Full text of A Summary of Juvenile-Court Legislation in the United States, Legal Series No. 5, Bureau Publication No. 70

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U. S. DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR
W . B. WILSON. Secretory

CHILDREN’S BUREAU
JULIA C. LATH RO P, Chief

A SUMMARY
OF

JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION
IN THE UNITED STATES
By
S O P H O N IS B A P . B R E C K IN R ID G E
and
H E L E N R . JE T E R

L E G A L SE R IES N o. 5
Bureau Publication N o. 70

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1920


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^
# 1 °

CONTENTS.
P age.

Letter of transmittal.......................................................................
5
Editor’s note............................................................................................. _.......................
' 7
Introductory note..................................................................................
9_ io
10
Abbreviations used in references...........................................................................
I. The court given ju risd iction ............... .............. ....................................... ............
11
II. Extent of jurisdiction................... .................................................. ...................... 15-24
A. Over children.............................................. ’ ...................................................... 15-21
1. Age limitation................................................................................................
15
2. Classes of cases in cluded.............................................................................
16
3. Definition of delinquen cy...........................................
17
4. Definition of dependency and neglect.....................................................
19
5. Discretion of the court in case of crim e......... . . _................. ............... ..
20
B. Over adults.. . ......................... ............................................................................ 21-24
1. Contributing to delinquency and dependency........................................
21
2. Desertion and nonsupport..........................................................
2*2
3. Crimes against children......................................... ................... ................
23
4. Mothers’ pensions.........................
23
5. Other jurisdiction..................
23
III. Preliminary procedure................................. ........... ............... ........... .................. 25-32
A. Petition or complaint...........1..................... *.....................................................
25
B. Summons or warrant..........................................................................................
26
C. Preliminary investigation..................................................................................
28
D. Custody and care of chilc^pending hearing..................................................
28
IV. Hearing..........................................................................................
33-41
A. Nature of proceedings.........................................................................................
33
B. Time and place....................................................... .................. .........................
34
C. Privacy..........................................................................
36
D. Woman assistant to the judge...................................... . ................... ............
38
E. Mental and physical examination.............. ..................... ....... ......................
38
F. The ju ry ..............................................I . . . ...........................................................
38
G. Appeal..............................
40
H. Use of evidence in other trials............................................... ......... . . ............
41
V. Disposition of the case.................................. .............................. ............................ 42-53
A. Religious belief of parents respected....... .......................................... ...........
42
42
B. Civil status of ch ild...................'................................... .....................................
C. Disposition of case...............................
43-51
1. Delinquent children......................................
43-48
(a) Probation......................................................... ......... 1........................
43
(b) Appointment of guardian.................
44
44
(c) Commitment................................... .1 ............... .-.................. ..........
- (d) Separation from adult con v icts..'.......
47
(e) Fines and restitution..........................................................................
47
2. Dependent children........................._........................................................... 48-51
(a) Probation......................................................
48
(b) Appointment of guardian............................................ |...................
48
(c) Commitment.........................................................................................
49
D. Special care for the sick and the feeble-m inded................ ........................
51
E. Parental duty of support....................................................................................
52
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CONTENTS.

Page.
V I. Continuing jurisdiction and relation of court to institutions in which
children are placed....... .......................................... - ..................................................
54
V II. Organization of the court............. ................. - ........... - r ................. - ................... 58-68
A. Judge.................................................................................................................... - 58-60
1. Method of selection................... . ........................................................- - - 58
2. Tenure......... ...................................- - - - - ............... ......... - - - - - ........... - - - 59
3. Salary......................................................................... - ................. - ...............
59
60
4. Qualifications...................... ........................................................................ 'B. Probation officers...............................
61-66
1. Appointm ent..................................................................................................
61
2. Number and salary.. . ..................................................................................
62
3. Term of office...........................................
65
66
4. Powers and duties........ ...................................- ................... - .....................
67
C. Advisory, supervisory, or administrative hoard...........................................
D. Records and reports................................................. - .......................................
67
V III. Constrxiction and purpose of the law.................................................................
69
List of references, b y States, to statutory sources......................................................
71
Appendix. Additions and amendments to juvenile court laws enacted during
the year 1919......... ................................... .................................................................... 81-99
I. The court given jurisdiction........................... ...................................................
81
II. Extent of ju risd iction ......................................... ....................... .....................
82
I II. Preliminary p ro ce d u re .....................................................................- ...........
85
IV . H earin g..................................................................... ............. •...........- .............
86
88
V. Disposition of the case..................................................................................... V I. Continuing jurisdiction and relation of court to institutions in which
children are placed.............. ......... ............................... ........................... -..........
91
V II. Organization of the court............................%. ...............................................
91
V III. Construction and purpose of the law ....................................................
95
List of amendments, b y States..................................................................... ..
97


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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S.

D epartment

of

Labor,

C h il d r e n ’ s B u r e a u ,

Washington, August 14, 1919.
Herewith I subm it a summary of juvenile-court legislation in
the United States, prepared b y Miss Sophonisba P. Breckinridge,
who has written the editor’s note, and Miss Helen R. Jeter, of the
Chicago School o f Civics and Philanthropy. A considerable amount
of preliminary work was done b y Miss Lulu L. Eckman, of the
Children’s Bureau.
Respectfully submitted.
J u l i a C. L a t h r o p , Chief.
Hon. W . B. W ilson,
Secretary o f Labor.
Sir :

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EDITOR’ S NOTE.
The juvenile-court legislation which has been enacted since 1899
by m any States and b y the United States Congress for the District
of Columbia is evidence of the unsatisfactory state of the law pre­
vailing prior to that time for dealing with offending children and
with adults guilty of offenses against children and also of the inade­
quate provision for the care of destitute family groups in which
there were children.
The law under which offending children or adults guilty of offenses
against children were dealt with was the criminal law with all its
constitutional safeguards— ju ry trial, confronting of witnesses,
sworn testim ony— and with all its lack o f provision for constructive
treatment that goes with the individualization of punishment.
Found “ guilty” b y a jury of his peers, the accused would suffer
the penalty ; “ not guilty,” and he went free, without constructive help,
however great his need. The accused child had been, with certain
restrictions as to age, dealt with exactly as the adult, and the adult
accused of offending against the child could be only punished or
acquitted. The courts before which these cases were tried were
courts of criminal jurisdiction whose rank, whether justices’ courts,
magistrates’ courts, or circuit courts, depended upon the seriousness
of the offenses charged. For the care o f families in destitute condi­
tion there were in a number of States statutory provisions, similar
to those in the English P oor 'Law, imposing a duty of support on
certain relatives and requiring aid to be given b y local public officials,
of whom intelligent and com petent relief could be rarely expected.
These statutes provided for the enforcement of the duty of support
by an action generally before the county court or the corresponding
tribunal possessing functions partly judicial and partly administrative.
There had also been developed a b od y o f legislation providing for
the institutional care of children from degraded homes. These stat­
utes authorize the establishment of institutions to which the children
of drunken, immoral parents m ight be com mitted. The establish­
ment and conduct of these institutions has often given rise to diffi­
cult and delicate situations.
The juvenile-court legislation then deals with a com plicated group
of problem s: That of the offending adult, the accused child, the
neglectful and degraded parent, the incom petent or unfaithful
guardian, the fam ily that is sim ply poor. This legislation must
contain provisions concerning methods o f complaint, of apprehension,
and of detention; structure and organization of the juvenile court
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e d it o r ’s

note

.

and its relation to the other tribunals; records, procedure, organiza­
tion of the probation staff, and m ethods o f disposition of the various
kinds o f cases; and the relation of the court to the agencies upon
which it m ust depend— charitable, educational, correctional. These
new provisions w ill be to a considerable extent determined b y the
nature o f the old law; and the new legal and social structure which
the statute attempts to substitute for the old w ill not possess unity
and sim plicity, but will inevitably offer proof of the varied problems
giving rise to its enactment.
These difficulties are increased b y the fact that under the earlier
law the right of the father to his child partook of the nature of a
property right. The courts of law while able to enforce the rights
of fathers were unable to enforce the duties of fathers,1 and the
power to interfere with the right of custody enjoyed b y the father
was rigidly limited to certain specific parental deficiencies. Recently,
however, it has becom e clear that under the doctrines of equity
jurisprudence the rights o f the child to a reasonable minimum of
care, of decency, of well-being, and of consideration for youth and
previous disadvantage m ight be assured the child w ithout violating
either the constitutional provisions intended to prevent abuse of
criminal procedure or the property rights of the father. Legislation
attem pting to cure these defects in the law is also faced with constitu­
tional difficulties growing out of the doctrine of “ separation of
powers” and out o f the fact that the judicial system is frequently
elaborately dealt with b y the State constitutions, and the power
of the legislature to create new courts or to determine procedure is
therefore limited.
Because o f the great variety of the problems presented b y these
groups o f offending and neglected children and because of the dif­
ferences among the various States with regard to the structure of
the judicial system, an analysis o f the legislation exhibits differences
at m any points. The courts to which the jurisdiction is assigned
vary, n ot only among States but within the boundaries of a single
State; the classes o f persons over whom special jurisdiction is given,
the nature of the structure, the nature of the procedure, the nature
o f the treatment authorized vary. B u t everywhere is the attem pt
through the judicial system to attack a series of differing and difficult
problems involving hostile conditions, domestic, econom ic, and social
under which children were living and developing.
The following analysis exhibits the differences in the legislative
attack upon these problems. A further question that could be asked
but has n ot been asked is the extent to which the members o f the
judiciary have m et the expectations embodied in the legislation
under review.
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W e lle s le y v. D u k e o f B e a u fo rt, 2 R u sse ll, 23.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
In an analysis of juvenile-court legislation it is necessary to note
first the extent to which the effort to obtain this form of control has
prevailed and the scope of the laws enacted in the several States.
Juvenile-court laws have been enacted throughout the United States
with the exception of Connecticut, Maine, and W yom ing, and these
three States have passed laws dealing with some of the problems
usually included in the juvenile-court law itself. Connecticut pro­
vides for detention homes, probation, juvenile reformatories, and sep­
arate hearings for first offenses of children, and further provides that
in cities of 20,000 or more juvenile courts m ay be established b y
ordinance, to be held b y a judge of the police or city court, provided
such ordinance does n ot extend beyond the selection of a suitable
cou rtroom ; Maine makes special provisions for the probation of chil­
dren under 16 and has established industrial schools; W yom ing
defines delinquent, dependent, and neglected children and provides for
State supervision of their care.
Most other States have single comprehensive laws operating over
the whole State, but in the follow ing States the legislative policy has
been different. In Alabam a,1 Colorado,2 Delaware,3 M aryland,4 Mas­
sachusetts,5 Missouri,6 New Jersey,7 New Y ork ,8Ohio,9 Pennsylvania,10
1 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 (gen eral la w for S ta te ).
L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128 (lo c a l la w for
M obile C o u n ty ), N o . 361 (lo c a l la w for Jefferson C o m ity ).
2 Colorado. R ev is ed S tatutes 1908 ss 552-557, 558 am e n d e d 1913 p 694, 559-587, 588 am e n d e d 1909 C 156,
589-608,1549-1559 (la w for S ta te ); ss 1589-1607 (la w a p p ly in g t o co u n tie s o f 100,000 o r m o re ).
a Delaware. R ev is ed C od e 1915 ss 3827-3843 am e n d e d 1915 C 236, 1917 G 252, a n d 1917 C 253 (la w a p p ly in g
t o th e c it y o f W ilm in g to n ). (P ro v isio n s for co m m itm e n t a n d p r o b a tio n o f ju v e n ile o ffend ers i n rem ain d er
o f S tate b u t n o ju v e n ile -co u rt la w .)
* Maryland 1916 C 326 p 685 (g e n e ra lla w for State). C od e o f P u b lic L o c a l L a w s art 1 ss 184A-184F am e n d e d
1912 C 471 a n d 1914 C 701 (A lle g h e n y C o u n ty , p a r tly su perseded b y S tate la w ); art 4 s 623A am e n d e d 1902
C 611,1904 C 521, a n d 1910 C 41; a n d ss 886A -886F a m e n d e d 1902 C 611, 1904 C 514, 1906 C 263,1912 C 618,
1918 C 208 (B a ltim o r e C ity ).
6
Massachusetts. R ev is ed L a w s 1902 C 86; C 84 s 2 am e n d e d 1908 C 598; C 217 s 83; C 46 s 6 am e n d e d 1913 C
779; 1903 C 334 am en d ed 1909 C 181; 1906 C 413 a m e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243; 1907 C 411 am e n d e d 1918 C
257 s 418 (la w for S ta te); 1906 C 489 am e n d e d 1918 C 257 s 419 (la w a p p ly in g t o B o s to n ).
« Missouri. 1911 p 177 (la w a p p ly in g t o co u n tie s o f 50,000 or m o r e ); 1917 p 195 (la w a p p ly in g t o cou n ties
o f less t h a n 50,000).

i
New Jersey. C om p iled S tatu tes 1910 p 1887 ss 206,207 am e n d e d 1916 C 212,208-215 (gen eral la w for th e
S ta te ); 1912 C 353 a m en d ed 1918 C 81; 1918 C 82 (la w for co u n ties o f th e first cla ss).
» New York. C on solidated L a w s 1909 C 40 (p e n a l la w ) a rt 44 a n d 196 w ith a m e n d m e n ts (la w a p p ly in g
t o w h o le S ta te ); 1910 C 659 am e n d e d 1911C 721,1913 C 691,1915 C 531 (N e w Y o r k C ity ); 1910 C 611 (M o n ro e
C o u n ty ); 1913 C 270 (O n ta r io C o u n ty ); 1891C 105 a d d e d t o a n d am e n d e d b y 1901C 627,1902 C 549, 1908 C 50,
1911 C 651,1914 C 124, a n d 1917 C 571 (B u ffa lo ); 1910 C 676 am e n d e d 1916 C 487 a n d 1917 C 112 (S yracu se);
1915 C 489 (S aratoga C o u n ty ).
8
Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 ss 1639-1683 w it h a m e n d m e n ts (S ta te l a w ) ; s l 5 2 3 - l a d d e d 1916 p 424 (M o n tg o m ­
er y C o u n ty ); s 1532-2 ad d ed 1917 p 703 (S u m m it C o u n t y ); s 1532-4 ad d e d 1917 p 721 (M a h o n in g C o u n ty );
s 1683-14 ad d ed 1917 p 732 (L u c a s C o u n t y ); s 1639 am e n d e d 1913 p 864 an d 1914 p 176 (H a m ilto n C o u n ty ).
io
Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 a m e n d e d 1909 p p 89 a n d 119,1911 p p 543 a n d 959, 1913 p 1039, a n d 1915 p 304
(S ta te l a w ) ; 1911 p 198 am en d e d 1915 p 5 a n d 1917 p 19 (A lle g h e n y C o u n t y ); 1913 p 711 am e n d e d 1915 p p 988
a n d 1017, a n d 1917 p 1015 (P h ila d e lp h ia ).

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INTRODUCTORY NOTE.

South Carolina,1Tennessee,2 and Virginia3 there are several laws each
operative over certain portions of the State.
In examining the several laws in detail, attention should be directed
to the follow ing points: (1) The court given jurisdiction, whether a
court alreadv existing or a specially created tribunal, and the character
of the jurisdiction conferred; (2) the extent of the jurisdiction,whether
over children or adults or b oth ; (3) the preliminary procedure; (4)
the special features of the hearing; (5) the nature of the disposition;
(6) the relation of the court to the agencies with which the court
cooperates; (7) the organization of the court; and (8) the principles
in accordance w ith which the law should be applied. In the following
analysis these topics are presented in considerable detail.
It should be said that the follow ing analysis was completed during
the first half of the year 1919 and refers to laws effective at the be­
ginning of that year. Before the volum e had issued from the press,
however, the statutes enacted b y the legislatures that sat that year
becam e effective and have been summarized in an appendix. The
main discussion is, however, o f date prior to July 1, 1919.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN REFERENCES.
[R eferences g iv in g ch a p te r or n u m b e r for a specified y e a r are in e v e ry case t o session la w s o f th a t year,
L
unless oth erw ise in d ica te d .]

|||.... ........................ ..... .................................... ........... act.
............................ . ^............... I ............................ .................... article.

a

n

...............................................................

cha
number.

p ................. .................................. ......................... ....................... - ............... page.
s
................ ........ ........................... ............................... ....... ...se ctio n .
eg
....................................................................... 1................... ..sections.
v
1

South Carolina. 1912 N o 429 (la w for en tire S ta te ); 1917 N o 73 (la w a p p ly in g t o cou n ties o f m ore th a n

20,000 a n d n o t m ore th a n 50,000).
a Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 am en d ed 1913 (F ir s t E x t r a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41, an d
P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294; also p a r tly superseded b y 1917 C 120. (C overs State e x ce p t cou n ties fro m 70,000 to
90,000). P riv a te A c t s 1911 C 182 (H a m ilto n C o u n ty ); P r iv a te A c t s 1913 C 277 am en ded 1915 C 292 ( K n o x
C o u n ty ).
s Virginia. 1914 C 350 (la w for en tire S ta te); 1914 C 57 (a c tlim it e d t o cities o f 50,000 or m o r e ).


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volu

A SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION IN THE
UNITED STATES.

I.

THE COURT GIVEN JURISDICTION.

In a few States a special juvenile court is created for the larger
cities or counties. This is the case in Alabam a,1 Colorado,2 Dela­
ware,3 Georgia,4 Indiana,5 Louisiana,6 Massachusetts,7 New Y ork,8
Tennessee,9 and Virginia.10 A special court is established in the
District of Columbia,11 and in U tah 12 one is provided for each judicial
district.
In other districts of these States and in all other States jurisdiction
is vested in courts already existing, usually with the provision that
such court m ay be called the juvenile eourt when acting under the
juvenile-court law.
Exclusive jurisdiction over juvenile cases is given to the special
courts thus created and to designated cou rts13 in Arizona, Arkansas,
California, Idaho, Kansas, K entucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota,
Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New M exico, North Dakota, Okla­
homa, Oregon, R hode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota,
W ashington, and parts o f Alabama, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois,
Indiana, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, New Y ork, Ohio, Penn­
sylvania, Tennessee, and W est Virginia. W hen concurrent jurisdic­
tion is given to several or all of the courts in a com m unity, it is doubt­
ful whether the organization and procedure will be as uniform and
intelligent. The law allows this, however, in Connecticut,14 Florida,15
1 Alabama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128 s i ; N o 361s 3. (M o b ile a n d Jefferson C o u n tie s o n ly .)
2 Colorado. R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1908 s 1589. (C o u n tie s o f 100,000 o n ly .)
3 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3827. (L a w a p p lie s t o W ilm in g t o n o n ly .)
4 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575. (C o u n tie s o f 60,000 p o p u la t io n a n d b e tw e e n 35,000 a n d
60,000 i f e sta b lish ed b y gra n d ju r y .)
6 Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o t a t e d S ta tu te s 1914 s 1630. (C o u n tie s c o n t a in in g a c i t y o f 100,000 p o p u la tio n .)
6 Louisiana. C o n s tit u t io n 1913 a r t 118 ss 1-3. (P a r is h o f O rleans o n ly .)
7 Massachusetts. 1906 C 489 s 4 a m e n d e d 1918 C 257 s 419. ( B o s t o n o n ly .)
3
New Yorh. 1891C 105 a m e n d e d 1901C 627,1902 C 549, 1908 C 50,1911 C 651 s 510,1914 C 124, a n d 1917 C
571. (B u ffa lo o n ly .)
9 Tennessee. P r iv a t e A c t s 1911 C 182; P r iv a te A c t s 1913 C 277 a m e n d e d 1915 C 292. (H a m ilto n a n d K n o x
C o u n tie s .)
10 Virginia. 1914 C 57 s 1. ( I n c itie s o f o v e r 50,000 p o p u la tio n , a sp ecial ju v e n ile a n d d o m e s t ic relations
c o u r t .)
11 District o f Columbia. 34 U .S . S ta tu tes a t L a rge p 73 s 1.
12 Utah. 1913 C 54 s 1. ( I n e a c h ju d ic ia l d is t r ic t .)
13 F o r c o u r ts g iv e n th is ju r is d ic t io n , see p p . 13,14.
14 Connecticut. G en eral S ta tu te s 1918 ss 1856 a n d 1859. (S u p e r io r c o u r t , d is t r ic t c o u r t o f W a te r b u r y ,
cou rts o f c o m m o n p leas a n d p o lic e , t o w n , c i t y , or b o r o u g h c o u r ts a n d ju s tic e s o i t h e p e a c e .)
15Florida. 1911C 6216 ss 2 a n d 9 a m e n d e d 1913 C 6494,1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332. (C o u n t y c o u r t , ju s tic e
o f t h e p e a c e , m u n ic ip a l c o u r t , or o t h e r c o u r t .)

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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION,

Iow a,1 Maine,2 New Hampshire,3 North Carolina,4 Texas,5 V erm ont,6
W isconsin,7 and W yom ing,8 and in certain counties of Alabam a,9
Delaware,10 Illinois,11 Massachusetts,12 Mississippi,13 Nebraska,14 New
Y ork ,15 Ohio,16Virginia,17 and W est Virginia.18 In O h io19 and W iscon­
sin,20 however, the judges of the several courts having concurrent
jurisdiction must designate one of their number to hear all juvenile
cases.
The qualifications of the judges for this special task are of such
importance in attaining the purpose o f the juvenile-court law that
it is essential to give jurisdiction to a court in which high character
and training are required for the judges. This can seldom be at­
tained b y vesting jurisdiction in police judges or justices of the
peace, as is done in Connecticut,21 Delaware,22 Florida,23 Maine,24 New
Hampshire,25 and Verm ont,28 and in certain jurisdictions of M ary1 Iowa. S u p p le m e n t t o t h e C o d e 1913 ss 254-al3 a n d 260-a. (D is t r ic t co u rts a n d s u p e r io r c o u r ts o f c i t y . )
2 Maine. R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1916 C 64 s 53 a m e n d e d 1917 C 297. (M u n ic ip a l o r p o lic e c o u r t a n d p r o b a te
c o u r t for d e p e n d e n t a n d n e g le c te d ch ild r e n . R e g u la r c r im in a l c o u r ts fo r ju v e n ile o ffe n d e rs.)
» New Hampshire. P u b lic S ta tu te s S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 2) a m e n d e d 1915 C 96 an d
1917 C 74. (P o lic e a n d ju s tic e c o u r t s .)
•
4 North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 s 2. (R e c o r d e r ’ s c o u r ts , o r lik e c o u r ts , a n d su p e rio r c o u r t s .)
5 Texas. C od e o f C r im in a l P r o c e d u r e 1911 a rt 1198 a m e n d e d 1913 C 112; 1917 C 93 p 252 a m e n d e d 1918 C 14.
(C o u n ty a n d d is t r ic t c o u r t s a n d C o u n ty C o u rt a t L a w o f E l P a s o C o u n t y .)
6 Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7324. ( C i t y a n d m u n ic ip a l c o u r ts a n d ju s tic e s o f t h e p e a c e .)
7 Wisconsin. S ta tu tes 1915 ss 573-2.1 a n d 573-2.2. ( A l l c o u r ts o f r e c o r d .)
8 Wyoming. N o j u v e n ile -c o u r t la w .
O rd in a ry co u r ts e x e rcise ju r is d ic tio n .
9 A labama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 2. ( P r o b a t e c o u r t an d re co rd e r’ s c o u r t w h e re establish ed , e x c e p t
in M o b ile a n d Jefferson C o u n tie s .)
19
Delaware. R e v is e d C o d e 1915 ss 2192-2213, 3823, 3824.

(O u ts id e W ilm in g t o n , c o u r t o f

general

sessions, su p erior co u r t , m u n ic ip a l c o u r t , a n d ju s tic e o f th e p e a c e .)
n Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 ss 170 a n d 171. (C ir c u it a n d c o u n t y c o u rts in c o u n tie s of
less t h a n 500,000 p o p u la t io n .)
12 Massachusetts. R e v is e d L a w s 1902 C 86 s 12; 1903 C 334 s 1 a m e n d e d 1909 C 181; 1906 C 413 s 1 a m e n d e d
1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243. (P o lic e , d is tric t, a n d m u n ic ip a l c o u r ts an d tria l ju s tic e s e x c e p t in B o s to n , and
p r o b a te ju d g e s e x c e p t i n S u ffo lk C o u n ty a n d B o s to n .)
13 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 7, (C h a n ce r y o r c ir c u it c o u r t .)
ii
Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 s 1245. (D is t r ic t c o u rts — c o u n t y co u r ts in a b sen ce o f d is tric t ju d g e —
a n d p o lic e ju d g e in co u n tie s o f 40,000 o r m o r e .)
is New York. C on solid a te d L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) art 44 s 494 a d d e d 1910 C 699; 1915 C 489 s 1. (C ou rts o f
special sessions, p o lic e , a n d c i t y co u rts , e x c e p t i n N e w Y o r k C ity , B u ffa lo , Syracu se, C h au ta u q u a C o u n ty ,
M on roe C o u n ty , a n d O n ta rio C o u n ty . I n S aratoga C o u n ty t h e c o u n t y c o u r t has co n cu rre n t ju r is d ic tio n .)
i® Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1639 a m e n d e d 1913 p 864 a n d 1914 p 176. (C ou rts o f c o m m o m pleas, p ro b a te
co u rts , in s o lv e n c y a n d su p erior co u rts, e x c e p t i n H a m ilt o n , L u ca s, M ah on in g, M o n tg o m e r y , an d S u m m it
C o u n tie s .)

17

Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 1 a n d C 57 s 1. (E v e r y c o u r t o f r e c o rd o f cr im in a l ju r is d ic tio n an d p o lic e and ju s ­

t ic e c ou rts , e x c e p t i n c itie s o f 50,000 o r m o r e .)
is West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 2 a n d s 3 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63. (C ir cu it c o u r ts an d c r im in a l c o u r ts , e x c e p t in
c o u n tie s w h ere a co u r t o f c o m m o n pleas ha s e x c lu s iv e ju r is d ic t io n .)
19 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1639 a m e n d e d 1913 p 864 a n d 1914 p 176.
20 Wisconsin. S ta tu tes 1915 s 573-2.1.
21 Connecticut. G eneral S tatu tes 1918 s 1856.
22 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 ss 2203-2213. (O u ts id e W ilm in g t o n .)
23 Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 2 a n d s 9 a m e n d e d 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, an d 1917 C 7332.
2< Maine. R e v is e d S ta tu tes 1916 C 64 s 53 a m e n d e d 1917 C 297.
26
New Hampshire. P u b lic S tatu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 2) a m e n d e d 1915 C 96 and
1917 C 74.
s® Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7324.


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SUM M ARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

13

land,1 Massachusetts,2 Nebraska,3 New Y ork ,4 Pennsylvania,5 and
Virginia.6 Other States definitely provide that such courts shall
not have jurisdiction and require the immediate transfer of juvenile
cases that happen to be brought before them.7
Jurisdiction is given to the county court in Arkansas,8 K entucky,9
Oklahom a,10 Oregon,!1 South D akota,12 and certain counties in
Colorado,13 New Jersey,14 New Y ork ,15 Pennsylvania,16 Tennessee,17
and Texas;18 to the district court in M ontana,19 Nevada,20 New Mex­
ico,21 North D a k ota ,22 R h ode Island,23 and in some districts in Louis­
iana,24 Minnesota,25 and Nebraska;26 to the superior court in Ari­
zona,27 California,28 W ashington,29 and certain counties of Georgia;30
to the court o f com m on pleas in certain counties in Ohio,31 New
1 Maryland. 1916 C 326 ss 2 a n d 14; C o d e o f P u b lic L o c a l L a w s art 4 s 623A a m e n d e d 1902 C 611,1904 C 521
an d 1910 C 41. (B a ltim o r e C it y b y s ta tu to r y p r o v is io n a n d o th e r areas in w h ic h t h e c ir c u it c o u r t ju d g e s
h a v e n o t d esign ated one o f th e ir n u m b e r u n d e r th e 1916 s ta tu te .)
2 Massachusetts. R e v is e d L a w s 1902 C 86 s 12; 1906 C 413 s 1 a m e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243; 1903 C 334
s 1 a m en d ed 1909 C 181. (O u ts id e B o s to n .)
3 Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 s 1245.
754.)

( I n citie s o f 40,000 or m o re .

B u t see S tate v. B r y a n t 94 N e b r
’

< New York. C on solidated L a w s C 40 (P e n a l) art 44 s 494 a d d e d 1910 C 699; 1915 C 489 s 1. ( E x c e p t in
N ew Y o r k C ity , B u ffa lo, S yracu se, C h au tau qu a C o u n ty , M on roe C o u n ty , an d O n ta rio C o u n t y .)
5
Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 1. (Q u a rte r sessions o f t h e p e a ce o u ts id e P h ila d e lp h ia a n d A lle g h e n y
C o u n ty .)
* Virginia. 1914 C 350s 1 an d C 57 s 1.

(E x c e p t in citie s o f o v e r 50,000 p o p u la t io n .)

7 A la b a m a , A rizon a , A rka n sas, C aliforn ia, C olorad o, D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia , G eorgia, Id a h o , Illin o is, I n ­
diana, Io w a , K ansas, K e n t u c k y , M ich igan , M in nesota, M ississip pi, M on tan a, N ebrask a, N e v a d a , N e w
Jersey, N e w Y o r k (M on roe a n d O n ta rio C ou nties a n d N e w Y o r k C ity o n l y ) , N o rth D a k o ta , O h io , O regon
S ou th D a k o ta , T en nessee, T e x a s, W a s h in g to n , W e s t V irg in ia , a n d W is c o n s in .
8 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420.
8 Kentucky. C a rr o ll’ s S ta tu te s 1915 s 331e. 2.
i® Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 ss 4413 a n d 4414.
11 Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4407 a m e n d e d 1915 C 147.
12 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 ss 2 a n d 3.
is Colorado. R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1908 ss 587 a n d 1549.' (O u t s d e D e n v e r .)
ii New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 1; 1918 C 82. ( I n E s s e x a n d H u d s o n C o u n tie s o n ly .)
is New York. 1913 C 270 s 1; 1910 C 611 s 1; 1918 C 464.
o n ly .)

(O n t a r io , M on roe, a n d C h a u ta u q u a C ou n ties

i® Pennsylvania. 1911 p 198 a m e n d e d 1915 p 5 ss 1 a n d 2 a n d 1917 p 19. (A lle g h e n y C o u n ty o n ly .)
ii Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 ss 2 a n d 3 a m e n d e d 1913 ( F ir s t E x t r a S ession ) C 22,1915 C 177,1917C
41 a n d P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294. (C o u n tie s less t h a n 33,600, b e t w e e n 33,700 a n d 70,000, a n d fro m 90 000 t o
148,000.)
1
*8 Texas. 1917 C 93 p 252 a m e n d e d 1918 C 14.
1« Montana. 1911C 122 s 3.

(C o u n t y C o u rt a t L a w i n E l P a so C o u n t y .)

2® Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 ss 729 a n d 730.
21 New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 2.
22 North Dakota. C o m p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11403.
¡a Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 2 a m e n d e d 1917 C 1546.
21 Louisiana. C o n s tit u t io n 1913 a rt 118 ss 1-3. (O u s t id e P a ris h o f O rleans.)
s® Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 2. (C o u n t ie s o v e r 33,000.)

2« Nebraska. R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1913 s 1245. (C o u n tie s less t h a n 40,000 p o p u la tio n .)
27 Arizona. R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1913 (C iv il C o d e ) s 3562.
2? California. 1915 C 631 s 16 a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634.
29 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 2.
3® Georgia. 1915 N o 210 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575. ( I n c o u n t ie s o f less t h a n 35,000 a n d b e t w e e n 35,000 an d
60,000w h e re n o special c o u r t is e s ta b lis h e d , t h e ju d g e o f th e s u p e rio r c o u r t shall de sign a te an e x is tin g co u r t
o f r e c o r d .)
3i Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1532-1 a d d e d 1916 p 424, s 1532-2 a d d e d 1917 p 703, s 1532-4 a d d e d 1917 p 721,
an d s 1639 a m e n d e d 1913 p 864 a n d 1914 p 176.
o n ly .)


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(H a m ilto n , M a h o n in g , M o n tg o m e r y , a n d S u m m it C ou nties

24

SU M M AR Y OF JUVE NILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

Jersey / and W est V irgin ia / to the circuit court in Mississippi,3
and in designated counties in Illin ois/ Indiana,5 Maryland, and
Missouri;7 to the probate court in Idaho,8 Kansas,9 Michigan, and
part of A la b a m a /1 M innesota/2 and South C arolin a/3 to the criminal
court in certain counties in M issouri;14 to courts of special sessions
in certain jurisdictions in New Y o r k ;15 to recorder’s courts in special
counties of South Carolina; 16 to the municipal court in Philadelphia; 17
to the city judge of the county seat in certain counties in Tennessee;18
and to the court of domestic relations in Lucas County, Ohio.19
In order to secure continuity and intelligence in dealing with ju ­
venile offenders, it is necessary n ot only that the court have exclusive
jurisdiction hut that a single judge he appointed to hold court for
a time sufficient for him to becom e familiar with the probation
office and with the needs of the children brought before him. In
some States a rotation of judges is allowed; but in California,20
Maryland,21 Missouri,22 Montana,23 Nebraska,24 Ohio,25 Pennsylvania,26
W ashington,27 and W isconsin,28 and in certain counties in Illinois,29
Iow a,30 Minnesota,31 and New Y ork ,32 a particular judge is selected b y
his associates to hear only juvenile cases.
_________________ _
New Jersey. C o m p ile d S ta tu te s 1910 p 1887 s 207 a m e n d e d 1916 C 212.

i

'Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 2 a n d s 3 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.

(O u ts id e E s s e x a n d H u d so n

( I n co u n tie s w h e re s u c h c o u r t is esta b lish ed .)

a Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 7. (C h a n ce r y o r c ir c u it ju d g e .)
4 Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1917 C 23 ss 170 a n d 171. (C o u n tie s o f o v e r 500,000 p o p u la tio n .)
5 Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o t a t e d S ta tu te s 1914 s 1630. (C o u n tie s n o t c o n t a in in g c i t y o f 100,000.)
« Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 14. (O u ts id e th e c i t y o f B a ltim o re , es ta b lis h e d a t d is c re tio n o f c ir c u it ju d g e s .)

i Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 2; 1917 p 195 s 2.

( A l l c o u n tie s n o t c o n ta in in g a c i t y o f t h e first cla ss.)

s Idaho. 1911C 159 s 153 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84.
o Kansas. G eneral S ta tu te s 1915 s 3065 a m e n d e d 1917 C 154.
io, Michigan. C o m p ile d L a w s 1915 s 2012.
.
u Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o . 506 s 2. (O u ts id e M o b ile a n d Jefferson C o u m ie s , e x c e p t in cities
h a v in g re c o r d e r ’s c o u r t s .)
w Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 2. (C o u n tie s 33,000 a n d less.)
io South Carolina. 1912 N o 429 s 1. (Except in counties o f 20,000 to 50,000.)

14Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 2.

(C o u n tie s co n ta in in g a c it y o f t h e first cla ss.)
w New York. 1910 C 659 s 34-a a d d e d b y 1915 C 531; 1910 C 676 a m e n d e d 1916 C 487 s 1 a n d 1917 C 112.

(N e w Y o r k C it y a n d S yra cu se o n l y .)
is South Carolina. 1917 N o 73 s 1. (C o u n tie s h a v in g m o r e t h a n 20,000 b u t n o t m o re th a n 50,000.)
w Pennsylvania. 1913 p 711 s 8 a m e n d e d 1915 p 988, 1915 p 1017, a n d 1917 p 1015 N o 328. ( I n P h ila d e lp h ia
n

y Tennessee. P u b li c A c t s 1911C 58 s 18 a m e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41, and

P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.

(C o u n tie s o f 148,000 or o v e r a n d th o s e n o t less t h a n 33,600 n o r o v e r 33,700.)

is Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1683-14 a d d e d 1917 p 732.
20 California. 1915 C 631 s 16 a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634.
21 Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 1.
22 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 2.
23 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 12.
24 Nebraska. R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1913 s 1246.
25 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1639 a m e n d e d 1913 p 864 a n d 1914 p 176.
26 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 1; 1913 p 711 s 8 a m e n d e d 1915 p 988,1915 p 1017, a n d 1917 p 1015; 1911 p 198
a m e n d e d 1915 p 5 a n d 1917 p 19.
27 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 2.
28 Wisconsin. S ta tu tes 1915 s 573-2.1.
29 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1917 C 23 ss 170 a n d 171.

(A p p lie s t o co u n tie s o v e r 500,000.)

bo Iowa.

3i

82

1917 C 405 s 1. (A p p lie s t o co u n tie s o f 100,000 o r o v e r .)
Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 3. (Counties having more than 33,000.)
New York. 1910 C 659 s 3 4 -c t o 34-e a d d e d 1915 C 531. (A p p lie s t o N e w 1 ork C ity .

a p p o in t e d b y th e m a y o r .)


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P re sid in g ju d g e

II. EXTENT OF JURISDICTION,
A.

OVER CHILDREN.

1. Age limitation.
The jurisdiction of the juvenile court in 14 States extends to
children under 16 years of age. These are Alabam a,1 Colorado,2
Georgia,3 Indiana,4 Iow a,5 Kansas,6 New Jersey,7 New M exico,8
New Y ork,9 Oklahom a,10 Pennsylvania,11 R hode Island,12 Tennes­
see,13 and Verm ont.14 In 13 States— Arkansas,15 Delaware,16 Flor­
ida,17 Illinois,18 K entucky,19 Louisiana,20 Massachusetts,21 Michigan,22
Missouri,23M ontana,24NewH am pshire,25Texas,26and W isconsin27— and
the District of Columbia,28 jurisdiction is extended to 17 years, and
in 17 States— Arizona,29 Connecticut,30 Idaho,31 Minnesota,32 Missis­
sippi,33 Nebraska,34 Nevada,35 North Carolina,36 North D akota,37
1 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 1. ( I n Jefferson C o u n ty , g irls u n d e r 18.)
2 Colorado. R e v is e d S ta tu tes 1908 s 586. (D e lin q u e n t girl u n d e r 18.)
8 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 2 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
4
Indiana. B u rn s ’ A n n o t a t e d S ta tu te s 1914 s 1630. (D e lin q u e n t girl u n d e r 18, d e p e n d e n t b o y o r girl
u n d er 17.)
6 Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s 254-al4.
6 Kansas. G eneral S tatu tes 1915 s 3065 a m e n d e d 1917 C 154.
7 New Jersey. C o m p ile d S ta tu te s 1910 p 1887 s 206; 1912 C 353 a m e n d e d 1918 C 81; 1918 C 82.
8 New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 2.
9 New York. C on solid a ted L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) art 44 s 485 a m e n d e d 1916 C 278; s 486 a m e n d e d 1912
C 169,1915 C 480, a n d 1917 C 430; 1910 C 611 s 2; 1913 C 270s 2; 1918C 464 s 1.
10 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4412.
11 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 1; 1913 p 711 s 11 a m e n d e d 1915 p 988, 1915 p 1017, a n d 1917 p 1015.
12 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 1 a m e n d e d 1917'C 1546. (W a y w a r d a n d d e p e n d e n t u n d e r 17.)
18
Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 1 a m e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x tr a S ession) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41,
a n d P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294; 1917 N o 120 p 355.
14 Vermont. 'G en eral L a w s 1917 s 7323.
15 Arkansas. 1911A 215 s 1 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420. (G ir l u n d e r 18.)
i* Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 ss 3827-3828. (A p p lie s t o W ilm in g t o n . G irl u n d e r 18.)
77 Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 1 a m e n d e d 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332.
18 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 s 169. (G ir l u n d e r 18.)
19 Kentucky. C a rroll’ s S ta tu te s 1915 s 331e.l. (G ir l u n d e r 18.)
20 Louisiana. C o n s titu tio n 1913 a rt 118 s 3.
21 Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 1 a m e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243. (N e g le c te d u n d e r 16.)
22 Michigan. C o m p ile d L a w s 1915 ss 2011 an d 2017.
28 Missouri. 1917 p 195 s 1.
24 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 2. (D e p e n d e n t u n d e r 16.)
28 New Hampshire. P u b lic S ta tu te s S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 1) a m e n d e d 1915 C 96 and
1917 C 74.
28 Texas. C od e o f C rim in a l P ro c e d u r e 1911 art 1197 a m e n d e d 1913 C 112 a n d 1918 C 26. (G ir l u n d er 18.
D e p e n d e n t a n d n eg lected c h ild r e n u n d e r 16.)
27 Wisconsin. S ta tu tes 1915 s 573-1. (G ir l u n d e r 18.)
28 District o f Columbia. 34 TJ. S . S ta tu te s a t L a rge p 73 s 8.
29 Arizona. R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1913 (C iv il C o d e ) s 3562.
30 Connecticut. 1917 C 308 s 4.
81 Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 152 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84.
82 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 1.
88 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 6.
84 Nebraska. R e v is e d S ta tu tes 1913 s 1263.
86 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 728.
88 North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 s 2.
87 North Dakota. C o m p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11402.

15


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

16

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

Ohio,1 Oregon,2 South Carolina,3 South D akota,4 U tah,0 Vir­
ginia,6 W ashington,7 and W est Virginia8— to 18 years. In Mary­
lan d9 the lim itation is extended to 18 for girls and 20 for boys, and
in California10 to 21 for both boys and girls. A number of States11
provide that jurisdiction once obtained over any minor m ay con­
tinue beyond these age limits, usually until he reaches 21.
2. Classes o f cases included.
The laws in a few States12 contain no definition of the groups of
children over whom the court is to exercise jurisdiction but merely
define the specific offenses for which a child m ay be brought into
court. These are simple amendments to the criminal code. In
m ost States, however, these definitions are divided into broader
classifications of delinquent and dependent or neglected. Truants
are included in these classes or added to them in more than one-half
of the States;13 children found violating the child-labor law in a few
States;14 and physical or m ental defectives in California,15 Iow a,16
Maryland,17 and Minnesota.18
In Colorado19 an appeal from the refusal of an officer to grant a
work permit to a child m ay be taken to the juvenile court. An oath
m ay be administered and an age certificate issued b y the court.
1 Ohio. General C od e ss 1642 a n d 1643 a m e n d e d 1913 p 864.
2 Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4406.
3 South- Carolina. 1917 N o 73 s 1; 1912 N o 429 s 1.
* South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 1.
6 Utah. 1913 C 54 s 2.
s Virginia. 1914 C 57.

(D e p e n d e n t u n d e r 16.)

i Washington. 1913 C 160 s 1.
8 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 1 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.
» Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 2. ( I n B a ltim o re u n d e r 16.)
io California. 1915 C 631 ss 1 a n d 5 a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634.
ii Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506. Arizona. R e v is e d Statu tes 1913 (C iv il C o d e ) s 3570. Arkansas.
1911A 215 s 9 am e n d e d 1917 A 420. Kansas. G eneral S tatu tes 1915 s 3066; s 3065 a m e n d e d 1917 C 154. Mas­
sachusetts. 1907 C 411 am e n d e d 1918 C 257 s 418. (C o n tin u e s t o 18.) Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 1; 1917 p 195 s 1.
Montana. 1911 C 122 s 2 (C o n tin u e s u n til c o u r t o th erw ise de cre e s.) New Jersey. 1918 C 82. (C ou n ties of
th e first class. C on tin u e s fo r p e r io d o f c o m m it m e n t o r p r o b a t io n .) New York. 1 9 1 0 C 6 1 1 s 7 ; 1918C 464.
(M on roe a n d C h a u ta u q u a C o u n tie s .) Ohio. G eneral C o d e 1910 ss 1642 a n d 1643 a m e n d e d 1913 p 864. Okla­
homa. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4424. Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 8 a m e n d e d 1909 p 119. Rhode Island. 1915
C 1185 s 10. Tennessee. P u b li c A c t s 1911 C 58 s 1 a m e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x t r a S ession ) C 22, 1915 C 177,
1917 C 41. a n d P r iv a t e A c t s 1917 C 294. Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7323. ( U n t il b o y 21 or g irl 18.)
12 A labama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 1. California. 1915 C 631 ss 1 and 15 am en ded 1917 C 627 an d C 634.
Connecticut. G eneral Statutes 1918 s 1856. ( N o d efin ition — a ll co m p la in ts against ch ild ren .) Delaware.
R ev ised C od e 1915 ss 2192-2213, 3822, 3823, 3824. (O u tsid e W ilm in g to n .) District of Columbia. U . S.
R ev ised Statutes S u p plem en t 1891 C 58 p 474; S u p p lem en t 1901 C 250 p 48 and C 847 p 1544; 34 U . S. Statutes
a t Large p 73 s 8; 35 U . S. Statutes at L arge p 420 s 17. Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 2 am en ded 1916 N o . 575.
New Jersey. C om p iled Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 206 a n d p 1889 s 217. (A p p lie s t o State o u tside E sse x and
H u d son C ou nties.) New York. C on solidated L a w s C 40 (P e n a l) art 44 s 485 am en d ed 1916 C 278; s 486
am ended 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480, an d 1917 C 430; s 2186; 1910 C 659 s 37 am en d ed 1911 C 721,1913 C 691, and
1915 C 531; 1910 C 611 s 2; 1913 C ?70 s 2; 1891 C 105 am en ded 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549,1908 C 50,1911 C 651 S 510,
1914 C 124, an d 1917 C 571; 1918 C 464 s 1. South Carolina. 1912 N o 429 s 1; 1917 N o 73 s 1.
13 A rkansas, C alifornia, C olorado, D elaw are, D istrict o f C olu m bia, F lorid a, G eorgia, Id a h o , In dian a,
K ansas, K e n tu c k y , L ou isian a, M assachusetts, M ichigan , M in nesota, M issouri, M on tan a, N ebraska, N ew
Jersey, N e w Y o r k , O h io, O regon, P e n n sylva n ia , Sou th C arolina, South D a k o ta , Ten nessee, T e x a s,V e rm o n t,
V irgin ia , W a sh in g ton , an d W iscon sin .
'
k .
_
14 A rizon a, D elaw are, D istrict o f C olu m bia, K e n tu c k y , M arylan d, N e w Y o r k , O h io, O regon , R h o d e
Isla n d , Sou th Carolina, T exa s, and U ta h.
w California. 1915 C 631 s 1 am en d ed 1917 C 627 and C 634.
la Iowa. S u p p lem en tal S u p p le m e n t 1915 ss 254-b t o 254-1.
u Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 1.
is Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 1.
is Colorado. 1911 C 95 ss 8 and 15.


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SU M M A R Y OF JUVENILE-CO U RT LEGISLATION.

17

In W isconsin1 the juvenile court issues working permits at the
request o f the industrial commission.
In Arizona2 the juvenile court m ay issue letters of adoption for
a child under its jurisdiction, and in Ohio3 for an inmate of a
m aternity boarding house.
3. Definition of delinquency.
Before the enactment of juvenile-court legislation the courts dealt
only with those juvenile offenders who were charged with (1) violat­
ing a State law or local ordinance; (2) com m itting a criminal offense;
or (3) being incorrigible. This is still the situation in Connecticut,4
Delaware,5 the District o f Columbia,6 Georgia,7 Mississippi,8 New
Jersey,9 and Pennsylvania.10 A step in advance is made b y the New
Y ork law,11 which provides that “ a child of m ore than 7 and less than
16 years of age, who shall com m it any a c t o r .omission which if
comm itted b y an adult would be a crim e not punishable b y death or
life imprisonment, shall n ot be deemed guilty of any crime but of
juvenile delinquency on ly.”
Many laws, however, formulate a m ore inclusive definition of
delinquency in order that the court m ay n ot be prevented b y the
lack of technical jurisdiction from assuming the care of any child.
Most States12 now consider as delinquent any child who (1) violates
' Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 1728a-l am e n d e d 1917 C 674.
2 Arizona. R e v is e d S tatutes (C iv il C od e) 1913 s 3565.
3 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 6272.

* Connecticut. G eneral Statutes 1918 s 1856. ( A ll c o m p la in ts a ga in st ch ild re n .)
s Delaware. R e v is e d C ode 1915 ss 2192-2213, 3822, 3824. (C rim in al offenses, v a g ra n cy , an d in co rrig ib ility .)
« D i s t r ic t f Columbia. 34 U . S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 8. (A ll crim es an d offenses, n o t capital and n o t
pu n ish ab le b y death or life im p rison m en t; h a b itu a l t ru a n cy also.)
7 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 2 am e n d e d 1916 N o 575. (O ffenses th a t w o u ld b e pu n ish e d in an a d u lt.)
8 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 6. (V io la tio n o f m u n icip a l o rd in an ce or State la w .)
•
8 New Jersey. C om p iled Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 206. (C h ild charged w ith crim e e x c e p t m urder or m an ­
slaughter, or b e in g in corrigible. A d d s d isord erly an d vagrant. F o r E sse x and H u d so n Counties see
b e lo w .)
w Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 1. (In co rrig ib le an d charged w ith v io la tio n o f th e la w .)
11 New York. 1909 C 478. ( I n a d d itio n “ d iso rd e rly an d u n gov ern able ch ild re n ” w h o desert their h om es
w ith ou t cause, associate w ith dissolu te, im m o ra l, or v icio u s p ersons, or are n o t s u sceptib le o f proper con trol.
C on solidated law s C 40 (P e n a l) s 486 (7 ).)
12 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 am e n d e d 1917 A 420. D e fin itio n om its (9) an d (12). Colorado. R e v is e d Statutes
1908 s 586. O m its (10) an d (12). Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3829. (A p p lie s t o c it y o f W ilm in g to n .)
I n a d d ition , h a b itu a l sm ok in g o f cigarettes an d v io la tio n o f ch ild -labor law . Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 1
am en d ed 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, an d 1917 C 7332. O m its (7 ), (8 ), (9), (10), an d (11). Idaho. 1911 C 159
art 17 s 152 am en d ed 1917 C 84. O m its (10) a n d (12). Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d Statutes 1917 C23 s 169.
O m its (12). Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ta te d Statutes S u p p lem en t 1918 s 1641. O m its (6 ), (10), (12). In
a d d ition , sm ok in g o f cigarettes an d lo iterin g a b o u t school b u ild in g or yard. Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s
254-al4. O m its (7 ), (9 ), (10), (11), an d (12). Kansas. G eneral Statutes 1915 s 3066. O m its (6) t o (12)
in clu siv e. Kentucky. Carroll’s Statutes 1915 s 331e., Louisiana. C on stitu tion 1913 art 118 s 3.
O m its
(7). I n ad d ition , beggin g, re ce iv in g alm s or p e d d lin g or p la y in g a m usical in stru m en t in a p u b lic place
or accom p a n y in g a n yon e s o d oin g. Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 1. O m its (6 ), (7 ), (8 ), (9 ), (10). and (12).
Massachusetts. R e v is e d L a w s 1902 C 86 s 24; 1906 C 413 s 1 am en d ed 1912 C 187 an d 1916 C 243. O m its (5)
t o (11) in clu sive. I n ad d itio n , vagran t. Michigan. C o m p ile d L a w s 1915 s 2011. Minnesota. 1917 C 397
s 1. O m its (4) t o (8) in clu sive. I n ad d itio n , k n o w in g ly visits a n y p la ce w here h is presence is p erm itted
in v io la tio n o f th e law . Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 1 an d 1917 p 195 s 1. Montana. 1911 p . 122 s 1. O m its (10)
a n d (12). Nebraska. R e v is e d Statutes 1913 s 1244. O m its (10). New Hampshire. P u b lic Statutes Sup ple­
m en t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 1) am en ded 1915 C 96 an d 1917 C 74. O m its (7), (8), (9 ), (10), (11), an d
(12). New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 5 am en ded 1918 C 81. (C ounties o f th e first class.) O m its (6 ), (8 ), (9),

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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

a law or local ordinance (except crimes punishable b y death or life
imprisonm ent); (2) is incorrigible; (3) associates with thieves,
criminals, prostitutes, vagrants, or vicious persons; (4) is growing
up in idleness or crim e; (5) knowingly visits a saloon, pool room,
billiard room , or gambling place; (6) knowingly visits a house of illfam e; (7) wanders about the streets at night; (8) wanders about
railroad yards, jum ps on m oving trains, or enters any car or engine
without authority; (9) habitually uses or writes vile, indecent, or
obscene language; (10) absents himself from home without just
cause or w ithout the consent of parent or guardian; (11) is immoral
or indecent; or (12) is an habitual truant.
In A rizo n a 1 only (X) and (2) are included in the definitions of
delinquent, and in W ash in gton 2 only (1), (8), and (9); but in these
States children com m itting other offenses are considered as depend­
ent rather than delinquent. In N evada3 the law defines as delinquent
a child who violates any law o f the State or any ordinance of a city,
town, or county. In addition, a child who com m its any of the
offenses enumerated above— from (2) to (11), inclusive— or is living
under conditions that in m ost States would render him dependent, is
considered as b oth dependent and delinquent.
In Alabam a,4 California,5 and South Carolina,6 while the law
formulates no definition of delinquency but enumerates specific
offenses fo r which a child m ay be brought to court, m ost of the pro­
visions given above are included.
an d (10).

I n ad d ition , on e w h o Is vagran t or disorderly or co m m its a crim e e x ce p t m u rder or m anslaughter.
O m its (10). North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 s 1. In clu d e s o n ly (1 ), (2 ),
and (4 ), a n d w a y w a rd , u n ru ly , a n d m isd irected. North Dakota. C o m p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11403. O m its (12).
I n a d d ition , h a b itu a l sm ok in g o f cigarettes, use o f n arco tic drugs, freq u en tin g o f p la ce w here in d e ce n t e x ­
h ib ition s are disp la yed . Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4412. O m its (12). I n ad d itio n , use o f in to x ic a t­
in g liq u or, in ju riou s drugs, or cigarettes. Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4406. O m its (7 ) t o (11) in clu ­
sive. Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 1 am en d ed 1917 C 1546. O m its (5 ), (6 ), (7 ), (8 ), (9 ), (11), an d (12). South D a­
kota. 1915 C 119 s 1. O m its (7 ). I n a d d itio n , h ab itu al sm o k in g o f cigarettes, drin k in g o f in to x ic a tin g liq u o r
in p u b lic pla ce or sch ool h ou se, v isitin g w ith one o f o p p osite se x a n y restaurant or p la ce w here liqu ors are sold
after 9 o ’c lock , or b e in g fo u n d in p riv a te apa rtm en t or r o o m o f restaurant, lod gin g house, h o te l or other
place at n igh t alon e w ith on e o f th e op p o site sex. Tennessee. P u b lic A c ts 1911 C 58 s 1 am en ded 1913 (F irst
E x tr a Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41, a n d ’ P riv a te A c ts 1917 C 294; 1917 N o 120 p 355. O m its (10).
Texas. C ode o f Crim inal P rocedu re 1911 A r t 1197 am en d ed 1913 C 112 an d 1918 C 26. O m its (4 ), (6 ), (7 ),
an d (10).
Utah. 1913 C 54 s 16. O m its (10) an d (12). Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7323.. O m its (8)
and (10). Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 1. O m its (8) an d (10). I n a d d itio n , use o f in to x ic a tin g liq u o r or drugs.
West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 1 a m en d ed 1917 C 63. O m its (6 ) a n d (12). Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 C 30a s
573-1. O m its (7) an d (10).
Wyoming. 1915 C 99 s 2. In clu d es o n ly (1 ) t o (4 ) and v ic tim o f v ic io u s h ab its.

New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 1.

1 Arizona. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 (C iv il C o d e ) s 3562.

(S e e d e fin itio n o f d e p e n d e n c y .)

2 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 1.

(S e e d e fin itio n o f d e p e n d e n c y .)
a Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 728. O m its (1 2 ). ( I n a d d itio n , see d e fin itio n o f d e p e n d e n c y .)
4
Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506s 1. O m its (6 ), (10), a n d (12). I n a d d itio n , a ch ild w h o h a b itu a lly

sm okes cig arettes, is in possession o f p is to l, d irk , b o w ie kn ife, or m e ta l k n u ck le s. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128,
a p p ly in g o n ly to M o b ile C o u n ty , ad d s h a b itu a l beggin g. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 361, a p p ly in g o n ly to Jeffer­
son C o u n ty , in clu d e s o n ly (1 ).
s California. 1915 C 631 s 1 a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634. O m its (6 ) to (10) in c lu s iv e .
e South Carolina. 1912 N o 429 s 1 a n d 1917 N o 73 s 1. O m its (5 ) to (10) in c lu s iv e .


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A d d s vagran t.

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

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4. Definition of dependency and neglect.
The dependent or neglected child is usually defined1as one who is
(1) destitute, (2) homeless, (3) abandoned, (4) dependent upon the
public for support, (5) w ithout proper parental care or guardianship,
(6) begging or receiving alms, (7) found living in a house of ill fame
or w ith a vicious or disreputable person, (8) in a home unfit because
of neglect, cruelty, or depravity on the part of the parents, (9) ped­
dling or playing a musical instrument or singing in a public place,
(10) in surroundings dangerous to morals, health, or general welfare
or such as to warrant the State in assuming guardianship.
i

Arizona. R e v is e d Statutes 1913 (P e n a l C o d e ) s 255.

O m its (4 ) a n d (9 ).

I n a d d itio n , on e w h o visits

saloon, b illia r d r oom or p o o l ro o m , w ith o u t p a r e n t or gu a rd ia n ; is in co rrig ib le , h a b itu a lly uses in to x ic a tin g
liq u o r, sm ok es cig a rettes, o r uses d r u g s ; o r is v a g ra n t, fre q u e n ts c o m p a n y o f crim in a ls, vh gra n ts, o r pros­
titu tes, or is o v e r fo u rte e n a n d refu ses to a tte n d sc h o o l as d ir e c t e d b y p a r e n t o r gu a rd ia n . A rkansas. 1911
A 215s 1 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420. O m it s (lO ). Colorado. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1908s 552. O m it s (9 ). Delaware.
R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3829. A p p lie s t o W ilm in g to n . I n c lu d e s o n l y (1 ), (2 ), (6 ), a n d (8 ). Florida. 1 9 1 1 C
6216 s 1 a m e n d e d 1913 C 6494,1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C7332. O m its (7) a n d (1 0 ). Idaho. 1909 p 38 N o 267 s 2
a m e n d e d 1911 C 185 a n d C 193. O m its (7 ) a n d (10). Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 s 169.
O m its (1 0 ). Indiana. B u rn s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatu tes 1914 ss 1642 a n d 1643. O m its (9 ). I n a d d itio n , o n e
w h o is e m p lo y e d i n a sa loon . Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s 254-al4. Kansas. G eneral S tatu tes 1915 s 3066O m its (10). I n a d d itio n , id le or im m o r a l h a b its . Kentucky. C a rroll’s S tatutes 1915 s 331e.l. O m its (10).
Louisiana. C o n s titu tio n 1913 a rt 118 s 3. O m its (2 ), (3 ), (6 ), (7 ), (9 ), a n d (10). I n a d d it io n , w a n d e rin g
a b o u t streets a t n ig h t w it h o u t la w fu l b u sin e ss. Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 1. O m its (9) a n d (10). I n a d d i­
tio n , tr u a n t a n d fe e b le -m in d e d o r o th e r w is e m e n ta lly d e fic ie n t. Massachusetts. 1903 C 334 a m e n d e d 1909
C 181. In c lu d e s (4 ), (5 ), (8 ), a n d (10). Michigan. C o m p ile d L a w s 1915 s 2011. O m its (10). I n a d d itio n ,
ille g itim a te . Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 1. O m its ( 1 ), ( 2 ), (4 ), a n d (10). I n a d d itio n , m e n ta l d e fe c tiv e ’
ille g itim a te , a n d o n e w h o s e p a r e n ts de sir e (fo r g o o d c a u s e ) to b e r e lie v e d o f ca re a n d c u s to d y . Mississippi.
1916 C 111 s 6. In c lu d e s o n ly ( 1 ), (2 ), (3 ), a n d (10). Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 1 a n d 1917 p 195s 1. O m it s (5 )
a n d (10). Montana. R e v is e d C o d e 1907 s 7829. O m its (3 ), ( 9 ), a n d (10). Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatutes
1913 s 1244. Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 728. O m its (1 0 ). I n a d d itio n , a ll p r o v is io n s en u m e ra te d
u n d er d e fin itio n o f d e lin q u e n c y e x c e p t v io la tio n o f S tate la w or o r d in a n c e o f c it y , t o w n , or c o u n t y . New
Hampshire. P u b lic S ta tu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 1) a m e n d e d 1915 C 96 a n d 1917 C 74.
O m its (9 ) a n d (10). New Mexico. 1917 C 85 s 2. O m its (9 ) a n d (10). North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915
C 222 s 1. In c lu d e s o n l y (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), a n d (10). North Dakota. C o m p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11403. O m its (10).
Ohio. G en era l C od e 1910 s 1645 a m e n d e d 1913 p 864 a n d 1915 p 458. O m its (9 ). I n a d d itio n , o n e g iv e n
a w a y o r d is p o s e d o f i n e m p lo y m e n t, s e rv ice , o r o c c u p a tio n c o n tra ry to law s o f S ta te . Oklahoma. R e v is e d
L a w s 1910 s 4412. O m its (10). Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 ss 4406, 4425, a n d 4426. O m its (10). I n
a d d itio n , p a r ticip a tin g i n p u b lic e n te rta in m e n t w ith o u t pe rm issio n o f ju v e n ile -c o u r t ju d g e . Pennsylva­
nia, 1903 p 274 s 1. In c lu d e s o n ly (1 ) to (5 ). Rhode Island. G eneral L a w s 1909 C 139 s 1 a n d C 140 s 1. I n ­
clu d es o n ly (3 ), (5 ), (6 ), a n d (8 ). I n a d d itio n , o n e w h o se life o r h e a lth is e n d a n g e re d b y o c c u p a tio n in
w h ic h i t is p e r m it t e d to en gage, c o m p e lle d t o d o w a n to n o r im p ro p e r acts or a llo w e d to steal. South D a­
kota. 1915 C 119 s 1. O m its (1 ) a n d (10). I n a d d itio n , orp h a n , c h ild w h o fre q u e n ts c o m p a n y o f re p u te d
th ie v e s o r p ro s titu te s , o r i n possession o f a n y p e rso n n o t th e p a re n t or la w fu l g u ard ian or n e x t o f k in . Ten­
nessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911C 58 s i a m e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x tr a Session ) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41, a n d P riv a te
A c ts 1917 C 294. O m its (10). Texas. R e v is e d C iv il Statu tes 1911 art 2184. O m its (9) a n d (10). I n ad d itio n ,
on e w h o s e p a r e n t p erm its i t to b e c o m e a d d ic te d to th e use o f in to x ic a tin g liq u o rs. Utah. C o m p ile d L a w s 1907
s 720x24 a m en d ed 1909 C 123; 1913 C 54 s 2. O m its (9 ). I n a d d itio n , fre q u e n ts salo o n o r p la c e w h e re i n ­
t o x ica tin g d r in k is sold or is w a n d e rin g a b o u t la te a t n ig h t, or sle e p in g a t n ig h t i n t h e o p e n air. Ver­
mont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7323. O m its (9 ). Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 1. O m its (9 ) a n d (10). Washington
1913 C 160 s 1. O m its (3 ) a n d (4 ). I n a d d itio n , is v a g ra n t, fre q u e n tin g c o m p a n y o f r e p u te d crim in als,
vagran ts or p ros titu tes ,v is its p o o l ro o m , b illia r d r o o m or saloon , is in co rrig ib le or tru a n t or uses in to x ic a t­
in g liq u ors, to b a c c o or drugs. West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 1 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63. O m its (10). Wisconsin.
Statutes 1915 C 30a S573-1. O m its (10). Wyoming. 1915 C 99 s 1. In clu d e s o n ly (1 ), (3 ), (4 ), (5 ), (6 ).


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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILK-COURT LEGISLATION.

Alabama,1 California,2 the D istrict of Columbia,3 Georgia,4 New
Y ork,5 and South Carolina 6 do n ot define dependency but include
some of these provisions in specifying the classes of children who m ay
be brought into court. T h e N e w J e r s e y 7 law does n ot define depend­
ency, although dependent children m ay be com m itted b y the juvenile
court to certain schools for dependent and delinquent children.
In an act establishing tem porary county homes for dependent and
neglected children, C on n ecticu t8 includes waifs; strays; children in
charge of overseers of the poor; children of prisoners, drunkards, or
paupers, and of others com m itted to hospitals, almshouses, or workhouses; and all children (between 4 and 18) deserted, neglected,
cruelly treated, or dependent, or living in any disorderly house, or
house reputed to be a house of ill fam e or assignation.
Maine 9 provides for the com m itm ent of children who are cruelly
treated or willfully neglected b y their parents; n ot provided with
suitable food, clothing, or the privileges of education; kept a t or
allowed to frequent any disorderly house, house of ill fame, gambling
place, or place where intoxicating liquors are sold, or other place
injurious to health or m orals; and orphans w ithout means of support.
5. Discretion of the court in case o f crime.
In dealing with the child who is charged with a felony or a crime
punishable b y death or b y life imprisonment, the legislatures of most
States have refused to apply the essential principles of juvenile-court
legislation. In the District o f Columbia,10Georgia,11Iow a,12Louisiana,13
Massachusetts,14 New Jersey,15 New Y ork ,16U tah,17 and Verm ont,18 the’
1 Alabama. G en era l L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 1. In c lu d e s (10) o n ly .
2 California. 1915 C 631 s 1 a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634. O m its (4 ), (7 ), a n d (9 ). I n a d d itio n , is v a ­
gran t freq u en ts c o m p a n y o f crim in a ls, vagran ts, or p ro s titu te s ; v is its b illia r d ro o m s o r p o o l ro o m s, saloon,
e tc. • uses in t o x ic a t in g liq u o rs or dru gs, o r sm o k e s cig a rettes; is in sa n e , fe e b le -m in d e d o r m e n ta lly d eficien t.
s District o f Columbia. 34 U . S. S tatu tes at L a rg e p 73 s 8. In clu d e s (1 ), (3 ), (6 ), (7 ), a n d (8 ), a n d m cp rrig ible.

t Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 2 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575. In c lu d e s (1 ) o n ly .
6 New York. C on solid a te d L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) a rt 44 s 485 a m e n d e d 1916 C 278; s 486a m e n d e d 1912
C 169 1915 C 480, a n d 1917 C 430. O m its (1 ), (3 ), (4 ), a n d (10). I n a d d itio n , o n e w h o fre q u e n ts c o m p a n y
o f t h ie v e s o r p rostitu tes, o r is e m p lo y e d as ro p e w a lk e r, g y m n a s t, circu s p e rfo rm e r, e t c .; o r i n ille g a l or
in d e c e n t e x h ib it io n .
« South Carolina. 1912 N o 429 s 1; 1917 N o 73 s 1.

. . .
.
In c lu d e s o n ly (1 ), (2 ), (6 ), a n d (8 ).

.....
....
I n a d d itio n , ch ild

req u ired t o w o r k c o n tr a r y t o la w o r i n an u n rea son a b le degree.
7 New Jersey. 1913 C 340.
« Connecticut. G eneral S tatu tes 1918 s 1766.
s Maine . R e v is e d S tatu tes 1916 C 64 s 53 a m e n d e d 1917 C 297.
10 District of Columbia. 34 TJ. S. S tatutes a t L a rge p 73 s 8. (E x c lu d e s ju ris d ictio n o v e r a c r im e o r offense,
ca p ita l o r oth erw ise in fa m o u s , p u n ish a b le b y im p ris o n m e n t in th e p e n ite n tia ry , o r lib e l, co n sp ira cy , or
v iola tion o f th e p o s t-o ffic e an d p en sion law s o f t h e U n ite d S tates.)
11 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 2 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575. (E x c lu d e s c r im e p u n ish ab le b y d e a th o r b y life im p rison -

Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s 254-al4. (E x c lu d e s c r im e p u n ish ab le b y d e a th o r b y life in p riso n m e n t.)
is Louisiana. C on stitu tio n 1913 a rt 118 s 3. (C a p ita l crim e s e x c e p t e d .)
,
- ..
i4 Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 1 am e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243. (E x c lu d e s c r im e pu n ish a b le b y death
or life im p r is o n m e n t.)
, ; ...
. . . .
w New Jersey. C om p ile d Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 206. (E x c lu d e s m u rd e r o r m anslaughter an d jo in t c o m ­
m ission o f c r im e w it h p erson o v e r 16.)
. , ,, .
. ,.
....
is New York. C on solidated L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) a rt 196 s 2186. (C rim e p u n ish ab le b y d e a th o r life im ­
p rison m en t.) Sam e p ro v is io n fo r M o n r o e an d O n tario Counties— 1910 C 611 s 2 an d 1913 C 270 s 2; B u ffa lo —
1911 C 651 a m en d ed 1917 C 571.
17 Utah. 1913 C 54 s 16. (E x c lu d e s offense pu n ish ab le b y d eath o r life im p r is o n m e n t )
is Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7331. (E x c lu d e s c r im e pu n ish ab le b y d e a th o r life im p ris o n m e n t.)


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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION,

21

law specifically excludes the juvenile court from jurisdiction in such
cases. In the great m ajority o f States 1 in which the juvenile court
m ay have jurisdiction, the judge m ay in his discretion dismiss the
case and allow the child to be tried in the regular criminal courts or
under the ordinary procedure. In some States 2 it is even possible for
the judge so to transfer a m erely delinquent child, if he thinks reforma­
tion is impossible. In N evada,3 however, it is possible, in the dis­
cretion of the judge and with the consent of the accused, to extend
the juvenile-court procedure to a person between 18 and 21 who is
charged with felony.
B. O V E R A D U L T S .

1. Contributing to delinquency and dependency.
F orty States and the D istrict of Columbia now have laws making
adults criminally liable for contributing to a child’s becoming
delinquent or dependent.4 The court which has jurisdiction
over juvenile cases is usually given this jurisdiction.5 This plan
J Arizona. R e v is e d Statutes 1913 (C iv il C o d e ) s 3562. (M a y su spend cr im in a l pro se cu tio n for a n y offense
c o m m it t e d b y c h ild . T h e assu m p tio n is th a t th e ju d g e m a y a llow crim in a l p ro se cu tio n t o p ro ce e d in s o m e
cases.) Arkansas. 1911A 215s 1 0 am e n d e d 1917A 420. California, 1915C 631 s 4 c a m e n d e d 1917C 627a n d C
634. Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d Statutes 1917 C 23 s 177a. Kansas. G eneral Statutes 1915 s 3076. Kentucky.
C arroll’s Statutes 1915 s 331e.5.
Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 7. ( A t request o f m in o r a ccu se d .) Michigan.
C o m p iled L a w s 1915 s 2012. (C h ild ren o v e r 14.) Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 13. Montana. 1911 C 122 s 6.
Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 737. New Hampshire. P u b lic Statutes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C ‘85 (L a w s 1907 C
125 s 15) am en d ed 1915 C 96 an d 1917 C 74. New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 9. North Dakota. C o m p ile d L a w s 1913
s 11412. Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1681. Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4424. Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon
L a w s 1910 s 4416 am en d ed 1913U 249. Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 9 am e n d e d 1917 C 1546. South Carolina.
1912 N o 429 ss 3 an d 6 ; 1917 N o 73 s 6. South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 18. Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911C 58 s 9
a m en d ed 1913 (F ir s t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41, a n d P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294. Texas. C od e
C rim in al P ro ce d u re 1911 art 1197 am e n d e d 1913 C 112 a n d 1918 C 26. Washington. 1913 C 160 s 12.
a Alabama. G en eral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 9. Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 16 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575. Illinois.
H u r d ’s R e v is e d S tatutes 1917 C 23 s 177a. Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 11 a m e n d e d 1912 C .187 a n d 1916
C 243. (O v e r 14.) Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 21. (O v e r 12.) Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 13. Missouri. 1917
p 195 s 2. Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 737. New Hampshire. P u b lic Statutes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85
(L a w s 1907 C 125 s 15) a m en d e d 1915 C 96 a n d 1917 C 74. New Jersey. C o m p ile d S tatutes 1910 p 1887 s 209.
North Dakota. C o m p iled L a w s 1913 s 11412. Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4424. Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon
L a w s 1910 s 4416 a m e n d e d 1913 C 249. Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 9 am en d ed 1917 C 1546. South
Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 13. West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 11 am e n d e d 1917 C 63.
s Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 737.
4
C on n ecticu t, D elaw are, N e w H a m p sh ire , N o rth D a k o ta , O k la h o m a , S ou th C arolina, V e r m o n t, and
W y o m in g h a v e n o t y e t e n a cte d su ch legislation.
6
T h is is th e case in th e fo llo w in g States: Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 5 0 6 s 10. (A llo w s $100 fin e, im ­
p rison m en t in co u n t y ja il f o r 6 m o n t h s , o r b o t h .) Arizona. R e v is e d Statutes 1913 (P e n a l C o d e ) ss 256-257.
($ 5 0 0 fin e ,l y ear’s im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o t h .) California. 1915 C 631s 21 a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 an d C 634. ($1,000
fin e, 2 years’ im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o t h .) Colorado. 1909 C 157 ss 8 a n d 9. ($1,000 fin e, 1 y e a r’s im p riso n m e n t,
o r b o th for d e lin q u e n c y ; $100 fine, 90 d a y s ’ im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o th for d e p e n d e n cy o r n e g le c t.) District of
Columbia. 34 U S S tatutes a t L a rge p 73 s 24. ($100 fin e, 3 m o n t h s ’ im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o t h .) Georgia. 1915, .
N o 210 s 37 a m en d ed 1916 N o 575. (J u v e n ile c o u r t has ju r is d ic tio n i f offense is a m isd e m e a n o r, b u t n o t i f it
a m ou n ts t o a f e lo n y .) Idaho. 1911C 159 art 17 s 159 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84. ($300 fin e , 6 m o n th s ’ im p riso n m e n t,
o r b o th fo r d e lin q u e n c y .) Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatutes 1914 s 1645; S u p p le m e n t 1918 s 1648. ($500
fin e, 6 m o n th s ’ im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o t h .) Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s 254-a31. (A p p lie s o n ly t o d ep e n d e n cy
a n d n e g le c t .) Kansas. G eneral Statutes 1915 ss 3080 an d 3081. ($1,000 fin e, 1 y ear’s im p ris o n m e n t, or b o „ h .)
Kentucky. C arroll’ s Statutes 1915 ss331g.l-331g.6; 331d. l -3 3 1 d .ll. ($ 1 0 0 fin e ,5 0 d a y s’ im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o t h .)
Louisiana. C on stitu tion 1913 art 118 s 3; 1916 N o 139; 1918 N o 169. ($200 fin e, 1 y e a r ’s im p ris o n m e n t, or
b o t h .) Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 13. (F in e , im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o t h , i n th e d iscretion o f th e co u r t .) Massa­
chusetts. 1906 C 413 s 13 am en d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243, (A p p lie s t o d e lin q u e n cy . $50 fine, 6 m o n th s’
im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o t h .) Minnesota. 1917 C 397 ss 27 an d 28. (C o u rt m a y im p o s e c o n d itio n s .) Mississippi.
1916 C 111 s 11. (C o u rt m a y re q u e st person resp on sible t o d o o r o m it t o d o a n y a ct, and failure t o c o m p ly
m a y b e p u n ish ed as c o n t e m p t o f c o u r t, b u t this shall n o t p r e v e n t a ctio n b ein g b ro u g h t u n d er a n y crim in al
s ta tu te .) Missouri. R e v is e d Statutes 1909 s 4491. (A p p lie s t o d e lin q u e n cy . $500 fin e, 6 m o n th s ’ im p riso n -


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22

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION,

seems to work for the best interests of the child; but in some States,1
in order to safeguard the constitutional rights of the adults, juris­
diction is given to the ordinary criminal courts.
2. Desertion and nonsupport.
The juvenile court has likewise jurisdiction over cases of desertion
and nonsupport in Alabam a,2 the District of Columbia,3 Louisiana,4
New Jersey,5 W est Virginia,6 and part o f New Y ork.7 In California,8
Maryland,9 Ohio,10 and Tennessee11 the court has jurisdiction in cases
of abandonm ent or failure to provide for a child. In cities of 50,000
m e n t, o r b o t h .) Montana. 1911C 122 ss 18-21. R e v is e d C od e 1907 s 7836. (F r o m $10 to $1,000 fine, 9 m o n th s ’
im p ris on m en t, o r b o t h fo r d e liq u e n c y ; $600 fin e, 9 m o n th s ’ im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o t h fo r d ep e n d e n cy or
n e g le ct.) Nebraska. R e v is e d Statutes 1913 ss 1263-1264. ($500 fine, 6 m o n th s ’ im p ris o n m e n t, or b o th .)
Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 ss 757-764. ($500 fine, 6 m o n th s ’ im p riso n m e n t, or b o t h .) New Jersey. C om piled
Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 214; 1915 C 246 am e n d e d 1918 C 85. ($1,000 fin e, 6 m o n th s ’ im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o th
for c o n t r ib u tin g t o d e lin q u e n c y . $100 fin e, 1 year’s im p ris o n m e n t, or b o th , fo r abu se, aba n d on m en t,
c r u e lty , o r n e g le ct.) New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 2 ; 1917 C 85 s 7. ($1,000 fin e, 1 ye a r’s im p ris o n m e n t, or
b oth for d e lin q u e n cy . $10 to $50 lin e, 90 d a y s’ im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o th for d e p e n d e n c y o r n e g le c t.) New
York. C on solidated L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) art 44 ss 487-493, s 494 a d d e d 1910 C 699. (I n N e w Y o r k
C ity ju r is d ic tio n is g iv en t o c it y m agistrates.) 1910 C 611. (A p p lie s to M onroe C o u n ty .) 1891 C 105
a m en d ed 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 s 516, 1914 C 124, a n d 1917 C 571. (A p p lie s to
B u ffa lo .) 1918 C 464 s 20. (C hau ta u qu a C o u n t y .) Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 ss 1642 an d 1654 am ended
1913 p 864. ($10 to $1,000 fin e, 10 d a y s ’ to 1 y e a r’s im p ris o n m e n t, or b o t h .) Oregon. L o r d ’ s O regon L a w s
1910 ss 2150-2154. ($1,000 fine, 1 y ear’s im p ris o n m e n t, or b o t h .) Rhode Island. G eneral law s 1909 C 139 s 9;
slO ad d ed 1910 C 550. ($500 fine, 1 y e a r’s im p riso n m e n t, o r b o th fo r d e lin q u e n c y ; $250 fin e , 1 year’s im p riso n ­
m e n t, o r b o th for d ep en d e n cy an d forfeit o f rig h t t o cu s to d y o f c h ild .) South Dakota. 1909 C 275 am en ded
1913 C 175. ($500 fin e, 1 year’s im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o t h .)
Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1911 C 182 s 5. (H a m il­
ton C ou n ty o n ly . See b e lo w fo r p e n a lty .) Utah. C o m p ile d L a w s 1907 s 720 x 37 a m en d ed 1911 C 55; 1913
C 5 4 s 2 . ($100 fine, 3 m o n th s ’ im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o t h .) Virginia. 1914 C 57 s 7 a n d C 228.
($500 fine,
ly e a r ’s im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o t h .)
Washington. 1913 C 160 ss 1 a n d 17. ($1,000 fine, 1 y e a r’s im p riso n m e n t,
o r b o t h .)
West Virginia. 1915 C 70 ss 33-39 an d 43 am e n d e d 1917 C 63. ($500 fin e, 1 ye a r’s im p riso n m e n t,
o r b o t h .)
1 Arkansas. 1911 N o 215 s 23 am e n d e d 1917 A 420. ($500 fin e, 1 y ear’s im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o t h .) Florida.
1915 C 6906. ($100 fin e, 3 m o n th s ’ im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o t h .) Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d Statutes 1917 C 38
ss 42hi an d 42hn. ($200 fin e, 1 ye a r’s im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o t h .) Maine. R e v is e d S tatutes 1916 C 120 ss 33-37.
C on tribu tin g t o d e lin q u en cy o r d istress o f c h ild is de fin e d as encouraging use o f to b a cco , cigarettes, liq u o r
o r narcotic drug, furnishing o r g iv in g c h ild firearm s o r a n y dan gerou s w ea p on s, e x c e p t w h e n d o n e b y
parents, guardians, teachers, or in stru ctors; ($100 fin e o r 30 d a y s ’ im p ris o n m e n t.) Michigan. C om piled
L a w s 1915 s 2028. (A p p lie s t o d e lin q u e n cy . $100 fine, 90 d a y s ’ im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o t h .) North Carolina.
P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 s 6. Pennsylvania. 1909 p 434 s 1, su p p le m e n tin g 1903 p 274. ($500 fin e, 1 y e a r’ s
im p ris o n m e n t, o r b o t h .) Tennessee. P u b lic A c ts 1911 C 58 s 16 am e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x tr a Session) C 22,
1915 C 177,1917 C 41, an d P riv a te A c t s 1917 C 294. ($5 t o $50 fine, 10 d a y s ’ to 3 m o n t h s ’ im p ris o n m e n t, or
b o t h .) Texas. P en a l C od e 1911 art 1055; art 1055a a d d e d 1918 C 52. ($1,000 fin e, 1 y e a r’s im p ris o n m e n t, or
b o th for paren ts, gu ardians, o r persons resp o n sib le fo r c h ild . $500 fin e, 1 year’s im p riso n m e n t, o r b o t h for
other persons c o n tr ib u tin g t o d e lin q u e n c y .) Wisconsin. S tatu tes 1915 S4581 i. ($500 fin e, l ye a r’s im ­
p rison m en t, or b o t h .)
2 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 498 s 2.
3 District of Columbia. U . S. R e v is e d Statu tes S u p p le m e n t 1891 C 58 p 474 s 3; 34 U . S. S tatu tes a t L arge
p 73 s 8.
4 Louisiana. C on stitu tion 1913 art 118 s 3.
6
New Jersey. 1912 C 360 ss 1-5 am e n d e d 1918 C 83. ( A l l disp u tes in v o lv in g th e d o m e s tic rela tion or
th e w elfare of ch ild ren , e x c e p t those u n d e r th e ju ris d ictio n o f th e c o u r t o f ch a n c e r y or o rp h a n s’ c o u rt.)
6 West Virginia. 1917 C 51 s 2.
i New York. 1910 C 612. (M on roe C o u n ty .)
3 California. 1917 C 168.
9 Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 13.
10 Ohio. G eneral C ode 1910 s 1655 a m e n d e d 1913 p 864.
u Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1915 C 120 p 335.


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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

23

in Virginia,1 where a special juvenile and domestic relations court is
established, this court has jurisdiction over cases of desertion and
nonsupport.
3. Crimes against children.
The juvenile court has jurisdiction over persons accused of of­
fenses against children in Colorado,2 the District of Columbia,3 and
Virginia.4
4. Mothers’ pensions.
The juvenile court administers the “ m others’ aid” law in Arkan­
sas,5 Colorado,6 Illinois,7 Iow a,8 Maryland,® Michigan,10 Minnesota,11
Missouri,12 Montana,13 New Jersey,14 Ohio,15 Oklahoma,16 O reg on /7
South D akota,18 Tennessee,19 Utah,20 W ashington,21 and Wisconsin.22
5. Other jurisdiction.
The juvenile court has jurisdiction over the case of an adult violat­
ing the child-labor law in Delaware,23 the District of Columbia,24
Utah,25 and certain counties in New Y ork ;26 over the failure of ’ a
parent to com ply with the com pulsory school-attendance law in
i

Virginia. 1914 C 57.

.

8 Cplorado. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1908 s 1607. (J u ris d ictio n in a n y crim in a l case against a n a d u lt person for
th e v iola tion o f a n y crim in a l la w w h ere th e offense sh a ll be against th e person or in v o lv e th e m orals o f a
c h ild or m in or. A ls o ju ris d ictio n u n d e ra cts in v o lv in g d u ties to , or re sp o n sib ility fo r , a c h ild o f a n y p arent
guardian, or oth er p erson .)
^
'
3 District of Columbia. U n ite d S tates R e v is e d S tatu tes S u p p le m e n t 1891 C 58 j> 474 ss 2 a n d 4; 34 U . S.
S tatutes a t L arge p 73 s 8. ( A n y person en ticin g girl u n d e r 18 in t o h ouse o f i ll fam e a n d a ll persons viola t­
ing a n y la w rela tin g t o or a ffectin g th e p ro te c tio n o f ch ild re n .)
4 Vir9inia- 1914 C 57 s 7. (Ju ve n ile a n d d o m e stic relations co u rt in cities o f o v e r 50,000 h as ju r is d ic tio n
o v er a ll cases in v o lv in g th e pro se cu tio n a n d pu n ish m e n t o f a du lts ch arged w ith offenses against ch ild ren
u n d er 18.)
'
6 Arkansas. 1917 A 326.
6 Colorado. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1908 s 558 a m e n d e d 1913 p 694.
7 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 s 298.
3 Iowa. S u p p lem en t 1913 s 254-a20.
9 Maryland. 1916 C 670.
10 Michigan. C om p ile d L a w s 1915 s 2017.
u Minnesota. 1917 C 223.
18 Missouri. 1911 p 120 a m e n d e d 1913 p 146.
13 Montana. 1917 C 83 repealin g 1915 C 86.
14 New J ersey. 1913 C 281 a m e n d e d 1915 C 118.
73 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 ss 1683-2 t o 1683-10 a d d e d b y 1913 p 864 an d 1914 p 199, a n d a m e n d e d 1915 p 436.
18 Oklahoma. 1915 C 183. (C o u n ty cou rt. N o t sta te d w h e th e r sittin g as ju v e n ile c o u r t )
17 Oregon. 1917 C 267.
18 South Dakota. 1917 C 300. (C o u n ty cou rt. N o t sta te d w h e th e r sittin g as ju v e n ile c o u r t )
19 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1915 C 32 p 90.
89 Utah. 1913 C 90. ( O n ly in co u n tie s o f 125,000 or m o r e .)
81 Washington. 1915 C 135.
88 Wisconsin. S tatu tes 1915 s 573f.
83 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3842. (W ilm in g to n .)
84 District of Columbia. 34 U . S. S ta tu te s a t L a rge p 73 s 8.
88 Utah. 1911 C 144 s 15.
88 New York. 1910 C 612 (M on roe C o u n ty ); 1918 C 464 s 20 (C h a u ta u q u a Cou nty,
arising u n d er a rt 44 o f th e P e n a l L a w ).


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Ju risd iction in a ll cases

24

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. *

Idaho,1 Indiana,2 Kansas,3 Montana,4 and New Jersey;5 and in cases
brought for the purpose o f providing support and maintenance of
children born out of wedlock in the District of Columbia.6 The
judge of the juvenile court in O regon7 has power to make a com pro­
mise with the putative father of an illegitimate child relative to the
support of the child. Cases concerning the concealment of the birth of
a child m ay be brought to the juvenile court in certain counties in
New Y ork.8 In Ohio 9 the judge m ay give consent to the marriage
of persons under legal age who are without parents or legal guardians.
Adults aiding the escape of a child from an institution in Delaware,16
or furnishing a minor in an institution with tobacco in certain coun­
ties in New Y ork,11 are subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile
court.
1 Idaho. 1911C 159 s 151 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84.
2 Indiana. B u rn s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatu tes 1914 s 6678 a m e n d e d 1915 C 77.
3 Kansas. G eneral S tatu tes 1915 ss 9416-9417.
< Montana. 1913 C 76 s 1107.
6 New Jersey. 1913 C 221 s 4 am e n d e d 1915 C 224.
6 District of Columbia. 37 U . S. Statu tes a t L a rge p 134.

i Oregon. 1917 C 48 s 12.
8 New York. 1910 C 612; 1918 C 464 s 20. (M on roe a n d C h au tau qu a C ou nties. See n o te a b o v e .)
9 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 11181-1 a d d e d 1915 p 17.
19 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3840A a d d e d 1917 C 253.
» New York. 1910 C 612;1918 C 464 s 20. (M o n ro e a n d C h au ta u q u a C o u n tie s.)


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III.

PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE.
A.

PETITION OR COMPLAINT.

In m ost States proceedings are begun in juvenile cases b y peti­
tion, filed b y any reputable person who believes that the child is
within the provisions of the law. This is the case in Alabam a,1
Arizona,2 Arkansas,3 California,4 Colorado,5 Delaware,6 Florida,7
Georgia,8 Illinois,9 Iow a,10 Kansas,11 K entucky,12 Louisiana,13 Mary­
land,14 Michigan,15 Minnesota,16 Mississippi,17 Missouri,18 Montana,1“9
Nebraska,20 Nevada,21 New Hampshire,22 New M exico,23 North
Carolina,24 North D akota,25 Oklahoma,26 Oregon,27 Pennsylvania,28
Rhode Island,29 South Carolina,30 South D akota,31 Tennessee,32 Ver­
m ont,33 Virginia,34 W ashington,35 W est Virginia,36 and W isconsin,37
and in certain counties in New Y ork.38 The petition must be
I Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 3.
3 Arizona. R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1913 (C iv il C o d e ) ss 3562, 3564,3565.
3 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 4 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420.
4 California. 1915 C 631 s 3 am e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634.
6 Colorado. R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1908 ss 554, 555; s 588 am e n d e d 1909 C 156.
6 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3834. (W ilm in g to n .)
7 Florida. 1911C 6216 s 3 a m e n d e d 1913 C 6494,1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332.
8 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 3 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
9 Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1917 C 23 s 172.
10 Iowa. S u p p le m e n ta l S u p p le m e n t 1915 s 254-al5.
II Kansas. G eneral S ta tu te s 1915 s 3068.
13 Kentucky. C a rroll’s S ta tu te s 1915 s 331e.4.
13 Louisiana. C o n s titu tio n 1913 a rt 118 ss 1 a n d 4.
14 Maryland. 1916 C 326 ss 3 a n d 6.
15 Michigan. C om p iled L a w s 1915 s 2015.
16 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 7.

( B y p r o b a t io n o ffice r.)

(C alled “ a ffid a v it ” in s te a d o f “ p e t it io n .” )

17 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 ss 7 a n d 8.
18 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 3; 1917 p 195 s 3. (A p p lie s o n ly t o n e g le c te d c h ild r e n .)
79 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 5.
30 Nebraska. R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1913 s 1247.
31 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 ss 728 a n d 731.
33
New Hampshire. P u b lic Statu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 4) a m e n d e d 1915 C 96 an d 191
C 74.
33 New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 4. (C alled “ a ffid a v it” in ste a d o f “ p e t itio n .” )
34 North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 s 2. (A ffid a v it o r o ra l t e s tim o n y .)
35 North Dakota. C o m p iled L a w s 1913 ss 11406 a n d 11407.
36 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4416.
37 Oregon. L o r d ’ s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4416.
38 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 2.
39Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 4 a m e n d e d 1917 C 1546.
39iSouth Carolina. 1917 N o 73 s 1; 1912 N o 429 s 1.
& South Dakota. 1915 C 119 ss 4 a n d 5.
33 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911C 58 ss 4 a n d 6 am e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C
41 a n d P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.
33 Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7325.
34 Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 8.
38 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 5.
£8 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 ss 1 a n d 4 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.
37 Wisconsin. S ta tu tes 1915 s 573-4.
38 New York. 1910 C 611 s 3; 1913 C 270 s 3; 1918 C 464 s 3.

(M o n ro e , O n ta rio , an d C h au ta u q u a C ou nties.)

25


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26

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

verified in Georgia, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Washington, and
W est Virginia; sworn in Michigan, Montana, and Rhode Island;
and verified b y affidavit in Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana,
Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, Oklahoma, Oregon, South
Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and W is­
consin. In the D istrict of C olum bia1 the law requires “ information
filed b y the corporation counsel or his assistant.” In Connecticut,2
Massachusetts,3 New Jersey,4 and New Y o rk 5 the complaint is
still used; and in Idaho,6 Indiana,7 Missouri,8 Ohio,9 Texas,10 and
U ta h 11 the law provides for sworn complaint.
B. SUMMONS OR WARRANT.

A further step in differentiating the juvenile-court process from
ordinary procedure is made b y securing the attendance of the parent
or guardian and the child b y summons instead of b y warrant. The
laws o f Alabam a,12 Arkansas,13 Colorado,14 Connecticut,15 Delaware,16
Georgia,17Illinois,18Indiana,19Iow a,20Kansas,21K entucky,22Louisiana,23
Maryland,24 Massachusetts,25 Michigan,26 Minnesota,27 Mississippi,28
Missouri,29 Nebraska,30 Nevada,31 New Hampshire,32 North Dakota,33
1 District of Columbia. 34 U . S. S ta tu te s a t L a rg e p 73 s 12.
* Connecticut. G eneral S ta tu te s 1918 s 1822. ( B y p a re n t, gu ardian , sele ctm a n , gran d ju ro r, o r other
officer o f t o w n .)
8 Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 3 am e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243; 1903 C 334 s 1 am e n d e d 1909 C 181.
4 New Jersey. C o m p ile d S ta tu te s 1910 p 1887 s 208.
* New York. 1891C 105 am e n d e d 1901 C 627,1902 C 549, 1908 C 50,1911 C 651 s 519,1914 C 124, an d 1917 C
571. (A p p lie s t o B u ffa lo . N o p r o v is io n fo r rest o f S ta te o u tsid e M on roe a n d O n ta rio C ou nties.)
8
Idaho. 1911 C 159 ss 151, 154, 162, 173 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84. (P r o s e c u tin g a tto rn e y . T ru a n cy cases m a y
b e begu n b y p r o b a tio n officer, tru a n t o ffice r, o r o th e r re p u ta b le p e rso n .)
7 Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o t a t e d S ta tu te s 1914 ss 1632 a n d 1644.
8 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 7. ( B y c i t y p r o s e c u tin g o r c ir c u it a tto r n e y .)
8 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1647 a m e n d e d 1913 p 864.
w Texas. R e v is e d C iv il S ta tu te s 1911 a rt 2186; C od e o f Crim in al P ro c e d u r e 1911 a rt 1199 a m en d ed 1913 C
112. (P e titio n in c a se o f d e p e n d e n t o r n e g le cte d c h ild , sw o rn c o m p la in t in case o f d e lin q u e n t ch ild .)
u Utah. 1913 C 54 s 4.
u Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 3; L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128 s 3 an d N o 361 s 6. (I n M o b ile C o u n ty
eith er s u m m on s o r w a rra n t.)
18 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 ss 4 a n d 5 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420.
14 Colorado. R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1908 ss 554 a n d 555; s 588 a m e n d e d 1909 C 156. (S u m m o n s o r c ita tio n .)
is Connecticut. 1917 C 308 ss 1 a n d 5. (B e tw e e n H a n d 18 m a y b e su m m o n e d rath er th a n arrested. U n d er
14 m u st b e su m m o n e d .)
18 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3834. (W ilm in g to n .)
w Georgia. 1915 N o 210 ss 4 ,6 , an d 7 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
78Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1917 C 23 s s 172 a n d 173.
19 Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o t a t e d S ta tu te s 1914 s 1632.
M Iowa. S u p p le m e n ta l S u p p le m e n t 1915 s 254-al6.
81 Kansas. G eneral S ta tu te s 1915 ss 3067 a n d 3069.
28 Kentucky. C a rroll’s S ta tu te s 1915 s 331e.4.
28 Louisiana. C o n s titu tio n 1913 a rt 118 s 4.
24 Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 4.
26 Massachusetts. R e v is e d L a w s 1902 C 86 ss 14-15; 1906 C 413 ss 3 a n d 4 am e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243.
( F o r c h ild u n d er 14 o n ly .)
28 Michigan. C om p iled L a w s 1915 s 2015.
27 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 8.
28 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 8.
29 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 4 a n d 1917 p 195 s 4.
so Nebraska. R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1913 s 1248.
81 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 ss 731-732.
82 New Hampshire. P u b lic S tatu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 5) am e n d e d 1915 C 96 and
1917 C 74.
88 North Dakota. C om p ile d L a w s 1913 ss 11406 a n d 11407.


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SU M M A R Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

27

Oklahoma,1 R hode Island,2 South Carolina,3 South Dakota,4 Ten­
nessee,5 Verm ont,6Virginia,7 W ashington,8 W est Virginia,9Wisconsin,10
and part o f New Jersey11 and New Y o r k 12 provide for the use of the
“ summons.”
In California,13 Florida,14 Montana,15 New M exico,16
Ohio,17 and O regon 18 a “ cita tion ’ ’ is used. In Alabama, Delaware,
Georgia, Illinois, Iow a, Kansas, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire,
New M exico, New York, N orth Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode
Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia,
W ashington, and W est Virginia failure to obey summons or citation
m ay be punished as contem pt of court. Arkansas, California, Dela­
ware, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana,
Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New
Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South
Dakota, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, W est Virginia, and W is­
consin provide that a warrant m ay be issued if a summons seems
likely to be ineffectual. Arizona19 and Pennsylvania 20 give the judge
power to “ make all necessary orders” for the appearance of the per­
sons against whom com plaint is filed, but do not describe the form .
In New Jersey21 and U tah 22 “ notice of hearing” is served b y sheriff,
constable, police officer, or probation officer. In Idaho,23 New Y ork,24
Texas,25 and Hamilton County, Tenn.,26 the only provision is for
“ warrant or capias.” In the District o f Columbia27 the court m ay
“ issue process for the arrest” of persons against whom com plaint
has been filed. North Carolina28 provides only that “ any child under
18 m ay be arrested.”
I Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 ss 4417 an d 4418.
a Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 5 a m en d ed 1917 C 1546.
3 South Carolina. 1912 N o. 429 ss 1 an d 8; 1917 N o 73 ss 1 a n d 8.
4 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 ss 6-9.
5 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 5 a m en d ed 1913 (F ir s t E x t r a Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41
a n d P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.
6 Vermont. G en eral L a w s 1917 s 7326.
7 Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 8.
8 Washington. 1913 C 160 ss 6 an d 7.
9 W est Virginia. 1915 C 70 ss 4 an d 5 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.
10 Wisconsin. S tatu tes 1915 ss 573-5.1 a n d 573-5.2.
II New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 7 am e n d e d 1918 C 81. (C ounties o f th e first class.)
12
New York. 1910 C 611 ss 4 a n d 6; 1913C 2 7 0 s s 4 a n d 6 (M on roe a n d O n tario C ou n ties)- 1891 C 1 '5
a m e n d e d 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 s 531-c, 1914 C 124, a n d 1917 C 571 ( B u ffa lo ); 1918
C 464 s 4 (C h a u ta u q u a C o u n ty ).
1» California. 1915 C 631 ss 4, 4a, 4b, a n d 15e a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634.
14 Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 4 a m e n d e d 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332; 19 11 C 6221 s 1.
15 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 5.
is New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 4.
17 Ohio. G en eral C od e 1910 s 1648 a m e n d e d 1913 p . 864.
is Oregon. L o r d ’ s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4410.
79 Arizona. R e v is e d S tatu tes (C iv il C o d e ) 1913 s 3564.
20 Pennsylvania. 1903 p . 274 s 2.
21 New J ersey. C o m p iled S tatu tes 1910 p 1887 ss 209 a n d 210.
22 Utah. 1913 C 54 ss 5 a n d 6.
as Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 155 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84.
2< New York. C on solid ated L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) a rt 44 s 486 (5 ) a m e n d e d 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480, an d
1917 C 430. (E x c e p t in cou n tie s m e n tio n e d a b o v e .)
25 Texas. C od e of C rim in al P ro ce d u re 1911 a rt 1200 a m e n d e d 1913 C 112.
‘‘o Tennessee. P riv a te A c t s 1911C 182 s 2.
2? District of Columbia. 34 U . S. S tatu tes a t L a rge p 73 s 17.
28 North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 s 2.


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28

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.
C. PRELIM INARY IN VESTIGATIO N.

A m ajority o f the S ta tes1 provide b y law for a preliminary inves­
tigation o f the case b y the probation officer before the child is brought
in for hearing.' Other States2 which require an investigation do not
state when it shall be made, and the rest3 do not mention it at all.
D.

C U STO D Y A N D CARE OF CHILD PEN D IN G HEARING.

The m ethod of detaining the child before and during trial is one
of the m ost significant features of juvenile-court legislation. Under
the criminal law the child who could not give bond for his
appearance was sent to jail to await his trial. Georgia,4 Iowa,5
Louisiana,6 Michigan,7 Missouri,8 Montana,9 New Hampshire,10 Ohio,11
Pennsylvania,12 R hode Island,13 South Carolina,14 Virginia,15 Jef­
ferson County, A la.,16 and Ham ilton County, Tenn.,17 now provide
i Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 3; L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128 s 3 an d N o 361 s 6. (O b lig a to r y o n ly
in Jefferson C o u n ty .) Arizona. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 (C iv ilC o d e ) s s 3562a n d 3566. California. 1915 C 631
ss 3b a n d 20 a m en d ed 1917 C 627 a n d C 634. Connecticut. G eneral S tatu tes 1918 s 6670. Georgia. 1915 N o 210
ss 4 a n d 26 a m en d ed 1916 N o 575. Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 163 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84. ( T o b e m a d e i f p ossible.)
Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d Statu tes 1917 C 23 s 174. Indiana. B u rn s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatu tes 1914 s 1632. Iowa.
S u p p lem en t 1913 s 254-al8. Kansas. G eneral Statu tes 1915 s 3067. Kentucky. C arroll’ s S tatutes 1915 s 331e.
20. Louisiana. C on stitu tio n 1913 a rt 118 ss 1 a n d 2. Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 7 am e n d e d 1912 C 187
a n d 1916 C 243. Michigan. C o m p ile d L a w s 1915 s 2015. Missouri. 1911 p 177 ss 9 a n d 13; 1917 p 195 s 11.
Montana. 1911C 122 s 14 a m e n d e d 1915 C 52. Nebraska. R e v is e d Statu tes 1913 s 1249 am e n d e d 1915 C 24
a n d 1917 C 24. Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 733 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63. New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 7 a m e n d e d
1918 C 81. (A p p lie s o n ly t o E s s e x a n d H u d s o n C ou nties. N o t o b lig a to ry . N o m e n tio n o f in v e stig a tio n
in rest of S ta te .) New York. 1910 C 659 s 39 a m e n d e d 1911C 721,1913 C 691, a n d 1915 C 531 (a p p lie s t o N e w
Y o r k C it y ); 1910 C 611 s 4 (M o n ro e C o u n t y ); 1913 C 270 s 4 (O n ta r io C o u n t y ); 1891 C 105 am e n d e d 19Q1 C
627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 s 521, 1914 C 124, a n d 1917 C 571 ( B u ffa lo ); 1910 C 676 s 31 a m e n d e d
1916 C 487 a n d 1917 C 112 (S y ra cu se ). ( F o r rest o f S tate see b e lo w .) North Dakota. C o m p ile d L a w s
1'913 s 11408. Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1663. Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 18 a m e n d e d 1917 C 1546.
South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 24. Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 6 am e n d e d 1913 ( F ir s t E x tr a Session)
C 22,1915 C 177.1917 C 41, a n d P riv a te A c t s 1917 C 294. Texas. R e v is e d C iv il S tatu tes 1911 a rt 2188; C od e o f
C rim in al P roced u re 1911 art 1202 a m e n d e d 1913 C 112.
Utah. 1913 G 54 s 14. Verrnont. G en eral L a w s 1917
s 7326. Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 5. Washington. 1913 C 160 s 3. W est Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 6 a m e n d e d .1917

Wisconsin. S ta tu tes 1915 s 573-3.1 a n d 573-3.4.
Colorado. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1908 s 593. Delaware. R e ­
v ised C od e 1915 s 3833 a m e n d e d 1917 C 252. Florida. 1911C 6216 s 5 a m e n d e d b y 1913 C 6494,1915 C 6919, an d
1917 C 7332. Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 6; C od e o f P u b lic L o c a l L a w s a rt 4 s 886 B a m e n d e d 1902 C 611, 1904 C
514, a n d 1912 C 618. Minnesota. G en eral S ta tu te s 1913 s 9387; 1917 C 397 s 9. Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 19.
New Hampshire. P u b lic S tatu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 ss 5-8) a m e n d e d 1915 C 96 a n d 1917
C 74. New York. C od e o f C rim in al P ro ce d u re P a rt I T itle 1 s lla ( 2 ) . Oregon. L o r d ’ s O regon L a w s 1910
s 4411. Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 3 a m e n d e d 1909 p 89. Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 8 am e n d e d 1917 C 1546.
South Carolina. 1917 N o 73 s 4; 1912 N o 429 s 5.
C 63.

2 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 6 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420.

3 D is tr ic t o f C olu m b ia , N e w M e x ico , N o rth C a rolin a, O k la h o m a , M ain e, a n d W y o m in g .
4 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 19 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
6 Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s 254-a24. ( E x t e n d s t o c h ild r e n u n d e r 17.)

Louisiana. C o n s titu tio n 1913 a rt 118 s 4.
i Michigan. C o m p ile d L a w s 1915 s 2013.
s Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 13 a n d 1917 p 195 s 6.
9 Montana. 1911C 122 s 5.
10 New Hampshire. P u b lic S ta tu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 16) a m e n d e d 1915 C 96 and

6

1917 C 74.
11 Ohio. G en eral C od e 1910 s 4102.
i* Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 7.
13 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 8 a m e n d e d 1917 C 1546.
14 South Carolina. 1917 N o 73 s 7; 1912 N o 429 s 7.
is Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 2.
i« Alabama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 7. (A p p lie s t o Jefferson C o u n t y .)
17 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1911C 182.


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SU M M A R Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

29

that no child who com es under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court
shall under any circumstances be detained in a police station pr jail.
Arkansas,1 California,2 Colorado,3 Delaware,4 Florida,5 Idaho,6
Illinois,7 Indiana,8 K entucky,9 Minnesota,10 Nebraska,11 N evada,12
Oklahoma,13 Oregon,14 South D akota,15 Utah,16 W ashington,17 W est
Virginia,18 and W isconsin19 have this provision only for children under
certain ages. In Alabam a,20 “ if absolutely necessary, ” a child “ m ay
be kept in jail for safe-keeping. ” In Kansas21 it is permissible if the
child has com m itted a felony. Mississippi22 prohibits placing a child
under 17 in jail unless he is to be remanded to the grand jury. Ten­
nessee23 provides that if a child is apprehended at night and no dis­
position can be made he m ay be placed in a jail or police station
until morning. W hile Massachusetts24 prohibits detention in jail
under 14, an exception is made in the case of a b o y between 12 and
14 who has violated a law.
Alabam a,25Arizona,26Georgia,27Maryland,28Missouri,29New Jersey,30
New Y ork ,31North Carolina,32Pennsylvania,33South Carolina,34Tennes­
see,35 Texas,36 and W isconsin37 require that children who are confined
1 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 11 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420. (U n d e r 12.)
2 California. 1915 C 631 s 14 a m e n d e d C 627 a n d C 634. (U n d e r 16.)
3 Colorado. R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1908 s 591. (U n d e r 14.)
4 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3836. (U n d e r 14.)
* Florida. 1911 C 6216 ss 4 a n d 11 a m e n d e d 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332.
« Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 155 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84. (U n d e r 14.)
7 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S ta tu tes 1917 C 23 s 179. (U n d e r 12.)
3 Indiana. B u rn s ’ A n n o ta te d S ta tu tes 1914 s 1637. (U n d e r 14.)
* Kentucky. C a rroll’s S ta tu te s 1915 s 331e.4.
70 Minnesota. 1917 C 265.
(U n d e r 14.)
17 Nebraska. Re-vised S ta tu tes 1913 s 1254. (U n d e r 14.)
72 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 742. (U n d e r 12.)
73 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4425. (U n d e r 12.)
74 Oregon. L o r d ’ s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4418. (U n d e r 14.)
75 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 9. (U n d e r 15.)
73 Utah. C om p iled L a w s 1907 s 720x33. (U n d e r 16.)
77 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 11. (U n d e r 16.)
13 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 16 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.
79 Wisconsin. S tatu tes 1915 s 573-9.1.
20 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o . 506.
27 Kansas. G en eral S ta tu te s 1915 s 3070.
22 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 9.

(U n d e r 12.)

23 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911C 58 s 11 a m e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x tr a Session) C 2 2 , 1915 C 1 77, 1917 C 41,
a n d P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294. ( I n K n o x C o u n ty n o t t o b e co n fin e d in ja il i f a v o id a b le .)
24 Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 3 a m e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243.
23 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506.
23 Arizona. R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1913 (P e n a l C o d e ) s 1468.
27 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 19 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575. (U n d e r 16.)
23 Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 12.
29 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 12; 1917 p 195 s 9.
39
New Jersey. C o m p ile d S ta tu te s 1910 p 1875 s 166.
a ra ted .)

( N o t t o b e d e ta in e d m o r e th a n 24 h o u rs un less s e p ­

37
New Y ork. C o n s o lid a te d L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) art 44 s 486 (8 ) a m e n d e d 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480, an d
1917 C 430; 1910 C 611 s 5; 1913 C 270 s 5; 1918 C 464 s 10.
32 North Carolina. 1915 C 222 s 5.
33 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 7.
34 South Carolina. 1912 N o 429 s 7; 1917 N o 73 s 7.
33 Tennessee. P u b li c A c t s 1911 C 58 s 5 a m e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x t r a S ession ) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41
a n d P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.
33 Texas. C od e o f C rim in a l P r o c e d u r e 1911 art 1200 a m e n d e d 1913 C 112 p 124.
37 Wisconsin. S ta tu tes 1915 s 573-9.3. (U n d e r 16.)


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30

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION,

in any jail, police station, or house of detention shall be kept apart
from adult prisoners.
In the m ajority of cases it is considered best to allow the child to
remain at home pending trial, unless the surroundings are such as to
warrant his immediate removal. In Arizona,1Arkansas,2 California,3
Florida,4 Illinois,3 Louisiana,6 Minnesota,7 Missouri,8 Nebraska,9
Nevada,10 New Hampshire,11 North D akota,12 Oklahoma,13 Oregon,14
Pennsylvania,15 South D akota,16 Tennessee,17 Verm ont,18 Virginia,19
W ashington,20 and W est Virginia 21 the law provides that the child
m ay remain in the control o f his parents, guardian, or person having
custody, without mention o f any security. The provision that a
child m ay give bond for appearance, or if unable to give bail shall
be com m itted to the custody o f a responsible officer such as the
sheriff, police officer, or probation officer, is found in the laws of
Alabam a,22Arkansas,23Colorado,24 the D istrict of Columbia,25 Florida,26
Idaho,27 Illinois,28 Indiana,29 Iow a,30 K entucky,31 Maryland,32 Massa­
chusetts,33 Michigan,34 Mississippi,35 Missouri,36 Nebraska,37 Nevada,38
. 1 Arizona. R e v is e d S ta tu tes 1913 (C iv il C o d e ) s 3564.
2 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 5 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420.
3 California. 19i5 C 631 s 4 b a n d s 14 a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634.
< Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 4 a m e n d e d 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332.
* Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 s 173.
6 Louisiana. C o n s titu tio n 1913 art 118 s 4.
i Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 8.
8 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 4; 1917 p 195 s 5.
9 Nebraska. R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1913 s 1248.
10 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 732.
ii New Hampshire. P u b lic S ta tu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 5) a m e n d e d 1915 C 96 and
1917 C 74.

12 North Dakota. C o m p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11407.
13 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4419.
14 Oregon. L o r d ’ s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4410.
10 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 2.
1« South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 9.
11 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911C 58 s 5 a m e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x t r a S ession ) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41 an d
P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.
,
is Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7326.
19 Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 8.
29 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 6.
21 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 5 am e n d e d 1917 C 63.
22 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 3.
23 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 11 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420.
24 Colorado. R e v is e d Statu tes 1908 s 591. (H a s rig h t t o g iv e b o n d .)
26 District o f Columbia. 34 U . S . S ta tu te s at L a rge p 73 s 17. (M a y g iv e b o n d for ap p e a ra n ce .)
28 Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 11 a m e n d e d 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332.
27 Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 155 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84. (M a y a c c e p t v e rb a l or w ritte n p ro m is e o f pa ren t, or b o n d ,
or oth er se c u r ity .)
23 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatutes 1917 C 23 s 179.
29 Indiana. B u rn s’ A n n o ta te d S tatu tes 1914 s 1632 a n d 1637.
39 Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s 254r-a24; S u p p le m e n ta l S u p p le m e n t 1915 s 254-al6.
31 Kentucky. C arroll’ s S tatu tes 1915 s 331e.6. (H a s rig h t t o g iv e b o n d o r o th e r se c u r ity .)
32 Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 12.
33 Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 5 a m e n d e d 1912 C 187 an d 1916 C 243.
34 Michigan. C o m p iled L a w s 1915 s 2013.
35 Mississippi 1916 C 11 s 9. (M a y b e a d m itte d t o b a il.)
33 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 13; 1917 p 195 s 6.
37 Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 s 1254.
38 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 742.


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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

31

New Hampshire,1 New Y ork,2 North Carolina,3 North Dakota,4
Ohio,5 Oklahom a,6 Oregon,7 South Dakota,8 Tennessee,9 Texas,10
Vermont,11 W ashington,12 W est Virginia,13 and W isconsin.14
The personal recognizance of the child or parent m ay be substi­
tuted for bon d in Delaware,15 Idaho,16 Indiana,17 K entucky,18 Maine,19
Massachusetts,20 M ontana,21 New Y ork,22 Ohio,23 Rhode Island,24 and
South D akota.25
W hen it is evident before trial that the child should not be allowed
to remain in the custody of parents or guardians, there should be a
suitable place provided for his care. This is usually designated a
detention “ hom e” or “ school.” As the needs of the counties vary
greatly with the number o f children and with other local conditions, it
has up to the present time proved impossible to secure b y law ade­
quate provision for the care of children under detention. Special
detention homes, rooms, or schools are required for all counties in
five States only— Arizgna,26 California,27 Michigan,28 Missouri,29 and
Pennsylvania30— and for the larger cities or counties in nine others—
Alabam a,31 Colorado,32 K entucky,33 M ontana,34 N evada,35 New Y ork,36
1 New Hampshire. P u b li c S tatu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 16) a m e n d e d 1915 C 96 an d
1917 C 74.

2 New York. 1910 C 611 s 5; 1913 C 270 s 5; 1918 C 464 s 5.

(M o n ro e , O n tario, a n d C h au tau qu a Cou nties.

M ay b e a d m itte d t o b a il.)
s North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 s 5. (M a y b e p la c e d i n te m p o r a r y c u s t o d y o f s o m e responsi­
b le p erson w h o w ill g iv e b a il or b e resp on sible for h is appearan ce in c o u r t .)
i North Dakota. C om p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11417. (M a y g iv e b o n d or o th e r s e c u r ity .)
5 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1665. (B a il is p e r m itte d as in cr im in a l cases.)
s Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4425.
7 Oregon. L o r d ’ s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4418.
8 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 9.
9 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911C 58 s 5 a m e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x tr a S ession ) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41 and
P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294. (M a y b e a d m it te d t o b a il o r h e ld o th erw ise, as th e c o u r t d ir e cts .)
10 Texas. C od e o f C rim in al P ro c e d u r e 1911 art 1200 a m e n d e d 1913 C 112. (M a y g iv e b o n d o r o th er se­
c u r it y for a p p earan ce.)
n Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7332.
12 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 11.
is West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 16 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.
H Wisconsin. S tatu tes 1915 s 573-9.1.
w Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3834.
1« Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 155 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84.
v Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatu tes 1914 s 1632.
is Kentucky. C arroll’ s S tatutes 1915 s 331e.4.
19 Maine. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1916 C 137 s 15.
20 Massachusetts. 1906 C 489 s 7 a m e n d e d 1918 C 257 s 419.
21 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 5.
22 New York. C od e o f C rim in al P ro ce d u re P a rt I V T itle X I I s 554(4).
23 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1648 a m e n d e d 1913 p 864 an d s 1648-1 a d d e d 1913 p 864.
24 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 ss 5 a n d 8 a m e n d e d 1917 C 1546.
26 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 9.
2« Arizona. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 (C iv il C od e) s 3573.
27 California. 1915 C 631 ss 17b a n d 22 a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634
28 Michigan. C om p ile d L a w s 1915 s 2013.
29 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 12; 1917 p 195 s 9.
so Pennsylvania. 1903 p 137 s 1 a m e n d e d 1913 p 870 s 1.
' 3i Alabama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 110 (a p p lie s t o M o b ile C o u n ty ); L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 12 (applies
to Jefferson C o u n ty ; requ ires esta b lish m en t i f c o n tr a c t w it h an a ssocia tion is u n sa tisfa cto ry ).
32 Colorado. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1908 s 591. (C o u n tie s o f th e first c la s s .)
33 Kentucky. C arroll’ s S tatu tes 1915 s 331e.4. (C ou n ties con tain in g cities o f th e first or se co n d class except
those i n w h ic h t h e b o a r d o f ch ild re n ’ s guardians has establish ed a te m p o ra ry h o m e .)
34 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 22. ( I n co u n tie s o f 40,000 or o v e r .)
ss Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 742. ( I n cou n ties o f o v e r 10,000.)
36
New York. 1891 C 105 a m e n d e d 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 s 518, 1914 C 124, a n d 191<
C 571.

(A p p lie s t o B u ffa lo .)


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

32

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

U ta h / W ash in gton / and W est Virginia.3 The law permits their
establishment in all counties o f F lo rid a / G eorg ia/ Illin o is/ Nebras­
k a / New J e rse y / North C arolin a/ R hode Is la n d /0 South C arolina/1
T e x a s/2 W a sh in gton /3 and W est V irgin ia /4 and in certain counties
of K a n sa s/5 New Y o r k /6 O reg on /7 and South D akota.18 In F lorid a19
and Utah20 the small counties m ay com bine in the use of a deten­
tion home. The commissioners of the District of Columbia21 are
required to provide a “ suitable place o f detention.” In Idaho22
a “ suitable room in the county building or courthouse must be pro­
vided wherein the sheriff m ay safely keep such child.” In other
States it is left to the discretion o f the sheriff, police, or probation
officer to place the child in a suitable place provided b y the city or
county authorities.
1
Utah. C om p iled L a w s 1907 s 720x42 a m e n d e d 1909 C 110 an d 1911 C 54; s 720x43 am e n d e d 1909 C 110.
(C ou n ties con ta in in g cities o f t h e first o r se co n d c la s s.)
* Washington. 1913 C 160 s 13. (C ou n ties o f m ore th a n 50,000.)
3 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 16 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63. (C ou n ties o f m ore th a n 40,000.)
* Florida. 1915 C 6841.
6 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 18 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
6 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 ss 271-278. (P r o v id e d legal vo te rs o f c o u n t y co n se n t.)
7 Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 s 1262.
8 New Jersey. C om p ile d S tatu tes 1910 p 1887 s 216; 1912 C 327 am e n d e d 1918 C 84; 1912 C 353 s 7 am e n d e d
1918 C 81.
9 North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 s 5.
19 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 7 a m e n d e d 1917 C 1546.
ii South Carolina. 1912 N o 429 s 7; 1917 N o 73 s 7.
i* Texas. C od e C rim in al P ro ce d u re 1911 a rt 1203 a m e n d e d 1913 C 112 p 214.
is Washington. 1913 C 160 s 13.
14 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 16 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63. ( W it h con sen t o f le g a l v o te r s .)
i6 Kansas. G en eral S tatu tes 1915 ss 3086-3089. (C o u n t y o f 20,000.)
16 New York. C on solid ated L a w s 1909 C 11 (C o u n ty L a w ) s 99. ( A n y c o u n t y e x c e p t K in gs. U nder
con trol of sheriff. B o t h w o m e n a n d c h ild re n c o m m it t e d .)
17 Oregon; L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4412 a m e n d e d 1913 C 429. (C ou n ties o f m o re th a n 100,000.)
38 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 9. ( I n c o u n tie s o f 50,000 o r m o r e .)
39 Florida. 1915 C 6841. (C o u n tie s o f less th a n 10,000.)
20 Utah. C om p iled L a w s 1907 s 720x42 a m e n d e d 1909 C 110 a n d 1911C 54; s 720x43 a m e n d e d 1909 C 110.
23 District of Columbia. 32 U . S. S tatu tes a t L a rge p 972.
22 Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 155 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84.


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IV. HEARING-.
A.

NATURE OF PROCEEDINGS.

Formai criminal procedure is inconsistent with the theory nnderlying the juvenile-court legislation, which treats the child not as a
criminal but as a delin qu en tiJmisdirected and misguided and needing
aid, encouragement, help, and assistance.” 1 The purpose is not to
prove that the child is, or is not, guilty o f an offense, but to find out
what surroundings and circumstances are responsible for his delin­
quency and to make sure that the hostile conditions do not continue.
To this end South Dakota 2 provides that “ all hearings under the
provision of this act m ay be inform al in their nature and conducted
under such rules and regulations as the court m ay prescribe, and
designed to inform the court fully as to the exact status of the child,
and to ascertain its history and environment and the past and
present physical, mental, and moral conditions of the child and its
parents, custodian, guardian, or relatives.”
The law provides that the court shall hear and dispose of the case
in a “ summary m anner” in California,3 Idaho,4 Iow a,5 Kansas,6
K entucky,7 Minnesota,8 Missouri,9 Nebraska,10 New Hampshire,11
Ohio,12Oklahom a,13Oregon,14Tennessee,15V ermont,16Virginia,17W ashington,18and W isconsin,19 and in an “ inform al manner ” in Delaware.20
The court m ay adopt any form that is best suited in R h ode Island.21
1 Colorado. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1908 s 597. (S im ila r sta te m e n t o ccu rs in la w s o f o th e r S tates.)
2 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 28.
3 California. 1915 C 631 s 4b.
4 Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 154 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84.
5 Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s 254-al9.
6 Kansas. G eneral S ta tu te s 1915 s 3069.
I Kentucky. C a rroll’s S tatu tes 1915 s 331e.4.
8 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 8.
9 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 4; 1917 p 195 s 4.
10 Nebraska. R e v is e d S ta tu te s 1913 s 1248.
II New Hampshire. P u b lic S tatu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 5) a m en d ed 1915 C 96 and
1917 C 74.

Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1650.
13 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4419.
14 Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4410.
12

“ Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 1 a m e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41 and
P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.

Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7326.
Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 8.
18 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 6.
I« Wisconsin. S ta tu tes 1915 s 573-5.2.
20 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3834.
21 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 13 am e n d e d 1917 C 1546.
18

'

it

153862°— 2 0

33
e


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

34

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

Colorado,1 Missouri,2 and U ta h 3 provide for chancery or equity
proceedings. K entucky,4 Massachusetts,5 Michigan,8 and Vir­
ginia 7 definitely state that the proceedings shall not be criminal.
Other States have more general provisions with regard to the
nature of the proceedings. In Alabama 8 all proceedings shall be
guided b y the theory that the child is the ward of the State and
subject to the discipline and entitled to the protection which the
court should give, and the V trial shall be so conducted as to disarm
the fears of the child and win its respect and confidence.” Georgia 9
and New Y ork 10 provide that the nature of the proceedings shall be
explained to the child. In M arylan d11 the u hearing, trial, and
determination shall be w ithout regard to the technicalities of pro­
cedure or rules of evidence.”
In New J ersey 12 the trial shall be in conform ity with the law and
like proceedings in the court of quarter sessions. The W yom ing 1
law provides, in the case of a child between 10 and 16, that the pro­
ceedings “ shall conform as nearly as practicable to the course of
procedure provided for b y law for the trial of criminal cases in the
district courts; but the trial of such juvenile delinquents shall be
before the court and not before a ju ry.”
B. TIME AND PLACE.

In the larger cities of L ouisiana14 and of New Y o r k 15 the juvenile
court m ust n ot be held in the same building with criminal or adult
courts. In Delaware,16 Illinois,17 Indiana,18 K entuck y,19 Massachu­
setts,20 Minnesota,21 Missouri,22 Nebraska,23 New Y ork,24 Ohio,25 Rhode
1 Colorado. 1909 C 158 s 1. (W h e r e p r a c tic a b le .)
2 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 2; 1917 p 195 s 2. (E x c e p t t h a t c r im in a l p ro ce d u re sh a ll g o v e r n w h e n ch ild is
charged w it h v io la tin g a c rim in a l sta tu te .)
* Utah. 1913 C 54 s 7.
4 Kentucky. C a rroll’s S tatu tes 1915 s 331e.l8.
5 Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 2 am e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243.
« Michigan. C om p iled L a w s 1915 s 2012. ( B u t a c h ild o v e r 14 ch a rg e d w it h a fe lo n y m a y b e p ro ce e d e d
against in t h e p r o p e r co u r ts .)
7 Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 8.
s Alabama. G en eral L a w s 1915 N o . 506 s 4.
9 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 15 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
10 New York. 1910 C 611 s 8; 1913 C 270 s 8. (A p p lie s o n ly t o M on roe a n d O n ta rio C ou n ties.)
11 Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 2.

12 New Jersey. C om p ile d S tatu tes 1910 p 1887 s 211.
13 Wyoming. C om p iled S ta tu te s 1910 s 3128.
H Louisiana. C o n s titu tio n 1913 a r t 118 s 1. (A p p lie s t o N e w O rlean s.)
is New York. 1910 C 659 s 34-q a d d e d b y 1915 C 531. (A p p lie s to N e w Y o r k C ity , e x c e p t th e b o ro u g h of
R ic h m o n d , w h ere a separate r o o m m a y b e u s e d .) 1911 C 651 s 517. (A p p lie s t o t h e c it y o f B u ffa lo .)
is Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3831. (W ilm in g to n .)
17 Illinois. H i n d ’s R e v is e d Statu tes 1917 C 23 s 171. ( I n co u n tie s o f o v e r 500,000.)
is Indiana. B u rn s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatu tes 1914 ss 1630 a n d 1633.
is Kentucky. C arroll’ s S tatu tes 1915 s 331e.2. (C ou n ties c o n ta in in g a c it y o f t h e first cla ss.)
20 Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 6 a m en d ed 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243.
21 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 3.
22 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 2. (C ou n ties o f 50,000 or o v e r .)
23 Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 s 1246. ( I n c o u n tie s o f 40,000 p o p u la t io n .)
24 New York. C on solidated L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) art 44 s 487. ( A p p lie s t o S ta te.)

1910 C 61U 7; 1913

C 270 s 7. (M o n ro e a n d O n ta rio C o u n tie s.)
• ;
ss' Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1649. (S p e cia l r o o m n o t u sed for cr im in a l cases w h e n a v o id a b le .)


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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-CO U RT LEGISLATION.

35

Island,1 and Virginia2 a separate room is required. Arizona,3
Connecticut,4 Delaware,5 Georgia,6 Indiana,7 K entucky,8 Lousiana,9
Massachusetts,10 M ichigan,11 Missouri,12 M ontana,13 New Jersey,14 New
Y ork ,15 North D akota,16 and W est Virginia 17 provide that hearings
m ay be held in chambers. In Baltim ore 18 trial m ay be held in any
“ proper place” in the courthouse. In B o sto n 19 suitable room s are to
be provided in the county courthouse. In New M exico,20 Missis­
sippi,21 part of New Jersey,22 and in Philadelphia 23 any place m ay be
selected b y the judge. In Colorado 24 the county commissioners
shall provide a “ suitable p la ce” in the county courthouse, or the
trial m ay be held in the detention house. In New Jersey 25 a public
school m ay be used. In North Carolina 26 the judge m ay hear cases
in his private office. In Tennessee*7 a “ separate p la ce” must be
provided, and in U ta h 28 trials shall n ot be held “ on the premises of
any ordinary police court if possible.”
Juvenile cases must be heard at special or separate sessions apart
from other business o f the court in Alabam a,29 Louisiana,30Massachu­
setts,31 Missouri,32 New Hampshire,33 New Y ork ,34 North Carolina,35
1 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 13 am e n d e d 1917 C 1546. (S o far as p ra c tic a b le .)
2 Virginia. 1914 C 57 s 8. (C ities h a v in g a p o p u la tio n o f 50,000 or m o r e .)
* Arizona. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 (C iv il C od e) ss 3562 a n d 3566.
4 Connecticut. G eneral S tatu tes 1918 s 1856. ( I f a first p ro s e c u tio n , unless ch a rged w it h a n offense p u n ­
ish able b y d ea th or im p ris o n m e n t in S tate p r is o n .)
6 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3834. (S o far as m a y b e la w fu lly d o n e .)
6 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 11 am e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
2 Indiana. B u rn s ’ A n n o t a t e d S ta tu te s 1914 s 1630 a n d s 1633.
8 Kentucky. C a rroll’s S ta tu tes 1915 s 331 e.4. (S o far as m a y b e la w fu lly d o n e .)
9 Louisiana. C o n s titu tio n 1913 a r t 118 s 2.
19 Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 6 a m e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243.
11 Michigan. C o m p iled L a w s 1915 s 2013.
,
12 Missouri. 1917 p 195 s 5. (C o u n tie s less t h a n 50,000.)
13 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 8.
14 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 8.

(A p p lie s o n ly t o co u n tie s o f th e first cla ss.)

15 New York. 1910 C 611 s 7; 1913 C 270 s 7; 1918 C 464 s 2.
18 North Dakota. C om p iled L a w s 1913 s 11405.
it West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 2 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.

(M o n ro e , O n ta rio, a n d C h au ta u q u a C ou n ties.)

18 Maryland. C od e o f P u b lic L o c a l L a w s a rt 4 s 623A am e n d e d 1902 C 611,1904 C 521, a n d 1910 C 41.
19 Massachusetts. 1906 C 489 s 3 a m e n d e d 1918 C 257 s 419. (A p p lie s t o B o s to n .)
20 New Mexico. 1917 C 85 s 5. (A p p lie s o n ly t o d e p e n d e n t.)
21 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 14.
22 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 8; 1918 C 82. (A p p lie s to co u n ties o f th e first class— E s s e x a n d H u d s o n C ou n ties.)
23 Pennsylvania. 1913 p 711 s 9 am e n d e d 1915 p 988, 1915 p 1017, a n d 1917 p 1015.
24 Colorado. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1908 s 1599.
23 New J ersey. 1912 C 353 s 8. (E s s e x a n d H u d s o n C ou n ties.)
28 North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 s 4.
w Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 18 a m e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x t r a S ession) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41
a n d P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294. (C o u n tie s o f 148,000 o r m o r e .)
28 Utah. C o m p ile d L a w s 1907 s 720x33.
29 A labama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 4.
30 Louisiana. C o n s titu tio n 1913 a rt 118 s 2.
31 Massachusetts. R e v is e d L a w s 1902 C 86 s 16; 1906 C 413 s 6 a m e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243.
32 Missouri. 1917 p 195 s 5. ( S o far as p ra ctica b le . A p p lie s t o co u n tie s o f less th a n 50,000.)
33 New Hampshire. P u b lic S tatu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 3) a m e n d e d 1915 C 9 6 an d
1917 C 74.
. 34 New York. C on solid a ted L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) art 44 s 487. (A p p lie s t o S ta te .) 1910 C 611 s 7; 1913
C 270 s 7. ( M on roe a n d O n ta rio C o u n tie s .) 1891 C 105 a m e n d e d 1901 C 627,1902 C 549, 1908 C 50,1911 C
651 s 517,1914 C 124 a n d 1917 C 571. ( B u ffa lo .) 1918 C 108. (C it y o f O lean .) 1918 C 464. (C h a u ta u q u a
C o u n ty .)
35 North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 s 4. ( S o far as p ra ctica b le .)


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36

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

Oregon,1 Pennsylvania,2 R hode Island,3 Tennessee,4 U tah,5 and
W ashington.6 In Iow a,7 Kansas,8 and T exas9 the law requires
the court to he always in session for hearing juvenile cases. In the
District of C olum bia10 court is opened the first M onday of every
month and m ay continue as long as necessary for transaction of
business. The D en ver11 court has three terms opening the second
Tuesday in January, April, and September, respectively. Indiana12
provides that sessions m ay be held irrespective of the terms of the
circuit court. In B altim ore13 trials m ay be held at such times as
necessary. The j udge m ay act in vacation in Mississippi,14Nebraska,15
Virginia,16 and W est Virginia.17 In Tennessee18 the court shall be
open " a t all reasonable times.” In Arkansas,19 New Jersey,20 New
M exico,21 Pennsylvania,22 and U tah 23 the judge determines when the
court shall be held.
C. PRIVACY.

The public m ay be excluded from trials in the juvenile court in
Alabam a,24 California,25 Delaware,26 Georgia,27 Indiana,28 Iow a,29 K en­
tucky,30 Massachusetts,31 Michigan,32 Minnesota,33 Mississippi,34 Mon1 Oregon. L o r d ’ s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4408 a m e n d e d 1913 C 249 a n d 1915 C 147.
s Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 1.
s Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 13 a m e n d e d 1917 C 1546.
4
Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 18 a m e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x tr a S ession) C 22, 1915 C 177,1917 C 41,
a n d P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.

(C o u n tie s o f 148,000 or m o re .)

s Utah. C o m p ile d L a w s 1907 s 720x33.
• Washington. 1913 C 160 s 10.
7 Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s 254-al3.

( B u t h earin g re q u irin g n o tice shall b e h e ld o n ly in te rm t im e .)

8 Kansas. G eneral S tatu tes 1915 s 3065 a m e n d e d 1917 C 154.
9 Texas. C od e o f C rim in al P ro ce d u re 1911 art 1201 a m e n d e d 1913 C 112.
10 District o f Columbia. 34 U . S. S tatutes at L arge p 73 s 19.
11 Colorado. R e v is e d Statu tes 1908 s 1592.
I5 Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatu tes 1914 s 1630.
>3 Maryland. C od e o f P u b lic L o c a l L a w s a rt 4 s 623A a m e n d e d 1902 C 611,1904 C 521, a n d 1910 C 41.
ii
io
is
u
is

Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 7.
Nebraska. R e v is e d Statu tes 1913 s 1245.
Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 13.
West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 2 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.
Tennessee. P u b lic A c ts 1911C 58 s 3 am e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41, a n d

P riv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.
io Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 1 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420.
ao New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 8.
21 New Mexico. 1917 C 85 s 5. (A p p lie s o n ly t o cases o f d e p e n d e n t a n d n eglected ch ild re n .)
22 Pennsylvania. 1913 p 711 s 9 a m e n d e d 1915 p 988. ( A p p lie s t o P h ila d e lp h ia .)
23 Utah. 1913 C 54 s 17.
2< Alabama. G en eral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 4; L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 9.
25 California. 1915 C 631 s 16a a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634. (U p o n requ est o f c h ild or p a re n t or gu a rd ia n .)

2« Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3834. ( S o far as m a y b e la w fu lly d o n e .)
22 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 11 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
98 Indiana. B u rn s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatutes 1914 s 1633.
29 Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s 254-al9.
so Kentucky. C arroll’s S tatu tes 1915 s 331e.4.
si Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 6 a m e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243; 1906 C 489 s 5 am e n d e d 1918 C 257 s 419.
32 Michigan. C o m p iled L a w s 1915 s 2013.
33 Minnesota. 1917.C 397 s 24.
3< Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 14.


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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

37

tana,1 New Jersey,2 New M exico,3 New Y ork,4 North Carolina,5
Oregon,6 R hode Island,7 U tah,8 and W ashington.9
The law prohibits any publication of the case in the newspapers in
Arkansas,10 Colorado,11 Nevada,12 New Hampshire,13 North D akota,14
South D akota,15 and W est Virginia.16
It is unlawful in Colorado 17 to take the photograph or to make a
sketch of any child in court.
The court record m ay he withheld from the public in Alabam a,18
Georgia,19 Minnesota,20 New Jersey,21 New Y ork,22 R hode Island,23
Virginia,24 and W ashington.25 The name of the child must not be
given in the annual reports of the court in Arkansas,26 Colorado,27
Delaware,28 Idaho,29 K entucky,30 M ontana,31 Oklahoma,32 Washing­
ton,33 and W est V irginia.34
1 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 8.
8 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 8.
8 New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 7.

(A p p lie s t o E sse x a n d H u d s o n C ou nties o n ly .)

4 New York. 1910 C 659 s 34-s a d d e d b y 1915 C 531. (N e w Y o r k C ity .) 1910 C 611 s 7. (M o n r o e C o u n ty .)
1913 C 270 s 7. (O n ta r io C o u n t y .) 1891 C 105 a m e n d e d 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50,1911 C 651 s 517a,
1914 C 124, a n d 1917 C 571. (B u ffa lo .)
6 North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 s 4.
* Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4408 a m e n d e d 1913 C 249 a n d 1915 C 147.
7 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 13 a m e n d e d 1917 C 1546.
8 Utah. C om p ile d L a w s 1907 s 720x33.
9 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 10.
i° Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 1 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420.
11 Colorado. 1913 C 51 ss 1, 2, a n d 4.
19 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 728.
is New Hampshire. P u b lic S tatu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 3) a m e n d e d 1915 C 96 and
1917 C 74.
14 North Dakota. C o m p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11406.
16 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 1.
16 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 1.
17 Colorado. 1913 C 51 ss 1? 2, a n d 4.

Alabama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 9. (Jefferson C o u n ty .)
19 Georgia. 19i5 N o 210 s 11 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
89 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 24.
18

81 New J ersey. 1912 C 353 s 8; 1918 C 82.

(E s s e x a n d H u d s o n C ou n ties.)

88 New York. 1910] C 659 a m e n d e d 1911 C 721, 1913 C 691, a n d 1915 C 531. (N e w Y o r k C ity .) 1910 C
611 s 7. (M o n ro e C o u n t y .) 1913 C 270 s 7. (O n ta r io C o u n t y .) 1891 C 105 a m e n d e d 1901 C 627,1902 C 549,
1908 C 50,1911 C 651 s 517 a, 1914 C 124 a n d 1917 C 571. (B u ffa lo .) 1918 0 464 s 2. (C h a u ta u q u a C o u n ty .)
88 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 13 a m e n d e d 1917 C 1546.
84 Virginia. 1914 C 57 s 8.
88 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 10.
88 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 6 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420
87 Colorado. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1908 s 587.
88 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915's 3831.
89 Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 153 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84.
89 Kentucky. C a rroll’s S tatu tes 1915 s 331e.2.
84 Montana. 1911C 122 s 3.
38 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4415.
33 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 10.
84 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 25 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63


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38

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION,
D.

W O M A N ASSISTAN T TO THE JUDGE.

California 1 and New M exico 2 are the only States that specifically
provide b y law for the appointm ent o f a woman to hear cases o f girls
brought before the court. Colorado,3 Georgia,4 Mississippi,5 North
D akota,6 and Chautauqua County, N. Y .,7 make provision for the
appointm ent b y the judge o f other persons to hear cases. Rhode
Island 8 requires that a wom an probation officer shall be present at
all hearings of petitions concerning girls.
E.

M EN TAL AN D PHYSICAL EXAM IN ATIO N.

The laws of Alabam a,9 Idaho,10 Minnesota,11 Ohio,12 Virginia,13 and
Chautauqua County, N. Y .,14 provide that the court m ay require the
child to be examined m entally and physically b y a com petent physi­
cian. In Illinois 15 and New Y ork 16 a m ental examination m ay be
given; and in South Dakota 17 there is provision for a physical
examination.
F. TH E JURY.

The Supreme Court o f Pennsylvania18 has stated that, “ Whether
the child deserves to be saved b y the State is no more a question for
a jury than whether the father, if able to save it, ought to save it.
1 California. 1915 C 631 s 19 ( “ a fe m a le referee sh all b e a p p o in te d w h ere p o s s ib le ” ); s 24 ( “ in a ll cases o f
fem a le persons o v e r th e age o f fiv e years co m in g w ith in th e p ro v isio n s o f th is a c t s u c h person s sh all h e dealt
w ith so far as p o s s ib le b y o r in t h e p re se n ce o f a w o m a n * * * ”_).
2 New Mexico. 1917 G 4 s 6. ■ ( “ W h e r e th e ju v e n ile d e lin q u e n t is a c h ild u n d e r 10 years o f age or a fem ale,
a w om a n m a y b e a p p o in te d as referee.” )
3 Colorado. 1909 C 158. (T h e c o u r t m a y a p p o in t a referee o r m aster o f d is c ip lin e t o hear cases an d report
t o t h e ju d g e , w h o m a y affirm fin d in g s o r re v ie w c a s e .)
< Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 29 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575. (O n e o r m o r e p r o b a tio n o fg ce rs m a y b e a p p o in te d as
referee on th e first in s ta n ce . T h e c o u r t m a y affirm ju d g m e n t or re v ie w c a s e .)
5 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 23. (J u d g e m a y a p p o in t on e or m o re persons as p r o b a tio n officers t o a ct
as referee, t o hear c ases, a n d t o m a k e r e p o r t t o t h e ju d g e , to ge th e r w ith r e c o m m e n d a tio n s .)
6 North Dakota. 1915 C 179 s 1. (J u d g e m a y a p p o in t s o m e su itable, d iscre e t p erson o f eith er s e x o f go o d
m o ra lch a ra cte r as ju v e n ile co m m is s io n e r, w ith p o w e r t o e x a m in e cases, e t c . I f c h ild is to b e re m o v e d from
c u s t o d y o f its paren ts, th e fin a l hearing sh a ll b e b e fo re th e ju d g e .)
7 New York. 1918 C 464 s 15. ( A la w y e r or o th er s u ita b le p erson . Ju d gm en ts c o n firm e d b y c o u r t.)
3 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 ss 18 an d 24 am e n d e d 1917 C 1546.
9 A labama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 15. (Jefferson C o m it y .)
10 Idaho. R e v is e d C od e 1908 s 823. (R e q u ir e d b e fo re c o m m itm e n t t o I d a h o I n d u s tria l T rain in g S ch o o l.)
11 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 10. ( I n co u n tie s o f m o re th a n 150,000 th e co u r t m a y establish a d ep a rtm en t
for p h y s ic a l a n d m e n ta l dia g n o sis.)
12 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1652-1 a d d e d 1913 p 864. ( A c h ild c o m m itte d t o an in s titu tio n m a y b e s u b ­
je c t e d t o a p h y s ic a l an d m e n ta l e x a m in a tio n b y a p h y s ic ia n a p p o in te d b y th e ju v e n ile c o u r t.)
13 Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 4. (E v e r y c h ild m a y b e s u b je c te d t o a m e n ta l a n d p h y s ic a l e x a m in a tio n b y a
co m p e te n t p h y s ic ia n a p p o in te d b y th e c o u r t .)
14 New York. 1918 C 464 s 19. (C h a u ta u q u a C o u n ty .)
15 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 s 341.
is New York. C on solid ated L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) art 44 s 486 (9) am e n d e d 1912 C 169,1915 C 480, an d
1917 C 430. ( T h e m agistrate m a y ca u se an e x a m in a tio n b y t w o p h y s icia n s o f at least fiv e ye a rs’ e xp erien ce
in m en ta l diseases.) 1910 C 659 s 39-a a d d e d 1913 C 691. (A p p lie s t o N e w Y o r k C ity. T h e ju d g e m a y
order a m e n ta l ex a m in a tio n w ith th e c o n s e n t o f t h e p a re n ts.)
» South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 28. (T h e c o u r t m a y requ ire an e x a m in a tio n b y th e c o u n t y p h y s ic ia n i f o f
th e sam e s e x ; i f n o t, th e n b y s o m e o th e r p h y s ic ia n as th e c o u r t m a y d ir e ct.)
is C om m on w ea lth v. F ish er 213 P a St 48; 62 A t 198 (1905).


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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

39

The act is but an exercise b y the State of its supreme power over the
welfare of its children.’ ’ The inform al nature of the proceedings
makes it almost impossible to use a jury. Nevertheless, many States
have considered it necessary to preserve the constitutional rights, if
not of the child, at least of the parent. The child, parent, or any
person interested m ay demand a ju ry trial, or the court m ay on its
own m otion order it in Colorado,1 Illinois,2 Indiana,3 K entucky,4
Michigan,5 Minnesota,6 Missouri,7 M ontana,8 Nebraska,9 Nevada,10
New Jersey,11 New M exico,12 Ohio,13 Oklahoma,14 South D akota,15
Tennessee,16 Texas,17 W ashington,18 W est Virginia,19 and Wisconsin.20
In M aryland,21 if the offense is one for which a jury trial m ay be
legally demanded, the child m ay demand a jury, and the judge shall
direct that the case be tried as other criminal cases are tried. In the
District o f C olum bia22 the child is entitled to a jury unless it is waived
in open court. In Arizona,23 Arkansas,24 Iow a,25 and W y o ming26 all
trials shall be w ithout jury. In Illinois,27 Michigan,28 South D akota,29
and W isconsin30 the law provides for a ju ry o f 6 if any is called, and
in C olorado31 and N evada32 it m ay be either 6 or 12.
1 Colorado. R e v is e d S tatutes 1908 ss 553,587, 1551, a n d 1602.
2 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 s 170.
3 Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ta te d Statu tes 1914 s 1632. 4 Kentucky. C arroll’ s S tatu tes 1915 s 331e.2.
s Michigan. C o m p ile d L a w s 1915 s 2012.
s Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 2.
7 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 2; 1917 p 195 s 2.
8 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 a m e n d e d 1915 C 52.
9 Nebraska. R e v is e d Statu tes 1913 s 1245.
10 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 729.
11 New Jersey. C o m p iled Statu tes 1910 p 1887 ss 208 a n d 212; 1912 C 353 s 8.
12 New M exico. 1917 C 85 s 5 .
13 Ohio. G en eral C od e 1910 s 1651 a m e n d e d 1913 p 864.
14 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4413.
15 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 32.
16 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911C 58 s 2 a m e n d e d 1913 ( F ir s t E x tr a S ession ) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41, and
P riv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.
17 Texas. C od e o f C rim in al P ro c e d u r e 1911 art 1198 a m e n d e d 1913 C 112 s 4 .
18 Washington. 191 3C 1 6 0 s 2 .
io West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 2 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.
2o Wisconsin. S tatu tes 1915 s 573-2.7.
si Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 7.
22 District o f Columbia. 34 U . S. S tatu tes at L arge p 73 s 12.
23 Arizona. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 ( C iv ilC o d e ) s 3566.
24 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 2 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420.
23 Iowa. S u p p le m e n ta l S u p p le m e n t 1915 s 2 54-al6.
28 Wyoming. C om p ile d L a w s 1910 s 3128.
27 Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 s 170.
28 Michigan. C om p iled L a w s 1915 s 2012.
29 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 32.
89 Wisconsin. S tatu tes 1915 s 573-2.7.
31 Colorado. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1908 ss 553,587, 1551.
32 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 729.


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40

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION,
G .

APPEAL.

Special provision for appeal from the decision of the juvenile
court is made in Alabam a,1 Arkansas,2 California,3 Colorado,4
Connecticut,5 Delaware,6 the District of Columbia,7 Georgia,8
Idaho,9 Illinois,10 Indiana,11 Iow a,12 Kansas,13 Louisiana,14 Massachu­
setts,15 Mississippi,16 Missouri,17 M ontana,18 Nebraska,19 Nevada,20 part
of New Jersey,21 New M exico,22 part of New Y ork,23 North D akota,24
Pennsylvania,25 Rhode Island,26 South Carolina,27 South Dakota,28
Texas,29 U tah,30 Verm ont,31 Virginia,32 and W isconsin.33
1 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o . 506 s 8. ( T o a n y co u rt h a v in g e q u it y ju r is d ic tio n .) L o c a l L a w s
1915 N o 128 s 9. (M o b ile C o m ity . T o c it y c o u r t.) L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 9. (Jefferson C ou n ty.
T o a n y co u r t h a v in g e q u it y ju r is d ic tio n .)
2 Arkansas, 1911 A 215 s 21 a m en d ed 1917 A 420. ( T o c ircu it c o u r t as oth er cases a p p e a le d fro m co u n ty ,
c o u r t.)
3 California. 1915 C 631 s 23 a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d 634.
4 Colorado. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1908 ss 553 a n d 1604. ( T o t h e su p rem e co u r t.)
3 Connecticut. G eneral S tatu tes 1918 s 1870. ( T o c o u r t o f co m m o n p le a s.)
6 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3837A a d d e d 1917 C 253. (R e s id e n t associate ju s tic e o f N e w Castle
C o u n ty .)
7 District o f Columbia. 34 U . S. S tatutes at L a rge p 73 s 22. (C ou rt o f app eals o f th e D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia .)
3 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 17 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575. ( T o th e s u p rem e c o u r t.)
9 Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 165 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84. (D e lin q u e n c y p roceed in gs m a y h e r e v ie w e d o n qu estion s
o f la w o n ly .)
10 Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 s 190d. (M a y h e rev ie w e d h y w r it o f error.)
11 Indiana. B u rn s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatu tes 1914 s 1635. ( T o t h e ap p e lla te c o u r t e x c e p t w h e n there h a s b een
a p le a o f g u ilty .)
12 Iowa. S u p p le m e n ta l S u p p le m e n t 1915 s 254-al6. ( T o t h e s u p rem e co u r t.)
13 Kansas. G eneral Statu tes 1915 s 3076. ( T o d is trict co u r t.)
14 Louisiana. C on s titu tio n 1913 art 118 s 1. ( T o th e su p rem e co u rt o n m a tte rs o f la w o n ly .)
18 Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 5 am e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243; 1911 C 175. ( T o t h e s u perior c o u r t.)
10 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 24. (M a y h e t a k e n as in c iv il cases.)
17 Missouri. 1911 p . 177 s 20; 1917 p . 195 s 8.
13 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 10. ( O n ly fo r p e rs o n o ver 17.)
19 Nebraska. R e v is e d Statu tes 1913 s 1245. ( T o t h e d istrict co u r t.)
29 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 753. ( T o th e s u p rem e c o u r t .) '
21 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 9; 1918 C 82. (E s s e x a n d H u d s o n C o u n t ie s .. O n qu estion s o f la w .)
22 New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 14. ( T o t h e su p re m e co u r t.)
23 New York. 1910 C 659 s 40 am e n d e d 1911 C 721,1913 C 691, a n d 1915 C 531. (N e w Y o r k C ity. A p p e a l
as i n cases b r o u g h t b y in d ic t m e n t .) 1910 C 611 s 9; 1913 C 270 s 9. (M o n ro e a n d O n ta rio C ou nties. T o
th e ap p ella te d iv isio n o f t h e su p re m e c o u r t.) 1891 C 105 a m e n d e d 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50,1911 C
6 5 1 s5 3 0 ,1914 C 124, a n d 1917 C 571. (B u ffa lo . T o t h e c o u n t y c o u r t.) 1918C 464 s 9 . (C h a u ta u q u a C o u n ty
T o a p p ellate d iv isio n o f t h e s u p rem e c o u r t.)
24 North Dakota. C om p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11426. ( A s in crim in a l cases.)
28 Pennsylvania. 1915 p 652 ss 1 a n d 2. ( T o t h e su perior co u rt o f th e C o m m o n w e a lth .)
26 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 12 am e n d e d 1917 C 1546. ( T o t h e su perior co u r t.)
27 South Carolina. 1917 N o 73 s 9. ( T o th e cir c u it c o u r t .)
23 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 34. ( T o th e circu it c o u r t.)
29 Texas. C od e o f C rim in al P ro ce d u re 1911 a rt 1197 am e n d e d 1913 C 112 a n d 1918 C 26. ( T o t h e c o u r t o f
c rim in a l ap p ea ls o f T e x a s .)

30 Utah. 1913 C 54 s 11. (A p p e a l t o th e su p re m e co u rt fro m a n y order d e p r iv in g t h e p a r e n t o f c u s to d y .
A p p e a l fro m d ecision i n cases o f c o n tr ib u tin g t o d e p e n d e n cy or d e lin q u e n c y m a y b e ta k e n t o t h e district
co u r t.)
31 Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7324. (A s in c rim in a l cases.)
32 Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 8 a n d 10. (A s i n o th e r cases.)
33 Wisconsin. Statu tes 1915 s 573-6.3. ( T o t h e su p rem e c o u r t as in c iv il a c tio n .)


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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

41

H. USE OF EVIDENCE IN OTHER TRIALS.

The Illinois law provides that “ a disposition of any child under
this act or any evidence given in such cause, shall not, in any civil,
criminal or other cause dr proceeding whatever in any court, be
lawful or proper evidence against such child for any purpose what­
ever except in subsequent cases against the same child under this
act. 111 A similar provision is contained in the laws of Alabam a,2
Arizona,3 Arkansas,4 Colorado,5 Delaware,8 Idaho,7 K entucky,8
Louisiana,9 Massachusetts,10 Michigan,11 Minnesota,12 Missouri,13 Mon­
tana,14 N evada,15 New Hampshire,16 New Jersey,17 North D akota,18
Ohio,19 Oklahoma,20 R hode Island,21 South Dakota,22 Tennessee,23
Texas,24 Utah,25 W est Virginia,26 and W isconsin.27 The law applying
to New Y ork C ity 28 provides that the records of the children’s court
shall be evidence in the courts of the State to the same extent as is
provided b y the law concerning courts of special sessions.
1 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 s 169.
2 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 14; L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128 s 13.
3 Arizona. 1917 C 18. (E x c e p t w it h in t w o y ears o f disch arge fro m a n in s t it u t io n .)
1 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 1 am e n d e d 1917 A 420.
6 Colorado. R e v is e d Statu tes 1908 s 586.
6 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3829.
7 Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 152 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84.
8 Kentucky. C arroll’ s S tatu tes 1915 s 331e.l.
9 Louisiana. C o n s titu tio n 1913 art 118 s 4.
10 Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 10 am e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243.
11 Michigan. C om p iled L a w s 1915 s 2011.
72 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 19.
13 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 1; 1917 p 195 s 1.
11 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 2.
16 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 728.
18 New Hampshire. 1917 C 31 s 3. (E x c e p t w it h in t w o ye a rs after disch arge fro m a n in s titu tio n .)
17 New J ersey. C om p iled S tatu tes 1910 p 1887 s 207 a m e n d e d 1916 C 212.
18 North Dakota. C om p iled L a w s 1913 s 11406.
19 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1669.
20 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4412.
21 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 20 am e n d e d 1917 C 1546.
22 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 1.
23
and
24
23

Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 1 a m e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 4 ',
P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294; P r iv a te A c t s 1913 C 277 s 9 a m e n d e d 1915 C 292.

Texas. C od e o f C rim in al P ro ce d u re 1911 a rt 1197 a m e n d e d 1913 C 112 a n d 1918 C 26.
Utah. 1913 C 54 s 16.
28 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 1 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.
27 Wisconsin. Statu tes 1915 s 573-^>.2.
28 New York. 1910 C 659 s 34-j a d d e d b y 1915 C 531.


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V. DISPOSITION OF THE CASE.
A.

RELIGIOUS BELIEF OF PAR ENTS RESPECTED .

The principle that the religious belief of the parents should be
respected in disposing of their children would probably govern
m ost judges w ithout express legal enactm ent; but the legislatures
of the follow ing 24 States have provided expressly for the application
of this principle in the disposition o f children: Alabam a,1 Arizona,2
Arkansas,3California,4Colorado,5Georgia,6Illinois,7Iow a,8Kentucky,9
Massachusetts,10 Minnesota,11 Mississippi,12 Missouri,13 Montana,14
Nebraska,15 N evada,16 New Ham pshire,17 New Jersey,18 New Y ork,19
North D akota,20 Ohio,21 Pennsylvania,22 South D akota,23 and W est
Virginia.24
B.

CIVIL STATUS OF CHILD.

In the case o f delinquent children it is also necessary to have regard
to the effect of court action on the later civil status o f the child.
In the statutes of Alabam a,25 Arizona,26 California,27 Colorado,28 the
District o f Columbia,29 Georgia,30 Kansas,31 Minnesota,32 New Jersey,33
1 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 7; L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 16.
2 Arizona. R e v is e d S tatutes 1913 (C iv il C o d e ) s 3571.

Arkansas. 1911A 215 s 13 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420.
* California. 1915 C 631 s 24.
6 Colorado. R e v is e d Statutes 1908 s 558 am e n d e d 1913 p 694.
8 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 34 am e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
1 1llinois. H u r d 's R e v is e d S tatutes 1917 C 23 s 185.
8 Iowa. S u p p lem en t 1913 s 254-a27.
* Kentucky. C arroll’s Statutes 1915 s 331e.l4.
10 Massachusetts. 1905 C 464 s 1.
u Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 20.
12 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 23.
is Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 19; 1917 p 195 s 6.
H Montana. 1911C 122 s 16.
is Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatutes 1913 s 1258.
is Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 748.
11 New Hampshire. P u b lic S tatutes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 17) am e n d e d 1915 C 96 an d
8

1917 C 74.
is New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 15. (A p p lie s t o co u n ties o f th e first class.)
w New York. C on solid a ted L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) art 44 s 486(5) a m e n d e d 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480, an d
1917 C 430; 1910 C 611 s 15; 1913 C 270 S 15.
20 North Dakota. C om p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11419.
21 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1679.
22 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 9.
28 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 22.
24 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 22 am e n d e d 1917 C 63.
25 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 14; L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128 s 13; N o 361 s 9.
26 Arizona. R e v is e d Statutes 1913 (C iv il C od e) s 3570.
27 California. 1915 C 631 s 5 am e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634.
28 Colorado. R e v is e d Statutes 1908 s 597.
23 District o f Columbia. 39 U . S. S tatutes at L arge C 92 p 56.
80 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 12 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
81 Kansas. G eneral Statutes 1915 s 3079.
82 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 21.
88 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 8. (E s s e x a n d H u d s o n C ou n ties.)

42


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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

43

New M exico,1 part of New Y ork ,2 North D akota,3 R hode Island,4
Tennessee,5 Texas,6 and W ashington,7 provision is made to the effect
that adjudication under the juvenile-court law shall not disqualify a
person for holding a State or municipal office, that the child shall
not be deemed a criminal, and the adjudication shall not be held a
conviction.
C. D ISPO SITION OF CASE.

The cases of both delinquent and dependent children m ay be dis­
posed of b y (1) dismissing; (2) continuing from time to tim e; (3)
placing the child on probation, that is, leaving him in his home subject
to the visitation o f the probation officer; (4) appointing a guardian;
(5) com m itting to an institution, agency, or organization. In the
case o f delinquent children, as has been pointed out, punishment
m ay still be resorted to in a number of States. One State, namely,
Alabama 8 still allows a child to be bound out as an apprentice.
These provisions will be summarized, first, with reference to delin­
quent, and second, with reference to dependent, children.
1. Delinquent children.
(a)
Probation .— All States with the exception of W yom ing provide
for the probation of juvenile delinquents.9 The child m ay be allowed
1 New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 5.
2 New York. 1910 C 611 s 7; 1913 C 270 s 7; 1918 C 464 s 2.
3 North Dakota. C o m p iled L a w s 1913 s 10959.
* Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 20 a m e n d e d 1917 C 1546.

(M o n ro e , O n ta r io ,a n d C h autauqu a C ou n ties.)

6 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1915 C 86 p 230; P r iv a te A c t s 1913 C 277 s 9 am e n d e d 1915 C 292.
3 Texas. C od e o f C rim in al P ro ce d u re 1911 art 1195 am e n d e d 1913 C 112 p 214.
7 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 10.
3 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 7.
9
Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 7; L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128 s 6. Arizona. R e v is e d Statu tes 1913
(C iv il C od e) ss 3566 a n d 3568. Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 7 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420. California. 1915 C 631 s 8
am en d ed 1917 C 627 a n d C 634. Colorado. R e v is e d S tatutes 1908 ss'594, 599,1557,1558, 1559. Connecticut.
G eneral S tatutes 1918ss 6670 a n d 6671. Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 ss 3816-3826,3836. District of Columbia.
3 4 1 :. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 5. Florida. 1911C 6216 s 8 am e n d e d 1913 C 6494,1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332.
Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 9 am en d e d 1916 N o 575 s 2. Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 157 am e n d e d 1917 C 84. Illinois.
H u r d ’s R e v is e d Statutes 1917 C 23 s 177. Indiana. B u rn s’ A n n o ta te d Statues 1914 s 1632. Iowa. S u p p le­
m e n t 1913 s 254-a23.^ Kansas. G eneral S tatutes 1915 s 3070. Kentucky. C arroll’s Statutes 1915 s 331e.7.
Louisiana. C on stitu tion 1913 art 118 s 4. Maine. R e v is e d Statutes 1916 C 137 s 16. Maryland. 1916 C 326
s 8; C od e o f P u b lic L o c a l L a w s art 4 s 886B am e n d e d 1902 C 611,1904 C 514, a n d 1912 C 618. Massachusetts.
1913 C 457; 1906 C 413 am en d ed 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243. Michigan. C o m p ile d L a w s 1915 s 2015. Minnesota.
1917 C 397 ss 11 a n d 13. Mississippi. 1916 C 111 ss 10 a n d 23. Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 16; 1917 p 195 s 6.
Montana. 1911 C 122 s 15. Nebraska. R e v is e d Statutes 1913 s 1250. Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 736; s 734
am en d ed 1917 C 63. New Hampshire. P u b lic Statutes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 ss 9 a n d 15)
am en d ed 1915 C 96 a n d 1917 C 74. New Jersey. C o m p ile d Statutes p 1887 s 212; 1912 C 353 s 8. New Mexico
1917 C 4 s 9. New York. C on so lid a te d L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) art 44 s 486 am e n d e d 1912 C 169,1915 C 480,
and 1917 C 430; 1910 C 659 s 99 a m e n d e d 1911C 721,1913 C 691, a n d 1915 C 531; 1910 C 611 s 12; 1913 C 270 s 12;
1891 C 105 a m en d ed 1901 C 627,1902 C 549,1908 C 50; 1911 C 651 s 526, 1914 C 124, a n d 1917 C 571; 1918 C
464 s 7. North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 s 2. North Dakota. C o m p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11411. Ohio.
G eneral C ode 1910 s 1652 am en d ed 1913 p . 864. Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4423. Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon
L a w s 1910 s 4416 am en d ed 1913 C 249. Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 4 a m e n d e d 1911 p 959; s 6 a m e n d e d 1911
p 5‘13,1913 p 1039, a n d 1915 p 304. Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 10 am e n d e d 1917 C 1546. South Carolina. 1912
N o 429 s 5; 1917 N o 73 s 5. South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 12. Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 9 a m en d ed
1913 ( First E x tr a S ession) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41 a n d P riv a te A c ts 1917 C 294. Texas. C od e o f C rim in a l
P rocedu re 1911 art 1203 am en d e d 1913 C 112. Utah. 1913 C 54 s 8. Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7329.
Virginia. J914 C 350 s 7. Washington. 1913 C 160 s 10. West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 9 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63
Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-6.1.


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44

SU M M AR Y OF JUVE NILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

to remain at hom e or m ay be placed in a suitable fam ily under the
supervision of a probation officer.
(b) A ppointm ent o f guardian.— A “ reputable citizen of good moral
character” m ay be appointed b y the court as legal guardian of a
delinquent child in Arizona,1 Arkansas,2 Florida,3 Illinois,4 Iow a,5
Kansas,6 Minnesota,7 Nebraska,8 Nevada,9 New Hampshire,10 North
D akota,11 Oregon,12 South D akota,13 Tennessee,14 Verm ont,15 W ash­
ington,16 W est Virginia,17 Jefferson County, A la.,18 and Chautauqua
County, N. Y .19 A n association or institution to which a child is
com m itted becom es the legal guardian in Arizona,1 Florida,3 Illinois,4
Iow a,5 Kansas,6 Minnesota,7 Nebraska,8 N evada,9 New Hampshire,10
North D akota,11 Oregon,12 South D akota,13 Tennessee,14 Verm ont,15
W ashington,16 and W est Virginia.17 In New J ersey20 the State
board o f children’s guardians m ay be appointed guardian of a delin­
quent child. In Ohio 21 all minors who in the judgm ent of the
juvenile court require State institutional care shall be com m itted to
the care and custody of the State board of administration, which
becom es the sole and exclusive guardian. Such guardianship shall
not include the control of the ch ild ’s property in Arizona, Arkansas,
Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico,
North D akota, Oregon, South D akota, Tennessee, W ashington, and
W est Virginia.
(c) Commitment.— P ublic institutions for the care of delinquent
children have been established in all States under various names—
industrial schools, training schools, or reform schools. These m ay
be supported as State institutions, and the juvenile-court la w s22
provide for the com m itm ent of children to these institutions.
1 Arizona. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 (C iv il C o d e ) ss 3566 an d 3567.
2 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 ss 7 an d 12 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420.
» Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 7 am e n d e d 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332.
4 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 ss 176 a n d 177; C 122 ss 324 an d 328.
6 Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s 254-a21.
6 Kansas. G eneral S tatu tes 1915 ss 3072 a n d 3073.
7 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 ss 11,12, a n d 16.
8 Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 s 1251.
9 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 735.
10 New Hampshire. P u b lic Statu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 14) a m e n d e d 1915 C 96 an d
1917 C 74.
n North Dakota. C o m p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11411; 1915 C 179 s 2.
12 Oregon. 1910 s 4415.
io South Dakota. 1915 C 119 ss 10,11, an d 12.
14 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911C 58 s 8 am e n d e d 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41 an d
P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.
io Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7330.
18 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 9.
17 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 ss 7 ,1 0 , an d 29 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63,
18 Alabama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 17.
19 New York. 1918 C 464 s 18.
20 New Jersey. C om p ile d Statu tes 1910 p 1887 s 225.
21 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1841-1 a d d e d 1913 p 175.
22 Alabama. General L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 7. Arizona. R e v is e d Statu tes 1913 (C iv il C o d e ) ss 3568 a n d 3572.
Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 7 am e n d e d 1917 A 420. California. 1915 C 631 s 8 am e n d e d 1917 C 627 an d G 634.
Colorado. R e v is e d S tatutes 1908 s 594. Connecticut. G eneral S tatutes 1918 ss 1806 an d 1822. Delaware.


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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

45

In C alifornia/ F lo rid a / Illin o is/ In d ia n a / K an sas/ M innesota/
N ev a d a / N ew J e rse y / N orth D a k o ta / O k la hom a/0 O reg on /1 South
D a k o ta /2 Tennessee/3 T e x a s /4 V irgin ia /5 and W est Virginia 16 it is
also possible under the law to com m it a delinquent child to an
institution provided b y the city or b y the county; in C olorad o/7
D elaw are/8 F lo rid a /9 I d a h o /0 Illin ois/1 In d ia n a /2 I o w a /3 K en­
t u c k y /4 L ou isian a/5 M a ryla n d /6 M ichigan/7 M innesota/8 M issouri/9
R e v is e d C od e 1915 ss 2192-2202, 2203-2213, 3836. District o f Columbia. U . S. R e v is e d Statu tes S u p p le m e n t
1901 C 847 p 1544 s 2; 34 U. S. S tatutes at L arge p 73 S 8. Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 8 a m e n d e d 1913 C 6494, 1915 C
5919, an d 1917 C 7332; 1915 C 6840 ss 1 an d 2. Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 9 a m en d ed 1916 N o 575. Idaho. 1911 C
159 s 157 am en d ed 1917 C 84. Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatutes 1917 C 23 s 177. Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ­
tated S tatu tes 1914 s 1632. Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s 254-a23. Kansas. General S tatutes 1915 ss 10081-10084
10108-10110. Kentucky. Carroll’ s S tatu tes 1915 s 331e.7. Louisiana. C o n stitu tio n 1913 art 118 s 7; 1918 N o
143. Maine. R e v is e d Statutes 1916 C 144. Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 8. Massachusetts. R e v is e d L a w s 1902
C 80 ss 27, 32, 33; 1906 C 413 s 8 am e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243. Michigan. C o m p ile d L a w s 1915 s 2015
Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 13. Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 10. Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 16; 1917 p 195 s 6. Mon­
tana. 1911 C 122 s 14 a m en d e d 1915 C 52. Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 s 1250. Nevada. R e v is e d
L a w s 1912 s 736; 1913 C 254. New Hampshire. P u b lic S tatu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 284; C 85 ( L a r s 1907 C
125 s 15) am en d ed 1915 C 96 an d 1917 C 74. New Jersey. C o m p ile d S tatutes 1910 p 1887 s 212; 1912 C 353 s 8,
1918 C 147. New Mexico. Statu tes 1915 s 5107; 1917 C 4 s 9. New York. C on solidated L a w s 1909 C 40
(P e n a l) art 44 s 486 a m en d ed 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480, an d 1917 C 430; art 196 s 2184 am en d ed 1913 C 607;
an d s2194; C 5 5 (S ta te ch a ritie s ) s 184; s 213 a m e n d e d 1910C 449; a n d s 366. North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915
C 222 s 2; 1917 C 255. North Dakota. C o m p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11411. Ohio. General C ode 1910 s 1652 am e n d e d
913 p 864. Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4423. Oregon. L o r d ’ s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4416 am e n d e d 1913,
1C 249. Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 4 a m e n d e d 1911 p 959; s 6 a m e n d e d 1911 p 543, 1913 p 1039
an d 1915 p' 304. Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 ss 10 a n d 15 am e n d e d 1917 C 1546. G eneral L a w s 1909 C
354 s 46 am en d ed 1915 C 1261. South Carolina. 1912 N o 429 s 5; 1917 N o 73 s 5. South Dakota. 1907 C 222;
1915 C 119 s 12. Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 7 am e n d e d 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,
1917 C 41 s 1 a n d P r iv a te A c ts 1917 C 294. Texas. C od e C rim in al P ro ce d u re 1911 art 1195 a n d 1202
am en d ed 1913 C 112; art 1197 a m e n d e d 1913 C 112 a n d 1918 C 26.
Utah. 1913 C 54 s 10. Vermont. G en­
eral L a w s 1917 s 7329. Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 1 a n d 2; 1914 C 170.
Washington. 1913 C 160 s 8. West
Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 9 am en d e d 1917 C 63. Wisconsin. S tatu tes 1915 s 573-6.1. Wyoming. C o m p ile d S tat­
utes 1910 ss 3123-3126.
1 California. 1915 C 631 s 8 am en d ed 1917 C 627 an d C 634.
2 Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 8 am e n d e d 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919 a n d C 7332.
3 Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d Statutes 1917 C 23 s 177.
4 Indiana. B u rn s’ A n n o ta te d Statutes 1914 s 1632.
8 Kansas. G eneral S tatutes 1915 ss 3098, 3099.
6 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 13.
7 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 736.
8 N ew Jersey. C o m p iled Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 212.
9 North Dakota. C om p iled L a w s 1913 s 11411.
10 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4423.
11 Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4416'am ended 1913 C 249. .
42 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 12.
13 Tennessee. P u b li c A c t s 1911 C 58 s 7 am e n d e d 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41
an d P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.
14 Texas. C od e o f C rim in al P ro ce d u re 1911 art 1197 am e n d e d 1913 C 112 an d 1918 C 26; art 1203 am ended
1913 C 112.
15 Virginia. 1918 C 189. (C o u n ty or c it y farm s.)
16 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 9 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.
17 Colorado. R e v is e d Statu tes 1908 s 694.
1®Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3836.
i» Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 8 a m en d ed 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919 a n d C 7332.
20 Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 157 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84.
21 Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d Statutes 1917 C 23 s 177.
22 Indiana. B u rn s’ A n n o ta te d S tatutes 1914 s 1632.
23 Iowa. S u p p lem en t 1913 s 254-a23.
24 Kentucky. C arroll’s S tatutes 1915 s 331e.7.
28 Louisiana. C on stitu tion 1913 art 118 s 4.
28 Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 8.
27 Michigan. C om p iled L a w s 1915 s 2015.
28 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 13.
29 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 16.


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46

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION,

M on ta n a / New Y ork,2 N orth D akota,3 Ohio,4 Oklahom a,5 Oregon,6
Pennsylvania,7 South D akota,8Tennessee,9Texas,10U t a h /1V erm on t/2
W est V irgin ia /3 and W isconsin 14 the court m ay com m it delinquent
children to private institutions incorporated under the State law;
while in A rkan sas/5 A rizo n a /8 C alifornia/7 C olora d o/8 D elaw are/9
Florida,20 Idaho,21 Illinois,22 Kansas,23 K e n tu ck y /4 Minnesota,25
Nebraska26 N e v a d a /7 New Y o r k /8 N orth D a k o ta /9 Ohio,30 Okla­
h o m a /1 O re g o n /2 P en n sylvan ia/3 South D a k o ta /4 T ennessee/5 Ver­
m o n t /6 Virginia,37 W ash in gton /8 W iscon sin /9 and W y o m in g 40 such
children m ay be com m itted to duly accredited private associations
organized for the care o f delinquent and dependent children.
In addition to these institutions and associations, several States
make use o f other agencies. Delinquent children m ay be com m itted
in the D istrict of Columbia 41 to the board of children’s guardians;
1 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 a m e n d e d 1915 C 52.
2 New York. C on solidated L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) a rt 44 s 486(5) a m en d ed 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480, and
1917 C 430.
3 North Dakota. C o m p iled L a w s 1913 s 11411.
4 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1652 am e n d e d 1913 p 864.
3 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4423.
s Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4416 a m en d ed 1913 C 249.
7 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 4 a m e n d e d 1911 p 959; s 6 a m e n d e d 1911 p 543,1913 p 1039, a n d 1915 p . 304,
3 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 12.
9
Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 7 am en d ed 1913 (F irs t E x tr a .Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41,
a n d P riv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.
19 Texas. C od e o f C rim in al P ro ce d u re 1911 a rt 1203 am e n d e d 1913 C 112.
11 Utah. 1913 C 54 s 10.
12 Vermont. G eneral Statu tes 1917 s 7329.
13 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 9 a m en d ed 1917 C 63.
h Wisconsin. S tatutes 1915 s 573-6.1.
is Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 7 am e n d e d 1917 A 420.i® Arizona. R e v is e d Statutes 1913 (C iv il C od e) s 3568.
17 California. 1915 C 631 s 8 am e n d e d 1917 C 627 an d C 634.
i® Colorado. R e v is e d S tatutes 1908 s 594.
19 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3836.
99 Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 8 a m en d ed 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332.
n Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 157 am e n d e d 1917 C 84.
23 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d Statutes 1917 C 23 s 177.
23 Kansas. G eneral Statutes 1915 s 3073.
24 Kentucky. C arroll’s S tatutes 1915 s 331e.7.
23 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 13.
28 Nebraska. R e v is e d Statutes 1913 s 1250.
27 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 736.
28 N ew York. 1918 C 464 s 7. (C h au ta u qu a C o u n ty .)
29 North Dakota. C om p iled L a w s 1913 s 11411.'
30 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1652 a m e n d e d 1913 p 864.
31 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4423.
32 Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4416 am e n d e d 1913 C 249.
33 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 4 a m e n d e d 1911 p 959; s 6 a m e n d e d 1911 p 543, 1913 p 1039, a n d 1915 p . 304.

34 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 12.
33
Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 7 am e n d e d 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41,
an d P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.
33 Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7329.
37 Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 1 an d 2.
38 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 8.
39 Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-6.1.
49 Wyoming. C om p iled Statutes 1910 ss 3123-3126.
41 District of Columbia. U . S. R e v is e d Statutes S u p p le m e n t 1901 C 847 p 1544 s 2; 34 U . S. Statutes at
Large p 73 s 8.


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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

47

in Verm ont,1 to the board of charities and probation; in Massachu­
setts,2 to any institution to which they m ight be com m itted for
violation o f the law except a jail or house o f correction; in Montana,3
to State penal or reform atory institutions (other than the industrial
schools); and in O hio,4 W yom ing,5 and K n ox County, Term.,6
to the workhouse. The Delaware 7 courts m ay under the law com ­
m it delinquent children to an institution organized in another State,
the house o f refuge in Philadelphia.
(d) Separationfrom adult convicts.— Arkansas,8California,9Florida,10
Illinois,11 Indiana,12 Iow a,13 Michigan,14 Minnesota,15 Missouri,16 Mon­
tana,17 Nebraska,18 Nevada,19 New Hampshire,20 New Jersey,21 New
Y ork,22 North Carolina,23Ohio,24Oklahoma,25Oregon,26Pennsylvania,27
W ashington,28 W est Virginia,29 W isconsin,30 and W y om in g 31 require
confinement in separate rooms, yards, and inclosures if children are
com m itted to institutions in which adult convicts are confined.
(e) Fines and restitution.— A child m ay still be fined for an
offense or for violating the conditions of probation in the District
1 Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7329.
2 Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 8 am e n d e d 1912 C 187 an d 1916 C 243.
3 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 a m e n d e d 1915 C 52.
4 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 ss 4113-4115 an d 4138.
8 Wyoming. C om p iled Statutes 1910 s 3127-3128. '
8 Tennessee. P riv a te A c t s 1913 C 277's 9 am en d ed 1915 C 292.
2 Delaware. R ev is ed C od e 1915 s 3824.
8 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 11 am e n d e d 1917 A 420.
9 California. 1915 C 631 s 14 a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634.
•wFlorida. 1911 C 6216 s 11 am e n d e d 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332.
11 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 s 179.
12 Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatutes 1914 s 1632.
13 Iowa. S u p p lem en t 1913 s 254-a24.
14 Michigan. C om p iled L a w s 1915 s 2018.
15 Minnesota. 1917 C 265.
*• Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 13.
ii Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 a m e n d e d 1915 C 52.
is Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatutes 1913 s 1254.
w Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 742.

2« New Hampshire. P u b lic S tatu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 16) am e n d e d 1915 C 96
an d 1917 C 74.
si New Jersey. C om p iled S tatutes 1910 p 1874 ss 163 an d 164; 1918 C 147 (P r o h ib it s c o m m itm e n t t o State
prison ).

22 New York. C on solidated L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) art 44 s 486(8) a m e n d e d 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480 an d
1917 C 430.
23 North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 s 5.
24 Ohio. General C od e 1910 s 3169.
28 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4425.
28 Oregon. L o r d ’ s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4418.
27 Pennsylvania. 1893 p 459 s 1.
28 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 11.
29 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 16 a m en d ed 1917 C 63.
30 Wisconsin. Statu tes 1915 s 573-9.1.
31 Wyoming. C om p iled L a w s 1910 s 1097.


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48

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

of Columbia,1 Indiana,2 Massachusetts,3 M ontana,4 New Jersey,5
New Y ork ,6 Ohio,7 and U tah,8 and K n ox County, Tenn.9
In Georgia,10Indiana,11K entucky,12Massachusetts,13 and M ontana,14
if the offense is malicious trespass, the court m ay order the damage
to he made g ood ; or if petit larceny and the goods are not returned,
the child m ay be required to pay.
2.

Dependent children.
(a)
Probation.— The court may allow a dependent or neglected
child to remain in its own hom e subject to the friendly visitation of
a probation officer in Alabam a,15 Arizona,16 Arkansas,17 California,18
Colorado,19 Georgia,20 Illinois,21 Kansas,22 K entucky,23 Louisiana,24
Maryland,25 Massachusetts,26 Michigan,27 Minnesota,28 Mississippi,29
Missouri,30 M ontana,31 Nebraska,32 N evada,33 North D akota,34 Penn­
sylvania,35 South Carolina,36 South D akota,37 Texas,38 W ashington,39
W est Virginia,40 and W isconsin.41
Qj) Appointm ent o f guardian•— A n individual m ay be appointed
b y the juvenile court as legal guardian of a dependent child in
1 District o f Columbia. 34 U . S . S tatu tes at L a rge p 73 s 12.
2 Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatu tes 1914 s 1632.
3 Massachusetts. 1906 C 4 13 s 9 am e n d e d 1912C 187an d 1916 C 243.

(F in e n o t t o e x ce e d $5 for v io la tio n

o f p ro b a tio n . I f n o t p a id m a y b e sent t o ja il.)
« Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 a m e n d e d 1915 C 52.
6 New Jersey. C o m p ile d S tatu tes 1909 p 1887 s 212.
» New York. C on solid ated L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) art 44 s 486(6) am e n d e d 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480 an d
■ 1917 C 430. (M a y b e fin e d for sm ok in g, n o t t o e x ce e d $10.)
*
i Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1654 am e n d e d 1913 p 864. ( I f for b e st interest o f c h ild , n o t t o e x ce e d $10.)
8 Utah. 1913 C 54. (N o t t o e x c e e d $25.)
» Tennessee. P riv a te A c t s 1913 C 277 s 9 a m e n d e d 1915 C 292. ( K n o x C o u n t y .)
io Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 36 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
u Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatu tes 1914 s 1632.
12 Kentucky. C arroll’ s S tatutes 1915 s 331e.l6.
is Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 12 a m e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243; 1907 C 335.
14 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 am e n d e d 1915 C 52.
15 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 7; L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128 s 6, N o 361 s 13.
io Arizona. R e v is e d Statu tes 1913 (C iv il C o d e ) ss 3566 a n d 3568.
u Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 7 am e n d e d 1917 A 420.
is California. 1915 C 631 s 8 a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634.
io Colorado. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1908 s 558 a m e n d e d 1913 p 694.
oo Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 9 am e n d e d 1916 N o 575 s 2.
21 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 S 175.
22 Kansas. G eneral Statu tes 1915 s 3070.
23 Kentucky. Carroll’ s S tatutes 1915 s 331e.9.
24 Louisiana. C on s titu tio n 1913 art 118 S 4.
25 Maryland. 1916 C 326 S 8.
2« Massachusetts. 1913 C 457.
2i Michigan. C o m p ile d L a w s 1915 s 2015.
28 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 11.
20 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 10.
3o Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 5.
si Montana. R e v is e d C od e 1907 s 7835.
32 Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 s 1250.
33 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 734 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63*
34 North Dakota. C om p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11409.
ss Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 4 a m e n d e d 1911 p 959.
so South Carolina. 1917 N o 73 s 4; 1912 N o 429 s 4.
87 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 10.
38 Texas. R e v is e d C iv il Statu tes 1911 art 2190.
39 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 10.
40 West- Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 7 am e n d e d 1917 C 63.
41 Wisconsin. Statu tes 1915 s 573—5.4.


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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION,

49

Arkansas,1 Colorado,2 Illinois,3 Nevada,4 North D akota,5 Ohio,9
South D akota,7 W est Virginia,8 Jefferson County, A la.,9 and Monroe
and Ontario Counties, N. Y .10 A n institution or association to
which the child is com m itted becom es the legal guardian in Ari­
zona,11 Florida,12 Idah o,13 Illinois,14 Iow a,15 Kansas,16 M innesota,17
Missouri,18 Montana,19 Nebraska,20 Nevada,21 New Hampshire,22
New M exico,23 North D akota,24 Ohio,25 Oklahoma,26 Oregon,27 South
D akota,28 Tennessee,29 Texas,30 Utah,31 Verm ont,32 W ashington,33 W est
Virginia,34 and W isconsin.35
As in the case o f delinquent children, this is guardianship of the
person only and does n ot include control o f the child’s property in
Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana,
Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New M exico, North Dakota,
Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South D akota, Tennessee, Texas, W ash­
ington, and W est Virginia.
(c) Commitment.— There is less uniform ity in the provisions of the
various States for the com m itm ent o f dependent than of delinquent
children. State homes exclusively for dependent children have
1 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 ss 7 an d 12 am e n d e d 1917 A 420.
2 Colorado. R e v is e d S tatutes 1908 s 557.
3 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatutes 1917 C 23 s 177.
4 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 734 am e n d e d 1917 C 63.
6 North Dakota. C om p ile d L a w s 1913 ss 11409, 11410, a n d 11414.
6 Ohio. General C od e 1910 ss 1653 an d 1672 am e n d e d 1913 p 864.
7 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 ss 10,11, an d 12.
3 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 ss 7 ,1 0 a n d 29 am e n d e d 1917 C 63.
9 Alabama. L o ca l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 17.
'« New York. 1910 C 611 s 16; 1913 C 270 s 16.
n Arizona. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 (C iv il C o d e ) ss,3566 a n d 3567.
w Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 7 a m e n d e d 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332.
73 Idaho. 1909 p 38 s 2 a m en d e d 1911 C 185 a n d C 193.
. 13 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 s 176; C 122 ss 324 an d 329.
is Iowa. S u p p lem en t 1913 s 254-a21.
is Kansas. G eneral Statu tes 1915 ss 3072 an d 3073.
17 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 ss 11,12, an d 16.

13 Missouri. R e v is e d S tatutes 1909 s 466; s 467 a m e n d e d 1917 p 109.
79 Montand. R e v is e d C od e 1907 s 7835.
29 Nebraska. R e v is e d Statu tes 1913 s 1251.
27

Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 735.

22 New Hampshire. P u b lic S tatutes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 14) a m e n d e d 1915 C 96 an d
1917 C 74.
23 New Mexico. 1917 C 85 s 6.
24 North Dakota. C o m p iled L a w s 1913 ss 11409, 11410, an d 11414; 1915 C 179.
23 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 ss 1653 an d 1672 am en d ed 1913 p 864.
23 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4422.
27 Oregon. 1910 s 4415.
29 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 ss 10,11, and 12.

29
Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 8 am en d ed 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41, a nd
P riv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.
39 Texas. R e v is e d C iv il S tatu tes 1911 art 2190.
37 Utah. C o m p ile d L a w s 1907 C 10 s 720x26.
32 Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7330.
33 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 9.
34 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 ss 7 ,1 0 , and 29 am e n d e d 1917 C 63.
86 Wisconsin. S tatutes 1915 C 30a s 573-5.

153862°— 20-

4


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50

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

been established in Colorado,1 Iow a,2 Kansas,3 Minnesota,4 Mon­
tana,5 Nevada,6 Oklahoma,7 R hode Island,8 W est Virginia,8
and W isconsin.10 County homes are provided in Connecticut,11
Ohio,12 and W isconsin.13 Such children m ay be com m itted to the
care o f the State board of charities in Massachusetts,14 New Ham p­
shire,15 Ohio,16 and V erm ont;17 to the State board of control in Minne­
sota18and Nebraska ;19 to the board of children’s guardians in Indiana ;20
to the overseers of the poor in Massachusetts ;21 to the board of county
commissioners in Indiana ;22 and to the society for the prevention of
cruelty to children in R hode Island.23 In T e x a s 24 the court m ay
make such order as seems best for the moral and physical welfare
of a dependent child.
In m ost States 25 dependent children m ay be com m itted to duly
accredited private institutions, associations, or home-finding socie­
ties.26
1 Colorado. R e v is e d S tatutes 1908 s 568.
2 Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s 254-a20.
3 Kansas. G eneral S tatu tes 1915 s 9689.
4 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 11.
* Montana. R e v is e d C odes 1907 s 7834.
6 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 734 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63; ss 4098 a n d 4099 a m e n d e d 1913 C 243.
7 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4421; 1917 p 292 ss 1 a n d 5.
8 Rhode Island. G eneral L a w s 1909 C 139 s 2; s 3 am e n d e d 1912 C 827.
9 West Virginia. 1909 C 80 am e n d e d 1917 C 23.
10 Wisconsin. S tatutes 1915 s 573a.
11 Connecticut. G eneral S tatu tes 1918 s 1766.
19 Ohio. General C od e 1910 s 1653 am e n d e d 1913 p 864.
13 Wisconsin. Statu tes 1915 ss 573-5.2a a d d e d 1917 C 350, 573-5.3 an d 697-2.
14 Massachusetts. 1903 C 334 ss 3 a n d 4 a m e n d e d 1909 C 181.
-e
is New Hampshire. P u b lic Statu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 13) a m e n d e d 1915 C 96 and
1917 C 74.
18 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1653 a m e n d e d 1913 p 864.
17 Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7328.
18 Minnesota. 1917.C 397 s 11.
19 Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 s 1250.
28 Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatu tes 1914 s 1644.
21 Massachusetts. 1903 C 334 ss 3 an d 4 a m e n d e d 1909 C 181.
22 Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ta te d Statu tes 1914 s 1644.
23 Rhode Island. General L a w s 1909 C 139 s 2; a n d s 3 a m e n d e d 1912 C 827.
24 Texas. R e v is e d C ivil S tatu tes 1911 art 2189.
25 T h ese are: Arizona. R e v is e d Statu tes 1913 (C iv il C od e) s 3567. Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 7 a m en d ed
1917 A 420. California. 1915 C 631 s 8 am e n d e d 1917 C 627 an d C 634. Colorado. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1908 s
558 a m en d ed 1913 p 694. Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3836. Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 8 a m e n d e d 1913 C
6494, 1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332. Idaho. 1909 p 38 N o 267 s 2 a m e n d e d 1911 C 185 a n d C 193. Illinois.
H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 s 175. Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s 254-a20. Kansas. G eneral S tatutes
1915 s 3071. Kentucky. Carroll’ s Statu tes 1915 s 331e.9. Louisiana. C o n stitu tio n 1913 art 118 s 4. Maine.
R e v is e d Statu tes 1916 C 64 s 53 am e n d e d 1917 C 297. Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 8. Massachusetts. 1903 C 334
ss 3 a n d 4 a m en d ed 1909 C 181. Michigan. C o m p ile d L a w s 1915 s 2017. Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 11. Mis*
souri. 1911 p 177 s 5. Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 s 1250. Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 734 a m e n d e d
1917 C 63. New Hampshire. P u b lic S tatu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 S 13) a m e n d e d 1915
C 96 an d 1917 C 74. New Mexico. 1917 C 85 s 6. North Dakota. C o m p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11409. Ohio. General
C ode 1910 s 1653 a m en d ed 1913 p 864. Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4421. Oregon. L o r d ’ s O re g o n L a w s
1910 s 4414. Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 4 am e n d e d 1911 p 959; s 6 a m e n d e d 1911 p 543, 1913 p 1039, a n d
1915 p 304. South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 10.
Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 7 a m e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t
E x tr a S ession) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41 a n d P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.
Utah. C o m p ile d L a w s 1907 3
720x25 am en d ed 1909 C 123.
Vermont. General L a w s 1917 s 7328.
Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 1 an d 2.
Washington. 1913 C 160 s 8. West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 7 am e n d e d 1917 C 63. Wisconsin. S tatu tes 1915
S 573-5.3.
38
T h e la w s d ealing w ith th e in co rp o ra tio n o f these organization s in c lu d e p r o v is io n fo r th e p a y m e n ts t o
b e m a d e fro m th e p u b lic treasu ry for th e m ain ten an ce an d train in g o f t h e c h ild ren .


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51

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

There is a striking failure to provide adequately for the separate
care o f dependent and delinquent children, and the children from
both groups m ay be com m itted to the same institutions in Alabam a,1
Arkansas,2 California,3 Florida,4 Indiana,5 Kansas,6 Louisiana’7
Maryland,8 Michigan,* Mississippi,10 N evada,11 New Jersey,12 New
Y ork ,13 North D akota,14 Oklahom a,15 South Carolina,16 South Da­
kota,17 Texas,18 Virginia,19 W ashington,20 and W est Virginia.21
The laws o f Arizona,22 Connecticut,23 K entucky,24 Ohio,25 and
Pennsylvania26 definitely prohibit such commitment.
D.

SPECIAL CARE FOR TH E SICK A N D TH E FE E BLE-M IN D ED .

A child needing medical care m ay b y order of the court be placed
in a hospital in Arkansas,27 F lorida,28 Georgia,29 Illinois,30 Indiana,31
Iow a,32 Kansas,33 K entucky,34 Michigan,35 Minnesota,36 M ontana’37
Nebraska,38 N evada,39 North Carolina,40 North D akota,41 Ohio’42
1 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 7.
a Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 7 am e n d e d 1917 A 420.
3 California. 1915 C 631 s 8 am e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634.
4 Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 6 am e n d e d 1913 C 6494,1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332.
6 Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ta te d Statu tes 1914 s 1632.
o Kansas. G eneral Statu tes 1915 ss 3071, 3098,3099.
7 Louisiana. 1918 N o 143 s 4.
8 Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 8.
9 Michigan. C om p iled L a w s 1915 s 2017.
18 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s. 10.
11 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 734 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.
cM d ren

1913 ° 34° '

(S p e cia l schools establish ed b y sch o o l boards for de p e n d e n t an d d elin qu en t

13 New Y ork- C on solidated L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) a r t 44 s 486(5) a m e n d e d 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480 and
1917 C 430. (C o m m itm e n t t o a n y in s titu tio n w illin g t o re c e iv e .)
14 North Dakota. C o m p iled L a w s 1913 s 11409.
16
Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4421.
16 South Carolina. 1912 N o 429 s 5; 1917 N o 73 s 5.
17 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 10.
18 Texas. 1913 C 144 p 289. (G irls ’ train in g sch o o l for d e p e n d e n ts a n d d e lin q u e n ts .)
19 Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 1 an d 2.
30 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 8.
91 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 7 am e n d e d 1917 C 63.
22 Arizona. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 (C iv il C o d e ) s 3572.
23 Connecticut. G eneral S tatutes 1918 s 1784.
24 Kentucky. C arroll’s S tatutes 1915 s 331e.9.
25 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1653-1; 1913 p 864.
28 Pennsylvania. 1903 p . 274 s 10.
27 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 8 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420.
28 Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 6 am e n d e d 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332.
, 29 Georgia. 1915*No 210 s 32 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
39
Illinois. H u r d ’s R ev is ed S tatutes 1917 C 23 s 177b.
31 Indiana. B u rn s’ A n n o ta te d S tatutes 1914 s 1632.
32 Iowa. S u p p lem en t 1913 s 254-a20.
33 Kansas. G eneral S tatutes 1915 s 3071.
34 Kentucky. C arroll’ s S tatutes 1915 s 331e.8.
33 Michigan. C om p iled L a w s 1915 S 2017.
36 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 11.
37 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 am en d ed 1915 C 52.
38 Nebraska. R ev is ed S tatutes 1913 s 1250.
39 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 738.
40 North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222. !
41 North Dakota. C om p iled L a w s 1913 s 11413.
42 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1653 am e n d e d 1913 p 864.


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*

52

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION,

Oklahoma,1 Oregon,2 Pennsylvania,3 South Dakota,4 Tennessee,®
Virginia,6 W est Virginia,7 W isconsin,8 and certain counties in New
Jersey9 and New Y o rk .10 In California,11 Illinois,12 Missouri,13 New
Y ork ,14 Ohio,15 and V irginia16 provision is made for com m itting
mental defectives to institutions for their special care.
E. PARENTAL DUTY OF SUPPORT.

The laws o f Alabam a,17 A rizona,18 Arkansas,19 California,20 Col­
orado,21 Connecticut,22 Delaware,23 the D istrict of Columbia,24 Geor­
gia,25 Illinois,26 Indiana,27 Iow a,28 K entucky,29 Maryland,30 Massachu­
setts,31 Minnesota,32Mississippi,33Missouri,34Montana,35N evada,36New
Jersey,37 New M exico,38 New Y ork ,39 North D akota,40 Ohio,41 Oregon,42
1 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4421.
2 Oregon. L o r d ’ s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4414.
2 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 6 am en d ed 1911 p 543.
* South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 14.
s Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 7 am en d ed 1913 (F ir s t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41,and
P riv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.
« Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 4.
1 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 12 am e n d e d 1917 C 63.
* Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-6.l m .
9 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 14. (E s s e x an d H u d s o n C ou n ties.)
w New York. 1910 C 611 s 14; 1913 C 270 s 14; 1918 C 464 s 19. (M on roe, O ntario, and C hautauqu a C ou n ties.)
n California. 1915 C 776.
I2 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatutes 1917 C 23 s 341.
i* Missouri. 1911 p 177 ss 5 an d 17.
ii New York. C on solidated L a w s 1909 C 40 (P e n a l) a r t 44 s 486 (5) an d (9 ) a m en d ed 1912 C 169,1915 C 480
an d 1917 C 430; 1910 C 659 s 39-a ad d e d 1913 C 691.
is Ohio. G eneral C ode 1910 s 1653 am e n d e d 1913 p 864.
is Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 4.
17 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 7.
I* Arizona. R e v is e d Statu tes 1913 (C iv il C od e) s 3566.
is Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 18 am e n d e d 1917 A 420.
29 California. 1915 C 631 s 11 am e n d e d 1917 C 627 an d C 634.
2' Colorado. R ev is ed L a w s 1908 ss 563-565. (F o r d e p e n d e n t.

B o n d re q u ire d .

Im p riso n m e n t for failure

t o p a y .)
22 Connecticut. G eneral Statutes 1918 s 1795.
23 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 ss 3836 an d 3839.
2i District o f Columbia. IT. S. R e v is e d S tatutes S u p p le m e n t 1901 C 847 p 1544 s 5.
25 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 31 am e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
26 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d Statutes 1917 C 23 s 190.
27 Indiana. B u rn s’ A n n o ta te d S tatutes 1914 s 1632.
28 Iowa. S u p p lem en t 1913 s 254-a25.
29 Kentucky. C arroll’s Statutes 1915 s 331e.l5.
so Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 10.
si Massachusetts. R e v is e d L a w s 1902 C 46 s 6 a m e n d e d 1913 C 779 s 9.
32 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 25.
83 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 15.
34 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 21; 1917 p 195 s 15.
ss Montana. 1911C 122 s 14 am e n d e d 1915 C 52.
36 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 751.
37 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 13. (A p p lie s t o co u n tie s o f th e first class.)
38 N ew Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 12.
39 New York. 1910 C 611 s 13; 1913 C 270 s 13; 1918 C 464 s 16.
C ou nties.)
40 North Dakota. C om p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11423.
41 Ohio. G eneral C ode 1910 s 1653 am e n d e d 1913 p 864.
42 Oregon. L o r d ’ s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4423.


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(M on roe, O n tario, an d Chautauqua

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

53

Pennsylvania,1 R hode Island,2 South D akota,2 Tennessee,4 Utah,5
Verm ont,6 W ashington,7 W est Virginia,8 and W isconsin9 provide
that the court m ay inquire into the financial ability of the parents or
guardian and m ay order them to contribute to the support of a child
placed in the care of an individual, association, or institution. Failure
to pay m ay be punished as contem pt o f court in Arkansas, Connec­
ticut, Georgia, Illinois, New Jersey, New Y ork, Ohio, South Dakota,
and W est Virginia. The order m ay be enforced b y execution in
Indiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, and
W ashington; o r'in any w ay in which a court of equity m ay enforce
its orders in K entucky, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah,
Verm ont, and W ashington. In Illinois the court m ay order a rea­
sonable sum to be paid out of the wages of the parent or guardian.
Montana provides that orders for support m ay be enforced as other
judgm ents are enforced. In M onroe and Ontario Counties, N. Y .,
they m ay be enforced as m oney judgm ents of courts of record.
Nevada, South Dakota, and W est Virginia require “ reasonable
security’ ’ for payment. In Oregon, Tennessee, and Verm ont no
property is exem pt from levy and sale to m eet payment. In Rhode
Island failure to pay m ay be punished b y imprisonment in jail.
Virginia provides that procedure shall be as that in cases of non­
support.
1 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 4 am e n d e d 1911 p 959.
2 Rhode Island. G eneral L a w s 1909 C 140 s 2.
2 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 26.
4
Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 15 am en d ed 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41 and
P riva te A c t s 1917 C 294.
* Utah. 1913 C 54 s 2.
6 Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7334.
7 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 8.
8 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 27 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.
9 Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-5.5.


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VI. CONTINUING JURISDICTION AND RELATION OF COURT
TO INSTITUTIONS IN WHICH CHILDREN ARE PLACED.
Laws vary as to whether or n ot the court has any further juris­
diction oyer a child once disposed o f or over the institution to which
he has been com m itted.
In Alabam a,1 Arkansas,2 California,3 Florida,4 Georgia,5 and Okla­
homa 6 the law provides that the jurisdiction of the court continues
even though a child is placed in an institution.
The judge m ay change or set aside an order in Alabama,7
California,8 Colorado,9 Delaware,10 Florida,11 Georgia,12 Illinois,13 K an­
sas,14 K entucky,15 Michigan,16 Mississippi,17 Missouri,18 Montana,19
Nebraska,20 New Jersey,21 New M exico,22 New Y ork,23 North Caro­
lina,24 North D akota,25 Oregon,26 Pennsylvania,27 South D akota,28
Tennessee,29 Texas,30 U tah,31 W ashington,32 and W est Virginia.33
1

Alabama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128 s 6; N o 361 s 13.

(M o b ile a n d Jefferson C ou n ties.)

2 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 14 am e n d e d 1917 A 420.
a California. 1915 C 631 s 12 a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634.
4 Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 8 am e n d e d 1913 C 6494,1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332.
6

Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 27 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575.

6 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4424.
7 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 7.
s California. 1915 C 631 s 9 a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634.
9

Colorado. R e v is e d Statu tes 1908 s 559.

19 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3837;
u Florida. 1911 C 6216 ss 6 a n d 18 a m e n d e d 1913 C 6494,1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332.

12 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 27 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
is Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 s 177d.
i4 Kansas. G eneral S tatutes 1915 s 3074.
is Kentucky. C a rroll’s S tatu tes 1915 s 331e.9. ( A p p lie s t o d e p e n d e n t a n d n e g le cte d .)
i« Michigan. C o m p ile d L a w s 1915 s 2023. ( E x c e p t c o m m itm e n ts t o S tate p u b lic s c h o o l.)

17 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 10.
is Missouri. 1911 p 177 ss 17 a n d 18;, 1917 p 195 ss 6 a n d 14.
is Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 a m e n d e d 1915 C 52.
29 Nebraska. R e v is e d Statu tes 1913 s 1251.
21 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 15. (E s s e x a n d H u d s o n C ou n ties.)

22 New Mexico. 1917 C 85 s 6. (D e p e n d e n ts .)
23 New York. 1910 C 611 s 12; 1913 C 270 s 12; 1918 C 464 s 14. (M o n ro e , O n ta r io ,a n d C h au tau qu a C ou n ties.)
24 North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 s 2.
25 North Dakota. C o m p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11415.
ss Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4416 a m e n d e d 1913 C 249.
27 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 8 a m e n d e d 1909 p 119.

28 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 29.
ss Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 ss 7 a n d 9 am e n d e d 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,1917
C 41, a n d P riv a te A c t s 1917 C 294. (E x c e p t w h e n p e r m a n e n tly p la c e d m p riv a te h o m e .)
so Texas. C od e o f C rim in a l P rocedu re 1911 art 1203 am e n d e d 1913 C 112.
si Utah. 1913 C 54 s 10.
32 Washington. 1913 C 160 ss 8 a n d 15.
33 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 10 am e n d e d 1917 C 63.

54


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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

55

Florida,1 Iow a,2 Louisiana,3 Maryland,4 Missouri,5 Montana,6
Nevada,7 North Carolina,8 North D akota,9 South D akota,10 and
W est Virginia11 give the court power to discharge a child from an
institution. In the District o f Columbia,12 K entucky,13 and Minne­
so ta 14 the institution can not discharge the child w ithout the consent
o f the court.
Institutions receiving children com m itted b y the juvenile court
are subject to the supervision, visitation, and control o f a board or
com m ittee appointed b y the court in Alabam a,15 Arkansas,16 Cali­
fornia,17 Delaware,18 Florida,19 Georgia,20 Illinois,21 Indiana,22 K en­
tucky,23 Missouri,24 Nebraska,25 North D akota,26 Ohio,27 Oregon,28
Pennsylvania,29 Tennessee,30 Texas,31 W ashington,32 W est Virginia,33
and W isconsin.34
The court m ay require reports from institutions in Colorado,35
Florida,36 Georgia,37 Idaho,38 Illinois,39 Indiana,40 Kansas,41 Ken1 Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 8 a m e n d e d 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, a n d 1917 C 7332.
2 Iowa. S u p p lem en t 1913 s 254r-a23.
3 Louisiana. C o n s titu tio n 1913 art 118 s 4.
4 Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 8.
3
Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 18; 1917 p 195 s 14.
6 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 am e n d e d 1915 C 52.
7 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 740.
North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 s 2.
North Dakota. C om p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11415.

10 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 17. ( I f c o n d itio n s are u n satisfa ctory.)
H West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 14 am e n d e d 1917 C 63.
72 District o f Columbia. 34 U . S. S tatu tes at L arge p 73 s 8.
13 Kentucky. C arroll’s S tatutes 1915 s 331e.7. (C ou rt ca n n o t discharge w ith o u t co n se n t o f in stitu tio n .
)
14 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 13. ( W it h in o n e y e a r o f c o m m itm e n t.)
16 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 13.
13 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 14 am e n d e d 1917 A 420.
17 California. 1915 C 631 s 17b am e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634.
13 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3838. (W ilm in g to n .)
19 Florida. 1915 C 6841 s 5.
29 Georgia. 1915 N o 215 s 38 am e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
27 Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d Statutes 1917 C 23 s 186.
22 Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ta te d Statutes 1914 ss 3675 a n d 3677.
23 Kentucky. C a rroll’s Statutes 1915 s 331e.l9.
24 Missouri. R e v is e d Statutes 1909 ss 1329-1332.
25 Nebraska. R e v is e d Statu tes 1913 s 1261.
26 North Dakota. C om p iled L a w s 1913 s 11420.
27 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 ss 2971-2976 am e n d e d 1913 p 864.
23 Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4421.
29 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 8 s 1 a m en d ed 1913 p 452 s 1.
30 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 13 am e n d e d 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 22 ,19 15 C 177 1917 C 4 !
an d P riv a te A c ts 1917 C 294.
’
’
81 Texas- R e u s e d C iv il Statutes 1911 art 2190; C od e o f C rim in al P rocedu re 1911 art 1204 a m e n d e d 1913 C
32 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 18.
33 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 23 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.
34 Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-10.
33 Colorado. R e v is e d Statutes 1908 ss 559 a n d 595.
33 Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 12.
37 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 20 am e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
33 Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 158 am e n d e d 1917 C 84.
39 Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d Statutes 1917 C 23 s 181.
40 Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ta te d Statutes 1914 s 1638.
41 Kansas. G eneral Statutes 1915 s 3074.


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56

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION,

tucky,1 Louisiana,2 Maryland,3 Missouri,4 Montana,5 Nebraska,6
Nevada,7 New Jersey,8 North D akota,9 O hio,10 Oregon,11 South
Carolina,12 South D akota,13 Tennessee,14 Texas,15 U tah,16 Verm ont,17
Virginia,18 W est Virginia,19 and part of New Y ork.20
The court m ay exercise direct supervision in Georgia,21 Missis­
sippi,22 Nevada,23 New Jersey,24Monroe and Ontario Counties, N. Y .,25
New Y ork City,26 and K n o x County, Tenn.27
Colorado,28 on the other hand, provides that the board of control
o f the State hom e is n ot subject to the order of the court at the
time o f com m itting, nor is any restriction upon its discretion im­
posed b y such order.
Alabam a,29 Arizona,30 California,31 Connecticut,32 and Idaho33 pro­
vide for the discharge o f the child b y the institution. In K en tu ck y 34
the court m ay release a ward on the recom m endation of the institu­
tion. In California35 the court m ust have “ due regard to the effect
upon the discipline of the institution” o f a change of order.
1 Kentucky. C arroll’s Statutes 1915 s 331e.l2.
2 Louisiana. C o n s titu tio n 1913 art 118 s 4.
8 Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 9.
4 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 18; 1917 p 195 s 14.
* Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 am e n d e d 1915 C 52.
6 Nebraska. R e v is e d Statutes 1913 ss 1251 a n d 1256.
7 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 740.
8 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 ss 11 a n d 16. (E s s e x a n d H u d s o n C ou n ties.)
9 North Dakota. C o m p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11415.
19 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1675 am e n d e d 1913 p 864.
11 Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4419.
12 South Carolina. 1912 N o 429 s 5; 1917 N o 73 s 5.
18 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 ss 17 a n d 19.
14 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 12 am e n d e d 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41,
a n d P riva te A c ts 1917 C 294.
16
Texas. R e v is e d C iv il Statutes 1911 art 2190; C od e o f C rim in a l P rocedu re 1911 art 1204 am en d ed 1913
C 112.
16 Utah. C om p iled L a w s 1907 s 720x25 am e n d e d 1909 C 123; a n d s 720x36.
17 Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7333.
18 Virginia. 1914 C 350-ss 11 a n d 12.
19 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 18 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.
20 New York. 1918 0 464 s 12. (C h au ta u qu a C o u n ty .)
21 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 26 am e n d e d 1916 N o 575. (V is ita tio n b y p r o b a tio n officer o r oth er agent o f th e
c o u r t .)
22 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 10. (In s p e c tio n an d a p p ro va l o f co u r t re q u ire d .)
28 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 734 am e n d e d 1917 C 63. (P r o b a tio n officer visits an d re p o rts.)
24 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 16. ( I n E s s e x an d H u d s o n Cou nties th e ju d g e m u s t v is it on ce a ye a r all
in stitu tion s receiv in g ch ild re n c o m m it t e d b y t h e c o u r t.)
26
New York. 1910 C 611 ss 12 a n d 18; 1913 C 270 ss 12 an d 18. (C o u n ty ju d g e m u s t v is it each in stitu tion
at least on ce a y e a r .)
26 New York. 1910 C 659 s 34r-f a d d e d 1915 C 531. (In stitu tio n s m u st b e in sp e cte d on ce a y ear b y at least
one ju s tic e .)
27 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1913 C 277 s 14 am e n d e d 1915 C 292. ( I t is th e d u t y o f th e ju d g e t o v is it all
institu tion s on ce a y ea r.)
28 Colorado. 1913 C 50 s 1.
29 Alabama. General L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 7.
80 Arizona. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 (C iv il C o d e ) s 3566. (C ou rt m u s t b e ad v ise d an d record k e p t.)
81 California. 1915 C 631 s 10 a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 an d C 634. (R e tu r n e d t o c o u r t if in co rrig ib le .)
82 Connecticut. G eneral S tatutes 1918 ss 1808, 1809, a n d 1825.
88 Idaho. 1909 p 38 s 3 am e n d e d 1911 C 185 a n d C 193. (M u st file w it h c o u r t a c o p y o f resolu tions.)
84 Kentucky. Carroll’ s S tatutes 1915 s 331e.7.
86 California. 1915 C 631 s 9 am e n d e d 1917 C 627 an d C 634.


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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

57

Illinois,1 Maryland,2 Massachusetts,3 Nebraska,4 Nevada,5 Ohio,6
and W est V irgin ia7 provide in the statutes establishing children’ s
institutions, for the appointm ent b y the institutions of agents to
have supervision over children placed b y them in fam ily homes.
Provision is made for the supervision and control of institutions
and associations receiving children b y the State board of charities
in Colorado,8 Connecticut,9 Indiana,10 Louisiana,11 Massachusetts,12
Missouri,13 Montana,14 Nebraska,15 New Jersey,16 North Carolina,17
Ohio,18 Oklahoma,19 Pennsylvania,20 South D akota,21 Tennessee,22 Ver­
m ont,23 Virginia,24 and W yom ing;25 b y the State board of control in
Iow a,26 Minnesota,27 and W est Virginia;28 b y the State commissioner
of State institutions in Arizona ;29 b y the State department of public
welfare in Illinois;30 b y the State board of control of reform atory,
charitable, and penal institutions in W isconsin ;31 b y the board of
charities in the D istrict of Columbia;32 and b y the juvenile-court
commission in Utah.33 Institutions in Idaho,34 except those man­
aged b y the State, are under the control o f the governor. Super­
vision is exercised in Colorado 35 and Utah 36 b y the county commis­
sioners; in Ohio,37 b y the county board of health and the county
commissioners; in cities of 500,000 in Missouri,38 b y the board o f
children’ s guardians; and in the Parish of Orleans, La.,39 b y the
prison and asylum commissioners.
I Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatutes 1917 C 23 s 180.
19 Oklahoma. C o n stitu tio n art 6 s 28.
* Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 9.
28 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 11 s 1.
21 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 19.
3 Massachusetts. R e v is e d L a w s 1902 C 86 s 36
am en d ed 1904 C 363; 1908 C 639 s 6.
22 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1917 C 120 p p 365369.
4 Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatutes 1913 s 1255.
23 Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7313.
8 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 743.
24 Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 11.
8
Ohio. General C od e 1910 s 1674 am e n d e d 1913 p
28 Wyoming. 1915 C 99 s 3.
864. ( G irls’ a n d b o y s ’ in du stria l s c h o o ls.)
26 Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s 254-a26.
7 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 17 am en d ed 1917 C 63.
27 Minnesota. 1917 C 212 ss 18 an d 19.
( D u t y o f S tate in stitu tion s t o m a in ta in .)
28 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 18.
8 Colorado. R e v is e d S tatutes 1908 s 595.
29 Arizona. 1917 C 89.
8 Connecticut. General S tatu tes 1918 ss 1888 and
38 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d S tatutes 1917 C 23
1893.
sl8 1 .
10 Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatutes 1914 s 1638.
31 Wisconsin. S tatutes 1915 ss 561-567d. (A ls o (s
II Louisiana. C on stitu tion 1913 art 118 s 4.
562b) a legislative co m m itte e a p p o in te d b y th e
12 Massachusetts. R e v is e d L a w s 1902 C 86 ss 50-53;
g o ve rn o r.)
C 84 s 2 am en d ed 1908 C 598.
32 District o f Columbia. U . S. R e v is e d Statutes
43 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 18; 1917 p 195 s 14.
S u p p le m e n t 1901 C 807 p 1447. .
14 Montana. R e v is e d C ode 1907 ss 271-281.
33 Utah. 1913 C 54 s 1.
18 Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatutes 1913 ss 1251 and
1256.
34 Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 158 am en d ed 1917 C 84.
38 Colorado. R e v is e d S tatutes 1908 s 605.
16 New Jersey. C om p iled S tatutes 1910 p 453.
38 Utah. C o m p ile d L a w s 1907 s 720x36.
(S tate com m ission er o f ch arities.)
37 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 ss 2497-2499.
17 North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1917 C 170.
38 Missouri. 1911 p 349.
18 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 ss 1352 an d 1352-1
39 Louisiana. C on stitu tion 1913 art 118 s 4.
am en d ed 1913 p 864.


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VII.

ORGANIZATION OF THE COURT.
A.

JUDGE.

1.

M ethod of selection.
The judges of the juvenile courts of Jefferson County, A la.,1 Essex
and H udson Counties, N. J .,2 and the cities o f W ilm ington,3 Boston,4
and Baltim ore 5 are appointed b y the governors of their respective
States.
In Denver,6 New Orleans,7 Buffalo,8 Indianapolis,9 certain counties
of Ohio,10 and in the fourth judicial district of Minnesota,11 the judges
are elected b y popular vote.
The judge of the juvenile court is appointed b y the President of the
United States in the District of Colum bia;12 b y the juvenile-court
commission in U ta h 13 and in M obile County, A la.;14 b y the mayor in
New Y ork C ity;15 b y the city council in cities of 50,000 population in
Virginia;16 b y his associates in California,17 Missouri,18 M ontana,19
W isconsin,20 Georgia,21 and in certain counties of Illinois,22 Iow a,23
Maryland,24 Minnesota,25 Nebraska,26 Ohio,27 W ashington,28 and Penn­
sylvania;29 and b y the presiding judge in other counties of Pennsyl1 Alabama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 4.
(C ou n ties o f th e first class.)
3 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3830 a m e n d e d 1917 C 252. (W ilm in g to n .)
* Massachusetts. 1906 C 489 s 2 am e n d e d 1918 C 257 s 419. (B o s to n .)
6 Maryland. C od e o f P u b lic L o c a l L a w s art 4 s 623A a m e n d e d 1902 C 611, 1904 C 521 a n d 1910 C 41 p 644.

2 N ew Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 1.

(B a ltim o r e .)
8 Colorado. R e v is e d Statu tes 1908 ss 1593,1594,1595. (D e n v e r .)
7 Louisiana. C on stitu tio n 1913 art 118 s 1. (P a rish o f O rleans.)
«•New York. 1911 C 651 ss 511-514. (B u ffa lo .)
9 Indiana. B u rn s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatu tes 1914 s 1632. (C ounties co n ta in in g a c it y o f 100,000 p o p u la tio n .)
18 Ohio. G eneral C ode 1910 s 1639 am e n d e d 1914 p 176 a n d 1913 p 864, s 1532-3 ad d e d 1917 p 703, s 1532-1
add ed 1916 p 424; s 1532-4 ad d e d 1917 p 721; s 1683-14 a d d e d 1917 p 732. (H a m ilto n , L u ca s, M ahoning, M ont­
g o m ery , an d S u m m it C ou nties.) •
n Minnesota. G eneral S tatu tes 1913 ss 202-204. (F o u r th ju d ic ia l d is tric t.)
12 District of Columbia. 34 U . S. Statu tes at L a rge p 73 s 2.
is Utah. 1913 C 54 s i .
“ Alabama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128 s 10. (M o b ile C o u n ty .)
is N ew York. 1910 C 659 s 3 4 -c t o 34-e a d d e d 1915 C 531. (N e w Y o r k C it y .)
i 8 Virginia. 1914 C 57 ss 1 an d 4.

(C ities o f 50,000.)

17 California. 1915 C 631 s 16 a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634.
18 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 2.
19 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 12.
so Wisconsin. S tatutes 1915 s 573-2.1.
si Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 21 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
22 Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 s 171.

(C ounties o f m o r e th a n 500,000.)

ss Iowa. 1917 C 405 s 1. (C ou n ties o f m o re th a n 100,000.)
si Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 2. (O u ts id e B a ltim o re .)
ss Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 3. (C ou n ties o f m o r e th a n 33,000.)
M Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 s 1246. (C o u n tie s o f 40,000.)
27
Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1639 am e n d e d 1913 p 864 an d 1914 p 176; s 1532-4 a d d e d 1917 p 721; s 1532-1
ad d ed 1916 p . 424; s 1532-2 a d d e d 1917 p 703; s 1683-14 ad d e d 1917 p 732.
ss Washington. 1913 C 160 s 2. (C ou n ties o f 30,000.)
so Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 1. (O u ts id e P h ila d e lp h ia an d A lle g h e n y C ou nties.)

58


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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

59

vania.1 In H am ilton County, Tenn.,2 the judge of the city court of
Chattanooga acts as judge o f the juvenile court. In K n ox County,
Tenn.,3 the recorder of the city o f K noxville is judge o f the; juvenile
court. W here this jurisdiction is bestowed on certain regular courts,
the judges presiding over these becom e for these purposes the juve­
nile court judges.
2. Tenure.
The ju dge is appointed for one year in Mobile County, A la .;4 for
1 year or longer in the discretion o f the presiding judge in Philadel­
phia and Allegheny Counties, P a .;5 for 2 years in U tah;6 3 years in
part o f G eorgia;7 4 years in certain counties of Io w a 8 and Virginia,9
and in W ilm ington,10 Indianapolis,11 and New Orleans;12 5 years in
Essex and H udson Counties, N. J. ;13 6 years in certain counties of
G eorgia14 and M innesota,15 Jefferson County, A la.,16 and the District
of Colum bia;17 and for 10 years in Buffalo.18
3. Salary.
The salary o f the judge is $600 in Mobilfe County, A la .;19 $720 in
W ilmington, D e l.;20 $2,500 in Jefferson County, A la .;21 $3,000 in
the D istrict o f Columbia,22 New Orleans,23 Baltim ore,24 and B oston;25
$4,000 in Indianapolis;26 and $5,000 in Essex and Hudson Counties,
N. J.27 In South D a k ota 28 the judge receives $500 and in Tennessee29
1 Pennsylvania. 1913 p 711 s 8. (P h ila d e lp h ia an d A lle g h e n y C ou nties.)
9 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1911 C 182 s 1.

Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1913 C 277 s 2 am e n d e d 1915 C 292.
* Alabama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128 s 10.
3 Pennsylvania. 1913 p 711 s 8.
« Utah. 1913 C 54 s 1.
7 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 21 am e n d e d 1916 N o 575. (I n co u n tie s b e tw e e n 35,000 an d 60,000.)
8 Iowa. 1917 C 405 s 1. (C ounties o f 100,000 or m o r e .)
9 Virginia. 1914 C 57 ss 1 an d 4. ( I n citie s o f 50,000 or m o r e .)
w Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3830 a m e n d e d 1917 C 252. (W ilm in g to n .)
n Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatutes 1914 s 1632. (In d ia n a p o lis.)
i» Louisiana. C on stitu tion 1913 art 118 s 1. (P a r is h o f O rleans.)
i* N ew Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 1.
ii Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 21 a m e n d e d 1916 N o 575. (E x c e p t cou n ties b e tw e e n 35,000 and 60,000.)
io Minnesota. G eneral S tatu tes 1913 ss 202-204. (I n th e fo u r th ju d icia l d is tric t.)
io Alabama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 4. (Jefferson C o u n ty .)
17 District of Columbia. 34 U . S. Statu tes at L arge p 73 s 2.
is N ew York. 1891 C 105 a m en d ed 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549,1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 ss 511-514,1914 C 124 an d
3

1917 C 571.

(B u ffa lo .)

19 Alabama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128 s 10. (M o b ile C o u n ty .)
99 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3830 am e n d e d 1917 C 252.
91 Alabama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 4.
99 District o f Columbia. 34 U . S. S tatutes at L arge p 73 s 2.
93 Louisiana. C on stitu tion 1913 art 118 s 1.

93 Maryland. C ode o f P u b lic L o c a l L a w s a rt 4 s 623A am e n d e d 1902 C 611,1904 G 521 a n d 1910C 41 p . 644.
93 Massachusetts. 1906 C 489 s 3 a m e n d e d 1918 C 257 s 419.
98 Indiana. B u rn s’ A n n o ta te d S tatu tes 1914 s 1632.
97 N ew Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 1.
98 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 25.

99 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 am e n d e d 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41 and
P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294; P r iv a te A c t s 1911C 182 s 9.
ju d g e o f th e c it y cou rt o f C h atta nooga.)


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(I n H a m ilto n C o u n ty n o com p en sa tion b eside th a t as

60

SU M M AR Y OF JUVBNILE-COTJRT LEGISLATION.

$300 in addition to his salary as county judge. In M ichigan1 the
judge is paid, in addition to his salary as probate judge, $100 for each
15,000 inhabitants. In G eorgia2 the salary is fixed b y the judge of
the superior cou rt; in B u ffa lo3 b y the com m on council; in U ta h 4 by
the juvenile-court com m ission; and in certain cities of V irginia5 b y
the city council.
4.

Qualifications.
The qualifications of the judge as stated in the law vary greatly
from State to State. In Buffalo, N. Y .,6 any resident of the city
m ay be elected. In W ilm ington, D el.,7 the judge shall be appointed
“ without any regard for his political affiliations and his sole quali­
fication shall be his fitness to be a juvenile judge. ’ ’ In New Jersey 8
he must be a counselor at law ; and in Mobile County, Ala.,9 and in
the District of C olum bia10 “ learned in la w .”
C olorado11 provides
that the judge of the D enver court must have the qualifications of a
district judge. L ouisiana12 requires for New Orleans a judge who
is at least 40 years o f age and has had five years of legal practice.
In B altim ore13 the judge must be a member of the bar of the supreme
bench of Baltim ore City. G eorgia14 provides for an attorney at law
with at least three years’ practice, an interest in children, and a
knowledge of the problems o f social service, of philanthropy, and of
child life. In Indianapolis 15 the judge must be at least 40 years
old, a legal voter, and a parent. The Alabama 16 law applying to
Jefferson County provides for the appointment of a citizen of the
United States and o f the county for three years, who is learned in
the law, at least 30 years of age, of high moral character and clean
life, selected for his special fitness, b y training, education, and expe­
rience, to deal with delinquent and neglected children.
1 Michigan. C om p iled L a w s 1915 s 2019.
2 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 21 am e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
3 New York. 1891 C 105 am en d ed 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50,1911 C 651 ss 511-514,1914 C 124, and
1917 C 571.

(B u ffa lo .)

* Utah. 1913 C 54 s 1.
5 Virginia. 1914 C 57 ss 1 an d 4.
e New York., 1891 C 105 am en ded 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50,1911 C 651 ss 511-514, 1914 C 124, and
1917 C 571.
7 Delaware. R e v is e d C ode 1915 s 3830 am e n d e d 1917 C 252.
8 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 1. (C ounties o f th e first class.)
» Alabama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128 s 10. (M o b ile C o u n ty .)
10 District o f Columbia. 34 U . S. S tatutes at L arge p 73 s 2.
11 Colorado. R e v is e d Statutes 1908 ss 1593,1594,1595.
12 Louisiana. C on stitu tion 1913 a rt 118 s 1.
13 Maryland. C od e o f P u b lic L o ca l L a w s art 4 s 623A am en d ed 1902 C 611, 1904 C 521 an d 1910 C 41 p 644.
14 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 21 am en d ed 1916 N o 575.
io Indiana. B u rn s’ A n n o ta te d Statutes 1914 s 1632.
io Alabama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 4.


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SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

61

B. PROBATION OFFICERS.

1. Appointm ent.
Probation officers are appointed b y the juvenile-court commission
in Mobile County, A la .;1 b y the governor in Florida 2 and in Maine;3
b y the supreme bench in Baltim ore;4 b y the city government in
certain counties o f Tennessee;5 and b y the juvenile board in certain
counties o f Texas.6 The State probation officer in R hode Island 7
acts as chief officer and assigns probation officers to each juvenile
court. In V e rm o n t8 the secretary o f the State board of charities
and probation acts as chief probation officer; and with the approval
of the governor, the State board m ay appoint deputies. In Utah 9
the probation officers are appointed b y the juvenile-court commis­
sion, but any large city m ay appoint deputies upon the recommenda­
tion o f the judge o f the juvenile court. In W ilmington, D e l.,10 the
judge o f the superior court appoints the chief probation officer upon the
recommendation o f the judge o f the juvenile court, and other proba­
tion officers m ay be appointed by the judge of the juvenile court.
Oklahoma makes no provision for the appointment of probation
officers for the juvenile court.
In all other jurisdictions 11 probation officers are appointed b y the
1 Alabama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128 ss 10-14.
i Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 5 a m en d ed 1913 C 6494,1915 C 6919 an d 1917 C 7332.
3 Maine. R e v is e d Statutes 1916 C 137 s 10 am e n d e d 1917 C 203.
4 Maryland. C ode o f P u b lic L o ca l L a w s art 4 s 886A am en ded 1902 C 611, 1904 C 514 1906 C 263 and
1912 C 618.

’

5 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 ss 6 an d 18 am en d ed 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 22 1915 C 177
1917 C 41 and P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294. (C ounties o f 148,000.)
6 Texas. 1917 C 16 am en d ed 1917 C 58. (C ounties o f 100,000 con ta in in g a c it y o f 70,000.)
7 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 ss 18 an d 24 am e n d e d 1917 C 1546.
8 Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 ss 7292-7304.
8 Utah. 1913 C 54 ss 12 and 13.
10 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3833 am en ded 1917 C 352.
11 A labama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 6; L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 12. (S tate ou tsid e Jefferson C ou n ty )
Arizona. R e v is e d Statutes 1913 (C iv il C od e) s 3565. California. 1915 C 631 ss 18,20, an d 19e t o 19v am ended
1917 C 627 an d C 634. Colorado. R e v is e d S tatutes 1908 ss 593,1596,1597; 1911 C 186 s 2. Connecticut. Gen­
eral Statutes 1918 s 6668. District o f Columbia. 34 U . S. Statutes at L arge p 73 s 4. Georgia. 1915 N o 210
Ss 22, 23, 24, and 26 am en d ed 1916 N o 575. Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 163 a m en d ed 1917 C 84. Illinois. H u r d ’s
R ev ised S tatu tes 1917 C 23 s 174. (C o n su lt Witter v Cook County Commissioners 256 111. 616.) Indiana
B u rn s’ A n n ota ted Statutes 1914 ss 1631-1637. Iowa. S u p p lem en t 1913 s 254-al8; 1917 C 405 s 2. Kansas.
General Statutes 1915 ss 3067 an d 3092. Kentucky. C arroll’s Statutes 1915 ss 331e.3 an d 331e.20. Louisiana
C on stitu tion 1913 art 118 s 1. Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 6. (E x c e p t in B a ltim o re .) Massachusetts. R evised!
L a w s 1902 C 217 s 83; 1906 C 413 s 7 a m en d ed 1912 Q 187 an d 1916 C 243; 1908 C 637. Michigan. C om piled
L a w s 1915 s 2015. Minnesota. G eneral Statutes 1913 ss 9385-9391; 1917 C 397 s 9. Mississippi. 1916 C 111
ss 19 and 23. (M u n icip a l auth orities m a y ap p o in t a d d itio n a l officers.) Missouri. 1911 p 177 ss 9-11; 1917
p 195 s 11. Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 a m e n d e d 1915 C 52. Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatutes 1913 s 1249 am ended
1915 C 24 and 1917 C 24. Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 C 733 am e n d e d 1917 C 63. N ew Hampshire P u b lic
Statutes S u p plem en t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 ss 5 -8) a m en d ed 1915 C 96 an d 1917 C 74. New Jersey C om ­
p iled Statutes 1910p 1879 s 180 am e n d e d 1911C 225; 1913 C 89. New. Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 11. N ew York Code
o f C rim in al P roced u re P a rt I T itle I s 11a; 1915 C 531; 1910 C 611 s 11; 1913 C 270 s 11; 1911 C 651 s 524; 1910
C 676 s 23; 1918 C 464 s 11. North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 ss 2 a n d 3. North Dakota. C om piled
L a w s 1913 s 11408. Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1662 a m en d ed 1913 p 864 an d 1917 p 19. Oregon. L o rd 's
O regon L a w s 1910 s 4412 am en d ed 1913 C 249. Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 3 a m en d ed 1909 p 89; 1915 p 5 s
3 a m en d ed 1917 p 19; 1913 p 711 am en d ed 1915 p p 988 an d 1017 and 1917 p 1015. South Carolina. 1912 N o 429
s s 4 a n d 5 ; 1917 N o 73 s 4. South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 24. Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 ss 6 and 18
a m en d ed 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 2 2 ,1915C177, 1917 C 41, an d P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294. Texas. C ode o f
C rim in al P roced u re 1911 a rt 1202 am en d ed 1913 C 112. Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 5 a n d 6. Washington.
1913 C 160 s 3. West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 6 am en ded 1917 C 63. Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 ss 573-2.4


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62

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

court. The appointm ent must be approved b y the probation com ­
mittee in California; b y the State board of charities in counties of
over 100,000 in Colorado; b y the commission on probation in Massa­
chusetts; b y a board com posed of the State superintendent of public
instruction, the governor, and the district superintendent of schools
in N evada; b y the county superintendent of public instruction and
the superintendents or principals of the two largest independent
school districts in the county in Texas; and b y the county superin­
tendent o f schools and the county commissioners in W est Virginia.
In Georgia, in counties of over 150,000 in W isconsin, and in counties
of over 500,000 in Missouri the appointm ent of probation officers is
on a civil service basis.
2. Number and salary.
The number and salary o f those appointed usually vary with the
population of the county. The law provides for a definite number
in California,1 the D istrict o f Columbia,2 W ilm ington, Del.,3 and
Baltimore, M d.4 A minimum number is prescribed b y statute
in Connecticut,5 Florida,6 Georgia,7 Indiana,8 Kansas,9 Maryland,10
Missouri,11 Nebraska,12 N evada,13 New Hampshire,14 New M exico,15
New Y ork ,16 Pennsylvania,17 Tennessee,18 U tah,19 W ashington,20 and
W isconsin.21 A m aximum number is defined in Colorado,22 Idaho,23
1 California. 1915 C 631 ss 19e-19v a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 an d C 634.

(V aries fro m 1 t o 30 a cco rd in g t o size of

c o u n t y .)

2 District o f Columbia. 34 TJ. S . S tatu tes at L a rge p 73 s 4. (O n e m a n a n d on e w o m a n .)
3 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3833 a m e n d e d 1917 C 252. ( A c h ie f a n d th ree w o m a n assistants.)
4 Maryland. C od e o f P u b lic L o c a l L a w s art 4 s 886A a m e n d e d 1902 C 611,1904 C 514,1906 C 263 a n d 1912 C
618. ( F iv e p r o b a tio n officers.)
6 Connecticut. G eneral Statu tes 1918 s 6668. (O n e or m o r e .)
e Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 5 a m e n d e d 1913 C 6494,1915 C 6919 a n d 1917 C 7332. ( A t least on e.)
i Georgia. 1915 N o . 210 ss 22,23,24, an d 26 am e n d e d 1916 N o 575. (O n e officer a n d one or m o re d e p u tie s.)
« Indiana. B u m s ’ A n n o ta te d Statu tes 1914 ss 1631-1637. ( I n c o u n tie s o f 50,000 or m o re at least on e .)
« Kansas. G eneral Statu tes 1915 ss 3067 an d 3092.

(O n e or m o r e .)

io Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 6. (O n e or m o r e .)
u Missouri. 1911 p 177 ss 9-11; 1917 p 195 ss 10-13. (O n e or m o r e .)
12
Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 s 1249 a m e n d e d 1915 C 24 a n d 1917 C 24.
m ore a c h ie f a n d th ree assistants, w h o shall b e w o m e n .)
is Neva,da. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 733 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.

( I n co u n tie s o f 100,000 or

(C ou n ties o v e r 15,000 one officer a n d an assist­

an t. C ou nties less th a n 15,000 o n ly on e p a id o ffice r.)
i< New Hampshire. P u b lic S tatu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 ss 6 -9 ) a m e n d e d 1915 C 96
an d 1917 C 74. ( A t least o n e .)
i6 New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 11. ( A t least o n e .)
is New York. 1910 C 611 s 11; 1913 C 270 s 11; 1918 C 464 s 11.

(M on roe, C h au tau qu a, a n d O n ta rio Coun­

ties. O ne at lea st.)
u Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 3 a m e n d e d 1909 p 89; 1913 p 711 s 9 am e n d e d 1915 p 988; 1915 p 5 s 3 am en ded
1917 p 19. (P h ila d e lp h ia , A lle g h e n y C o u n ty , a n d rest o f S ta te , a t least one a p p o in te d .)
is Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1911 C 182 s 8; P r iv a te A c t s 1913 C 277 s 4 a m e n d e d 1915 C 292.
C o u n ty at least on e.

(H a m ilto n

K n o x C o u n ty one m a n a n d one w o m a n .)

w Utah. 1913 C 54 ss 12 a n d 13. (O n e at le a s t.)
2« Washington. 1913 C 160 s 3. (O n e or m o r e .)
21 Wisconsin. S tatu tes 1915 C 30a ss 573-2.4, 573 -2 .-4 p t, a n d 573-3.1.

( I n co u n tie s o v e r 150,000 four or

m ore.

I n oth er co u n tie s at d iscre tio n o f c o u n t y b o a r d .)
22 Colorado. R e v is e d Statu tes 1908 s 593. (C o u n tie s p f 100,000 o r m ore, n o t o ver th ree; b e tw e e n 25,000 a n d

100,000 n o t m o r e th a n t w o ; b e tw e e n 15,000 an d 25,000 n o t m o re th a n o n e .)
23 Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 163 am e n d e d 1917 C 84. ( I n c o u n tie s o f 5,000 s ch o o l p o p u la tio n , n o t o v e r t w o .
all oth er c ou n ties o n ly o n e .)


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In

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

63

Iow a,1 New Jersey,2 Massachusetts,3 Mississippi,4 Montana,5 Oregon,6
Tennessee,7 Texas,8 and W est Virginia.9 The number to be ap­
pointed is left to the discretion o f the governor in Maine;10 to the
municipal authorities in Mississippi;11 the hoard of revenue and the
road commissioners in M obile County, A la ;12 the com m on council
in B uffalo;13 the court, the board o f aldermen, and the board of esti­
mate and apportionm ent in New Y ork C ity ;14 the board of estimate
and apportionm ent in Syracuse;15 the State probation officer in
Rhode Island;16 the State board o f charities and probation in Ver­
m o n t;17 and the county board in counties of less than 150,000 in W is­
consin.18 The court decides how m any officers are necessary in Ala­
bam a,19Arizona,20Arkansas,21Illinois,22K entucky,23Louisiana,24Mich­
igan,25 Minnesota,26 Nebraska,27 New Y ork ,28 N orth Carolina,29 North
D akota,30 Ohio,31 South D akota,32 Tennessee,33 Texas,34 Virginia,35
and W est Virginia.36
1 Iowa. S u p p lem en t 1913 s 254-al8; 1917 C 405 s 2. (C ou n ties o f 50,000 or m ore, n o t t o e x ce e d fo u r.)
2 New Jersey. C om p iled S tatutes 1910 p 1879 s 180 a m e n d e d 1911 C 225; 1913 C 89. (C ounties o f th e first
class m a y h a v e fiv e, cou n ties o f t h e se co n d class th ree, a n d a ll o th e r co u n tie s o n e .)
s Massachusetts. 1906 C 489 s 6 am e n d e d 1918 C 257 s 419; 1908 C 637. (O n e m a y b e a p p o in te d b y each
c o u r t h a v in g ju ris d iction . T h e B o s to n ju v e n ile c o u r t m a y a p p o in t t w o .)
4 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 ss 19 a n d 23. (O n e p a id officer.)
s Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 a m e n d e d 1915 C 52. ( A c h ie f a n d t w o assistants.)
6 Oregon. L o r d ’ s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4411 an d s 4412 a m e n d e d 1913 C 249. ( I n co u n tie s o f 100,000 or m ore,
t w o h ead s o f depa rtm en ts, one assistant, an d n o t o v e r s ix d e p u tie s.)
7 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 ss 6 an d 18 am e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t Extra, Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917
C 41 and P riv a te A c t s 1917 C 294. ( I n co u n tie s o f 148,000, fiv e .)
s Texas. C od e C rim inal P roced u re 1911 art 1202 a m en d ed 1913 C 112; 1917 C 16 a m e n d e d 1917 C 58.
cou n ties of 100,000 or over, s ix .)

(In

9 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 6 am e n d e d 1917 C 63. (C ou n ties o v e r 30,000, fou r; less th a n 30,000, o n e .)
i® Maine. R e v is e d Statutes 1916 C 137 s 10 a m e n d e d 1917 C 203.
u Mississippi. 1916 G 111 ss 19 an d 23.
12 Alabama. L oca l L a w s 1915 N o . 128 ss 10-14.
is New York. 1891 C 105 a m e n d e d 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 s 524, 1914 C 124, a n d 1917
C 571. (B u ffa lo .)
44 New York. 1910 C 659 s 34-i ad d e d 1915 C 531. (N e w Y o r k C it y .)
is New York. 1910 C 676 ss 32-33 am e n d e d 1916 C 487 a n d 1917 C 112. (S y ra cu se .)
is Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 18; s 24 a m e n d e d 1917 C 1546.
n Vermont. General L a w s 1917 s 7298.
is Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 C 30a s 573-2.4m .
is Alabama. General L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 6; L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 12. ( E x c e p t M o b ile C o u n t y .)
29 Arizona. R e v is e d Statutes 1913 (C iv il C o d e ) s 3565.
si Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 6 am e n d e d 1917 A 420.
22 Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d Statutes 1917 C 23 s 174.
23 Kentucky. Carroll’ s S tatutes 1915 s 331e.3 an d 20.
24 Louisiana. C on stitu tion 1913 art 118 ss 1 an d 2.
26 Michigan. C om p iled L a w s 1915 s 2015.
26 Minnesota. G eneral Statutes 1913 ss 9385-9391; 1917 C 397 s 9.
27 Nebraska. R e v is e d Statutes 1913 s 1249 a m e n d e d 1915 C 24 a n d 1917 C 24.
28 New York. C od e C rim in al P ro ce d u re P a rt I T itle I s 11a.
29 North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 ss 2 an d 3.
39 North Dakota. C o m p iled L a w s 1913 s 11408.
si Ohio. General C od e 1910 s 1662 a m e n d e d 1913 p 864 an d 1917 p 19.
82 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 24.
83 Tennessee. P u b lic A c ts 1911 C 58 ss 6 an d 18 am e n d e d 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,1917
C 41 and P riv a te A c ts 1917 C 294.
84 Texas. C ode C rim in al P ro ce d u re art 1202 am e n d e d 1913 C 112; 1917 C 16 am e n d e d 1917 C 58.
35 Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 5 an d 6.
ss West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 6 am e n d e d 1917 C 63.


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64

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

Provision is made b y law for the paym ent of a definite salary in
California,1 Colorado,2 Delaware,3 the District of Columbia,4 Flor­
ida,5 Indiana,6 Nebraska,7 and the city o f Baltimore.8 A minimum
paym ent is prescribed in Tennessee9 and in Mobile County, A l a .;10
and a m aximum lim it is set in Jefferson County, A la.,11 Arizona,12
Arkansas,13 Colorado,14 Connecticut,15 Iow a,16 Kansas,17 K entucky,18
Missouri,19 M ontana,20 Nevada,21 Ohio,22 Oregon,23 Pennsylvania,24
Tennessee,25 Texas,26 U tah,27 and W est Virginia.28 The amount of
compensation is decided b y the county commissioners in Florida,29
Illinois,30 Maine,31 North Carolina,32 South D akota,33 and Washing1 California. 1915 C 631 ss 18-20 and 19e-19v am e n d e d 1917 C 627 and C 634.
t o size o f c o u n t y .)
2 Colorado. R e v is e d S tatutes 1908 s 593.

(F r o m $600 t o $2,400 a ccord in g

(I n cou n ties o f 100,000 th e ch ie f pro b a tio n officer is p a id $1,500

and th e assistants $1,200.)
2 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3833 am e n d e d 1917 C 252.

(I n W ilm in g to n th e salary o f th e c h ie f is

$1,200, o f th e three w o m e n assistants $750.)
4 District of Columbia. 34 U . S. Statu tes a t L arge p 73 s 4. (T h e m a n receives $1,500, th e w o m a n $900.)
6
Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 5 am en d ed b y 1913 C 6494,1915 C 6919 an d 1917 C 7332. (I n counties o f 90,000 th e
c h ie f receives $1,800, th e assistants $900 an d $480.)
6 Indiana. B u rn s’ A n n o ta te d Statu tes 1914 ss 1631-1637. (P r o b a tio n officers re ce ive $3 p e r d a y e x ce p t
th at w h ere a special co u r t is established t h e y are p a id on th e order o f th e ju d g e .)
7 Nebraska. R e v is e d Statutes 1913 s 1249 am e n d e d 1915 C 24 an d 1917 C 24. (I n counties o f 50,000 an d o ver
th e ch ief is p a id $1,200, th e assistants $3 p er d a y ; in counties o v e r 100,000 th e c h ie f receives $1,800 an d th e
assistants $1,200.)
8 Maryland. C od e o f P u b lic L o ca l L a w s art 4 s 886A am e n d e d 1902 C- 611,1904 C 514, 1906 C 263 an d 1912
C 618. ($1,200 i n B a ltim o re .)
» Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911C 58 ss 6 a nd 18 am en d ed 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C
41, an d P riv a te A c t s 1917 C 294. ( A m in im u m o f $10 p er y e a r.)
w A labama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128 ss 10-14. (C h ie f t o re ce iv e n o t less th a n $90 p er m o n t h .)
11 Alabama. L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 12. (N o t m o r e th a n $1,800 t o ch ief, $1,200 t o d ep u ties.)
12 Arizona. R e v is e d S tatutes 1913 (C iv il C o d e ) s 3565. (C h ie f n o t m o r e th a n $125 a m o n t h .)
13 Arkansas. 1911A 215 s 6 am e n d e d 1917 A 420. (C h ie f n o t o v e r $1,200, assistant $900.)
' 14 Colorado. R e v is e d S tatutes 1908 s 593. ( I n c o u n tie s o f less th a n 500,000 n o t o v e r $1,200 a ye a r.)
is Connecticut. G eneral Statutes 1918 s 2237. (N o t o v e r $4 a d a y in cities o f 50,000 or o v e r; n o t m o re th a n
$3 in oth er p laces.)
i« Iowa. S u p p lem en t 1913 s 254-al8; 1917 C 405 s 2. ( I n cou n ties o f 50,000 or o v e r n o t m o r e th a n $75 a
m o n th ; in counties o f 100,000 or o v e r th e ch ie f is p a id n o t o v e r $1,500 a n d t h e assistants $1,200.)
v Kansas. G eneral Statutes 1915 ss 3067 a n d 3092. (I n cities o f 15,000 an d cou n ties o f 25,000 th e c o m p e n sa ­
tio n is $3 p e r d a y ; i n oth er places $2 a d a y .)
is Kentucky. C a rroll’s S ta tu te s 1915 s 331e.3 an d 20. (I n co u n tie s con tain in g a c it y o f t h e first or secon d
class th e c h ie f m a y r e c iv e $2,400, t h e assistants $1,200 an d $1,000.)
1» Missouri. 1911 p 177 ss 9 -11; 1917 p 195 ss 10-13. (F r o m $300 t o $2,500 a ccord in g to size o f c o u n ty .)
28 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 am e n d e d 1915 C 52. (C h ie f $1,800, assistant $1,200.)
21 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 733 am e n d e d 1917 C 63. (F r o m $75 t o $150 a m o n th acco rd in g t o size o f
c o u n t y .)
22 Ohio. G eneral Code 1910 s 1662 am e n d e d 1913 p 864 a n d 1917 p 19. (C h ie f $3,000, assistant $1,500.)
28
Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4411; s 4412 am e n d e d 1913 C 249. (I n co u n tie s o v e r 100,000: th e t w o
heads o f d e p a rtm e n ts r e c e iv e $150; th e assistant th e sam e an d th e d e p u tie s $100 a m o n th .)
24
Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 3 am e n d e d 1909 p 89; 1913 p 711 s 9 am e n d e d 1915 p 988; 1915 p 5 s 3 am en ded .
1917 p 19. ( I n P h ila d elp h ia th e c h ie f is p a id n o t m o re th a n $5,000, a n d th e assistants $2,500; in A lle g h e n y
C ou n ty th e ch ie f m a y b e p a id $3,000 a n d th e assistants $1,500; an d in th e re st o f th e S tate $1,200.)
28 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911C 58 ss 6 an d 18 a m e n d e d 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41,
a n d P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294. (N o t o v e r $1,200.)
26 Texas. C od e o f Crim in al P ro ce d u re 1911 a rt 1202 a m e n d e d 1913 C 112; 1917 C 16 a m e n d e d 1917 C 58.
(In -cou n ties o f 100,000 or m o r e n o t o v e r $100 a m o n t h .)
27 Utah. 1913 C 54 ss 12 and 13. (A ssistan ts n o t o v e r $4 a d a y .)
28 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 6 am e n d e d 1917 C 63. (In cou n ties o f m o r e th a n 15,000, $600; i n sm aller
cou n ties $300.)
28 Florida. 1911C 6216 s 5 am e n d e d 1913 C 6494,1915 C 6919 an d 1917 C 7332.
88 Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d Statu tes 1917 C 23 s 174.
si Maine. R ev is ed Statu tes 1916 C 137 s 10 am en d ed 1917 C 203.
82 North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 ss 2 an d 3.
88 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 24.


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ton ;1 b y the cou nty board o f supervisors in Michigan,2 Mississippi,3
and part of New Y o r k ;4 b y the county board in W isconsin;5 b y the
com m on council in B u ffa lo;6 the board of estimate and apportion­
ment in Syracuse;7 the State board of charities and corrections in
Rhode Islan d; 8 the city governm ent o f the county seat in counties
of 148,000 in Tennessee;9 the State board o f charities and probation
in V erm on t;10 and b y the court in A labam a,11 Idaho,12 Indiana,13
Maryland,14 M assachusetts,15 M innesota,16 and New Hampshire.17
Probation officers receive no com pensation except expenses in North
D akota,18 South Carolina,19 Virginia,20 and certain counties in Oregon,21
and South D akota.22 The Georgia 23 law provides that paym ent m ay
be made from county funds bu t does n ot m ention the amount. The law
makes no provision for paym ent in Louisiana, New Jersey, and New
Mexico. The law provides for the appointm ent of volunteer proba­
tion officers in Delaware, Florida, Illinois, K entucky, Maryland,
Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, Ohio, Rhode Island, Tennessee*
Utah, W est Virginia, and M onroe and Ontario Counties, N. Y .
3. Term of office.
The probation officers hold office for two years in California,24 fo r
four years in Florida,25 and during the pleasure of the court in Ala­
bama,26 Nebraska,27 Pennsylvania,28 Tennessee,2* and W ashington.30
1 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 3.
2 Michigan: C om p ile d L a w s 1915 s 2015.
3 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 ss 19 a n d 23.
4 New York. C od e o f C rim in al P ro ce d u re P a rt I T it le I s 1 1 a. (N e w Y o r k S ta te.) 1910 C 611 s 11.
(M on roe C o u n t y .) 1913 C 270 s 11. (O n ta r io C o u n ty .)
* Wisconsin. S ta tu tes 1915 s 573-2.5.
* N ew York. 1891 C 105 am e n d e d 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 59, 1911 C 651 s 524, 1914 C 124 an d 1917
C 5 7 1 . (B u ffa lo .)
2 N ew York. 1910 C 676 ss 32-33 a m en d ed 1916 C 487 and 1917 C 112. (S yracu se.)
8 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 ss 18 and 24 am e n d e d 1917 C 1546.
8 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 ss 6 and 18 am en d ed 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177, 1917
C 41 an d P r iv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.
10 Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7298.
11 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 6.
»3 Idaho. 1911 C 158 s 163 a m e n d e d 1917 C 84.
13 Indiana. B u rn s ’ A n n o ta te d S tatu tes 1914 ss 1631-1637.
14 Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 6.
15 Massachusetts. 1908 C 637; 1906 C 413 s 7 a m en d ed 1912 C 187 an d 1916 C 243; 1908 C 465 s 3.
16 Minnesota. G eneral S tatu tes 1913 ss 9385-9391; 1917 C 397 s 9.
17 New Hampshire. P u b lic S tatu tes S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1997 C 125 ss 6 -9 ) a m en d ed 1915 C 96 a n d
1917 C 74.
18 North Dakota. C o m p iled L a w s 1913 s 11408.
19 South Carolina. 1912 N o 429 ss 4 an d 5; 1917 N o 73 s 4.
ao Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 5 a n d 6.
21 Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4411; s 4412 am e n d e d 1913 C 249. (C ounties less th a n 109,000.)
22 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 24.
23 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 ss 22, 23, 24, an d 26 am en d ed 1916 N o 575.
24 California. 1915 C 631 s 18 am e n d e d 1917 C 627 a n d C 634.
23 Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 5 a m e n d e d 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919 a n d 1917 C 7332.
28 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 6.
27 Nebraska. R e v is e d Statu tes 1913 s 1249 a m e n d e d 1915 C 24 a n d 1917 C 24.
28 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 3 a m e n d e d 1909 p 89; 1913 p 711 s 9 a m e n d e d 1915 p 988; 1915 p 5 s 3
a m en d ed 1917 p 19.
29 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 ss 6 a n d 18 a m e n d e d 1913 (F irs t E x tr a S ession) C 22,1915 C 177,1917
C 41 a n d P riv a te A c t s 1917 C 294.
30 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 3.

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4. Powers and duties.
I t is the duty of the probation officer as specified in the laws o f
thirty-three States 1 (1) to investigate the case, (2) to be present at
the hearing and represent the interests o f the child, (3) to give such
inform ation and assistance as the court m ay require, and (4) to take
charge of the child before and after trial. In addition, in m ost
of these laws,2 he is given the powers of police officer or sheriff, to
execute processes and make arrests. The definition of duties is
not quite so broad in Alabam a,3 Connecticut,4 Indiana,5 Maine,6 New
Hampshire,7 New Y ork,8 North Carolina,9 R hode Island,10 South
Carolina,11 and Verm ont.12 In the District o f Columbia 13 and New
M exico 14 duties are prescribed b y the court. In Michigan, New
Jersey, and Oklahoma there is no mention o f any powers or duties.
1 T h e lo llo w in g States h a v e m o s t o f these p r o v is io n s : Arizona. R e v is e d S tatutes 1913 (C iv il C od e) s 3565.
Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 6 am e n d e d 1917 A 420. California. 1915 C 631 s 20 am e n d e d 1917 € 627 a n d C 634.
Colorado. R e v is e d Statutes 1908 s 593. Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3833 a m e n d e d 1917 C 252. Florida.
1911 C 6216 s 5 a m en d ed b y 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919 a n d 1917 C 7332. Georgia. 1915 N o 210 ss 22, 2 3 ,2 4 ,
a n d 26 am en d ed 1916 N o 575. Idaho. 1911C 159 s 163 am e n d e d 1917 O 84. Illinois. H u r d 's R e v is e d S tat­
utes 1917 C 23 s 174. Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s 254-al8; 1917 C 405 s 2. Kansas. G eneral S tatu tes 1915
ss 3067 a n d 3092, Kentucky. C a rroll’s S tatutes 1915 s 331e.3 a n d .20. Louisiana. C o n s titu tio n 1913 art
118 s i . Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 6, Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 7 a m e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243. Min­
nesota. G eneral Statutes 1913 ss 9385-9391; 1917 C 397 s 9. Mississippi. 1916 C 111 ss 19 a n d 23. Missouri.
1911 p 177 ss 9-11; 1917 p 195 s 11. Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 a m e n d e d 1915 C 52. Nebraska: R e v is e d
S tatu tes 1913 s 1249 a m en d e d 1915 C 24 a n d 1917 C 24. Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 ss 733 a n d 734 a m e n d e d
1917 C 63. North Dakota. C o m p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11408. Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1663. Oregon. L o r d ’s
O regon L a w s 1910 s 4411; s 4412 am e n d e d 1913 C 249. Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 3 a m e n d e d 1909 p 89;
1915 p 5 a m en d ed 1917 p 19; 1913 p 711 am e n d e d 1915 p p 988 a n d 1017 a n d 1917 p 1015. South Dakota. 1915
C 119 s 24. Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 ss 6 a n d 18 am e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C
177,1917 C 41 a n d P riv a te A c t s 1917 C 294. Texas. C od e o i C rim in a l P ro ce d u re 1911 art 1202 am e n d e d 1913
C 112; 1917 C 16 am en d ed 1917 C 58. Utah. 1913 C 54 ss 12 a n d 13. Virginia. 1914 C 850 ss 5 a n d 6. Wash­
ington. 1913 C 160 s 3. West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 6 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63. Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 ss
573-3.1 t o 573-3.6.
2 A riz on a , C a liforn ia, C o lo ra d o , D elaw are, G eorgia, I d a h o , I o w a , K an sas, K e n t u c k y , L ou isia n a , Mas­
sachusetts, M issouri, M on ta n a , N e v a d a , O h io , O regon , S o u th D a k o ta , T en n essee, T e x a s , U ta h , V irg in ia ,
W a s h in g to n , W e s t V irg in ia , a n d W isc o n s in . A ls o M on roe a n d O n tario C ou n ties, N . Y . (1910 C 611 s 11;
1913 C 270 s 11).
3 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 6; L o c a l L a w s 1915 N o 128 ss 10-14 a n d N o 361 s 12. (P e t it io n ,
su p ervision , a n d pow ers o f peace officers.)
4 Connecticut. G eneral S tatutes 1918 s 6669. (In v e stig a te , preserve record s, a n d ta k e charge o f a ll persons
p la ced o n p ro b a tio n .)
s Indiana. B u rn s ’ A n n o ta te d Statutes 1914 ss 1631-1637.

(In v e stig a te , report t o c o u r t, represent c h ild

at hearing, a n d v ,s it c h ild p la ce d o n p r o b a tio n .)
6 Maine. R e v is e d Statutes 1916 C 137 s 10 am e n d e d 1917 C 203.

(In v e stig a te t h e s c h o o l atten dan ce o f

ch ild ren b e tw e e n 5 a n d 16.)
7 New Hampshire. P u b lic Statutes S u p p le m e n t 1913 G 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125. ss 6-9) a m e n d e d 1915 C 96
a n d 1917 C 74.

(In vestigate e v e r y crim in a l case.)

8 New York. C od e o f C rim in al P rocedu re P a rt I T itle ! s 11a.
persons p la c e d o n p r o b a tio n .)
9 North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 ss 2 a n d 3.

(In v e stig a te , report t o ju d g e , supervise

(Charge o f a ll d e lin q u e n t a n d d e p e n d e n t ch ildren

b ro u g h t b efore th e c o u r t.)
i° Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 ss 18 a n d 24 am en d ed 1917 C 1546. (In v e s tig a te case a n d represent eh ild .)
u South Carolina. 1912 N o 429 ss 4 a n d 5; 1917 N o 73 s 4. (In v e stig a te , ta k e charge of c h ild , a n d re p o rt
o n co n d u c t.)
12 Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 ss 7299-7304. (C are a n d c u s t o d y o l a ll person s p la c e d o n p r o b a tio n .)
13 District o f Columbia. 34 U . S. S tatu tes a t L arge p 73 s 4.
14 New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 11.


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C. ADVISORY, SUPERVISORY, OR ADM INISTRATIVE BO ARD.

The statutes of Alabam a,1 Arkansas,2 California,3 D elaw are/
Florida,6 Georgia,6 Illinois,7 K entucky,8 Massachusetts,9 Minne­
sota,10 Missouri,11 Montana,12 Nebraska,13 North D akota,14 Oregon,15
Pennsylvania/* Tennessee,17 Texas,18 U ta h /9 W ashington,20 W est
Virginia,21 and W isconsin22 provide for the establishment o f a board
or committee to assist in the administration of the juvenile-court
law. I t is in m ost instances com posed o f citizens appointed b y the
judge to serve without compensation, whose duty it is to inspect
institutions and associations to which the court commits children,
to visit children placed in fam ily homes, to render any advice and
assistance which the court m ay require, and to make an annual report
to the public concerning the work o f the court.
D. RECO RD S AND RE PO R TS.

A separate juvenile record is required in all States23except Georgia,
Maine, South Carolina, Texas, and W yom ing. The laws estab1-Alabama, G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 13; L o ca l L a w s 1915 N o 361 s 20b; L o ca l L a w s 1915 M o. 128 s 19.
( I n M ob ile C ou n ty th e ju v e n ile -co u rt co m m issio n is a p p o in te d b y th e b o a rd o f re v e n u e a n d th e r o a d com m ission ers.)

2 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 14 a m e n d e d 1917 A 429.
8 California. 1915 C 631 s 17 a m en d ed 1917. C 627 an d C 634. (A ls o con trols m an agem en t o f d eten tion
h o m e .)

* Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3838.
« Florida. 1915 C 6841.

(A p p lie s t o W ilm in g to n .)

6 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 38 a m en d ed 1916 M o 575 .
7 Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d S tatu tes 1917 C 23 ss 186-187.
8 Kentucky. C arroll’s S ta tu te s 1915 s 3 3 1 e .!7 ,
9 Massachusetts. 1998 C 46s.

( A p p o in t e d b y th e c h ie f ju s tic e o f th e su perior c o u r t .)

w H innesoia. 1917 C 194 ss 4-7. ( A c o u n ty b o a rd o f c h ild w elfare a p p o in te d b y th e State b o a rd o f co n tro l
a t th e req u est o f th e c o u n ty b o a rd . W h e re n o s u ch b o a rd is a p p o in te d th e ju d g e o f th e ju v e n ile c o u r t m a y
a p p o in t a lo c a l agent. B oa rd o r agen t m a y p e rfo rm d u tie s o f p ro b a tion a n d sch ool atte n d a n ce officers )
11 Missouri. R e v is e d S tatutes 1909 ss 1329-1332.
12 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 13.

18 Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1913 s 1261.

(S u pervise d e te n tio n h o m e also.)

u

Dakota. C om p iled L a w s 1913 s 11420. (In v e stig a te eases a ls o .)
14 Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4421.
78 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 8 s 1 a m en d ed 1913 p 452.

17
Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 13 am e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177 1917 Q 41
and P riv a te A c t s 1917 C 294. (B o a r d o f vis ita tio n a p p o in te d b y th e c o u r t i n each c o u n t y . A b o a rd o f visi­
tors an d supervisors o f th e ju v e n ile co u r t m a y b e a p p o in te d in counties h a v in g a p o p u la tio n o f 190 000 b v
th e governing a u th o rity o f th e c o u n ty seat.)
*
is Texas. 1917 C 16 a m en d ed 1917 C 58. ( I n co u n ties h a v in g a p o p u la tio n o f 109,000 o r o v e r an d e o n tam in g a c it y o f 70,000 th e ju d g e s o f th e c iv il an d c rim in a l d is tric t c o u r ts to ge th e r w it h th e c o u n t y ju d " e
are con stitu ted a ju v e n ile b oa rd o f th e c o u n ty . T h is b o a rd e xercises fu n ctio n s sim ila r t o th ose describ ed
a b o v e .)

19 Utah. 1913 C 54 s 1 . ( A ju v e n ile -co u rt co m m issio n con sistin g o f th e g overn or, th e A tto r n e y G eneral
and th e State su perin ten den t o f p u b lic in stru ctio n . A lth o u g h a State com m ission , has p o w e rs a n d fu n c­
tion s sim ilar t o those exereised b y m o s t o f th e a b o v e -m e n tio n e d b oard s a n d com m ission s.)
20 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 18.
» West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 23 a m en d ed 1917 C 63.

22 Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573f am e n d e d 1917 C 589; an d s 573-10. ( T w o organization s are a p p o in te d
b y th e ju d g e : ( 1 ) a c o u n ty b o a rd o f c h ild w elfare for a d v ic e an d con su ltation o n th e administration o f
th e law granting pensions t o m o th e rs; ( 2 ) a b o a rd o f v isita tio n sim ilar t o th e boards in o th e r S ta tes.)
28 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 4. Arizona. R e v is e d Statu tes 1913 ( C iv il C od e) s 3582. A r­
kansas. 1911 A 215 s 3 am en ded 1917 A 429. California. 1915 € 631 s 16 am e n d e d 1917 C «27 a n d C 634.
Colorado. R ev is ed S tatutes 1938 s 587. Connecticut. G en eral S tatutes 1918 s 1858. Delaware. R e v is e d
C od e 1915 s 3831. (W ilm in g to n .) Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 2 am e n d e d 1913 C 6494,1915 C 6919an d 1917C 7332.
Idaho. 1911 C 169 s 153 am en d e d 1917 C 84. Illinois. H u r d ’s R e v is e d Statutes 1917 C 23 s 17 1 . Indiana.


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Tishina; special juvenile courts in the District of Columbia ; Mobile and
Jefferson Counties, A la .; the city of Buffalo, and Monroe, Ontario, and
Chautauqua Counties, N. Y ., do not m ention the keeping of records.
The juvenile court is required to report periodically to some other
authority in Arkansas,1 California,2 Colorado,3 Delaware,4 Idaho,5
Iow a,6 Kansas,7 K entucky,8 Louisiana,9 Michigan,10 M ontana,11 Ne­
braska,12 New Ham pshire,13 Oklahom a,14 U tah,15 Virginia,16 W est
Virginia,17 New Y ork C ity,18 and Buffalo, N. Y .19 These reports are
annual-except in Nebraska, New Hampshire, and Utah, where they
are to be m ade m onthly. T hey usually contain the number and
the disposition of children dealt with and u other useful inform ation
which m ay be required. R eports are made to the governor of the
State in Arkansas, Idaho, Kansas, and K e n tu ck y ; to the State board
of charities in California, Colorado, Louisiana, Michigan, Nebraska,
New Hampshire, and Virginia) to the commissioner of charities and
corrections in O klahom a; to the State board of control in Io w a ; to
the cou n ty board in California and Colorado; to the county com ­
missioners in W est V irginia; to the court of general sessions in Dela­
ware; to the juvenile-court commission in Utah; to the com m on
council in Buffalo, N. Y . ; and to the secretary of state, the mayor,
the com ptroller, and the board of aldermen in New T ork City.
B u rn s’ A n n o ta te d S tatutes 1914 s 1630. Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 s 254-al3. Kansas. G eneral Statutes
1915 s 3068. Kentucky. C arroll’s S tatutes 1915 s 331e.2. Louisiana. C on stitu tion 1913 a rt 118 s 2. Mary­
land. 1916 C 326 s 3. Massachusetts. R e v is e d L a w s 1902 C 86 s 16; 1906 C 413 s 6 am e n d e d 1912 C 187an d 1916
C 243. Michigan. C om p ile d L a w s 1915 s 2013. Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 3. Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 22.
Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 2; 1917 p 195 s 2. Montana. 1911 C 122 s 3. Nebraska. R e v is e d S tatutes 1913 s 1246.
Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912s 730. N ew Hampshire. 1 9 1 7 C 3 1 s 2 . N ew Jersey. C o m p ile d Statutes 1910p 1887
s 207 am en d ed 1916 s 212; 1912 C 353 s 8. N ew Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 3. N ew York. C on solidated L aw s 1909
C 40 (P e n a l) s 487; 1910 C 659 s 34-1 ad d e d 1915 C 531. North Carolina. P u b lic L a w s 1915 C 222 s 4 .
North Dakota. C om p iled L a w s 1913 s 11405. Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1641. Oklahoma. R e v ise d Law s
1910 s 4414. Oregon. L o r d ’s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4408 am e n d e d 1913 C 249 and 1915 C 147. Pennsylvania.
1893 p 459 s 2, 1903 p 274 s 1. Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 13 a m en d ed 1917 C 1546. South Dakota . 1915
C 119 s 3. Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C 58 s 3 a m e n d e d 1913 (F ir s t E x tr a Session) C 22, 1915 C 177.
1917 C 41 an d P riv a te A c ts 1917 C 294. Utah. 1913 C 54 s 1. Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7324. Vir­
ginia. 1914 C 57 s 8. Washington. 1913 C 160 s 2. West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 3 am e n d e d 1917 C 63. Wis­

consin. Statutes 1915 ss 573-2.2 and 573-2.3.
1 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 16 a m e n d e d 1917 A 420.
2 California. 1915 C 631 s 20 am en d ed 1917 C 627 an d C 634.
2 Colorado. R e v is e d Statutes 1908 s 587.
4 Delaware. R e v is e d C ode 1915 s 3831.
s Idaho. 1911 C 159-s 153 a m en d ed 1917 C 84.
e Iowa. S u p p lem en t 1913 s 254-a26.
7 Kansas. G eneral S tatutes 1915 ss 3090 an d 3095.
8 Kentucky. C arroll’s S tatutes 1915 s 331e.2.
9 Louisiana. C on stitu tion 1913 art 118 s 4.
19 Michigan. C om p iled L a w s 1915 s 2015.
n Montana. 1911 C 122 s 3.
12 Nebraska. R e v is e d Statu tes 1913 ss 5831-5837.
18
New Hampshire. P u b lic Statutes S u p p lem en t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 10) am e n d e d 1915 C 96 and
1917 C 74.
14 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4415.
is Utah. 1913 C 54 s 15.
is Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 6.
17 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 25 a m en d ed 1917 C 63.
is New York. 1910 C 659 s 3 4 -j a d d e d 1915 C 531. (N e w Y o r k C ity .)
1» N ew York. 1891C 105am en ded 1901C 627,1902 C 549,1908 C 50,1911 C 651 s 522,1914 C 124 an d 1917 C 571.


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VIII.

CONSTRUCTION AND PURPOSE OF THE IAW .

Thirty-five States have provided for liberal construction of the
juvenile-court law. In Alabam a 1 “ all proceedings shall be upon
the theory that the child is a ward of the State and subject to the
discipline and entitled to the protection which the court should
give under the conditions disclosed. ” A similar statement is con­
tained in the Georgia 2 statute and in the laws applying to Monroe,
Ontario, and Chautauqua Counties, N. Y .3 In Mississippi4 the act
shall be liberally construed, and wide discretion given all officers
in carrying out its objects, with proper regard to the welfare of the
child and to the public interest. In Illinois 5 the act “ shall be
liberally construed to the end that the care, custody, and disci­
pline o f the child m ay approxim ate that which should be given b y
its parents.” The provision is substantially the same in Arkansas,6
California,7Colorado,8Delaware,9Florida,10Indiana,11Iow a,12Kansas,13
K entucky,14 Louisiana,15 Massachusetts,16 Minnesota,17 Missouri,18
Montana,19 Nebraska,20 N evada,21 New Hampshire,22 New Jersey,23
North D akota,24 Ohio,25 Oklahoma,26 Oregon,27 Rhode Island,28 South
1 Alabama. General L a w s 1915 N o 506 s 4.
2 Georgia. 1915 N o 210 s 10 am e n d e d 1916 N o 575.
3 New York. 1910 C 611 ss l a n d 7; 1913 C 270 s 7; 1918 C 464 s 2. (S h all b e co n stru e d as rem edia l in ch aracter.)
4 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 20.
5 Illinois. H u r d ’ s R e v is e d Statu tes 1917 C 23 s 189.
6 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 17..
r 7 California. 1915 C 631 s 24 a m e n d e d 1917 C 627 an d C 634.

h

: 8 Colorado. R e v is e d S tatu tes 1908 ss 560 an d 697; s 558 a m e n d e d 1913 p 694. (F o r t h e p r o te c tio n o f th e
c h ild , th e h o m e , a n d t h e S tate, i n th e in terest o f p u b lic m orals, an d for th e p r e v e n tio n o f p o v e r t y and
c r im e .)
9 Delaware. R e v is e d C od e 1915 s 3841. (W ilm in g to n .)
Jo Florida. 1911C 6216 s 15 a m e n d e d 1913 C 6494,1915 C 6919 an d 1917 C 7332.
11 Indiana. B u rn s’ A n n o ta te d S tatu tes 1914 ss 1640 an d 1646.
12 Iowa. S u p p le m e n t 1913 ss 254-a28 an d 254-a47.
13 Kansas. G eneral S tatu tes 1915 s 3079.
14 Kentucky. C arroll’ s S tatu tes 1915 s 331e.l8. (C h ild t o b e ca re d for as it w o u ld b e b y ch a n c e r y c o u r t .)
Louisiana. C o n s titu tio n 1913 art 118 s 4.
18 Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 2 a m e n d e d 1912 C 187 a n d 1916 C 243.
»7 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 32.
is Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 22; 1917 p 195 s 18.
19 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 24.
20 Nebraska. R ev ised -S ta tu te s 1913 s 1260.
21 Nevada. R e v is e d L a w s 1912 s 750.

22 New Hampshire. P u b lic S ta tu te s S u p p le m e n t 1913 C 85 (L a w s 1907 C 125 s 19) am e n d e d 1915 C 96 and
1917 C 74.

23 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 22. (E s s e x a n d H u d s o n C ou n ties.)
24 North Dakota. C o m p ile d L a w s 1913 s 11422.
26 Ohio. G eneral C od e 1910 s 1683. . ( T o b e st su bserve t h e m o ra l a n d p h y s ic a l w elfare o f th e c h ild .)
28 Oklahoma. R e v is e d L a w s 1910 s 4426.
27 Oregon. L o r d ’ s O regon L a w s 1910 s 4424.
28 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 22 a m e n d e d 1917 C 1546.

69


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70

SUMM ARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

D a k o ta / Tennessee/ U ta h / V e rm o n t/ V irgin ia/ W ashington/ and
W est Virginia.7
1 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 35.
2 Tennessee. P u b lic A c t s 1911 C S8 s 17 am e n d e d 1913 (F irs t E x tr a Session) C 22,1915 C 177,1917 C 41 and
P r iy a te A c t s 1917 C 294.
s Utah. 1913 C 54 s 19.
* Vermont. G eneral L a w s 1917 s 7337.

(T h a t th e restra in t o f a d e lin q u e n t s h a li te n d rather t o w a rd h is

reform ation th a n t o h is p u n ish m e n t as a c r im in a l.)
6 Virginia, 1914 G 350 s 14.
• Washington. 1913 C 160 s 14.
t West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 26 a m e n d e d 1917 C 63.


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LIST OF REFERENCES, BY STATES, TO STATUTORY SOURCES.
Alabama :
General Laws 1915 N o 506 (p 577) and N o 498 (p 560). (State.)
Local Laws 1915 N o 128 (p 115), N o 361 (p 268), and N o 110
(p 30). (Mobile and Jefferson Counties.)

Arizona :
Revised
Revised
1917 C
1917 C

Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) ss 3562-3578.
Statutes 1913 (Penal Code) ss 255-271, 1468.
18.
89. (Control of State institutions.)

Arkansas :
1911
1917

A 215 amended 1917 A 420.
A 326. (Mothers’ pensions.)

California :
1915
1915
1917

C 631 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634.
C 776. (Mental defectives.)
C 168. (Desertion and nonsupport.)

Colorado :
Revised Statutes 1908.
ss 552-608 (s 558 amended 1913 p 694; s 588 amended 1909
C 156).
ss 1549-1559. (Minors.)
ss. 1589-1607. (Counties o f 100,000.)
1909 C 157. (Contributing to delinquency and dependency.)
1909 C 158.
1911 C 95. (Child labor.)
1911 C 186. (Probation officers.)
1913 C 50. (State hom e.)
1913 C 51.

Connecticut :
General Statutes 1918.
ss 1766-1799. (County homes.)
ss 1800-1830. (Industrial schools.)
ss 1853-1859. (Juvenile offenders.)
ss 1860—1863.
s 1870. (Appeal.)
ss 1888 and 1893. (State board of charities.)
s 2237. (Paym ent to probation officers.)
ss 6668-6675. (Probation officers.)
71


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72

SUMM ARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

Delaware:
Revised Code 1915.
ss 2192-2213. (Industrial schools.)
ss 3816-3826. (Juvenile delinquents and probation.)
ss 3827-3843 (ss 3830 and 3833 amended 1917 C 252;
ss 3837A and 3840A added 1917 C 253).

District of Columbia:
U.
U.
U.
U.
32
34
35
37
39

S.
S.
S.
S.
U.
U.
U.
U.
U.

Revised Statutes Supplement
Revised Statutes Supplement
Revised Statutes Supplement
Revised Statutes Supplement
S. Statutes at Large p 972.
S. Statutes at Large p 73.
S. Statutes at Large p 420.
S. Statutes at Large p 134.
S. Statutes at Large p 56.

1891
1901
1901
1901

C 58 p 474.
C 250 p 48.
C 807 p 1446.
C 847 p 1544.

Florida:
i911 C 6216 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919 and 1917 C 7332.
1911 C 6221.
1915 C 6840. •
1915 C 6841.
1915 C 6906.

Georgia:
1915 N o 210 amended 1916 N o 575 (p 58).

Idaho:
Revised Code 1908 s 823.
1909 p 38 N o 267 amended 1911 C 185 and C 193.
1911 C 159 amended 1917 C 84.

Illinois:
H urd’s Revised Statutes 1917.
C 23 ss 169-190d, 271-278, 341.
C 38 ss 42 h i-42 hn.
C 122 ss 324, 328, and 329.

Indiana:
Burns’ A nnotated Statutes 1914.
ss 1630-1649.
s 6678 amended 1915 C 77.
Supplement 1918 ss 1640a, 1641, 1648, and 6676.

Iow a:
Supplement to the Code 1913 ss 2 5 4 -a l3 to 254-a47.
Supplemental Supplement 1915 ss 254-al5, 2 5 4-al6 and 254-a
to 254-1.
1917 C 405.


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SUMM ARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

73

Kansas:
General Statutes 1915.
ss 3065-3103 (s 3065 amended 1917 C 154).
ss 9416—9417. (School attendance.)
s 9689. (State orphans’ home.)
ss 10077—10118. (Industrial schools.)

Kentucky:
Carroll’s Statutes 1915.
ss 3 3 1 d .l-3 3 1 d .ll.
(Contributing to delinquency and
dependency.)
ss 331e.l-331e.23.
ss 331g.l-331g.6. (Parent contributing to delinquency.)
Louisiana:
Constitution 1913 art 118 (s 5 repealed 1916 N o 13).
1916 N o 139.
1918 N o 143.
1918 N o 169.

Maine:
Revised Statutes 1916.
C 64 ss 49-62 (s 53 amended 1917 C 297).
C 120 ss 33-37. (Contributing to delinquency.)
C 137 s 10 amended 1917 C 203; ss 15 and 16.
C 144. (State juvenile institutions.)

Maryland:
Code of Public Local Laws.
A rt 1 ss 184A-184C amended 1912 C 471 and 1914 C 701;
ss 184D-184F added 1914 C 701.
A rt 4 s 623A amended 1902 C 611, 1904 C 521, and 1910
C 41.
A rt 4 ss 886A and 886B amended 1902 C 611, 1904 C 514,
and 1912 C 618. (s 886A also amended 1906 C 263.)
ss 886C-886F added 1912 C 618.
s 886F also amended 1918 C 208.
1916 C 326 p 675.
1916 C 670. (Mothers’ pensions.)

Massachusetts:
Revised Laws 1902 C 86 (s 20 amended 1902 C 314, s 31 amended
1904 C 459, and s 36 amended 1904 C 363); C 84 s 2 amended
1908 C 598; C 217 s 83; C 46 s 6 amended 1913 C 779.
1903 C 334 amended 1909 C 181.
1905 C 4 6 4 s 1.
1906 C 413 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243.
1906 C 489 amended 1918 C 257 s 419. (Boston.)


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SUM M ARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

74

Massachusetts— Continued.
1907 C 335.
1907 C 411 amended 1918 C 257 s 418.
1908 C 465.
1908 0 637.
. 1908 C 639.
1911 C 175.
1913 C 457.

Michigan:
Compiled Laws 1915 ss 2011-2028.
Minnesota :
General Statutes 1913. •
ss 202-204.
ss 9385—9391.
ss 9394-9397. (Industrial schools.)
1917 C 194 ss 1-7. (State board of control and county hoard of
welfare.)
1917 C 212 ss 18 and 19.
1917 C 223. (Mothers’ pensions.)
1917 C 265. (Confinement o f minors.)
1917 C 397.
Mississippi :
1916 C i l l .
Missouri :
Revised Statutes 1909.
ss 466, 469, 470 and 472.
ss 467, 468, 471 and 473 amended 1917 p 109.
ss 1329-1332. (Board of county visitors.)
s 4491. (Contributing to delinquency.)
1911 p 120 amended 1913 p 146. (Mothers’ pensions.)
1911 p 177.
1911 p 349.

(Board of children’s guardians.)

1917 p 195.
Montana :
R evised Code 1907 ss 271-281 and 7829-7843.
1911 C 122 ss 1-24 (s 14 amended 1915 C 52.)
1913 C 76 s 1107.
1917 C 83. (Mothers’ pensions.)

Nebraska:
Revised Statutes 1913.
ss 1244-1264 (s 1249 amended 1915 C 24 and 1917 C 24).
ss 5831-5837.


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SUM M ARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

75

Nevada :
Revised Laws 1912.
ss 728-764 (s 733 amended 1917 C 63; s 734 amended 1917
C 63).
ss 4087-4108. (State ¡orphans' hom e.)
ss 4098 and 4099 amended 1913 C 243.
1913 C 254. (State school o f industry.)

New Hampshire:
Public Statutes Supplement 1913.
C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125) amended 1915 C 96 and 1917 C 74.
C 284.
1917 C 31.

New Jersey:
Compiled Statutes 1910.
p 453.
p .1874 m 163-156. :
p 1879 ss 180-185 ( s 180 am ended 1911 C 225 and 1913 C 89).
p 1887 ss 206-225 (s 207 amended 1916 C 212.)
1912 C 327 amended 1918 C 84.
1912 C 353 amended 1918 C 81. (Counties o f the first class.)
1912 C 360 ss 1-5 amended 1918 C 83.
1913 C 221 s 4 amended 1915 C 224.
1913 C 281 amended 1915 C 118. (Mothers' pensions.)
1913 C 340. (School for dependent and delinquent children.)
1915 C 246 amended 1918 C 85.
1918 C 82.
1918 C 36.
1918 0 147.- (Correctional and reform atory institutions.)

New Mexico:
Statutes 1915 ss 5107—5110. (R eform school.)
1917 C 4. (Delinquent children.)
1917 C 85. (Dependent and neglected children.)

New York:
Consolidated Laws 1909.
C 40 (Penal).
art 44 ss 480-493, amended as follow s:
s 483(3) repealed 1910 C 699.
s 484 amended -1910 C 3S3 and C 475, 1911 C 243,
and 1917 C 564.
s 485 am ended 1916 C 278.
s 486 amended 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480 and 1917
C 430.
s 494 added 1910 C 699.
art 196 s 2184 am ended 1913 C 607; ss 2186 and 2194.
C 11 (County law) s 99.
C 55 (State charities law) s 184, s 213 amended 1910 C 449,
and s 366.

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76

SUMM ARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

New York— Continued.

.
?
Code o f Criminal Procedure Part I Title I s 11a; Part IV Title
X I I s 554(4).
1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C
651, 1914 C 124 and 1917 C 571. (Buffalo.)
1910 C 611. (Monroe County.)
1910 C 659 amended 1911 C 721, 1913 C 691 and 1915 C 531.
(New Y ork City.)
1910 C 676 amended 1916 C 487 and 1917 C 112. (Syracuse.)
1913 C 270. (Ontario County.)
1915 C 489. (Saratoga County.)
1918 C 108. (Olean.)
1918 C 464. (Chautauqua County.)

North Carolina:
Public Laws 1915 C 222.
P ublic Laws 1917 C 170.
Public Laws 1917 C 255.

(State board of charities.)
(State industrial schools.)

North Dakota:
Compiled Laws 1913 ss 11402-11428; s 10959.
1915 C 179. (Juvenile commissioner.)

Ohio;
General Code 1910.
s 1532-1 added 1916 p 424. (M ontgomery County.)
s 1532-2 added 1917 p 703. (Summit County.)
s 1532-4 added 1917 p 721. (Mahoning County.)
ss 1639-1683, amended as follow s:
ss 1639, 1642-1647, 1648, 1651-1656, 1658-1662, 1668,
1670, 1672, 1675-1678 and 1680 amended 1913 p 864.
s 1639 also amended 1914 p 176. (Hamilton County.)
s 1645 also amended 1915 p 458.
ss 1648-1 and 1652-1 added 1913 p 864.
s 1662 also amended 1917 p 19.
s 1676 repealed and reenacted as s 1352-2 1913 p 864.
s 1683-1 added 1911 p 425.
s 1683-1 supplemented 1913 p 864.
ss 1683-2 to 1683-3 added 1913 p 864 and amended
1915 p 436.
ss 1683—4 to 1683—9 added 1913 p 864.
s 1683-10 added 1914 p 199.
ss 1683-13 to 1683-19 added 1917 p 732. (Lucas
County.)
s 1841-1 added 1913 p 175.
ss 2497-2499.
ss 2971-2976 amended 1913 p 864.
s 3169.
s 4102.
s 6272.

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sum m ary

of

j u v e n il e -co u rt

l e g is l a t io n .

77

Oklahoma :
Revised Laws 1910 ss 4412-4426 (s 4420 repealed 1915 p 199 s 1).
1915 C 183. (Mothers’ pensions.)
1915 p 230. (State hom e.)
1917 p 292. (State home.)
Constitution art 6 s 28. (State board of charities.)

Oregon :
L ord ’s Oregon Laws 1910.
ss 2150-2154. (Contributing to delinquency or depend­
ency.)
ss 4406-4426 (s 4407 amended 1915 C 147; s 4408 amended
1913 C 249 and 1915 C 147; ss 4412 and 4416 amended
1913 C 249).
1917 C 48. (Illegitimate children.)
1917 C 267. (Mothers’ pensions.)

Pennsylvania :
1893 p 459.
1903 p 8 amended 1913 p 452.
1903 p 11.
1903 p 137 amended 1913 p 870.
1903 p 274 amended 1909 p 89, 1909 p 119, 1911 p 543, 1911 p.
959, 1913 p 1039, and 1915 p 304.
1909 p 434.
1911 p 198 amended 1915 p 5 and 1917 p 19. (Allegheny
County.) •
1913 p 177.
1913 p 711 amended 1915 p 988, 1915 p 1017 and 1917 p 1015.
(Philadelphia.)
1915 p 244.
1915 p 652.

Rhode Island:
: General Laws 1909.
C 139 ss 1-11 (s 3 amended 1912 C 827; ss 10 and 11 added
1910 C 550).
C 140 ss 1-7 (s 7 added 1910 C 551).
C 354 s 46 amended 1915 C 1261.
1915 C 1185 amended 1917 C 1546.

Sonth Carolina:
1912 N o 429. (State.)
1917 N o 73. (Counties of more than 20,000 and not over 50,000.)

Sonth Dakota:
1907 C 223. (State training school.)
1909 C 275 amended 1913 C 175. (Contributing to delinquency
or dependency.)
1915C 119.
1917 C 300. (Mothers’ pensions.)

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78

SUM M ARY OF JUVE X1LK-C0URT LEGISLATION.

Tennessee:
Public A cts 1911 C 58 amended 1913 (First E xtra Session) C 22,
1915 C 177, 1917 C 41, and Private A cts 1917 C 294. (State
except counties of 70,000 to 90,000.)
Private Acts.
1911 C 182. (Ham ilton C ounty.)
1913 C 277 amended 1915 C 292. (K nox County.)
Public Acts.
1915 C 32. (Mothers’ pensions.)
1915 C 86.
1915 C 120. (Desertion and nonsupport.)
1917 C 120.

Texas:
Revised Civil Statutes 1911.
art 2184-2190. (Dependent and neglected children.)
art 2191-2201 superseded 1913 C 112. (Delinquent chil­
dren.)
Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1195-1207 (art 1205 re­
pealed 1913 C 112; art 1195-1207 amended 1913 C 112; art
1197 also amended 1918 C 26).
Penal Code 1911 art 1055; art 1055a added 1918 C 52.
' 1913 C 144 p 289. (State training school for girls.)
1917 C 93 p 252 amended 1918 C 14; C 16 amended 1917 C 58.

Utah
Compiled Laws 1907 ss 720x23-720x48 amended as follow s:
ss 720x24, 25, 29, 30 and 32 amended 1909 C 123.
s 720x37 amended 1911 C 55.
ss 720x42 and 720x43 amended 1909 C 110.
s 720x42 also amended 1911 C 54.
1913 C 54.
1913 C 90. (Mothers’ pensions.)
1911 C 144 s 15. (Child labor.)

Vermont:
General Laws 1917.
ss 7292-7304. (Probation.)
s 7313. (Board of charities and probation.)
| ss 7323-7337.
Virginia:

1914 C 57. (Counties of 50,000 or m ore.)
1914 C 170. (Industrial schools.)
1914 C 228. (Contributing to delinquency.)
1914 C 350. (State.)
1918 C 189. (County o t city farms.)


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SUMM ARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

79

Washington:
1913 C l l l .
(Discharge from State training school.) .
1913 C 157. (State training school.)
1913 C 160.
1915 C 135. (Mothers’ pensions.)

West Virginia:
1909 C 80 amended 1917 C 23. (W est Virginia Children’s H om e.)
1915 C 70 amended 1917 C 63.
1917 C 51. (Desertion and nonsupport.)

Wisconsin:
Statutes 1915.
ss 561-567d.
ss 573-573j (573-5.2a added 1917 C 350; 5 7 3 f-l, 2, 5 and 6
amended 1Q17 C 589 (Aid to m others); 573f-6a added
1917 C 589).
s 1728a-l amended 1917 C 674. (Child labor.)
s 458li. (Contributing to delinquency.)

Wyoming:
Compiled Statutes 1910 ss 3123-3135 and 1097.
1915 C 99. (Definitions, agencies, and placing.)


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A PPEN D IX.
ADDITIONS AND AMENDMENTS TO JUVENILE-COURT LAWS
ENACTED DURING THE YEAR 1919.
The juvenile-court legislation enacted b y 28 States during 1919
includes two acts creating special juvenile courts and defining the
procedure for the treatment of delinquent and dependent children,
one for counties o f 150,000 or over in Alabama,1 the other for the
city of Kingsport in Tennessee.3 The Alabama statute supersedes
the local law applying to Jefferson County.
Idaho 3 enacts a new law for the care of dependent and neglected
children.
W est Virginia 4 separates the former juvenile-court law into two
laws relating to delinquent and to dependent children, respectively.
One of these statutes establishes also a State hoard of children’s
guardians in place of the W est Virginia Humane Society and gives
to this board control over dependent and neglected children, as well
as the functions of administration and supervision of institutions
exercised b y the State board of control under the old law.
Indiana 5 creates a probate court for Vanderburgh County and con­
fers jurisdiction under the juvenile-court law upon that court. Ore­
gon 6 establishes a court o f dom estic relations in counties of 200,000
or m ore and gives to it the juvenile-court jurisdiction.
W isconsin 7 consolidates and renumbers numerous provisions of
the statutes relating to children and to juvenile courts with few
changes in substance.
The amendments in other States which are less extensive in char­
acter will appear in the follow ing outline.

I. THE COURT GIVEN JURISDICTION.
Original and exclusive jurisdiction in the cases of delinquent,
dependent, and neglected children is given to the special juvenile
courts established in counties of 150,000 or over in Alabama 1 and
in the city of Kingsport in Tennessee,8 to the newly created probate
court of Vanderburgh County in Indiana,9 and to' the court of domestic
relations established in counties of 200,000 or more in Oregon.10
1 Alabama. G eneral L a w s 1919 N o 146 s 5.

2 Tennessee. P riva te A c t s 1919 C 558.
Idaho. 1919 C 161.
4 West Virginia. 1 9 1 9 0 110 an d C 1 1 1 .
s Indiana. 1919 C 99.
2

153862°—20----- 6

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6 Oregon. 1919 C 296.
» Wisconsin. 1919 C 614.
s Tennessee. P riv a te A c t s 1919 C 558 ss 2 a n d 3.
» Indiana. 1919 C 99 s 11.
io Oregon. 1919 C 296 s 1.

81

82

SUM M ARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

Nebraska 1 provides that in counties of more than 50,000 popula­
tion the judges of the district court shall select one of their number
to hear all cases arising under the juvenile-court law.
W est Virginia 2 provides for admission to the hom e fo r dependent
children in Marion County through the county court, although juris­
diction under the juvenile-court law is conferred upon circuit courts,
criminal courts, and courts o f com m on pleas. Jurisdiction under the
statute relating to dependent and neglected children3 is given to the
circuit, com m on pleas, criminal, intermediate, or juvenile court.
Wisconsin 4 provides that all courts o f record shall have original
jurisdiction concurrent with the circuit courts bu t that the judges of
the several courts o f record in each county shall designate each year
one judge to hear all cases arising under the juvenile-court law.
Tennessee 5 requires that children brought before justices of the
peace or recorders, or arrested b y peace officers, in the city of Kings­
port shall be immediately transferred to the juvenile court and author­
izes transfer b y the criminal court of children indicted b y the grand
jury.

II. EXTENT OF JITEISDICTIOET.
A. OVER CHILDREN.

1. A ge limitation.
The Alabam a statute applying to counties of 150,000 or over 8
gives the juvenile court jurisdiction over boys under 16 and girls
under 18 who are dependent or delinquent. Jurisdiction once ob ­
tained m ay continue through the m inority o f the child.
In M ontana7 the age lim itation is raised from 17 to 18 for all chil­
dren. New M exico 8 extends certain provisions o f the juvenile-court
law to girls under 18. W yom in g 9 extends the classification of
juvenile delinquents to all under 21.
The Maine statute entitled an “ A ct of Juvenile Delinquency” 10
applies only to boys between 8 and 16.
The Idaho statute relating to dependent children11 applies to
those under 18. C onnecticut12 reduces the age limit from 18 to 16
for the hearing in chambers of first offenses.
The Tennessee act applying to K in gsport13 includes boys and girls
under 16 only, but jurisdiction once obtained m ay continue until
the child is 18.
W est V irginia14 reduces the age limit for dependent boys from 18
to 16.
1 Nebraska. 1919 C 116.
8 West Virginia. 1919 C 46 s 5.
8 West Virginia. 1919 C 110 s 4.
* Wisconsin. 1919 C 614 s 2,
s Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1919 C 558 S 1 1 .
8 A labama. 1919 N o 146 ss % asad 3.
7 Montana. 1919 C 202 s 1 .


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8 New Mexico. 1919 C 86.
» Wyoming. 1919 C 119 s 2.
i° Maine. 1919 C 58.
11 Idaho. 1919 C 181 s 1.
18 Connecticut. 1919 C 110.
18 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1919 0 5 5 8 ss 6 a a d 9.
14 West Virginia. 1919 C lift s 4.

$u$aMMtir m zmmmjMmm:

83

2. Classes o f cases included.
T h e juvenile court in ©©unties of t5G.j@®Q o r ©ver in JuLafeama 1 is
^ p e a jm isdietion ©Tier the eases o f delinquent, dependent,' and
neglected children. T h e probate eourt o f 17and©rfeuigih. C ounty in
Indiana,2an addition to these ©lasses, is given jurisdiction over tniant
children and in ad eases where til© cu stod y o r legal punishment -of a
■didiLd is in question. T h e cou rt o f dom estic relations in Oregon,3
l)©sides controlling delinquent, dependent, an d neglected children is
p v e n jurisdiction in the cases o f children w ho are indigent and sick
o r d e fa m e d and. those who are feeblem in d ed, epileptic, o r ©rim*
fteallf inclined, and in »all -cases for the adoption of children. The
juvenile courts in Missouri i are given control over admission to the
State sch ool fo r the deaf and exclusive jurisdiction over the com m it­
m ent -of girls between 7 and 17 to the State industrial schools.
3. Definition o f delinquency.
The Alabam a statute applying to counties of lfiQ,0QQ -or ov er 5
a delinquent child as on© who violates an y Eeder&l o r State
law o r any local ordinance o r w h o com m its any offense fo r which a
person m ay fee prosecuted fey a crim inal action. T h e definition
a
dependent child as m uch wider, however, and brings under the juris­
diction o f the court a child who for any cause -“ is in need o f tike ©are
and. protection o f the »State.'”

4. Definition of dependency -and nqgteet.
A dependent o r neglected ch ild is defined fey the Alabama statute
fo r counties o f 110^90 or o v e r 6 as on e w h o is <1) destitute,. (2) hom eless, $ ) abandoned, {4 } dependent u p on the public fo r support, <5)
in surroundings dangerous to morals, health, or general welfare, ffi)
e ^ a g e d in an occupation, ©aUng, -cr exhibition, o r found in any
pdaee, fo r perm itting w hich an adult m ay fee punished fey law, (7)
within the piovisioms o f an y r e fla t io n s fo r tiae education, care,
nmd p o t e c t io n o f d i i d r m , $S) fa r an y other cause m need o f tia©
^ r e and protection o f the State,, or
one whose cu stod y is tfea
subject o f coaatroversy.
The Id a h o statute 7 makes •substantially the same classification
adding (1) a child whose parents or guardian h ave f®r th e period o f
six months willfully neglected to take reasonable care and (2) one
whose parent has been confined in any penal, charitable, or State
educational institution in the State fo r a period o f m ore tkam ^
months and who is left w ithout lawful guardian o r next o f kin able
and wifiaaag to take proper care.
1 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 ss 2 a n d 3.
a Indiana. 1919 C 99 s 1 .
3 Oregon. 1919 C 296 s 1 .
4 Missouri. 1919p 1 9 5 s i ; 1 9 1 9 p l 8 6 s l ; 1919p 1 8 9 s 1.
6 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 .s 3.
« Alabama. 1919 N o l 4 6 s 2 .
11daho. 1919 C 161 s 1.


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(A p p lie s o n ly t o co u n tie s oT150;000 p o p u la tio n pr o v e r .}

84

SUM M ARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

Tennessee, in the act applying to the city of K ingsport,1 makes
n o distinction between the charge of dependency or delinquency
hut defines a delinquent or dependent child as one who is (1) found
begging or receiving alms, (2) vagrant, (3) w ithout hom e, proper
guardianship, or visible means o f support, (4) without proper parental
control, (5) destitute, (6) in a hom e which is unfit, (7) in the com pany
of criminals, vagrants, or prostitutes, (8) living in. a house of prostitu­
tion, (9) found in any saloon, pool room , or place where liquors are
sold, (10) persistently disobedient, (11) incorrigible, (12) an habitual
truant, (13) addicted to intoxicating liquor, cigarettes, or drugs, (14)
an orphan or deserted b y parents and in danger of being brought up
to lead an immoral life, (15) whose mother (the father being dead)
can n ot properly support him, or (16) one who violates any law or
ordinance, except crimes punishable b y life imprisonment or death.
5. Discretion o f the court in case o f crime.
Alabam a 2 provides that the judge o f the juvenile court in counties
©f 150,000 or over m ay transfer any delinquent child who “ can not
be made to lead a correct life, and can n ot b e properly disciplined”
under the juvenile-court law to any court having jurisdiction over
the offense com m itted. Such a child m ay be com m itted to the
county jail to await trial.
Tennessee 3 allows the juvenile court in K ingsport to bind over to
the Criminal court children charged w ith crimes and misdemeanors.
A child, m oreover, who is charged w ith violating any law or statute
is given the right to waive exam ination b y the juvenile court and
m ay in that case be com m itted to the county jail or required to give
security for appearance in the criminal court.
W iscon sin 4 leaves it to the discretion o f the examining magistrate
to com m it a b o y under 17 or a girl under 18 charged with an
offense punishable b y im prisonm ent in the State prison either to the
juvenile court or to the court having jurisdiction in such cases. In
the latter case all rules applying to trial, sentence, and commitment
in criminal cases are to b e follow ed, except that the court may, in its
discretion, dispose o f the child in the manner provided for commit­
m ent under the juvenile-court law,.
B. OVER ADULTS.

1. Contributing to delinquency and dependency.
Alabama 5 provides fo r counties o f 150,000 or over that the juvenile
court m ay have jurisdiction in the case of any person contributing
1 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1919 C 558 s 6.
1 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 21.
3 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1919 C 558 ss 9 a n d 10.
* Wisconsin. 1919 C 614 s 17.
« Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 20.

A llo w s 12 m o n th s ’ im p ris o n m e n t w h ile la w for S tate (G en eral L a w s 1915

N o 506 s 10) p ro v id e s for o n ly 6 m o n th s.


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SU M M A R Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

85

to the delinquency or dependency o f a child. The court is given
authority to try the case and to im pose sentence without the inter­
vention o f a jury. Appeal m ay be taken to the circuit court o f the
county.
The probate court o f Vanderburgh County in Indiana 1 and the
court o f dom estic relations in counties o f 200,000 or m ore in Oregon 2
are given original and exclusive jurisdiction in the cases o f persons
contributing to the delinquency or dependency o f a child.
C alifornia3 provides that jurisdiction over persons contributing to
delinquency or dependency o f a child who has been declared to be a
ward o f the juvenile court m ay be had b y the court either of the county
in which the child was placed or o f the county in which the offense
was com m itted.
Other States make no change in the jurisdiction of the courts over
this class o f cases.4
2. Desertion and nonsupport.
The court o f dom estic relations in counties o f 200,000 or m ore in
O reg on 2 is given jurisdiction concurrent with that of the circuit*
court in cases o f desertion and nonsupport.
3. Other jurisdiction.
New Jersey 5 gives the juvenile court jurisdiction in the cases of
parents or guardians who fail to com ply with the com pulsory schoolattendance law.

III. PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE.
A. PETITION OR COMPLAINT.

The Alabam a statute applying to counties o f 150,000 or over,6 the
Idaho statute relating to dependent children,7 and the Tennessee
statute applying to the city o f K in g s p o rt8 provide that proceedings
m ay be begun b y verified petition filed b y any person having know­
ledge of the case.
B. SUMMONS OR WARRANT.

Alabama 9 provides for a “ sum m ons” served b y any person selected
b y the court in counties o f 150,000 or over, Idaho 10for a “ notice and
and citation,” and Tennessee11fo r a “ citation,” to require the attend­
ance at court o f the child and other necessary persons in the city of
Kingsport. Failure to com ply constitutes contem pt o f court.
1 Indiana. 1919 C 99 s 1 .
2 Oregon. 1919 C 296 s 1 .
3 California. 1919 C 55. T h e superior co u rt sittin g as a ju v e n ile co u rt w as g iv e n origin a l ju r is d ic tio n b y
1915 C 631 s 21.

* M ontana raises th e age lim it o f th e ch ild a ffe cte d fro m 17 t o 18 t o corresp on d to th e a m e n d m e n t t o the
ju v e n ile -c o u r t la w , 1919 C 202 s 7.
3 New Jersey. 1919 C 34.
3 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 ss 8 a n d 9.
6 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 7.
13 Idaho. 1919 C 161 s 5.

7 Idaho. 1919 C 161 s 4.
11 Tennessee. P riv a te A c t s 1919 C 558 s 8.
8 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1919 C 558 s 7.


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C ity o f K in g s p o r t .

86

SUM M ARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.
C. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION.

The Alabam a statute 1 requires the juvenile court in counties of
150,000 or over to make an investigation o f the case before serving
summons.
D. CUSTODY AND CARE OF CHILD PENDING HEARING.

A la b a m a 1 prohibits in counties o f 150,000 or over, the detention of
a dependent, neglected, or delinquent child in a jail or other place
where criminals are confined, except in the case of a child transferred
b y the juvenile court to a regular criminal court. The delinquent
child m ay be released on bail or on his own recognizance or m ay be
left in the care o f his parents, guardian, or probation officer. The
judge o f the juvenile court m ay arrange, with any incorporated or
unincorporated society, for the tem porary care o f children before or
during hearing. I f such an arrangement is impossible, in the opinion
of the judge, the statute requires the county authorities immediately
to establish a suitable detention home,
. A rizo n a 2 provides that the detention home, including appoint­
ment and rem oval o f the person in charge, shall be under the control
of. the juvenile court.
D elaw are3 provides that the judge o f the juvenile court in W il­
m ington shall have power to appoint a m atron for the detention
home, m
M issouri4 creates parole boards in counties of not less than 80,000
nor m ore than 500,000 which are given governing authority over the
detention homes.
Tennessee5 prohibits in the city o f K ingsport confinement in the
county jail when avoidable and provides that a child taken into
custody b y the juvenile court m ay be adm itted to bail, released with­
out bail, or detained pending hearing in a place which the county
court and board o f m ayor and aldermen o f the city are required to
provide, separately for white and for colored children. The judge
may, however, arrange with a suitable society or individual for the
temporary detention o f children.
W est V irgin ia 6 requires the establishment of a detention hom e in
counties o f 40,000 or over.

IV. HEAEIUG.
A. NATURE OF PROCEEDINGS.

The nature of the proceedings in the juvenile court shall be ex­
plained to the child and his parents in counties of 150,000 or over in
1 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 8.
2 Arizona. 1919 p 165 C 103 s 5.
* Delaware. 1919 C 223.


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i Missouri. 1919 p 608 s 5 a n d 1919 p 611 s 5.

5 Tennessee. P riv a te A c t s 1919 C 558 ss 7 ,1 2 , a a d 13.
6 West Virginia. 1919 C 111 s 37.

SUM M ARY O F JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

87

Alabama.1 The judge o f the juvenile cou rt in K ingsport, Tenn.,2
m ay conduct the exam ination o f witnesses without the aid of
counsel and m ay inquire into the habits, surroundings, conditions,
tendencies, and guardianship o f the child. In so far as practicable
the child shall n ot be treated as a crim inal but as misdirected,
misguided, neglected, and needing aid and encouragement.
B. TIME AND PLACE.

A la b a m a 3 provides that the hearing in counties o f 150,000 or over
m ay be held in chambers or in any other room provided and m ay be
held in any place in the cou n ty which is convenient to the court
and all parties involved.
Idaho 4 provides for hearings in the cases o f dependent children
in any room in the courthouse and requires the hearing, so far as
possible, to be separate from other business o f the court.
Nebraska 5 requires in counties o f m ore than 50,000 a special room
to be designated the “ juvenile court room .”
Connecticut’s provision for hearings in chambers in cases of first
prosecutions o f children6 has been am ended to include only children
under 18 heard b y the district court o f W aterbury; courts of com m on
pleas; town, city, borough, or police co u rts; and justices o f the
peace.
Tennessee 7 requires the juvenile court in the city o f K ingsport to
be held in som e room other than the regular court room .
C. PRIVACY.

Alabam a,8 Idaho.,9 an d W iscon sin 10 provide that all persons not
directly interested in the case m ay b e excluded from hearings in the
juvenile court and that the cou rt record m ay b e withheld from
public inspection except b y special order o f the court. M aine11 pro­
vides for private hearings and closed records in the eases of boys
between 8 and 16. Idaho 12 forbids also the publication of the name
of a dependent child in the cou rt’s annual reports to the governor.
Tennessee 13 permits hearings “ behind closed d oors” if desired.
1 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 10.
2 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1919 C 659 s 9.
3 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 11.
* Idaho. 1919 C 161 s 9.
9 Nebraska. 1 9 1 9 C 1 1 6 s I .
‘ Connecticut, 1919 C 110 .
S ta te p rison .

D o e s n o t in c lu d e offenses p u n is h a b le b y d e a th o r b y im p ris o n m e n t i n th e

7 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1919 C 558 s 1 2 .
8 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 11. C ou n ties o f 150,000 or over.
9 Idaho. 1919 C 161 s 7. A p p lie s t o d e p e n d e n t c h ild r e n .
r ecord b y s p e c ia l o rd er o f c o u r t.
10 Wisconsin. 1919 C 614 s 2.

P a re n ts, gu ardian s, o r a tto rn e y s m a y e x a m in e

11 Maine 1919 C 58.

P a ren ts or guardians h a v e access t o record s.
12 Idaho. 1919 C 161 s 3 .

13 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1919 C 558 s 12 . C i t y o f K in g sp o rt.


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SUMM ARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.
D.

APPOINTMENT OF REFEREES.

A la b a m a 1 allows the judge in counties of 150,000 or over to
appoint probation officers or other persons to hear cases in the first
instance. Provided no exceptions are taken and a review is not
asked, the judgm ent o f the referee m ay be confirmed b y the judge
of the juvenile court.
E.

MENTAL AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION.

Alabama 2 makes it the duty o f the court in counties of 150,000
or over to have a child examined when practicable b y a duly licensed
and practising physician. T he, court is given authority to enforce
such an order in all cases com ing under its jurisdiction.
Arizona 3 provides that the court m ay require a medical or mental
exam ination o f any child.
,
F.

THE JURY.

Idaho 4 provides that cases o f dependent and neglected children
shall be heard w ithout a jury.
G.

APPEAL.

Appeal m ay be taken from the juvenile court in counties of 150,000 or
over in A labam a5to any court of the county having equity jurisdiction.
Idaho 6 provides in the case of dependent or neglected children for
an appeal to the district court, where the trial shall be held anew
and without a jury.
M on tan a7 has amended the provision o f the juvenile-court law
relating to appeals, m aking it applicable to all cases under the law.
M ich igan 8 provides „that a rehearing, when granted b y the judge
of the juvenile division o f the probate court, shall be held b y the judge
of the circuit court or the judge o f the probate court of another county.
Appeal m ay be taken from the juvenile court of K ingsport, Tenn.,9
to the circuit court o f the cou n ty and m ay be heard without a ju ry
unless demanded on the first day o f the trial term.
H.

USE OF EVIDENCE IN OTHER TRIALS.

Proceedings in the juvenile court shall n ot be used as evidence in
any other court to which a child is transferred in counties of 150,000
or over in Alabam a 10 and in Kingsport, Tenn.11

V. DISPOSITION OF THE CASE.
A. RELIGIOUS BELIEF OF PARENTS RESPECTED.

The Alabama statute applying to counties of 150,000 or over 12 re­
quires the judge o f the juvenile court to respect the religious belief
1 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 19.
2 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 15.
3 Arizona. 1919 p 165 C 103 s 3.
* Idaho. 1919 C 161 s 7.
6 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 25.
8 Idaho. 1919 C 161 s 18.


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i Montana. 1919 C 202 s 5.
8 Michigan. 1919 N o 365 s 1.
9 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1919 C 558 s 10.
v> Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 21.
11 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1919 C 558 s 9.
Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 10.

•SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

89

o f the parents in com m itting a child to an institution or association
other than a public institution,
B. CIVIL STATUS OF CHILD.

The Alabama 1 and Tennessee2 statutes provide that no judgm ent
under the juvenile-court law shall disqualify a child for any public
office or for the civil service, that the child shall not be denominated
a criminal, and the adjudication not a conviction.
C. DISPOSITION OF CASE.

1. Delinquent children.

*

(a) Probation.— In counties of 150,000 or over in Alabama,3 and
in Kingsport, Tenn.,4 the juvenile court m ay allow a delinquent child
to remain in his own hom e subject to the supervision of the truant
officer.
(&) Appointm ent o f guardian.— The judge of the juvenile court in
counties o f 150,000 or over in A la b a m a 5 m ay decide as between
parents whether the father or mother shall have the custody o f the
child; but if it is necessary to appoint a legal guardian of the child’s
person and property, the judge must apply to the probate court.
(c) Commitment.— A la b a m a 6 provides that in counties of 15)1,000
or over the juvenile court m ay com m it a delinquent child to a iam ily
home under the supervision o f a probation officer; to any person,
association, or society for the care o f children within the State; or
to any State institution for children.
In d ia n a 7 provides that a b oy over 10 and under 16 who has
violated a criminal law m ay be com m itted, by the court having
jurisdiction, to the house o f refuge for. juvenile offenders instead
o f to the county jail or State prison.
I o w a 8 prohibits the com m itm ent o f a child under 10 to the State
training schools for boys or girls and provides that such children
m ay be placed in the Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home. Another Iowa
statute 9 provides for the establishment o f a State juvenile hom e to
which all delinquent, dependent, and neglected children shall be com ­
m itted unless in the opinion o f the court they should be cared for
otherwise.
New M exico 10 provides for the commitment of girls under 18 to
the State Girls’ Welfare Board.
Tennessee4 provides for commitment by the juvenile court o f
Kingsport to State, county, or private industrial schools, but also
allows binding out to apprenticeship, and in the case of crime or
misdemeanors fine or com m itm ent to the county workhouse.
1 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 11.- C ou nties o f 150,000 .
2 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1919 C 5 5 8 s 9. C ity o f K in g s p o rt.
3 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 10.
4 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1919 C 558 s 9.
3 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 13.


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» Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 10.
» 1ndiana. 1919 C 171.
s Iowa. 1919 C 12.
»Iowa. 1919 C 165 s 4.
io New Mexico. 1919 C 86 s 2.

0 0

S U M MARY

OF

J U V E N IL E -tW ItT

L E G J & L A T iO N ,

2. Dependent childinen.
(a) Probation.— The Alabam a statute applying to counties o f
150.000 or o v e r 1 provides for the probation o f dependent and
neglected children in their homes. Iow a 2 amends the provision of
the juvenile court relating to probation to include dependent and
neglected children.
(b) Appointm ent o f guardian.— Idaho 3 provides that a dependent
or neglected child shall becom e the ward and be subject to the
guardianship of the person, institution, or society to which it is
com m itted, but that such guardianship shall not include control
over the estate o f the child.
(c) Gommitment.— A dependent or neglected child in counties of
150.000 or over in Alabam a 1 m ay be com m itted in the same manner
as a delinquent child.
Idaho 4 provides for the com m itm ent of dependent children to any
suitable person, society, or institution in the State.M issouri5 and V e rm o n t8 prohibit the com m itm ent of dependent
or neglected children to the State industrial schools provided for
delinquent children.
D. SPECIAL CARE FOR THE SICK AND THE FEEBLE-MINDED.

A child in need o f medical care m ay be placed in a public or private
hospital b y order o f the juvenile cou rt in counties o f 150,000 or over
in Alabama.7 T h e expense o f such care m ay be charged against the
county.
E. PARENTAL DUTY OF SUPPORT.

The court in counties o f 150,000 or over in Alabama 8 m ay inquire
into the financial ability of parents or guardians and m ay order
paym ent for the care of any child under the juvenile-court law.
Failure to com ply constitutes contem pt o f court.
W est V irgin ia9 provides for com m itm ent of dependent o r neg­
lected children to the State board of childrens’ guardians but retains
provisions for com m itm ent directly to institutions approved b y the
board.
1 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 10.
2 Iowa. 1919 C 546.
* Idaho. 1919 C 161 s s 8 a n d 12.

* Idaho. 1919 C 161 s 8.
5 M issouri 1919 p 186 s 42; 1919 p 189 s 56; 1919 p 191 s 26.
« Vermont. 1919 N o 507. < E x c e p t w it h a p p ro v a l o f S ta te b o a r d o fo fa a rM e s a n d p r o b a t io n .)
i Alabama, 1919 N o 146 s IS..

8 Alabama. 1919 N o 140 s 14.
» West Virginia. 1919 C 110 ss 4 a n d 5 .


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91

VI. CONTINUING JURISDICTION AND RELATION OF COURT
TO INSTITUTIONS IN WHICH CHILDREN ARE PLACED.
Alabam a 1 provides for counties o f 150,000 or over that probation
officers or other agents o f the court shall visit children placed ininstitutions or in the care o f individuals or associations and that the
court m ay change the order o f com m itm ent at any time. A ll
agencies and institutions receiving children are required to give
inform ation to the court.
In New M exico * the Girls’ W elfare Board must obtain the ap­
proval o f the court before paroling girls com m itted to its care.
The judge o f the juvenile court o f Kingsport, Term.,3is given power
to m odify or revoke any order, release, parole, recommit, or bind any
child to the criminal court at his discretion. H e is also required to
visit and inspect at least once a year all institutions to which children
are com m itted and is authorized to examine witnesses and appoint
referees for the purpose of obtaining any inform ation concerning
such institutions.

VII. ORGANIZATION OF THE COURT
A. JUDGE.

I, Method of selection.
The judge o f the juvenile court in counties o f 150,000 or ov<&; in
A labam a 4 is appointed b y the governor of the State, in countied 'of
m ore than 50,000 in N ebraska5 b y the associate district judges. The
judge o f the city court or any other person appointed b y the board
or m ayor and aldermen in the city of K ingsport, Tenn.,® m ay act as
judge o f the juvenile court.
2. Tenure.
In A la b a m a 4 the judge is appointed for six years; in N ebraska7
for the term o f the district judge.
3. Salary.
The salary o f the judge o f the juvenile court is $3,000 in counties
of 150,060 or over in A la b a m a ;4 $4,000 in B oston ;* and $1,500 in
addition to his salary as circuit judge in counties of less than 50,000
in Missouri.9 W isconsinlft provides that the county board m ay make
an annual appropriation for compensation for the additional services
rendered b y a juvenile-court judge.
4. Qualifications.
A labam a4 provides fo r counties o f 150,000 or over that the judge
o f the juvenile court shall have been a citizen of the United States

« Alabama. 1919 N o 149 s ft.

6 Tennessee. P r iv a t e A e t s 1 9I9N A 1 46 s 2 .
7 Nebraska. 1919 0 1 1 6 s i .
8 Massachusetts-. 1919 C 285.
9 Missouri. 1919 p 273.

s Nebraska. 1919 C 116 s 1.

10 Wisconsin. 1919 C 618.

1 Alabama. 19I9N'<? 146 ss 10 a n d 1?.

2 New Mexico. 1919 C 86 a 2.
8 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1919 C 558 ss 9 a n d 14


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92

SUMM ARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

and of the county for three years; learned in the law ; at least 30
years o f age; of high moral character; clean life; and especially fit b y
training, education, and experience to deal with dependent, neglected,
and delinquent children.
B. PROBATION OFFICERS.

1. Appointm ent.
Provision is made for the appointment of probation officers in
counties of 150,000 or over in A la b a m a 1 b y the juvenile-court judge
©n the recom m endation o f the advisory board, in Vanderburgh
County in In dian a2 b y the probate judge, and in counties of 200,000
in O regon3 b y the court of domestic relations with the approval of
the State child-welfare commission. D elaw are4 provides that the
chief justice and associate justices o f the State m ay appoint a pro­
bation officer in each county.
2. Number and salary.
A number o f States have made changes in legal provisions regard­
ing the number and the salary o f probation officers. A labam a1
provides for a chief probation officer and such others as the judge
deems necessary in counties o f 150,000 or over. California5 reduces
the number o f probation officers for counties or cities and counties of
the »Second class from a chief and 10 assistants to a chief and 9 assis­
tants; In d ian a6 requires the appointm ent of at least one officer in
coiinties of less than 100,000, at least three in larger counties, and
permits in addition the appointment of tw o regular officers in counties
o f 50,000 and under 100,000, and one or more special officers
in counties of 25,000 and less than 100,000. N ebraska7 provides
fo r the appointment of four probation officers in counties of more
than 100,000, three in counties of 50,000 or more, and one in counties
o f less than 50,000. In counties of less than 20,000 the sheriff m ay
perform the duties o f probation officer, unless the board of super­
visors or county commissioners authorize the appointment and pay­
ment of a probation officer. O regon8 provides for a chief probation
officer and as m any subordinates as the judge of the court of domestic
relations in counties of 200,000 or more considers necessary. New
Jersey9 provides that the judge of the juvenile court in counties of
the first class inay appoint four persons as officers or attendants of
the court and that their salaries shall be in accordance with the
schedule established b y the State civil service commission. Tennes­
s e e 10 requires the judge of the juvenile court to appoint one male
probation officer and authorizes the appointment of as m any assist1 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 17.
* Indiana. 1919 C 99 s 25.
3 Oregon. 1919 C 296 s 1.
* Delaware. 1919 C 222.
s California. 1919 C 631.


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6 Indiana. 1919 C 222 s 1 .
i Nebraska. 1919 C 117 s 1; 1919 C 132.
« Oregon. 1919 C 296.
s New Jersey. 1919 C 240.
10 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1919 C 558 s 4.

SU M M AR Y OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION,

93

ants as necessary. W est V irginia1 makes com pulsory the appoint­
ment of tw o probation officers in counties o f less than 40;000.
Alabam a2 provides a m aximum paym ent of $1,800 for the chief
and $1,200 for the assistant probation officers in counties of 150,000
or over. A rizona3 provides for a salary o f n ot over $150 a m onth
for the chief probation officer. California4 provides $250 a m onth
for the chief, $200 for one assistant, and $140 for other assistant
officers in counties o f the second class. D elaware5 provides that the
salary of the probation officer m ay be fixed b y the court but shall
not exceed $1,800 in New Castle County and $1,200 in K ent and
Sussex Counties. In the city o f W ilm ington6 the salary of one
woman probation officer is raised from $800 to $1,000, of the other
tw o women officers from $800 to $900, and of the chief probation
officer from $1,200 to $2,000. Indiana7 provides for $1,500 for the
chief, $1,200 for the assistant, and $1,100 for additional officers in
counties of 100,000 or more, $4 per day in counties of 25,000 and
under 100,000, and $3 per day in smaller counties. Io w a 8 provides
that in counties of 35,000 or over four probation officers m ay
be paid salaries not exceeding $125 per month. Minnesota9
increases the salaries of probation officers in counties of 150,000 and
under 200,000 from $1,800 to $2,400; and in counties of 200,000 and
not over 300,000 from $2,000 to $2,300 for the chief, and fr o im j900,
$1,200, and $1,500 to $1,000, $1,380, and $1,800 for deputies and
assistants. M issouri10 b y a reclassification raises the salaries of pro­
bation officers in counties of 90,000 and less than 100,000 from $1,000
to $1,500 and reduces those in counties of 100,000 and less than
110,000 from $2,000 to $1,500. M ontana11 increases the salary of
the chief officer from $1,800 to $2,400, the assistants from $1,200 to
$1,500. N ebraska12 raises the salaries in counties of over 100,000
from $1,800 for the chief and $1,200 for the assistant to $2,000 and
$1,500, respectively. O regon13 provides for a salary not to exceed
$2,000 for the chief probation officer in counties of 200,000 or more.
The salary of assistant officers is left to the discretion of the county
commissioner. Tennessee14 provides that probation officers of the
juvenile court of Kingsport shall serve without compensation.
T exa s15 provides for counties of 35,000 and less than 75,000 and
containing a city of 29,000 one probation officer who m ay receive
$2,400; for other counties of less than 75,000 one officer who m ay be
paid n ot over $1,200; and for counties of more than 75,000 at least
1 West Virginia. 1919 C 111 s 6.
a Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 17.
3 Arizona. 1919 p 165 C 103 s 1.
* California. 1919 C 631.
6 Delaware. 1919 C 222.
* Delaware. 1919 C 223.
11ndiana. 1919 C 222 s 1
®Iowa. 1919 C 41.


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9 Minnesota. 1919 C 350.
i® Missouri. 1919 p 275.
n Montana. 1919 C 202.
» Nebraska. 1919 C 117 s 1 ; 1919 C 132.
» Oregon. 1919 C 296.
i* Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s 1919 C 558.
» Texas. 1919 C 51 S 1.

M

SUM M ARY UJT JUYKNttJE-DQURT UEiBiSBATIQN,

two officers, ¡tlx© chief to receive n ot over ,'$2,400.. Additional officers
m ay be paid upon vote o f the county eomzmssioner’s court. W est
Virginia1 raises tbe salaries o f probation officers in all -counties from
$600 to $1,200.
B. Powers and duties.
Probation officers appointed b y tbe juvenile court in counties o f
150,000 or over in Alabam a2 have tbe powers of sheriffs and police
officers and. m a y serve pr ocess and. make arrests, ©el aw are3 gives
probation officers all the powers o f constable and requires them to
make investigations when directed b y the court and t o keep suitable
books and records. Tennessee* provides that probation officers in
the city of Kingsport shall have the powers of peace officers, shall
serve citations of the court, investigate all cases, take charge o f
children before hearing, and visit the homes of children under the
jurisdiction o f the court. A n y peace officer, that is, any policem an,
the sheriff or deputies, or the constable, m ay perform the same
duties in connection with the juvenile court.
€ . ADVISORY, SUPERVISORY, O S ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD.

Alabama 3 provides that the judge of the juvenile court in counties
of 150,000 or over m ay appoint an advisory board of five members
to advise and cooperate in the appointm ent o f probation officers and
in all other matters arising under the juvenile-eourt law, to visit
institutions and associations receiving children com m itted b y the
court, and to report to the public concerning the work of the court.
A rizon a 6 provides for the appointment b y the cou rt of a board
of three persons to make m onthly inspections and reports to the
court as t o th e condition of th e detention home.
N e v a d a 7 provides for the appointment b y the cou rt o f a pro­
bation com m ittee to report on other than State institutions and t o
have con trol over th e internal affairs of the detention home.
D. RECORDS AND REPORTS.

Alabama 8 provides that th e court m ay determine the foam and
character of its records in counties of 150r000 or ova*. A rizon a 9
requires a record which shall include the names of the child and
parents, age, birthplace, and other m form ation w hich has been
obtained. Id a h o 19 and N ebraska11 require a record to be kept o f
the cases o f dependent children. . Id a h o n provides fo r an annual
i West Virginia. 1919 C 111 s 6.
* Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 17.
s Delaware, 1919 C 222.
4 Tennessee. P r iv a te A c t s .1919 C 558 s .4.
s Alabama.. 1919 N o l i f t s IS.
6 Arizona. 1919 p 165 C1Q3.


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i Nevada, 1919 C 24.
8 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 24.
» Arizona. 1919 p 165 C 103.
1« Idaho, 1 9 1 9 0 161 s 8.
,ii Nebraska, 1919 C 190 s:2.
12 Idaho. 1 9 J 9 C 1 6 1 S 3.

SUM M ARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

95

report to the governor, and N ebraska1 requires a m onthly report to
the State department o f public welfare in the case of dependent
children.
Tennessee2 provides that the juvenile court of the city
of K ingsport shall be a court of record and that the city judge or
city recorder shall keep a minute record of proceedings.

VIII. CONSTRUCTION AND PURPOSE OF THE LAW.
A labam a3 provides for a liberal construction of the statute apply­
ing to counties of 150,000 or over in order to accomplish its beneficial
purpose.
Id a h o 4 provides that the act applying to dependent children shall
be liberally construed that the care shall approximate that which
should be given b y parents.
Tennessee5 provides that the act applying to the city of Kings­
port shall be construed liberally and as remedial in character.
1 Nebraska. 1919 C 190 s 2.
2 Tennessee. P riv a te A c t s 1919 C 558.
3 Alabama. 1919 N o 146 s 28.


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* Idaho. 1919 C 161 s 21.
5 Tennessee. P riv a te A c t s 1919 C 558 s 3.


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LIST OF AMENDMENTS, BY STATES.
Alabama:
General Laws 1919 N o 146. (Applies to counties of 150,000 or
over. Supersedes Local A cts 1915 N o 361.)f

Arizona:
1 9 1 9 p l6 5 C l0 3 .

(To increase the efficiency of juvenile courts.)

California:

,

1919 C 55 amending Penal Code s 777. (Jurisdiction of offenses.)
1919 C 293 amending 1915 C 631 s 11 as amended 1917 C 627
and C 634.
1919 C 359 amending 1915 C 631 s 13 as amended 1917 C 627
and C 634.
1919 C 631 amending 1915 C 631 s 19b as amended 1917 C 627
and C 634.

Connecticut:
1919

C 110 amending General Statutes 1918 s 1856.

Delaware:
1919 C 222 amending Revised Code 1915 ss 3816, 3817, and 3818.
1919 C 223 amending Revised Code 1915 s 3833 as amended
1917 C 252 and adding s 3833 A .

Idaho:
1919 C 161 repealing 1909 p 38 N o 267 as amended 1911 C 185
and C 193.

Indiana:
1919 C 76. (Compensation for care o f dependent children.)
1919 C 99. (Creating probate court of Vanderburgh County
and conferring juvenile-court jurisdiction.)
1919 C 171 amending Burns’ A nnotated Statutes s 10004.
1919 C 222 amending Burns’ Annotated Statutes 1914s 1631.

Iow a:
1919
1919
1919
1919

C
C
C
C

12 amending Supplement to the Code 1913 s 254-a20.
41 amending Supplement to the Code 1913 s 2 5 4 -a l8 .
165. (Establishing State hom e for children.)
246 amending Supplement to the Code 1913 s 254-a23.

Kansas:
1919 C 2 1 1 amending General Statutes 1915 s 3008.

Maine:
1919 C 58 adding s 3 to Revised Statutes 1916 C 144.
1919 C 76 amending Revised Statutes 1916 C 137 s 10- as amended
1917 C 203 ; also amending C 137 s 19.
153862 ° — 2 0 -— 7


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98

SUM M ARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

Massachusetts:
1919 C 255.
court.)

(Establishing salary of judge of Boston juvenile

Michigan:
1919 N o 365 amending Compiled Laws 1915 s 2023.

Minnesota:
1919 C 304 s 9 amending General Statutes 1913 s 235.
1919 C 333 amending 1917 C 223 s 6 and repealing General
Statutes 1913 ss 7197, 7198, and 7199.
1919 C 350 amending General Statutes 1913 s 9390.

Missouri:
1919 p 186 amending 1917 p 155 ss 39r 40, 42, and 49.
1919 p 188 supplementing 1917 p 155.
1919 p 189 repealing 1917 p 150.
1919 p 189 amending 1917 p 155 ss 55, 56, and 63.
1919 p 191 amending 1917 p 155 ss 22, 23, 26, and 33.
1919 p 195 amending R evised Statutes 1909 s 1495.
1919 p 197 amending 1917 p 155 ss 32, 47, and 61.
1919 p 199 repealing 1917 p 155 ss 24, and 25.
1919 p 201 repealing 1913 p 148.
1919 p 273. (Salary o f judges.)
1919 p 275 amending 1911 p 177 s 11.
1919 p 608. (Board of paroles in counties 80,000-200,000.)
1 9 1 9 p 6 1 1 . (Board of paroles in counties 200,000-500,000.)

Montana:
1919 C 202 amending 1911 C 122 ss 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, and 18 and 1911
C 122 s 14 as amended 1915 C 52.

Nebraska:
1919 C
1919 C
1915
1919 C
1915
1919 C

116 amending R evised Statutes 1913 s 1246.
117 amending Revised Statutes 1913 s 1249 as amended
C 24 and 1917 C 24.
132 amending R evised Statutes 1913 s 9145 as amended
C 168.
190. (Placing dependent and neglected children.)

Nevada:
1919 C 24 amending R evised Laws 1912 s 734 as amended 1917
0 63.

New Jersey:
1919 C 34 amending 1915 C 224. (School attendance.)
1919 C 179 amending 1 9 1 5 C 1 1 8 . (Mothers’ pensions.)
1919 C 240 amending 1912 C 353 s 20. (Probation officers.)

New Mexico.:
1919 C 86.


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(Girls’ welfare board.)

SU M M ARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION.

99

New York:
. 1919 C 416 amending Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art
196 s 2184 as amended 1913 C 607.

Oregon:
1919 C 128 amending 1913 C 342 s 13 as amended 1915 C243 s 1.
(State training school.)
1919 C 296 amending L ord’s Oregon Laws 1910 s 4407 as amended
1915 C 147. (Court of D om estic Relations in counties o f
200,000 or m ore.)
1919 C 388 amending L ord’s Oregon Laws 1910 s 4412 as amended
1913 C 249. (Probation officers.)

Pennsylvania:
1919 p 445 amending 1903 p 274 s 6 as amended 1915 p 304.

Tennessee:
Private A cts 1919 C 558.

(City o f K ingsport.)

Texas:
1919 (Second Called Session) C 51 amending Code of Criminal
Procedure 1911 art 1202 as amended 1913 C 112 s 8 and 1919
(Regular Session) C 91.

Vermont:
1 9 1 9 N o 2 0 4 amending General Laws 1917 s 7299.
1919 N o 206. (Dependent children.)
1919 N o 207. (Dependent children.)

West Virginia:
1919 C 46. (County hom e in Marion County.)
1919 C 110 amending Barnes’ Code 1918 C 15 J.
1919 C l l l amending 1915 C 70 as amended 1917 C 63.

Wisconsin:
1919 C 30 amending Statutes 1915 ss 4725a, 4734a, 4734b, 4734c,
4734g, 4734j, and 4734k.
1919 C 614 amending Statutes 1915 ss 561j-13m , 573, 573-1,
573-2, 573-3, 573-4, 573-5, 573-6, 573-7, 573-8, 573-9,
573-10, 573a, 573aa, 573ab, 573c, 573d, 573f, 573g, 573h,
697-2 to 697-7, 697-9, 697-10, 697-18 to 697-24, 697-26 to
697-31, 1527, 1543, 1547, 2344a, 4961, 4962, 4963, 4966, 4967,
4968, 4970, 1907 C 447 s 1, and 1903 C 447 ss 2 and 4 as
amended 1907 C 186 and repealing Statutes 1915 ss573e, 573i,
1544, 1545, 1546a, 1547, 4556A, 4965, 4970-1, 4970-2, 4970-3,
4970-5, 4970-6.
1919 C 618.

W yoming:
1919 C 119 amending Compiled Statutes 1910 s 3128 and 1915
C 99 s 2.


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IN D EX

b y ju v e n ile c o u r t s ............................................. 84-85
e x clu s iv e , b y co u r t o f d o m e s tic rela tion s.
85
b y p r o b a te c o u r t ................... ! .....................
85
lia b ility o f . ............................................................... 21,84
o f w ard o f ju v e n ile co u rt, ju r is d ic tio n o v e r .
85
p o w e r o f ju v e m le cou rt t o im p o se se n te n ce
85
u p o n , w ith o u t j u r y ...................................
A d u lts fu rn ish in g m in o r i n a n in s titu tio n
w ith to b a c c o , ju r is d ic tio n o v e r, b y
j u v e n ile c o u r t s ............................................
24
A d u lt s g u ilty o f a b a n d o n m e n t o r n o n p ro v i­
s ion , ju r is d ic tio n ov e r, b y ju v e n ile
c o u r t s ..............................................................
22
A d u lts g u ilty o f crim es against ch ild r e n , ju ­
r is d ic t io n ov e r, b y ju v e n ile c o u r t___
23
A d u lt s g u ilty o f desertion or n o n s u p p o rt, ju ­
ris d ic tio n ov e r , b y c o u r t o f d o m e stic
rela tion s................................................ ........23,85
b y j u v e n ile c o u r t ...............................................
22
e x t e n t o f ............................................ 21,22,84,85
b y s p ecia l ju v e n ile c o u r t...............................
23
A d u lt s v io la tin g ch ild -la b or la w , ju risd ictio n
o v e r , b y ju v e n ile c o u r t s ..........................
A d v is o r y b oa rd . See B oa rd , a d m in istra tiv e ,
a d v is o r y , o r s u p erv is o ry .
A g e certificates. See Certificates, age.
A g e , lim ita tion s, e x te n s io n o f, for persons
charged w ith f e lo n y . ~ ..............

23

Page.
A m e n d m e n ts , lis t o f, b y S ta te s............................. 97-99
t o crim in a l co d e , s p e cific ju v e n ile offenses
d e fin e d b y .....................................................
16
a n d a d d itio n s t o ju v e n ile -c o u r t law s e n a cte d
d u r in g th e y e a r 1919................................. 81-95
A n n u a l co u rt reports. See R e p o rts , cou rt,
an n u al.
A p p e a l, a m e n d m e n t t o M on tan a la w , r e m o v ­
in g a ge lim it f o r .........................................
fro m ju v e n ile co u r t, s p e cia l p ro v isio n f o r . .
fro m ju v e n ile co u rt t o c ir c u it co u rt, b y
a d u lts, i n s p e c ifie d cases.........................
85
fro m ju v e m le co u rt t o c ir c u it co u rt, w ith o u t
j u r y ................................
88
fro m ju v e n ile cou rt to d is trict cou rt, in spec­
ifie d ca se s......................................................
88
fro m refu sal o f w o rk p e r m it s .............................
16
A p p e n d ix .................................................................
81-95
A p p o in tm e n t , o f guardian for d e lin q u e n t ch il­
d r e n ................................................................
89
o f gu a rd ia n for d e p e n d e n t c h i ld r e n ........... 48-49
o f guardian for d e p e n d e n t or n e g le cte d c h il­
d r e n .................................................................
90
o f legal gu ardian h y p ro b a te c o u r t .................
89
o f p r o b a tio n o ffic e r s .................................. 61-62,88,92

S 38

P a ge.
A b a n d o n m e n t o f, o r n o n p ro v is io n for c h ild ,
a d u lts g u ilty of, ju r is d ic tio n o v e r , b y
ju v e n ile c o u r t s ............................................
22
See also D esertion a n d n on s u p p o rt.
A c t . See L a w .
“ A c t o f Ju v en ile D e lin q u e n c y ,” a p p lic a tio n
o f, t o b o y s o f s p e cifie d a ge.....................
82
A d d itio n s a n d a m e n d m e n ts t o ju v e n ile -c o u r t
law s e n a c t e d d u rin g t h e y e a r 1919___ 81-95
A d m in is tra tiv e b o a r d . See B o a rd , a d m in is­
tra tiv e.
A d u lts a id in g th e escape o f a c h ild fro m an
in s titu tio n , ju r is d ic tio n o v e r, b y ju ­
v e n ile c o u r ts ................................................
24
A d u lt s c o n tr ib u tin g t o d e lin q u e n c y o r d e­
p e n d e n c y , ap p ea l t o cir c u it co u rt b y .
85
ju r is d ic tio n ov er, b y cou rts tr y in g ju v e n ile
cases................................................. ..............
21
21
b y c rim in a l c ou rts.............................................

o f S tate b o a rd o f c h ild r e n ’s guardians for
d e lin q u e n t c h ild r e n ..................................
o f w o m a n assistant t o h ear cases o f girls___
A p p r e n tic e s h ip o f c h ild re n , d e lin q u e n t, p o w e r .
o f j u v e n ile c o u r t t o p r o v id e f o r .............
A s s o c ia tio n s re ce iv in g c h ild re n , c o m m it m e n t
o f d e lin q u e n t c h ild r e n t o ........................
c o m m it m e n t o f d e p e n d e n t o r n e g le cte d
c h ild r e n t o ....................................................
c o n t r o l o f , b y b o a r d o f c h ild r e n ’ s gu a rd ­
ia n s ..................................................................
b y c o u n t y b o a r d o f h e a lth a n d c o u n t y
co m m is s io n e r s .............................................
b y c o u n t y c o m m is s io n e r ...............................
b y g o v e r n o r ..........................................................
by
by
by
by

ju v e n ile -c o u r t co m m is s io n ....................
p r is o n a n d a s y lu m co m m is s io n e r s ____
S tate b o a r d o f ch a r itie s .............................
S ta te b o a r d o f c o n t r o l ................................

b y S ta te b o a r d o f c o n t r o l o f r e fo r m a to r y ,
ch a r ita b le , a n d p e n a l in s t it u t io n s ___

21

variation s i n , u n d e r ju v e n ile -c o u r t ju risd ic­
t io n ............................................................ 15-16,82
A g en ts, cou rt, v is ita tion b y , o f p la ce d -o u t
c h ild r e n .........................................................
91
supervision b y , o v e r c h ild re n p la c e d i n fam ­
i ly h o m e s ......................................................

57

A m e n d m e n t t o M ontana la w , ch an gin g age
lim it for a p p ea l...........................................

88

b y S t a t e c o m m is s io n o f S t a t e in s t it u t io n s .
p r iv a t e , c o m m it m e n t o f d e lin q u e n t a n d
d e p e n d e n t c h ild r e n t o .............................
c o m m it m e n t o f d e p e n d e n t c h ild r e n t o . .

89
89
90

57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
46
50

B i r t h o f ch ild r e n . See C h ild r e n , b ir th o f.
B o a r d , a d m in is tr a t iv e , a d v is o r y , o r s u p e r­
v is o r y , d u t ie s o f ....................................... 67,94
p e r s o n n e l o f ....................................................67,94
S ta te , d e lin q u e n t c h ild r e n co m m it t e d t o .
44

101

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38

102

INDEX,
P a ge.

B o a r d o f ch a r itie s a n d p r o b a t io n , d e lin q u e n t
47
c h ild r e n c o m m it t e d t o . ...........................
B o a r d o f c h a r itie s , S ta te , c o m m it m e n t o f
d e p e n d e n t ch ild r e n t o ......... ....................
£0
c o n t r o l b y , o v e r in s t it u t io n s a n d associ­
a tio n s , r e cei v in g c h ild r e n .......................
57
B o a r d o f c h ild r e n ’ s g u a rd ia n s, c o m m itm e n t
o f d e lin q u e n t c h ild r e n t o .....................
46
c o m m it m e n t o f d e p e n d e n t c h ild r e n t o . . . . .
50
c o n t r o l b y , o v e r in s t it u t io n s a n d associa­
tio n s r e c e iv in g c h ild r e n ...........................
57
S ta te , a p p o in t m e n t o f , fo r d e lin q u e n t c h ib
44
d r e n . ____ _____ . . . _____ _______________
es ta b lis h m e n t o f , b y W e s t V ir g in ia l a w . .
81
o r o t h e r a p p r o v e d in s t it u t io n s , c o m ­
m it m e n t o f d e p e n d e n t o r n e g le cte d
c h ild r e n t o ______ ____ ______________ _ —
90p o w e rs v e s t e d in , b y W e s t V ir g in ia l a w . .
81
B o a r d o f c o n t r o l o f in s titu tio n s ,r e fo r m a to r y ,
.ch a rita b le a n d p e n a l, S ta te , c o n t r o l
b y , o v e r in s titu tion s , a n d a sso cia tio n s
receiv in g c h i ld r e n ________ _____ _ .
- 57
B o a r d o f c o n t r o l, S ta te, c o m m it m e n t o f d e ­
p en d en t, c h ild r e n to-..................................
50
c o n t r o l b y , o v e r in s titu tio n s a n d a ssoci­
a tio n s r e c e iv in g c h i l d r e n . . . _____ _____
B o a r d o f c o n t r o l o f S tate h o m e , C o lo ra d o ,
n o t s u b je c t to ord e r o f c o u r t ...................
B o a r d o f c o u n t y c o m m is s io n e r s ,c o m m itm e n t
o f d e p e n d e n t c h ild r e n t o . ____ _______
B o a r d , G irls’ W e lfa r e , S ta te , c o m m it m e n t o f
d e lin q u e n t g ir ls o f s p e c ifie d age t o ___
p a r o le b y , s u b je c t t o a p p r o v a l o f c o u r t . .
B o a r d o f h e a lt h , c o u n t y , a n d c o m m is s io n e rs,
c o u n t y , c o n t r o l b y , o ver in s t itu tio n s
a n d a ssocia tion s r e c e iv in g c h ild r e n . .
B o a r d , p a r o le , c o n t r o l b y , o v e r d e te n tio n
h o m e s ....................

57
56
50
89
91

57
86

o f ch ild r e n . See also C u s to d y a n d
ca re of.
b efore o r d u r in g h e a rin g , b y s o c ie tie s ...........
86
C are, s e p a ra te , o f d e lin q u e n t a n d d e p e n d e n t
ch ild r e n , in a d e q u a te p r o v is io n f o r . . .
51
sp e c ia l, fo r fe e b le -m in d e d a n d s ick c h il­
d r e n . . . . ..........................
51-52,90
fo r m e n t a lly d e fe c tiv e c h ild r e n ....................
52
C a ses, classes of,, in c lu d e d i n ju r is d ic t io n o f
ju v e n ile cou rts o v e r c h i l d r e n . . . .......... 16,83
d e lin q u e n t, m eth od s o f d is p o s in g o f ________
89
C a re

a n d d e p e n d e n t, m e th o d s o f d is p o s in g o f . 43-51
ju v e n ile , co u r t r e c o r d o f , w ith h e ld fro m
p u b li c ________
37
e x c lu s io n o f p u b lic fr o m t r ia l o f ...................36,87
filin g o f c o m p la in t i n _________
26
filin g o f p e t itio n i n ___________ ______ _ . 25r-26,85
issu a n ce o f su m m o n s i n . .......................... 26-27,85
ju r is d ic tio n o v e r , b y c ir c u it co u r ts ......................... 14
b y c it y ju d g e s ..........................
14
b y c o u n t y c o u r t s ...............
13
b y cou rts o f c o m m o n p le a s ......................
13
b y cou rts o f d o m e s tic r e la tio n s................
14
14
b y c o u r ts o f s p e c ia l s e s s io n s ......................
b y c r im in a l c o u r t s ................
14
b-y d is trict c o u r t s ............................
b y ju stices o f t h e peace, i n sp ecified

13

S ta tes....................
12-13
u n d esira b ility o f ........................................... 12-13


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P a ge
Cases, ju v e n ile , ju r is d ic t io n o v e r, b y m u n ic i­
p a l c o u r t s .. ..................................................
14
b y p o lic e ju d g e s, i n sp ecified S ta te s___ 12-13
u n d e sira b ility o f ........ ...........
12-13
or ju stice s o f t h e peace, p r o h ib itio n
o f, in som e S ta te s...... ............................
13
transfer o f .............................................
13
b y p r o b a te c o u r t s ..........................................
14
b y record er’ s c o u r ts ......................................
14
b y s u perior c o u r t s .........................................
13
n a tu re o f proceedin gs a t hearin g i n ___ 33-34 ,86
p r e lim in a ry in v e s tig a tio n o f _. . _____ _____
86p r iv a c y a t t r ia l o f ......................................... 36-37,87
proceedin gs i n , m e th o d s o f be g in n in g . 25,85-86
p u b lic a tio n o f, p r o h ib itio n o f _____ ______
37
se lection o f ju d g e s t o hear o n l y . . . . . . .........
14
14
sole: ju d g e fo r , adva ntages o f ........................
a d va n tages o f ex te n d e d terra o f ...............
14
t r ia l o f , w it h j u r y ...............................
38-39
w it h o u t ju r y ......... ..........................................38-39
C ertificates,ag e, issu an ce of, b y ju v e n ile c o u r t
16
C harities, b o a r d of. See B o a r d o f charities.
C h ild-la bor la w , a d u lts viola tin g , ju risd ictio n
23
o v e r .......................................; _____________
in c lu s io n o f ju v e n ile v io la to r s o f , i n de lin ­
q u e n t, d e p e n d e n t, or neglected 1classes. . 16
C h ild re n , a d o p tio n o f , ju r is d ic tio n o v e r, b y
co u r t o f d o m e stic re la tio n s.....................
83
arrested b y p eace office rs, transferen ce of,
t o j u v e n ile c o u r t ........................ ................
82
b ir th o f, ju r is d ic tio n o v e r co n ce a lm e n t of,
b y ju v e n ile c o u r t ______________________
24
b o r n o u t o f w e d lo c k , ju r is d ic tio n o ve r eases
fo r su p p o r t of, b y ju v e n ile c o u r t ____
24
b ro u g h t b efore ju s tic e o f p e a c e or record er,
transferen ce o f, t o ju v e n ile e o u r t .........
82
care o f, before or d u rin g h e a r i n g ...................
86
s ick a n d fe e b le -m in d e d ............................... 51,52,90
ch a rged w it h crim es a n d m isd em ea n ors,
84
transferen ce of, t o c r im in a l c o u r t ___
c o m m itm e n t o f,-p o w e r o f ju v e n ile e o u rt to
ch an ge ord e r o f _____ __________ . . . . . . .
91
c o m m it t in g crim es o r m isd em ea n ors, p u n ­
is h m e n t o f , b y fin es o r c o m m itm e n t
t o c o u n t y w o rk h o u s e ...............................
89
c o m m ittin g crim es, sp ecified , d e sig n a tio n o f
ju r is d ic tio n o v e r , b y ju d g e o f ju v e n ile

20-21
c o u r t ............................................
c o m m ittin g offenses or v io la tin g co n d itio n s
o f p r o b a tio n , p u n is h m e n t o f , b y fin e s . 47-48
c u s to d y of, p a r e n ta l, ju v e n ile -c o u r t ju d g e
t o de te rm in e ____________
89.
c u s to d y a n d ca re o f , pe n d in g a n d d u rin g
h e a r in g .........................................
28-32,86
d e lin q u e n t, a p p o in tm e n t o f g u a r d ia n f o r . . . 44,89
a p p o in tm e n t o f S tate b o a r d o f c h ild r e n ’s
gu ardian s f o r __________
44
c iv ils t a t u s o f . . . ! * . ........................... . . . . . . . . .
c o m m itm e n t o f, law s o f ju v e n ile co u rt c o n ­
c e r n in g ....................
t o b o a r d o f charities: a n d p r o b a tio n ........
t o h o a rd o f ch ild r e n ’s g u a rd ia n s...............
t o c it y in s t it u t io n s ..............
t o c o u n ty in s t it u t io n s ............. ...................
t o fa m ily h o m e , p erson , o r State in s ti­
tu tio n for c h ild r e n _____________ . . . . . .

42

t o hou se o f r e fu g e ...........................................
t o in d u stria l s c h o o ls ......................................

47
89

44
47
46
45
45
89

INDEX,
P a ge .
C h ild re n , d e lin q u e n t, c o m m it m e n t o f, t o
in d u stria l, train in g , or reform sch o o L . 44-47
t o pen a l or reform a to ry in s titu tio n s ___
47
t o p riv a te in s t itu tio n s .........................
46
t o p u b lic in s titu tio n s ....................
44-47
t o S tate b o a r d o f ad m in i s tr a tio n ............
44
t o S tate in s titu tio n s ............. ........................
44
t o w ork h ou se ........................................ .........
47
con fin em en t of, separate fro m a d u lt c o n ­
v i c t s ......... : ................................. .................
47
d is p o s itio n o f cases o f .................................
89
p o w e r o f ju v e n ile cou rt t o b in d o u t t o ap­
89
p r e n t ic e s h ip ........................................ ..1
p r o b a tio n o f ................................................... 43-44,89
p ro p e rty o f, e x clu s io n o f, fro m co n tro l o f
44
a p p o in te d g u a rd ia n ........ ..........................
rep aration b y , for losses su sta in ed ..............
48
rig h t of, to w a iv e e x a m in a tio n b y ju v e n ile
c o u r t ............................... . . * . . . . ....................
84
s p ecified , c o m m itm e n t o f, t o c o u n ty j a il
t o a w a it t r ia l............................................
84
transferen ce o f, b y ju v e n ile co u rt t o
cou rt h a v in g ju r is d ic tio n ov e r offen se.
84
o f s p e c ifie d age, c o m m itm e n t o f, t o S ol­
89
d iers’ O rphans’ H o m e .............................
C h ild ren [girls], d e lin q u e n t, o f sp e cifie d age,
co m m itm e n t o f, t o S tate G irls’ W elfare
B o a r d ..................
89
C h ild r e n , d e lin q u e n t, o f s p e cifie d age, c o m ­
m itm e n t of, t o State tra in in g sch ools p ro­
h ib ite d ............
89
d e lin q u e n t a n d d ep e n d e n t, c o m m itm e n t o f,
t o p r iv a te a ssocia tio n s........................
46
co m m itm e n t o f, t o sa m e in s t it u t io n s ........
51
d is p o s itio n o f cases o f ......................................... 43-51
in a d e q u a te p r o v is io n fo r separate care o f.
51
p roced u re for trea tm e n t o f, la w d e fin in g . .
81
d e lin q u e n t, d ep e n d e n t, o r n e g le cte d , c o m ­
m it m e n t Of, t o S tate ju v e n ile h o m e .
80
in clu s io n o f, i n ju r is d ic tio n o f ju v e n ile
c o u r t s ............................... ..................... 16,83
ju r is d ic tio n o v e r , b y co u rt o f d o m e s tic
83
rela tion s ........ ........................................
e x c lu s iv e , b y co u rt o f d o m e s tic rela­
t io n s ...................................
81
b y p r o b a te c o u r t ...................
81
81
b y s p e c ia l ju v e n ile c o u r t ....................
d e p e n d e n t, ad m ission t o h o m e for, th ro u g h
c o u n t y cou rt......................................................
82
a p p o in tm e n t o f gu ardian f o r ......................... 48-49
c o m m it m e n t o f, t o b o a r d o f c h ild r e n ’s
g u ard ian s........................................
50
t o b o a r d o f c o u n t y c o m m is s io n e rs ______
50
t o c o u n t y h o m e s .............................................
50
t o overseers o f t h e p o o r ...............................
50
t o s o c ie t y for p r e v e n tio n o f c r u e lty t o
c h ild r e n ......................................... ................50
50
t o S tate b o a r d o f c h a r itie s ______ ________
t o S tate b o a r d o f c o n t r o l.............................
50
t o S tate h o m e s .................................................. 49-50
p r o p e r t y o f , e x c lu s io n o f , fro m c o n t r o l o f
a p p o in t e d g u a r d ia n ..................................
49
r e q u ir e m e n t o f m o n t h ly c o u r t r e p o r t o f . .
95
s u p p o r t o f , b y p a ren ts o r g u a rd ia n s...........
90
d e p e n d e n t o r n e g le c te d , a p p e a l t o d is tric t
c o u r t in cases o f . . . ..............
88
a p p o in t m e n t o f g u a rd ia n fo r .........................
90


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103

P a ge.
C h ild r e n , d e p e n d e n t, ca re fo r , la w p r o v id in g .
81
c o m m it m e n t o f , t o f a m ily h o m e , p erson ,
90
o r S ta te in s t it u t io n fo r c h ild r e n ...........
t o S ta te b o a r d o f c h ild r e n ’ s g u a rd ia n s
o r oth e r a p p r o v e d in s t it u t io n ...............
90
t o S tate in d u s tr ia l s c h o o ls , p r o h ib itio n
o f . . . ......................................
90
88
j u r is d ic tio n o v e r , b y sp e cifie d c o u r t s .........
p r o b a tio n o f . ......... ....................................... _ . _ 48,90
p r o p e r t y o f , e x c lu s io n o f , fro m c o n tr o l o f
a p p o in t e d g u a r d ia n .......................
90
t ria l o f, w it h o u t j u r y . .......................................
88
d e te n tio n o f , in j a il p r o h ib ite d .............
86
m e th o d s o f , p e n d in g a n d d u r in g h ear­
i n g .............................................................. 28-32,86
disch arge o f, b y in s t it u t io n s ..............................
56
d is p o s it io n o f, p a r e n t’ s r e lig io n re sp e cte d
i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... 88-89
e x p la n a t io n © ! p ro ce e d in g s s h a ll b e g iv e n t o .
86
e x t e n t o f ju v e n ile -c o u r t ju r is d ic t io n o v e r,
82
b y a g e . . : . ......................................................
fe e b le -m in d e d a n d s ic k , sp e c ia l care fo r ........51-52
fe e b le -m in d e d , e p ile p tic , o r c r im in a lly i n ­
c lin e d , ju r is d ic t io n o v e r , b y c o u r t o f
d o m e s t ic re la tio n s.....................................
8326
filin g o f co m p la in t in cases o f . . . ......................
filin g o f p e t itio n in cases o f . ......................... 25-26,85
ille g itim a te . See C h ild re n , b o r n o u t o f
w e d lo c k .
i n care o f a sso cia tio n s, v is ita tio n o f, b y p r o ­
b a t io n officers o r c o u r t a g e n t s ... . . . . .
91
in ca re o f in d iv id u a ls , v is ita tio n o f , b y p r o ♦
b a t io n officers o r c o u r t a g e n t s ..______
91
i n in s titu tio n s , p a rtia l s u p p o r t o f , b y p a r­
e n t s o r gu ardian s................................ 52-53
i n in s titu tio n s , v is it a t io n o f , b y p r o b a tio n
officers o r c o u r t a gen ts...................... 91,94
in d ic t e d b y gran d j u r y , tra n sfe re n ce o f , b y
c r im in a l co u r t t o ju v e n ile c o u r t .........
82
in d ig e n t a n d s ick o r d e fo r m e d , ju r is d ic tio n
o v e r , b y c o u r t o f d o m e s t ic r e la tio n s ..
83
27
issu a n ce o f c it a t io n , in cases o f .........................
issu a n ce o f s u m m o n s in cases o f . . . . ...............26-27
27
issu an ce o f w a r r e n t in cases o f . . ......................
ju r is d ic t io n o v e r , b y c o u r t , after d is p o s i­
t io n o f ca se...................................................... 54,91
b y ju v e n ile c o u r t, e x c lu s io n o f specified
c rim e s fr o m ............ ......................................
20'
e x t e n t o f, b y a ge ...............................................15-16
e x t e n t o f, b y classes o f cases......................
16
m e n ta l a n d -p h y s ic a l e x a m in a tio n o f . . . . . . . . 38,88
m e n ta lly d e fe c tiv e , s p e cia l care fo r .................
52
p h o to g r a p h in g o f, i n c o u r t, p r o h ib itio n o f . .
37
p la c e d i n fa m ily h o m e s , s u p e r v is io n o v e r
b y a gen ts........................
57
p la c e d i n h o s p ita ls , w h o n e e d m e d ic a l care. 51,90
p la c e d -o u t, v is it a t io n o f, b y p r o b a t io n
o f fic e r s .................................................................. 91,94
p r e lim in a r y in v e s tig a tio n o f cases o f ................28,86
re la tio n o f c o u r t t o in s titu tio n s f o r ........... 54-57,91
relea se o f , b y c o u r t , o n r e c o m m e n d a tio n o f
in s t it u t io n ................................
56
s ic k l a n d fe e b le -m in d e d . See C h ildren ,
fe e b le -m in d e d a n d s ic k see also u n d e r
Classes-

104

INDEX.

P a ge.
C h ild ren , statu s o f , c iv il , a fte r ju d g m e n t b y
ju v e n i le c o u r t . . ..........................................
89
, tr u a n t, ju r is d ic t io n o v e r , b y p r o b a te c o u r t .
83
u n d er c o u r t ju r is d ic t io n , v is ita tio n o f, in
h o m e s , b y p r o b a t io n o fficers.................
94
C ircu it courtf. See C o u rt, c ir c u it.
C ita tio n , failure t o o b e y , p u n is h m e n t fo r ........ 27,85
94
issu an ce o f, b y p r o b a tio n officers.'...................
. in ju v e n ile c a s e s ....................................................27,85
C ity cou rt. See C ou rt, c ity .
C ity in stitu tion s. See In stitu tio n s, c ity .
C ity ju d ges. See Judges, c ity .
C iv il status. See S tatus, c iv il.
Classes, d e lin q u e n t, d ep e n d e n t, o r neglected,^
in clu sion o f, in ju r is d ic tio n o f ju v e ■ n ile c o u r ts .........................................
16,83
in clu sion o f ju v e n ile viola tors o f c h ild la b o r l a w i n . . . . . . .................................
16
ju risd iction o v e r , b y c o u r t o f do m e s­
t ic rela tion s........ .-...................................
83
d e p e n d e n t or n eglected, in clu sio n o f specific
cases in , in C on n ecticu t...........................
20
20
in M ain e...... .................................................... feeble-m in d ed , e p ile p tic , o r crim in a lly in ­
c lin ed , ju risd iction ov e r, fey co u rt o f
d om estic r e la tio n s..............................
83
in d igen t an d s ick o r d eform e d , ju ris d ic­
tio n ov e r, b y cou rt o f d o m e s tic rela­
83
tion s , ..........
Classes o f cases. See Cases, classes of.
C om m ission , ju v en ile-cou rt, co n tro l b y , o v e r
in stitu tion s a n d associations rece iv ­
in g c h ild r e n ........... ................... . . . . . . . . .
57
C om m ission er, c o u n ty , co n tr o l b y , o v e r in ­
stitu tion s and associations receivin g
57
c h ild r e n ................................................
State, o f State in stitu tion s, co n tro l b y ,
o v er in stitu tion s a n d associations
receivin g c h ild r e n ...................................
57
C om m issioners, co u n ty , a n d b o a r d o f h e a lth ,
c o u n ty , co n tr o l b y , o v e r in stitu tio n s
an d associa tions rece iv in g c h ild r e n ..
57
p rison and a s y lu m , co n tr o l b y , o v e r in sti­
tu tion s an d associations re ce ivin g
c h ild r e n ..........................
57
C o m m itm en t o f ch ild ren . See C h ildren
[specified ], c o m m itm e n t of.
C om m ittee, p ro b a tio n , a p p o in tm e n t o f ............
94
94
pow ers and d u ties o f . .......................................
C om m on pleas, cou rt of. See C ou rt o f c o m ­
m o n pleas.
C om p la in t, filing of, th e p re lim in a ry p r o ­
ceeding in ju v e n ile cases in specified
S ta tes............. ■......................... . . 1 ..............
26
C on cu rrent ju risd iction . See Ju risdiction ,
concurrent.
C on stru ction an d p u rp ose o f t h e ju v e n ile cou rt l a w . ............................. ................. 69-70,95
C on tem p t o f court.- See C ou rt, c o n te m p t of.
C on trol of in stitu tion s rece iv in g ch ild re n
c o m m itte d b y th e ju v e n ile c o u r t___ 55-56
C on trol o f p r o p e r ty o f d elin q u e n t ch ild ren ,
e x clu sion of, from g u ard ian ...................
44
C on trol o f p r o p e r ty o f d ep e n d e n t ch ild re n ,
ex clu sion o f, from gu a rd ia n .................
49
C on trol o f p r o p e r ty o f d e p e n d e n t or n eglected
ch ild ren , ex clu sion of, from gu ard ian .
•90


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Page.
C o u n ty b o a rd o f h e a lth . See B o a rd o f health,,
co u n ty .
C o u n ty cou rt. See C ou rt, c o u n t}’ .
C o m ity in stitu tion s. See In stitu tio n s, county.- ■
C o u n ty w ork h ou se. See W o r k h o u s e , co u n ty .
C ourt, circu it, a p p e a l t o , b y a d u lts c o n ­
tr ib u tin g t o d e lin q u e n c y o r d e p e n d 85
e n c y .........................; ...................................ju risd ictio n o f, o v e r d e p e n d e n t and
n e gle cte d ch ild re n ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____
82
o v e r ju v e n ile c a s e s ............................... ........
14
rehearing o f ju v e n ile cases b y .. ............
88
c it y ,-ju d g e o f, p o w e r o f, t o a ct as ju d g e o f
ju v e n ile c o u r t ......... ....................................
91
C ourt o f c o m m o n pleas, ju r is d ic tio n o f, o v e r
d e p e n d e n t an d n egleeted c h ild r e n .. .
82
o v e r ju v e n ile cases....................................
13
C ourt, c o n te m p t o f, failure o f paren ts or guar­
d ian s t o c o n tr ib u te t o s u p p o r t o f
p la ce d -o u t c h ild p u n ish a b le a s...........53,90
c o u n ty , a d m issio n t o h o m o for d e p e n d e n t
ch ild re n , t h r o u g h ..................
82
13
ju ris d ictio n o f, o v e r ju v e n ile cases.............
crim in al, ju r is d ic tio n o f, o y e r ad u lts, for
co n trib u tin g t o d e lin q u e n c y o r d e ­
p e n d e n c y .. ..................................
21
o v e r d e p e n d e n t a n d n eglected ch ild r e n .
82
o v e r ju v e n ile cases......................
14
transference o f c h ild re n charged w ith
crim es an d m isd em ea nors t o . . . .........
84
d is trict, a p p e a l to , from ju v e n ile co u rt, in
specified cases o f ch ild r e n ................
88
ju ris d ictio n o f, o v e r ju v e n ile c a s e s . . . . . .
13
sele ctio n o f ju d g e fro m , t o h e a r ju v e n ile c o u r t ca s e s .............................
82
C ou rt o f d o m e s tic rela tion s, ju ris d ictio n of,
e x c lu s iv e , o v e r a du lts c o n trib u tin g
t o d e lin q u e n c y or d e p e n d e n c y ............
85
o v e r d e lin q u e n t, d e p e n d e n t, a n d n e g ­
le cte d c h ild r e n ............................................
81
o v e r a d o p tio n o f c h ild r e n .. .< ............
83
o v e r a du lts fo r d e se rtio n an d n o n su p ­
p o r t ................................
23,85
o v e r d e lin q u e n t, d e p e n d e n t, o r neglected
cla sses.............................................................
83
o v e r feeble-m in d ed , e p ile p tic, or crim ­
in a lly in c lin e d c h ild r e n . . . . ____
83
o v e r in d ig e n t a n d s ick o r d e fo rm e d ch il- .
d r e n ..................................................................
83
o v e r ju v e n ile cases.......... ..........
14
o v e r ju v e n ile -c o u r t ca se s.................................
81
C ou rt, e q u ity , ap p ea l t o , fro m ju v e n ile c o u r t .
88
in term ed iate, ju r is d ic tio n of, o v e r d e p e n d ­
e n t a n d n e gle cte d c h ild r e n .....................
82
ju risd ictio n of, o v e r ch ild re n a fte r d is p o s i­
t io n o f c a s e ................................................... 54,91
ju v e n ile , a dm in istra tio n o f ‘ 'm o t h e r s ’ a id ”
la w b y , i n sp e cifie d S ta te s .....................
23
a p p e a l fro m d e cis io n o f ...............................
40
app eal fro m , t o circu it co u r t w ith o u t ju r y .
88
t o c o u r t h a v in g e q u it y ju r is d ic t io n . . . .
88
a p p e a l to , u p o n r e fu sa l o f w o rk p e r m it s ..
' 16
c iv il s ta tu s o f ch ild a fte r ju d g m e n t b y . . .
89
c o n tr o l o f in s titu tio n s t o w h ic h ch ildren
are c o m m itte d b y ............................
55-56

105

INDEX,
P age.
C ou rt, j u v e n ile , con trol of, o v e r ad m ission t o
S tate s c h o o l for d e a f . . .....................
o v e r d e te n tio n h o m e s in A r iz o n a ...........
d e s ig n a t e d ,'e x c lu s iv e ju r is d ic tio n g iv e n
t o . . , ............................... ................................

83

86
11

design ated, in s p ecified S
t a
t e s 11
d esign ation of, as c o u r t o f re c o rd ____. . . . .
95
e x a m in a tion b y , r ig h t o f d e lin q u e n t c h il­
d ren t o w
a i v e . ___ . . . . . . .
84
ex clu sion o f p u b lic from, tr ia ls o f . . . . . . . . .
87
issu ance o f age ce r tific a te s b y ......................
16
ju d g e of, p o w e r o f, t o d ecid e p a re n ta l cus­
t o d y o f c h i l d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............
89
t o determ in e ju r is d ic t io n o v e r chil­
d r e n c o m m it t in g s p e cifie d c r im e s .. 20-21
t o e x t e n d age lim it a t io n fo r persons
ch arged w it h f e lo n y ..................
21
t o in v e s tig a te in s titu tio n s receivin g
c h i l d r e n . . . . . . . . ................................ . .
91
t o m o d ify o r r e v o k e ord ers, release,
parole, r e c o m m it, o r b in d ch ild t o
crim in a l c o u r t .....................

91

ju risd iction of, ex c lu s io n o f fe lo n y fr o m . . . 20, 21
e x c lu s iv e , o v e r c o m m itm e n t o f girls o f
sp ecified age t o S ta te in d u stria l
s c h o o ls ..........................................................
83
in clu sion o f d e lin q u e n t, d e p e n d e n t, or
neglected cla s ses i n ........................... ..
16,83
o v e r adu lts, e x t e n t o f ................ 2 1 ,2 2 ,2 4 ,8 4 ,8 5
for a b a n d o n m e n t of, o r n o n p ro v is io n
fo r ch ild ................................................ . .
22
for aid in g th e escape o f a ch ild from an
24
i n s t i t u t i o n . . : . . . : : . . . . . ....................
f or co n c e a lin g b ir th o f c h i ld .................
24
for c o n tr ib u tin g t o d e lin q u e n c y or de­
p e n d e n c y .:.. ..........................
21,84-85
for crim es a g ain st ch ild r e n .................
23
for d esertion a n d n o n s u p p o r t . . . . . . . .
22
fo r fa ilu r e t o c o m p ly w it h t h e c o m ­
p u ls o r y sch o o l-a tte n d a n c e l a w ___ 23,85
fo r fu rn ish in g a m in o r in an in s titu ­
tio n w it h t o b a c c o ................................
24
for v io la tio n o f th e ch ild -la b o r l a w . . .
23
o v e r cases for p r o v id in g s u p p o r t and
m ain ten an ce o f ch ild re n b o m o u t o f
w e d lo c k ..........................
24
o v e r ch ild ren , classes o f cases in clu d e d
16,83
i n ------. . . . ------ .'.............
e x clu sion o f sp ecified crim es fro m ___
20
e x te n t of, b y a ge................................ .. 15-16,82
e x te n t of, b y classes o f c a se s. . . . . . . . . 16,83
o f sp ecified age c o m m ittin g specified
crim es, ex a m in in g m agistrate t o
d e te r m in e ....................................
84
o v er d ep en d en t o r n eg lecte d ch ild r e n .
82
variation s i n age lim ita tio n s u n d e r . . 15-16,82
law s of, con cern in g c o m m itm e n t o f de­
lin q u e n t c h ild re n t o in s titu tio n s ............. 44
• rganization o f ....................................... 58-68,91-95
parole b y S tate G irls’ W e lfa re B o a rd
su b ject t o a p p ro v a l o f.................
91
pow er of, to change ord er o f c o m m itm e n t.
91
t o co m m it d elin q u en t ch ild re n t o fa m ily
h o m e, person, or State in s titu tio n for
c h ild r e n ......................
89
t o c o m m it d elin q u en t c h ild re n t o in d u s­
tria l sch o o ls ............. .........
89


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Page.
C ou rt, ju v e n ile , p o w e r e f , t o c o m m it d e -'
p e n d e n t or n e g le cte d ch ild r e n t o
fa m ily h o m e , person , or S tate in stitu - '
90
tio n for c h i l d r e n . . . ....................
t o con sen t t o m arriage o f p ersons w ith ­
ou t legal gu a rd ia n s................ - . » . . . .
24
t o en force a m e d ica l or m e n ta l e x a m i­
n a tio n ..............................................
88
t o fin e or c o m m it ch ild r e n t o c o u n ty
w ork h ou se, fo r c r im e o r m isd e ­
m e a n o rs........................
89
t o im p o s e sen ten ce w ith o u t ju r y i n
sp ecified cases o f a d u lts .................
85
t o p r o v id e for a p p ren ticesh ip o f d elin ­
q u e n t c h ild r e n ............................................
89
t o tran sfer ch ild r e n ch a rged w ith crim es
a n d m isd em ea n ors t o c rim in a l c o u r ts .
84
t o transfer d e lin q u e n t c h ild re n t o co u r t
h a v in g p ro p e r j u r i s d i c t i o n . . . ......................... 84
proceedin gs o f, fo rb id d e n as e v id e n c e i n
o th er c o u r t s ...............................................
88
rep orts o f, an n u al, n am es o f ch ild re n
w ith h e ld f r o m ...................... . . . . : . . ____
87
reports re q u ir e d b y , fro m in s titu tio n s t o
w h ic h c h ild re n are c o m m i t t e d .............. 55,91
special, cre a tio n o f ............................................... i i , 8 1
ju r is d ic tio n o f, e x clu s iv e , o v e r delin ­
q u e n t, d e p e n d e n t, a n d n eglected
c h i ld r e n .....................
81
o v e r ju v e n ile cases........................
11
o v e r adu lts, fo r desertion a n d n o n ­
s u p p o r t.............................
23
su p ervision o f, o v e r in s titu tio n s t o w h ic h
c h ild re n are c o m m it t e d ....................... ... 55-91
tim e a n d p la ce o f hearings o f, i n sp ecified '
S ta te s.............................................
34-38,87
transferen ce o f ch ild re n arrested b y peace
officers t o .......... ...................
82
transferen ce o f c h ild re n b ro u g h t before
ju stice s o f peace t o . . .•...............................
82
transference o f ch ild re n in d ic t e d b y gran d
ju r y fro m c rim in a l c o u r t t o ...................
82
visita tio n o f in stitu tio n s t o w h ic h ch ild re n
are c o m m itte d b y ........................................ 55-56
m u n icip a l, ju r is d ic tio n o f, o ver ju v e n ile
cases................................
14
orders of. See O rders, cou rt.
p o w e r o f, t o c o m m it b o y s o f sp ecified age
w h o v io la te crim in a l la w t o h ouse o f
1 %
refuge for ju v e n ile offe n d e rs.................
89
p ro b a te , a p p o in tm e n t o f legal guardian b y . .
89
cre a tio n o f, b y la w .......................
81
ju r is d ic tio n o f, e x clu siv e , o v e r adu lts, for
c o n tr ib u tin g t o d e lin q u e n c y o r d e ­
p e n d e n c y .......... . ..........................................
85
o v e r d e lin q u e n t, d e p e n d e n t, a n d n eg­
le c te d c h i ld r e n ........................
81
ju risd ictio n ,
ju v e n ile -co u rt,
con ferred
u p o n ............ . . : . . ______________
81
ju ris d ictio n o f, o v e r ju v e n ile c a se s............
14
o v e r tru a n ts ................
83
ju v e n ile d iv isio n o f, p o w e r o f ju d g e o f, t o
gran t reh e a rin g ....................
o f record , design ation o f ju v e n ile co u rt a s . .
o f record , ju r is d ic tio n o f, o rig in a l...................
re cord er’s, ju ris d ictio n o f o v e r ju v e n ile
cases.

88
95
82
14

106

IN D E X .
P a ge.

C ou rt, record s o f. See R e c o r d s , c o u r t,
release o f ch ild r e n b y , o n r e c o m m e n d a tio n
56
o fin s t it u t ia n _________ _________ ______
"reports of. See R e p o rts , co u rt,
o f sp ecial sessions, ju r is d ic tio n o f, over
ju v e n ile ca s es ...................................
14
superior, ju ris d ictio n o f, o v e r ju v e n ile cases.
13
su prem e, o f P en n sy lv a n ia , co n ce rn in g tria l
o f ju v e n ile cases b y j u r y ......................
38
C rim es against c h ild re n , a du lts g u ilty of,
ju r is d ic tio n ov e r, b y ju v e n ile c o u r t ..
23
C rim es, s p ecified , c h ild re n c o m m ittin g , ju ris­
d ic tio n o v e r , ju d g e o f ju v e n ile court
t o d e te r m in e ......... .....................
20-21
c h ild re n o f s p ecified age c o m m ittin g , ju ­
ris d ic tio n ov e r , ex a m in in g m agistrate
t o d e t e r m in e -.................
84
e x clu s io n of, fro m ju v e n ile -c o u r t ju r is d ic ­
t i o n . . . . , ..........................
20
or m isd em ea n ors, p u n ish m e n t o f ch ild ren
89
c o m m it t in g .................................
C rim in al c o d e , am en d m en ts t o , s p e c ific ju v e ­
n ile offenses d efin ed b y ...........................
16
C rim in al cou rt. See Cou rt, crim in a l.
C ru elty t o ch ild ren , s o c ie ty for p r e v e n tio n of.
See S o cie ty for p r e v e n tio n o f c ru e lty
t o ch ildren .
C u stod y o f c h ild , p arental, p o w e r o f ju v e n ile cou rt ju d g e , t o d e c id e ..............................
89
C u stod y a n d care o f ch ild re n , d e lin q u e n t, b y
S tate b oa rd o f a d m in istra tio n ..............
44
C u stod y a n d care o f ch ild re n p e n d in g an d
d u rin g h earin g ......... ............................ 28-32,86
D e a f, sch ool for. Sec S ch ool for deaf.
D ecision o f j u v e n ile co u rt, a p p ea l fr o m ............
D ecision o f S u p rem e C ourt o f P en n sylva n ia ,
con cern in g tria l o f ju v e n ile cases b y

40

1

Page. J
D e lin q u e n t ch ild r e n . See C h ildren , d e lin ­
q u e n t; see also Classes, d e lin q u e n t.
D e lin q u e n t classes. See Classes, d e lin q u e n t;
see also C h ild ren , d e lin q u e n t.
D e p a rtm e n t o f p u b lic w elfare, State. See
’ W elfare, p u b lic , S tate d e p a rtm e n t of.
D e p e n d e n c y , d e fin itio n o f, States la ck in g ,
b u t in c lu d in g sp e c ifie d p r o v is io n s . . .
20
va ria tio n s i n .......................................... ............. 18,19
a n d d e lin q u e n c y . See D e lin q u e n cy an d
depen den cy.
a n d n e g le c t, d e fin itio n o f, variation s i n ------83-84
D e p e n d e n t c h ild re n . See C h ild ren , d e p e n d ­
e n t; see also Classes, d e p e n d e n t.
D e p e n d e n t classes. See Classes, d e p e n d e n t;
see also C h ild ren , d e p e n d e n t.
D e p e n d e n t a n d n e g le c te d classes. See Class­
es, d e p e n d e n t a n d n e g le cte d .
D e se rtio n a n d n o n s u p p o rt. See also A b a n ­
d o n m e n t or n o n p ro v is io n ,
a du lts g u ilty o f, ju r is d ic t io n ov e r, b y court
o f d o m e s tic r e la tio n s .......................... 23,85
b y ju v e n ile c o u r t ................
22
b y s p e c ia l j u v e n ile c o u r t ....................
23
D e sign a te d ju v e n ile co u rt. See C ou rt, ju ­
v e n ile , designated.
D e te n tio n o f ch ild re n i n ja il, p r o h ib itio n o f . .
86
D e te n tio n o f c h ild re n , m e th o d s o f, p e n d in g
a n d d u rin g h e a rin g .............................28-32
i n s p e cifie d States— ...................................
86
D e te n tio n h o m e . See H o m e , d e te n tio n .
D is p o s itio n o f cases, d e lin q u e n t a n d d e p e n d ­
e n t , m e th o d s o f ....................................43-51
D is p o s itio n o f c h ild , r e lig io n o f paren ts re­
s p e c te d i n ..................................
42,88-89
D is tr ic t co u r t. See C o u rt, d is tric t.
D o m e s t ic r e la tio n s, c o u r t o f. See C o u rt o f
d o m e s t ic rela tion s.

j u r y . . ..............................
38
D e fe ctiv e s, m e n ta l or p h y sica l, in clu sion of,
E p ile p t ic c h ild r e n . See C h ild re n , fe e b le ­
i n d e lin q u e n t, d e p e n d e n t, or neg­
m in d e d , e p ile p tic , or c r im in a lly in ­
le c te d cla sses............. ..................................
16
c lin e d .
D e fin itio n o f d e lin q u e n c y . See D e lin q u e n cy ,
E v id e n c e , use o f, i n su b se q u e n t trials.............. 41,88
d efin ition of.
E x a m in a tio n , m e d ic a l or m e n ta l, order for,
D e fin itio n o f d e p e n d e n c y . See D e p e n d e n cy ,
e n fo rce m e n t o f, b y ju v e n ile co u r t —
88
d efin ition of.
m e n ta l a n d p h y s ica l, o f c h ild r e n .....................38,88
D efo rm e d ch ild ren . See C h ildren , in d ig e n t
E x clu s iv e ju r is d ic tio n . See Ju risd ictio n , e x ­
a n d sick or d eform ed .
clu siv e .
D e lin q u e n cy , d e fin itio n o f, as a c c e p te d b y
m o s t S ta tes...........................— ...............
17
F e e b le -m in d e d c h ild re n . See C h ild re n , fee- .
as s h o w n b y A la b a m a la w .............................
83
b le -m in d e d .
p reviou s t o ju v e n ile -co u rt le g isla tio n ........
17
F e lo n y , e x c lu s io n o f, fro m ju v e n ile -co u rt
States la c k in g , b u t in c lu d in g s p e cifie d
ju r is d ic t io n ................................
20
p r o v is io n s ........................
18
p o w e r o f ju v e n ile -c o u r t ju d g e i n N e v a d a t o
variation s i n ........................................................
17
e x t e n d age lim it a t io n for persons
D e lin q u e n cy a n d d e p e n d e n c y , a du lts con ­
c h a rg e d w i t h ...............................................
21
tr ib u tin g t o , a p p e a l o f, t o cir c u it
F in es, c h ild r e n c o m m it t in g crim e s o r m isd e ­
c o u r t ------------------------85
m ea n ors s u b je c t t o . ...................................
89
ju r is d ic tio n ov e r, b y co u rt tr y in g ju v e n ile
c h ild r e n c o m m it t in g offenses o r v io la tin g
c a s e s ......................
21
c o n d itio n s o f p r o b a tio n s u b je c t t o . . . 47-48
b y cr im in a l c o u r t............... . — .................
21
b y ju v e n ile c o u r t ..............................................84-85
! G o v e r n o r , c o n tr o l b y , o v e r in s titu tio n s a n d
e x c l u s i v e l y cou rt o f d o m e s ticre la tio n s .
85
a sso cia tio n s re c e iv in g c h ild r e n ............
57
b y p r o b a te c o u r t ......... ..............................
85
G ra n d ju r y , c h ild r e n in d ic t e d b y , transference
d is tin c tio n b e tw e e n , n o t m a d e i n a ct for
o f , b y c r im in a l c o u r t t o ju v e n ile
K in g sp ort, T en n e sse e ..............................
84
c o u r t . .............................................................
82
lia b ility o f adu lts lor co n tr ib u tin g t o ........ 21,84


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IN D E X ,
P a ge.
G u ardian , le g a l, a p p o in t m e n t o f, b y p ro b a te
c o u r t .............................. . . . . ______ . . . . . .
89
for d e lin q u e n t e M ld r e n .............................. 44,89
for d e p e n d e n t ch ild r e n ................................ 48-49
for d e p e n d e n t or n e g le c te d c h ild r e n .. . .
90
issu an ce o f s u m m on s t o , i n ju v e n ile eases. 26^27
H e a lt h , b oa rd of. See B o a rd o f h ealth .
H earings, ju v en ile-eou rt, p r iv a c y a t ___ . . . . .
87
t im e a n d p la ce o f, i n sp e cifie d S ta te s .. 34-36,87
p riv a te, for b o y s o f s p ecifie d a g e .....................
87
Home,, c o u n t y , c o m m it m e n t tif d e p e n d e n t
c h ild r e n t o .
...................................
50
te m p o r a r y , in C o n n e c tic u t for d e p e n d e n t'
a n d n e g le c te d c h ild re n , elassesad m itte d t o ........................... ..................................
d e te n tio n , c o n tr o l of, b y ju v e n ile c o u r t in
A r iz o n a ..........................................................
b y p a role b o a r d ..................... . . . . .............
c o n tr o l o f in te rn a l affairs o f, b y p r o b a tio n
c o m m it t e e .......... ; J......................................
e s ta b lis h m e n t o f....................... . . . . . . . . ____
for ch ild r e n , before or d u rin g h e a rin g ___
in s p e c t io n rep ort o f, m o n t h ly .......................
m a tr o n for, a p p o in tm e n t o f . .........................

20
86
86
94
86
86
94
86

fa m ily , c o m m it m e n t o f d e lin q u e n t ch ild re n
t o ............................
c o m m it m e n t o f d e p e n d e n t o r n e g le cte d
c h ild r e n t o ............................................. _ ..
for d e p e n d e n t c h ild r e n , ad m ission t o ,
th r o u g h c o u n t y c o u r t .......................
for d e p e n d e n t a n d n e g le cte d c h ild re n in
C o n n e c tic u t, classes a d m it te d t o .........
for d e p e n d e n t a n d n e g le cte d c h ild re n in
M aine, classes a d m it te d t o .....................
ju v e n ile , S tate, c o m m itm e n t o f a ll d e lin ­
q u e n t, d e p e n d e n t, a n d n e g le cte d
ch ild r e n t o ..................
O rp h an s’, S oldiers’, c o m m it m e n t o f de lin ­

89
90

82
20
20

89

q u e n t ch ild r e n o f sp e cifie d age t o ___
89
ro o m , or s c h o o l, d e te n tio n , for ch ild re n ,
b efore t r ia l ...................................................... 31-32
S tate, c o m m it m e n t o f d e p e n d e n t ch ild re n
t o . . . . . . . . . . ........................., ..................... 49-50
. -fin d in g societies. See S ocieties, h o m e -fin d ­
in g .
H ouse o f refuge, c o m m it m e n t o f d e lin q u e n t
ch ild r e n t o ......... ...................
for ju v e n ile offen d ers, c o m m it m e n t o f h o y s
o f sp ecified age t o , for v io la tio n o f
c r im in a l la w .................................................

47

89

H o s p ita l, p la cin g o f ch ild ren n e e d in g m e d ica l
care in.
51,90
I lle g itim a te ch ild ren .
o f w e d lo c k .

See C h ildren , b o m ou t

Im p ris o n m e n t in ja il, failure o f parents t o c o n t iib u t e t o s u p p o r t o f c h ild i n in s t it u ­
t io n p u n ish a b le b y ..............................

53

In d iv id u a l, c o m m it m e n t o f d e lin q u e n t ch il­
d ren t o care o f .............................................

89

c o m m itm e n t o f d e p e n d e n t o r n e gle cte d ch il­
d re n t o ca re o f ............. ................................

9q

In d u stria l, tra in in g , o r reform sch ools.

See

Schools, in d u stria l, tra in in g , o r re­
form .
In s p e ctio n o f d eten tion h o m e s ........................


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94

107

Inspection of.institutions receiving children
94

b y ju v e n ile -co u rt ju d g e ........................
In s titu tio n , c it y , c o m m itm e n t o f d e lin q u e n t
ch ild ren t o . . ....................

45

c o m m itm e n t o f d e lin q u e n t a n d de p e n d e n t
c h ild re n to s a m e ............................
c o m m itm e n t o f m e n ta l d efectives t o .............

54
5*

c o u n t y , c o m m itm e n t o f d e lin q u e n t e h ild r e n t o . . . . . . . ............
d ischarge o f ch ild ren b y ......................................

45
5g

p e n a l, o r re form a to ry, c o m m itm e n t o f de­
lin q u e n t c h ild r e n t o . ...............................
47
p r iv a te , c o m m itm e n t o f d e lin q u e n t ch il­
d re n t o . . . . . . . . ..............................
4Q
c o m m itm e n t o f d e p e n d e n t ch ild re n t o . .
5Q
p u b lic , c o m m itm e n t o f d e lin q u e n t ch il­
d ren t o . . ...................................... . . . ......... 44 17
S ta te , C olorado, b o a r d o f c o n tr o l of, n o t
s u b je ct t o ord er o f c o u r t........... ..............
gg
co m m itm e n t o f d e lin q u e n t ch ild re n t o __ 44,89
co m m itm e n t o f d e p e n d e n t or n eglected
c h ild re n t o ........................................
gg
S ta te c o m m is s io n e r o f, c o n tr o l b y , o v e r
in s titu tio n s a n d asso cia tio n s r e c e iv ­
i n g c h ild r e n .............................
¿7
In s t it u t io n s t o w h ic h ch ild r e n are c o m ­
m it t e d , c o n tr o l o f ....................................... 55-56
b y b o a r d o f c h ild r e n ’ s g u a r d ia n s ._______
57
b y c o u n t y b o a r d o f h e a lth a n d c o u n t y
com m ission ers.............................................
57
b y c o u n t y co m m is s io n e r ...............................
57
b y g o v e r n o r ........................
57
b y ju v e n ile -c o u r t c o m m is s io n .......................
57
b y p r is o n a n d a s y lu m com m ission ers___
57
b y S ta te h o a rd o f ch a ritie s........ ....................
57
b y S ta te b o a r d o f c o n t r o l...............................
57
b y S ta te b o a r d o f co n tr o l o f re fo rm a to ry,
eh aritah le , a n d p e n a l in s titu tio n s ___
57
b y S ta te co m m issio n e r o f S ta te in s titu ­
t io n s ....... ..............g____ ; ...................._........
57
in s p e c tio n o f, b y ju v e n ile -c o u r t ju d g e ..........
94
r e la tio n o f c o u r t t o ...........................................54-57 90
s u p e rv is io n o f...... ..................
55-56>91
55-56
v is ita tio n o f . . .......................................
I n s titu tio n a l reports^
t io n a l.

See R e p o rts , in s titu ­

In tr e p r e ta tio n o f d e lin q u e n c y .
q u e n c y , d e fin itio n of.

See D e lin ­

I n te r p r e ta tio n o f d e p e n d e n c y . See D e p e n d ­
e n c y , d e fin it io n of.
In te r p r e ta tio n o f n e g le c t. See N egieet, defi­
n it io n o f.
I n v e s tig a tio n , p r e lim in a r y , o f ju v e n ile eases 28,86
J a i l , c o u n t y , c o m m itm e n t t o , o f sp e cifie d de­
l in q u e n t c h ild r e n , t o a w a it t r ia l ___
Ju d ge, c ity -c o u r t, p o w e r o f, t o a c t as ju d g e o f
ju v e n ile c o u r t ..............................................
c i t y , d u t y o f, r e la tiv e t o co u r t re co rd s...........
ju r is d ic t io n o f, o v e r ju v e n ile c a s e s .______
c o u r t o f r e c o rd , se lection of, t o h ear ju v e n ile co u rt cases....................................................
d is tric t cou rt, sele ctio n of, t o h e a r ju v e n ile co u rt eases....................................................
j u v e n ile -e o u rt, e x a m in a tio n o f w itnesses b y ,
w ith o u t c o u n s e l.........................................
in s p e ctio n b y , o f in s titu tio n s receivin g
c h ild r e n .........................................................

84

94
95
14
82
82
87

94

m e th o d o f se lection o f . . . ......................... 58-59 91

Jt08

INDEX.

P a ge.
Ju d g e; ju v e id le -c o n r t , p o w e r o f, i n N e v a d a ;
t o e x te n d a g e -lim ita tio n for persons
21
ch a rg ed w it h f e lo n y ..................... ..
t o a p p o in t m a tr o n for d e te n tio n h o m e
in W ilm in g to n , D e l .......................................... 86
t o determ in e p a ren ta l c u s to d y o f c h ild .
89
t o d eterm in e p r o p e r ju r is d ic tio n o ver
ch ild ren c o m m ittin g specified crim es. 20,21
t o in v e s tig a te in s titu tio n s re ce iv in g
• c h i l d r e n : : : ...................... . . . . . . :..............
t o m o d ify or r e v o k e orders, release,
parole, r e c o m m it, o r b in d c h ild t o

91

91
c r im in a l c o u r t . . . . . . . . . . ..........
qu a lification s o f _____________________ __ 60,91-92
salary o f ........................
59-60,91
ten u re o f ........... ..........................
59,91
o f ju v e n ile d iv isio n o f p r o b a te co u rt, grant^
in g o f reh earin g b y ........... ....................
88
p o lic e , ju r is d ic tio n of, o v e r ju v e n ile cases,
12-13
in sp ecified S ta te s............. .................
p r o h ib itio n of, i n s o m e S tates...............
13
u n d esira b ility o f ....... .................. ............:
12
selection of, for ju v e n ile cases o
n
l
y
14
sole, a dva n tages o f e x te n d e d te rm o f, for
ju v e n ile ca s e s
....... ............................«¡w
14
a d v a n ta g es o f fo r ju v e n ile c a s e s .........
14
Judges, r o ta tio n o f, allow e d in so m e S tates. .
14
special qu a lification s o f, im p o rta n ce o f .........
12
Ju risd iction , c o n c lu re n t, d isad van ta ges o f . . .
11
in sp ecified S ta tes........................... |................11-12
co n tin u in g , a n d r ela tio n o f c o u r t t o in s titu i *
tio n s in w h ic h ch ild re n are p l a c e d . . . 54-57
e x c lu s iv e , adva n tages o f .............................. 11,14
o f cou rts. See C ou rt [s p ecified !, ju risd icf
t io n of.
o f ju d g es. See J u d ge [specified ], ju ris d ictio n
►
of.
o f ju s tic e o f th e p e a c e ,. See Ju stice o f th e
peace, ju r is d ic tio n of.
J u ry , app eal fr o m ju v e n ile oou rt, t o cir c u it
c o u r t, w it h o u t .............................................
88
p o w e r o f ju v e n ile c o u r t t o im p o s e sen ten ce
in sp ecified cases o f adu lts, w it h o u t ..
85
tria l o f d e p e n d e n t a n d n e g le cte d ch ild re n
w it h o u t ..........................................................
88
.trial o f ju v e n ile cases b y . . . ..........
38-39
trial o f ju v e n ile cases, w it h o u t ........................... 38-39
J u stice o f p eace or record er, transferen ce o f
ch ild ren b ro u g h t b efore, t o ju v e n ile
c o u r t ................................................................
82
Ju stice o f th e peace, ju r is d ic tio n o f, o ver
ju v e n ile cases, in sp ecified S ta te s____12-13
p r o h ib itio n of, in so m e States................... 12-13
u n d esira b ility o f ............................................... 12-13
J u ven ile cases. See Cases, ju v e n ile .
Ju ven ile co u r t. See C ou rt, ju v e n ile .
Ju ven ile-cou rt c o m m issio n . See C om m is, sio n , ju v e n ile - co u rt.
J u ven ile-cou rt ju d g e . See Jud ge, ju v e n ile cou rt.
J u v en ile offenses.

See O ffenses, ju v e n ile .

K<aw, “ a ct o f ju v e n ile d e lin q u e n c y ,” applicar
b le o n ly t o b o y s o f sp ecified a g e ..........
a m e n d in g age lim it for app eals in M o n ta n a .
con fe rr in g ju v e n ile -co u rt ju r is d ic tio n u p o n
c o u r t o f d o m e s tic re la tio n s.....................


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P a ge.
L a w , co n fe rrin g ju v e n ile -c o u r t ju ris d ictio n
u p o n p ro b a te ' Court
' 81
c o m m ittin g d e lin q u e n t ch ild re n t o in s titu ­
t i o n s . . ....... ....................................................
44
cre a tin g special ju v e n ile c o u r t s ......... : . . . . . .
81
crim in a l, c o m m itm e n t o f b o y s o f specified
age t o h o u se o f refu ge for ju v e n ile
offen d ers, for v io la tio n o f . . . . ...............
;89
d efin in g d e lin q u e n c y in, A la b a m a .......... ....
83
d e fin in g d e p e n d e n c y a n d n eglect in A la ­
b a m a ___'........................................................
84
d efin in g p roced u re for trea tm en t o f d elin ■
q u e n t a n d d e p e n d e n t c h ild r e n .. . . . . .
81.
establish in g S tate b o a rd o f ch ild re n ’ s guar­
d ian s in W est V ir g in ia ___ __. . . ______
81
ju v e n ile -c o u r t, c o n s tru ctio n a n d p u rp o se
o f . ............... ............................ ..........
69-70,95
m a k in g n o d istin ctio n b e tw e e n d e lin q u en cy
a n d d ep e n d e n cy in K in g sp o rt, T e n n .
84
p ro v id in g fo r ca re o f d e p e n d e n t a n d neg­
le cte d c h ild r e n ............................. . . . . . . .
81
re la tiv e t o ju ris d ictio n o f co u rt over ch il­
d ren , after d isp osition o f case, va ri■ a n e e i n ....................................
54-57
re la tiv e t o p artial s u p p o rt b y parents, o f
ch ild re n i n in s t it u t io n s ...............
52-53
sch ool-a tten d a n ce. See S ch ool-atten d an ce
law .
L a w s, ju v e n ile -co u rt, e n a cte d d u rin g th e year
1919, a d d itio n s a n d a m e n d m e n ts t o . . 81-95
L ia b ilit y o f a d u lts. See A d u lts , lia b ility of.
L ist o f references t o s ta tu to r y sources, b y
S
t
a
t
e
s
......... 71-79
M a g is tr a te , e x a m in in g , p o w e r o f, t o deter­
m in e p ro p e r ju r is d ic tio n o v e r ch ild ren •
o f sp ecified age c o m m it t in g specified
c r im e s .............................. ..............................
,84
M arriage o f person s w ith o u t legal guardians,
p o w e r o fju v e n ile co u rt t o co n se n t t o .,
24
M a tro n for d e te n tio n h o m e , a p p o in tm e n t o f . .
86
M e n ta l a n d p h y s ica l-e x a m in a tio n . See E x -. ..
a m in a tio n , m e n ta l a n d ph ysical.
M en tal or ph ysica l defectives. See D efectiv es,
m e n ta l o r ph ysical.
M e n ta lly d e fe ctiv e ch ildren . See Children,
m e n ta lly d efective.
M o n t h ly cou rt re p o rt. See R e p o rt, cou rt,
m o n t h ly .
“ M o th e rs’ a i d ” la w . See P en sion s, m o th e r s ’ .
M oth ers’ p en sion s. See P en sion s, m o th e r s ’ .
M u n icip a l cou rts. See C ourts, m u n icip a l.
N e g le c te d classes. See Classes, d e p e n d e n t '
a n d n e g le cte d ; see also C h ildren,¿d e­
p e n d e n t a n d n eglected .
N eglected an d d e p e n d e n t classes. See Classes,
d e p e n d e n t a n d n eglected .
N o n p r o v isio n a n d a b a n d o n m e n t. See A b a n don m eixt a n d n o n p ro v is io n .
N o n s u p p o r t a n d d esertion . See desertion
a n d n o n s u p p o r t.
N u m b e r o f p r o b a tio n o ffic e r s .. . . . . . . . . 62-65,92-94

88

O ffe n s e s against ch ildren . See C rim es against
ch ild ren .
O ffenses, ju v e n ile , as d e fin e d p re vio u s t o
ju v e n ile -co u rt legisla tion .................... ...

17

81

specific, d e fin e d b y a m e n d m e n ts , t o
crim in a l c o d e ...............................................

16

82

INDEX,
■s a
Page.
O fficers, p r o b a tio n . See. P r o b a tio n officers.
O rders, cou rt, ch an ge of, requ irem en t th a t
rig h ts o f in s titu tio n s b e respected
u p o n ................. .........................................
requ irin g parents t o c o n tr ib u te t o su p ­
p ort o f ch ild ren i n in s titu tio n s , e n ­
forcem en t o
f . . . . ___ . . . . ____
O rp h an s’ h o m e . See H o m e , orp h a n s’ .
O verseers o f th e p o o r, e o m m itm e n t o f d e­
p e n d e n t ch ild ren t o . . . . . . _____ . . . . . .

56

53

50

P a re n ts , ex p la n a tio n o f proceedin gs giv e n to .
86
failing t o c o m p ly w it h c o m p u ls o ry sch oola tten d a n ce law,- ju r is d ic tio n ov e r, b y ju v e n ile c o u r t ..................
23,85
o r guardians, p u n is h m e n t of, for failure to
c o n tr ib u te t o su p p o r t o f ch ild re n in
i n s t i t u t i o n s . . . . . . . . . ..............................
53
o r guardians, s u p p ort o f d e p e n d e n t ch ild ren
b y . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ............

90

issu ance o f s u m m o n s t o , i n ju v e n ile c a s e s .. 26-27
relig ion of, resp ected i n d is p o s itio n o f
c h i ld ................................................
42,88-89
P a role board s. See B oa rd s, parole.
P a role o f girls, b y State G irls’ W elfare B oard ,
s u b je c t t o a p p ro v a l o f ju v e n ile c o u r t ..
P ea ce officers, transferen ce o f ch ild re n ar­
rested b y , t o ju v e n ile c o u r t ............
P en al o r r eform a tory in s titu tio n s . See I n ­
s titu tion s, pen a l or re fo rm a to ry.
P en a lty , parents o r guardians su b je ct t o , for
failure t o c o n tr ib u te t o su p p o rt o f
ch ild ren i n in s t itu tio n s ...........................
P en sion s, m o th e rs ’ , p ro v is io n s fo r , i n s p e d Bed S ta te s ......................................
P erm its, w o rk , ap p ea l fro m refusal o f ...............
P etition , filin g of, p relim in a ry p roceed in g in

in ju v e n ile cases, m e th o d s o f b e g in n in g ..., 25,85-86
n ature of, a t hearing, i n ju v e n ile c a s e s .. 33- 34,86
P r o p e r ty o f ch ild ren , d e lin q u e n t, ex clu sion
of, fro m co n tro l o f a p p o in te d gu ardian .
44
p o w e r o f p ro b a te co u rt t o a p p o in t legal
gu a rd ia n o f ................................
89
d e p e n d e n t, e x clu s io n o f, fro m co n tro l o f
a p p o in te d g u a rd ia n .........................
49
or n eg lected , e x clu sio n of, fro m co n tro l o f
a p p o in te d gu a rd ia n ..................................
90
P u b lic , e x c lu s io n o f, fro m trial in ju v e n ile
c o u r t ..............................................
36,87
in s titu tio n . See I n s titu tio n , p u b lic .
w ith h o ld in g o f c o u r t re co rd f r o m ,.................. 37,87
. P u b lic a tio n o f ju v e n ile cases, p r o h ib itio n o f ..
37
Q u a lifica tio n s o f ju d g e s, ju v e n ile -c o u r t.. . 60,91-92
special, im p o rta n ce o f . .................................. ..
12
R e c o r d e r , c it y , d u t y o f, rela tive t o co u rt
r e c o rd s .'...... .............................................'. .

82

R e co rd e r’s co u rt.

95

See C o u rt, re cord er’ s.

R ecord s, co u rt, ju v e n ile , w ith h o ld in g fro m
p u b lic o f...................................................’87
separate, for ju v e n ile cases, req u irem en t

53
'
23
16

P ow ers a n d d u ties o f p r o b a tio n o ffic e r s.. . . . . 66,94
P o w e rs o f ju v e n ile -c o u r t ju d g e i n K in g sp o rt,
T e r m .................................. ..
91
P r e v e n tio n o f c r u e lty t o ch ild ren , s o d e t y for.
See S ociety for p rev en tio n o f cru e lty
t o ch ildren .
P ris o n a n d a sy lu m com m ission ers. See C om ­
m issioners, p rison a n d asylu m .
P r iv a c y at trial in ju v e n ile c o u r t . . . . . . . . . . 36-37,87
P r iv a te associations. See A ssociation s, p ri­
v a te.

See In stitu tio n s, p ri­

P ro b a te cou rt. See C ou rt, p ro b a te .
P r o b a tio n c o m m itte e . See C o m m itte e , p ro ­
b a tio n .
P r o b a tio n o f d e lin q u e n t c h ild r e n ................. 43-44,89
P r o b a tio n o f d ep en d en t or n eg le cte d c h ild r e n . 48,90
P r o b a tio n officers, a p p o in tm e n t o f . ___ 61-62,88,92
issu ance o f c ita tio n b y .........................................
94
n u m b e r o f ..................., ................................ 62-65,92-94
pow ers a n d d u tie s o f . ..........................................66,94
salary o f . ....................................
62-65,92-94
ten u re o f . ..........
65


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P a ge.
P r o b a tio n officers, v is ita tio n b y , o f, ch ild r e n , ilf.<
a t h o m e u n d e r c o u r t ju r is d ic tio n . : . .
94
o f p la c e d -o u t ch ild r e n ___ ................................ 91 94
P roceed in gs, e x p la n a tio n of, g iv e n t o ch ild
a n d p a re n ts ..................................................
86

91

juvenile cases in spedfied States.. 25-26,85
P h y sica l o r m e n ta l defective s. See D efec­
tiv e s, m e n ta l o r ph ysical.
P h y sica l a n d m e n ta l ex a m in a tio n . See E x ­
a m in a tion , m e n ta l a n d p h ysical.
P o lice ju d g e. See Judge, p olice.

P r iv a te in stitu tion s.
v a te .

S09

0*..........- ..........................67
w ith h o ld in g o f, fro m p u b lic .................. ........

37

R eferees, a p p o in tm e n t o f .......................... . . . . : . 88 91
a p p o in tm e n t o f, for p u rp ose o f in v e stig a tin g
in s titu tio n s .......................................
R eferences, lis t o f, t o s ta t u t o r y sources, b y
S ta te s ....................................................... ..
7i _79
R eh earin g o f ju v e n ile cases, pro visio n s f o r . . .
88
R e la tio n o f co u r t t o in stitu tio n s in w h ich
ch ild re n are p la c e d .................................. 54457
R e lig io n o f parents respected i n d isp o sitio n
o f c h i l d . . ........................
42,88-89
R e p a ra tio n b y d e lin q u e n t ch ild re n , for losses
48
s u s ta in e d ...........................
R ep orts, co u rt, an n u al, n am es o f ch ild ren
w ith h e ld fr o m ....................................... 37 ,87
req u irem en t o f ...............
68, 94-95
co n te n ts o f ............... : : ........................................ 68 95
m a d e t o s p e cifie d au th o ritie s.............. ..
68,95
m o n th ly , o f d e p e n d e n t c h ild re n , requ ire­
m e n t o f . . . . . . ; . . ......................... '. ...........
95
68
re q u ire m e n t o f .. :- . ................
in sp e ctio n , o f d e te n tio n h o m e .......................
94
in stitu tio n a l, o f ch ild r e n c o m m it t e d b y
ju v e n ile co u rt, re q u ire m e n t o f ............. 55-91
R o ta tio n o f ju d g e s a llo w e d in som e S ta te s___
14
S a la r y o f ju v e n ile -co u rt j u d g e s .................... 59-60,91
Salary o f p r o b a tio n o f f i c e r s ___ 62-65,92-94
Sch ool-atten dan ce la w , co m p u ls o ry , a d u lts
failin g t o c o m p ly w ith , ju ris d ictio n
over, b y ju v e n ile c o u r t ..................
23,85
S ch ool for deaf, S tate, ad m issio n to , co n tro l of,
b y ju v e n ile c o u r t s ....................................
83
S ch ool, in d u stria l, co m m itm e n t o f d e lin q u e n t
c h ild re n t o . . . . . ; . . . . ..............
89

94

INDEX,

no

P age.

Page.

S tatu s, c iv il , o f c h ild r e n , a fte r ju d g m e n t b y
ju v e n ile c o u r t.............................. ...............
89
o f d e lin q u e n t c h i l d r e n . . . . ...................... . ...
42
S ta tu to ry sources, lis t o f referen ces t o , b y
S ta te s_____ . . . ______ __________________ 71-79
S u m m on s, fa ilu re t o o b e y , p u n is h m e n t f o r . . . 27,85
issu an ce o f, in ju v e n ile c a s e s _____________ 26-27,85
m e th o d o f, i n sp e cifie d S t a t e s .
...............27,85
Sup erior eo u rt. See C ou rt, s u perior.
S u p erv isory b o a r d . See B o a r d , a d m in istra ­
t iv e , a d v is o r y , or su p ervisory.
S u p p o rt a n d m a in te n a n c e o f ch ild r e n h o rn
o u t o f w e d lo c k , ju r is d ic tio n o f
ju v e n ile e ou rt o v e r e a se s fo r ................
24
S u p p o rt, p a rtia l, b y p a ren ts, o f ch ild r e n in
52-53
in s titu tio n s ............................... . . .............
S u p rem e co u rt. See C ou rt, su prem e.

S c h o o l, in d u s tria l, S ta te , c o m m it m e n t o f d e ­
p en d en t or n eg lecte d ch ild r e n t o , p ro ­
h ib itio n o f ----------90
Ju risdiction o v e r , ex c lu s iv e , b y ju v e n ile
c o u rts ................................. ........... ...............
83
tra in in g , S tate, c o m m itm e n t o f d e lin q u e n t
c h ild re n o f sp ec ifie d age t o , p ro h ib i­
89
t io n o f . . . .......................................................
S chools, in d u s tria l, tra in in g , or reform , d e lin ­
q u e n t c h ild re n c o m m it t e d t o ................... 44-47
S election o f ju v e n ile -c o u r t ju d g e s , m e th o d
o f . . . ......................................................... 58-59,91
S ick c h ild ren . See C h ildren, fe e b le -m in d e d
a n d sick ; see also C h ildren , in d ig e n t
a n d sick .
S ocieties, c o m m itm e n t o f d e lin q u e n t ch il­
d re n t o ............................................................
89
c o m m itm e n t o f d ep e n d e n t o r n eglected
c h ild r e n t o ............................. *............ .
90
fo r care o f c h ild re n before or d u rin g h e a r in g .
86
h om e-fin d in g, c o m m it m e n t o f d e p e n d e n t
ch ild r e n t o ...................................................
S ociety for p r e v e n tio n o f c ru e lty t o c h ild re n ,
c o m m itm e n t o f d e p e n d e n t c h ild r e n t o
S oldiers’ O rp h an s’ H o m e . See H o m e , O r­
p h a n s ’ , S oldiers’ .
S p ecia l ju v e n ile co u r t. See Cou rt, ju v e n ile ,
sp ecia l.
S p ecia l sessions, co u r t of. See C ou rt erf s p e cia l
sessions.
S p ecific offenses. See O ffenses, sp e cific.
S p ecified erim es. See C rim es, specified.
S tate b o a r d o f a d m in is tra tio n . See B o a rd o f
a d m in istra tion , S tate.
S tate b o a r d o f eharities. See B o a rd o f ch ari­
t ie s , S tate.
S tate b o a r d o f c h ild re n ’ s g u ard ian s. See
b o a r d o f c h ild r e n 's gu a rd ia n s, S ta te ,
S ta te b o a r d o f c o n tr o l. See B o a r d o f co n tro l,
State.
S tate
com m ission er. See
C om m ission er,
S tate.
S tate d e p a rtm e n t o f p u b lic w e lfa re . See
W e lfa re, p u b lic , State d e p a rtm e n t of.
S tate G irls’ W elfa re B o a rd . See B o a rd , G irls’
W elfa re, S tate.
S tate in d u s tr ia l sch ool. See S c h o o l, in d u s ­
tr ia l, S tate.
S tate in stitu tion s. See In stitu tio n s, S ta te .
S ta te s c h o o l fear d e a f. See S ch o o l fo r d e a f,
S tate.
S tate tra in in g s c h o o l.
State.

See S ch o o l, tra in in g ,

T e n u r e o f ju v e n ile -co u rt ju d g e s ................
59,91
65
T en u re o f p r o b a tio n officers.................................
T e r m o f office. See T e n u re of.
T r ia 1i n ju v e n ile cou rt, p r iv a c y a t ................. 36-37,87
T r ia l o f d e p e n d e n t a n d n e g le cte d c h ild re n
88
w ith o u t j u r y ............. .............
T ru a n ts, in clu s io n o f, i n d e lin q u e n t, d e p e n d ­
e n t, or n e g le cte d classes..........................
16
ju r is d ic tio n o f p r o b a te eou rt o v e r ...................
83

50
50

V a ria tio n s in d e fin itio n o f d e p e n d e n c y a n d
n e g le c t__________________
83-84
V is ita tio n o f ch ild r e n i n in s titu tio n s , i n care
o f in d iv id u a ls or a sso cia tio n s, b y
p r o b a tio n o ffice rs, o r o th e r eou rt
a g e n ts................................... .................. —
91,94
V is ita tio n o f in s titu tio n s re c e iv in g c h ild re n
c o m m it t e d b y ju v e n ile c o u r t __________ 55-56
W a r r a n t , issu an ce of, i n ju v e n ile ca se s............
W e lfa re , p u b lic , S ta te d e p a rtm e n t o f, c o n tr o l
o v e r in s t itu tio n s a n d associa tion s
r e c e iv in g c h ild r e n ........................
re p o rt
of
dependent
ch ild r e n ,
m o n t h ly , re q u ire m e n t fro m ju v e ­
n ile co u r t f o r .................
W itn esses, e x a m in a tio n of, b y ju d g e o f ju v e ­
n ile co u rt, for p u rp ose o f o b ta in in g
in fo r m a tio n a b o u t in s titu tio n s ............
w it h o u t c o u n s e l.............................................
W o m a n assistant, a p p o in tm e n t of, t o hear
cases o f g irls.................................................
; W o r k p e rm its . See P e r m its , w o rk .
I W o r k h o u s e , c o m m itm e n t o f d e lin q u e n t ch il­
d r e n t o ....................
c o u n ty , c o m m it m e n t o f c h ild r e n t o , for
c r im e or m isd e m e a n o rs..................

o


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