to strikes which took place while the issues were under Board consideration. In approxim ately 300 out of the 565 strikes in 1943 that occurred while the cases were pending before the Board, delay in decisions w as specifically stated to be one factor in causing the stoppages. T his was not an im portant consideration in 1942, although it was indicated in 23 strikes, or about 6 percent of the total strikes of concern to the Board during that year. The m ajor issue in all o f these 1942 cases was wages. A s the backlog of pending cases increased in the early m onths o f 1943, owing to the Board’s expanding responsibilities incident to the stabilization program, delay became of increasing im portance. In m any cases, the workers struck for higher wages. Through efforts o f the Conciliation Service or a representative of the W a r Labor Board they were induced to go back to work on the understanding th at an increase, in m any cases a specific amount agreed upon b y the em ployer and union, would be subm itted to the Board for approval. I f the Board acted on the request prom ptly, usually there were no further strikes; if not, the workers sometimes struck again, stating th at their object was to hasten Board action. In a considerable number of cases two or three such strikes occurred before the B oard’s award was received. T he number of strikes occurring after Board decisions were rendered increased from 14 in 1942 to 200 in 1943, with a resultant increase in workers involved and in m an-days of idleness. These m ay be con sidered protest strikes, in which one party or the other demonstrated its reluctance to com ply with a Board decision. T hey include strikes in which the workers were dissatisfied with Board decisions, as well as those called to force noncom plying employers to put into effect deci sions which the workers were willing to accept. MAJOR ISSUES INVOLVED In both 1942 and 1943 more than three-fourths (76 percent in 1942 and 80 percent in 1943) of the strikes of Board concern were over wages alone or in connection with other issues. These included strikes principally over general wage increases, overtim e pay (including inter pretation of Executive Order N o . 9240), changes in hours worked resulting in greater or less take-hom e pay, equal pay for equal work, a few protests against reductions in wage rates, and other questions concerning wages. In m any of these strikes other issues were im por tan t also, including requests for the union shop, maintenance of m em bership, and other efforts to strengthen union organization. 29 In 1942 wage issues accounted for more than 65 percent of all work ers and 70 percent of the idleness involved in the strikes connected with Board action; in 1943, for 83 percent of the workers involved and 90 percent of the idleness. Even after eliminating the coal strikes, wage cases involved 74 percent of the workers and 60 percent of the idleness in such strikes in 1943. The largest number of strikes in which Board delay was given as one factor involved wage issues, the workers becoming impatient when wage requests were not granted and striking one, two, or even three times to expedite Board action. Although there was a considerable increase in the number of strikes of concern to the Board which involved other than wage issues, the proportions of strikes, workers involved, and man-days of idleness involved in such strikes decreased in 1943. Disputes over matters other than wages accounted for about 20 percent of the strikes of Board concern during 1943. In many of these the union shop or maintenance of membership was the major issue. Others involved discharges, physical and administrative shop conditions, and inter union or intraunion matters. T able 18.— Strikes o f Board Concern Classified According to Major Issues Involved and Time Strikes Occurred 1942 Major issues1 involved and time Strikes occurred 1943 ManWorkers Strikes involved days idle Strikes Workers involved Mandays idle Number Total - ....................................................... Wages____________________________ All others_________________________ 420 319 101 238.485 156,900 81,585 818,244 580,269 237,975 1,439 1,157 282 1,288,359 1,072,813 215,546 11,302,181 10,256.816 1,045,365 Strikes before cases went to Board W ages..__________ ________________ All others_______ _______ __________ Strikes while cases were pending________ Wages____________________________ All others._________________________ Strikps after Board decisions „ _ _ Wages____________________________ AH others . - ..... - 349 266 83 67 41 16 14 12 2 179,872 119,154 60,718 47,788 27,265 20,523 10,825 10,481 344 687,195 490,944 196,251 103,139 62,827 40,312 27,910 26,498 1,412 674 515 159 565 459 106 200 183 17 315,290 208,294 106,996 853,434 756,515 96,919 119,635 108,004 11,631 1,273,893 646,492 627,401 9, 595,829 9,253,.789 342,040 432,459 356,535 75,924 Percentage distribution •Tofal _ ....... Wages____________________________ All others . ....... 100.0 76.0 24.0 100.0 65.8 34.2 100.0 70.9 29.1 100.0 80.5 19.5 100.0 83.3 16.7 100.0 90.7 9.3 strikes before cases went to Board Wages__________ _______ __________ All others________ _________________ Strikes while cases were pending „ Wages____________________________ All others_________________________ 83.1 63.3 19.8 13.6 9.8 3.8 3.3 2.9 .4 75.4 49.9 25.5 20.1 11.4 8.7 4.5 4.3 .2 84.0 60.0 24.0 12.6 7.7 4.9 3.4 3.2 .2 46.8 35.8 11.0 39.3 31.9 7.4 13.9 12.7 1.2 24.5 16.2 8.3 66.2 58.7 7.5 9.3 8.4 .9 11.3 6.7 5.6 84.9 81.9 3.0 3.8 3.2 .6 Strikes after Board deeisions Wages____________________________ All others_________________________ 1 In many of the wage strikes there were other important issues also. Strikes in Coal M in in g There were 430 strikes in 1943 in the coal-mining industry— 400 strikes involving 487,474 workers and causing 7,510,397 man-days of idleness in bituminous-coal mines, and 30 strikes involving 117,623 30 workers and causing 1,836,486 man-days of idleness in anthracite mines. The majority of these strikes were small local disputes at individual mines. The prolonged industry-wide disputes between mine oper ators and the United M ine Workers of America have been counted as two strikes, one in bituminous-coal and one in anthracite mines. These two disputes, however, resulted in four industry-wide stop pages. Since practically all of the coal miners were idle during the general stoppages, and m any of them were counted a second or third time when they were involved in Tocal strikes, the above figures show the number of workers involved to be greater than the number employed in coal mines. The general stoppages occurred in both the anthracite and bitu minous-coal mines on M a y 1, June 1, June 21, and November 1. T h e M a y and November shut-downs were preceded b y scattered stoppages of several thousand miners in late April and October. The 2-year employer-union contracts covering bituminous-coal mines expired M arch 31, 1943, and those covering anthracite mines expired April 30, 1943. Bituminous-coal mines were operated after M arch 31 and anthracite mines after April 30, with the understanding that any adjustments in wages and other matters in dispute, would be retroactive to April 1 and M a y 1, respectively. Negotiations during M arch and April failed to bring about any settlement of the union’s demands for a basic wage increase of $2 per day for day men, with comparable increases for tonnage men, portal-to-portal or traveltime pay in the mines, an annual 6-day workweek guaranty, contract coverage for foremen, double time for Sunday work, an increase in vacation payment, and the transfer of the cost of equipment and tools to the employer. Consequently, both the anthracite and bituminouscoal cases were certified to the National W ar Labor Board during April. Union representatives refused to appear before a tripartite panel created to hear the bituminous-coal case and failed to terminate widespread stoppages late in April as requested by the President. . Coal mining, except in the Western States, came to a virtual halt M a y 1, whereupon the mines, b y Presidential order, were taken over and operated b y the Secretary of the Interior, who was also Solid Fuels Administrator for W ar. The mine managers were appointed operating managers for the Government, and the United States flag was raised at each mine. W ork was resumed M a y 4 under a 15-day “ truce” which was later extended through M a y 31. On M a y 25 the W ar Labor Board issued an order providing for an increase in vacation pay from $20 to $50 and shifting the cost oi safety equipment and tools to the employers. It denied the wage increase and the work guaranty, and asked the union and employers to attempt a direct settlement of the portal-toportal issue. This order was unacceptable to the miners, and work stopped again June 1 but was resumed June 7 to continue under union authorization until June 20. N o progress was made in settling the portal-to-portal issue, and the union consistently refused to attend hearings of the W ar Labor Board. W ork stopped again June 21 after the Board reaffirmed its earlier order and declined to order portal-to-portal pay. Tw o days later the union issued a back-to-w ork order, effective until October 31, provided that mines continued to be operated by the United States 31 Governm ent. M an y workers did not return im m ediately and a few thousand remained out until well into July. From about August 20 until the middle of October the Governm ent gradually turned the mines back to private operation. In the mean tim e, the union and the Illinois Coal Operators Association sub m itted two successive contracts to the W ar Labor Board for approval, the union expecting that the terms of these agreements, if approved by the Board, could later be incorporated in contracts for other areas. These proposed agreements were disapproved, however, because they called for increased wages jbeyond what the Board felt could be allowed under the w age-stabilization policy. Widespread stoppages developed during the latter part of October after the mines had been turned back to private operation and after the Board had refused to approve the proposed Illinois agreement. November 1 brought another industry-wide stoppage, and the next day the President ordered the mines seized again by the Secretary of the Interior. On Novem ber 3 the Secretary signed an agreement with the union to govern working conditions in both bituminous-coal and anthracite mines during Government operation of the mines. This agreement provided, for the bituminous-coal mines, a basic 8%-hour working day with a 15-minute lunch period, making an over-all 9-hour day underground. The 15-minute lunch period was not to be paid for. Eight productive hours were to be paid for at the basic rate of $1 per hour, and an assumed 45 minutes of travel time each day was to be paid for at two-thirds the regular rate, or 66% cents per hour. These rates were to apply until 40 hours were worked in any week, after which the assumed 45 minutes of travel time each day was to be paid for at the rate of $1 per hour and production time at $1.50 per hour. A t these rates, which applied to day men receiving the basic straight-time dollar-an-hour rate, the weekly earnings amounted to $57.06 for a full 6-day week of 52% hours in the mine. The proposed total wage was approved by the National W a r Labor Board on the ground that the total compensation for the first 40 hours, including travel time, did not exceed the compensation for the first 40 hours of work under the prior contract. The Board observed that “ the extra pay was for extra work at the old rate or for overtime pay required by the Fair Labor Standards A c t.” Just prior to the Novem ber stoppage (on October 28) the W a r Labor Board had issued an order in the anthracite case granting the miners a wage increase of 32.2 cents per day and, as in the bituminouscoal case, increasing the amount of the vacation pay from $20 to $50 and shifting the cost of blacksmithing, safety equipment, and tools to the operators. In addition, the November 3 agreement provided that the customary 30-minute lunch period should be cut to 15 min utes, thus providing a further increase in pay of 37.8 cents per day for the extra 15 minutes of work. The aggregate increase in earnings per day was thus 70 cents. Both the bituminous-coal and anthracite mines were still under G ov ernment operation at the end of the year, and the agreement of November 3 still governed. T he agreements were subject to further interpretation, particularly as regards application of the overtime provisions of the Fair Labor Standards A ct to the peculiar problems of travel tim e in the mines 32 as compensable overtime. The President, late in 1943, appointed a committee to obtain further information relating to travel time. Another unsettled issue was the union’s demand for retroactive wage payments. The Attorney General’s ruling on January 14, 1944, stated that the continuance of Government operation of the mines was permissible under the W a r Labor Disputes A ct because restoration of the mines to the owners when contract negotiations were not com pleted might lead to further interference with productive efficiency. In December 1943 the union and operators producing more than 70 percent of the N ation’s bituminous coal entered into a supplemental wage agreement, to remain in effect until April 1, 1945, and submitted it to the W ar Labor Board for approval. Operators belonging to the Southern Coal Producers’ Association were not parties to this agree ment, the terms of which provided for substantially the same working conditions as those prevailing under Government operation of the mines.7 This agreement was approved by the W a r Labor Board on M a y 19, 1944. The committee appointed to obtain further data on travel time had reported that the average travel time of the miners was approximately 12 minutes greater per day than the 45 minute as sumed in the supplemental wage agreement. The Board approved the agreement, nevertheless, as reasonably within the principle of its former decisions, and stated a conviction that “ travel time can and will be reduced in the bituminous-coal mines, to the mutual benefit of the operators and the mine workers and to the eventual benefit of coal consumers.” W ith respect to retroactive pay for portal-to-portal travel time since April 1, 1943, the agreement pro vided for the payment of $40 to each employee on the pay roll from April 1 to June 20, 1943, which, with the basic travel-time pay provided for, constituted a full settlement of all claims relative to portal-to-portal compensation accruing prior to April 1, 1945. On M a y 31, 1944, and during early June practically all bituminouscoal mines in the North and W est were returned to private operation. On June 16, the Southern Coal Producers’ Association, excepting the Jewell Badge Coal Corporation of Virginia, signed a contract with the union embodying the same provisions in effect for northern and western mines. The Jewel Ridge Coal Corporation was involved in a suit to determine by court decision whether travel time in bituminous-coal mines is compensable working time. On June 21, 1944, all remaining bituminous-coal operations, except those of the Jewell Ridge Coal Corporation, and all anthracite mines were returned to private operation. Anthracite operators had signed an agreement with the union M arch 8, which was approved by the N W L B April 7, continuing the wage rates in effect under Government operation until April 30, 1945. 7 The agreement provided that general wage rates could be changed by mutual accord and appropriate Government approval at any time during its existence, and gave either party the right to request negoti ations on general wage rates if a significant change occured in the Government wage policy. A P P E N D IX M ethods Used in Collecting and A nalyzing Strike Statistics The Bureau’s strike statistics include all known strikes in the con tinental United States which involve as m any as six workers and last as long as a full day or shift. The term “ strike” is used in the broad sense to include all stoppages of work due to labor disputes regardless of whether the workers or employers initiate them. Although they technically come within the above definitions, the Bureau arbitrarily excludes from its statistics stoppages involving fewer than six workers and those lasting less than a full working day or shift, principally because it would be impossible to find out about all of such minor stoppages and get a complete coverage. Also such disputes are of little importance, arising m any times from misunderstandings which are cleared up within a few minutes or a few hours with no significant interruption in production. Collection of data.— M ost notices or “ leads” concerning strikes originally come to the Bureau’s attention through the daily press and labor and trade papers. The Bureau now has access to notices on labor disputes from about 400 daily newspapers scattered throughout the country and more than 250 labor and industry papers and journals. It also obtains reports directly from Federal and State agencies which deal with employer-employee disputes. W ith these sources it is be lieved that few, if any, strikes escape attention. Upon receipt of the notices, detailed questionnaires are sent to the companies, unions, and impartial agencies involved in each strike to get first-hand and verified information concerning the number of workers involved, duration of the strike, major issue, methods of settlement, results, and other data. Analysis of strike data.— In all the realm of industrial statistics, employer-employee disputes present some of the most baffling prob lems to be dealt with. In addition to the factor of judgment which enters into all statistical procedure, strikes and lockouts, b y their very nature, lead to differences of viewpoint and approach in their measurement and classification. Since they are controversies in which the interes j of employer, workers, and the public are at stake, each group naturally interprets and evaluates the situation in the way the dispute affects it. This divergency of viewpoint persists through out every phase of the statistical treatment of strikes and lockouts— definition, unit of measurement, magnitude, causes, and results. Furthermore, the facts with reference to strikes and lockouts very often are too complex or indeterminate to permit accurate and simple classification from whatever approach they are viewed. Causes lead ing up to any one dispute m ay be many and varied, and the basic causes m ay never be actually voiced b y either party; so also with the results, especially when the dispute ends with no written contract. In view of these divergencies of approach as well as of the difficulty in always getting sufficiently detailed information, a portion of the statistics on strikes is necessarily based on estimates and judgment. Nevertheless, through the use of specific definitions and the adoption of broad general policies, the Bureau tries to obtain the highest possible degree of comparability and uniformity of treatment.1 i See Bureau of Labor Statistics Bull. No. 651, pp. 163-169, for information on factors taken into account and general principles used in analyzing each item included in the statistical reports. (3 3 ) 34 T able A .— Strikes in 1943 in States W hich Had 25 or M ore Strikes D uring the Y ear , by Industry Group State and industry group Alabama ____________________________________ __ __________ Textile-mill products ____________________________________ Lumber and*timber basic products _________________________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries - Products of petroleum and coal_____________________________ Stone, clay, and glass products _ Tron and steel and their products _________________________ Non ferrous metals and their products ______________________ Mining _________________________________________________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Other nonmanufacturing industries_________________________ California ______________________________________________ - ___ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials_______________ ________________________ T/nmher and timber basic products ______________________ Furniture end finished lumber products Printing, publishing, and allied industries Chemicals and allied products______________________________ Leather and leather products ______________________________ Stone, clay, and glass products______________________________ Tron and steel and their products __________________________ Transportation equipment ("except automobiles) _ ... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____________________ Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Mining ________________________________________________ Construction. ____________________________________________ Trade ________________ _____ ___________________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate ________________________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other______________________ Other nonrafifinfo-fttnring industries _____________________ Ooiui®din!it . .. _ . Textile-mill products ___________________________________ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials__________________ _____________________ Rubber products -- -- _____________________________ Iron and steel and their products __________________ ________ Nonferrons metals and their products ... _ ....... . Machinery (except electrical) _____________________________ Transportation equipment (except automobiles)______________ Automobiles and automobile equipment_____________________ ________________________________________________ Trade Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Florida _____________________________________________________ Food and kindred products________________ ____ ___________ Tobacco manufactures.____ ____ __________________ ____ ____ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials____ ____ _______________________________ Chemicals and allied products ____________ ________________ Transportation equipment (except automobiles)______________ Agriculture, forestry, and fishing____________________________ Mining __________________________________________________ C onstruction______________________________________________ Trade _________________________________________ ________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities___ Services—personal, business, and other _____________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries _______________________ Georgia _ __ __________________________________________ . . . Food and kindred products_________________________________ Textile-mill products _ __________________________________ Lumber and timber basic products Chemicals and allied products ____________________ - _______ Iron and steel and their products ______________________ -__ Machinery (except electrical) _ _____________________________ Transportation equipment (except, automobiles) ._ . Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____________________ Construction ___________________________________________ Trade . _ . _________________________________________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities_____ Services—personal, business, and oth er._____________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries............... - ............................. Number of Number of Man-days workers idle during strikes involved year 72 3 4 1 1 3 1 12 1 4 31 3 2 5 1 109 14 1 53,802 682 185 113 34 338 43 2,874 25 6,971 39,120 102 129 3,129 57 29,602 3,860 137 825,885 8,520 521 216 68 366 43 10,352 25 29,113 759,232 381 550 16,213 285 88,479 14,212 959 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 9 2 12 1 7 1 13 9 1 11 13 3 38 2 450 481 106 (O (U 30 oQ7 / 2,119 177 1/ / 4,668 QO 3,510 At KQQ Ooo 4,050 oW7 7,002 1,103 58 9,099 977 1,800 787 346 225 630 120 335 5,273 1,440 10,551 1,351 4,386 369 3,687 16,105 2,691 11,145 6,930 137 23,194 4,004 3 3 8 10 3 1 1 1 4 38 3 3 1,080 378 3,254 2,346 178 20 119 18 729 29,446 356 15,500 126 105 10,397 1,515 12 290 30 1,024 12 79 5,689 55 10 32 131 275 26 115 101 77 42 2,637 2,088 100 6,060 606 5,856 3,313 448 OA A ll 238 54 2,595 99,294 1,683 59,500 378 315 21, Oil 11,980 24 799 60 3,429 36 79 80,564 475 10 44 380 1,515 130 230 303 113 168 19,336 57,430 430 1 1 7 3 1 5 1 11 1 1 35 2 1 2 3 5 1 1 1 2 1 11 4 1 35 T able A . — Strikes in 1943 in States W hich Had 25 or M ore Strikes D uring the Y ear , by Industry Group— Continued State and industry group of Man-days Number of Number workers idle during strikes year involved Illinois____________________________ *_________________________ Food and kindred products........................................................... Textile-mill products. _________________________ ______— Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials........................................................................ Lumber and timber basic products.............................................. Furniture and finished lumber products...................................... Paper and allied products..................... ........................................ Printing, publishing, and allied industries.................................. Chemicals and allied products........................................... ........ Products of petroleum and coal..................................................... Leather and leather products...................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products..................................................... Iron and steel and their products................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products.......................................... Machinery (except electrical)........................................................ Electrical machinery............. ........................................................ Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Automobiles and automobile equipment..................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...................................... Mining..... ..................................... ................................................ Construction.................................................................................. Trade............................................ ................................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate.......... — .............................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities........ Services—personal, business, and other........................................ Other nonmanufacturing industries.............................................. S4S 18 1 132,059 5,047 8 772,229 17,971 32 18 3 7 1 4 11 7 12 5 74 9 25 4 17 5 3 48 25 5 5 22 12 2 2,047 146 721 716 594 6,283 1,241 4,715 1,044 38,401 1,530 4,743 1,937 3,884 2,547 33 46,280 4,320 596 567 1,714 1,047 1,898 9,022 166 2,121 5,183 2,673 22,537 8,934 22,612 5,717 111,643 2,344 10,620 4,670 10,727 4,697 293 495,613 17,669 1,403 3,797 6,490 3,383 1,912 Indiana.________________________________________ . _________________ 130 3 2 80,058 1,049 714 433,780 1,655 1,761 5 2 3 1 3 4 29 3 8 1 7 23 20 4 3 5 3 1 2,125 292 1,919 9 9,956 832 18,007 387 2,432 326 8,047 17,311 15, 714 286 78 344 209 21 4,360 2,186 4,587 9 14,644 8,271 38,003 2,554 8,637 1,304 26,391 55,331 260,241 1,542 494 971 818 21 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. Services—personal, business, and other................................ Other nonmanufacturing industries.................................... 26 9 2 1 5 2 3 1 1 1 1 9,213 2,759 1,499 66 1, 547 173 2,999 77 11 22 60 57,635 7,668 5,535 96 3,404 321 39,694 539 132 66 180 Kentucky.........................................................................- ......... Food and kindred products................................................ Textile-mill products........................................................... Lumber and timber basic products.................................... Chemicals and allied products............................................. Leather and leather products..... ........................................ Stone, clay, and glass products........ ................................... Iron and steel ana their products....... .............................. Nonferrous metals and their products................................. Machinery (except electrical)............................... -----------Electrical machinery........... ....................... — — _......... Mining............................................................... Construction ........................................ ............ — _- — -Trade_____ ____ ____ ______________ Finance, insurance, and real estate— Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. Services—personal, business, and o t h e r . ______ Other nonmanufacturing industries.......................... - ---- 133 3 2 2 1 3 12 4 1 1 1 83 4 1 1 11 2 1 78,076 118 269 411 41 1,977 2,728 4,846 60 1,900 106 64,879 185 20 8 444 54 30 1,086,823 219 631 5,160 123 10,766 17,928 14,884 60 3,800 212 1,027,510 560 80 24 2,100 2,646 120 Food and kindred products.......................................................... Textile-mill products----------------- ---------------------------------------Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials..................... ........... ....................................... Lumber and timber basic products............................................. Furniture and finished lumber products...................................... Paper and allied products............................................................. Rubber products...... ..................................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products.......... ......................................... Iron and steel and their products................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products.......................................... Machinery (except electrical)......................... .............................. Electrical machinery........................ .......... ................................. Transportation equipment (except automobiles)....................... Automobiles and automobile equipment_____________________ Mining.......... .............. ................. ....................... ....................... Construction- ..................................................... ........................... Trade_______ ____ _______________ ____ ____ __________ _____ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities........ Services—personal, business, and other..................... ................. Other nonmanufacturing industries.............................................. Food and kindred products............. ................... Lumber and timber basic products.................... Iron and steel and their products........................ Machinery (except electrical)------------------------Transportation equipment (except automobiles) Mining___ _________________________________ 36 T able A . — Strikes in 1943 in States W hich H ad 25 or M ore Strikes D uring the Y ea r by Industry Group— Continued State and industry group of Man-days Number of Number workers idle during strikes involved year Maryland...................... ............... - ...................................................... Textile-mill products......... ......... .............. ......... ......................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials......................................................................... Chemicals and allied products...................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products..................................................... Iron and steel and their products. . . ............................................ Nonferrous metals and their products............. ....... .................. . Electrical machinery________________________ _____________ _ Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Mining..... ........................... .............................. ........................... Construction.................................. .................... ........................ . Trade_________________________________________ __________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities........ Other nonmanufacturing industries....... ...................... ............... 86 3 18,471 549 114,828 2,903 2 1 4 1 2 9 1 4 2 5 1 715 362 644 160 3, 111 8,944 1,900 195 168 819 850 864 1,452 1,110 2,761 732 38,934 25,322 29,000 1,260 484 8,241 1,250 Massachusetts---------- -------------------------------------------------------------Food and kindred products........................................................... Textile-mill products...... ................... ................................... ....... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials—_____ ______ ______ — ................................ . Furniture and finished lumber products..................................... . Paper and allied products............................................................ . Chemicals and allied products...................... — ..........................Rubber products................... ....................................................... . Leather and leather products....................................................... . Stone, clay, and glass products..................................................... Iron and steel and their products................................................ Machinery (except electrical)....................................................... Electrical machinery.................................................................... . Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing................................................. Construction................................................................................. Trade-------------------------------------------------------------------- --------Transportation, communication, and other public utilities....... Services—personal, business, and other....................................... 127 87,269 40 12,402 254,005 140 93,902 Michigan............ - ------ ------------------------------------------------------------Food and kindred products.—............... ..................................... Tobacco manufactures................................................ .................. Textile-mill products................................. ................................T. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials_____ __________ __________ ________ ____ Lumber and timber basic products............................................. . Furniture and finished lumber products...... .............................. . Paper and allied products.......... ................................................ . Printing, publishing, and allied industries...... ............................ Chemicals and allied products..................................................... . Products of petroleum and coal..................................................... Rubber products.............— .......................................................... Leather and leather products...................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products— .............................................. Iron and steel and their products................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products......................................... Machinery (except electrical)....................................................... Electrical machinery................................................. ................. Transportation equipment (except automobiles)........................ Automobiles and automobile equipment.................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..................................— Mining------------------- -------------- - ............................................... Construction................................................................................. Trade..................... ...................... ................................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate— .................... .................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities....... Services—personal, business, and other....................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries............................................. Missouri................................................................................................. Food and kindred products------- ----------------- ----------------- -----Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.......... .............................................................. Furniture and finished lumber products...................................... Paper and allied products....................................... - ................... . Chemicals and allied products..................................................... . Products of petroleum and coal..................................................... Rubber products.......................................................................... . Leather and leather products....................................................... . Stone, clay, and glass products...................................................... Iron and steel and their products................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products........................................... Machinery (except electrical)....................................................... . 106 2 21 8 1 1 1 6 19 3 12 1 1 1,150 116 635 40 1,047 3,616 153 6,384 250 127 344 3,032 541 3,618 3,743 31 3,124 36,027 295 15,052 250 635 688 67,240 817 17,232 11,657 116 413 9 1 1 274,531 2,543 50 592,270 6,156 400 2 2 188 330 488 1,803 50 2,323 171 3,336 98 40 39,079 13,242 13,635 5,016 27,394 154,696 533 471 1,384 968 157 2,961 458 2,895 188 2,526 1,991 7,657 50 6,611 318 6,365 322 112 75,018 25,353 25,696 8,422 53,673 336,297 1,008 4,776 5,381 2,421 596 6,398 1,286 11,043 32,257 754 144,616 1,001 3,589 394 358 3,577 10 747 8,806 2,035 2,055 131 2,080 14,214 1,199 1,796 4,032 2 4 5 11 27 2 8 5 1 7 2 8 4 2 94 27 54 7 22 96 2 3 9 7 4 18 11 7 10 12 6 1 6 1 1 13 2 6 2 5 222 110 1,905 120 2,220 10 2,988 43,645 4,740 4,751 231 4,525 37 T a ble A .— Strikes in 1943 in States W hich H ad 25 or M ore Strikes D uring the Year, by Industry Group— Continued State and industry group of Man-days Number of Number workers idle during strikes involved year Missouri—Continued. Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____________________ Mining............................................................................................ Construction...... ................ ........................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate.............................................. . Transportation, communication, and other public utilities____ Services—personal, business, and other....................................... . Other nonmanufacturing industries...................................... ....... 6 3 6 5 2 14 4 1 1,492 99 3,240 653 64 1,674 434 65 5,020 374 36,337 12,375 581 4,955 1,647 195 New Jersey............................................. ........... ................................... Food and kindred products........................................................... Tobacco manufactures.................................... .............................. Textile-mill products................................ .................................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.......... ............................................................... Lumber and timber basic products............................................. . Furniture and finished lumber products...... .............................. . Paper and allied products.......................................................... . Chemicals and allied products..................................................... Products of petroleum and c o a l.................................................. Rubber products................ ........................................................... Leather and leather products................................ ....................... Stone, clay, and glass products. .................................................... Iron and st-r-el and their products................................................ . Nonferrous metals and their products......................................... . Machinery (except electrical)........................................................ Electrical machinery......... .......... ............................................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Automobiles and automobile equipment...................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries....................................... Construction.................................................................................. Trade.................................. — --------------------------------------------Transportation, communication, and other public utilities------Services—personal, business, and other........ ...............................Other nonmanufacturing industries............................................. . 177 6 3 14 57,283 588 1,676 1,622 169,490 3,504 8,312 8,511 13 1 3 5 8 1 2 2 6 27 9 8 12 14 1 8 3 8 14 4 6 2,154 13 75 1,278 2,412 100 122 47 581 8,304 7,485 1,127 4,287 17,408 18 2,803 696 1,798 2,242 255 192 8,381 22 388 8,184 15,784 400 294 316 2,561 20,600 10,869 2,370 10,407 38,811 52 12,957 3,486 7,623 3,983 871 804 New York............. ............................................................................... . Food and kindred products.......................................................... . Textile-mill products......... .......................................................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and and similar materials......... ........................................................ Lumber and timber basic products.............................................. Furniture and finished lumber products..................................... Paper and allied products........ .................................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries................................... Chemicals and allied products....................................................... Products of petroleum and coal..................................................... Rubber products...... ............................................................... Leather and leather p. ducts........... ............................................ Stone, clay, and glass products..................................................... Iron and steel and their products................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products.......................................... Machinery (except electrical)................................. ..................... Electrical machinery.......... .......................................................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Automobiles and automobile equipment...................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries....................................... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.................................................. Mining....... ................................................................................... Construction................................................................................... Trade............. ........................... - ................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate_______________ ____ ______ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities........ Services—personal, business, and other........................................ Other nonmanufacturing industries..........................................• — 296 13 22 81,272 1,697 3,944 307,823 20,258 14,094 25 1 7 8 5 7 2 3 16 6 52 9 14 4 13 4 9 1 30 463 7 1,305 628 170 343 92 948 5,392 769 17,527 2,068 7,110 261 1,672 145 3.262 300 12 14 5 24 19 1 1,771 7,099 998 1,748 1,497 56 74,377 21 7,050 7,134 1,138 2,620 184 1,876 25,748 3,841 43,733 5,547 14,866 480 5,650 196 23,722 11,800 1352 6,509 21,305 3,986 4,698 5,802 336 57 5 30 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 7 3 1 18,511 6,554 10,022 674 42 12 317 120 12 35 481 136 106 103,388 19,860 77,342 3,499 63 36 537 480 48 35 774 360 334 North Carolina....................................................— .............................. Tobacco manufactures....... ........................................................... Textile-mill products.................... ................................................ Furniture and finished lumber products...................................... Chemicals and allied products....................................................... Products of petroleum and coal..................................................... Leather and leather products........................................................ Machinery (except electrical)........................................................ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...................................... Construction____ _________________ ______ _________________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other......................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries.............................................. i Man-days idle resulting from a strike which continued into 1943 from the preceeding year. 38 T able A .— Strikes in 1943 in States W hich H ad 25 or M ore Strikes D uring the Y ear . by Industry Group — Continued State and industry group of Man-days Number of Number workers idle during strikes year involved Ohio...................................................................................................... . Food and kindred products........................................................... Tobacco manufactures....... .......................................................... . Textile-mill products........... ....................................... .................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.................. ........... ...................................... . Furniture and finished lumber products..................................... . Paper and allied products.......... .................................................. Printing, publishing, and allied industries................................... Chemicals and allied products..................................................... . Products of petroleum and coal..................................................... Rubber products............................................................................ Leather and leather products....................................................... . Stone, clay, and glass products..................... . ........................... . Iron and steel and their products................................................ . Nonferrous metals and their products......................................... . Machinery (except electrical).......... ............................................ Electrical machinery________________ ____ _________________ Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Automobiles and automobile equipment..................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries....................................... Mining........................................................................................... Construction.................................................................................. Trade............. ............................................. ................................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities....... Services—personal, business, and other....................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries............................................. 467 10 1 4 297,145 620 183 991 1,019,039 1,275 300 2,812 5 6 2 2 9 1 38 1 17 122 43 43 17 15 16 6 50 9 12 24 7 7 314 985 1,132 59 2,466 10 63,214 30 7,190 106.935 14,962 18 478 13.828 8.767 10,021 934 33,406 947 1,340 6,843 2,567 923 2,463 2,013 3,384 365 6,301 10 205,024 30 40,759 183,456 26,510 46,440 21,155 26,589 41,337 2,294 372,540 3,559 3,476 12,578 11,357 3,012 Oklahoma______ _______________ ______________________________ Food and kindred products......................................................... Products of petroleum and coal..................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products.................................................... . Iron and steel and their products.................................................. Mining......................... .................................................................. Construction................................................................................. Trade_________________________ __________________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate.................... .......... .............. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities....... . 25 2 2 1 1 6 9 1 1 2 6,003 60 93 228 17 1,772 3,653 99 10 71 41,937 107 204 1,140 85 28,716 11,186 198 20 281 Oregon............................. - ----------------------- ------------------------------— Lumber and timber basic products............................................. . Furniture and finished lumber products................................ ..... Iron and steel and their products.......................... ...................... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing................................................ Construction................................................................................. 31 24 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4,720 2,402 85 1,800 250 24 49 66 44 13,924 10,997 85 1,800 500 192 196 66 88 571 11 2 22 414,012 4,333 765 7,051 4,265,225 16,696 1,830 25,130 34 2 6 8 1 7 4 2 9 29 165 12 18 9 35 5 9 109 17 12 6 23 9 5 7,663 255 2,216 2,988 120 1,780 339 723 923 6,377 87,203 3,503 4,946 3,986 35,030 1,346 1,142 228,862 5,019 1,131 382 2,516 2,830 583 26,077 3,540 2,487 8,935 120 5,727 630 753 2.177 19,139 168,280 8,Q62 7,838 7,867 81,495 2,816 4,506 3,833,493 12,361 5,000 3,315 5,688 9,874 1,389 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other........................................ Pennsylvania_________________________________________________ Food and kindred products........................................................... Tobacco manufactures................................................................... Textile-mill products........... ........................ ................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials........................................................................ Lumber and timber basic products. ............................................ Furniture and finished lumber products...................................... Paper and allied products..... ................ — .................................. Printing, publishing, and allied industries................................... Chemicals and allied products...................................................... Products of petroleum and coal..................................................... Rubber products. ......................................................................... Leather and leather products........................................................ Stone, clay, and glass products............................... ..................... Iron and steel and their products.................................................. Nonferrous metals and their products.......................................... Machinery (except electrical)........................................................ Electrical machinery..................................................................... Transportation equipment (except automobiles)......................... Automobiles and automobile equipment...................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries....................................... Mining............................................................................................ Construction................................................................................... Trade............................................................................................. . Finance, insurance, and real estate.............................................. . Transportation, communication, and other public utilities....... Services—personal, business, and other....................................... Other nonmanufacturing industries........ .... ............................. . 39 T a b l e A .— S trik es in 1943 in S tates W h ich H ad 25 o r M o re S trikes D u rin g th e Y ea r, b y In d u stry G roup— C o n tin u e d State and industry group Rhode Island _____ _ _ _ _ _ ____ Textile-mill products...... ........... .................... .............................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials________ ________________________________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries_ _ Rubber"products__ _______________________________________ Iron and" steel and their prod nets __ Machinery (except electrical) Electrical machinery Transportation equipment (except automobiles) Agricnlture, forestry, and fishing ... . _ Construction * _ Trade................ ............................................ . .............................. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other______________________ Tennessee. _ . . . - _ Food and kindred products_________________________________ Textile-mill products______________________ _______________ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials____________ __________________________ Lumber and timber basic products__________________________ Furniture and finished lumber products_____________________ Printing, publishing, and allied*industries___________________ Chemicals and allied products______________________________ Products of petroleum and coal_____________________________ Rubber products__________________________________________ Stone, clay, and glass products _ .... Iron and steel and their products ........................ Machinery (except electrical)_______________________________ Transportation equipment (except automobiles)______________ Mining___________________________________________________ TradeT-............................................. ............... .................... ........ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other______________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries._________________________ Terras ..... ... . __ .. .... _ . _ Food and kindred products_________________________________ Textile-mill products_______________________________________ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials_________ _______________________________ Lumber and timber basic products ______________________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries___________________ Chemicals and allied products______________________________ Products of petroleum and coal_____________________________ Electrical machinery.______________________________________ Transportation equipment (except automobiles)______________ Construction______________________________________________ Trade_____________________ __________1___________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate__________________________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other______________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries_________________________ VirginiaFood and kindred products________________________________ Textile-mill products______________________________________ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials_________________________________________ Lumber and timber basic products _ ... . Chemicals and allied p ro m ts .................. Leather and leather products_______________________________ Stone, clay and glass products Iron and steel and their products ................ Non ferrous metals and their products . __ Mining___________________________________________________ Construction______________________________________________ Trade ________________________________________________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other Washington -- _ - Food and kindred products__ ______________________________ Lumber and timber basin products Paper and allied products . .. ...... Printing, publishing, and allied industries _ ................. Tron and steel and their products __ Mining __ Construction ........ ... . T rade____________________________________________________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities......... Services—personal, business, and other......................................... of Man-days Number of Number workers idle during strikes year involved 45 15 18,565 5,396 64,516 24,183 1 1 3 2 8 2 2 1 3 1 5 1 105 2 8 188 135 2,433 363 1,297 198 170 60 4,905 20 3,265 135 32,168 174 1,039 564 135 6,229 1,267 2,477 870 540 480 5,061 40 13,355 9,315 227,566 442 4,029 6 4 2 1 5 1 2 3 8 3 2 31 4 20 2 1 84 1 1 1,157 307 663 15 489 101 5,600 513 945 964 210 12,849 143 6,693 300 6 4,999 298 67 7,780 1,367 1,989 15 489 808 15,707 4,319 2,784 1,988 290 155,378 1,143 26,552 2,480 6 29,679 880 268 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 1 1 4 1 3 54 1 6 12 133 48 8 1,275 52 123 2,419 11 16 298 20 219 29,982 170 3,006 12 798 144 40 2,550 52 615 21,822 11 96 1,333 20 1,038 365,306 170 8,505 1 1 3 2 2 3 2 22 4 2 5 1 27 2 9 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 10 103 260 442 157 191 64 23,909 964 111 584 11 10,279 950 2,935 1,271 74 2,606 1,500 324 16 161 442 30 206 955 2,660 342 1,829 100 347,175 1,422 372 1,529 11 64,436 1,650 11,451 21,034 444 2,606 22,000 938 26 695 3,592 40 T a b le A .— Strikes in 1943 in States W hich H ad 25 or M ore Strikes D uring the Year by Industry Group — Continued State and industry group of Man-days Number of Number workers idle during strikes involved year West Virginia................. ...... ............................................................. — Food and kindred products_______ _________________________ Textile-mill products.------ ----------- ------ ------ ------------- ---------Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials_________ ______________ _____ ___________ _ Lumber and timber basic products........ .......................... - ......... Products of petroleum and coal................................ ...... .............. Leather and leather products_____________ _____ ____________ Stone, clay, and glass products............................... ................... Iron and steel and their products................................................ Nonferrous metals and their products_____________ _________ _ Machinery (except electrical)______________ _______ — ............ Transportation equipment (except automobiles)....... ........ ....... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............— ..................... Mining_____________________________________ —................... Construction---------— ..................... Trade--------- --------- ----------- --------------------------------------- ------Transportation, communication, and other public utilities........ Services—personal, business, and other— ....... .......... ................. Other nonmanufacturing industries...................— ..................... 110 1 1 123,176 103 389 1,700,429 412 389 2 4 3 1 9 9 3 2 4 2 51 4 3 9 1 1 271 410 235 406 3,056 6,157 490 63 1,383 439 108,677 355 166 532 26 18 938 3,580 351 546 32,051 12,263 3,751 261 1,509 1,457 1,637,967 1,503 462 2,687 104 198 Wisconsin............. .............. ................................................................. Food and kindred products--------------------------------------- --------Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials.------- ----- ------ --------------------- ----------------- Lumber and timber basic products.............. .............................. . Furniture and finished lumber products..............— ................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries................. - .............. . Chemicals and allied products--------------- --------- ------ ------------Rubber products.............. .............. .............................................. Leather and leather products.............................. ................. ....... Iron and steel and their products............................. ................... Machinery (except electrical)...................... ............................... . 29 2 4,792 28 33,082 52 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 4 1 4 1 3 427 146 156 13 148 550 13 776 902 84 344 6 1,199 1,107 876 780 52 148 2,200 26 996 2,630 168 1,155 12 22,880 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. Services—personal, business, and other— ---------- -----------Other nonmanufacturing industries......................................