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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR FRANCES PERKINS, Secretary WOMEN’S BUREAU MARY ANDERSON, Director + WAGES AND HOURS IN DRUGS AND MEDICINES AND IN CERTAIN TOILET PREPARATIONS BY ARTHUR T. SUTHERLAND ^tNT Ojh Bulletin of the Women’s Bureau, No. 171 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C Price 10 cents i CONTENTS P»e« Letter of transmittal________________ Introduction_______________________ Extent and location of the industry. Scope of the survey.,___________ Occupational groups_________________ Method of wage payment____________ Week’s earnings____________________ Week’s earnings of all employees__ Week’s earnings of men__________ Week’s earnings of women________ Hours worked_____________________ Hourly earnings_____________________ Hourly earnings of all employees., ! Hourly earnings by State_________ Hourly earnings by occupation____ Hourly earnings in individual firms. Hourly earnings by sex___________ Learners_____________ v 1 2 2 4 5 6 6 7 8 10 12 12 14 16 16 16 19 TABLES 1. Lumber of drug and toilet preparation establishments scheduled and o , er of men and women wi*h earnings reported, by State . 2. Week s earnings of employees in drug and toilet preparation establish ments, by State__________________________ 3. Week’s earnings of men, by State_______ !!”’ 4. Week’s earnings of women, by State_________ 6. Hours worked by employees in drug and" toilet preparation "establish ments, by State____________________ 6. Hours worked by men and by women, by State!!”.. 7. Hourly earnings of employees in drug and toilet preparation "establish ments, by State____________________ 8. Average hourly earnings of employees in" "drug and "toilet "preparation establishments, by occupational group and by State. 9. Hourly earnings of men, by State., _ _ _ 10. Hourly earnings of women, by State . " "II ................... m 3 6 8 9 10 11 13 15 17 18 41 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL United States Deeabtment of Laboe, Women’s Bureau, Washington, April 2J+, 19S9. I have the honor to transmit a report on wages and hours in 1938 in the manufacture of drugs and medicines and certain toilet preparations. The report is based on a survey made by this Bureau in order to secure data for the use of the Division of Public Contracts. The report was written by Arthur T. Sutherland, of the editorial division. Respectfully submitted. Madam: Mary Andeeson, Director. Hon. Feances Peekins, Secretary of Labor. V WAGES AND HOURS IN DRUGS AND MEDICINES AND IN CERTAIN TOILET PREPARATIONS1 INTRODUCTION In 1938 the Women’s Bureau made a survey of the drug and medicine manufacturing industry and of the small part of the toilet preparation and cosmetic industry "that comes within the scope of the Public Con tracts Act. As the United States Government purchases large quanti ties of many different drugs and medicinal preparations, a representa tive cross-section of this industry was covered by the survey. The purchase of toilet preparations, however, is limited to a small number of items—dental creams and powders, after-shaving creams and lo tions, and hair washes and tonics; consequently, the survey of the toilet preparation and cosmetic industry was limited to plants in which the manufacture of these products predominated, and did not include plants engaged primarily in producing perfumes, face powders, and other so-called “beauty products.” The two industries surveyed are closely related, as the basic in gredients of certain types of toilet preparations are identical with the raw materials used in the preparation of some medicinal products, and also because in many cases the processes of manufacture are similar; in fact, a number of firms make both drugs and toilet preparations. Because of this close connection between the two industries, and also because the Women’s Bureau survey was confined to the kind of toilet preparations purchased by the Government, which represents only a small part of the toilet preparation and cosmetic industry, the wage and hour data for the two have been combined in this report. Any important differences in wage and hour standards in the two industries will be shown in the sections dealing with these subjects. The drug and medicine industry covers a wide variety of establish ments that are engaged in extracting, purifying, refining, concen trating, compounding, synthesizing, or packaging substances that contain medicinal properties and that are obtained from a vast number of vegetables and plants, minerals, animals, and insects gathered from all parts of the world. These establishments range in size from small plants employing one pharmacist and a few helpers and making only one product, such as a simple cough remedy or tonic, to large and highly mechanized plants making hundreds or thousands of preparations. In many of the small plants that extract, refine, or compound only one or a few closely related preparations, the manufacturing process is quite simple and requires very little machinery and few trained 1 Dentifrices, after-shaving creams and lotions, and hair washes and tonics. 1 2 DRUGS, MEDICINES, AND TOILET PREPARATIONS technical employees. However, in the large plants that manufacture complete lines of pharmaceutical, medicinal, chemical, or biological products, or a combination of these, great skill and care are necessary in processing the multitude of materials so that the identity, purity, and strength of each preparation are definitely established before it is sold. Many of these large firms operate auxiliary departments, such as box making, printing, glass making, and machine shops, in addition to the departments actually engaged in the processing or finishing of the products. Extent and location of the industry. According to the 1935 Census of Manufactures, there were 1,056 establishments in the drug and medicine manufacturing industry, with an average employment of 22,128 wage earners. On the basis of number of workers the most important States were New York with 3,938, Michigan with 3,044, Pennsylvania with 2,429, Illinois with 2,063, Indiana with 1,779, New Jersey with 1,541, Missouri with 1,391, Massachusetts with 878, and Ohio with 796. In Tennessee, Maryland, California, North Carolina, Minnesota, Iowa, Texas, and Nebraska there were fewer than 500 but more than 100 workers. The total value of drug and medicinal preparations at the factories was reported to be $291,733,473. | The Census of Manufactures employment and wage figures for perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations are for the entire industry and separate figures are not available for the types of toilet preparations included in the current study.2 Scope of the survey. The Women’s Bureau survey covered 12,486 regular workers em ployed in 220 establishments. This figure does not include learners or minors, shown separately in this report, nor office workers, research experts or other technical experts not engaged in the actual processing of materials, nor yard and maintenance employees, as wage data were not obtained for these groups. Of the total group, 11,645 workers were in 197 drug and medicine establishments; these represent each of the nine States reported by the Census as having more than 500 workers in 1935—New York, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, New Jersey, Missouri, Massachusetts, and Ohio—and also seven States in which this indus try is of less importance—Tennessee, Maryland, California, North Carolina, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Connecticut. Thus the Bureau’s figures cover more than one-half (53 percent) of the number of work ers and approximately one-fifth of the number of establishments reported by the Census of Manufactures.3 In the toilet preparation industry the data obtained covered 841 employees in 32 firms. Approximately seven-tenths of the workers were in Illinois, Iowa, and New Jersey; the remainder were in seven States—California, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New York, and Ohio. 3 The products classified In this industry by the Census of Manufactures are perfumes, toilet waters, creams other than shaving, rouges and lipsticks, dentifrices, depilatories, shampoos, face powders, talcum powders, other toilet powders, hair dyes, hair tonics, face lotions, hair dressings, deodorants (for persons), bath salts, manicure preparations, shaving creams (with no soap), and other toilet preparations. The total value of these products at the factories was given as $129,437,652 in 1935. The value of products repre sented in this study (dentifrices, shaving creams and lotions, and hair washes and tonics) amounted to $44,413,906. 3 Field investigators visited also 72 firms from which, for various reasons, data were not obtainable. r Table < t * t y 1 ? 1.—Number of drug and toilet preparation establishments scheduled and number of men and women with earnings reported, by State 159185 All employees State1 Total number of establish ments Total Men Drugs and medicines Women Number of estab lishments Toilet preparations Number of employees Total Men Women Number of estab lishments Number of employees Total Men Women 220 12,486 6,379 6,107 197 11,645 6,167 5,478 32 841 212 629 29 27 13 9 4 27 12 16 15 39 10 11 8 378 1, 304 1, 253 241 138 316 2,068 970 1,517 2,353 286 1,255 407 168 564 522 82 52 176 1,037 626 902 1,182 136 737 195 210 740 731 159 86 140 1,031 344 615 1,171 150 518 212 24 22 11 8 4 25 11 14 13 37 9 11 8 322 1,030 1,243 66 138 309 2, 044 911 1,379 2,290 251 1,255 407 153 498 515 46 52 172 1,029 606 871 1,167 126 737 195 169 532 728 20 86 137 1,015 305 508 1,123 125 518 212 5 8 2 2 56 274 10 175 15 66 7 36 41 208 3 139 2 2 5 3 2 1 7 24 59 138 63 35 4 8 20 31 15 10 3 16 39 107 48 25 1 In 6 States—Wisconsin, Maryland, Connecticut, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania—only drug firms were scheduled. Nine firms of the total made both drugs and toilet preparations. INTRODUCTION Total________________________ California________________________ Illinois........................................................ Indiana_____ ______ Iowa and Wisconsin___________ _____ Maryland-Massachusetts_____________________ Michigan ____ Missouri______________ ___ New Jersey-.. ______ _________ . New Y ork and Connecticut Ohio____________ _________________ Pennsylvania ___________________ Tennessee and North Carolina 00 4 DRUGS, MEDICINES, AND TOILET PREPARATIONS Nine firms made both drugs and toilet preparations, but the em ployees have been separated according to the type of product on which they were employed the major part of the time and are included in their proper classification. Table 1 shows the number of establishments visited and the num ber of men and women for whom data were obtained. The establish ments scheduled in Connecticut, North Carolina, Iowa, and Wisconsin were too few for separate tabulation, so the data for Connecticut have been combined with those for New York, the North Carolina data have been combined with those for Tennessee, and the data for Iowa and Wisconsin have been tabulated together. In the drug and medicine industry slightly over one-half (53 percent) of the employees were men, though the proportion varied considerably by State. Men outnumbered women in all States but California, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, and Tennessee and North Carolina; in Michigan, New York and Connecticut, and Ohio the difference was very small, and the numbers in the two groups were nearly equal. In toilet preparations, however, only one-fourth of the workers were men. The size of the establishment, on the basis of number of productive workers, ranged from 1 to 1,200. Of the 220 firms included in the survey, 83 employed fewer than 10 workers each, 47 had 10 but fewer than 25, 37 had 25 but fewer than 50, and 25 had 50 but fewer than 100. Only 2 firms employed over 600 workers, but each of 22 others employed from 100 to 400.4 From this it is apparent that a representative sample of small, medium, and large plants are included in the report. The data relate to a pay period in March, April, or May, 1938 for all firms but those in Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee, in which States the pay period was one in September 1938. The pay roll information comprises the hours worked and the wages earned by individual employees. This forms the basis for the major part of this report. In addition to wage and hour data, information was obtained as to the occupation of each worker, the method of wage payment in the plant, and the number of learners and minors employed and the amount of their earnings. Due to incomplete or inadequate records in some plants, the num ber of workers for whom the different types of information were re ported varied. Total earnings for a pay period were reported for 12,486 workers in the 220 plants. The number of hours worked in the period was reported for 12,303 workers in 208 plants, and for each of these workers hourly earnings have been computed by dividing the week’s earnings by the number of hours worked. The occupation was reported for 12,027 workers in 208 plants. OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS The largest group of workers were employed in finishing opera tions, that is, filling containers and labeling and packaging them. These operations form a much larger proportion of the work in plants largely engaged in repackaging drugs or in making toilet preparations than is * Toilet preparation firms were considerably smaller than the drug and medicine firms, and of the 23 making toilet preparations only 8 employed as many as 25 workers (3 had 25 but fewer than 50, 4 had 50 but fewer than 75, and 1 had nearly 175). OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS 5 the case in the preparation of drugs. Fewer ingredients or raw ma terials are utilized in the manufacture of toilet preparations, and the actual processing of these materials is much simpler than in the process ing of drugs. In the limited number of plants studied, about 44 percent of all workers were engaged in finishing operations. Women usually were employed for this type of work. One-fourth of the 12,027 workers for whom occupation was reported were engaged in the actual processing of materials, and the vast ma jority of these were men. Included in this group were the working pharmacists, chemists, and laboratory technicians; the laboratory workers, such as still operators, percolator operators, vacuum-machine operators, compressed-air syphon operators, filter-press operators, and many other machine operators; the grinders, compounders, and mixers; pill, tablet, and cigarette (medicated) makers, and pill and tablet coaters; animal caretakers; and many other skilled or semiskilled laboratory workers. The technical experts engaged in creative research work on new uses of the drug preparation or on new preparations (pharmacists, chemists and chemical engineers, biologists, bacteriolo gists, physicians, and so forth) were not included in this study. About 4 percent of the workers were engaged in making or filling and finishing capsules or ampoules. These employees, a large pro portion of whom were women, have not been combined with the finishing workers mentioned before because the preparation and filling of these types of containers differ considerably from the finishing of other types. Men formed the vast majority of workers in the shipping depart ments and the auxiliary departments of box making, printing shop, and machine shop and powerhouse. These groups combined com prised approximately one-fifth (21 percent) of the workers; the shipping department alone, over one-seventh (15 percent). The remaining workers were inspectors or foremen. METHOD OF WAGE PAYMENT The method of pay was reported for 12,215 of the workers; of these about four-fifths (78 percent) were on a time basis and the remainder were on a piece rate or on a guaranteed time rate plus a production bonus. The average (mean) hourly earnings of the straight-time workers amounted to 56.3 cents, or 3.9 cents less than the average for the group working at piece rates or on a time-and-bonus basis. The average earnings of the group last named are influenced strongly by the inclusion of a large firm that had the second highest average among all firms included in the survey. This firm employed 24 per cent of the workers in this group, and the method of pay was a guar anteed rate with a quota bonus. Average hourly earnings of time workers exceeded the average for those on a piece-rate or time-and-bonus basis in Illinois, Michigan, New York and Connecticut, Tennessee and North Carolina, and Pennsylvania, but were lower than such average in Indiana, Missouri, and New Jersey. In the other States the method of pay was pre dominantly on a time basis, ranging from 87 percent in Ohio to 100 percent in California, and in Iowa and Wisconsin combined. 6 DRUGS, MEDICINES, AND TOILET PREPARATIONS WEEK’S EARNINGS Week’s earnings of all employees. The amount of a week’s earnings was reported for 12,486 employees in the 220 establishments—6,167 men and 5,478 women in drug and medicine establishments and 212 men and 629 women in toilet prepara tion establishments. The average (arithmetic mean) of the week’s earnings of the entire group, without regard to the number of hours worked, amounted to $22.25, but average earnings showed wide variations when tabulated by industry, State, and sex. When the employees’ earnings were distributed on the basis of $5 intervals the largest group, just over one-fourth, fell at $15 and under $20, and the next largest group, over one-fifth, at $20 and under $25. Nearly one-hfth of the workers earned less than $15, but almost as large a group (one-sixth) had earnings of $30 or more. The employees in the drug and medicine establishments averaged $22.55, or 30 cents more than the average for both industries and $4.20 above the average of $18.35 earned by the relatively small group in the toilet preparation plants. The largest concentration of earnings of the workers in drugs and medicines was at $15 and under $25, 46 percent having such earnings, but in the toilet preparation group there were 48 percent with earnings of $15 and under $20 and 22 percent with earnings of $10 and under $15. Seventeen percent of the workers in drugs and medicines, in contrast to only 7 percent in toilet preparations, had earnings of $30 or more. Earnings of the workers in the two industries separately are not shown by State, but in each of six localities—California, New York and Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin, New Jersey, and Missouri— in which there were 50 or more workers in each industry the average earnings of the drug and medicine workers exceeded those of the toilet preparation workers, the difference ranging from 40 cents to $6.65. Table 2.-—Week’s earnings of employees in drug and toilet preparation establish ments, by Slate Percent of employees who earned— Total Average number of em earn Un $10, $15, $20, $25, $30, $35, $40, $45, $50 ings der under under under under under under under under and ployees (mean) $10 $15 $20 $25 $30 $35 $40 $45 $50 over State 1 Total. ______ Illinois.__ ________ Indiana Iowa and Wisconsin.. Maryland___ ____ Massachusetts Michigan Missouri__ New Jersey.......... ...... New York and Oonnectlcut..... .............. Ohio Pennsylvania_______ Tennessee and North Carolina_____ ____ 12,486 $22. 25 3.0 16.5 25.9 21.2 17.5 8.7 3.7 1.9 378 1,304 1,253 241 138 316 2, 068 970 1,517 21.80 20.20 24. 75 18.25 18. 30 21.40 26. 35 23. 70 23. 25 4.5 3.3 1.1 14.1 9.4 9.5 1.6 .5 1.7 2.4 13.7 15.6 8.7 39.9 18.4 6.1 20.2 11.2 44.7 39.6 12.1 47.7 18.8 28.2 15.2 16.8 26.2 19.6 24.9 21.0 12.4 16.7 11.7 28.1 14.3 18.2 18.0 11.8 27.0 7.5 8.0 13.9 16.8 31.0 26.2 7.7 3.8 13.1 3.7 1.4 6.6 17.1 10.5 9.8 2.1 1.4 5.9 2.5 2.2 4.4 8.1 3.3 3.5 1.1 .4 3.0 2.1 1.4 3.2 3.4 1.5 2.2 2,353 286 1, 255 19. 30 21.10 21. 55 5.4 3.8 2.0 28.9 28.0 15.9 25.6 26.6 31.6 21.0 15.0 24.1 11.2 11.2 15.1 4.1 6.6 6.1 1.3 2.4 3.2 0.8 0.9 .2 .8 2.5 1.7 1.0 .6 1.0 .6 1.2 2.2 1.6 1.7 .7 .5 1.3 2.0 .8 .8 1.4 .6 .4 2.8 .7 407 18. 45 .6 22.6 52.1 13.5 5.7 2.5 1.2 1.0 .2 .7 Drugs and medicines.. 11,645 Toilet preparations... 841 22. 55 18.35 2.8 6.9 16.1 22.1 24.3- 22.0 47.8 9.6 18.3 6.4 9.1 2.3 3.8 1.8 1.9 1.4 .9 .4 .9 1.3 In 6 States, drug firms only. (See table 1.) WEEK’S EARNINGS 7 From table 2 it is apparent that the best earnings among the various States were found in Michigan, with an average of $26.35, followed by Indiana with $24.75, Missouri with $23.70, and New Jersey with $23.25. In all other States the average earnings were below the general average of $22.25; the lowest, ranging from $18.25 to $19.30, were in Iowa and Wisconsin, Maryland, Tennessee and North Caro lina, and New York and Connecticut. It is apparent that the concentration points varied considerably in the different States. In Ohio, New York and Connecticut, and Mary land from 28 to 40 percent of the workers earned $10 and under $15, and the second largest group earned $15 and under $20. The largest group in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Illinois, California, Iowa and Wisconsin, and Tennessee and North Carolina, varying from 28 to 52 percent, earned $15 and under $20; in Massachusetts and in Tennessee and North Carolina the second largest groups earned $10 and under $15, and in the other States the second largest groups earned $20 and under $25. In New Jersey similar proportions of the workers, 26 percent, earned $15 and under $20 and $25 and under $30. The concentration was at higher levels in Michigan, Missouri, and Indiana. In Michigan the largest group earned $20 and under $25 and the next group $30 and under $35; in Missouri the two largest groups earned $25 and under $30 and $10 and under $15; and in Indiana the largest concentration was in the two groups that together make $20 and under $30. The proportion of workers with earnings in the high-wage intervals of $30 and over ranged from 6 percent in Tennessee and North Carolina to 32 percent in Michigan; the proportion was 23 percent in Indiana, from 10 to 18 percent in California, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Jersey, Missouri, and Massachusetts, and from 7 to 10 percent in the remain ing States. Week’s earnings of men. A large proportion of the men in drug and medicine and toilet prep aration plants do highly skilled work, particularly those employed m processing and mixing the raw materials and also the technicians, such as machinists, electricians, and others of this nature who are required to keep the intricate machinery in operation. Consequently the men’s earnings were found to be higher than the general average previously discussed and much higher than the women’s earnings (table 3). On the basis of industry, week’s earnings of men in the toilet preparation plants were slightly higher than the earnings of those in drug and medicine plants; the average of the former was $27.60 com pared with $27.20 for the drug and medicine workers. The largest concentration of earnings of both groups was at $20 and under $30, earned by 55 percent of the men in drugs and medicines and by 51 percent of those in toilet preparations. Fourteen percent of the men in drugs and medicines, in contrast to 19 percent of those in toilet preparations, had earnings of $35 or more. Among the various States the best earnings were in New Jersey, Ohio, Missouri, Indiana, and Michigan, shown by average week’s earnings varying from $28.05 to $32.55. In an intermediate position were California, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Iowa and Wisconsin, with averages of $25.50 to $27.25. The lowest average earnings, vary ing from $21.70 to $24.95, were in Tennessee and North Carolina, New York and Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. 8 DRUGS, MEDICINES, AND TOILET PREPARATIONS Table 3.—Week’s earnings of men, by State Percent of men who earned— Avernum ber of men State 1 Total. ___ Illinois.................... . Indiana Iowa and Wisconsin.. Massachusetts ... ... Michigan................. Missouri . New Jersey______ . New York and Connecticut___ ____ . Ohio..._ Pennsylvania_____ . Tennessee and North Carolina __ Drugs and medicines. Toilet preparations... week’s earn Un $10, $15, $20, $25, $30, $35, $40, $45, $50 der under under under under under under under under and ings (mean) $10 $20 $25 $30 $35 $40 $45 $50 over $15 6,379 $27. 20 0.9 3.1 11.7 25.7 29.0 15.5 7.1 3.6 168 564 622 82 52 176 1,037 626 902 25. 50 24. 95 29. 35 27. 25 25. 55 27. 00 32. 55 28.10 28. 05 4.2 1.4 .8 1.2 1.7 .6 .2 .2 2.4 2.5 1.1 2.4 3.8 8.0 1.0 .8 1.2 13.1 15.6 5.9 14.6 21.2 17.6 2.0 6.5 3.3 20.8 38.8 26.6 31.7 38. 5 18.2 6.2 18.5 25.4 35.7 26.8 23.9 22.0 17.3 22.7 27.0 47.6 42.6 16.7 8.3 18.0 11.0 3. 8 10.8 33.4 16.1 16.0 4.8 3.2 13.2 7.3 5.8 8.0 16.1 5.1 5.9 2.4 .7 7.1 6.1 3.8 5.7 6.8 2.4 3.7 1.182 136 737 24.20 28.10 24. 85 1.5 .7 .8 6.3 4.4 4.6 17.3 16.2 19.8 38.2 23.5 31. 5 21.2 23.5 24.7 8.1 14.0 9.9 2.6 5.1 5.3 2.5 4.4 1.2 195 21.70 8.2 46.2 23.6 10.3 5.1 2.6 6,167 212 27. 20 27. 60 3.1 2.8 11.5 17.5 25.7 27.8 29.2 23.6 15.7 9.0 7.1 7.1 — .9 1.6 1.7 .4 1.9 4.5 3.5 1.6 .9 2.3 1.3 3.7 5.8 2.8 3.5 1.1 .9 1.5 2.2 1.1 .7 5.9 1.1 2.1 .5 1.5 3.5 5.7 1.6 1.4 1.6 5.2 1 In 6 States, drug firms only. (See table 1.) It is apparent that there was considerable variation in the concentra tion points of the week’s earnings in the different States. Michi gan had the highest level of wages, as 60 percent of the men had earnings of $25 and under $35 and 30 percent had earnings of $35 or more. At the opposite position on the wage scale were Tennessee and North Carolina, and Maryland, where respectively 70 percent and 60 percent had earnings of $15 and under $25. In the remaining States the largest concentration was at $20 and under $30, though in Missouri, New Jersey, California, and Massachusetts the larger proportion earned $25 and under $30, and in Illinois, New York and Connecticut, Iowa and Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and Indiana the largest group earned $20 and under $25. In Ohio equal propor tions, 24 percent, earned $20 and under $25 and $25 and under $30. The proportion of men who earned as much as $35 varied from 7 percent in California, Illinois, New York and Connecticut, and Tennessee and North Carolina, to 21, 24, and 30 percent, respectively, in Massachusetts, Indiana, and Michigan. The proportion of men with earnings falling at the other extreme, that is, less than $15, varied from 1 or 2 percent in Missouri, New Jersey, Michigan, and Indiana, to 10 percent in Massachusetts; it was 5 percent or more also in Ohio, Pennsylvania, California, New York and Connecticut, and Tennessee and North Carolina. Week’s earnings of women. The large majority of women are engaged in finishing operations, such as filling containers and packaging and labeling them, and as this work generally is nonskilled the wage level of women employees is considerably lower than that of men. The average week’s earnings for the 6,107 women were $17.10. The average in drug and medicine plants was $17.30; that for the relatively small group in toilet prepara tion plants was $15.25. Almost nine-tenths (87 percent) of the women in toilet preparations and about seven-tenths (69 percent) WEEK’S EARNINGS 9 of those in drugs and medicines earned $10 and under $20, but only 4 percent of the former, in contrast to 26 percent of the latter, had earnings of as much as $20. Only 2 percent of all women earned $30 or more (table 4). By State the range in women’s average earnings was from $13.90 in Maryland to $21.40 in Indiana. Michigan with an average of $20.10 and California with $18.80 also ranked relatively high, but all other States had earnings below the general average. In Mary land, New York and Connecticut, Massachusetts, Iowa and Wisconsin, and Ohio, the average was below $15, and in Tennessee and North Carolina, Missouri, New Jersey, Illinois, and Pennsylvania, it varied from $15.50 to $16.80. Table 4.—Week’s earnings of women, by State AverPercent of women who earned— Numage her of week’s $10, $20, $15, $25, worn- earn- Tinder $8, tags under under under under under en $20 (mean) $25 $10 $15 $30 ....... - $30 over Total__________ _________ 6,107 $17.10 0.9 4.3 30.5 40.6 16.4 6.5 1.7 California......................... ................ Illinois... Indiana----------------------------------Iowa and Wisconsin ___________ 210 740 731 159 86 140 1,031 18.80 16.55 21.40 14.55 13. 90 14.35 20.10 1.4 1.5 1.0 .6 3.5 5.0 .4 3.3 3.2 .4 20.1 11 6 14.3 2.2 2.4 22.3 25.9 11.9 70.0 58.0 16.4 64.8 3.8 .4 29.1 .5 .3 10.3 1. 4 .8 1.3 1.1 7. 6 3.8 2.1 1.0 Pennsylvania . ... Tennessee and North Carolina___ 16.20 14.35 14 . 80 16.80 15.50 41.4 28.5 59l7 34.1 2.9 6.6 615 1,171 150 618 212 31.4 11.3 25! 9 51. 7 18.6 14.3 17.0 2.5 3! 6 50.2 .8 .4 l! 4 Drugs and medicines Toilet preparations......................... 5,478 629 17.30 15.25 Massachusetts Michigan... ................... . New Jersey __________________ New York and Connecticut........... 2.6 8.1 6. 7 3.7 .9 1.0 ~ 3.8 .5 8.7 31 9 35.8 57.5 4.2 1.4 30.7 28. 6 38.6 68.0 17.9 3.5 6.1 2.0 i In 6 States, drug firms only. (See table 1.) Seven of the localities—-Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and North Carolina, Illinois, New Jersey, Iowa and Wisconsin, and California—had their largest groups, ranging from 41 percent to 70 percent, at $15 and under $20; in Michigan the largest group, 50 percent, earned $20 and under $25; and in Ohio, New York and Connecticut, Missouri, and Maryland the largest groups, comprising from 49 percent to 62 percent, fell at $10 and under $15. The proportion of women with earnings falling at the lower extreme of the wage scale varied considerably by State. The group with earnings below $10 constituted only 1 percent of the women in Indi ana, Missouri, and Tennessee and North Carolina, and it was less than 5 percent also in California, Illinois, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Michigan; but it was as high as 15 percent in Maryland, 19 percent in Massachusetts, and 21 percent in Iowa and Wisconsin. The proportion of women with earnings at the other extreme of the wage scale-—$20 and over—varied from 3 percent in Iowa and • Wisconsin combined to 56 percent in Indiana (with 39 percent at $25 or more) and 58 percent in Michigan. Other States in which a substantial group were paid as much as $20 were California (23 percent), Pennsylvania (17 percent), and Illinois (15 percent). 10 DRUGS, MEDICINES, AND TOILET PREPARATIONS The wide differences between men’s and women’s earnings, due largely to differences in occupation, may be seen in tables 3 and 4. In each State the average earnings of men exceeded greatly those of women. The least differences were $6.20 in Tennessee and North Carolina and $6.70 in California; but in seven cases—Maryland, New Jersey, Missouri, Michigan, Massachusetts, Iowa and Wis consin, and Ohio—the men’s average exceeded that of women by from $11.65 to $13.30. Nearly three-fifths (59 percent) of the men but less than one-tenth (7 percent) of the women had earnings of $25 or more. HOURS WORKED The number of hours worked during the period covered was re ported for 12,303 workers; 11,466 were in drugs and medicines and 837 were in toilet preparations. In general, favorable working hours prevailed in these plants, as 48 percent of the employees worked 40 hours, and 31 percent worked less than 40 hours. Only 7 percent worked longer than 44 hours. There was little difference in hours in the two industries; 80 percent of the employees in drugs and medicines and 78 percent of those in toilet preparations worked 40 hours and less. On the other hand, 8 percent of the first named but only 5 percent of the second exceeded 44 hours (table 5). Table 5.— Hours worked by employees in drug and toilet preparation establishments, by State State 1 Total Illinois Indiana Michigan New Jersey____________ Ohio ......... ......................... Tennessee and North CaroDrugs and medicines-------Toilet preparations-........... Number of em ployees with Under hours 40 worked hours reported Percent of employees who worked— 40 hours Over 40, Over 44, including under 44 hours 48 hours 48, un der 56 hours 56, un 60 hours der 60 and hours over 12,303 31.4 48.3 12.8 4.3 2.8 0.2 0.1 346 1,300 1, 249 236 138 281 2,060 968 1,516 2, 276 282 1, 244 12.4 22.0 31.6 25.4 10.1 26.0 46.2 11.9 24.6 45.4 29.8 33.8 41.0 38.0 61.2 54. 2 89.9 42.3 42.6 80. 3 54.9 39.9 31.9 41.5 39.0 23.7 4.5 15.7 2.9 12.7 1.4 1.3 4.6 3.2 .9 3.0 .3 .2 .4 .2 .3 9.3 5.1 7.6 9.0 8.9 24.8 23.6 19.9 1.9 .2 4.7 4.2 5.7 .5 2.5 3.3 .9 .1 6.5 1.6 7.4 .7 .1 .2 407 5.2 41.0 32.9 13.5 7.4 11,466 837 31.8 26.5 48.1 51.1 12.5 17.1 4.4 3.3 2.9 1.6 .4 .2 .4 .1 ' In 6 States, drug firms only. (See table 1.) Among the States the proportions working 40 hours or less varied from 46 percent in Tennessee and North Carolina, and 53 percent in California, to 89 percent in Michigan, 92 percent in Missouri, 93 ercent in Indiana, and 100 percent of the small group in Maryland. ess than 5 percent of the workers in Missouri, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Iowa and Wisconsin, in contrast to 21 percent in Tennessee and North Carolina and 22 percent in Massachusetts, worked over 44 hours. E Table 6.—Hours worked by Statei men and by women, by State Number Percent of men who worked— Number Percent of women who workec of men of women with with hours Over 40, Over 44, 48, hours 56, 60 hours Over 40, Over 44, 48, worked Under 40 hours including under under under and worked Under 40 hours including under 48 under reported 40 hours 44 hours 48 hours 56 hours 60 hours over reported 40 hours 44 hours hours 56 hours Total...____ ___________________ 6, 258 26.0 45.7 16.7 6.1 5.0 0.5 0.2 6,045 37.1 50.9 8.8 2.6 0.5 California_________________________ Illinois_________________________ Indiana__________________________ __ Iowa and Wisconsin___________ _ Maryland___________________ ____ Massachusetts________________ _____ Michigan_________________ ___ Missouri._________________ New Jersey- _______________________ New York and Connecticut_____________ Ohio_____ _____ _ __ _ Pennsylvania____ _ _ Tennessee and North Carolina___________ 139 561 518 79 52 164 1,036 624 901 1,125 ' 135 729 195 7.9 17.6 24.3 3.8 1.9 15.2 43.1 11.5 15.3 43. 4 20.0 24.7 4.1 35.3 31.4 61.0 49.4 98.1 46.3 37.1 80.0 54.6 36.5 36.3 34.8 32.8 43.9 30.5 9.1 34.2 13.4 2.7 3.8 6.1 1.7 7.6 .7 .4 1.3 .4 .8 739 731 25.3 36.8 li'. 6 61.3 18.5 1.2 6.4 12.2 .4 .9 .3 .6 10. 4 8.1 8.2 12.2 10.1 18.5 38.4 29.2 24.4 3.6 .3 6.5 6.9 8.9 .8 23.6 3. 7 6.3 1.7 .2 1,024 49.4 48.1 2.1 .2 .2 10.8 2 9 .2 .3 615 38.2 55. 4 4. 2 2.0 1.2 10.3 515 212 6.1 48.6 36.3 4.2 4.7 Drugs and medicines. _______________ Toilet preparations............ ....................... 6,050 208 26.2 17.8 45.5 51.9 16.7 16.8 6.0 7.7 5.0 4.3 5,416 '629 38.0 29.4 50. 9 50.9 7.9 17.2 2. 6 1.9 .6 i In 6 States, drag firms only. (See table 1.) .4 1.4 .2 2.7 12 DRUGS, MEDICINES, AND TOILET PREPARATIONS The tables on week’s earnings and hours worked show little relation between these in some of the States. For example, 54 percent of the employees in Tennessee and North Carolina worked more than 40 hours but only 25 percent earned as much as $20. In Maryland only 10 percent of the employees worked less than 40 hours but 49 percent had earnings below $15. In Michigan 46 percent worked less than 40 hours but only 8 percent earned less than $15; and also in Michigan, 54 percent worked 40 hours or more and 77 percent had earnings of $20 or over. In Indiana 68 percent worked 40 hours or more, and 71 percent had earnings of at least $20. In each of the States the workweek was longer for the men than for the women, though in Maryland and Missouri there was little difference. None of the employees in Maryland worked over 40 hours, but only 2 percent of the men, in contrast to 15 percent of the women, worked less than 40 hours. In Missouri 9 percent of the men and 7 percent of the women worked over 40 hours and a negligible number of men and no women worked more than 44 hours. In no State but Maryland and Missouri was the proportion of men who worked 40 hours and less so high as 90 percent; in New Jersey, Michi gan, New York and Connecticut, and Indiana the proportion on such a workweek varied from 70 to 85 percent. More than half of the men in Illinois, California, and Tennessee and North Carolina worked longer than 40 hours. The proportion of women who worked 40 hours or less was 100 per cent in Maryland. It varied from 91 to 98 percent in New York and Connecticut, Iowa and Wisconsin, Missouri, New Jersey, Pennsyl vania, Indiana, and Michigan, and from 55 to 78 percent in the re maining States. In Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New York and Connecticut, and Michigan, from 41 to 50 percent of the women worked less than 40 hours. HOURLY EARNINGS Hourly earnings of all employees. Hourly earnings were computed from the week’s earnings and the hours worked for 11,466 employees in the drug and medicine plants and for 837 in the toilet preparation plants—a total of 12,303 em ployees. On the basis of product, wages were considerably higher in drugs and medicines than in toilet preprations. The average hourly earnings were 57.2 cents for the two industries combined; they were 58 cents in drugs and medicines and 47.4 cents in toilet preparations. This is an important difference and is due in large measure to the fact that finishing workers, the lower-paid employees, form a relatively larger proportion in toilet preparations than in drug and medicine manufacture. The distribution of hourly earnings (see table 7) shows that the concentration was more pronounced for workers in toilet prepara tions than for those in drugs. In the distribution at 5-cent intervals, 32 percent in toilet preparations had earnings of 40 and under 45 cents and 21 percent earned 35 and under 40 cents. Only 15 percent earned 60 cents or more. In drugs and medicines, on the other hand, the largest concentration points were the 15 percent earning 40 and under 45 cents, and the 12 percent earning 35 and under 40 cents. Over two-fifths of the drug and medicine workers earned 60 cents or more; about one-eighth earned as much as 80 cents an hour. ? I 7 < f w i Table 7.—Hourly earnings of employees State * 9 9 f in drug and toilet preparation establishments, by State Number of em- Average hourly ployees with earn hours ings worked (mean) reported Percent of employees with hourly earnings of— Under 35 cents 35, under 40 cents 40, under 45 cents 45, under 50 cents 50, under 55 cents 55, under 60 cents 60, under 65 cents 65, under 70 cents 70, under 75 cents 75, under 80 cents 80 cents and over 12, 303 Cents 57.2 3.7 12.6 15.7 9.4 9.3 10.2 8.2 8.0 6.3 4.8 11.8 California______________ _____ _.. Illinois. ________...______ _____ ______ _____ Indiana.. ... . .. ... _ Iowa and Wisconsin_____ _____ ________________ Maryland____________________ _______________ Massachusetts .. Michigan _ .. Missouri_________ ______ ____________________ New Jersey_______ ______ New York and Connecticut. . Ohio______________ _________ ________________ Pennsylvania___ Tennessee and North Carolina________ __________ 346 1,300 1,249 236 138 281 2, 06 0 968 1,516 2,276 282 1,244 407 52.1 50.0 63.9 49.5 46.9 54.7 69.2 59.5 57.8 52.0 53.6 55.4 43.3 3.5 6.6 .4 5.9 14.5 4.6 .9 1.8 2.2 3.8 * 16.7 1.8 3 19.7 3.8 11.2 3.0 16.9 37.7 29.2 1.4 21.5 9.4 24.8 9.6 9.8 22.6 13.3 23.0 15.4 43.2 8.0 13.5 3.3 7.5 18.1 20.6 22.3 14.6 28.5 33.2 15.4 7.2 6.4 8.0 8.9 7.6 3.9 6.9 6.6 5.3 15.3 10.3 13.6 14.9 6.6 4.2 9.4 3.9 7.2 6.0 11.6 5.5 11.0 17.3 7.4 6.9 9.4 6.2 4.7 6.5 5.7 24.6 5.4 7.7 6.9 6.0 11.0 2.7 14.5 7.2 12.9 5.9 5.1 9.6 5.1 9.6 8.6 8.7 5.3 8.6 2.7 3.2 5.5 13.6 4.2 2.2 5.0 5.7 15.3 12.7 5.8 4.3 7.5 2.0 2.9 2.0 10.2 1.3 1.4 3.2 8.8 11.0 8.5 5.0 5.7 3.7 .5 2.3 1.5 7.1 1.3 1.4 3.2 7.9 5.2 5.1 5.8 3.2 2.3 .7 2.9 3.2 17.4 5.9 5.8 13.1 27.5 12.9 9.2 6.6 10.7 8.1 2.9 58.0 47.4 3.2 10.0 12.0 20.9 14.5 31.7 9.2 11.7 9.5 6.1 10.6 4.7 8.6 3.3 8.3 4.5 6.6 1.0 5.1 1.4 12.4 4.7 Drugs and medicines............................... .................... Toilet preparations. _ 1 In 6 States, drug firms only. (See table 1.) 11. 466 837 *Only 2.8 percent earned less than 30 cents. HOURLY EARNINGS Total___________________ _______________ 510.1 percent earned less than 30 cents. CO 14 DRUGS, MEDICINES, AND TOILET PREPARATIONS Hourly earnings by State. The range in average hourly earnings of workers in the various States was very wide, from 43.3 cents to 69.2 cents. Michigan, Indiana, Missouri, and New Jersey had average earnings in the upper brackets, varying from the high of 69.2 cents to 57.8 cents. States with average earnings just below the general average and ranging downward from 55.4 cents to 52 cents were Pennsylvania, Massachu setts, Ohio, California, and New York and Connecticut. At the lower wage levels, with averages of 50 cents or less, were Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin, Maryland, and Tennessee and North Carolina. From table 7, which gives the distribution of hourly earnings in 5-cent intervals, it is apparent that earnings had a wide range and that the concentration varied considerably by State. Because of such variation, there was little concentration for all employees as a group; 16 percent earned 40 and under 45 cents, 13 percent earned 35 and under 40 cents, and 10 percent earned 55 and under 60 cents. Twelve percent earned at least 80 cents and only 4 percent earned less than 35 cents. Among the States, the largest concentration of earnings was at 40 and under 45 cents in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa and Wisconsin, New Jersey, Tennessee and North Carolina, and Ohio; at 35 and under 40 cents in Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, and New York and Connecticut; at 55 and under 60 cents in Michigan; at 50 and under 55 cents in Pennsylvania; and at 45 and under 50 cents in California. In addition to these differences in concentration points, there were noticeable variations in the degree of concentration. For example, in Indiana the largest group in any 5-cent interval was only 15 percent and in Pennsylvania it was only 17 percent, in contrast to which the largest such group in Iowa and Wisconsin comprised 43 percent of the workers, in Maryland 38 percent, and in California 33 percent. Because of these wide variations in the wages paid in the different States, a more simplified comparison of the wage levels is gained by use of the first quartiles and the medians—that is, the points in the wage scale below which fall respectively 25 percent and 50 percent of the workers. These are shown for each State in the following summary: State1 Illinois................................... ............ ............ ............ .......................... Iowa and Wisconsin........... ............................ ......... ........... ....... .. Ohio_________________________ Tennessee and North Carolina____ _____ _ _________ ________ i In 6 States, drug firms only. (See table 1.) Number of employees First quartile of hourly earnings 12, 303 Cents 42.0 Cents 53.9 346 1,300 1,249 236 138 281 2,060 068 1, 516 2,276 282 1,244 407 45.2 40.8 47.5 40.7 35.3 37.0 55.5 40.4 42.9 37.8 39.3 44.1 36.4 49.1 46.6 63.8 44.5 37.8 45. 5 64.9 62.1 55.5 45.3 45. 6 52.1 40.6 Median of hourly earnings 15 HOURLY EARNINGS This summary shows that the first quartile, below which fall 25 percent of the earnings figures, ranged from 35.3 cents in Maryland, 36.4 cents in Tennessee and North Carolina, and 37 cents in Massa chusetts, to 55.5 cents in Michigan, a difference between low and high of 20.2 cents. States in the same section of the country also had wide differences, the first quartile in Illinois—in much the same region as Michigan and both States important in the manufacture of these products—being 14.7 cents lower than the first quartile in Michigan. In Indiana, also in the same area, the first quartile was practically midway between those of Illinois and Michigan. In the eastern area there was a difference of 6.3 cents between the quartilesin the neigh boring States of New York (combined with Connecticut) and Pennsyl vania—37.8 cents and 44.1 cents, respectively. Table 8.—Average hourly earnings of employees in drug and toilet preparation estabUshmentSy by occupational group and by State Pay-roll records with occupation and hours worked reported State1 Total.. California-________ Illinois....................... . Indiana Iowa and Wisconsin.. Maryland Massachusetts-------Michigan.................... Missouri New Jersey___ ____ New York and Con necticut.................. Ohio______ ______ _ Pennsylvania Tennessee and North All employees Num ber of Aver' firms age report Num hourly ber ed earn ings * 208 12, 027 346 1,300 1,249 236 138 244 2,060 968 1, 516 2,037 282 1, 244 Processing workers Num Aver Num ber of age ber of em hourly em ploy- earn ploy ings 3 ees Cents 57.6 3,007 86 52.1 50.0 312 63.9 269 49.5 37 46.9 35 55.3 64 69.2 416 59.5 385 57.8 577 63.3 53.6 55.4 Shipping workers State1 Capsule and ampoule department workers 485 59 233 Cents 67.2 56.8 61.6 72.5 446 4 58 160 72.9 76.1 70.0 63.4 1951 4 Finishing workers Aver age hourly earn ings 3 Num Aver Num ber of age ber of em hourly em ploy- earn ployings 3 Aver age hourly earn ings * Cents 61.2 Cents 46.6 46.7 42.9 65.7 41.6 38. 6 41.8 56.0 46.5 47.4 Cents 5,320 202 50.5 69.7 731 614 134 87 60.5 719 389 604 112 67.8 72.0 63.8 1,012 148 454 Mechanical workers Inspectors 302 59.9 17 126 65.2 11 59.1 42.1 39.8 46.5 Foremen and foreladies Other3 Num Average Num Average Num Average Num Average ber of hourly ber of hourly ber of hourly ber of hourly earn em em earn earn em earn em ployees ings 3 ployees ings 3 ployees ings 3 ployees ings 3 Total........................... California................................ Illinois.,......... ...... ................ Indiana Iowa and Wisconsin _____ Maryland.. _____________ Massachusetts............... ........ Michigan Missouri New Jersey.. __________ New York and Connecticut. Ohio _ Pennsylvania.. Tennessee and North Carolina___________________ 1,806 31 147 77 39 11 31 248 117 229 349 32 431 04 Cents 60.7 233 56.9 71.6 23 18 3 79.8 61. 4 61.0 57.7 156 55.0 42.5 Cents 83.0 85.9 4 10 13 6 1 In 6 States, drug firms only. (See table 1.) 3 The arithmetic mean. Not computed where base less than 50. 8 Includes printing, glass, and paper-box departments. 370 16 8 10 5 5 20 51 26 58 71 13 74 13 Cents 80.8 544 71.8 62.1 86.1 16 218 82.1 82 0 80.3 23 61 70.9 84.7 20 61 55-4 16 DRUGS, MEDICINES, AND TOILET PREPARATIONS Hourly earnings by occupation. Hourly earnings showed a substantial variation among the occupa tional groups. Workers in the auxiliary occupations had the highest earnings. The averages for these groups were 83 cents for the mechanical workers, 80.8 cents for the foremen and foreladies, and 71.8 cents for the residual group “other,” which includes the workers in the printing shops, the glassmaking shops, and the paper-box departments. Among the workers engaged in handling the products, the processing or laboratory workers had the highest average earnings, 67.2 cents, followed by the shipping employees with an average of 60.7 cents, and the workers on capsule and ampoule operations with 61.2 cents. The lowest-paid were the finishing workers, much the largest of the occupational groups, whose average hourly earnings were only 46.6 cents (table 8, page 15). Hourly earnings in individual firms. For this comparison hourly earnings were tabulated for only those firms having 50 or more employees. The table shows that earnings varied as much between individual firms within a State as between different States. In 10 firms in New York and Connecticut average hourly earnings ranged from 40 and under 45 cents to 70 and under 75 cents; in 8 firms in New Jersey the average varied from 46 and under 50 cents to 65 and under 70 cents, and in 5 in Indiana it varied from 45 and under 50 cents to over 75 cents. The accompanying summary shows the average hourly earnings in firms with 50 or more employees, by State. Number of firms in which the average hourly earnings were— State firms un 45, un 50, un 66, un 60, un 65, un 70, un 76, un report 40, der 45 der 50 der 55 der 60 der 65 der 70 der 75 der 80 ing » cents J cents cents cents cents cents cents cents Total............................ 55 Illinois................................ . 8 5 4 4 8 10 6 10 6 3 *3 16 14 4 4 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 4 1 2 4 2 2 1 4 7 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 I 1 i Includes only firms reporting 50 or more employees. * Includes 1 firm with an average of 32.5 cents. * California, 2 firms; Iowa, 1; Maryland, 1; Massachusetts, 1; North Carolina, 2; Ohio, 2; Tennessee, 1. Hourly earnings by sex. As was the case with week’s earnings, the hourly earnings of men were substantially higher than those of women. (Tables 9 and 10.) The average hourly earnings of the women, 45.6 cents, were only 67 ercent of the men’s average earnings. In five cases—California, ndiana, Tennessee and North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Illinois— the average hourly earnings of women varied from 79 to 70 percent of the men’s average, and in five others—Michigan, Iowa and Wiscon sin, New Jersey, New York and Connecticut, and Massachusetts— the women’s average was from 65 to 60 percent of the men’s. The greatest differences were in Maryland, Ohio, and Missouri, where women’s averages were only 59 to 56 percent of men’s. f * ’—J-------------V—r f ' t - T * , ' ~ T T Table 9.-—Hourly earnings of men, by Stale State1 Percent of men with hourly earnings of— Number Average of men hourly with earn hours ings worked (mean) reported Under 40 cents 40, under 45 cents 45, under 50 cents 50, under 55 cents 55, under 60 cents 60, under 65 cents 65, under 70 cents 70, under 75 cents 75, under 80 cents 80. under 85 cents 85, under 90 cents 90 cents, SI and under $1 over 6,258 Cents 68.5 3.0 4.4 4.8 10.0 10.4 13.1 13.0 10. 5 8.7 5.8 4.5 5.6 6.3 California............ .......................... Illinois Indiana______________ ______ Iowa and Wisconsin .................. . Maryland._ ... Massachusetts Michigan____________________ Missouri.. __________________ New Jersey_____ _ ... ___ New York and Connecticut Ohio_______ ________________ Pennsylvania... ___ ... Tennessee and North Carolina... 139 561 518 79 52 164 1, 036 624 901 1,125 135 729 195 59.8 60.3 74.4 65.0 63.3 65.6 83.8 70.6 67.9 64.4 68.8 62.2 50.0 6.5 5.5 .4 6.3 5.8 9.1 .8 1.3 .2 3.5 3.0 2.0 3 24.1 5.0 2.9 1.9 6.3 7.7 10.4 .7 1.1 1.0 7.1 7.4 8.2 21.5 9.4 7.5 2.5 7.6 11.5 11.0 .4 2.7 1.2 5.6 6.7 9.3 16.4 15.1 19.6 4.4 10.1 19.2 4.9 1.7 5.1 13.9 8.1 13.3 18.2 14.9 8.6 20.1 7.3 13.9 17.3 9.8 2.8 7.1 11.7 12.7 11.9 14.0 5.6 30.9 16.4 17.2 17.7 13.5 14.6 2.5 14.3 13.7 17.2 9.6 12.9 5.1 6.5 12.7 12.9 12.7 1.9 7.9 6.9 23.6 20.8 11.5 8.1 12.5 3.6 5.0 4.6 9.3 3.8 3.8 4.9 15.3 17.0 14.1 9.8 11.9 6.0 1.0 5.8 3.6 9.7 3.8 3.8 5.5 15.1 7.9 8.3 11.6 6.7 3.7 1.5 2.2 1.4 8.7 3.8 2.2 1.1 11.0 1.3 4.3 11.0 7.2 4.4 6.1 3.7 2.7 .5 2.2 1.4 5.8 2.5 5.8 5.5 10.2 4. S 3.3 2.2 4.4 3.7 1.0 2.4 17.4 3.7 4.1 1.3 .7 2.9 1.0 7 3.2 8.9 10.1 9. 6 9.7 15.3 4.3 3.3 3.2 12.6 3.7 3.6 Drugs and medicines_____ _____ Toilet preparations 6,050 208 68.5 67.5 3.0 2.9 4.4 4.3 4.8 5.3 9.9 14.4 10.2 16.3 13.1 12.0 12.9 16.8 10.7 3.8 8.8 5.8 5.9 2.4 4.6 2.4 5.7 1.4 6.1 12.0 HOURLY EARNINGS Total.................. .................. 1 In 8 States, drug Arms only. (See table 1.) J 10.3 percent earned less than 35 cents. <1 18 DRUGS, MEDICINES, AND TOILET PREPARATIONS Men's average hourly earnings were highest in Michigan, 83.8 cents, followed by Indiana with 74.4 cents and Missouri with 70.6 cents. The lowest average earnings of men were in California with 59.8 cents and in Tennessee and North Carolina with 50 cents. In the remaining States the men’s average varied from 60 to 69 cents. There was little concentration of men’s hourly earnings at any defined level, the largest group being the 26 percent at 60 and under 70 cents. Nearly one-third of the men had earnings of 75 cents or more. The largest concentration in men’s earnings in the various States fell in the following groups: 90 cents and over in Michigan; 65 to 75 cents in Missouri and New Jersey; 60 to 70 cents in Indiana; 55 to 65 cents in California, Iowa and Wisconsin, New York and Connecticut, and Massachusetts; 50 to 60 cents in Illinois, Maryland, Pennsyl vania, and Ohio; and under 45 cents in Tennessee and North Caro lina. Only in the locality last named did as many as one-tenth of the men earn less than 40 cents, but in this case practically, one-fourth (24 percent) had such earnings. The proportion of men with earnings of 80 cents or over varied from 6 percent in Tennessee and North Carolina and 7 percent in California and in Illinois to a high of 54 percent in Michigan. . For the 6,045 women average hourly earnings were 45.6 cents, ranging by State from 37.1 cents in Maryland to 56.4 cents in Indiana, a difference of practically 20 cents. Average earnings in Michigan also were high, 54.5 cents, but they were at a somewhat lower level in California, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Illinois, and Iowa and Wisconsin, varying in these localities from 47 cents to 41.7 cents. In the remaining States average earnings were below 40 cents. Table State1 Num ber of women with hours worked report ed 10.—Hourly earnings of women, by State Percent of women with hourly earnings of Aver age hourly Un 30, 40, 45, 60, 55, 60, 65. 70 35, earn der under under under under under under under under cents ings and 40 50 55 60 65 70 30 35 45 (mean) cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents over Total.................. 6,045 Cents 45.6 California.. ................. Illinois............. —........ 207 739 731 157 86 117 1,024 344 615 47.0 42.3 56.4 41. 7 37.1 39.4 54. 5 39.6 43.0 1,151 147 515 212 Michigan Missouri....... ............... New Jersey....... ...... . New York and Connecticut.................... Pennsylvania Tennessee and North Carolina............ .. Drugs and medicines.. Toilet preparations__ 5,416 629 4.9 23.4 27.4 14.1 8.6 10.1 3.2 2.8 3.8 3.9 16.6 4.8 23.6 57.0 61. 5 2.2 58.4 22.8 18.8 38.3 24.9 61.8 8.1 17.9 6.0 19.2 43.1 49.3 21.4 10.5 5.7 5.8 6.0 14.8 6.1 15.3 12.6 11.4 8.2 1.3 3.5 2.6 12.8 7.6 8.3 5.8 1.2 5.5 3.4 .3 9.8 1.0 14.1 ___ 1.4 .2 21.5 2.6 .9 2.3 .5 3.9 8.0 .7 6. 4 23.3 4.3 .7 2.3 4.9 46.6 2.3 2.0 2.6 7.7 1.2 1.1 2.3 .9 4.6 .3 1.0 1.7 3.7 .3 1.1 39.9 39.6 45.9 1.0 5.4 .4 6.1 25.2 3.3 46.0 17.0 21.4 33.8 36.1 23.7 7.6 4.1 23.7 3.0 8.8 15.9 1.2 .7 6.8 .4 1.4 2.5 .3 .7 .4 .6 .7 2.0 37.2 17.5 10.8 30.7 34.9 4.7 .5 .5 .5 23.0 27.2 25.9 40.7 14.1 13.8 9.2 3.3 11.1 .8 3.5 .5 3.1 .5 46.1 40.7 1.7 2.6 1.3 1.9 .3 4.0 12,7 4.2 .2 i In 8 States, drug Arms only. (See table 1.) The range in hourly earnings of women was not nearly so wide and the concentration was much heavier than was the case in men’s earnings, as 51 percent of the women earned 35 and under 45 cents and only 10 percent earned as much as 60 cents. LEARNERS 19 In 7 of the 13 States the largest concentration of women’s hourly earnings was at 35 and under 45 cents. The proportions of the women with these earnings varied from 53 percent to 85 percent. In Iowa and Wisconsin, New Jersey, and Ohio the majority were in the upper half of the wage class. In Michigan 59 percent earned 50 and under 60 cents, and in Indiana, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and California from 35 to 68 percent earned 40 and under 50 cents. The wage level was much lower in Maryland, where 80 percent of the women earned 30 and under 40 cents, most of them 35 andmore. The proportion of women with earnings of 50 cents or more showed an extremely wide variation; from 1 to 8 percent in Iowa and Wis consin, Tennessee and North Carolina, New York and Connecticut, Maryland, and Massachusetts, but as many as 59 percent in Indiana and 75 percent in Michigan, received these higher earnings. LEARNERS There was very little agreement in the various firms in regard to the employment of learners. Of the 220 establishments scheduled, 99 reported that they employed learners; in 56 firms learners were employed in finishing operations, in 13 they were in laboratory department occupations, in 12 they were in shipping department or unskilled occupations, and in 25 they were started in any occupa tion. Eighty-nine firms reported on length of the learning period. In 17 such period was less than 3 months, in 36 it was from 3 to 6 months, and in 10 it was a year or more. Twenty-six firms reported that the learning period varied according to the occupation or the ability of the learner. Wage data were reported for 158 learners in 51 firms. Included in this group are 8 apprentices (employed in the printing, mechanical, and laboratory departments), and 2 handicapped workers, 1 aged wo ker, and 1 State ward employed at a lower rate than regular workers. Learners comprised slightly more than 1 percent of all employees for whom earnings were reported. By State, the proportion of learners among the total employees ranged from none in Maryland and less than 1 percent in Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin, Michigan, Missouri, and New Jersey, to just over 3 percent in California, nearly 4 percent in Tennessee and North Carolina, and to a high of slightly more than 5 percent in Massachusetts. The median or midpoint of learners’ hourly earnings was 31.1 cents, and the largest group, 25 percent, had earnings of 30 and under 31 cents. About 4 percent earned less than 25 cents and 20 percent earned 25 and under 30 cents. Twenty-seven percent earned 35 and under 38 cents, and 15 percent earned 40 cents or more. The wage data for learners are not included in the tabulations relating to regular employees. The range in the week’s earnings of learners was from between $2 and $3 to nearly $29, but the great majority (67 percent) had earnings of $10 and under $15; nearly three-tenths (28 percent) earned $12 and under $13. Less than one-tenth had earnings below $10. o
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