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Analysis of Work Stoppages During 1952 Bulletin No. 1136 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Martin P. Durkin - Secretary B U R E A U O F L A B O R STATISTICS Ewan Clague - Commissioner Analysis of Work Stoppages During 1952 Bulletin No. 1136 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP LABOR Martin P. Durkin - Secretary BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague - Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. • price 25 CENTS Letter of Transmittal UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D. C., June I , 1953* f The Secretary of Labor: 1952. I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on work stoppages during the year A portion of this report was printed in the Monthly Labor Review for May 1953* This bulletin was prepared by Ann J. Herlihy, Bernard Tabroff, and Daniel P. Willis, Jr., with the assistance of other members of the staff of the Bureau's Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, under the direction of Lily Mary David. The Bureau wishes to acknowledge the widespread cooperation of employers, unions, the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, and various State agencies in furnishing information needed for this report. Evan Clague, Commissioner. Hon. Martin P. Durkin, Secretary of Labor. (in) Contents Page S u m m a r y ..... .............................. Strike trends during the y e a r ..................................... ........... ............ . Stoppages of 10,000 or more ..................................... .......... ............... . WSB-certified d i s p u t e s ................................... . "National emergency" d i s p u t e s ............................... .............. ...... .......... Major issues involved •.... ................................... ........ ••••............. . Industries a f f e c t e d ................................. States i n v o l v e d .......................... Metropolitan areas involved ••••....... ......... ....... ........ ........ •••••••.......... . Unions involved .............. Size of stoppages ................ ........................................................... Duration of s t o p p a g e s.... .............. ..................................... ......... .. Methods of terminating stoppages ........................................................... Disposition of issues ....................... •••••.................................. ........ 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Ihbles 1. 2. 3* 4* 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Work stoppages in the United States, 1 9 1 6 - 5 2 ..... Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, in selectedperiods ............ Monthly trends in work stoppages, 1951-52 ............. ••••.....••••• Major issues involved in work stoppages, 1952 ....................................... Work stoppages by industry group, 1952 ••••..... Work stoppages by State, 1952 .......... Work stoppages by metropolitan area, 1952 ........... ........ ••••••••......... ....... Work stoppages by affiliation of unions involved, 1952 ......... Work stoppages by number of workers involved, 1952 ...................... Work stoppages by number of establishments involved, 1952 ........... Individual work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers,1952 ............. Duration of work stoppages ending in 1952 ........... ••••• Method of tenninating work stoppages ending in 1952 ....••...................... Disposition of issues in work stoppages ending in 1952 ........ S 9 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 16 20 21 21 Appendix A Table A. Table B. Table C. Work stoppages by specific industry, 1952 ......... •••••••••••••..... . Work stoppages by industry group and major issues, 1952 ......................... Work stoppages in States having 25 or more stoppagesby industry group, 1952 •••• 22 24 26 Appendix B The steel strike of 1952 ...........................••••.....••••••........ ............... . 32 Appendix C Methods of collecting strike statistics ............. ............ ...... .................. . (v) 37 Analysis of Work Stoppages During 1952 Summary More man-days of idleness (59,100,000) re sulted directly from work stoppages in 1952 than in any year except 19^6 , when 116 , 000,000 mandays were reported. The total of 3,5^0,000 workers involved in work stoppages beginning in the year was the third highest on recqrd, ex ceeded only in 1919 and 19^6 . The relatively high level of strike idle ness is traceable to the comparatively large number of stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers and particularly to the basic steel strike. These major stoppages accounted for almost half the workers involved in all strikes and about two-thirds of all man-days idle. The steel stoppage alone accounted for about twofifths of all man-days idle. More idleness resulted from disputes in which both wages and union security were major issues than over any other group of issues, largely because of their importance in the steel strike and in 6 other stoppages of 10,000 or more workers. In recent years, wage issues alone were the leading cause of idleness. Dis putes over wages and union security, together with those over wages alone, accounted for about 60 percent of the workers involved and over 85 percent of the man-days of idleness in 1952. Not only were major stoppages relatively numerous, but more strikes ( 5>H7 ) 12 of all sizes began in 1952 than in any year for which sta 1This is the number of verified strikes on which information was received in time to be included in the tabulations for the year. In addition there were 6 small strikes involving a total of fewer than 800 workers; 1 in Illinois, 2 in Ohio,2 in Pennsylvania, and 1 in Wisconsin on which the verified Information was received too late to be included in the Bureau*s tabula tions. The total of 5,H7 does not include 39 small disputes for which the Bureau was unable to secure information from the parties that an actual work stoppage occurred. Except as noted in the preceding paragraph, all known work stoppages arising out of labormanagement disputes, involving 6 or more workers and continuing a full day or shift or longer, are Included In this report. Figures on "workers involved" and "man-days idle" cover all workers made idle for one shift or longer in establish ments directly involved in these stoppages. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages. ( 1) tistics on work stoppages have been compiled (table 1). Strike idleness amounted to about 1 day out of every 175 worked during the year. About half the major stoppages occurred in nonmanufacturing. The construction industry accounted for 11 of these stoppages and involved 286,000 workers— 5 were at Atomic Energy Com mission construction projects. Other large non manufacturing stoppages occurred in the bitu minous-coal mining, railroad, trucking, tele phone and telegraph, and maritime industries. Most of the large manufacturing stoppages were in metalworking, including steel, aircraft, and electrical products. Other industries affected by large stoppages included petroleum, rubber, meatpacking, lumber, and glass products. Except for an 80-day strike of carpet and rug workers, the textile industries, in which the economic outlook was relatively poor, were free of major stoppages. Strike Trends during the Year Seasonal patterns of strike activity are frequently overshadowed by other factors af fecting bargaining developments. Generally, however, the fourth quarter of the year, par ticularly November and December, is a period of low strike activity, especially when measured in terms cf number of stoppages beginning during the period; whereas strike activity is usually highest in the second and third quarters. The year 1952 followed this pattern. The number of strikes, workers, and man-days in volved reached peak levels during the middle two quarters of the year— April through Septem ber. The second quarter was the highest for the year in terms of strikes, workers, and man-days of idleness. The sharp drop in idleness in the third quarter is explained largely by settlement of the steel strike in late July. The number of strikes and workers involved reached their lowest levels for the year in the fourth quar ter, although man-days of idleness in this 3-month period exceeded idleness in the first quarter. Strikes were at a record high in the first quarter of 1952, compared with earlier years. In the remaining three quarters both the number of workers and man-days of idleness were high, compared with most earlier years, although the number of strikes was exceeded in several pre vious years. The number of workers involved in the second quarter and the man-days of idleness in the third quarter were among the highest ever recorded for comparable periods. On a month-by-month basis, more than 400 strikes began in each of the first 10 months of 2 1952, with more them 5G0 starting in April, May, and September. Man-days of idleness increased gradually during the first 3 months of the year, rose substantially in April and May, and reached peak levels in June and July because of the steel strike. Idleness dropped sharply in Au gust, increased substantially in September and October, and dropped again in the last 2 months of the year. During the fourth quarter the relatively high number of man-days of idleness as compared with other years is traceable in large part to the 15-day nationwide bituminous-coal strike in October, involving about 270,000 workers and accounting for about a third of all man-days idle during this period. Most of the major strikes occurred in the first 3 quarters. There were 10 stoppages of 10,000 or more workers in the first quarter of the year— 1 in January, 2 in February, and 7 in March. The one involving the most workers was a U-day strike, covering 11 States in early March, of *fl,000 employees of the New York Cen tral Railroad, the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, and other railroads. Three of the first-quarter strikes were in the construc tion industry. Included were a 60-day strike involving 35*000 construction workers in the San Francisco Bay area of California and 2 stoppages involving construction workers at the Paducah, Ky., project of the Atomic Energy Com mission. The 35 stoppages of 10,000 or more workers exceeded the number in any previous year except 1919 and 19^5 'when the respective numbers of such stoppages were 5^ and 1 2 These stoppages +. in 1952 accounted for the idleness of about 1,700,000 workers for a total of 37 million man-days— almost half the workers involved in all strikes and about two-thirds of all man-days idle. The proportion of idleness exceeded that in most recent years (table 2). The steel and bituminous -coal mining stoppages, which directly idled 560,000 and 270,000 workers, respectively, were the largest occurring during the year. The second-quarter peak level of workers involved and man-days idle is due in large part to 13 major stoppages. Six of these began in April, k in May, and 3 in June. The steel strike accounted for about 35 percent of the workers involved in all strikes beginning during the quarter, and half the man-days of idleness. Nationwide strikes also affected the petroleum and natural gas industry, Western Union Tele graph Co., and the Western Electric Co. and other American Telephone and Telegraph Co. sub sidiaries. The construction industry again ex perienced more major stoppages than any other industry, including month-long strikes in Mil waukee, Wis., and ^2 northern and central comities in California; 23-day stoppages in De troit, Mich., and New Orleans, La.; and an 8-day strike at the Paducah, Ky., Atomic Energy con struction project. During the third quarter 9 major stoppages began— 1 in July, 3 in August, and 5 in Septem ber. Outstanding was the 90-Jay International Harvester strike involving 22,000 workers. It was the longest major strike of the year. All other strikes starting in this quarter involved fewer than 25,000 workers each, and all except the 33-Jay Timken Roller Bearing Co. stoppage lasted less than a month. There were 2 large strikes in the aircraft industry in this pe riod: A 21-day strike involving 23,000 em ployees of Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Burbank, Calif., and a 1^-day stoppage involving 11,000 employees of Douglas Aircraft Corp., El Segundo, Calif. The other major strikes in this pe riod affected a variety of manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries. Stoppages of 10,000 or More Disputes over wages or related monetary matters caused the largest number of major stop pages (15) as well as most of the strikes of all sizes. Wages, combined with questions of union status, were the major issues in 7 other large disputes. These included the steel stop page; the International Harvester Co. and two west coast aircraft strikes; and stoppages af fecting Timken Roller Bearing Co., New Jersey Bell Telephone Co., and B.F. Goodrich Co. Union organization issues were dominant in two stop pages: A 39-Jay intermittent strike of B. F. Goodrich Co. employees that began in February and a 1-day strike of building trades workers at the Atomic Energy Commission^ Savannah River construction project. Interunion or intraunion matters caused two of the major, construction stoppages that occurred in 1952 and a stoppage of bituminous coal miners in western Pennsylvania. The re maining large strikes resulted from disputes over a variety of other issues. Unions affiliated with the American Feder ation of Labor were involved in 17 of the major stoppages; affiliates of the Congress of Indus trial Organizations, in 12; and unions affil iated with neither the AFL nor CIO, in 7* Among 10 major strikes which lasted less than a week were five 1-day stoppages. Another 7 continued for at least a week but less than 2 weeks; 6 were in effect fbr 2 weeks to less than a month; and 12 lasted 1 month or more, includ ing the 59-Jay nationwiJe steel stoppage. Two large strikes continued for almost 3 months: One by employees of carpet and rug manufacturers in New York, New Jersey, and Massachusetts, and the other by part of the employees of Inter national Harvester Co. 3 W S B - C e rtif ied Disputes 2 The nationwide dispute in the oil industry was the only controversy involving a work stop page that the President referred to the Wage Stabilization Board in 1952. 3 The basic steel dispute, which had been referred to the Board late in 1951, resulted in a national steel strike in 1952 after efforts to negotiate an agreement on the basis of settlement terms recommended by the Board failed. Basic Steel Strike.— Contracts between the United Steelworkers of America (CIO) and basic steel producing companies were opened in Novem ber 1951 for the first general renegotiation since 19V?• After failure of the parties to reach agreement on December 22, the dispute was referred by President Truman to the Wage Stabi lization Board. The settlement proposed by a Board majority, industry members dissenting, late in March 1952 was accepted by the union but rejected by the industry. After eleventh hour mediation efforts failed, the President ordered the Secretary of Commerce to take pos session of and operate most of the steel mills. 2The Wage Stabilization Board was given limited jurisdiction i labor disputes by Execu n tive Order 10233 issued by the President on April 21, 1951* The Board was authorized to investigate and recommend settlement in any dispute that was not resolved by collective bar gaining or by the prior full use of mediation and conciliation facilities, and that threatened to interrupt work affecting-the national defense where (l) the parties jointly agreed to submit the dispute to the Board; or (2) the President was of the opinion that the dispute substan tially threatened the progress of national de fense and referred it to the Board. Binding decisions were authorized only if submission was agreed upon by the parties in advance. Sub sequently, the Defense Production Act Amend ments of 1952 created a new Wage Stabilization Board, effective July 30, 1952, with no dispute functions, except to advise labor and manage ment, at their request, regarding the inter pretation and application of wage stabilization policy. 3Three threatened strikes in the aluminum industry were averted after the President cer tified the disputes to the Board. They involved the Aluminum Co. of America and the United Steelworkers of America (CIO); Aluminum Co. of America and International Council of Aluminum Workers of America (AFL); and Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp. and Steelworkers (CIO). All were certified January 26, 1952. For a discussion of disputes involving work stoppages certified to the Board during 1951, see Analysis of Work Stoppages During 1951 (Bu reau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin No. 1090). 250728 On April 29, when a preliminary court injunction restrained enforcement of the seizure order, a nationwide strike began. The workers returned to work a few days later following a temporary stay of the injunction. When the injunction against seizure was upheld by the U. S. Supreme Court on June 2 the workers again went out.4 They remained out until late July when a 2-year agreement was reached with major steel com panies.5 Oil and Natural Gas Strike.— The Oil Work ers International Union (c 10) and other AFL and independent unions in the petroleum industry scheduled a strike for March 3, 1952, when ne gotiations deadlocked on the unions1 proposals for a general hourly wage increase of 25 cents and for increases in second- and third-shift differentials from U to 6 cents and from 6 to 12 cents an hour, respectively. At the request of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Serv ice, the threatened strike was postponed for 1 week. Following the Presidents referral of the dispute to the WSB on March 6, the strike was again postponed, pending the Boards consider ation of the case. However, oil industry rep resentatives declined to participate in panel hearings in two "pilot" cases.6 On April l6, as a result of this action, the Board, for the first time in a dispute case, returned the con troversy to the parties for further bargaining. When these negotiations failed, the CIO Oil Workers and the Central States Petroleum Union (ind.)7 called a national strike on April 30 that idled approximately 58,000 workers. Most of these workers had returned to their jobs by the end of May, following individual settlements that were reached gradually on the basis of the Board's action on May I . On that k date, the Board announced partial approval of a 4 The strike continued at some mills of smaller companies until individual agreements were reached on certain local working con ditions. By mid-August, workers at most cf these firms had returned to their jobs. 5A detailed discussion of this dispute to gether with terms of settlement is provided in the appendix. 6The employers had proposed that the Board should recommend individual settlements based on consideration of the merits of disputes be tween individual oil companies and unions, in stead of a single settlement applicable to all the disputes. They contended that the procedures established for the Board's hearings would lead to multiplant, industrywide bargaining in con trast to the local bargaining which had histor ically prevailed in the industry. 7 Some AFL affiliates had participated in the negotiations prior to the stoppage but were not involved in the strike. k contract reached between the CIO Oil Workers and the Farmers Union Central Exchange of Bill ings, Mont., thus setting a pattern for other settlements. The Board (industry members dis senting) approved 15 cents of the l8-cent hourly wage increase agreed upon by the parties, and a $100 lump-sum payment to each worker in lieu of retroactive pay for the period October 1, 1951 (expiration date of the former contract) to May 1, 1952 (effective date of the increase). Provisions for a seventh paid holiday and for hourly increases in second- and third-shift differentials from U to 6 cents and 6 to 12 cents, respectively, received unanimous Board approval. Concurrently, the Board announced prior approval of other agreements providing for a general hourly wage increase not exceeding 15 cents, except that changes in shift differ entials would be subject to review on an in dividual case basis. Subsequent agreements89 typically incorporated the general wage increase and adjustments in shift differentials approved by the Board. Varying provisions were nego tiated, however, for partial retroactivity of the wage increase or for lump-sum payments in lieu of retroactive pay adjustments. “ National Emergency” Disputes g Major controversy developed during 1952 over the ''national emergency" strike provisions of the Labor Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act. The Presidents refusal to apply the act’ s emergency procedures to the nationwide steel strike aroused Congressional debate. Subse quently, the President’ resort to these pro s cedures in a strike at the American Locomotive Co.’s Dunkirk, N. Y., plant 10 precipitated 8 The major agreements were reached during the last 2 weeks in May; the last settlement in the dispute was reached early in August. 9Labor-management disputes designated as "national emergency" disputes are (l) those specified in the Labor Management Relations Act as imperiling the "national health and safety," and ( ) those designated under the Railway Labor 2 Act "which threaten substantially to interrupt interstate commerce to a degree such as to de prive any section of the country of essential transportation service." 10 This was the only dispute in 1952 in which the emergency procedures of the act were uti lized. These provisions had been invoked on 9 other occasions: In 1951; in connection with the nationwide strike affecting copper and other nonferrous metals companies; in 1950, in the prolonged 19^9-50 bituminous-coal dispute; and in 19^8 , in 7 situations, U of which involved strikes. See BLS publication Work Stoppages, "National Emergency" Disputes under the Labor Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act, 19^7June 30, 1952 (Series 5, No. 2) for full dis cussion of all situations prior to July 1 1952. , legal action by the CIO Steelworkers— the first test case— challenging the constitutionality of the act’s emergency provisions. The President’s decision to invoke the Taft-Hartley Act in the dispute at the Dunkirk plant followed prolonged efforts by the parties, with assistance from Federal officials, to reach a new agreement to replace the one that expired January 31, 1952. Bargaining discussions had started late in 1951 on the Steelworkers* pro posals for 22 contract changes as well as a re quest for companywide bargaining. Negotiations stalemated, and the President referred the dis pute to the Wage Stabilization Board on Decem ber 22, 1951; as part of his certification of labor disputes involving the basic steel com panies and the Steelworkers (see p. 3)* The parties resumed negotiations after a meeting with the Board on January 7> 1952. When these discussions also failed, the Board appointed a panel, which held hearings in the dispute in May and June 1952. Before the panel could for mulate its recommendations, however, the Defense Production Act was amended to eliminate the Board’s dispute functions.11 In subsequent ne gotiations, the union withdrew its request for conpanywide bargaining and sought a separate settlement at the Dunkirk plant. In addition to the union shop, it proposed a wage and fringe benefit "package" increase amounting to approxi mately 2lJ cents an hour, retroactive to Febru ary 1 , 1952, the day following the expiration of the previous contract. The company’s counter offer of an hourly wage increase of 12- cents | was rejected by the union, and a strike by about 1,600 production and clerical workers began August 29. On December 3 , the President invoked the "national emergency" provisions cf the TaftHartley Act and appointed a board of inquiry to investigate the dispute. 12 The Board reported, on December 11, that the dispute "is immediately and seriously de laying the production of equipment and of fis sionable materials essential for atomic weapons needed for the national defense /’ and that re sumption of production was imperative if the atomic energy program was to meet its schedule. n See footnote 2, page 3 . 12The Executive order establishing the Board did not apply to disputes involving the Steel workers at the company’s Auburn, N. Y., and Schenectady, N. Y., plants (producers of Army tanks and Diesel locomotives). Approximately 1,000 production and clerical workers at the Auburn plant went on strike October 20, 1952. Two days latert about 6,800 production employees walked out at the Schenectady plant; some 500 office workers at the plant joined the strike on December 8 . The strikes were called to en force demands similar to those involved in the dispute at the Dunkirk plant. 5 Thereupon, the President directed the Depart ment of Justice to seek a court injunction to halt the strike, A temporary restraining order, prohibiting continuation of the strike and di recting a resumption of negotiations, was issued by the Federal district court in Buffalo, N.Y., on December 12; by mid-December, most of the strikers had returned to work. On December 2 , 9 the court extended the injunction for the full 80-day "waiting” period provided under the TaftHartley Act. However, in rejecting the Steel workers* argument that the act*s emergency in junctive provisions were unconstitutional be cause supervision over a purely administrative Government function was delegated to the courts, the court held that the "court proceedings are independent of the administrative procedure.” In asserting jurisdiction over the dispute, the court pointed out: The Dunkirk plant was supplying nickel-plated pipe required for the construction of atomic energy facilities; "these facilities constitute a substantial part of the atomic energy industry;” and "delay in the con struction of these materials, caused by the Dunkirk strike, will mean a loss in the produc tion of atomic weapons.” The court added that although the Nation was 'technically not at war, existing conditions in Korea are tantamount to war." The Steelworkers had argued that the court lacked jurisdiction over the dispute on the ground that the act*s emergency injunctive procedures were limited to threatened or actual strikes "affecting an entire industry or a sub stantial part thereof" and threatening to im peril the "national health or safety." The union also contended that the Dunkirk plant was not a key producer in the Nation’s metal-fabricating industry and that only a small portion of the plant’s production was required by the atomic energy program.13 Major Issues Involved Wages and related matters (including pen sions, social insurance, and other fringe bene fits) were the major issues in nearly half of the strikes, involving about two-fifths of the 13The union’s appeal from the ruling was rejected by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals in New York on March 2, 1953, expiration date of the injunction. Previously, the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, on February 20, had announced settlement of the disputes. A "memorandum of understanding" reached by the parties included provisions for a ’ ^package” wage increase of l6 cents an hour, a lump-sum pay ment for each employee in lieu of retroactive pay adjustments, and a union shop. Following ratification of the settlement, employees on strike at the company's Auburn and Schenectady plants returned to work early in March. workers and man-days of idleness in the year's stoppages (table *0 . These issues combined with union security issues were of primary importance in another 5 percent of the stoppages, but this relatively small proportion of stoppages ac counted for a fifth of the workers involved and almost half the man-days idle. The steel strike caused most of the idleness in this category. Other major stoppages in which union security and wages together were major issues affected Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Douglas Aircraft Corp., B. F. Goodrich Co., Timken'Roller Bearing Co., International Harvester Co., and New Jersey Bell Telephone Co. Union organization matters alone were the primary issues in about 12 per cent of the year’ strikes, but accounted for s much smaller proportions of the workers involved and of man-days idle. Slightly more than a fourth of the year's stoppages were precipitated by disputes over working conditions, such as job security, shop conditions, and workload, or protests against rulings of Government agencies. These strikes accounted for slightly more than a fourth of the workers engaged in stoppages but less than a tenth of man-days of idleness. The most nota ble dispute in this group involved about 270,000 bituminous-coal workers who stopped work in protest against the Wage Stabilization Board ruling on their wage agreement.14 Jurisdictional, rival union, and sympathy strikes accounted for a comparatively small proportion of the strike activity in 1952— about 6 percent of all stoppages, 7 percent of workers involved, and 2 percent of idleness. Duration of stoppages varied according to the issues involved. Stoppages caused by dis putes over combined wage and union-organization matters were longest, averaging 37*9 calendar days, compared with 30.2 days in 1951 and 26 in 1950. Strikes over wages and related fringe benefits alone averaged about 20 days, and those on union-organization matters alone, about 21 days. Disputes over interunion or intraunion matters averaged 12.5 days, considerably below the 1951 and 1950 averages. Work stoppages caused by disputes over other working conditions were the shortest, averaging 8.3 days in 1952. 14This stoppage began at several Illinois mines on October 13 as a protest against the Wage Stabilization Board’s delay in ruling on a wage increase for bituminous-coal miners. By October lo, approximately 100,000 workers were idle in a number of States. The strike con tinued to spread and reached nationwide pro portions, idling 270,000 workers, on October 20, after the WSB ruled that only $1.50 of the $1.90 daily wage increase agreed on by the union and bituminous-coal-mine operators was allowable under Board regulations. 6 Industries Affected Nearly two-fifths of all strike idleness (23 million man-days) was concentrated during 1952 in the primary metal industries group, mainly because of the protracted steel strike (table 5)The construction industry had 6 .700.000 man-days of idleness; 58 percent of this idleness was caused by 11 stoppages in volving 10,000 or more workers. More than 4,000,000 man-days idle were recorded in each of 2 nonmanufacturing industry groups: Mining, which was affected by a nationwide bituminouscoal strike; and the transportation, communica,tion, and other public utilities group, with the nationwide telephone and telegraph stoppages. In each of 9 other industry groups, idle ness exceeded 1,000,000 man-days: Fabricated metal products; electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies; machinery (except electrical); transportation equipment; lumber and wood prod ucts (except furniture); textile mill products; food and kindred products; products of petroleum and coal; and trade. At least 1 stoppage of 10.000 or more workers occurred in each of these groups. The primary metal industries group had the largest number of man-days idle, as well as the greatest proportion of estimated time idie--about 7 percent of estimated working time. The mining industries group ranked next, with almost 2 percent of all working time idle because of stoppages. Strike idleness amounted to more than 1 percent of total time in four other in dustry groups--ordnance e i accessories, petro ud leum and coal products, rubber products, end construction. For manufacturing as a whole, strike idleness amounted to about 1 percent of all estimated working time. caused 68 percent of the idleness in Pennsyl vania and 54 percent in Ohio. Three other States— California, Illinois, and New York— had more than 4,000,000 man-days of idleness. A fifth of all man-days idle for the country as a whole were concentrated in Pennsylvania and 12 percent of all man-days were in Ohio. Pennsylvania had the greatest number of stoppages (692). Next in order were New York (600) and Ohio (444). Fewer than 10 stoppages were recorded for each of 3 States— Nevada, Vermont, and South Dakota. Metropolitan Areas Involved Ten or more work stoppages occurred In each of 93 metropolitan areas in 1952 (table 7 )• These areas accounted for 3,411 strikes— twothirds of the total for the country— and more than three-fifths of all workers involved (2 . 160. 000)and man-days of idleness (38,000, . 000) Generally, the leading industrialized cen ters had the most strikes. Six areas experi enced over 100 work stoppages each during the year— New York-northeastern New Jersey (6l0), Detroit (386), Chicago (150), Philadelphia (147), Pittsburgh (137), and St. Louis-East St. Louis (ll8 ). Six other areas had as many as 50 stop pages each— San Francisco-Oakland (86), Los Angeles (84), Youngstown (80), Buffalo (70), Akron ( 66), Boston ( 65), and Cleveland (5l). The largest number of strikes occurred in the construction industry (794— a new record for this industry) and in mining ( 5 0 ).15 In 6 manufacturing, the machinery (except electrical) group had the highest number of stoppages ( 323). Because of the relatively large numbers of small units in both construction and mining, the num ber of stoppages is usually high* More than 1 million man-days of strike idleness occurred in each of 12 areas. Chicago strikes accounted for the greatest number (5 .360.000) primarily because of the nationwide steel strike. Pittsburgh, another leading steel producing area, came next with 3,760,000. De troit ranked third with 2,450,000 but accounted for the largest number of workers involved (235.000) . The nationwide steel stoppage and a strike of 65,000 construction workers in May accounted for about two-thirds of the total man-days of idleness recorded in Detroit. New York-northeastern New Jersey, Chicago, Phila delphia, and Pittsburgh were the only other areas that accounted for as many as 100,000 workers. States Unions Involved Idleness exceeded a million man-days in each of 15 States, most of which rank high in terms of degree of industrialization. Pennsyl vania had 1 1 ,800,000 man-days of idleness in work stoppages; Ohio was next with 7,260,000 man-days (table 6 ). The nationwide steel strike 15Many of the mining strikes were small and short-lived. Unlike major stoppages in this industry, strikes at individual mines or small groups of mines receive little public attention. Involved In 1952, AFL affiliates were involved in half of the strikes accounting for about a third of the workers involved in all strikes and a fourth of the man-days of idleness (table 8). Unions affiliated with the CIO accounted for only 27 percent of the strikes, but these stop pages idled 45 percent of the workers involved in all stoppages for more than 60 percent of total man-days of idleness. Unaffiliated unions were involved in a fifth of the stoppages, ac counting for a fifth of the workers involved and a tenth of the idleness. 7 Size of Stoppages About four-fifths of the year’s stoppages involved fever than 500 workers, but these ac counted for only 1^ percent of the workers in volved in all strikes and 11 percent of the man-days of idleness (table 9)• The 35 stop pages involving 10,000 or more workers comprised less than 1 percent of the stoppages, but in volved almost half the workers and two-thirds of total idleness. Seventy-six percent of the stoppages in 1952 affected a single plant or establishment. These strikes included 37 percent of the workers involved and about a fifth of the man-days of idleness (table 10). About 7 percent of the stoppages extended to more than 10 establish ments, but these accounted for half of the workers and almost two-thirds of the man-days of idleness. Duration of Stoppages Strikes ending in 1952 lasted an average of 19.6 calendar days compared with the 17.^-day average in 1951 and the 1 9 . -day average in 2 1950 (table 12). Almost half the year’ stop s pages continued for less than a week— most of them only 1 to 3 days— accounting for aboi^t a third of the workers idle but only 4 percent of total man-days idle. In contrast, the fifth of the stoppages lasting a month or more consti tuted almost four-fifths of all idleness. About a third of the stoppages, involving about the same proportion of workers and 17 percent of man-days idle, continued for at least a week but less than a month. Methods of T e r m i n a t i n g About 18 percent of all stoppages, in volving 12 percent of the workers and 3 percent of man-days idle, ended without formal settle ment (either settlement of the issues or agree ment to negotiate further after resumption of work). This group included "lost" strikes— workers returned to their jobs because their cause appeared hopeless or employers hired new workers to replace striking employees. Estab lishments involved, in 1 percent of the strikes reported the discontinuance of business. Disposition of Issues In four-fifths of the work stoppages ending in 1952 the issues were disposed of before work was resumed instead of being referred to further negotiation or outside arbitration or mediation. These stoppages involved about 7 percent of k the workers and 88 percent of the man-days of idleness. Most of these instances involved agreement on the issues or referral to estab lished grievance procedures but this category includes some cases in which the strikers re turned to work without reaching any agreement or providing for subsequent adjustments. Stoppages Forty-six percent of the stoppages ending in 1952 were terminated through direct nego tiations between employers and workers or their representatives, compared with 51 percent in 1951 and 55 percent in 1950 (table 13). These directly negotiated settlements included only 27 percent of the workers involved and 11 per cent of total idleness. Government mediation and conciliation agen cies helped to end about 31 percent cf all stop pages compared with about a fourth in 1950 and 1951* Such participation appears even more important when consideration is given to the fact that these work stoppages generally in volve large numbers of workers. Stoppages in 1952 concluded with such help accounted for nearly three-fifths of the workers and sixsevenths of the man-days idle. In a tenth of the disputes the parties agreed to resume work while continuing to nego tiate. In another 6 percent of the cases they agreed to return while negotiating with the aid of a third party, submitting the dispute to arbitration, or referring the unsettled issues to an appropriate Government agency for decision or election. 8 TABLE 1.— Work stoppages in the United States, 1916-52 Work stoppages Tear Number Workers involved1 Average duration (calendar days)2 Number (thousands)3 Percent of total employed4 1916 ......... 1 9 1 7 ......... 1 9 1 8 ......... 1 9 1 9 ......... 1920 ......... 1 9 2 1 ......... 1922 ......... 1923 ......... 1924 ......... 1925 ......... 3,789 4,450 3,353 3,630 3,411 2,385 1,112 1,553 1,249 1,301 (6) (6) («) (6) (6) (6) («) (6) (*) (6) 1,100 1,610 757 655 428 8.4 6.3 6.2 20.8 7.2 6.4 8.7 3.5 3.1 2.0 1926 ......... 1927 ......... 1928 ......... 1929 ..... . 1930 ..... . 1 9 3 1 ...... . 1932 ......... 1933 ......... 1934 ......... 1935 ......... 1,035 707 604 921 637 810 841 1,695 1,856 2,014 (6) 26.5 27.6 22.6 22.3 18.8 19.6 16.9 19.5 23.8 330 330 314 289 183 342 324 1,170 1,470 1,120 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 .8 1.6 1.8 6.3 7.2 5.2 1936 ......... 1937 ......... 1 9 3 8 ......... 1939 ......... 1940 ......... 1 9 4 1 ......... 1942 ......... 1943 ......... 1944 ......... 1945 ......... 2,172 4,740 2,772 2,613 2,508 4,288 2,968 3,752 4,956 4,750 23.3 20.3 23.6 23.4 20.9 18.3 11.7 5.0 5.6 9 .9 789 1,860 688 1,170 577 2,360 840 1,980 2,120 3,470 24.2 4,600 2,170 1,960 3,030 2,410 2,220 3,540 .................... 1946 1947 ......... 1 9 4 8 ......... 1949 ......... 19507 ......... 8 1 9 5 1 ......... 1952®......... 4,985 3,693 3,419 3,606 4,843 4,737 5,117 25.6 21.8 22.5 19.2 17.4 19.6 1,600 1,230 1,240 4,160 1,460 Man-days idle Number (thousands) Percent of estimated working time of all workers 5 Per worker involved (®) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) W (*) (6) («) <*) («) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) («) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) W (6) (6) 12,600 5,350 3,320 6,890 10,500 16,900 19,600 15,500 (6) 0.37 .17 .07 .05 .11 .23 .36 .38 .29 (6) 79.5 40.2 18.5 18.1 20.2 32.4 14.4 13.4 13.8 3.1 7.2 2.8 4.7 2.3 8.4 2.8 6.9 7.0 12.2 13,900 28,400 9,150 17,800 6,700 23,000 4,180 13,500 8,720 38,000 .21 .43 .15 .28 .10 .32 .05 .15 .09 .47 17.6 15.3 13.3 15.2 11.6 9.8 5.0 6.8 4.1 11.0 14.5 6.5 5 .5 9.0 6.9 5.5 8.8 116,000 34,600 34,100 50,500 38,800 22,900 59,100 1.43 .41 .37 .59 .44 .23 .57 25.2 15.9 17.4 16.7 16.1 10.3 16.7 26,200 1 Information on the number of workers involved in some strikes occurring between 1916 and 1926 is not available* However, the missing information is for the smaller disputes, and it is believed that the totals given here are fairly accurate. 2 Figures are simple averages; each strike is given equal weight regardless of its size. 3 Figures include duplicate counting where workers were involved in more than one stoppage during the year. This is particularly significant for 1949 when 365,000 to 400,000 miners were out on 3 distinct occasions, thus accounting for 1,150,000 of a total of 3,030,000 workers, 4 “Total employed workers" t For 1927-1950 refers to all workers (based on nonagricultural employment reported by the Bureau) except those in occupations and professions in which there is little if any union organization or in which strikes rarely if ever occur. In most industries, it includes all wage and salary workers except those in executive, managerial, or high supervisory positions, or those performing professional work the nature of which makes union organization or group action unlikely. It excludes all self-employed, domestic workers, workers on farms employing fewer than 6 persons, all Federal and State Government employees, and the officials, both elected and appointed, in local governments. In 1951. the concept of "total employed workers" was changed to coincide with the Bureau's figures of nonagricul tural employment, excluding Government, but not excluding workers in certain occupational groups as in earlier years. Tests show that the percentage of total idleness computed on the basis of these new figures usually differs by less than one-tenth of a point while the percentage of workers idle differs by about 0.5 or 0.6 of a point. For example, the per centage of workers idle during 1950 computed on the same base as the figures for earlier years is 6.9 and the percent of idleness is 0.44 compared with 6.3 and 0.4 respectively,computed on the new base. 5 For each year, "estimated working time" was computed for purposes of this table by multiplying the average number of employed workers (see footnote 4) by the number of days worked by most employees. This number excludes Saturdays when customarily not worked, Sundays, and established holidays. 6 Not available. 7 Beginning in mid-1950, a new source of strike "leads" was added. It is estimated that this increased the number of strikes reported in 1950 by perhaps 5 percent and in 1951 and 1952 by approximately 10 percent. However, since most of the added stoppages were small, they increased the number of workers involved and man-days of idleness by less than 2 percent in 1950 and by less than 3 percent in 1951 and 1952. 8 These figures and those in subsequent tables do not include 6 small strikes (l in Illinois, 2 in Ohio, 2 in Penn sylvania, and 1 in Wisconsin) on which information was received too late to be included in the tabulations for 1952. The information for these strikes has been sent to the various State Departments of Labor with which the Bureau has coopera FRASER tive arrangements. These totals do not include the "memorial" stoppage in coal mining from August 23 to September 2, Digitized for 9 TABLE 2 .-— Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, in selected periods Stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers Period Number 1935-39 average ............ 1947-49 average ............ 1945 ...................... 1 9 4 6 ...................... 1947 ...................... 1 9 4 8 ...................... 1949 ...................... 1950 ...................... 1 9 5 1 ...................... 1952 ...................... Percent of total for period 11 Workers involved .6 18 .5 .5 .4 .7 19 35 31.2 66,400 1,030 .4 22 5,290 23,800 19,300 365 1,270 1,350 2,920 .6 20 Percent of total for period 63.6 1 Number (thousands) 32.4 53.4 38.9 Number (thousands) 0.4 .5 .9 18 42 31 15 Man-days idle Percent of total for period 17,700 47.5 44.5 63.2 30.7 870 1,920 738 457 18,900 34,900 21,700 5,680 36,900 20.6 1,690 59.9 50.7 57.2 51.2 55.3 69.0 47.8 56.0 24.8 62.6 l Number of workers includes duplicate counting where workers were involved in mote than one stoppage during the year. This is particularly significant for 1949 when 365,000 to 400,000 miners were out on three separate occasions; they comprised 1 ,150,000 of the total of 3 ,030,000 workers for the country as a whole (table 1 ). TABLE 3.— Monthly trends in work stoppages, 1951-52 Number of stoppages : Workers involved in stoppages In effect during month Month Beginning in month In effect dinring month Beginning in month (thousands) Number (thousands) Percent of total employed1 Man—dilys idle duriilg month Number (thousands) Percent of estimated working time 23 1951 January , February March ... April ... M a y .... June ,... July .... August ,. September October . , November , December , 442 347 355 367 440 396 450 505 457 487 305 186 260.0 237.0 186.0 0.66 322.0 230.0 .82 .58 .56 .62 .65 593 548 537 540 163.0 621 166.0 249.0 615 644 727 693 728 521 357 194.0 284.0 261.0 120.0 222.0 345.0 314.0 340.0 365.0 191.0 213.0 .86 130.0 .78 .84 .90 .47 .32 251.0 258.0 359.0 1,170.0 1 ,200.0 990.0 .64 .65 .91 2.94 3.02 2.49 215.0 248.0 84.0 81.5 1,270 1,940 1,710 1,890 1,820 1,800 1,880 0.15 .26 .20 2,640 .28 .33 .30 .19 .13 2,540 2,790 1,610 1,020 .23 .21 .21 .22 1952 January • February March April ... M a y .... June .... July .... August 3 September October . , November , December < 438 403 438 529 518 435 433 494 522 459 269 179 568 212.0 585 614 756 800 719 694 786 828 768 535 369 190.0 303.0 1,040.0 363.0 201.0 166.0 228.0 250.0 450.0 98.8 33.6 866.0 380.0 378.0 584.0 215.0 1 See footnote 4, table 1. 2 See footnote 5, table 1 . 3 These figures do not include the "memorial" stoppage in coal mining, 82.3 2.20 .94 .92 1.42 .52 .20 1,340 1,370 1,610 5,370 .15 .17 .19 .61 8,020 15,000 .96 1.80 12,700 2,810 3,390 1.46 5,000 •33 .39 .53 1,560 854 .09 .20 10 TABLE 4 .—Major Issues involved in work stoppages, 1952 Work stoppages beginning in 1952 Major issues Humber Percent of total Workers involved Humber Percent of total Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) Humber Percent of total 59 ,100,000 100.0 5,117 100.0 3,540,000 100.0 Wages, hours, and fringe "benefits 1 ............. 2,447 47.9 1,450,000 41.1 23 ,100,000 39.1 Wage increase .............................. Wage decrease .............................. Wage increase, hour decrease ................ Wage increase, pension and/or social insurance benefits ....................... Pension and/or social insurance benefits .... Other ...................................... 1,526 21 80 29.9 .4 804,000 5,570 22.7 116,000 .2 13 ,000,000 109,000 22.0 .2 3.3 2,480,000 4.2 212 4.1 •9 267,000 18,000 7.5 .5 5 ,270,000 8.9 3.0 47.6 All i s s u e s .... ................................ 1.6 s s s ^ fs s s s d b s s a s s .8 *5 563 11.0 245,000 6 .9 482,000 1 ,750,000 240 4.7 725,000 20.5 28 ,100,000 106 2 .0 17,900 .5 580,000 30 25,200 682,000 320 .7 19.3 (3) 398,000 27 ,200,000 3 .6 2 .0 .1 7,850 .7 45.9 (3) 599 11.7 116,000 3.3 1 ,220,000 2.1 403 4l 6l 35 59 7.8 50,500 16,900 1.5 •5 757,000 1.4 1 .2 22,000 19,000 .1 .2 .1 .5 83,000 115,000 67,800 198,000 .3 Other working conditions ...................... 1,378 26.9 974,000 27.5 5 ,320,000 9.0 Job security ............................... Shop conditions and policies ............... Workload ................................... Other 4 ..................................... 695 13-6 10.3 1.9 308,000 274,000 8.7 7.7 2.8 2 .0 .6 9.0 1 ,630,000 1 ,160,000 362,000 2 ,170,000 Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits1 ................................... Recognition, wages and/or hours ............. Strengthening "bargaining position, wages and/or hours ............................. Closed or union shop, wages and/or hours 2* .... Discrimination, wages and/or hours .......... Union organization ............................ Recognition ................................ Strengthening bargaining position ........... Closed or union shop ....................... Discrimination ............................. Other ...................................... Interunion or intraunion matters .............. 101 529 98 56 .8 1 .2 .7 8,040 .2 .6 1 .0 1 .1 75,200 317,000 334 6.5 256,000 7.2 1,240,000 2 .1 67 79 1.3 1.5 3.5 47,700 41,300 1.3 .3 4.4 (3 ) 186,000 362,000 631,000 .6 1 .1 470 (3) Sympathy................................... Union rivalry or factionalism ............... Jurisdiction ............................... Union regulations .......................... Other ...................................... 181 3 4 .1 .1 156,000 190 10,000 Hot reported ................................... 119 2.3 14,300 2.1 1 .2 .3 56,800 .4 69,300 3.6 .1 .1 1 "Fringe "benefits" has "been added to the title only for purposes of clarification. There has "been no change from previous years in definition or content of these groups. 2 This group includes the nationwide steel strike Involving 560,000 workers. 3 Less than a tenth of 1 percent. 4 This group includes protest strikes against action, or lack of action, "by government agencies. Thus, the widespread strike of 270,000 coal miners is included in this group (see footnote 14, page 5 , for additional details). 11 TABLE 5*--Work stoppages by industry group, 1952 Stoppages beginning in 1952 Industry group Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) Percent of estimated Number working time 12 4 3 Number Workers involved All industries ............................................ 3A17 2 3 ,5^0,000 59*100,000 0.57 MANUFACTURING.............. .... 3 2,665 1 ,880,000 l2 ,300,000 f 1.03 Primary metal industries .................................. Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............................... Ordnance and accessories .................................. Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ............. Machinery (except electrical) ............................. Transportation equipment .................................. Lumber and wood products (except furniture) ............... Furniture and fixtures .................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ........................... Textile mill products ..................................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials ................................... Leather and leather products .......................... . Food and kindred products ................................. Tobacco manufactures ...................................... Paper and allied products ................................. Printing, publishing, and allied industries ............... Chemicals and allied products ............................. Products of petroleum and coal ............................ Rubber products ........................................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks ....... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries .................... 288 622,000 23 ,000,000 7.07 282 111,000 18,300 100,000 167,000 216,000 2 ,I30,000 f 2l 5,000 f 1 ,180,000 •95 1.23 •^7 .96 .53 NONMANUFACTURING ................. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ........................ Mining 5 ................ .................................. Construction .............................................. Trade ............................................ ........ Finance, insurance, and real estate ....................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ... Services— personal, business, and other ^.................. Government— administration, protection, and sanitation6 .... 30 122 323 199 131 108 15U 95 201 65 206 5 73 32 64,500 23,000 63,300 36,500 3,990,000 2 ,230,000 l,2l0,000 f 386,000 810,000 1 ,070,000 17,600 16,700 127,000 1,300 22,000 I ,100 f 213,000 139,000 1 ,250,000 53,200 815,000 92 ,I00 f 621,000 .65 .*3 .59 .3^ .07 .l If .32 .23 .65 22 30,lf00 1,110,000 129 15lf,000 912,000 .05 .32 1.59 1.31 23 9^ 12,600 13,200 297,000 22lf,000 .35 3 2 >52 1 ,660,000 1 6 ,800,000 .27 If,700 5lf7,000 63 lf,000 75,800 I ,200 f 56,000 If,310,000 6 ,700,000 (4) 1.92 1.03 .l Of 100 If l 650 79^ 397 16 I06 f 132 l9 f 58,800 372,000 1U,000 8,100 1,050,000 .18 300,000 (4) 193,000 (4) (4) U ,170,000 33,UOO .39 1 See footnotes I and 5, table 1. f 2 This figure includes duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more than one stoppage in the year. 3 This figure is less than the sum of the figures below because a few stoppages extending into two or more industry groups have been counted in this column in each industry group affected; workers involved, and man-days idle were divided among the respective groups. 4 Not available. 5 These figures do not include the "memorial" stoppage in coal mining. 6 Stoppages involving municipally operated utilities are included under "Transportation, communication, and other public utilities." 259728 0 — 5 12 TABUS 6 .—Work stoppages by State, 1952 Work stoppages beginning in 1952 Workers involved State Number Number Percent of total Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) Number Percent of total 2 3.5A0.000 100.0 59.100.000 100.0 121 26 86,100 6,210 2.A 1,720,000 2.9 80,300 .1 35,900 23A,000 26,700 23,200 2,700 .1 235,000 A,A10,000 5A7,000 962,000 79,600 .4 7.5 .9 Connecticut .............................. Delaware....... .............. ........... 51 217 a 89 13 .2 1.0 6.6 .8 District of Columbia ..................... F lorida................................. . Georgia .................................. Idaho .................................... Illinois 3 .............................. Indiana .................................. I o w a ....... .......... ................... 13 M 47 15 351 191 55 A,600 7,500 1A,500 5,500 .1 .2 58,500 1A2,000 .1 .2 K a n s a s ..... ............ ................. Kentucky ....... ........... .......... .... Louisiana ................ ....... ....... . M a i n e ........ ............................ Maryland ................................. Massachusetts........ .................... Michigan ................................. 46 190 55 15 A3 143 326 Minnesota.... ............................ Mississippi.... ................ ......... Missouri....................... •••••.... Mo n t a n a.... ..................... ........ Nebraska.................. .............. N e v a d a .......... ......................... New Hampshire ............................. All States ............................... 1 5.117. . Alabama .................................. A r izona................... .............. Arkansas ................................. California ............................... New J e r s e y ................ .............. New Mexico ............................... New Y o r k ................................. North Carolina........................... North D a k o t a .......... ................... Ohio 3 .................................. Oklahoma........ ......................... Oregon ................................... Pennsylvania 3 .......................... Rhode Island...................... ...... South Carolina ............................ South Dakota .............................. Tennessee ................. ............... Texas ..................... ..... ........ Utah ..................................... Ve r m o n t ..............••••••••...... . Virginia.................. ....... ...... Washington.................. ........ . West Virginia...... ...................... Wisconsin 3 ................... ......... Wy o m i n g......... .......... .............. .7 .A 253,000 56,200 1 .6 .1 .4 212,000 .2 6.0 A.9 A,380,000 3,570,000 7.4 173,000 21,500 .6 160,000 .3 15,000 .A A.6 18A,000 1,370,000 719,000 16A,000 39,500 1 .1 .1 6 .0 .3 2.3 1 .2 (4) 11,500 2 .0 311,000 1.2 1.1 8.8 1,180,000 853,000 3 ,500,000 83 30 38,200 1.1 1,0A0,000 1 .8 8,970 8 106,000 17 23 9 23 1,A70 16,100 920 3,A80 .3 3.0 (4) .5 260 113,000 5,380 199,000 H 1,190 A0,800 39,900 (4) 152,000 1 ,050,000 29,900 139,000 14,600 .1 A3,900 3.2 1 ,450,000 .2 .5 45,300 4,280,000 277,000 7,530 7,260,000 217,000 32,800 588,000 .9 16.6 498,000 11,800,000 32 17 A 1A6 117 A,820 22,700 .1 .6 114,000 6A,500 1 .8 A6 9 2A,800 1,720 A9,800 ( 4) 27 600 37 11 AM 51 37 692 112 15,600 5.6 .A 670 A10,000 11.6 16,600 200 51,800 50,600 85 257 113 190,000 12 5,520 53,100 (4 ) (4) 1.5 .7 40,300 5,700 516,000 1 ,210,000 l.A l.A 5.A 1.5 345,000 113,000 M 0 , 000 845,000 1 ,630,000 958,000 .2 60,800 (4) 1.4 5.9 .3 1 .8 .1 .2 ( 4) .1 2.5 .1 7.2 .5 (4) 12.4 .4 .8 20.1 .2 .1 ( 4) .9 2 .0 .6 .2 .7 1.4 2 .8 1.6 .1 1 The sum of the figures in this column exceeds 5,117 because the stoppages extending across State lines have been counted in each state affected, but the workers involved and man-days idle were divided among the States. 2 The figures on number of workers includes duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more than one stoppage in the year. 3 Does not include the following small strikes on which information was received too late to be included in the tabu lations— 1 in Illinois, 2 in Ohio, 2 in Pennsylvania, and 1 in Wisconsin. 4 Less them a tenth of 1 percent. 13 TABUS 7 .—Work stoppages by metropolitan area, 19521 Work stoppages beginning in 1952 Metropolitan area Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) Number 2 Workers involved 66 80,400 802,000 40 16,000 431,000 35 21,700 804,000 25 6,480 21,900 36,300 125,000 11 22 1 ,050,000 23 21,400 408,000 40 65 38,600 11,300 1 ,050,000 210,000 2,030 63,400 4,920 1,380,000 Akron, O h i o ............ Albany-SchenectadyTroy, N. Y« ..... . Alientown-BethlehemEaston, Pa................ Atlanta, Ga. . Augusta, Ga. • Baltimore, Md. Beaumont-Port Arthur, Tex. Birmingham, Ala............. Boston, Mass................ Bridgeport, Conn..... ....... Brockton, Mass. ......... . Buffalo, N. Y« ....... . Canton, Ohio .... Charleston, W. Va. Chattanooga, Tenn. Chicago, 111..... Cincinnati, Ohio • Cleveland, Ohio ...... .. Columbus, O h i o ...... . Davenport, Iowa-Rock IslandMoline, 111............... Dayton, O h i o .......... Denver, Colo....... . Detroit, Mich..... . Duluth, Minn.-Superior, Wis................. Elmira, N. Y .......... Erie, Pa.......... Evansville, Ind. .. Galveston, Tex. ... Grand Rapids, Mich. Hartford, Conn. ... 11 12 500 26,200 70 47,600 18 27 19 150 48 24,700 9,630 7,970 180,000 51 18 73,800 9,910 1 ,190,000 23 21,600 6,770 431,000 147,000 29 186 14,700 235,000 129,000 2 ,450,000 25 6,400 226,000 18,000 16 10 21,500 1,280 735,000 48,100 165,000 5,360,000 354,000 157,000 38,400 51,900 81,700 23 3,700 6,620 5,410 5,380 16 1,520 50,700 Houston, Tex.............. Huntington, W. Va.-Ashland, 19 16,400 372,000 Ky.............. 21 14,000 420,000 Indianapolis, Ind......... Jackson, Mich............. Johnstown, Pa............. 15 11 5,400 7,130 4,030 126,000 22,700 See footnotes at end of table 24 18 11 13 44,000 114,000 Metropolitan area Work stoppages beginning in 1952 Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) Number2 Kansas City, Mo. Kingston-NewburghPoughkeepsie, N. Y. ........ Knoxville, Tenn. ............ Los Angeles, Calif. ......... Louisville, Ky. ............. Madison, Wis................. Memphis, Tenn.......... Miami, Fla.................. Milwaukee, Wis. ............. Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn. ................... . Mobile, Ala................. Nashville, Tenn............. New Bedford, Mass. .......... New Haven, Conn...... ....... New Orleans, La. ...... . New York-Northeastern New Jersey.............. Norfolk-Portsmouth, Va. •••••• Workers involved 48 34,300 434,000 13 1,270 4,590 71,600 11,300 22,900 1, 060,000 35,800 1,990 17,800 373.000 49,400 108.000 21 84 42 10 30 15 28 2,160 16,100 28,200 414,000 12,800 4,590 950 137,000 25.900 1,480 14,300 18 25 3,080 30,800 515,000 610 11 165,000 2,120 2,070,000 7,140 18,200 37 15 10 11 10.900 64,400 Oklahoma City, Okla. ......... Omaha, Nebr...... . Paducah, Ky. ................ Peoria, 111............... . Philadelphia, Pa..... . 13 17 34 4,310 14,400 79,200 2,660 278,000 19,200 147 112,000 1, 290,000 Phoenix, Ariz................ Pittsburgh, Pa. ............. Portland, Qreg. ............. Providence, R. I............. Racine, Wis....... ...... . 12 137 17 30 13 2,620 154,000 36,300 ^,760,000 Reading, Pa.................. Rochester, N. Y. Rockford, 111. ......... ••••• St. Louis, Mo.-East St. Louis, 111................. Sacramento, Calif. .......... Salt Lake City, Utah ........ San Diego, Calif. ........... San Francisco-Oakland, Calif..................... San Jose, Calif......... .. 11 96,200 3,660 66,600 4,450 108,000 2,510 65,100 15 7,220 16 10 2,460 3,650 128,000 43,700 149.000 118 60,300 640.000 12 16 11 7,440 69,500 6,480 2,260 24,800 75,800 2, 060,000 86 10 8,290 25,200 100,000 TABUS 7 .—Work stoppages by metropolitan area, 19521- Continued Work stoppages beginning in 1952 Metropolitan area Number2 Workers involved ocranton, Pa................. Seattle, Wash................ Spokane, Wash................ Springfield, 111............. Springfield-Holyoke, Mass. ... 28 18 15 12,400 16 6,690 Stamford-Norwalk, Conn....... Syracuse, N. X. Takoma, W a s h . .... ..... .. Tampa-St. Petersburg, Fin. T.................... Term f Tnd* ............ Toledo, O h i o ........ ....... 17 19 2,770 7,520 10 4,640 2,890 280 10 2,160 11 11 1,030 32 Man-days | idle during 1 1952 (all stoppages) I 65,100 248,000 44,200 2,340 59,300 30,500 54,800 45,900 1,550 7,440 53,200 16,000 176,000 Work stoppages beginning in 1952 Metropolitan area Number2 Workers involved 10 16 12,000 17 13 17 3,840 2,820 4,590 a 26 26,100 5,340 11 11 Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) 2,670 Topeka, Ksns. ................ Trenton, N. J. ............... Tulsa, Okla. ................. Utica—Rome, N. X. ............ Washington, D. C. ........... Wheeling, W. Va.-Steubenville, O h i o ..................... Wilkes Barre-H&zleton, Pa. ... Wilmington, Del. ••••••..... . Worcester, Mass. ............. York, Pa. .................... Youngstown, Ohio »••••...... . 18 80 1,390 5,330 4,130 73,900 11,400 305,000 58,000 185,000 30,300 814,000 89,100 78,600 224,000 a , 000 1,980,000 1 The table includes data for each of the metropolitan areas that had 10 or mare stoppages in 1952« Beginning with this year data are tabulated separately for 182 metropolitan areas. The information for earlier years was confined to city boundaries. The metropolitan areas came principally from the lists of Standard Metropolitan Areas compiled by the Bureau of the Budget as of January 28, 1949 and June 5, 1950. A few additional areas were added, including some where major cities have been included in the strike series in previous years. Some metropolitan areas include counties in more than one State and hence an area total may exceed the total for the State in which the major city is located (e.g., the Chicago metropolitan area, which includes Cook, Du Page, Kane, Lake and Will Counties, 111., and Lake County, Ind., exceeds the Illinois total). Lists of these areas and their limits are available upon request from the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2 In this table, except as noted below, intermetropolitan area stoppages are counted separately in each area affected, with the workers involved and man-days idle allocated to the respective areas. In the following stoppages it was Impos sible to secure the information necessary to make such allocations, and hence they are not included in the figures for any metropolitan area: (1) The nationwide stoppage of Western Union Telegraph Co. employees in April affecting approxi mately 32,000 workers, (2) the strike of about 3,700 brick and clay workers in Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania in May, (3) the stoppage of about 9,000 maritime workers at West Coast parts in May, (4) the strike of 700 employees of D. A. Schulte Cigar Stores in eighteen States in June, (5) the small brief strike in early September of Chicago and Illinois Midland Railroad Co. employees in the Peoria area, (6 ) the stoppage of approximately 12,000 longshoremen and maritime workers at West Coast ports in September, and (7) the strike of about 500 maritime workers at East, West, and Gulf Coast ports early in November.1 TABLE 8 .— Work stoppages by affiliation of unions involved, 1952 Man-days idle during 1952 Stoppages beginning in 1952 Affiliation of union Number Percent of total Total .................................... 5.117 100.0 American Federation of Labor .............. Congress of Industrial Organizations •••••.• Unaffiliated unions ...................... Single firm unions ....................... Different affiliations: Rival unions ........................... Cooperating unions .... ................. No union involved..............•......... Not reported ............................. 2,568 50.2 1,377 993 14 26.9 19.4 .3 60 12 1.2 .2 87 1.7 6 .1 Number Percent of total 100.0 1 ,150,000 1 ,580,000 710,000 8,060 59.100.000 100.0 32.4 44.7 15 ,400,000 36,300,000 5 ,890,000 26.1 61.3 20.1 .2 158,000 10.0 .3 16,200 68,900 7,000 .5 1.9 218,000 1,070,000 .2 48,000 1 .8 .1 370 (2) 7,710 (2) 1 The figure on number of workers includes duplicate counting where the same workers stoppage in the year. * Less than a tenth of 1 percent. Percent of Number were involved in .4 more than one 15 TABLE 9 .- - Work stoppages by number of workers involved, 1952 Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) Stoppages beginning in 1952 Number All workers .................. 6 and under 20 ................ 20 and under 100 .............. 100 and under 250 ............. 250 and under 500 ............. 500 and under 1,000 ........... 1,000 and under 5,000 ......... 5,000 and under 10,000 ......... 10,000 and over ............... _ 3.117 .. . . 695 1,769 1,081 691 411 397 38 35 1 The figure on number of workers includes one stoppage in the year.1 2 Workers involved 1 Percent of total Number of workers Number Percent of total 100.0 3.540,000 100.0 8,340 0 .2 13.6 34.6 21.1 13.5 8.0 7.8 .7 .7 88,000 170,000 240,000 286,000 801,000 255,000 1 ,690,000 duplicate counting where the Number Percent of total 59,100,000 100.0 139,000 0 .2 2 .1 1 ,260,000 2 ,220,000 2.5 4.8 6 .8 8.1 22.6 3,090,000 3 ,560,000 8 ,630,000 3,290,000 36 ,900,000 7.2 47.8 3.7 5.2 6.0 14.6 5.6 62.6 same workers were involved in more than TABLE 10.-— Work stoppages by number of establishments involved, 1952 Stoppages beginning in 1952 Number of establishments involved1 Workers involved Number Percent of total Number 2 Percent of total Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) Number Percent of total All establishments ............ 5,117 100.0 3,540,000 100.0 59.100.000 100.0 1 establishment ............... 2 to 5 establishments ......... 6 to 10 establishments ........ 11 establishments or more ..... 3,904 76.4 12.9 3.7 1,310,000 37.1 306,000 8.6 12 ,100,000 20.6 172,000 1,750,000 2,440 4.9 49.3 4,560,000 4 ,200,000 38 ,100,000 31,700 7.7 7.1 64.5 Not reported ................. 662 190 350 11 6.8 .2 .1 .1 1 An establishment, for purposes of this table, is defined as a single physical location where business is conducted or where services or industrial operations are performed; for example, a factory, mill, store, mine, or farm. A stoppage may involve 1, 2, or more establishments of a single employer or it may involve different employers. 2 The figure on number of workers includes duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more than 1 stoppage in the year. 16 TABLE 1 1.—Analysis of individual work stoppages involving 10,000 Beginning date Approximate duration Establishment^) and location (calendar days) 1 Union(s) involved2 or Approximate number of workers involved more workers, 1952 * Major terms of settlement 3 Armour and C o . Swift and , United packinghouse Co., 1^ States: Workers (CIO) Ala., Colo., Ga., 111., Ind. Iowa, Kians . Minn., , , Mo., Nebr., N. J., Okla., Tex., Wis. 30,000 Armour and Co., on Feb. 3 , agreed to: a 6 -cent hourly wage increase, retroactive to Dec. IT, 1951 ; additional increases to women employees in some plants to reduce wage differentials between men and women; and narrowing of interplant wage differentials. Swift and Co. agreed to similar increases later In the month. 59 Trucking industry, 1^ South east, Southwest, and Mid western States: Ala., Fla., Ga., Ky., Miss., Tenn., Va., Ohio, Ark., Kans., La., Mo., Okla., Tex. Int’l Bro. of Teamsters (AFL) 13,000 Increase of 19 cents in hourly rates; 3 A-cent increase in mileage rates; 6 paid holidays; extension of welfare benefits to families of union members. Feb. 26 39 B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio United Rubber Workers (CIO) 6 15,000 Agreement on an NLRB represen tation election for office employ ees, withdrawal of union *8 charges of unfair labor practices, and re turn of office employees to their jobs without discrimination. Mar. 3 1 F. H. McGraw and Co., Atomic Energy Commission con struction project, Paducah, Ky. Sheet Metal Workers (AFL) 11,500 Union and Atomic Energy Com mission referred to the U. S. De partment of Labor for ruling in the dispute over assignment of erection of warehouse bins and racks to em ployees of the plant operators. Mar. 9 7k Railroads— New York Central; Terminal Railroad Associa tion of St. Louis; and others, (11 States) Bro. of Locomotive Engineers, (Ind.); Bro. of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, (ind.); Order of Railway Conductors (ind.) kl , 000 Workers returned to their jobs in compliance with restraining or der issued by a United States dis trict court. Jan. 2 (4) Feb. 1 Mar. 10 8 F. H. McGraw and Co., Atomic Energy Commission construction project, Paducah, Ky. AFL Building Trades Unions 12,000 The "wildcat” strike was set tled with agreement on changes in the second-shift schedule. Mar. 26 1 New Jersey Bell Telephone Co., New Jersey, statewide Telephone Workers Union of New Jersey (Ind.) 11,000 Weekly wage increases ranging from $ 3.50 to $6.50 for plant em ployees, and from $ 3*50 to $5 for accounting employees. Mar. 28 k Westinghouse Electric Corp., E. Pittsburgh, Pa. Int’l Union of Elec trical, Radio and Machine Workers (CIO) 13,000 Seniority issue to be adjusted by negotiations between employer and union after resumption of work. Mar. 28 8 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., United Rubber Workers (CIO) Akron, Ohio 16,000 Reinstatement of employees sus pended as result of dispute over job specifications. Mar. 31 60 35,000 15-cent hourly wage increase retroactive to March 1, 1952; h 7^cent per man-hour employer contri bution to a welfare fund, effective March 1, 1953. Construction industry, San Francisco Bay area, Calif. See footnotes at end of table. United Bro. of Car penters and Joiners (AFL) A 17 TABLE 1 1.—Analysis of individual work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, 1952 * - Continued Beginning date Approximate duration Establishment^) and location (calendar days) 1 Apr. 3 53 Apr. 7 8 19 Apr. 16 31 Apr. 29 10 57 Apr. 29 n Apr. 30 12 32 May 1 59 23 Approximate > number of Union(s) involved2 workers involved2 Major terms of settlement3 32,000 Workweek for employees work ing in excess of IfO hours reduced to 1*0 with no reduction in weekly pay. Employees already working ^0 hours a week received wage increase of 10 cents an hour. Agreement on an agency shop clause which pro vided that union membership would not be compulsory but all employees would be required to pay union dues as a ’service charge” for the un ’ ion's bargaining activities. 150,000 Wage increases of varying amounts. For details see United St ates Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics Monthly Report, Current Wage Developments, No. 53, April 1952, pp. 51-53. AFL Building Trades Unions 18,000 Wage increases of 9j to llj cents an hour plus a 5 -cent per man hour employer contribution to a health and welfare fund. Lumber industry, Calif., Oreg., Wash., Idaho, and Mont. Int' Woodworkers 1 (CIO) ^ 5>000 A 7^-cent hourly general wage increase and various fringe ben efits . Steel industry, Nationwide United Steelworkers (CIO) 560,000 A 2-year agreement providing; A general hourly wage increase of 12.5 cents in the lowest job rate, retroactive to March 1, 1952, plus a widening of the increments be tween job classes by half a cent an hour--the combined increases aver aging 16 cent8 an hour; a further 5-cent hourly increase in Southern plants; shift differentials in creased to 6 and 9 cents; estab lishment of 6 paid holidays; 3 weeks' vacation after 15 years (for merly 25 years); a union security clause that requires new employees to apply for union membership at the time of hiring, but permits cancellation of the application be tween the 15th and 30th day of work by written notification to the em ployer; and a wage reopening on June 30, 1953. Oil and natural gas companies, Nationwide Oil workers Int'l Union (CIO); Central States Petroleum Union (ind. ) 13 58,000 Hourly wage increase of 15 cents in general; shift differ entials increased from k and 6 to 6 and 12 cents. Varying provisions for making part of the wage in creases retroactive or for lump-sum payments in lieu of retroactivity. Construction industry, New Orleans, La. AFL Building Trades Unions 15,000 Western Union Telegraph Co., Nationwide Commercial Tele graphers Union (JOT.) Western Electric Co., Nationwide; Michigan Bell Telephone Co.; New Jersey Bell Telephone Co.; Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co.; Bell Telephone Laboratories; Ohio Bell Telephone Co. Communications Workers (CIO) Construction industry, Milwaukee area, Wis. See footnotes at end of tab le. 9 Wage increases ranging from 15 to 27^ cents an hour. 18 TABLE 11.—Analysis of individual vork stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, 1952 * - Continued Beginning date May 6 Approximate duration Establishment^) and location (calendar days) 1 14 32 Union(s) involved2 Approximate number of workers involved 2 Major terms of settlement 3 Construction industry, northern and central California counties United Bro. of Carpenters and Joiners (AFL) 1*5,000 A 15-cent hourly wage increase retroactive to May 12, 1952; an ad ditional 6-cent hourly wage in crease to eliminate wage differ ential with four San Francisco Bay area counties, effective Feb. 23, 1953? and 7^-cent man-hour employer contributions to a health and wel fare fund, effective March 1, 1953. Construction industry, Detroit area, Mich. AFL Building Trades Unions 70,000 One-year contract providing a general 8-cent hourly wage increase with the first full payroll after Wage Stabilization Board approval, an additional 5-cent man-hour wage increase effective Sept. 1, 1952, and an employer contribution of 5 cents a man-hour for health and welfare Insurance. h2 May 12 23 May 26 1 Westinghouse Electric Corp., E. Pittsburgh, Pa. Int’l Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers (CIO) 13,000 Workers returned without for mal settlement. June 2 2 Republic Aviation Corp., Farmingdale and Port Washington, N. Y. Int'l Ass'n of Machinists (AFL) lU,000 Workers returned without for mal settlement. June 2 1580 Carpet and rug manufacturers, Textile Workers New York, New Jersey, and Union (CIO) Massachusetts 12,000 Agreements generally provided for hourly wage increases of 9 cents for piece workers, and 10 cents for hourly paid employees, and various fringe benefits. F. H. McGraw and Co., Atomic Hod Carriers,BhildEnergy Commission construc ing and Common Laborers (AFL) tion project, Paducah, 18,000 Workers agreed to return to their Jobs after an international union official intervened in the wage dispute. June 25 8 Ky. July 19 3* Timken Roller Beetring Co., Canton, Mt. Vernon, Columbus, Wooster, and Zanesville, Ohio United Steelworkers (CIO) 13,000 A 10-percent wage increase (av erage 16.7 cents hourly); a union security clause; fringe benefits similar to those included in the union's contracts with the major steel producers; and a revised sen iority system. Aug. 11 10 F. H. McGraw and Co., and M. W. Kellogg Co., Atomic Energy Commission construc tion project, Paducah, Ky. United Plumbers and Steamfitters; Int'l Bro. of Teamsters; United Bro. of Carpenters and Joiners (AFL) 1 * 000 1, The unauthorized stoppage ended after the Atomic Energy Labor Rela tions Panel assisted employers and unions in adopting a "Declaration of Policy” relating to unauthorized work stoppages.16 Aug. 18 13 United Rubber B. F. Goodrich Co. Plants, Workers (CIO) Ohio, Mich., Tenn., Calif., Okla., Pa., N. J., and Ala. 16,000 A 10-cent hourly wage increase, union shop,a company security-union responsibility provision aimed at reducing illegal work stoppages, liberalized minimum incentive guar antees, holiday pay provisions and other fringe benefits. See footnotes at end of table 19 TABUS 11.—Analysis of individual work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, 1952 * - Continued Beginning date Approximate duration Establishment(s) and location (calendar days) 1 Aug. 21 90 Sept. 2 17 8 Sept. 6 6 Sept. 8 21 Sept. 10 1 Sept. 15 Ik Oct. 6 k Oct. 13 IS 15 Nov. 10 1 Unlon(s) involved2 Approximate number of workers involved 2 Major terras of settlement 34 5 International Harvester Co., 111., Ind., and Ky. Farm EquipmentUnited Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers (ind.) 22,000 A general hourly wage increase of 7 cents for hourly and piecerated employees; additional in creases in rates ranging from 1 to 5 cents an hour for same grades. Bituminous-coal mines, Western Pennsylvania United Mine Workers (Ind.) 13,000 Workers returned to their jobs without formal agreement. National Association of Manufacturers of Pressed and Blown Glassware, Ind., Ohio, Pa., W. Va., Calif. American Flint Glass Workers Union (AFL) 11,000 General wage increase of 10 cents an hour, increased shift dif ferentials and 3-week vacations for workers with 15 years of service. Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Burbank, Calif. Int'l Ass'n of Machinists (AFL) 23,000 Following an appeal by the President for termination of the stoppage "in the interest of na tional defense»" an interim agree ment was reached by the company and the union. It provided for resump tion of production under terms of the expired contract pending the negotiation of a final settlement with the aid of the Federal Media tion and Conciliation Service. Shipping industry, West Coast Int*l Longshore men's and Ware housemen's Union (Ind-) 12,000 Workers returned without for mal settlement after a stoppage in protest to a court decision uphold ing the perjury conviction of Harry Bridges, I.L.W.U. president. Douglas Aircraft Co., El Segundo, Calif. Int'l Ass'n of Machinists (AFL) 11,000 Saras as Lockheed Aircraft Corp. settlement above. Construction industry., Cleveland area, Ohio AFL Building Trades Unions 30,000 Workers returned to their jobs in compliance with an order issued by the Building Trades Council. The dispute was referred to the National Joint Board for Settlement of Juris dictional Disputes. Bituminous-coal mines, Nationwide United Mine Workers (ind.) 270,000 In Compliance with a Presi dential request, the president of the United Mine Workers urged the workers to return to their Jobs pending review of the WSB ruling denying part of wage increase. Miller Electric Co., AEC project, Aiken and Barnwell Counties, S. C. Technical Engineers (AFL) 1918,000 Workers returned mal settlement. without for 1 Includes nonwork days, such as Saturdays, Sundays, and established holidays. Only normally scheduled workdays are used in computing strike idleness. 2 The unions listed are those directly involved in the dispute. In union rivalry or jurisdictional disputes all the unions involved are listed although one or more may not actually participate in the strike. The number of workers in volved may Include members of other unions or nonunion vorkers idled by the dispute in the same establishments. "Workers involved" in the wuMrimnm number made idle for one shift or longer in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. In those instances in which idleness fluctuates during the strike, the actual number of workers idle varying dates is used in computing the man-days of idleness. This figure does not measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages. 3 Description of settlements is limited to their major terms as they were reached by the parties to the dispute. The monthly Current Wage Developments report of the Bureau describes the wage settlements sometimes in greater detail than they are presented nere and discusses WSB policy and actions. 4 This strike consisted of a series of sporadic stoppages in various plants spread over a 33-day period; the number of workers idle varied widely from day to day. 5 Agreements covering a majority of the workers involved in the strike were signed by February 5. In the Southwestern States, however, the strike lasted until February 9* FOOTNOTES continued on page at 20. 20 FOOTNOTES: TABLE 11 - Continued on 6 Thia figure represents the number of workers idle February 28, when production workers observed picket lines es tablished by office workers. Prior and subsequent to this date the number of idle workers fluctuated between several hundred and about 10,000 until the stoppage ended on April 7 Most workers returned to their jobs on March 12, but employees of the New York Central System in Toledo, Ohio, and Elkhart, Indiana.did not return until March 13. 8The companies and the union reached agreement on the following dates: Michigan Bell Telephone Co., April 11; Ohio Bell Telephone Co., April 14; New Jersey Bell Telephone Co., April 15; Western Electric Co., Installation Division, April 19; Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co., April 20; Bell Telephone Laboratories, April 23; Western Electric Co., Oueensboro Shops, Manufacturing Division,. April 24; Western Electric Co., Sales Division, April 25. 9A larger number of workers was idled for less than a full shift as the result of the intermittent picketing tech nique used by the Communications Workers of America in this stoppage. A majority of the 150,000 workers involved for a full shift or more returned to their jobs by April 20 after major agreements were reached. 10Mo8t of the workers had returned to their jobs by the end of May after settlements were reached with individual em ployers or employer groups on various dates in May. The last settlements were reached on June 24. H T h e strike began April 29, 1952 when U. S. District Court Judge David A. Pine ruled that the President’s seizure of the steel mills on April 8 was illegal. The union ordered the workers to return to their jobs, on May 2, in response to the President's appeal after the U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia had restored Federal control of the mills, pending a decision by the U. S. Supreme Court. The union ordered the workers to strike again, on June 2, immediately after the U. S. Supreme Court held, in a 6 to 3 decision, that the President had exceeded his constitutional authority ordering seizure of the steel industry. The union and six major steel companies— United States Steel, Bethlehem, Republic, Jones and Laughlin, Youngstown Sheet and Tube, and Inland— reached an Interim agreement on basic issues on July 24. On July 26, following an agreement affecting iron miners, the union ordered employees of the major steel companies to return to their jobs. The strike continued at some mills of smaller companies until individual settlements were reached. By August 15 workers at most of the smaller companies had returned to their jobs, but a few mills were idle until the end of August. 12About 90 percent of the workers involved in the stoppage had returned to their jobs by the end of May. The major agreements were reached during the last 2 weeks of May; the last settlement was reached in the first week of August. 13Some AFL affiliates participated in negotiations prior to the stoppage but were not involved in the stoppage. 14Although the stoppage began May 6, a majority of the workers involved were idle only from May 12 to May 27; smaller numbers of workers were idle before and after these dates. 15Companies reached agreement with the union on various dates. The last settlement was reached on August 20. 16The "Declarationof Policy" provides: If the contractor and union agree that an existing work stoppage is unauthor ized, radio and newspaper announcements are to be employed to advise union members to return to work. Union members failing to carry out these instructions are subject to discipline by the company and the unions. 17 The strike began at four mines of Jones and Laughlin Steel Co., idling about 3#000 workers, on September 2. It spread to mines of other companies on September 8, involving a total of 10,000 other workers. 18The strike began at several Illinois mines on October 13. By October 16, approximately 100,000 workers were idle. The strike continued to spread and reached nationwide proportions on October 20, involving 270,000 miners. 19 Employees of other contractors were idled by picket lines established by members of Technical Engineers (AFL). k. ore * Information in this table except major terms of settle ment is based primarily on replies from the parties, supplemented by a variety of sources. In most cases the terms of settlement are compiled from the negotiated agreement or from newspaper and other secondary sources. TABLE 12.— Duration of work stoppages ending in 1952 Stoppages Duration Percent Number of total Workers involved Percent Number 12 of total Man-days idle Number Percent of total All periods...... ......... .......... .......... . 1.096 100.0 3.540.000 100.0 259.400.000 100.0 1 2 4 1 639 916 784 1,059 722 557 218 201 12.5 18.0 15.4 20.8 14.2 10.9 4.3 3.9 256.000 415.000 471.000 456.000 726.000 981.000 174,000 66,300 7.2 11.7 13.3 12.9 20.5 27.6 4.9 1.9 256.000 828.000 1,510,000 2.760.000 7.320.000 32,700,000 7.960.000 5.970.000 0.4 1.4 2.5 4.6 12.3 55.3 13.4 10.1 d a y ..... ................. ........ ....... ............... to 3 days ............................ .................... days and less than 1 week .............. . week and less than -- m o n t h ................. .............. J month and less than 1 m o n t h ......... ...................... 1 month and less than 2 months ................. ........... . 2 months and less than 3 m o n t h s .................. .......... 3 months and o v e r ....................................... . i 1 The figure on number of workers includes duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more than one stoppage in the year. 2 This figure differs from the total man-days idle shown in preceding tables because this and the next two tables FRASER relate to total idleness in all stoppages ending in 1952, including any 1951 idleness in these strikes. Digitized for 21 TABLE 13.— Method of terminating work stoppages ending in 1952 Stoppages Method of termination Workers involved Percent Number of . total All methods ..................... ................................ Percent Number l of total 5,096 100.0 3.540.000 100.0 Agreement of parties reached Directly ......... ........................................... 2,348 With assistance of Government agencies.................. ... 1,573 With assistance of non-Government mediators or agencies • • •. • 39 Terminated without formal settlement ............... ... 922 Employers discontinued business ....... ....................... 51 Not reported..... .................................... ....... ... 163 46.0 30.9 .8 18.1 1.0 3.2 960.000 7vw|wUv 2,090,000 44,800 417,000 2,850 33,100 27.1 58.8 1.3 11.8 ^■The figure on number of workers includes duplicate stoppage in the year. 2See footnote 2, table 12. counting where the same . a 7 Man-days idle Number Percent of 2 59.400.000 100.0 a (fOU y nnn y t j UUU fr 50 100 OOO 269,000 1 £20 000 i/a 000 ■ ifUa VAA/ A 577 w v y f t p ono TO Q ^w|Avv| vVv .5 7 .jp i 0 -L.U workers were involved in more than one TABLE 14.— Disposition of issues in work stoppages ending in 1952 Stoppages Disposition of issues Percent Number of total Workers involved Percent Number * of total Number Percent of 2 59,400.000 All iss u e s .... ..... ............................••••........ Issues settled or disposed of at termination of stoppage 3 ..... Seme or all issues to be adjusted after resumption of work By direct negotiation between employer(s) and u n i o n ........ By negotiation with the aid of Government agencies ......... By arbitration......................... ............. . By other means * ....................... ........... ....... Not reported ................................................ Man-days idle 4,082 80.0 2,620,000 515 60 126 120 193 10.1 1.2 2.5 2.4 3.8 330,000 365,000 66,000 128,000 39,200 73.8 52,500,000 88.4 9.3 10.3 1.9 3.6 1.1 1,890,000 2,800,000 739,000 624,000 810,000 3.2 4.7 1.2 1.1 1.4 * The figure on number of workers includes duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more than one stoppage in the year. *See footnote 2, table 12. 3Includes (a) those strikes in which a settlement was reached on the issues prior to return to work, (b) those in which the parties agreed to utilize the company’s grievance procedure, and (c) any strikes in which the workers returned without formal agreement or settlement. 4 Included in this group are the cases referred to the National or State labor relations boards or other agencies for decisions or elections. 22 Appendixes Appendix A includes tabid’ presenting work-stoppage data by specific industries, by in s dustry groups and major issues, and by States with 25 or more stoppages during the year. Appendix B includes a summary analysis of the steel stoppage. Appendix C includes a brief summary of the methods of collecting strike statistics. A ppendix A TABIE A.— Work stoppages by specific industry, 1952 Number Workers involved1 Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) 5.117 3.540.000 5 9 . 0 0 .0 0 0 1 Stoppages beginning in 1952 Industry All industries................. . Manufacturing ....... 2 2,665 2 288 1,880,000 622,000 4 2 , 0 0 ,0 0 0 3 2 3 , 0 ,0 0 0 00 Blast furnaces, steel works, 82 '34',500 2 0 , 0 ,0 0 0 40 '6 2 3 ,0 0 0 15 6,630 5 360 22 27 13,300 5)070 42 31,700 5 3 0 ,0 0 0 Rolling, drawing, and alloying of Nonferrous foundries.... .......... Miscellaneous primary metal c 0 a I 1 Metalworking machinery ............. Special-industry machinery (except metalworking machinery) ..... ...... General industrial machinery and equipment .................... Office and store machines and devices Service-industry and household machines ......................... Miscellaneous machinery parts ...... See footnotes at end of table, 1 1 1 ,0 0 0 5^930 2,430,000 ' 91,900 8 ,0 4 0 2 0 2 ,0 0 0 17,000 4 6 ,3 0 0 2 5 8 ,0 0 0 1 , 0 ,0 0 0 10 26 11,800 750 10,900 304,000 32 10,500 341,000 43 9 30 216,000 114 44 29 1 0 2 ,0 0 0 11 2 81,000 19,200 13,500 180 2 , 3 0 ,0 0 0 2 6 8 4 ,0 0 0 927,000 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 1 8 ,3 0 0 2131 412,000 4 ,0 2 0 57 64,500 14,000 36,900 1 , 4 0 ,0 0 0 2 2 5 1 ,0 0 0 6 8 5 ,0 0 0 32 23 11 9,U0 3,530 680 2 3 6 ,0 0 0 Furniture and fixtures .............. Household furniture ............... Office furniture ................. T Public-building and professional furniture ....................... . Partitions, shelving, lockers, and office and store fixtures ......... Window and door screens, shades, and Venetian blinds........ ......... 108 75 11 23,000 13,800 3,230 3 8 6 ,0 0 0 2 3 6 ,0 0 0 5 1,540 19,400 13 4,000 8 6 ,4 0 0 4 410 1 0 ,2 0 0 Stone, clay, and glass products ..... . Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass products made of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic.......... ...... . Structural clay products ........... Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Cut—stone and atone prndncta__, Abrasive, asbestos, and miscellaneous nonmetallie mineral product* r_ , , 2154 17 2 19 46 15 6 3 ,3 0 0 810,000 Textile-mill products.......... . Yarn and thread mills (cotton, wool, silk, and synthetic fiber) ........ Broad-woven fabric mills (cotton. wool, silk, and synthetic fiber) .... Narrow fabrics and other smallwares mills (cotton, wool, silk, and synthetic fiber) ........... ....... Knitting mills..................... Dyeing and finishing textiles (except knit goods) .............. Carpets, rugs, and other floor coverings........................ Hats (except cloth and millinery) .... Miscellaneous textile goods T__T. , 10 55,100 14,500 33,700 1 4 ,1 0 0 245,000 580 1 2 ,4 0 0 3,950 5,550 116,000 108,000 4 1,440 24,900 90 6 ,0 3 0 13,700 1 1 0 ,0 0 0 3,690 178,000 177,000 31,700 21 9 6 ,6 4 0 2 ,3 8 0 2 ,1 3 0 26 7,420 154,000 95 36,500 1,070,000 11 6,030 57,900 22 5,530 172,000 2 10 1 ll*\J J ,7/0 L 47,800 3 8 ,6 0 0 15,400 12 2 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 56 5 5 ,6 0 0 8 4,270 2,170 5 1,180,000 3 1 2 ,0 0 0 1 2 0 ,0 0 0 199,000 7,310 1 4 6 ,0 0 0 3 ,6 1 0 44,000 30 7 25,500 327,000 1 ,6 4 0 323 13 167,000 3,990,000 1 8 ,5 0 0 48 0 ,0 0 0 ■ ? 26 1,710 117,000 2,340 63,700 g 1 8 ,3 0 0 6 52 000 2 9 50 2 ,3 8 0 *330 75,000 201 17,600 2 1 3 ,0 0 0 8 1 ,0 9 0 4,570 24 99 5,650 4,620 62,500 36,000 16 1,770 110 560 110 9 19,500 910 8,710 1*070 930 24,000 32 2,790 55,900 U 3 0 ,8 0 0 10 6 2 2 199 115,000 2 19 5 Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies .......................... Electrical generating, transmission, distribution and industrial apparatus ........................ Electrical appliances ....... ....... Insulated wire and cable ........... Electrical equipment for motor vehicles, aircraft,and railway locomotives and cars .............. Electric lamps .................... Communication equipment and related products ..... .................... Miscellaneous electrical products .... Machinery (except electrical) ........ Engines and turbines .............. Agricultural machinery and tractors ........................ Construction and mining machinery 282 11 49 90 Ordnance and accessories ............. Guns, howitzers, motors, and related equipment .............. . Ammunition, except for small arms .... Tanks and tank components .......... Ordnance and accessories not elsewhere classified .............. Workers involved 1 Manufacturing-Continued Transportation equipment .......... Motor vehicles and motor-vehicle equipment ....................... Aircraft and parts ............. ... Ship and boat building and repairing . | Railroad equipment ................ | Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts .... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) ........................ Logging camps and logging contractors Sawmills and planing mills ........... 737,000 1 0 5 ,0 0 0 Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products ........ . 1 , 5 0 ,0 0 0 | Wooden containers ................. 0 Miscellaneous wood products ........ 30 Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware _____ ____ ..... Heating apparatus (except electric) and plumbers' supplies____......... Fabricated structural metal products . Metal stamping, coating, and engraving ........................ Lighting fixtures ................. Fabricated wire products ........... Miscellaneous fabricated metal products ............... .......... . . . 3,690 Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation 2 Number Man-days idle during 19 5 2 (all stoppages) 93,100 10 5 Iron and steel foundries ........... Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals ........ ..... . Secondary smelting and refining Stoppages beginning in 1 9 5 2 Industry 38 47,300 1,100,000 34 53 10,600 12,800 303,000 256,000 39 8,470 352,000 58 10 22,500 1,840 779,000 28,000 30 53 19,500 25,800 175,000 520,000 Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials .... Mete', youths', and boys* suits, coats, and overcoats .............. Mens', youths', and boys' furnishings, work clothing, and allied garments .. Women's and misses' outer-uesr _ . Women's, misses', children's and infants' undergarments ............ Millinery .......................... Children's and infants' outerwear .... Fur goods ............____........... Miscellaneous apparel and accessories...................... Miscellaneous fabricated textile products ........................ 4 7 2 23 TABLE A . — Work stoppages b y specific industry, 1952 - Continued Stoppages beginning in 1 9 5 2 Man-days idle Industry Stoppages beginning in 1 9 5 2 Industry Number Workers involved 1 (all stoppages) Workers involved 1 Manufacturing- Continued M a n u f a c t u r i n g - Co nt i n u e a Leather and leather products ......... Leather: tanned, curried, and finished Boot and shoe cut stock and findings . Footwear (except rubber) ............ Number Man-days idle during 1 9 5 2 (all stoppages) 65 8 3 40 5 Handbags and small leather goods .... Miscellaneous leather goods ...... .. 6 Food and kindred products ............ Meat products ..................... Dairy products .................... Canning and preserving fruits, vegetables, and sea foods ......... Grain-mill products ............... Bakery products ................... Sugar ............................ Confectionery find related products ... Beverage industries ............... Miscellaneous food preparations and kindred products ................. 206 3 57 7 16 16 1 6 ,7 0 0 900 240 1 3 ,3 0 0 1 ,1 5 0 1^ 0 20 kO 1 2 7 ,0 0 0 7 3 ,2 0 0 840 8,940 1 3 9 ,0 0 0 1 3 ,1 0 0 860 8 2 ,9 0 0 24,400 17^ 6 0 0 260 1 , 5 0 ,0 0 0 2 3 1 1 ,0 0 0 1 1 ,5 0 0 50 4 11 36 1,650 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 1 3 ,8 0 0 4 9 2 ,0 0 0 5 ,5 3 0 2 8 ,9 0 0 1 9 ,0 0 0 284,000 9 l,44o 7 ,5 7 0 1 ,3 2 0 1 9 ,1 0 0 1 ,2 8 0 Tobacco manufactures ................ Cigarettes ........................ Cigars ........................... 5 1 4 1 ,2 9 0 53,200 50 1,240 73 21 3 1 2 31 22,000 6 5 7 ,0 0 0 1,010 90 22,400 250 4,460 970 71,800 15 2,220 6 3 ,2 0 0 32 13 2 4,090 1,430 530 350 1,120 92,400 45,000 70 3,980 7 3 2,640 24,500 280 250 2 ,8 1 0 1 2 3,530 9 8 ,1 0 0 94 4 4 1 3 ,2 0 0 224,000 9,610 3,290 49,300 16 270 720 1,700 4,250 16 2 ,7 6 0 30,500 16 1 ,9 2 0 14,600 38 5,870 1 1 6 ,0 0 0 815,000 1 3 ,9 0 0 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries . Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware . Musical Instruments and parts ...... Toys and sporting and athletic goods . Costume jewelry, costume novelties, buttons, and miscellaneous notions (except precious metal) ........... Fabricated plastics products, not elsewhere classified .............. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries 2 52,900 Paper and allied products ............ Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills .... Paper coating and glazing.......... Envelopes ........................ Paper bags ........................ Paperboard containers and boxes .... Pulp goods and miscellaneous converted paper products ................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks - Continued Optical Instruments and lenses ..... Surgical, medical, and dental instruments and supplies .......... Ophthalmic goods ................... Photographic equipment and supplies ... Watches, clocks, clockwork-operated devices, and parts ............... 310 Nonmanufacturing Printing, publishing, and allied industries .....___.........._ ___ _ _ Newspapers ........................ Periodicals ....................... RmnsrMal printing ................................................. Lithographing..................... Service Industries for the printing tmde .T___ ...r_______ TnhAfIpAl n A y Hi 1led pnndimta .r..Tr.lrr yl Industrie! 1nnrgftn1n rhemlnels ..T...r IT Industrie! nrgen1r* nbemlne! s _____ ____ Drugs and medicines ............... Soap and glycerin, cleaning and polishing preparations, and on! fAFiflfjMl nil a n / aeai f f n h l nl iu-f rr Paints, varnishes, lacquers, japans, and enamels; inorganic color pig ments, whiting, and wood fillers . . . . 7 5 5 2100 12 30 6 50 30,400 7,930 7 ,8 1 0 18 0 7,940 26,400 6 ,0 9 0 6 2 1 000 1 2 6 ,0 0 0 2 5 3 ,0 0 0 4 7 ,9 0 0 8,220 k 680 7 6 ,6 0 0 1,240 520 Fertilizers ........................................................................ 1,200 Vegetable and animal oils and fats ... 8 1,300 Miscellaneous chemicals, including industrial chemical products and preparations ..................... 14 1,490 5 7 ,7 0 0 vrvv) paI a 1 t ^t _t _t . __ ... 13 l . * 9 1,730 1 9 ,0 0 0 2 0 ,8 0 0 1 8 ,0 0 0 2 22 5 8 ,8 0 0 54,700 10 Coke and byproducts .................................................... 3,580 5 4 400 rsyxng ana rooi ing nsworiaLo •••••••••• Miscellaneous products of petroleum 100 and coal ................................................................................. 1,110,000 1 5 4 ,0 0 0 140,000 9 1 2 ,0 0 0 7 6 4 ,0 0 0 1 4 ,0 0 0 1 4 9 ,0 0 0 Products of petroleum and coal ........ 4 Rubber products ..................................................................... 129 Tires arid inner tubes ................................ . . Rubber industries, not elsewhere 36 classified ........................ 93 Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical 1 2 ,6 0 0 goods; watches and clocks ...................................... 23 Laboratory, scientific, and engineering instruments (except surgical, medical, 1 2,200 and dental) ........................................................................ Mechanical measuring and controlling 7 3 ,6 7 0 2,452 1 , 6 0 ,0 0 0 6 1 6 , 0 0 ,0 0 0 8 14 8 6 4,740 1,270 3,470 14,400 41,600 Mining ............................. Metal ............................ Anthracite ....................... Bituminous-coal ................... Crude petroleum and natural gas production ....................... Nonmetallie and quarrying.... ...... 2 6 50 547,000 35,700 32,300 472,000 4,310,000 1 ,30 0 ,0 0 0 104,000 2 , 0 ,0 0 0 76 17 2,950 3,150 45,600 94,000 Construction ........... ........ . Building ......................... Highways, streets,bridges, docks, etc. Miscellaneous ........ ........ . 794 711 6 3 4 ,0 0 0 6 0 9 ,0 0 0 80 24,500 950 6,700,000 5,910,000 737,000 57,000 Trade ................... ..... ..... Wholesale ........................ . Retail ........................... 397 186 211 7 5 ,8 0 0 3 6 ,5 0 0 1,050,000 482,000 39,^00 5 6 6 ,0 0 0 Finance, insurance, and real estate . . . . Insurance ........................ Real entn.'he ..................... . . 16 4,250 300,000 « 2 8 3 ,0 0 0 16,300 29 41 560 4 5 6 ,0 0 0 6 ,9 6 0 9 r ty f-r j) ..... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing .... Agriculture ....................... Fishing .......................... 9 7 2 ,0 0 0 1 3 3 ,0 0 0 5 ,2 8 0 6 30 2 9 7 ,0 0 0 3 - - 16 4,250 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ........ ..... 2 372,000 Rellmeda _________________ . . . . . . . . . . _ _______ Streetcar and bus transportation (city and suburban) ............................................ . 60 17,700 Intercity motorbus transportation .... 18 5,850 Motortruck transportation .......... 12 6 5 1 ,0 0 0 Taxicabs ......................... 54 6 ,0 6 0 Water transportation........ ... 39,800 43 Air transportation ................ 2,450 7 20 182,000 Communication ............. ...................... ... Heat, light, and power ......................................... 14,900 31 Miscellaneous .................................................................. 3 ,2 8 0 35 4o6 15 Services— personal, business, and other Hotels and other lodging places ............... 132 23 oo Cleaning, dyeing, and pressing .................. Barber and beauty shops ...................................... 15 1 24 Automobile repair services and garages 6 Amusement and recreation ........... 4 Medical and other health seivices . . . . Educational services .............................................. 13 14 Miscellaneous ..................... 9 48,5CO 4,170,000 265,000 370,000 2 7 1 ,0 0 0 3 8 9 ,0 0 0 94,000 500,000 7,700 2,150,000 98,400 30,700 14,000 3,U0 2,490 2,270 1 9 3 ,0 0 0 1 OOfl 340 120 70 cQ con 4o 41,700 Q c/y\ 0,220 430 760 7 ,7 6 0 4 ,0 1 0 800 1 8 ,8 0 0 2 2 ,0 0 0 8,100 3 3 ,^ 0 0 2 ,7 6 0 2 ,2 0 0 1 6 1 ,0 0 0 Government— administration, protection, and sanitation 3 ................................ .................... .. 49 1 The figure oh number of workers includes some duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more than one stoppage in the year. 2 This figure is less the sum of the figures below as a few strikes, extending into two or more industry groups, have been counted in each in dustry group affected, with workers and man-days allocated to the respective groups. 3 Stoppages involving municipally operated utilities are Included under "Transportation, communication, and other public utilities." 4 Idleness in 1952 resulting from stoppages which began in the preceding year. 24 TABUS B.— Work stoppages by industry group and major issues, 1952 Number Workers involved 1 Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) All industries..... .................. Wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 .... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 .... .............. Union organization .................. Other working conditions ............. Interunion or intraunion matters ..... 5,117 3 2,447 3,540,000 1,450,000 59,100,000 23,100,000 3 240 599 1,378 334 119 725,000 116,000 974,000 256,000 14,300 28,100,000 1,220,000 5,320,000 1,240,000 69,300 All manufacturing industries ........... Wages, hours, and fringe benefits2 .... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ................... Union organization .................. Other working conditions ............. 3 2,665 1,393 1,880,000 701,000 206 327 70 55 674,000 65,900 404,000 28,900 5^980 26,700,000 899,000 2,120,000 236,000 36,500 288 140 622,000 76,000 23,000,000 1,530,000 15 14 103 8 8 495,000 3,070 42,300 4,660 1,340 21,200,000 25,900 215,000 11,400 6,910 282 164 111,000 48,200 2,430,000 839,000 18 29 56 7 8 36,600 3,080 19,300 3,840 340 1,370,000 30,600 162,000 23,600 5,370 30 12 18,300 7^30 245,000 204,000 3 14 1 3,670 6,140 1,500 16,900 21,800 2,500 122 62 100,000 41,900 1,180,000 616,000 12 11 33 1 3 10,300 1,580 45,000 980 260 327,000 103,000 130,000 1,010 1,130 Machinery (except electrical) ........ Wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 .................. Union organization ................ Other working conditions ........... Interunion or intraunion matters .... Not reported ...................... 323 193 167,000 91,500 3,990,000 1,900,000 27 31 68 2 2 40,700 3,130 31,800 90 100 1,770,000 73,000 253,000 420 3,480 Transportation equipment ............. Wages, hours, and fringe benefits2 ... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ................. Union organization ................ Other working conditions ........... Interunion or intraunion matters .... Not reported......... ............ 199 89 216,000 61,400 2,230,000 1,170,000 13 11 75 8 3 40,200 6,450 105,000 1,920 520 667,000 16,800 359,000 14,100 6,150 131 64 64,500 53,700 1,240,000 954,000 18 19 25 1 4 3,000 1,850 5,100 350 510 104,000 55,900 86,400 40,300 1,030 108 65 23,000 12,500 386,000 246,000 7 17 14 3 2 2,700 1,400 6,340 50 60 72,700 38,900 18,800 8,740 410 Stoppages beginning in 1952 Man-days idle during 1952 (an stoppages) 42,300,000 12,200,000 Stoppages beginning in 1952 Industry group and major issues Primary metal industries ............ . Wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ................. Union organization............... . Other working conditions ........... Interunion or intraunion matters .... jj p t p ’p r ' t * Fabricated metal products * ........... Wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ..... ............ Union organization.......... »..... Other working conditions ........... Interunion or intraunion matters .... p Wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ............... .. Other working conditions ........... Interunion or intraunion matters ..... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies........... ........... Wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ................. Union organization ................ n . i T umpiring r*nnrH t1nnn +Vo* „ _____ Interunion or intraunion matters .... Not reported ...................... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) ........................ Wages, hours, and fringe benefits2 ... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ..... ........... Union organization ................ Other working conditions ........... Tnterunion or intraunion matters .... Not reported ...................... Furniture and fixtures ............... Wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ................. Union organization ................ Other working conditions ........... Interunion or intraunion matters .... Not reported ...................... See footnotes at end of table, 662 Industry group and major issues Number All manufacturing industries - Continued Stone, clay, and glass products ...... Wages, hours, and fringe benefits2 ... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ....... .......... Union organization ................. Other working conditions ........... Interunion or intraunion matters .... Not reported ............. ......... Workers involved1 154 89 63,300 34,300 810,000 488,000 10 12 36 4 3 4,130 9,750 14,500 280 410 190,000 14,700 113,000 3,190 1,330 Textile mill products....... ........ Wages', hours, and fringe benefits 2 ... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ....... .......... Union organization ........... Other working conditions ........... Interunion or intraunion matters .... Not reported ...................... 95 44 36,500 25,400 1,070,000 869,000 6 18 22 2 3 1,190 1,590 5,020 2,920 380 76,200 43,400 34,100 45,500 1,750 Apparel, etc. 9 ........ ............. Wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ................. Union organization ................ Other working conditions ........... Interunion or intraunion matters .... Not reported................ ..... 201 92 17,600 7,790 213,000 77,900 5 61 28 5 10 1,750 3,260 3,600 460 740 46,000 48,100 17,800 22,300 1,070 Leather and leather products ......... Wages, hours, and fringe benefits2 .,. Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ................. Union organization...... ....... . Other working conditions ............. Interunion or intraunion matters .... Not reported ...................... 65 30 16,700 10,800 139,000 86,300 3 9 18 3 2 480 660 4,280 210 210 16,700 12,500 22,500 840 410 Food and kindred products .......... .. Wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ........... ...... Union organization ................. Other working conditions ........... Interunion or intraunion matters .... Not reported ...................... 206 94 127,000 71,400 1,250,000 757,000 11 35 54 11 1 6,550 11,200 27,900 9,790 90 93,900 119,000 236,000 47,500 980 Tobacco manufactures ................ . Wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ... Union organization ................ Interunion or intraunion matters .... 5 3 1 1 1,290 1,210 50 20 53,200 52,600 310 300 Paper and allied products ............ Wages, hours, and fringe benefits2 ... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2................. Union organization ................ Other working conditions ........... 73 45 22,000 17,100 815,000 577,000 4 11 13 480 1,000 3,350 161,000 70,500 6,250 32 14 4,090 2,660 92,430 62,300 3 7 7 1 100 500 790 30 6,080 16,900 7,130 30 Chemicals and allied products ......... Wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ............... Tt Union organization............ . Other working conditions ........... Interunion or intraunion matters .... Not reported ...................... 100 50 30,400 18,700 621,000 368,000 6 18 23 2 1 1,530 1,550 8,370 no 110 157,000 1,230 1,180 Products of petroleum and coal ....... Wages, hours, and fringe benefits2 ... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ................. Union organization ................ Other working conditions ........... Interunion or intraunion matters .... 22 14 58,800 54,000 1,110,000 963,000 1 1 4 2 3,480 10 260 1,040 133,000 180 9,040 6,200 Printing, publishing, and allied industries ........................ Wages, hours, and fringe benefits2 ... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ................. Union organization ................ Other working conditions ........... Interunion or intraunion matters .... 50 300 4 2 )3 0 0 25 TABLE B.— Work stoppages by industry group and major issues, 1952 - Continued Stoppages beginning in 1952 Industry group and major issues Number 111 manufacturing industries - Continued Rubber products ................ ...... Wages, hours, and fringe benefits2 .... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 .................. Union organization................. Other working conditions ............ Interunion or intraunion matters..... Not reported ....................... Instruments, etc. * ................... Wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 . . . . Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 .................. Union organization................. Other working conditions ............ Not reported ....................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ......................... Wages, hours, and fringe benefits2 .... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ................. . Union organization................. Other working conditions ............ Interunion or intraunion matters..... Not reported ....... ............... Workers involved1 Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) 129 a 154,000 5 2 ,4 0 0 912,000 220,000 3 A 56 3 2 16,500 15,100 69,000 460 750 272,000 175,000 237,000 4,780 4,140 23 11 12,600 5,000 297,000 161,000 A 3 1 4,390 90 3,120 30 114,000 4,640 17,500 50 9A 52 13,200 8,330 111,000 U 11 15 9 5 2 All nonmanufacturing industries ......... 3 2,A52 1,070 Wages, hour8, and fringe benefits2 ..... Union organization, wages, hours, and 76 fringe benefits2 .................. . Union organization ................... 716 Other working conditions .............. Interunion or intraunion matters ..... . 264 Not reported............... ....... . 272 64 2 2 4 ,0 0 0 180 140 81,800 7,670 19,200 2,340 1,100 1,660,000 753,000 16,800,000 10,800,000 50,800 50,500 570,000 227,000 8,290 1,410,000 4,740 2,620 56,000 28,900 1,760 570 2 ,2 4 0 3 2 2 ,0 0 0 3,200,000 1,000,000 32,900 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing................. .......... Wages, hours, and fringe benefits2 .... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 .................. Union organization................. Other working conditions........... . Interunion or intraunion matters .... 14 5 1 6 1 1 1,990 30 10 800 25,500 660 140 Mining...... ......... . Wages, hour8, and fringe benefits 2 ...• Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 .................. Union organization ................. Other working conditions ............ Interunion or intraunion matters .... Not reported........ .............. 650 129 547,000 37,500 27,200 1,150,000 73,100 2,590,000 122,000 25,100 Industry group and major issues 31 425 24 37 80 8,660 435,000 31,200 7,340 Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) Number All nonmanufacturing industries - Continued Construction.......... ....... . Wage8, hours, and fringe benefits2 .... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 .................. Union organization................. Other working conditions....... . Interunion or intraunion matters..... Not reported............... . Trade ........................... . Wages, hours, and fringe benefits2 .... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ............... . Union organization ................. Other working conditions ............ Interunion or intraunion matters..... Not reported ....................... Finance, insurance, and real estate ......... ............ . Wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 . . . . Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 .................. Union organization................. Other working conditions ............ Interunion or intraunion matters..... reported ....................... Not Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ............... Wages, hours, and fringe benefits2 .... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 .................. Union organization ................. Other working conditions ............ Interunion or intraunion matters ..... Not reported .............. ......... 4,310,000 342,000 4 Stoppages beginning in 1952 Workers involved1 794 365 634,000 339,000 9 88 121 200 11 980 31,100 79,300 183,000 500 285,000 798,000 A,600 397 242 75,800 59,100 1 050,000 766.000 34 70 36 8 7 4,740 2,530 8,750 460 200 120.000 48,700 107,000 A,770 750 16 7 1 3 1 3 1 4,250 4,030 300,000 296,000 10 60 20 350 1,660 180 • 406 224 372,000 296,000 A,170,000 3,770,000 12 16,900 4,240 42,800 180 108,000 22,300 199,000 71,800 1,660 64 14,000 10,800 193.000 121.000 12 26 20 860 1,230 740 270 50 21,500 AO,AOO 7,850 1,710 44 21 5 100 30 no n,700 6, 700,000 5 500,000 , 9,790 109,000 , 380 1,320 Services— personal, business, and other .............................. Wages, hours, and fringe benefits2 .... Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 .................. Union organization......... ........ Other working conditions ............ Interunion or intraunion matters ..... Not reported ....................... 132 Government— administration, protection, and sanitation.......... ........ . Wages, hours, and fringe benefits 2 ........................ Union organization ................. Other working conditions ............ 49 8,100 33,AOO 33 4 12 3,830 680 25,200 1,600 7 3 3,590 580 6,600 lThe figure on number of workers includes some duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more than one stoppage in a year. 2 "Fringe benefits" has been added to the title only for purposes of clarification. There has been no change from previous years in definition or con tent of these groups. 3 This figure is less than the sum of the figures below because a few stoppages, each affecting more than one industry group, have been counted as sepa rate stoppages in each industry group affected. Workers involved and man-days idle were allocated to the respective groups. 4 Excludes ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment. 5 Includes other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials. 6 Includes professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks. 26 TABLE C.— Work stoppages in States having 25 or more stoppages by industry group, 1952 Stoppages beginning in 1952 State and industry group Number Workers involved1 Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) Stoppages beginning in 1952 State and industry group Number ........... 2 121 86,100 1,720,000 California-Continued Primary metal industries ............... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and 15 29,100 1,070,000 Transportation equipment ............... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .......................... Furniture and fixtures ................ Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Textile-mill products............... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials ..... Food and kindred products .............. Paper and allied products .............. Chemicals and allied products........ . Rubber products ....................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ..... Construction .......................... Trade ................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate ...... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities....... ....... . Services— personal, business, and other ..... .......................... Government— administration, protection, and sanitation................ ...... Workers involved 1 Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) Alabama 6 Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .......................... Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Textile-mill products ......... ........ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar Food and kindred products .............. Printing, publishing, and allied Chemicals and allied products ........... Rubber products ....................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ..... Mining ............................... Construction .......................... 1,3A0 A0,000 1 1 4 Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ................. ........... Machinery (except electrical) .......... AO 10 5,110 1,000 190 19,900 5 1 11 1 1,180 10 2,550 860 28,600 170 A0,200 2,080 2 4 A70 3,A80 A70 7,050 1 2 2 4 1 33 9 30 3A0 810 5,930 50 2A,700 A,2A0 1A0 30 13,000 21,600 31,000 600 3 170 313,000 18,700 8,110 5,180 99,100 10 760 a Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ................ Services— personal, business, and H 1 Government— administration, protection, A A70 850 ........... . 2 26 6,210 80,300 Primary metal industries ............... Transportation equipment_____ .__ ____ _ Lumber and wood products (except •furnitirre) tfT.rTT.______ _____ ___ ___ Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Food and kindred products .............. Chemicals and allied products .......... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ....... Mining ............................... Construction ...............__ ........... Trade ................................ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ................ Services— personal, business, and other ................. . 2 1 390 1,230 A,120 9,850 2 1 1 1 1 3 A 1,550 70 10 170 20 750 280 A10 A,050 390 1A0 3,n o H0 7,090 3,310 13,200 6 1,330 31,500 Ari zona 4 1 30 3,320 ........... 2 51 35,900 235,000 Primary metal industries ............... Ordnance and accessories ............... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) ......................... . Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Textile-mill products ................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials ............................ Food and kindred products .............. Paper and allied products.............. Chemicals and allied products.......... Products of petroleum and coal ......... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments! photographic and optical goods} watches and clocks ... Mining .......... . Construction................. ........ Trade ..................... ........... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ................ Government— administration, protection, and sanitation ............. .......... 2 1 A70 1,310 21,700 A,990 A 1 1 1,210 20 310 26,100 270 1,230 1 1 1 A 1 250 10 250 2,160 390 A,250 290 A9,300 A, 620 1 1 25 2 30 A10 28,200 60 50 2,AA0 91,A00 1,160 6 800 15,100 Arkansas 1 80 1 2 ,3 0 0 32 37,500 A58,000 6 8 7 2 6,500 1,QA0 2,200 90 90,000 3,920 89,900 4,500 9 9 2 5 A 3 3 36 32 2 990 2,920 130 780 1,230 250 1,020 97,500 12,900 50 33,400 22,000 5,390 80,700 28,700 A,990 12,200 2,110,000 89,200 10,600 3A A6,600 802,000 9 A30 9,070 1 170 320 ............ 2A1 26,700 547,000 Primary metal industries ............. . Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............. Machinery (except electrical) .......... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) ...... ..................... Leather and leather products ........... Food and kindred products .............. Chemicals and allied products .......... Products of petroleum and coal ......... Mining ............................... Construction ......................... Trade ........... ..................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ............... Services— personal, business, and other ............................... 2 7,930 370,000 1 2 20 330 280 4,300 2 1 5 1 1 3 9 9 100 30 1,790 60 150 3,150 6,A70 A,090 1,160 80 7,240 1,330 2,090 22,000 29,900 84,500 21,200 Co lorado Connecticut ....... Primary metal industries ............... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ........ ..... Ordnance and accessories ................. Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ...... ..... ................ Machinery (except electrical) .......... Transportation equipment ............... Furniture and fixtures ................. Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Textile-mill products ................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials ........................... Food and kindred products....... ...... Paper and allied products .............. Printing, publishing, and allied industries ............ ............ T. Chemicals and allied products .......... Products of petroleum and coal ......... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... Construction....... ........... ...... Trade ................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate ..... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ................ Services— personal, business, and other ............................... 2,560 10 3,290 89 23,200 962,000 5 9,0A0 712,000 8 1 1,980 500 19,600 500 2 10 1 2 1 3 180 2,420 130 130 50 2,260 15,400 51,600 250 770 280 46,300 5 3 A 180 80 no 3,710 770 880 2 1 1 A 15 13 70 120 70 1,330 3,H O 980 2,600 130 200 H,300 48,200 18,100 312*100 13,800 A 420 A 80 850 2AA 7,500 142,000 1 120 1,730 x 2 80 150 120 2,980 1c i r 680 1 20 1,760 230 Fl o r i d a ............. California 6 1 ........... 2 217 23A,000 A,A10,000 Primary metal Industries ............ . Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ..... . Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ............................. Machinery (except electrical) .......... 19 H,800 376,000 11 A,990 132,000 See footnotes at end of table, 1 5 3A0 1,110 AA,500 8,900 Primary metal industries .............. . Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ........................ T . t Ordnance and accessories .............. „ Machinery (except electrical) .......... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .......................... 2 27 TABLE C . — Work stoppages in States having 25 or more stoppages by industry group, 1952 - Continued Stoppages beginning in 1952 State and industry group State and industry group Number Workers involved1 (all stoppages) 1 60 2 20 260 Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar 5 Printing, publishing, and allied 1 1 2 1 10 6 Chemicals and allied products .......... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ..... Mining ............................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities...... . Government— administration, protection, 8 1 ............ 2 Primary metal industries .............. Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ........ ...... .......... . Machinery (except electrical) .......... Lumber and wood products (except 47 3 10 A0 1A0 A20 1,810 '3 1 0 3,870 70 1A,500 2 ,2 2 0 2 1 100 2 1 320 4 Furniture and fixtures ................ Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Textile-mill products ................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials ........ .................... 760 1,310 2 5 70 220 200 8 3,850 1 2 1 1 30 80 A30 710 A20 7 Printing, publishing, and allied industries ................ ........... Chemicals and allied products ......... . Mining ............................... Construction............ ........ . Tl*AdA >Itff,rirtrrr--r-____...... ...... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities....... ........ Services— personal, business, and 3,690 7 2 Illinois ........... Primary metal industries .............. Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation Aqulpmnnt) ,,.,..T.T.............___.... OpHnAniM and aennssorlea ,. T.____ ........ Electrical machinery, equipment, and aiippH s a _______ ....................... Machinery (except electrical) .......... Transportation equipment ............... Lumber and wood products (except furniture} ..................... . Furniture and fixtures................ Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Textile-mill products............... .. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials ........................... Leather and leather products ........... Food and kindred products ................ Paper and allied products .............. Printing, publishing, and allied industries ...... ..................... Chemicals and allied products ............ Products of petroleum and coal ......... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments! photographic and optical goods} watches and clocks ....... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... Mining...... ....................... . Construction .......... ..... . Trade........ ....... ................ Finance, insurance, and real estate .... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ............... Services— personal, business, and other..... ......................... Government— administration, protection, and sanitation .......................... See footnotes at end of table, Number Indiana ............. Florida-Continued Georgia Stoppages beginning: in 1 9 5 2 Man-days idle 2 351 24 17 6 6 52 10 7 6 7 1 6 2 19 5 70 2 1 2 ,0 0 0 39,000 5,800 2,680 2,A90 A9,200 A,230 6A0 1,220 2,290 600 2,230 Primary metal industries ............... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ................... ....... 190 Ordnance and accessories ....... ........ 2 ,0 6 0 Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies....... ................ . 20 A0 Machinery (except electrical) .......... 9 8 0 Transportation equipment ............... 30,900 Lumber and wood products (except 23,800 furniture) ........................... A ) 3 0 0 Furniture and fixtures ................ 3 370 Stone, clay, and glass products ....... . Textile-mill products ................. 69,600 Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials ..... 520 Food and kindred products .............. Paper and allied products..... 253,000 Printing, publishing, and allied industries .......................... 1 0 2 ,0 0 0 Chemicals and allied products .......... Products of petroleum and coal ......... Rubber products ....... ................ 2,190 Mining ........ ............... . 720 Construction ..................... . Trade.......... ..................... 7,610 Finance, insurance, and real estate ..... ' o Transportation, communication, and aa 3,250 other public utilities...... ........ . A6,A00 Services— personal, business, and other .. Government— administration, protection, and sanitation ...................... . A60 I o w a ........... . 1A,200 3,950 Fabricated metal products (except 1,3A0 ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) .......... ................ A,300 A,A20 Electrical machinery, equipment, and 5,1A0 supplies .................... ........ Machinery (except electrical) .......... 5 6 ,5 0 0 Lumber and wood products (except furniture) ........................... 6 1 0 Furniture and fixtures ...... ........... Apparel and other finished products A,3 8 0 ,000 made from fabrics and similar materials ............... ............ 1 , 6 0 ,0 0 0 4 Food and kindred products .............. Paper and allied products ................ Printing, publishing, and allied 159,000 industries ....... ... ..... ...... ... . 78,000 Mining..... ............ ........... . Construction .................. ....... 9,600 Trade ............. .............. ... t Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ................ Government— administration, protection, And sanitation ....................... 1,500,000 159,000 13,000 9,820 35,300 13,900 A A70 580 1 2 ,5 0 0 1,6A0 150 A30 3,980 A,HO 27,800 38,100 18,000 A,220 19,200 55,800 A 6 A2 60 28 2 26 7 A 3,770 960 30,000 20,200 3,130 2,030 20,100 220 3,200 102,000 H,800 2GA,000 152,000 5A,900 39,900 189,000 5,A30 A,960 3 3 K a n s a s .............................. Primary metal industries ............ Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ........................... Ordnance and accessories__ -___________ Machinery (except electrical) .......... Furniture and fixtures.......... ...... Stone, clay, and glass products ........ . Food and kindred products .............. Products of petroleum and coal ......... Mining................... ............ Construction...... ................... Trade ................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate ..... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ........... . Services— personal, business, and other .. Kentucky ...... Primary metal industries ............... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............ .............. Workers involved1 2191 173,000 25 67,700 13 9,660 2 890 7,690 3,570,000 2 , 3 0 ,0 0 0 3 259,000 800 2 Man-days idle during 1952 (an stoppages) 13 12 5 6 8 1 2 ,2 0 0 1,130 1,310 3,A30 1 ,5 2 0 2A,AOO 107,000 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 21,800 2 0 ,1 0 0 73,200 3 3 2 ,8 0 0 1 12 A 1 5 2 6 27 21 13 _ 280 A,100 390 20 1 ,8 9 0 9,7A0 5,990 17,300 17,500 1,520 1 ,1 0 0 20,800 A,6A0 1,790 95,100 160,000 3 9 ,6 0 0 91,A00 8 0 ,6 0 0 29,500 5,6AO 3 16 1 8,700 2 110 370 255 2 1 ,5 0 0 160,000 10 70,000 10 3 160 i,no 3 A 960 2 1 ,5 0 0 A00 10,400 10 190 30 2,910 2 12 1 no 16,000 2,360 71,600 20 20 1 7 70 330 1,A90 350 820 A,680 11,700 3,050 1,200 200 15,000 300 27,600 1,770 184,000 A,200 no A0 220 30 120 A,A60 3,460 2,320 2,350 380 5,170 320 n ,7 o o 130 1,560 24,100 50,600 42,300 10,300 5,180 3 1,370 20,200 7 ,HO 1,370,000 333,000 1 2 5 8 6 1 2A6 1 2 1 1 1 1 5 3 A H 8 8 1,100 1 130 2190 16A,000 3 7,880 8 A,250 32,100 28 TABLE C . — Work stoppages in States having 25 or more stoppages by industry group, 1952 - Continued Stoppages beginning in 1952 State and industry group Number Workers involved1 Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) Stoppages beginning in 1952 State and industry group Number Kentucky-Continued Massachusetts-Continued Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ............................. Machinery (except electrical) .......... Transportation equipment ............... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .......................... Furniture and fixtures ................ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials ........................... Leather and leather products ........... Food and kindred products..... ........ Paper and allied products .............. Printing, publishing, and allied industries ................. ...... ... Chemicals and allied products .......... Products of petroleum and c o a l ....... Rubber products ....................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ..... Mining ............................... Construction ......................... . Trade ................ ................ Finance, insurance, and real estate ..... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ............... Services— personal, business, and other .. Workers involved 1 Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) 3 6 3 880 8,590 1,290 5 2 Textile-mill products .................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials ........................... Leather and leather products ........... Food and kindred products .............. 4 4 1 1 2 370 90 370 280 80,200 11 650 - 5 1 ,0 0 0 - 16 5 2 ,9 0 0 140 5 Fabricated metal products ^except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............. Machinery (except electrical) .......... Transportation equipment ............... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .......................... Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Food and kindred products .............. Paper and alHed products w............ . Chemicals and allied products .......... Products of petroleum and coal ......... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... Construction .......................... Trade r r __T ..TI..TTT___r_________ Finance, insurance, and real estate ...... Transportation, communication, and other piihl 1 e nt.iTitles IIttITtr..Tr.... 500 55 39,500 2 2 2 40 240 1,350 4 1 ,1 2 0 1 3 2 5 1 1 17 3 13 2 A3 3 40 300 2,930 1,140 490 40 23,700 520 7,580 4 0 ,8 0 0 23,200 3 1,530 1 1 2 2 130 3 1 3 1 1 2 6 7 7 3 3,930 280 530 80 1,390 210 1 ,2 6 0 10 620 1,520 290 5,750 80 ......... 2 143 39,900 Primary metal industries ............... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............. Ordnance and accessories............... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ........................... . Machinery (except electrical) .......... Transportation equipment ............... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .......................... Furniture and fixtures ................ Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Textile-mill products ........ ......... 4 3,520 Massachusetts See footnotes at end of table, 7,810 3,930 22,900 420 1,510 5,480 1 ,0 4 0 610 9,190 14,800 335,000 324,000 5,700 3 1,180 Michigan 2 Primary metal industries............... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)___ T.. T.... . Machinery (except electrical) .......... Transportation equipment ....'........... Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Textile-mill products ................. Food and kindred products .............. Paper and allied products ............. . Chemicals and allied products.......... Rubber products.... .................. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... Mining ............. .................. Construction...... ................... Trade ............................... . Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ................ Services— personal, business, and other .. 830 1 ,9 8 0 70 32 Trade .......................... ...... Finance, insurance, and real estate ..... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ................ Services— personal, business, and other .. Government— administration, protection, and sanitation ...................... . ............ '2 2 0 2 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Mining ............................... Maryiana 470 70 1,490 6 2 2 1 ,4 0 0 219,000 7,320 8 1 1,980 530 4 6 3 6,010 3,930 220 1 7 3 7 100 370 370 1,410 ............ 12 14 3 3 1 1 1 700 1,070 610 320 20 100 100 4,820 5,740 8,510 6 ,0 4 0 130 680 200 5,610 530 840 30 3,290 1 4 ,8 0 0 12 2 1 ,4 2 0 16,200 20 6 ,5 0 0 7 3 3 1 17 30 35,400 3 ,1 0 0 7,550 1,800 1 4 ,0 0 0 3 330 326 311,000 3,500,000 26 24,400 712,000 33 11,700 860 1 1 5 ,0 0 0 2 8 2 ,0 3 0 34 64 17,400 72,700 6 9 ,6 0 0 1 2 1 ,0 0 0 4 2 228,000 4,810 380 2,600 2 0 ,9 0 0 1,930 Primary metal industries ............... Fabricated metal products (except 1 ,0 4 0 ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............. 719,000 Ordnance and accessories ...... ......... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies .......... .................. Machinery (except electrical) .......... Transportation equipment ............... 2 ,9 6 0 5,820 Lumber and wood products (except furniture) ............... ........... 72,200 Furniture and fixtures....... ......... 49,500 Stone, clay, and glass products ........ 1,940 Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar 7,460 materials ........................... 170,000 Leather and leather products ..... ..... 2 4 ,8 0 0 Food and kindred products .............. 2,450 4,960 Paper and allied products .............. Printing, publishing, and allied 3 0 6 ,0 0 0 industries .......................... 6,530 Chemicals and allied products ........... 3700 Products of petroleum and coal ......... 63,900 Rubber products........ ........... . Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments} photographic and 1,180,000 optical goods} watches and clocks ....... 924,000 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... Mining ...................TTttTTtttl, Construction ......................... Trade .......... ............. ........ 2 2 ,0 0 0 Finance, insurance, and real estate .... 3,350 8,350 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ............... 9,330 Services— personal, business, and other .. 3 4 ,0 0 0 3,450 83,500 Minnesota 2,810 2 ,*>20 Primary metal Industries Tf___TT_ 660 Fabricated metal products (except 5,760 ordnance, machinery, and 1 8 ,5 0 0 transportation equipment) T... fr. ,,, , 3,320 Ordnance and accessor1 es ._T._, , Electrical machinery, equipment, and 6 2 ,5 0 0 supplies .......................... , , 700 Machinery (except electrical) .......... Transportation equipment ......... ..... 853,000 Lumber and wood products (except furniture) ........................... 9 6 ,6 0 0 Furniture and fixtures_____ Tt. Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Apparel and other finished products 196,000 made from fabrics and similar 970 materials ..........,,, Leather and leather products ........... 39,300 Food and kindred products.............. 140,000 Paper and allied products .............. 4,400 Printing, publishing, and allied industries ................ ........... 2,500 Chemicals and allied products .......... 2,130 Rubber products____ tittt..... 1,330 Mining ............. tT__ 18,000 Construction ............. ....T...... 8 6 1 2 10 4 1 4 1 42 1 6 4 28 21 380 80 250 940 1,740 600 4,900 570 a ,100 20 340 9,280 8 3 ,0 0 0 2 ,0 3 0 990 273,000 8,670 24,300 8,950 1,740 1 2 ,9 0 0 8 ,6 2 0 56,900 9,420 6 8 ,2 0 0 6,260 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 270 7,220 373,000 1 , 6 0 ,0 0 0 1 3 2 ,2 0 0 3 15,100 17 5 2 33,400 460 3 0 8 ,0 0 0 8 ,9 6 0 83 38,200 1,040>000 2 a - 250 IJfcjUUU 5 850 680 /I 5HD 2,390 ;O 4 730 10 70 33,900 30 h\ j 1 4 370 2 230 3 350 1 4 1 160 6,850 70 _ 1 2 18 _ 600 ICO 13,700 2,750 5,860 0 “ Ton 1 0 ,4 0 0 1 “r ii 320 33,900 1,210 310 3,070 860 5 ff nnn t j 7 OjVJKAJ 4?|OUU 29 TABLE C .— Work stoppages in States having 25 or more stoppages by industry group, 1952 - Continued Stoppages beginning in 1952 State and industry group Number Workers involved 1 Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) .......... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .......................... Textile-mill products ................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials .............. Food and kindred products ........................................ Paper and allied products ........................................ Rubber products.... .. ......... .. ...... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ..... 21 5 5 ,0 0 0 10 6 2 1,930 4,350 1,180 86,800 9,770 30 8,970 6 2 1 1,880 140 100 1 5 2 ,0 0 0 5 2 ,6 0 0 610 ............ Stone, clay, and glass products ........................ Textile-mill products .................................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials .............. Leather and leather products ................................ Food and kindred products ........................................ Paper and allied products ........................................ Printing, publishing, and allied industries ............................................................................. Chemicals and allied products ............................. Products of petroleum and coal ......... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks ..................................... Mining ......................................................................................... Construction......................................... .............................. Trade ............................................................................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate .............. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ............................................. Services— personal, business, and other . . Government— administration, protection, and sanitation .................................................................. New Jersey f,........ Primary metal industries ........................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ..................................... Electrical machinery, equipment, and Riipnl 1 p a .......... .............................. Machinery (except electrical) Transportation equipment Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .... ..................... Furniture and fixtures.... ........... Stone, clay, and glass products ......... Textile-mill products ................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials .... Leather and leather products ........... Food and kindred products .............. Paper and allied products .............. Printing, publishing, and allied industries.......... ................ Chemicals and allied products .......... Products of petroleum and coal ......... Rubber products ....................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks ............. See footnotes at end of table Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... Mining .............. ............... . Construction ............. ............ Trade........ ....................... Finance, insurance, and real estate ..... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ................ Services— personal, business, and other .. Government— administration, protection, and sanitation .............. ..... . New 1 1 1 2 1 11 1 430 10 360 1 ,2 1 0 1 ,5 0 0 2,410 *10 0 14,200 190 360 3,240 1 6 ,5 0 0 3 2 ,0 0 0 l) 0 3 0 4 Missouri Workers involved 1 830 1 0 ,5 0 0 2 148 106,000 1 , 5 0 ,0 0 0 0 2 3,290 215,000 6 1 ,0 1 0 8 ,5 6 0 7 13 8,710 2,240 3,480 46,400 44,800 19,500 5 5 30 810 770 370 29,300 1 230 23,300 1 3 9 H 2 1 A 1,360 4,130 1 5 ,1 0 0 110 310 90 12^000 3 1 ,0 0 0 1 0 ,3 0 0 6 9 ,4 0 0 4,530 7,340 2 1 ,3 8 0 1 ,6 0 0 1 1 ,0 0 0 1 2 40 410 18,100 2,540 1,600 4,370 154,000 35,800 23 17 3 1 1 ,1 0 0 24 3 1 39,300 301,000 2 ,0 5 0 1 0 ,1 0 0 100 500 2 260 1 1 3 ,0 0 0 1,450,000 12 8 ,3 6 0 303,000 14 4,090 92,100 11 10 16 14,500 3,430 82,000 31,500 80,000 3 6 7 12 1 1 ,6 0 0 610 820 820 3,760 30 3 1 ,3 0 0 11 1 0 ,3 0 0 1 ,0 0 0 5 90 1 0 ,1 0 0 5,590 9,380 72,600 1 0 ,0 0 0 1,490 93,500 155,000 11 5 7 330 2,230 2,610 2,380 1,790 26,900 133,000 6,360 2 2,060 11,900 2 22 2 32 11 1,540 490 2,870 3,820 90 33,200 760 17,200 3 ,8 6 0 2 1 ,2 0 0 49,100 3 0 ,6 0 0 187,000 1 2 ,6 0 0 1 Mexico .......... 100 2,310 27 5,380 45,300 - - 1 120 1 4 170 2 ,0 2 0 13 2 Primary metal industries ........................................... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .......................... Chemicals and allied products ......... .. Products of petroleum and coal ........................... Mining ........................................................................................ Construction .......................................................................... Trade ............................................................................................ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ............................................. Government— administration, protection, and sanitation........................ ......................................... New 6 12 3 H 1,760 2 1 ,0 0 0 Transportation, communication, and Primary metal industries ........................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............................. Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies .................................................................................. Machinery (except electrical) ............................. Transportation equipment .............. Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .......................... Number Man-days idle riV^ner X7 iT* ClUTing IQ^O (all stoppages) N e w Jersey-Continued Minnesota-Continued Trade ................................ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities .......... ..... Services— personal, business, and other .. Mississippi Stoppages beginning in 1 9 5 2 State and industry group York ................................ - C a r o l i n a ............................. Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............. Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ............................ Machinery (except electrical) .......... Transportation equipment ............... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) ......................... . Furniture and fixtures ................ Textile-mill products .................. Food and kindred products.... .. ........ Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ...... Construction .................... .. .... Trade ..... ............ ................ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ............................................. 360 3 550 2,370 6 ,3 8 0 7,980 2 250 1 0 ,5 0 0 6 1 ,0 3 0 1 4 ,6 0 0 1 30 450 2 600 199,000 4,280,000 19 33,800 43 5 7,570 4,770 208,000 139,000 8,490 9,880 1 8 9 ,0 0 0 Primary metal industries ........................................... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............. Ordnance and accessories ............... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ............................................................................ .. Machinery (except electrical) .............................. Transportation equipment .......................................... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) ............................................................................. Furniture and fixtures ............................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ................... .. Textile-mill products ........................ ......................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials ....................................... ............. Leather and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food and kindred products ........................................ Tobacco manufactures .................................................... Paper and allied products ........................................ Printing, publishing, and allied industries ............................................................................ Chemicals and allied products ............................. Products of petroleum and c o a l ........... ............... Rubber products .................................................................. Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks ..................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries . . . Mining ........................................................................................ Construction.......................................................................... Trade .................................................................... ...................... Finance, insurance, and real estate .............. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ............................................. Services— personal, business, and other . . Government— administration, protection, and sanitation .................................................................. North - 3 2 ,2 0 0 31 33 23 13 25 9 17 72 11 28 1 12 5 11 3 3 2 6 ,1 0 0 790 3,340 3,940 1 4 ,3 0 0 2,580 5,030 9 ,1 1 0 50 2 ,0 2 0 640 5,930 790 620 1 , 4 0 ,0 0 0 2 355,000 3 2 8 ,0 0 0 18,900 5 0 ,8 0 0 1 6 ,1 0 0 5 8 2 ,0 0 0 2 9 ,5 0 0 2 1 ,4 0 0 1 8 5 ,0 0 0 310 35,900 7,990 54,400 2 1 ,6 0 0 6,590 6 3,110 1 5 ,0 0 0 28 2 ,0 2 0 1 940 9,590 40,700 39,500 167,000 143,000 51 61 4 1 2 ,1 0 0 2 ,0 0 0 62 27 2 6 ,1 0 0 2 ,8 4 0 3 2 37 600 1 5 ,6 0 0 1 0 2 ,0 0 0 2 1 2 ,0 0 0 64,600 8,430 277,000 2 70 1,050 1 1 1 4,520 60 27,000 160 3,080 360 1 1 10 2 400 1,760 2,350 40 330 *3,960 120 6,450 98,500 72,300 350 8,230 17,500 1,080 4 1,350 41,300 5 3 7 30 TABLE C . — Work stoppages in States having 25 or more stoppages by industry group, 1952 - Continued Stoppages beginning in 1952 State and industry group Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) Stoppages beginning in 1952 State and industry group Number Workers involved1 .................................. 2 444 410,000 7,260,000 Pennsylvania - Continued Primary metal industries............... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............. Ordnance and accessories ............... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies.............. .............. Machinery (except electrical) .......... Transportation equipment ............ Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .......................... Furniture and fixtures ................ Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Textile-mill products .................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials ..... Food and kindred products .............. Paper and allied products .............. Printing, publishing, and allied industries ..................... ..... Chemicals and allied products .......... Products of petroleum and coal ......... Rubber products ...................... . Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks........ . Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... Mining......... ..................... Construction .......................... Trade ................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate ..... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ................ Services— personal, business, and other .. Government— administration, protection, and sanitation ....................... 56 121,000 4,030,000 39 4 18,600 3,070 344,000 5,140 Machinery (except electrical) .......... Transportation equipment ............... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .......................... Furniture and fixtures ................ Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Textile-mill products ................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials ........................ . Leather and leather products ..... ..... Food and kindred products .............. Tobacco manufactures............. ..... Paper and allied products.............. Printing, publishing, and allied industries .......................... Chemicals and allied products .......... Products of petroleum and coal ......... Rubber products ....................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks ............. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ...... Mining..................... .......... Construction ......................... Trade.................. ............. Finance, insurance, and real estate..... Transportation, communication, and other publio utilities ................ Services— personal, business, and other .. Government— administration, protection, and sanitation ............... ........ O h io O k la h o m a ....................... .. Primary metal industries............ . Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............. Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ............................ Machinery (except electrical) .......... Lumber and wood products (except ’ furniture) .......................... Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Food and kindred products .............. Products of petroleum and c o a l ......... Rubber products.......... ........... . Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... Mining ................... Construction ......................... Trade................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate.... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ............... Government— administration, protection, and sanitation ....................... Oregon ............................. Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............. Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .......................... Food and kindred products........ ..... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ...... Construction......... .............. Trade .................. ............. Finance, insurance, and real estate ..... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ....... ......... Services— personal, business, and other .. P en n sy lv a n ia 16 30 16 9,650 20,100 17,200 230,000 441,000 438,000 1 7 39 2 230 6,260 18,000 2,160 9,230 73,200 176,000 10,500 1 8 6 130 1,320 3,020 3,500 27,700 78,400 1 9 4 41 150 1,690 2,440 67,100 3,980 18,600 42,000 544,000 2 7 37 54 29 - 150 2,230 24,400 42,400 8,280 - 5,600 49,400 118,000 201,000 116,000 3 2,380 35 5 40,400 260 232,000 14,800 Rhode 8 280 16,600 217,000 1 230 11,100 2 140 360 3 3 980 820 32,800 30,000 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 14 1 50 400 1,040 3,770 2,210 20 680 3,130 300 10 140 400 2,150 65,200 13,900 260 3,960 15,900 6,530 230 11 2,100 31,100 2 780 2,690 2 37 32,800 498,000 1 20 1,740 11 3 1 1 9 - 24,800 1,690 60 20 410 - 384,000 35,600 360 20 11,100 3 790 11 1 5,810 10 65,300 20 7 ..................... 2 692 588,000 11,800,000 53 195,000 7,670,000 48 23,200 170 493,000 170 32,200 95,000 Island .......... 615,000 50 15 22,900 9,240 4 7 31 28 230 1,940 14,500 3,960 38 7 16 3 11 5,230 990 7,420 750 1,380 321,000 25,500 39,400 6 12 5 4 420 1,620 3,060 4,060 7,4-60 55.100 93.100 33,900 3 17 1 139 66 2,510 3,360 30 150,000 71,900 8,860 30 137.000 194.000 17 19,700 2,720 3 40 50 32 4,820 114.000 41 2 49 116,000 9,790 31,500 129,000 56,100 50,900 9,260 39,000 660 679.000 713.000 139.000 4-7,400 13,300 1,140 2 51 Rrimary metal industries............... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............. Ordnance and accessories ............... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ............................ See footnotes at end of table, Number Workers involved1 Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) 1 22 Primary metal industries ............... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ............................. Machinery (except electrical) .......... Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Textile-mill products ................. Food and kindred products .............. Printing, publishing, and allied industries .......................... Rubber products ..................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... Construction .......................... Trade....... ........................ Finance, insurance, and real estate ..... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities............. . Services— personal, business, and other .. 110 15,900 150 1,270 60 520 20 1,950 70,300 220 1,610 2 2 1 200 400 30 780 40 _ 1,070 1,970 270 5,540 240 3 1,960 4 2 150 1,110 6,080 6,680 2 146 Primary metal industries ............... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............. Ordnance and accessories............... Machinery (except electrical) ........... Transportation equipment ............... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) ............ ..... ......... Furniture and fixtures........... ..... Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Textile-mill products ................ . Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials ........................... Leather and leather products ............ Food and kindred products .............. Paper and allied products .............. Printing, publishing, and allied industries ........... ............... Chemicals and allied products .......... Rubber products ....................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... Mining ............................... Construction ............. ............ Trade ................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate ..... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ............... Government— administration, protection, and sanitation .................. ..... 1 1 5 1 3 1 51,800 516,000 9 3,400 34,500 8 1 6 1 1,100 380 1,770 150 26,000 3,440 18,100 310 4 3 2 _ 610 280 300 11,100 11,500 4 3 1,520 370 1,030 1,560 1 6 10 790 12,200 100 10,800 9,810 210 30 6 3 6 3 7 1 31 24 6 1 20 1 260 890 3 24,000 7,650 2,430 21,000 9,730 290 9,110 46,500 8,800 86,100 129,000 3,300 460 5,140 61,700 220 720 31 TABLE C . — Work stoppages in States having 25 or more stoppages by industry group, 1952 - Continued Stoppages beginning in 1952 State and industry group 64,500 1,210,000 W a s h i n g t o n - C o n t in u e d 5 4,680 178,000 3 2 10 4 1,480 2,210 1,620 3,980 31,400 6,050 47,000 26,300 2 2 2 1 780 200 260 250 47,300 9,050 13,400 880 2 5 1 440 730 780 3,900 22,500 840 7,290 6,490 780 86,900 407,000 3,360 9 30 300 12,200 1,450 2,380 5,360 171,000 22,500 18 5,160 130,000 Number Texas ............................. Primary metal industries............. . Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............... Ordnance and accessories............... . Machinery (except electrical) .......... . Transportation equipment ............... . Lumber and vood products (except furniture) ............................ . Furniture and fixtures ........ ......... Stone, clay, and glass products........ . Textile-mill products ................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials ............................. . Food and kindred products ...... ......... Paper and allied products.............. . Chemicals and allied products ........... Products of petroleum and coal .......... Rubber products ......................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks .............. Mining .................................. Construction ............................ Trade ................................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ................. Services— personal, business, and o t h e r ................................. . Government— administration, protection, and sanitation ......................... Stoppages beginning in 1952 Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) State and industry group 2 117 5 3 Workers involved 1 Number Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .......................... Food and kindred products .............. Paper and allied products...... ....... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.................. ........ Products of petroleum and coal ......... Mining............................... Construction ......................... Trade ................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate ..... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ................ Services— personal, business, and other .. W est V irg in ia ..................... 430 3,480 350 1,600 24,800 345,000 3 1 7,990 300 1,120 540 12,100 630 70 199,000 900 5,280 2,160 120,000 1,860 710 Primary metal industries ............... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............. Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ............ ................ Machinery (except electrical).......... Transportation equipment ............... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .......................... Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Textile-mill products ...... ........... Food and kindred products .............. Tobacco manufactures ............. ..... Paper and allied products......... . Chemicals and allied products .......... Products of petroleum and coal ......... Mining ............................... Construction .......................... Trade ................................ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ............... Services— personal, business, and other .. Government— administration, protection, and sanitation ....................... 6 2,060 14,800 W isco n sin .............................. 2 112 49,800 440,000 Primary metal industries .......... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............... Transportation equipment ................ Lumber and wood products (except furniture) ............................. Furniture and fixtures .................. Leather and leather products ............ Food and kindred products ............... Paper and allied products ....... ........ Chemicals and allied products.... ....... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ...... M i n i n g .................................. Construction................. .......... Trade ................................... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ................ . Services— personal, business, and other .. 1 130 5,880 1,860 150 44,200 150 170 30 580 920 2,110 230 800 34,800 3,950 400 1,700 1,300 22,000 15,500 127,000 690 9,180 156,000 18,800 3,890 1 3,600 30 33,700 150 2 85 50,600 845,000 2 1,490 72,200 1 6 2 210 1,240 1,500 9,120 23,100 17,800 Primary metal industries ............... Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) ............. Ordnance and accessories ............... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies........... ................. Machinery (except electrical) .......... Transportation equipment ............... Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .......................... Furniture and fixtures ................ Stone, clay, and glass products ....... . Textile-mill products............ ..... Leather and leather products ........... Food and kindred products .............. products ....................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks ............. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... Minins............................... Construction......................... Trade ............................ . Transportation, communication, and other public utilities...... ......... Services personal, business, and other....... ....................... Government-administration, protection, and sanitation........ ........... . U tah ............................... Primary metal industries ................ Machinery (except electrical) ........... Food and kindred products ............... Products of petroleum and coal .......... Mining ............ ...................... Construction .............. ............. Trade ..................... .............. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities............. . V irg in ia W ash ing to n ....................... Primary metal industries ................ Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) .............. Machinery (except electrical) ............ Transportation equipment ................ 1 3 2 1 1 2 42 6 1 246 7 1 6 2 22 5 1 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 64 U 6 10 Rubber — Workers involved 1 Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) 15 5 1 13,300 2,980 150 343,000 99,200 310 2 2 1 22 11 - 760 130 230 14,900 2,420 - 31,700 3,350 1,380 48,800 33.900 3 330 14 3 11,300 60 160,000 710 3 257 190,000 1,630,000 5 7,450 259,000 9 2,980 61,200 2 2 2 5,100 130 640 125,000 2,110 840 270 8,220 1 164 29 8 60 490 100 880 360 150,000 6,650 360 9,470 37,100 600 350 27,400 670 3,450 5,440 1,000,000 28,600 5,250 11 5 6,170 120 61,200 5,930 3 10 1 2 1 1 3 300 1 10 60 2 113 53,100 958,000 5 600 13,900 9 1 4,460 200 76,400 1,800 3 11 3 870 7,870 1,800 85,700 76,600 86,800 2 uo 130 40 710 1,390 1,620 21,500 2,110 710 180 17,000 11,800 4,670 16 930 50 1,14-0 24,000 1,230 20,400 2,020 41,000 415,000 12,100 10 4,730 62,500 3 2 1 3 5 1 2 1 2 25 3 7 390 90 970 690 4,930 1 The figure on number of workers includes some duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more than one stoppage in the year. 2 This figure is less than the sum of the figures below because a few stoppages, each affecting more than one industry group, have been counted as separate stoppages in each industry group affected. Workers involved and man-days idle were allocated to the respective groups. 3 Idleness in 1952 resulting from stoppages which began in the preceding year. Appendix 32 The Steel B Stoppage The prolonged 1952 steel stoppage had re percussions on the Nation1s economy, price-wage controls, and constitutional law. It followed unsuccessful negotiations between the United Steelworkers of America (CIO) and the basic steel-producing companies to replace contracts most of which were due to expire on December 31, 1951* These contracts were negotiated in 19^7 and had remained generally unchanged, except for supplementary agreements on wages in July 19^8 and December 1950 and on pension and social insurance benefits1 late in 19^9 * The Issues A "substantial » * but unspecified, wage in ' crease headed a list of 22 contract proposals adopted by the unions international wage policy committee on November 15, 1951* Other proposals included the union shop; a guaranteed annual wage; revision of the incentive system; timeand-a-half pay for Saturday work and double time for Sunday; increased shift premiums; elimina tion of geographic wage differentials; liberal ization of vacation, holiday, and severance pay benefits; and improvements in provisions con cerning seniority and grievance procedures. Announcement of the proposed bargaining program precipitated vigorous discussions by union and management representatives on the money issues, well in advance of formal nego tiations which were scheduled to begin late in November. The divergent positions expressed by the parties clearly indicated that existing Federal wage and price controls would play a critical role in determining a settlement of the dispute. Benjamin Fairless, president of the U.S. Steel Corp., declared that a voluntary wage agreement with the union was unlikely since negotiations would involve "broad ques tions of public policy which are beyond the scope of collective bargaining in these days of wage and price control." Union spokesmen ex pressed dissatisfaction with the standards im posed by Wage Stabilization Board regulations, alleging that they precluded a "satisfactory" wage increase. of 1952 Jones and Laughlin, a day later. Major dis agreement immediately developed over the union1s wage proposals. It was disclosed, for the first time publicly, that they included a general hourly increase of 15 cents and a progressive increase of one-half cent in each labor grade. Tensions mounted thereafter, as industry nego tiators declined to make a counter offer on wages and the union charged a refusal to bargain in good faith. Overhanging the negotiations was the refusal by government stabilization officials to give management prior assurance that any negotiated wage increase would be off set by price relief beyond that available under the Capehart Amendment to the Defense Production Act of 1951.2 With the deadlock still contin uing by December 17, the Steelworkers announced that a strike would begin at midnight on December 31* Government Action The director of the Federal Mediation end Conciliation Service notified the White House on December 21 that he could find no basis for a settlement and that further mediation would be futile. In the hope of aiding the parties to resolve the deadlock without a work stop page, President Truman, on December 22, referred the dispute to the Wage Stabilization Board for its recommendations and requested maintenance of production while the Board considered the case. Several days later, the union instructed its members to continue at work pending a final decision on the Presidents request by a special union convention. The convention voted, on January k , to postpone strike action for h5 days, until February 21 (later extended to February 2k) . Testimony presented at WSB panel hearings that lasted from January 7 to mid-February re flected sharp disagreement between union and industry leaders on basic issues of wages, prices, and the union shop. The union argued that improvements in wages and fringe benefits based on rising productivity and drawn from "ample" profits would not require increases in steel prices and would not set a pattern for major industries. Agreement on the union shop Bargaining conferences with U. S. Steel was stressed as a prerequisite to a resolution began on November 27 and with other major steel of other issues. Industry spokesmen claimed companies, including Bethlehem, Republic, and that serious inflationary pressures would be generated if the wage demands were granted. They argued, further, that the requested adjust -2 1 Agreement on noncontributory pension and contributory social insurance plans was preceded by a nationwide basic steel strike in October2 The amendment liberalized the method of establishing ceiling prices by broadening the November 19^9* For a complete discussion of concept of costs to include indirect costs, in this dispute see "Analysis of Work Stoppages addition to direct and ascertainable material During 19^9" Appendix B, Bulletin No. 1003, De and labor costs previously allowed. partment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 33 ments were unwarranted either on grounds of increased productivity or the industry's profits and that increased wage costs could not he absorbed without compensating price increases. The union shop was opposed on grounds that It was coercive and unnecessary in view of the Steelworkers high degree of organization. In dustry officials contended, moreover, that a union shop recommendation by the Board would be an abuse of government authority. The possi bility of direct agreement on some issues was indicated when the parties informed the panel that they would negotiate further on six of the union*s noneconomic proposals. These proposals concerned adjustment of grievances, arbitration, suspension, and discharge cases; safety and health; military service; and purpose and intent of the parties. Following the conclusion of the hearings, the union postponed the strike deadline from February 2k through March 23, to give the Board time to prepare recommendations. WSB Recommendations After intensive and all-night delibera tions the public members3 of the WSB announced their recommendations. Labor members of the Board concurred in most of the recommendations to provide a Board majority vote which recorded the industry members as opposed to most of the findings. They included: (l) General wage increases to be paid in three installments over an l8-month contract period and eventually totaling 1TJ cents an hour (12§- cents retro active to January 1, 1952, for most of the steel companies; 2\ cents effective June 30, 1952; and 2\ cents additional on January 1, 1953)> and (2) fringe benefits estimated to cost between 8J and 12-| cents an hour, including straight-time pay for six holidays not worked and double time for holidays worked; 3 weeks* vacation with pay after 15 years* service; timeand-one-quarter pay for all Sunday work as such, effective January 1, 1953; hourly in creases in second- and third-shift differentials from ^ to 6 cents to 6 and 9 cents, respec tively; and a reduction from 10 to 5 cents an hour in the wage differential existing between northern and southern plants. The inclusion of a union-shop provision in steel contracts was also recommended, with the exact form and con ditions to be determined by the parties. Other issues, referred back to the parties by the Board, included guaranteed pay, severance pay, reporting allowances, incentives, and seniority. In support the Chairman of initial increase justified under of its wage recommendations, the Board4 stated that: "The (12|- cents an hour) is clearly existing policies. The total 3 Report and recommendations of the Wage Stabilization Board, D-18-C, pages IB, 1C. 4 Page kA of WSB Report, D-18-C. arrangement is designed to avoid increase in inflationary pressures through frequent wage reopenings and to promote stability in the parties* relations and in the industry. The amounts (recommended) take into account all the equities and arguments advanced by the parties including cost of living, productivity, the maintenance of a balanced wage structure, com parative wage movements in other industries, and the recommendation that there be no further wage reopenings in 1952. The parties are free to determine how the total amount should be distributed between general increases and in crements between job classes.” It was also stressed that the steel workers had not received a wage adjustment since late in 1950 and that no general reopening of steel labor contracts had occurred since 19^7* The Board stated that "a realistic appraisal of the situation will show that steel is really catching up to in creases already granted or fringe adjustments already in effect in major segments of American industry. The Board's recommendations, there fore, do not set a new pattern or start another 'round* of increases or fringe adjustments for industry generally.”5 Further Developments The Steelworkers Wage Policy Committee promptly accepted the recommendations and agreed to the Board's request for postponement until April 8 of the strike set for March 23. In dustry leaders rejected the recommendations.6 On the question of wages and fringe benefits, they contended that the increases recommended were excessive, inflationary, contrary to stab ilization-policies, and would require substan tial compensatory increases in steel prices. There was other critical reaction to the Board's recommendations. WSB industry members ques tioned the Board's further effectiveness; par tiality by the public members was charged; and WSB disputes-settlement jurisdiction was at tacked. Additional criticism came from Charles E. Wilson, the Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization. He expressed the opinion that if the recommended wage adjustments were placed in effect, it would pose a "serious threat" to the stability of the economy. Disagreement with President Truman on the possible economic repercussions of the Board's recommended settlement led to the resignation of Defense Mobilization Director Wilson the end of March. In resigning, Mr. Wilson claimed that the President had withdrawn his earlier approval of a plan providing for steel price increases 5 Report and recommendations of the Wage Stabilization Board, D-18-C, pages 7A, 8A. 6 Some scattered settlements throughout the country, affecting about 11,000 workers, oc curred on the basis of the WSB recommendations. in excess of the amounts deemed permissible byprice stabilization officials. The President replied that his initial support had been based on Mr. Wilson’s characterization of the Board’s wage recommendations as "very unstabilizing." Upon further study, however, the President had concluded that the proposals were "by no means unreasonable and do not, in fact, constitute any real breach in our wage stabilization pol icies." He added that "if the eventual settle ment of the wage negotiations is such that a price ceiling increase is required on grounds of fairness and equity or otherwise in the interest of the defense effort, it will be granted; otherwise, it will not."7 Bargaining talks resumed April 3 "but im mediately deadlocked, despite mediation efforts by WSB chairman Nathan Feinsinger on April k. The union refused to accept less than the full wage-fringe-union shop settlement recommended by the WSB. The companies rejected the union shop demand but offered (l) a 9-cent hourly wage increase retroactive to March 1 and (2) fringe benefits estimated to amount to slightly more than 5 cents an hour, including inauguration of 6 paid holidays; 3 weeks’ vacation with pay after 15 years’service; increased shift differ entials from k to 6 cents an hour for the sec ond shift, and from 6 to 9 cents an hour for the third shift; and a reduction in the southern wage differential affecting 2 steel firms, from 10 to 5 cents an hour. visions of the Labor Management Relations (TaftHartley) Act on the basis that these provisions could not operate immediately to forestall an interruption of steel production. He noted that the Steelworkers had already postponed strike action for 99 days, exceeding the 80-day in junction period provided under the Act. The President’s order led to immediate cancellation of the scheduled strike. Advance curtailments in steel production and walkouts by steelworkers, both in anticipation of the impending strike, resulted in a short period of idleness for thousands of workers. The Presi dent, in a special message to Congress on April 9, proposed that it act on the Government’ s operation of the steel industry. Later in the month he sent another message to Congress asking for approval or disapproval of the seizure action, with the request that any new legisla tion concerning the steel dispute should provide a method to keep the steel mills in operation. Congress took no action. Widespread controversy developed concern ing the legality of the seizure. Temporarily, the seizure issue overshadowed the fundamental steel price-wage relationships that remained unresolved. Congressional critics denounced the action, arguing that the President had no in herent seizure powers. A Senate resolution called for an inquiry into the legal basis for the seizure. Seizure of Steel Plants Court Actions— >Steel Strike When "eleventh hour" mediation efforts failed to avert the strike set for April 9, the President, on April 8, issued Executive Order 103^0 directing the Secretary of Commerce to seize and operate the basic steel mills, effec tive at midnight, and to "determine and pre scribe terms and conditions of employment" in these plants. The order stated that the indispensability of steel as a "component of sub stantially all weapons and other war materials," supported the view that the proposed work stop page "would immediately jeopardize and imperil" the national defense and that governmental seizure was necessary to assure the continued availability of steel. In the seizure order, the President cited the "authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the United States and as President and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces." No specific statute was cited, however. In an address to the Nation explaining these and other considerations that impelled his action, the President rejected resort to the "national emergency" strike pro The first attempt to void the seizure action failed on April 9 when Judge Alexander A. Holtz off of the U. S. District Court for the District of Columbia denied petitions by three major steel companies for a temporary restrain ing order. 7 President Truman’s letter accepting Mr. Wilson’s resignation— letter of March 28. Both letters reproduced in full in the New York Times March 31. Subsequently, a week of further unsuccess ful bargaining sessions that had been arranged under White House auspices broke down. There upon, the Secretary of Commerce announced that he would negotiate directly with the union on "terms and conditions of employment," and re quested the Economic Stabilization Administrator to prepare recommendations for adjustments in steelworkers’ wages. Meanwhile, the Adminis trator authorized an average increase of about $3 a ton in steel price ceilings, contingent upon industry acceptance. This price adjust ment, permissible under the Capehart Amendment to the Defense Production Act even in the ab sence of a wage increase, had been under dis cussion for some time. In a second court test, the steel com panies’ contention that the seizure was illegal was upheld on April 29 by Judge David A. Pine of the U. S. District Court for the District of Columbia. He ruled against the Government on 35 constitutional sod statutory grounds and granted a petition for a preliminary injunction re straining the Government from taking any action under the seizure order. Immediately following the decision,the President of the United Steel workers ordered an immediate strike. On April 30, however, the U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit restored Government control of the mills hy suspending Judge Pine’s order, pending review hy the U. S. Supreme Court. Complying with an appeal hy the President, the Steelworkers ended the nationwide steel strike May 2. At a special bargaining meeting held at the White House, the President urged a settlement of the prolonged dispute and warned that he would order a wage increase unless an agreement was reached promptly. Negotiations were discontinued, however, after the U. S. Supreme Court, on May \ forbade any Governmentimposed wage increase until it ruled on the Government’s appeal from Judge Pine’s decision. In their testimony and brief before the Supreme Court, industry argued that the seizure action was "completely without authority under the Constitution and laws of the United States" and that the President should have invoked the Taft-Hartley Act which was "specifically de signed by the Congress for use in precisely the situation here presented." The Government main tained that the President, acting "within the aggregate of his constitutional powers" and, as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, was attempting "to avoid a cessation of steel pro duction which would gravely endanger the na tional interests." The Taft-Hartley Act, it argued, was "not intended to be either an ex clusive or a mandatory means of dealing with labor disputes." The Supreme Court on June 2 in a 6-3 de cision with 7 Justices writing opinions held that President Truman was not acting within his Constitutional power when he ordered the Sec retary of Commerce to take possession of and operate the steel mills . 8 The ruling was im mediately followed by the termination of the Government’s custody of steel properties and resumption of the nationwide strike of over half a million steel workers. Approximately 30,000 iron-ore miners in the Mesabi Range, Minn., and other sections of the country also walked out. Negotiations between union and industry representatives were resumed at the White House on June 5 "but were recessed indefinitely on June 9» Disagreement existed as to the basic cause for the new deadlock. An industry spokes man stated that the sole unresolved issue was the union’s demand for the union shop. The union declared, however, that the failure to reach an agreement was due to the inadequacy of the industry’s offer on wages, fringe benefits, and other contract provisions, as well as the union shop. The companies’ proposals on June 9 included the following: A general wage in crease, retroactive to April 1, 1952, which they claimed averaged 16 cents an hour (the union, however, claimed it averaged 13.3 cents); 3 weeks’ vacation after 15 years of service, ef fective January 1, 1952; no change in existing union-security provisions; 6 paid holidays, double time for holidays worked, with appro priate eligibility provisions, increased shift differentials to 6 cents an hour for the second shift, and 9 cents for the third shift— all ef fective upon signing of a new agreement and re turn to work; and a 5-cent reduction in southern differentials involving 2 companies. Faced with the continuing stalemate, the President requested Congress on June 10 to enact legislation authorizing him to seize and operate the struck steel mills and to provide fair and just compensation to steel workers and management pending settlement of the dispute. As an alternative, the President suggested that Congress authorize and direct him to seek an injunction under the "national emergency" pro visions of the Taft-Hartley Act but without the necessity of complying with the preliminary procedures providing for appointment of a board of inquiry and preparation of a fact-finding report. However, he specifically recommended against resort to the Act, stating that it would be "unwise, unfair, and quite possibly ineffective," since the Steelworkers had already postponed strike action for 99 days, exceeding the 80-day injunction period provided under the Act. Congress did nob accept these alternatives. Instead, Congress Incorporated a provision in the Defense Production Act Amendments of 1952 (effective July 1, 1952) recommending that the President utilize the full emergency provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act. Reflecting Congres sional criticism of the Wage Stabilization Board’s role in the steel dispute, the amended Act created a new tripartite board with no ju risdiction in labor-management disputes except to advise parties, at their request, regarding the interpretation and application of wage stabilization policy. Meanwhile, the differences hampering a final settlement of the strike remained un resolved. Philip Murray, president of the Steel workers, again denied the industry’s contention that the union shop was the sole issue delaying a final agreement. He asserted that "absolute 8 For fuller discussion see July 1952 issue disagreement"also existed o n 3 other key issues. of Monthly Labor Review (pages 60-65). These involved the companies’ proposals for 36 revision of the management-rights clause, cer tain changes in seniority provisions, and in creased authority to establish incentive wage rates. The continuation of the industrywide shut down brought increasing reports of production problems in other industries, affecting both the defense program and the civilian economy. Several manufacturers of munitions, military trucks, and automobiles announced imminent cur tailment of production should the strike con tinue. Government officials conferred with union and steel representatives on a plan that would permit partial resumption in designated plants of high-alloy steel production urgently required for top-priority defense items. Grow ing concern over the steel strike’s impact on the defense program was underscored in renewed bargaining meetings held under White House di rection in mid-July. Failure to compromise the union shop issue, however, caused a suspension of these talks. Pressures for Government inter vention increased amid reports that the Presi dent was considering plans far a partial seizure of the industry under the terms of-the Selective Service Act. The Secretary of Defense warned that the defense program was "grinding to a halt.” Mounting steel shortages had led to the closing of the Army’s largest shell-producing plant and reportedly had forced sharp layoffs in manufacturing and transportation. The Settlement Finally, on July 2b representatives of the union and 6 major steel companies— U. S. Steel, Bethlehem, Republic, Jbnes and Laughlin, Youngs town, and Inland— announced a 2-year agreement on basic wage,fringe,and union security issues. It was ratified by the union’s wage policy com mittee on the following day, but back-to-work orders were withheld until July 26 when a wage agreement was reached in the closely related dispute involving iron-ore miners. Major steel plants reopened, but the signing of formal con tracts awaited the outcome of negotiations on such issues as incentive rates, managerial rights, and seniority. The strike continued at some mills of smaller companies until individual agreements were reached on certain local working conditions. By August 15, workers at most of these firms had returned to their jobs, but a few mills were idle until the end of August. Major terms of the agreement which expires June 30, 195^, included: An average increase of 16 cents per hour resulting from (l) a 12.5- cent general hourly increase in the lowest job rate, retroactive to March 1, 1952, plus a widening of the increments between job classes by half a cent an hour; (2) liberalized fringe benefits estimated to amount to a little more than 5 cents an hour, including 3 weeks’ vaca tion with pay after 15 years’ service (formerly 25 years) retroactive to January 1, inauguration of straight-time pay for 6 holidays not worked, an increase in pay for work on these holidays from time-and-one-half to double time, and in creased shift differentials from ^ to 6 cents an hour for the second shift and from 6 to 9 cents for the third shift; and (3) a reduction in the southern differential from 10 to 5 cents an hour, affecting the U.S. Steel Corp. and the Republic Steel Co. A wage reopening on June 30, 1953, was also provided. Agreement was reached on a compromise union security clause on the union% demand to increase the maintenance-of-membership provision in the previous contract to the union shop. Under the settlement, new employees are required to apply for union membership at the time of hiring, but may cancel the application between the 15th and 30th day of work by written notification to the employer; present nonunion employees were ex empted from this requirement. Simultaneous with the agreement ending the strike, an increase of $5.20 a ton in the ceil ing price for carbon steel products was directed by Acting Defense Mobilizer John R. Steelman and authorized by the Economic Stabilization Agency.9 In addition to increases permitted for special types of steel, the total price adjust ment averaged $ 5*65 a bon or almost twice the $ 2 .Qb that the Office of Price Stabilization stated was permissible under the Capehart Amend ment to the Defense Production Act prior to the negotiation of the steel settlement. The contract settlement coincided with announcement that Philip Murray, president of the CIO Steelworkers, and Benjamin Fairless, president and Chairman of the U.S. Steel Corp., planned to undertake a joint speaking tour of the company’s plants to develop more harmonious relationships between the company and its em ployees. Mr. Murray’s death in November 1952 cancelled the proposed plans. 9 Office July 30, 1952. of Price Stabilization Release, 37 A ppendix Methods of Collecting The Bureau's statistics on work stoppages include all known strikes and lockouts in the continental United States involving as many as six workers and lasting the equivalent of a full shift or longer. Work stoppages are measured in terms of the number of stoppages, workers involved, and man-days of idleness. Figures on "workers in volved" and "man-days idle" cover all workers made idle for one shift or longer in establish ments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure secondary idleness— that is, the effects on other establishments or industries whose employees may be made idle as a result of material or service shortages. Lead information as to the probable exist ence of work stoppages is collected from a num ber of sources. Clippings on labor disputes are obtained from a comprehensive coverage of daily and weekly newspapers throughout the country. Information is received directly from the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service as well as agencies in all States such as State boards of mediation and arbitration, research divisions of State labor department offices, and local offices of State employment security agencies provided through the Bureau of Employ ment Security of the U. S. Department of Labor. Various employer associations, companies, and unions also furnish the Bureau with work stop page information on a regular basis. C Strike Statistics 1 group of employees by an employer (or a group of employers) in order to get them to accept the employer's terms. Because of the complexi ties involved In most labor-management disputes, the Bureau makes no effort to determine whether the stoppages are initiated by the workers or the employers. The terms "strike" and "work stoppage" are used interchangeably in this report. The definitions of strikes and lockouts point out certain characteristics inherent in each strike or lockout: (l) The stoppage is temporary rather than permanent; (2) the action is by c r against a group rather than an individ t ual; (3) the objective is to express a griev ance or enforce a demand; and (U) an employeremployee relationship exists, although the grievance may or may not be against the employer of the striking group. In jurisdictional as well as rival union or representation strikes, the major elements of dispute may be between two unions rather than directly with the em ployer. In a sympathy strike, there is usually no dispute between the striking workers and their immediate employer but the purpose is to give union support or broaden group pressure for the benefit of another group of workers. Sympathy or protest strikes may also be intended to record the workers* feelings against actions (or absence of action) by local, State, or Federal Government agencies on matters of gen eral worker concern. Although the Bureau seeks to obtain com plete coverage of all strikes involving six or more workers and lasting a full shift or more, information is undoubtedly missing on some of the smaller strikes. It is thought that the only change resulting from this is the number of strikes. The aggregate figures of workers involved and man-days of idleness are rounded to avoid a sense of false accuracy. In some The Bureau defines a strike as a temporary instances the figure of man-days of idleness is stoppage of work by a group of employees to ex an estimate to some extent, because the exact press a grievance or enforce a demand. A lock number of workers idle each day is not known in out is a temporary withholding of work from a prolonged strikes. Whenever possible the sig nificant changes in the number of workers idle 1 More detailed information on methods of are secured from the companies for use in com puting man-days of idleness. Because of round calculation, sources, and classification is ing, the group totals in certain tables may not available in BLS Report No. 11, "Collection and exactly equal the sum of the individual items. Compilation of Work Stoppage Statistics." Upon learning of new work stoppages in these ways, a questionnaire is mailed to each party to the dispute to secure such data as the number of workers involved, duration, major issues, and method of settlement. In some in stances, field agents of the Bureau collect the necessary information. U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 0 — 1953
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