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TH E DIMENSIONS O F M AJOR WORK S TO P P A G E S 1 9 4 7 -5 9 Bulletin No. 1298 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT O F LABOR Arthur J. Goldberg, Secretary BUREAU Ew an OF LABOR C la g u e , S T A T IS T IC S C o m m is s io n e r T h e W D o r k i m e n s i o n s o f M a j o r S t o p p a g e s 1 9 4 7 -5 9 Bulletin No. 1298 June 1961 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Arthur J. Goldberg, Secretary BUREAU Ew an O F LABOR C la g u e , S T A T IS T IC S C o m m is s io n e r F or s a l e b y t h e S u p e r in t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , U . S . G o v e r n m e n t P r in tin g O f f i c e , W a s h i n g t o n 2 5 , D . C . P r ic e 3 0 c e n ts Preface This study of work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers during the period 1947-59 was prepared in the Bureau*s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations by Joseph W. Bloch and Julian Malnak. The text appeared in the April 1961 issue of the Monthly Labor Review and is reproduced in this report without changes. An appendix presents the record of major work stop pages in selected companies and associations. Bureau publi cations dealing with work stoppages are listed on the inside back cover. iii Contents Page P r e v a l e n c e -------------------------------------Types of disputes -------------------------------------------------------------Industries involved -----------------------------------------------------------States involved ---------------------------------------------------------------Duration -----------------------------------------------------------------------Issues --------------------------------------------------------------------------Disposition of issues --------------------------------------------------------- 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 Tables: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 . 7. Work stoppages, involving 10,000 or more workers ----------------Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, by type of dispute and number of workers involved ---------------------------Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, by number of establishments involved -------------------------------------Workers involved and man-days of idleness resulting from wor k stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, by industry group and type of d i s p u t e ---------------------------Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, by region and State -----------------------------------------------------------Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, by type of dispute and duration ----------------------------------------------Major issues involved in wo r k stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers -------------------------------------------------------- 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 Chart: Number of workers involved and man-days idle in wor k stoppages ________ A p p e n d i x ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 11 Listing: Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations ----------------------------------------- v 13 The Dimensions of Major Work Stoppages, 1947-59 D u r in g the 13-year period 1947-59, 268 work The act w a s invoked by the President 17 times s t o p p a g e s o c c u r r e d w h i c h directly i n v o l v e d 1 0 , 0 0 0 in t h e p e r i o d 1 9 4 7 - 5 9 ; in several instances, f e w e r or t h a n 1 0 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s w e r e directly i n v o l v e d . 2 more workers each. This is a study of the T h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r Statistics h a s t r a d i t i o n a l l y d i m e n s i o n s of the s e s t o p p a g e s . 1 M u c h years has on been the emergency written impact disputes and of spoken large and the in r e c e n t strikes, national Taft-Hartley Act, used the the n u m b e r yardstick pages. of w o r k e r s by Data which on to directly i n v o l v e d identify secondary major as stop involvements, i.e., a n d t h e ro l e o f G o v e r n m e n t i n l a b o r d i s p u t e s , a n d w o r k e r s m a d e idle i n o t h e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s b e c a u s e t h e s u b j e c t is v e r y m u c h This study o f l a c k o f s e r v i c e s o r s u p p l i e s , a n d o n o t h e r effects, w a s u n d e r t a k e n b e c a u s e o f this w i d e s p r e a d i n t e r e s t a r e n o t c o l l e c t e d ( t h e difficulties i n o b t a i n i n g s u c h in d a t a for a n y s u b stantial n u m b e r of situations d e f y large stoppages. strikes— limited in ali v e t o d a y . Although scope, data arbitrary on in major some re provide do no answers describe stoppages, some and to of t h e p r o b l e m s raised, t h e y the provide ramifications a sort of of statistical major spe c t s , a n d r e l a t i n g t o a p e r i o d t h a t h a s p a s s e d — large testing g r o u n d resources). work volved For stoppage is 10,000 or m o r e this one study, which workers and then, directly a in l a s t e d for a t least 1 full d a y o r shift. T h e s t u d y presents d a t a on the long stoppages, t h e larger st o p p a g e s , and for s u c h e v a l u a t i o n s o r p r o p o s a l s a s m a y b e forth the multiestablishment a n d multi-State stoppages, coming. data with In an area where statistical m e a g e r , a n y r e a s o n a b l e bit m a y W h a t constitutes a “major” often a m a t t e r of opinion. 10,000 are work A n y stoppage is st r i k e i n v o l v i n g or m o r e w o r k e r s m a y b e considered a m a j o r over N e w York far f e w e r tugboat workers strike, f o r A strike (the recent example) m a y be being stoppages ne w other contract types of The on other businesses, or on D i f f e r e n t e v a l u a t i o n s o f strikes will b e f o r m e d b y t h o s e w h o a r e h u r t a n d t h o s e w h o a r e not. A s t rike t h a t ties u p tion in P h i l a d e l p h i a m a y public transporta b e of n o Pittsburgh; a strike t h a t s h a k e s Pennsylvania m a y Nebraska. m u c h The have no railroads disturbed b y c o n s e q u e n c e in the economy noticeable are effect probably airline strikes, a n d not “ national emergency” differences disagreement those arising f r o m as grievances and Duri n g 1945 a n d 1946, or more workers. involved that was an enactment in A t o tal o f 4 , 2 7 0 , 0 0 0 these stoppages, 85,000,000 m a n - d a y s — important of t h e 1947 factor act. t h a t g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t rests o n O n leading the what s i n c e 1 9 4 6 , this s t u d y e x c l u d e s t h e to the assumption has happened 1945-46 of m a j o r involved, and the s t u d y stop a c c o u n t of m a j o r s t o p p a g e s in t h a t year, b u t number 1960, a record in too during workers resulting pages. vice versa. Started and of stoppages during man-days of takes no the 1960, w o r k e r s idleness, were rela tively l o w . 3 S u c h e x a m p l e s c a n b e multiplied. T h e the by there h a d b e e n 7 3 st o p p a g e s e a c h involving 10,000 idleness e x c e e d e d public, to s t u d y b egins w i t h 1947, t he y e a r t h e Taft- pact the and such H a r t l e y A c t b e c a m e law. were on terms disputes c o n s i d e r e d a m a j o r s t o p p a g e b y r e a s o n o f its i m n a t i o n a l sec u r i t y . directed precipitated j u r i s d i c t i o n a l issues. s t o p p a g e s i m p l y b y r e a s o n o f its m a g n i t u d e , e v e n if its e c o n o m i c c o n s e q u e n c e s a r e slight. directly i n v o l v i n g attention between help. provisions (section 2 0 6 ) of t h e T a f t - H a r t l e y A c t (1947) r e c o g n i z e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e of j u d g m e n t icance of a strike. i n e v a l u a t i n g t h e signif “ W h e n e v e r in t h e o p i n i o n of t h e P r e s i d e n t of t h e U n i t e d or actual industry st r i k e or if p e r m i t t e d national a or States, a lockout substantial affecting part thereof threatened an entire . . . will, to o c c u r o r to c o n t i n u e , im p e r i l t h e health or safety, he m a y . . . ,” etc. 1 The terms “ work stoppage "and “ strike" are used interchange ably in this article, and both terms are defined to include lockouts. ^See “ National Emergency" Disputes Under the Labor-Manage ment Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act, BLS Report 169 (i960). forthcoming article in the Monthly Labor Review will present data on I960 stoppages. 2 Prevalence man-days o f s t r i k e idleness, a s t h e a c c o m p a n y i n g c h a r t d e m o n s t r a t e s , is a l m o s t e n t i r e l y a t t r i b u t a b l e During more the than involved 13-year period 53,000 10,000 or 1947-59, recorded more work workers 268 of the stoppages4 each. These m a j o r strikes a c c o u n t e d f o r 2 4 7 m i l l i o n m a n - d a y s of idleness, or slightly more than half (53.5 p e r c e n t ) o f t h e total d i r e c t s t r i k e - r e l a t e d i d l e n e s s r e g i s t e r e d o v e r this p e r i o d . involved, including i n v o l v e d in m o r e T h e c o u n t of w o r k e r s duplication than one (i.e., 000 workers, or 2 w o r k stoppages. The out of e v e r y changes in the of m a j o r s t o p p a g e s . (Korea and incidence, size; a n d duration E x c e p t for t h e y e a r s 1 9 5 0 - 5 3 its a f t e r m a t h ) , the total n u m b e r of w o r k e r s i n v o l v e d in s t o p p a g e s of f e w e r t h a n 1 0 , 0 0 0 workers ranged between and 1,000,000 a n d resulting idleness b e t w e e p million man-days. A n 1,440,000, 13 million a n d increase in the 18 duration workers s t o p p a g e in a n y o r o v e r t h e 1 3 - y e a r period), a m o u n t e d to year to 11,700,- 5 i n v o l v e d i n all ( S e e t a b l e 1.) w i d e y e a r - t o - y e a r fluctuations in t h e n u m * S t o p p a g e s i n v o l v in g fe w e r t h a n six w o r k e is o r la s t in g fo r less t h a n a b e r o f w o r k e r s i n v o l v e d i n all s t o p p a g e s a n d t o t a l fu ll d a y o r s h ift a re n o t a c c o u n t e d fo r. Number of Workers Involved and Man-Days Idle in Work Stoppages,1 1947-59 Millions 7 Millions W o rk e rs Involved 6 - 4 “ M a n - D a y s Idle 2 1947 1950 1955 19591947 Major work stoppages defined as stoppages involving 10,000workers or more. 1950 1955 1959 3 of smaller s t o p p a g e s during 1959 5 accounted for T 1. a b l e W S o r k , I t o p p a g e s W o r k e r s n v o l v in g 1 0 ,0 0 0 o r M o r e , 1 9 4 7 -5 9 t h e largest y e a r l y i n c r e a s e in idleness d u e to t h e s e s t o p p a g e s d u r i n g t h e 1 3 y e a r s e x c e p t t h a t for 1 9 5 2 . Although the 24 7 million m a n - d a y s of idleness a t t r i b u t e d t o m a j o r strikes a m o u n t e d to a year's employment fo r almost a million workers, W ork ers in v o lv e d 1 M a n - d a y s id le N um ber o f stop Per N u m b e r P ercen t N u m b e r P ercen t pages (th o u o f tota l (th o u o f total w ork er fo r y e a r i n v o l v e d fo r y e a r san ds) sands) Y ear they c o n s t i t u t e d o n l y a m i n u t e f r a c t i o n o f all w o r k i n g T o t a l , 1 9 4 7 -5 9 .... 268 11,700 time. 1947............................ 1948............................ 1949............................ 1950............................ 1951............................ 1952............................ 1953............................ 1954............................ 1955............................ 1956............................ 1957............................ 1958............................ 1959............................ 15 20 18 22 19 35 28 18 26 12 13 21 *2 1 1,030 870 * 1,920 738 457 1,690 650 437 1,210 758 283 823 866 4 7 .5 4 4 .5 6 3 .2 3 0 .7 2 0 .6 4 7 .8 2 7 .1 2 8 .5 4 5 .6 3 9 .9 2 0 .4 4 0 .0 4 6 .2 17,700 18,900 34,900 2 1 ,700 5 ,680 3 6 ,9 0 0 7 ,2 7 0 7 ,5 2 0 12,300 19,600 3 ,0 5 0 10,600 50,800 5 1 .2 5 5 .3 6 9 .0 5 6 .0 2 4 .8 6 2 .6 2 5 .7 3 3 .3 4 3 .4 59 .1 1 8 .5 4 4 .2 7 3 .7 1 7 .2 2 1 .7 1 8 .2 2 9 .4 1 2 .4 2 1 .8 1 1 .2 1 7 .2 1 0 .2 2 5 .9 1 0 .8 1 2 .9 5 8 .8 A v era g e per y e a r. 2 0 .6 902 4 0 .2 19,000 5 3 .5 2 1 .1 A l l strike i d l e n e s s o v e r t h e 13-year period t o o k a b o u t o n e - t h i r d of 1 p e r c e n t of t h e available working time of establishments all workers (exclusive in of nonagricultural government), r o u g h l y 1 d a y a y e a r fo r e a c h w o r k e r . a year w o u l d pages. A or half d a y t h u s b e attributable to m a j o r s t o p H o w e v e r , a s will b e s h o w n later, t h e effects of m a j o r stoppages, as m e a s u r e d in m a n - d a y s of 247,000 idleness, w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d i n a f e w i n d u s t r i e s a n d , t h u s , i n a f e w Stat e s . Twenty-five stoppages, w o r k e r s or m o r e , each involving 75,000 a c c o u n t e d for t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e idleness resulting f r o m major disputes (table 2). » W o r k e r s w e re c o u n t e d fo r e a c h s t o p p a g e in w h ic h t h e y w e r e i n v o l v e d in e a c h y e a r a n d fo r t h e e n t ir e p e r io d c o v e r e d . * A n t h r a c i t e a n d b i t u m in o u s c o a l m in e r s w e re i n v o l v e d in 3 se p a r a te s t o p p a g e s d u r in g t h e y e a r , a c c o u n t in g in t h is m a n n e r fo r 1,150,000 o f t h e 1,920,000 w o r k e r s i n v o l v e d in a ll m a jo r s t o p p a g e s . * I n c lu d e s o n e 1959 d is p u t e n o t lis t e d in B L S B u ll . 1278 b e c a u s e t h e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s i n v o l v e d d i d n o t r e a c h 10,000 u n t i l a ft e r J a n u a r y 1, 1960. N Of this g r o u p , the 10 ote: B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f i n d i v id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o t a ls ; leading idleness-producing d i s p u t e s , i n o r d e r o f t h eir r e l a t i v e m a g n i t u d e , w e r e : 1 9 5 9 s te e l s t r ik e (4 1 ,9 0 0 ,0 0 0 m a n -d a y s ) 1 9 5 2 s t e e l s t r ik e (2 3 ,8 0 0 ,0 0 0 m a n -d a y s ) (1) failure o f u n i o n a n d m a n a g e m e n t the t e r m s of a n e w F a ll 1 9 4 9 a n t h r a c it e a n d b it u m in o u s c o a l s t r ik e (2 1 ,6 0 0 ,0 0 0 m a n -d a y s ) 1 9 4 9 s te e l s t r ik e 1 9 5 6 s te e l s t r ik e (2) resolve a cases, o n t h e t e r m s o f a n initial c o n failure of union and management to (1 3 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0 m a n -d a y s ) dispute arising d u r i n g the term of an (1 1 ,9 0 0 ,0 0 0 m a n -d a y s ) agreement, 1 9 4 7 t e le p h o n e s t r ik e 1 (1 0 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0 m a n -d a y s ) 1 9 4 8 b it u m in o u s c o a l s t r ik e 1 9 5 0 C h r y s le r C o r p . s t r ik e 1954 (or, i n s o m e tract), to a g r e e o n contract or a w a g e r e o p e n ing N orth w est contract ( 8 ,0 8 0 ,0 0 0 m a n - d a y s ) ( 6 ,7 0 0 ,0 0 0 m a n - d a y s ) lu m b e r in d u s tr y s t r ik e (5 that terms is, a present purposes), S ta tes) dispute n o t (called and a involving n e w grievance dispute for (3) jur i s d i c t i o n a l d i s p u t e s b e t w e e n r i val u n i o n s , p r o t e s t s t o p p a g e s , “m e m o ( 3 ,9 0 0 ,0 0 0 m a n - d a y s ) rial” s t o p p a g e s , a n d t h e like, i n w h i c h m a n a g e m e n t 1 9 4 8 m e a t p a c k in g s t r ik e ( 3 ,7 3 0 ,0 0 0 m a n - d a y s ) m a y n o t h a v e b e e n a direct p a r t y o r w h i c h o t h e r * B e fo r e T a ft - H a r t le y . w i s e l a y outside t h e u s u a l c o u r s e of l a b o r - m a n a g e Of or the 26 8 more percent stoppages, establishments of the idleness all b u t and (t a b l e 35 involved t w o accounted 3). Of fo r the m e n t disputes. 99 233 disputes accounted three-fourths of t h e m a j o r N e w contract stoppages, fo r more about than multiestablishment stoppages, w h i c h include b o t h four-fifths o f t h e w o r k e r s i n v o l v e d , a n d 9 6 p e r c e n t multiplant o f t h e idleness. stoppages multiemployer involved of a stoppages, 11 or m o r e single company about and three-fourths establishments. N o t only were they m o r e n u m e r o u s t h a n t h e o t h e r c a t e g o r i e s c o m b i n e d , b u t also, on the average, larger and longer lasting, as d i s c u s s e d later. T y p e s of Disputes A v e r y r o u g h m e a s u r e of t h e relative i n c i d e n c e o f m a j o r c o n t r a c t strikes c a n b e f o r m u l a t e d o n t h e F o r p u r p o s e s o f this s t u d y , t h e 2 6 8 m a j o r strikes were classified a s f o l l o w s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e n a t u r e of t he d i s p u t e g i v i n g rise t o t h e w o r k stoppage: basis of m a j o r a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e . 1956, according to a Bureau A s of J a n u a r y of L a b o r Statistics count,6 approximately 5,098,000 workers covered by applicable to agreements were bargaining • S ee A n a ly s is o f W o r k S t o p p a g e s , 1959, B L S B u ll. 1278, p . 3, a n d A R e v i e w o f W o r k S t o p p a g e s d u r in g 1959 (in M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w , J u n e 1960, p . 6 1 0 ). units of 1 0 , 0 0 0 o r m o r e w o r k e r s . the J a n u a r y 1956 A s s u m i n g that c o v e r a g e r e a s o n a b l y represents • S ee C h a r a c te r is t ic s o f M a j o r U n io n C o n t r a c t s ( in M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w , J u l y 1956, p . 805 ). the entire period, and discounting the stoppages 4 that the involved 10*000 agreements appear or covered that, o n the more workers although arbitration. fewer workers, it w o u l d due average, these w o r k e r s i n v o l v e d i n less t h a n t w o n e w were as contract stoppages e a c h d u r i n g t h e 1 3 - y e a r period. Relating the 2 3 7 mately 5 have been worked million w o r k e r s by under the the grievance fraction of disputes the must st r i k e be taken idleness that of grievance and arbitration procedures t h a t prevails in A m e r i c a n i n d u s t r y . O f the 16 m a j o r s t o p p a g e s that w e r e neither n e w approxi large minute system c o n t r a c t di s p u t e s to t h e e s t i m a t e d a m o u n t of t i m e would a I n t h e a g g r e g a t e , h o w e v e r , lost t i m e major m i g h t h a v e o c c u r r e d in t h e a b s e n c e of t h e e x t e n s i v e million m a n - d a y s of idleness-resulting f r o m m a j o r that to contract agree nor grievance construed, m o s t ordinarily flicts less t h a n ) b u l k of t he w o r k e r s i n v o l v e d a n d t h e m a n - d a y s of 3% of w o r k i n g time or about d a y s a year, o n t h e average. F o r t y-seven stoppages, m o s t 10,000 fied idleness of w h i c h i n v o l v e d as grievance disputes. About fo r t h e s e attributable t o 2 0 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s , w e r e o f t h e t y p e classi broadly sympathy as jurisdictional c o n m e n t s , i n d i c a t e s a loss o f n o m o r e t h a n ( a n d likely 1.4 p e r c e n t and disputes, resulted f r o m 1949— 1 to 16 stoppages. stoppages two coal However, as mining a group the were stoppages in o n e a 2 - w e e k “ m e m o r i a l period,” t he other a 1 - w e e k “ s t abilizing p e r i o d o f i n a c t i o n . ” million w o r k e r s w e r e i n v o l v e d in t h e s e s t o p p a g e s l a s t i n g m o r e t h a n 1 d a y o r full shift, a n d t h e y lost Industries I n v o l v e d 8 a b o u t 5 million m a n - d a y s o v e r t h e 1 3 - y e a r period, or 3 hours grievance machinery major 47 a year, disputes almost on average. universally agreements,7 a n d stoppages the are subject to signified a very the Not provided for by likely s o m e of the breakdown The all of the frequency stoppages a m o n g arbitration by four and magnitude of m a j o r variables: (1) the size o f the units, T able 2. W ork 7 T h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is tic s h a s i n p r e p a r a t io n a s t u d y o f d i s p u t e a b s e n c e o f p r o v i s i o n s for Sto p p a g e s I n v o l v in g 1 0 ,0 0 0 (2) issu e s e x e m p t e d b y a g r e e m e n t s f r o m a r b it r a tio n . arbi 8 F o r s y s t e m o f in d u s t r ia l c la s s ific a t io n o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s tration p r o c e d u r e or a n work i n d u s t r i e s a r e i n f l u e n c e d c h iefly in v o lv e d in s tr ik e s , see f o o t n o t e 1, t a b le 4. M ore W orkers, I nvolved, 1 9 4 7 -5 9 or by T ype of D is p u t e and W ork ers in v o lv e d 1 S top p a ges N umber of W orkers M a n - d a y s id le T y p e o f d is p u t e a n d n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s N um ber N um ber (th o u s a n d s ) P ercen t N um ber (th o u s a n d s ) P ercen t P e r w ork er in v o lv e d P ercen t A l l t y p e s o f d i s p u t e s ............................................................................ 268 100 11,700 100 247,000 100 2 1 .1 10,000 a n d u n d e r 20,000 w o r k e r s ............................................ 20,000 a n d u n d e r 40,000 w o r k e r s ................................... ........ 40,000 a n d u n d e r 75,000 w o r k e r s ................................... ........ 75,000 a n d u n d e r 125,000 w o r k e r s ..................................... .. 125,000 a n d u n d e r 250,000 w o r k e r s ....................................... 250,000 a n d o v e r .............................................................................. 147 68 28 9 3 13 55 25 10 3 1 5 2 ,000 1,810 1,450 813 480 5,190 17 15 12 7 4 44 29,000 29,900 27,400 16,500 2 ,0 0 0 142,000 12 12 11 7 1 58 1 4 .5 1 6 .5 1 8 .9 2 0 .3 4 .2 2 7 .4 N e w c o n t r a c t t e r m s ..................................- ........................— .......... 10,000 a n d u n d e r 20,000 w o r k e r s ............. ..................... ........ 20,000 a n d u n d e r 40,000 w o r k e r s --------------------------------40,000 a n d u n d e r 75,000 w o r k e r s .................... 75,000 a n d u n d e r 125,000 w o r k e r s ______________________ 125,000 a n d u n d e r 250,000 w o r k e r s ........................................ 250,000 a n d o v e r .............................................................................. 205 102 58 24 8 2 11 100 50 28 12 4 1 5 9 ,610 1,370 1,540 1,250 713 306 4 ,4 3 0 100 14 16 13 7 3 46 237,000 27,300 27,700 25,800 16,400 1,230 138,000 100 12 12 11 7 1 58 2 4 .7 1 9 .9 1 8 .0 2 0 .6 2 3 .0 4 .0 3 1 .2 G r ie v a n c e s .................................................................................................. 10,000 a n d u n d e r 20,000 w o r k e r s ............................................ 20,000 a n d u n d e r 40,000 w o r k e r s ............................................ 40.000 a n d u n d e r 75,000 w o r k e r s .................................... 75.000 a n d u n d e r 125,000 workers ___________ _ 125.000 a n d u n d e r 250,000 w o r k e r s .................. 250.000 a n d over _ ______________ 47 37 6 3 100 79 13 6 1 ,0 0 0 516 157 153 100 52 16 15 5 ,0 2 0 1 ,390 1 ,310 1,540 100 28 26 31 5 .0 2 .7 8 .3 1 0 .1 I 2 175 18 770 15 4 .4 O t h e r ........... ..................................... 10,000 a n d u n d e r 20,000 w o r k e r s ................. — 20,000 a n d u n d e r 40,000 w o r k e r s ............................................ 40,000 a n d u n d e r 75,000 w o r k e r s ............. .................... 75.000 a n d u n d e r 125,000 w o r k e r s ........................ 125.000 a n d under 250,000 workers 250,000 a n d o v e r ............... .......................................... 16 8 4 1 1 100 50 25 6 6 1 ,120 113 110 49 100 100 10 10 100 6 9 1 2 4 .7 2 .8 9 5 ,310 320 480 66 100 2 13 753 67 4 ,3 4 0 82 5 .8 1 S ee f o o t n o t e 1, t a b le 1. N o t e 4 4.4 1 .3 1.0 : B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f i n d i v id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o t a ls . 5 T 3. a b l e W W o r k e r s , S o r k N b y I t o p p a g e s u m b e r E o p 1 0 ,0 0 0 n v o l v in g M o r I s t a b l is h m e n t s o r e n v o l v e d , 1 9 4 7 -5 9 W ork ers in v o lv e d * S top p a g es M a n -d a y s i d le E s t a b lis h m e n t s i N um ber (th o u sands) N u m P er ber cent N um ber (th o u sands) P er cent P er cent reopenings) the fewer the opportunities for strikes Long-term agreements now prevail in all major industries. Of the four industries, construction tends to have agreements with the shortest duration. The primary metals industry, which includes b a s i c steel, a c c o u n t e d fo r f ully a t h i r d o f t h e m a n d a y s o f i d l e n e s s fo r all m a j o r s t o p p a g e s (as a g a i n s t A l l e s t a b lis h m e n t s ....... ..................... 268 100 11,700 100 247,000 100 1 e s t a b lis h m e n t .................................... 2 t o 6 e s t a b lis h m e n t s _____________ 6 t o 10 e s t a b lis h m e n t s ...................... 11 e s t a b lis h m e n t s o r m o r e ............. 11 t o 49 e s t a b lis h m e n t s ........... 50 t o 99 e s t a b lis h m e n t s ........... 100 e s t a b lis h m e n t s o r m o r e — E x a ct n u m b e r n o t k n o w n ... N o t r e p o r t e d ......................................... 35 24 29 179 35 13 28 103 1 13 9 11 67 13 5 10 38 (3) 535 402 574 10,200 1 ,070 488 844 7,810 11 5 3 ,1 3 0 3 6 ,170 5 9 ,9 9 0 87 227,000 9 26,800 4 3 ,9 1 0 7 14,300 67 182,000 1,050 ( 3) 1 2 4 92 11 2 6 74 ( 3) 1 A n e s t a b lis h m e n t is d e f in e d as a s in g le p h y s ic a l l o c a t io n w h e r e b u s in e s s is c o n d u c t e d o r w h e r e s e r v ic e s o r i n d u s t r ia l o p e r a t io n s a re p e r fo r m e d ; fo r e x a m p le , a f a c t o r y , m il l , s t o r e , m in e , o r fa r m . A s t o p p a g e m a y i n v o l v e 1 o r m o r e e s t a b lis h m e n t s o f a s in g le e m p l o y e r o r it m a y i n v o l v e d iffe r e n t e m p lo y e r s . 2 S ee f o o t n o t e 1, t a b le 1. 3 L e s s t h a n 0 .5 p e r c e n t . N ote: B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f i n d i v id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o t a ls . about a twelfth with more Far behind the structure agreements, B y to w a y collective and bargaining parties of or multiemployer), (4) the relationships, settle o f illustration, the (single duration of the of companies of the basic steel, c o n s t r u c t i o n industries. than 10,000 workers; substantially because entire will a u t o m a t i c a l l y larger the former industry the men's percent have The clothing and machinery industry of t h e industry stoppage the for a n y period large and employer heavily loca l i t y basis, a n d 10,000 few national The There were period major disputes o v e r n o n c o n group. Three portation man-days industry equipment, accounted groups— and for mining, trans transportation four-fifths of and the tot a l o f i d l e n e s s a t t r i b u t e d t o all m a j o r dis p u t e s w h i c h d id n o t involve contract renegotiation. States Inv o l v e d Half of the major disputes were confined to establishments within a single State, as indicated by the following tabulation: Workers involved Number of Man-days idle stoppages (thousands)1 (thousands) 247, 000 2, 5 4 0 29, 500 2 S t a t e s ______________________ 20 350 6, 670 been 3 to 5 S t a t e s _________________ 29 675 14, 8 0 0 agreement 6 to 1 0 S t a t e s _______________ 32 1, 4 0 0 28, 700 2 0 S t a t e s _____________ 25 1, 2 8 0 19, 6 0 0 2 1 o r m o r e S t a t e s _________ 27 5, 4 9 0 148, 000 have over the 90 industry, negotiates typically on a multi craft more and than b e i n v o l v e d in a s t o p p a g e are the m a n y contracts influence of variable between more 11, 7 0 0 construction d u r a t i o n o f t h e a g r e e m e n t , is o b v i o u s — the six percent 135 and w o r k e r s c o v e r e d in t h e i n d u s t r y a n d t h e i n d u s t r y ' s str i k e r e c o r d . These 84 268 covers the occasions w h e n with electrical). contributed A l l s t o p p a g e s ________ i n this i n d u s t r y d u r i n g organized, workers m a y compared and construction, 11 to i S ee f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e 1. ote : B e c a u s e o f r o u n d i n g , s u m s o f i n d i v id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l to t a ls . c o n t r a c t s t rike (or a m a j o r The agreements equipment, together t a b l e 4.) transportation 1 S t a t e _________________________ ( m a i n l y relatively s m a l l reason) studied. agreements (See t r a c t u a l is s u e s i n m i n i n g t h a n i n a n y o t h e r i n d u s t r y N no n e w mining, (except groups been e m p l o y e r s ) a n d a b o u t 1 2 5 , 0 0 0 to 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s , b u t there w a s of o f all t i m e lost t h r o u g h m a j o r d i s p u t e s . however, virtually strikes industry came more have strikes, involved auto affairs. involve strikes auto whereas single-company in steel than coverage peaceably. c o n t r a c t strike a g a i n s t a n y o f t h e l a r g e steel a n d auto the collective ability differences consider a u t o , m e n ' s clothing, a n d A nature or contract bargaining (3) t h e of 10,000 workers). utilities, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n utilities— employer than contract (3), t h e the longer expirations (or However, these single-State stoppages involved slightly more than a fifth of the workers in all major disputes over the period studied and con tributed only about an eighth of the man-days of idleness. Even assuming that two-State stop pages involved contiguous States, it is apparent that the bulk of idleness resulting from major dis putes came from stoppages that were widespread geographically. Stoppages involving six or more States accounted for four-fifths of the total idleness. 6 T a b l e 4. W o r k e r s In v o l v e d a n d M a n -D a y s o f Id l e n e s s R e s u l t i n g F r o m W o r k St o p p a g e s In v o l v i n g 10,000 o r M o r e W o r k e r s , b y In d u s t r y G r o u p 1 a n d T y p e o f D ispute , 1947-59 [In th ou sa n d s] T y p e o f d is p u t e A ll stop p a g es In d u stry grou p * N e w co n tr a c t term s G r ie v a n c e s W ork ers in v o lv e d * M and a y s id le W ork ers in v o lv e d * M and a y s i d le W orkers in v o lv e d * 11,700 247,000 9 ,610 237,000 6 ,010 154,000 5 ,230 150,000 P r i m a r y m e t a l in d u s t r ie s _________________________________________ _____ F a b r ic a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s , e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , a n d t r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t ___________________________________________ O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s _______________________ _______________ ________ E le c t r ic a l m a c h in e r y , e q u i p m e n t , a n d s u p p lie s _____________________ M a c h i n e r y , e x c e p t e le c t r ic a l_______ ___________________________________ T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s , e x c e p t f u r n it u r e F u r n it u r e a n d fix t u r e s __________________________________________________ S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c t s ___ ____________________________________ T e x t i l e m il l p r o d u c t s ________________ ___________________________________ A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r fin is h e d p r o d u c t s m a d e f r o m fa b r ic s a n d s im i la r m a t e r ia ls __________________ ________ _________________________ _______ L e a t h e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c t s .................................. ........................................... F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s _____________ __________ __________ _________ T o b a c c o m a n u fa c t u r e s ........... - ........................................................... - ................. P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ......................................... — ................... - ................. P r in t in g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d i n d u s t r ie s ................................................. C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s __________________________ _____________ P e t r o le u m r e fin in g a n d r e la te d i n d u s t r ie s ....................... ................... .. R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s t ic s p r o d u c t s ________________________ P r o fe s s io n a l, s c ie n t ific , a n d c o n t r o llin g in s t r u m e n t s ; p h o t o g r a p h ic a n d o p t i c a l g o o d s ; w a t c h e s a n d c l o c k s .................................... M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s _____________________________ 2 ,4 8 0 82,500 2 ,3 3 0 82,000 230 4 267 420 1,370 144 5 108 142 5 ,6 2 0 48 5 ,980 12,300 21,900 5 ,2 8 0 252 2 ,1 7 0 3 ,8 4 0 230 4 176 376 919 144 5 108 142 5,6 2 0 48 5,4 9 0 12,100 20,100 5 ,2 8 0 252 2 ,170 3 ,8 4 0 171 23 200 1,010 427 5 ,080 171 23 200 1,010 427 5 ,0 8 0 2 30 12 73 289 59 279 100 1 ,610 4 ,630 2 30 12 72 249 59 279 100 1,600 4 ,350 35 5 329 236 35 5 329 236 N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g ______________________ _____ ________ _____ ____ 5,620 93,300 4 ,3 7 0 A g r ic u lt u r e , fo r e s t r y , a n d fis h e r ie s _________________________ _________ _ M i n i n g ____________________________________________ _______________________ C o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n ___________________________________________________ T r a n s p o r t a t io n , c o m m u n ic a t i o n , e le c t r ic , g a s, a n d s a n it a r y s e r v ic e s ______________________________________________________________________ W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il t r a d e _____________________________________________ F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e ___________________________________ S e r v ic e s ___________________________________________________________________ G o v e r n m e n t ________________________________________ _____ _____ _________ 13 2 ,5 0 0 1,100 53 46,300 17.100 13 1,640 963 1,840 158 12 (8) 27.100 2 ,7 7 0 36 6 1,580 157 12 (») 25,300 2 ,7 6 0 36 6 110 120 10 20 A l l in d u s t r ie s . r ______ M a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r y n o t a c c o u n t e d f o r ________________________ _____ ______________ 1 W o r k e r s i n v o l v e d a n d m a n - d a y s o f id le n e s s w e r e d is t r ib u t e d in a c c o r d a n c e w it h t h e in d u s t r ia l c la s s ific a t io n o f t h e i n d i v id u a l e s t a b lis h m e n t i n v o l v e d . T h e 1959 s t e e l s t r ik e , fo r e x a m p le , i n v o l v e d 519,000 w o r k e r s a n d 41.9 m illio n m a n -d a y s o f id le n e s s , o f w h ic h a b o u t 13 p e r c e n t w e r e o u t s id e t h e p r i m a r y m e t a ls i n d u s t r y ( c h ie f l y in m in in g a n d m e t a l fa b r ic a t i o n ) . T h e A ll 48 S tates a n d th e D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia w ere in v o lv e d in m a jo r strikes (ta b le 5 ). P en n sy lv a n ia , w ith 90 su ch strikes, le d all oth ers in m a jo r strik e idleness b y a su b sta n tia l m a rgin , a cc o u n tin g fo r a lm o st a fifth o f th e to ta l. A fte r P e n n sy lv a n ia ca m e O h io, M ich ig a n , Illin ois, N e w Y o r k , In d ia n a , a n d C a liforn ia — th e la tte r th ree S ta tes a t a b o u t th e sam e le v e l— fo llo w e d b y W e s t V irg in ia . T h e se eig h t S tates a cco u n te d fo r tw o -th ird s o f th e m a jo r strik e idleness. In a lm ost all S tates, th e g rea ter p a rt o f m a jo r strik e idleness (in 25 S tates, all) w as a ttrib u ta b le to stop p a g es in w h ich o th e r S ta tes w ere also in v o lv e d . In th e case o f P e n n sy lv a n ia , a b o u t 95 p e rce n t o f to ta l idleness w as a c c o u n te d fo r b y “ m u lti-S ta te ” sto p p a g e s. O th e r M and a y s id le W ork ers in v o lv e d * 1,000 5,020 1 ,120 5 ,3 1 0 723 3 ,160 48 66 146 509 92 44 399 489 185 1,700 48 66 M and a y s i d le 2 (8) (3) (8) 1 41 8 272 86,300 278 1,860 976 5 ,140 53 41,500 16,600 41 30 173 61 811 108 4 ,5 8 0 412 206 1 1,610 10 56 146 100 100 fr e q u e n c y o f c r o s s -in d u s t r y s t o p p a g e s a c c o u n t s fo r t h e o m is s io n in t h is t a b le o f th e n u m b e r o f s t o p p a g e s . * S ee f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e 1. * L e s s t h a n 500. N ote : B e c a u s e o f r o u n d i n g , s u m s o f i n d i v id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o t a ls . D u ra tion T h e n u m b e r o f sto p p a g e s an d th eir size are, o f cou rse, fa cto rs c o n tr ib u tin g to th e v o lu m e o f m a n -d a y s o f idleness resu ltin g fr o m m a jo r d is pu tes, b u t th e len g th o f m a jo r sto p p a g e s ap p ears to b e th e ch ie f co n trib u tin g agen t. A p p r o x im a te ly a th ird (93) o f th e 268 m a jo r sto p p a g e s d u rin g th e 13-year p e rio d la sted fo r a m o n th o r lon g er, an d these a c co u n te d fo r 85 p e rce n t o f th e to ta l m a n d a y s lo s t (ta b le 6 ). I n term s o f m a n -d a y s lost, a b o u t 90 m illion , o r m o re th an a th ird o f th e to ta l, m ig h t h a v e b e e n sa v e d if all 93 sto p p a g e s h a d la sted n o lon g er th a n a m o n th . S in ce it is rea son a b le to assum e— in gen eral, a lth ou g h n o t in each in sta n ce— th a t s e co n d a ry idleness cau sed b y 7 sh orta g es o f su p p lies a n d serv ices also in creases d ir e c tly w ith d u ra tion , th e im p a c t o f lo n g s to p p ag es is u n d ersta te d b y th ese figures. D isp u te s o v e r n ew c o n tr a c t term s, w h ich in larg e situ a tion s te n d t o b e v a rie d a n d c o m p le x , w ere seld om q u ic k ly re s o lv e d if a s to p p a g e o c T a b l e 5. W o r k S t o p p a g e s I n v o l v in g 10,000 cu rred . U n d e r th e T a ft-H a r tle y A c t , 60 d a y s ’ n o tic e o f in te n t to term in a te an a g reem en t o n its ex p ira tion d a te is req u ired . I f a g reem en t w as n o t re a ch e d d u rin g th is p e rio d o r d u rin g a c o n tr a c t ex ten sion , a n d a strik e resu lted , in o n ly a b o u t o n e o u t o f six in sta n ces w as a se ttle m e n t re a ch e d w ith o r M o r e A ll s top p a g es R e g io n a n d S ta te U n it e d S ta te s ....................... - ......................................... W o r k e r s , b y R e g io n S in g le -S t a t e s t o p p a g e s a n d S t a t e , 1947-59 M u lti-S ta te stop p a g es W orkers N um ber of M a n -d a y s N u m b e r o f W ork ers M a n -d a y s N u m b e r o f W ork ers M a n -d a y s t im e s S ta te i n v o l v e d 1 id le t im e s S ta te i n v o l v e d * t im e s S ta te i n v o l v e d * id le id le w as ( th o u s a n d s ) (th o u s a n d s ) w as w as (th o u s a n d s ) (th o u s a n d s ) (t h o u s a n d s ) ( th o u s a n d s ) a ffe c t e d 1 a ffe c te d 1 a ffe c t e d 1 268 11,700 247,000 N e w E n g la n d . C o n n e c t i c u t ..................................... ........................ M a i n e .......................................................................... M a s s a c h u s e t t s ............................................. ........... N e w H a m p s h i r e .................................................... R h o d e I s la n d ........................................................... V e r m o n t ..................................................................... 35 10 49 3 20 7 252 44 12 164 1 28 4 5 ,150 789 263 3 ,4 6 0 24 519 96 M i d d l e A t l a n t i c ............................................................. N e w J e r s e y .......... .................................................... N e w Y o r k _________ _____ ____________________ P e n n s y lv a n ia ........................................................... 70 77 90 3 ,1 9 0 307 889 1,990 E a s t N o r t h C e n tr a l I llin o is ......................................................................... I n d i a n a ....................................................................... M i c h i g a n ................................................................... O h io .............................................................................. W i s c o n s i n .................................................................. 68 76 70 72 25 W e s t N o r t h C e n tr a l I o w a .............................................................................. K an sas _ M in n e s o t a ................................................................. M is s o u r i..................................................................... N ebraska N orth D a k ota _ __ _ __ _ Si>nth D a k o t a ^ _________ . _____ _ 135 2 ,5 4 0 2 9 ,500 21 65 133 9 ,2 0 0 217,000 35 10 48 3 20 7 231 44 12 143 1 28 4 5 ,0 8 0 789 263 3 ,3 9 0 24 519 96 1 21 65 68,500 6,100 15,200 47,300 3 15 19 556 38 213 305 5 ,5 7 0 597 2,7 8 0 2 ,1 9 0 67 62 71 2 ,6 3 0 269 676 1,690 6 3 ,000 5 ,5 0 0 12,400 4 5 ,100 3 ,8 0 0 728 685 1,190 1,120 70 77,900 16,600 15,200 18,100 26,000 1,920 7 7 24 10 1 1,020 128 106 566 200 18 10,700 2 ,6 9 0 480 4,7 0 0 2 ,1 4 0 726 61 69 46 62 24 2 ,7 8 0 600 580 626 922 52 6 7 ,100 13,900 14,700 13,400 2 3 ,9 0 0 1 ,2 0 0 29 32 22 46 16 10 9 611 170 64 141 202 24 6 3 12,800 2,120 1,490 4,240 4,1 2 0 681 79 47 1 120 100 465 100 1 20 365 28 32 21 46 16 10 9 491 70 64 121 202 24 6 3 12 ,3 0 0 2 ,0 2 0 1 ,4 9 0 3 ,8 8 0 4 ,1 2 0 681 79 47 P n ilth A tlnnfiic D e la w a r e _ ________________________ D is t r ic t o f C o l u m b i a ...... F l o r id a ........................................................................ G e o r g ia .................. .................................................. .. M a ry la n d „ ............ _ ___ __ N o r t h C a r o lin a _____________________________ S o u t h C a r o lin a ....................................................... V ir g in ia ....................................................................... W e s t V ir g in ia .......................................................... 1,270 19 29 36 53 202 37 56 124 717 27,000 365 420 805 1,190 6 ,520 805 509 2,060 14,300 66 221 24 12 22 34 46 25 21 39 39 24 12 22 34 46 25 19 39 38 1 ,2 1 0 19 29 36 53 202 37 18 124 689 26 ,8 0 0 365 420 805 1 ,1 9 0 6 ,5 2 0 805 428 2 ,0 6 0 1 4 ,200 E a s t S o u t h C e n tr a l _ _ _____________________ A l a b a m a ..................................................................... K e n t u c k y .................................................................. M is s i s s ip p i ............................................................... T e n n e s s e e .................................................................. 51 47 14 54 924 364 413 11 136 19,400 9,060 7,550 277 2,560 46 40 14 53 722 264 326 11 121 1 7 ,300 7 ,450 7 ,1 5 0 277 2 ,3 8 0 25 31 36 42 335 33 87 52 163 5 ,940 602 1,620 803 2 ,920 25 29 36 41 299 33 62 52 152 4 ,9 6 0 602 1 ,0 2 0 803 2 ,5 4 0 M o u n ta in _ . A r i z o n a ........................................................................ C o l o r a d o ........... ....................................... ................. I d a h o ................ ........................................... ............... M o n t a n a .................................................................... N e v a d a _______ _______________ _______________ N e w M e x i c o ............ ............................................... U t a h ............................................................................. W y o m i n g ................ .................................................. 19 32 14 15 13 21 31 16 314 41 112 10 19 7 20 85 20 7,020 866 2,6 8 0 126 185 211 405 2 ,2 2 0 329 18 30 14 15 13 21 29 16 255 24 92 10 19 7 20 63 20 6 ,0 4 0 431 2 ,2 9 0 126 185 211 405 2 ,0 6 0 329 P a c i f ic _ C a lifo r n ia ................................................................... O r e g o n ......................................................................... W a s h i n g t o n ...............................................- ............. 78 23 41 1 ,040 773 107 161 2 3 ,200 15,100 3 ,1 5 0 4 ,9 5 0 60 23 37 579 363 107 108 1 4 ,900 8 ,2 2 0 3 ,1 5 0 3 ,5 2 0 W est. S o u th C e n t r a l ____ A r k a n s a s .................................................................... L o u is ia n a .................................. ................................. O k la h o m a ........................................................... — T e x a s ............................................................................ i S t o p p a g e s e x t e n d i n g a c r o s s S t a t e lin e s h a v e b e e n c o u n t e d i n e a c h S t a t e a f fe c t e d ; w o r k e r s i n v o l v e d a n d m a n - d a y s i d le w e r e a llo c a t e d a m o n g t h e S ta te s . 2 38 81 1 28 140 5 7 202 100 87 2 ,1 9 0 1,610 397 1 2 15 183 36 979 25 594 1 11 385 1 2 59 17 20 978 435 383 2 22 160 18 464 410 8 ,3 2 0 6 ,890 4 53 1 ,440 * S e e f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e 1. N ote: B e c a u s e o f r o u n d i n g , s u m s o f i n d i v i d u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o t a ls . 8 T 6. W o r k o r k e r s , b y a b l e W S t o p p a g e s T y p e o f I n v o l v in g D is p u t e 10,000 a n d D o r M o r e , u r a t io n Issu es 1947-59 S top p a g es T y p e o f d is p u te a n d d u r a tio n ( c a le n d a r d a y s ) N um ber W o rk e rs in v o lv e d i M a n - d a y s id le P er cen t N um ber (th o u san ds) P er cen t N um ber (th o u sands) P er cen t A l l t y p e s o f d is p u t e s ..................... 268 100 1 1 ,700 100 247 ,000 1 d a y .............................................. 2 t o 3 d a y s .................................. 4 a n d le s s t h a n 7 d a y s ____ 7 a n d less t h a n 15 d a y s ___ 15 a n d less t h a n 30 d a y s — 30 a n d le s s t h a n 60 d a y s — 60 a n d le s s t h a n 90 d a y s — 90 d a y s a n d o v e r .................... 12 23 38 59 43 54 17 22 4 9 14 22 16 20 6 8 243 803 825 2 ,7 5 0 1 ,7 2 0 2 ,8 9 0 529 1 ,9 8 0 2 7 7 23 15 25 5 17 243 1 ,1 5 0 2 ,6 7 0 1 4 ,300 19,000 69,000 21,400 1 19 ,000 100 N e w c o n t r a c t t e r m s . . ................. 1 d a y .............................................. 2 t o 3 d a y s .................................. 4 a n d le s s t h a n 7 d a y s _____ 7 a n d less t h a n 15 d a y s ___ 15 a n d less t h a n 30 d a y s — 30 a n d le s s t h a n 60 d a y s — 60 a n d le s s t h a n 90 d a y s — 90 d a y s a n d o v e r . ................. 205 3 11 18 43 40 51 17 22 100 1 5 9 21 20 25 8 11 9 ,6 1 0 38 579 466 1 ,6 1 0 1 ,6 1 0 2 ,8 0 0 529 1 ,9 8 0 100 0 6 5 17 17 29 6 21 237,000 38 788 1 ,6 8 0 8, 310 1 7 ,700 6 7 ,6 0 0 2 1 ,4 0 0 119 ,000 G r i e v a n c e s .......................................... 1 d a y .............................................. 2 t o 3 d a y s .................................. 4 a n d le ss t h a n 7 d a y s _____ 7 a n d le s s t h a n 15 d a y s ___ 15 a n d less t h a n 30 d a y s — 30 a n d le s s t h a n 60 d a y s — 47 5 11 17 9 2 3 100 11 23 36 19 4 6 1 ,0 0 0 70 176 296 285 87 86 100 7 18 30 29 9 9 5 ,0 2 0 70 291 765 1 ,2 3 0 1 ,2 8 0 1 ,3 9 0 100 1 6 15 25 25 28 O t h e r ...... .............................................. 1 d a y .............................................. 2 t o 3 d a y s .................................. 4 a n d le s s t h a n 7 d a y s _____ 7 a n d less t h a n 15 d a y s ___ 15 a n d less t h a n 30 d a y s . _ 16 4 1 3 7 1 100 25 6 19 44 6 1 ,1 2 0 136 48 63 858 20 100 12 4 6 76 2 5 ,3 1 0 136 66 228 4, 780 100 100 3 1 4 90 2 0 0 1 6 8 28 9 48 100 0 0 1 4 7 29 9 50 1 S ee f o o t n o t e 1, t a b le 1. 2 L e s s t h a n 0.5 p e r c e n t . N o t e : B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f i n d i v id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o t a ls . in a w eek . I n a b o u t a fifth o f th e cases, se ttle m e n t w a s rea ch ed in th e se co n d w eek . A n o th e r fifth o f th e d isp u tes w ere re s o lv e d b e fo r e a m o n th h a d elap sed . M o r e th a n 2 o u t o f 5 s to p p a g e s, h o w ever, la sted lon g e r th an a m o n th — in 22 in sta n ces fo r m o re th a n 3 m o n th s. S to p p a g e s la stin g a m o n th o r m o re a cc o u n te d fo r all b u t 12 p e rce n t o f the to ta l m a n -d a y s o f idleness re c o r d e d fo r all m a jo r n ew c o n tr a c t sto p p a g e s. N o n c o n tr a c t sto p p a g e s w ere fa r m o re q u ic k ly re so lv e d — if a se ttle m e n t w as n e ce ssa ry (p r o te s t sto p p a g e s m a y h a v e d ifferen t p u rp o s e s ). S e v e n ten th s o f th e g rie v a n ce d isp u tes a n d h a lf o f th e rem a in in g sto p p a g e s w ere o v e r w ith in a w eek . O n ly th ree la sted fo r m o re th a n a m o n th . W o rk e rs in m a jo r n o n c o n tr a c t s to p p a g e s lo s t an a v e ra g e o f 5 w o rk in g d a y s ea ch (n o t to b e co n fu s e d w ith d u ra tion o r elap sed tim e o f strik e ), as a ga in st a lm o st 25 w ork in g d a y s in th e case o f n e w c o n tr a c t sto p p a g e s. T h e w id e n in g sc o p e o f c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g o v e r th e p a st d e ca d e is n o w h e re m o r e in e v id e n ce th a n in m a jo r c o n tr a c t n e g o tia tio n s, so m e o f w h ich eru p t in to strik es b e ca u se n e w issues h a v e been b r o u g h t to th e b a rg a in in g ta b le . A case in p o in t is th e 1949 b a sic steel strik e, w h ich in v o lv e d p e n sion s a n d h e a lth in su ra n ce. S trik es o fte n o c c u r o n th e c o n tr a c t te rm in a tio n d a te w ith o u t a final re so lu tio n o f a n y o f th e issues in n e g o tia tio n , and it is o fte n d ifficu lt, a n d fr e q u e n tly a rb itra ry , to single o u t th e m o s t im p o r ta n t issue u p o n w h ich th e sto p p a g e h u n g . T h e p a rties th em selv es m a y d isagree as to th e m a jo r issue o r issues. L o n g T a b l e I 7. M a jo r n v o l v in g I ss u e s 10,000 o r I n v o l v e d M o r e S top p a ges W in W o r k o r k e r s , W o r k e r s in v o lv e d i S t o p p a g e s 1947-59 M a n - d a y s i d le M a j o r issu e s P er cen t N um ber (th o u san ds) P er cen t N um ber (th o u sands) 268 100 11,700 100 247 ,000 173 95 2 65 35 1 7 ,3 8 0 4 ,1 6 0 29 63 35 181 ,000 102 ,000 1 ,1 8 0 13 5 327 3 3 ,5 8 0 1 34 13 1 ,1 6 0 10 3 6 ,9 0 0 15 7 22 3 8 711 998 6 9 2 2 ,8 0 0 1 4 ,400 9 6 20 7 1 ,6 2 0 14 48 ,9 0 0 20 2 1 26 N um ber A l l i s s u e s ___________ ___________ W a g e s , h o u r s , a n d s u p p le m e n t a r y b e n e f i t s _____________ W a g e in c r e a s e __________ . . . W a g e d e c r e a s e _____________ W a g e in c re a s e , h o u r d e c r e a s e _____________________ W a g e in cre a se , p e n s io n , a n d /o r s o c ia l in s u r a n c e b e n e f i t s ___________________ P e n s io n a n d /o r s o c ia l in s u r a n c e b e n e fits - ____ O th e r 3______________________ U n io n o r g a n iz a t io n , w a g e s , h ou rs, a n d s u p p le m e n ta ry b e n e f it s ________________________ R e c o g n it i o n , w a g e s , a n d / o r h o u r s __________________ S t r e n g t h e n in g b a r g a in in g p o s i t io n , w a g e s , a n d /o r h o u r s ______________________ U n io n s e c u r it y , w a g e s , a n d /n r h n n rs O t h e r ________________________ U n io n o r g a n iz a t io n ____________ R e c o g n i t i o n ________________ S t r e n g t h e n in g b a r g a in in g p o s i t i o n __________________ U n io n s e c u r i t y . __________ D is c r im i n a t i o n ____________ O t h e r . _____________________ O t h e r w o r k in g c o n d i t io n s ......... J o b s e c u r it y ________________ S h o p c o n d i t io n s a n d p o l i c i e s _______________________ W o r k l o a d ___________________ O t h e r ________________________ In te r u n io n or in t r a u n io n m a t t e r s ________________________ S y m p a th y ...... U n io n r iv a lr y „ J u r is d ic t io n 0 106 0 P er cen t 100 73 41 0 0 5 2 812 7 19 ,3 0 0 8 12 1 8 1 4 7 29 ,5 0 0 71 3 ,8 3 0 172 12 0 769 14 247 15 0 4 1 1 1 55 18 0 0 0 0 ( 2) 0 19 4 3 ,2 6 0 322 18 66 11,900 2 ,0 1 0 (\ 3 0 1 0 2 0 1 21 7 124 42 18 48 2 ,2 3 0 466 18 7 12 7 3 4 272 213 1 ,2 8 0 2 2 11 918 1 ,6 7 0 7 ,3 3 0 12 5 4 3 4 2 1 1 253 107 81 65 2 1 1 1 1 ,6 2 0 451 894 270 0 0 0 2 0 1 5 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 S ee f o o t n o t e 1, t a b le 1. 2 L e s s t h a n 0.5 p e r c e n t . 1 I n c lu d e s is su e s s u c h a s r e t r o a c t i v i t y , h o l id a y s , v a c a t io n s , j o b c la s s ific a t io n s , p ie c e r a te s , i n c e n t iv e s t a n d a r d s , o r o t h e r r e la t e d m a t t e r s u n a c c o m p a n ie d b y p r o p o s a ls t o e f fe c t g e n e r a l c h a n g e s i n w a g e r a te s . N o t e : B e ca u se o f ro u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o t a ls . 9 stop p a g es, m o re o v e r , m a y th em selv es g en era te u n foreseen issu es; fo r exa m p le, w h a t starts o u t as a w a g e in crease d isp u te m a y b e p r o lo n g e d b y d isag reem en t o v e r r e tr o a c t iv it y o r th e re in sta te m e n t o f strikers. A ck n o w le d g in g th e lim ita tio n s o f cla ssify in g larg e sto p p a g e s b y m a jo r issue, it is, n on eth eless, in fo rm a tiv e to ex a m in e th e d a ta a cco rd in g to th e sy ste m o f cla ssifica tion th e B u rea u ap p lies to all stop p a g es, large o r sm all. A lm o s t th ree-fou rth s o f th e m a n -d a y id leness to ta l w as a ttrib u te d to e c o n o m ic issues alon e, a n d a n oth er 20 p erce n t w as a d d e d b y sto p p a g e s in w h ich u n ion o rg a n iza tio n w as also a fa c t o r (ta b le 7 ). U n io n o rg a n iza tio n (n o m a jo r e c o n o m ic is su es), oth e r w o rk in g co n d itio n s (in clu d in g m a n y o f th e g r ie v a n ce -ty p e d isp u te s), a n d in teru n ion a n d in tra u n ion m a tters w ere th e p re d o m in a n t issues in 75 stop p a g e s, b u t th e y w ere r e la tiv e ly q u ic k ly settled a n d a c c o u n te d fo r less th a n 10 p er ce n t o f to ta l idleness fr o m all m a jo r sto p p a g e s. A lm o s t a fo u r th o f to ta l id leness resu lted fr o m sto p p a g e s in w h ich pen sion s a n d /o r so cia l in su ra n ce b en efits w ere eith er th e m a jo r issue o r sh a red th e h o n o r w ith w a g e in crease d em a n d s (a n d p resu m a b ly w ere in clu d e d som ew h ere o n th e list o f d em a n d s in m a n y o th e r situ a tio n s ). T h is w as a p e rio d o f th e “ b re a k th ro u g h ” o n u n io n d em a n d s fo r em p loy er-fin a n ce d b e n e fit plan s. S u ch plan s are n o w w id esp rea d . A lth o u g h p en sion a n d in su r a n ce p la n ch an ges c o n tin u e to ra n k a m o n g th e m o re fre q u e n t frin g e b en efit issues in n e g o tia tio n s, th eir a p p ea ra n ce a m o n g m a jo r issues le a d in g to sto p p a g e s is n o t lik e ly to ra n k as h ig h in th e n e x t d e ca d e as in th e p a st on e. D isp o sitio n o f Is s u e s A p re d o m in a n t ch a ra cte ristic o f la b o r-m a n a g e m e n t rela tion s in th e U n ite d S ta tes, in gen eral, is th e w ill (w h ich m a y b e sh ared b y b o t h p a rties) t o c o n tin u e a sto p p a g e u n til all issues are re so lv e d a n d a se ttle m e n t is re a ch e d . T h is w as also a fea tu re o f m a jo r sto p p a g e s d u rin g th e p e rio d stu d ie d . S ev en o f th e 268 m a jo r sto p p a g e s w ere en d e d b y a T a ft-H a r tle y in ju n c tio n . A n o th e r s to p p a g e w a s en d e d b y referral t o a fa ctfin d in g b o a r d . I n 46 in sta n ces, th e p a rties a g reed to c o n tin u e d ire ct n e g o tia tio n s a fte r th e retu rn to w o rk . O n ly eig h t sto p p a g e s w ere te rm in a te d b y an a g reem en t to a rb itra te. S ix te rm in a tio n s in v o lv e d o th e r d e v ice s to d isp ose o f issues, p e rm a n e n tly o r te m p o ra rily . A llo w in g fo r a fe w o th e r u n a c c o u n te d d eferm en ts, th e co n clu sio n seem s ju stifie d th a t a b o u t 7 o u t o f 10 m a jo r sto p p a g e s co n tin u e d , a n d w ork ers re m a in e d o u t, u n til a fin al se ttle m e n t w as re a ch e d . 11 Appendix The following lis tin g id e n tifie s and provides some basic information on the stoppages in volving 10,000 or more workers in selected companies and associations during 1947-59. Except in one instance (footnoted) the lis tin g was drawn from the annual work stoppage bulletins o f the Bureau with out change. Terms of settlement, presented in the annual b u lletin s, were omitted because their in clusion would have greatly expanded the size o f the lis tin g . The order o f presentation is as follow s: Agriculture California Processors and Growers, Inc. A ircraft Bendix Aviation Corporation Boeing Airplane Company Douglas A ircraft Company Lockheed A ircraft Corporation North American Aviation Corporation Republic Aviation Corporation Wright Aeronautical Corporation Airlines American Airlines Eastern A irlines, Inc. Trans World A irlines, Inc. Aluminum Aluminum Company o f America and Reynolds Metals Company Apparel Women's garment manufacturing companies Garment manufacturers Pennsylvania Dress Manufacturers Association Dress industry M illinery and hat frame manufacturing companies Automobile Chrysler Corporation Ford Motor Company General Motors Corporation Coal mining Anthracite Bituminous Anthracite and bituminous Communicat ions Telephone industry Western E lectric Company and Michigan Bell Telephone Company Western E lectric Company; Michigan Bell Telephone Company; New Jersey Bell Telephone Company; P a cific Telephone and Telegraph Company; Bell Telephone Laboratories; Ohio Bell Telephone Company Western E lectric Company New Jersey Bell Telephone Company Ohio Bell Telephone Company P acific Telephone and Telegraph Company (and subsidiary, Bell Telephone Company o f Nevada) Southern Bell Telephone Company Southwestern Bell Telephone Company Western Union Telegraph Company Construction California Cleveland, Ohio Detroit, Michigan New York State Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Container Companies American Can Company and Continental Can Company Copper Copper and other nonferrous metal mines, m ills, and smelters Kennecott Copper Corporation, American Smelting and Refining Company, and Phelps Dodge Corporation Kennecott Copper Corporation E lectrica l Manufacturing General E lectric Corporation Westinghouse E lectric Corporation Fabricated Metal Products Metal trades industries Machine shops Farm Equipment Caterpillar Tractor Company International Harvester Company Glass National Association o f Manufacturers of Pressed and Blown Glassware National Association of Pressed and Blown Glassware and Glass Container Manufacturers' Institute Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company and Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company Lumber Tri-State Lumbermen's Association P a cific Northwest Lumber Companies Maritime West Coast East Coast A ll Coasts Meatpacking Meatpacking plants Armour and Company and Swift and Company Swift and Company Motor Transport Trucking companies 12 Oil and Gas Oil companies Oil and natural gas companies Railroads Wabash Railroad Company Missouri P a cific Railroad Company Pennsylvania Railroad Company; New York Central Railroad Company; Southern Railway Company; Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad; Union P acific Railroad Chicago, Rock Island, and P acific Railroad Company; Great Northern Railway Company; Chicago Great Western Railway Company; Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad Company; Western P a cific Railroad Company Railroad terminals Railroads, nationwide New York Central Railroad Company; Terminal Railroad Association o f St. Louis L ouisville and Nashville Railroad Company and subsidiaries Railway Express Agency, Inc. Rubber Firestone Tire and Rubber Company B. F. Goodrich Company Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company United States Rubber Company Shipbuilding Shoe Manufacturing International Shoe Company Steel Industry, nationwide United States Steel Corporation subsidaries Union Railroad Company and Carnegie I llin o is Steel Corporation Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company Union Railroad Company Textiles Woolen and worsted m ills Fall River T extile Manufacturers' Association Cotton and rayon m ills Carpet and rug manufacturers Cotton and synthetic te x tile m ills Silk and rayon dyeing, finish in g, and printing companies 13 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59 Industry, company, and beginning date of stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number of workers involved 1j Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ AGRICULTURE California Processors and Growers, In c. July 28, 1953 International Brother hood o f Teamsters Northern and Central California 33,000 8 AIRCRAFT Bendix Aviation Corporation August 29, 1955 United Automobile Workers 5 States: C a lifor nia, Indiana, Michigan, New Jersey, and New York 16,000 7 November 18, 1958 United Automobile Workers 5 States: C a lifor nia, Indiana, Michigan, New Jersey, and New York 13,000 6 International Associa tion o f Machinists 18,000 3/ 142 Boeing Airplane Company April 22, 1948 Seattle, Wash. Douglas A ircraft Company September 5, 1951 United Automobile Workers El Segundo, Santa and United A ircraft Monica, and Long Welders (Ind.) Beach, C a lif. 10,000 44 September 15, 1952 International Associa tion o f Machinists El Segundo, C a lif. 11,000 14 International Associa tion o f Machinists Burbank, C a lif. 23,000 21 4/ 32,000 54 14,000 2 Lockheed A ircraft Corporation September 8, 1952 North American Aviation Corporation October 23, 1953 United Automobile Workers, Fresno and Los and United A ircraft Angeles, C a lif., Welders (Ind.) 4/ and Columbus, Ohio Republic Aviation Corporation June 2, 1952 See footnotes on p. 38. International Associa tion o f Machinists Farmingdale and Port Washington, N.Y. 14 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59—Continued Industry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approximate number o f workers involved_l/ Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ AIRCRAFT—Cont inued Republic Aviation Cor poration—Continued February 20, 1956 Wright Aeronautical Corporation September 26, 1951 International Union o f Operating Engineers, International Brother hood o f E lectrica l Workers, and Inter national Association o f Machinists Long Island area, N.Y. 12,000 112 United Automobile Workers Wood-Ridge and Garfield, N.J 13,000 23 International Air Line P ilots Association 27 States: Arizona, Arkansas, C a lifor nia, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, I llin o is , Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massa chusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington,West Virginia,and Wisconsin 21,000 22 International Associa tion o f Machinists and Flight Engineers' International Association 25 States: Alabama, Connecticut, Dela ware, Florida, Georgia, I llin o is , Indiana, Kentucky, Louis iana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mich igan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina,Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia 14,000 38 AIRLINES American A irlines 5/ December 20, 1958 Eastern Air Lines, Inc November 24 1958 See footnotes on p. 38. 15 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved It Location(s) Approxi mate number of workers involved, 1/ Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ AIRLINES- -Cont inued Trans World A irlines, Inc November 21, 1958 International Associa tion o f Machinists 24 States: Arizona, C alifornia, Colo rado, Connecticut, Florida, I llin o is , Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Okla homa , Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin 14,000 16 United Steelworkers 13 States: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, I l l i nois, Indiana, Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Texas 27,000 6/ 25 International Ladies Garment Workers' Union Los Angeles, C alif 10,000 (7 /) International Ladies Garment Workers' Union 4 States: New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, and eastern Pennsylvania 21,000 2 International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union Northeastern Pennsylvania 10,000 3 ALUMINUM Aluminum Company of America and Reynolds Metals Company August 1, 1956 APPAREL Women's garment manufacturing companies February 17, 1948 Garment manufacturers June 12, 1951 Pennsylvania Dress Manu facturers Association August 10 1953 See footnotes on p. 38. 16 Work stoppages involving 10,000or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Indus t ry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number of workers involved \J Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ APPAREL--Cont inued Dress industry February 24, 1958 International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union 8 States: Connecti cut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania Rhode Island, and Vermont 105,000 8/ 53 United Hatters, Cap and M illinery Workers 7 States: I llin o is , Maryland, Massa chusetts, Missouri Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York 22,000 5 May 12, 1948 United Automobile Workers Detroit,Mich., Evans v i l l e , Ind., and Maywood, C a lif. 75,000 17 November 9, 1948 United Automobile Workers D etroit, Mich. 13,000 4 August 13, 1949 United Automobile Workers D etroit, Mich. 17,000 6 January 25, 1950 United Automobile Workers 7 States: Arkansas, C alifornia, Dela ware, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, and Michigan 95,000 102 July 19, 1951 United Automobile Workers Detroit, Mich. (Dodge Main Plant) 27,000 9/ 12 April 13, 1953 United Automobile Workers Detroit and Trenton, Mich. 48,000 3 July 19, 1954 United Automobile Workers Detroit, Mich. 47,000 5 April 23, 1955 United Automobile Workers D etroit, Mich. 14,000 1 April 13, 1957 United Automobile Workers Evansville and Indianapolis, Ind., and Detroit, Mich., area 11,000 10./ 4 M illinery and hat frame manufacturing companies January 9, 1958 AUTOMOBILE Chrysler Corporation See footnotes on p. 38. 17 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number of workers involved U Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ AUTOMOBILE—Cont inued Chrysler Corporation-Cont inued May 2, 1957 United Automobile Workers Detroit, Mich. 10,000 3 November 11, 1958 United Automobile Workers 6 States: C ali fornia, Delaware, (O ffice, c le r ic a l, and Georgia, Indiana, engineering employees) Kansas, and 11/ Michigan 56,000 6 May 5, 1949 United Automobile Workers D etroit, and Dearborn, Mich. 62,000 25 June 6, 1955 United Automobile Workers 17 States: C ali fornia, Georgia, I llin o is , Ken tucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minne sota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ten nessee, Texas, and Virginia 78,000 12 / 9 September 17, 1958 United Automobile Workers 15 States: Geor gia, I llin o is , Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michi gan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Vir ginia, and Washington 75,000 13/ 13 United Automobile Workers 14 States: C ali fornia, Delaware, Georgia, I llin o is , Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Michi gan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas 160,000 12/ 12 Ford Motor Company General Motors Corporation June 7, 1955 See footnotes on p. 38. 18 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approximate number o f workers involved 1/ Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ AUTOMOBILE—Cont inued General Motors Corporation-Continued October 2, 1958 International Union of E le ctrica l, Radio and Machine Workers October 2, 1958 United Automobile Workers 18 States: Arkansas, C alifornia, Con necticut, Delaware, Georgia, I llin o is , Ind iana, Kans as, Maryland, Massa chusetts, Michi gan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Wis consin 4 States: I l l i nois, New Jersey, New York, and Ohio 25,000 14/ 30 275,000 15/ 26 16/ 8 COAL MINING Anthracite United Mine Workers Pennsylvania 30,000 June 6, 1947 United Mine Workers Indiana and south western Pennsyl vania 18,000 (17/) June 23, 1947 United Mine Workers Industrywide 343,000 (18/) March 15, 1948 United Mine Workers Nationwide 320,000 40 July 6, 1948 United Mine Workers Captive mines, 5 States: Ala bama , Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Utah, and West Virginia 42,000 9 July 6, 1948 United Mine Workers Scattered locations 40,000 9 February 15, 1950 19/ Progressive Mine Workers o f America I llin o is 10,006 15 June 15, 1950 United Mine Workers Kentucky and Tennessee 13,000 5 February 19, 1951 United Mine Workers BluefieId, West Vir ginia, and north ern West Virginia 28,000 7 April 6, 1948 Bituminous See footnotes on p. 38. 19 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number of workers involved 1J Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ COAL MINING--Continued Bituminous--Continued September 2, 1952 United Mine Workers Western Pennsylvania October 13, 1952 United Mine Workers Industrywide July 12, 1954 United Mine Workers Southwestern Pennsylvania March 9, 1959 13,000 270,000 20/ 8 21/ 15 13,000 9 United Mine Workers 3 States: Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia 18,000 (22/) March 14, 1949 United Mine Workers 10 States: Alabama, I llin o is , Indiana, Kentucky, Mary land, Ohio, Penn sylvania, Tennessee, V irginia, and West Virginia 365,000 13 June 13, 1949 United Mine Workers Nationwide 385,000 7 September 19, 1949 United Mine Workers Nationwide 400,000 (23/) National Federation o f Telephone Workers (Ind.) Nationwide 370,000 24/ 44 Communications Workers o f America Nationwide 25/ 80,000 11 Communications Workers o f America Nationwide 26/ 150,000 27/ 19 Anthracite and Bituminous COMMUNICATIONS Telephone industry April 7, 1947 Western E lectric Company and Michigan Bell Telephone Company November 9, 1950 Western E lectric Company; Michigan Bell Telephone Company; New Jersey Bell Telephone Company; Pa c i f i c Telephone and Tele graph Company; Bell Tele phone Laboratories; Ohio Bell Telephone Company April 7, 1952 See footnotes on pp. 38 and 39. 20 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number of workers involved \J Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ COMMUNICATIONS- -Cont inued Western E lectric Company July 1, 1954 Communications Workers o f America (in s ta l lation equipment workers) Nationwide 13,000 3 September 16, 1957 Communications Workers o f America Nationwide 28/ 125,000 4 March 26, 1952 Telephone Workers of New Jersey (Ind.) Statewide 11,000 1 March 26, 1953 Telephone Workers o f New Jersey (Ind.) 29/ Statewide 14,000 35 Statewide 14,000 30/ 26 Communications Workers Northern C alifornia o f America; United and Nevada Brotherhood o f Tele phone Workers o f North ern California and Nevada (In d .); United Brotherhood of Tele phone Workers (Ind.) 16,000 13 Communications Workers o f America 9 States: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisi ana, M ississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee 40,000 72 Communications Workers o f America 6 States: Arkansas, I llin o is , Kansas, Missouri, Okla homa, and Texas 50,000 13 Commercial Telegraphers' Union Nationwide 32,000 53 New Jersey Bell Telephone Company Ohio Bell Telephone Company September 8, 1957 Communications Workers o f America P a cific Telephone and Telegraph Company (and subsidiary, Bell Tele phone Company o f Nevada) October 10, 1955 Southern Bell Telephone Company March 14, 1955 Southwestern Bell Telephone Company August 19, 1953 Western Union Telegraph Company April 3, 1952 See footnotes on pp. 38 and 39. 21 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number of workers involved \] Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ CONSTRUCTION California July 10, 1950 United Brotherhood o f Carpenters and Joiners Los Angeles and San Diego Coun tie s , C alif. 40,000 36 March 31, 1952 United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners San Francisco Bay Area, C a lif. 35,000 60 May 6, 1952 United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners Northern and cen tral California 45,000 31/ 32 June 3, 1953 International Hod C arriers', Building, and Common Laborers' Union Northern and central California 32/ 60,000 41 July 19, 1954 United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners Southern California 30,000 3 June 20, 1955 International Union of Operating Engineers Southern C alifornia 16,000 16 July 7, 1956 United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners San Francisco, C a lif., area 13,000 12 June 28, 1957 International Hod C arriers', Building, and Common Laborers' Union Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California 11,000 34 October 6, 1952 Building Trades Unions Cleveland, Ohio, area 30,000 4 May 10, 1954 Building Trades Unions Cleveland,Ohio, area 15,000 8 May 1, 1956 Building Trades Unions Northeastern Ohio 40,000 27 May 1, 1958 Building Trades Unions Cleveland, and Lorain-Elyria, Ohio, and Geauga County, Ohio 30,000 34/ 48 May 1, 1947 Building Trades Unions Detroit, Mich., area 19,000 35/ 47 May 12, 1952 Building Trades Unions Detroit, Mich., area 70,000 23 33/ Cleveland, Ohio D etroit, Mich. See footnotes on pp. 38 and 39. 22 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number of workers involved 1J Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ CONSTRUCTION—Cont inued D etroit, Mich__ Continued May 1, 1953 Detroit, Mich., area United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners; Brotherhood o f Painters, Decorators, and Paperhangers 30,000 36/ 50 New York State May 1,1950 Building Trades Unions Buffalo, N.Y., area 20,000 37/ 40 June 1, 1955 International Union of Operating Engineers Buffalo, N.Y., area 12,000 7 August 12, 1957 International Hod Car Long Island, N.Y. r ie r s ', Building, and Common Laborers' Union; United Brotherhood o f Carpenters and Joiners 15,000 4 June 2, 1958 International Hod Car r ie r s ', Building, and Common Laborers' Union 20,000 6 June 16, 1958 International Association Albany, Binghamton, of Bridge, Structural Elmira, Niagara F alls, Rochester, and Ornamental Iron Schenectady, Syra Workers cuse, and Utica, N.Y. 10,000 38/ 54 Buffalo, N.Y., area Philadelphia, Pa. June 5, 1947 Building Trades Unions Philadelphia, Pa., area 15,000 13 May 1, 1953 Building Trades Unions Philadelphia, Pa. 20,000 39/ 48 May 1, 1954 Building Trades Unions Philadelphia, Pa. 20,000 40/ 25 United Steelworkers Nationwide 30,000 CONTAINER COMPANIES American Can Company and Continental Can Company December 2, 1953 See footnotes on pp. 38 and 39. (41/) 23 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date of stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number of workers involved 1/ Approximate duration (calendar days) 2/ COPPER Copper and other nonferrous metal mines, m ills, and smelters International Union o f Mine, M ill, and Smelter Workers Nationwide 40,000 12 International Union of Mine, M ill, and Smelter Workers 12 States: Arizona, C alifornia, Colo rado, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and Washington 21,000 42/ 47 International Union of Mine, M ill, and Smelter Workers; United Steel workers 43/ 4 States: Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah 11,000 (44/) August 29, 1950 International Union of E le ctrica l, Radio and Machine Workers 8 States: Indiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and West Virginia 40,000 18 April 25, 1957 International Union of E le ctrica l, Radio and Machine Workers Everett and West Lynn, Mass. 21,000 6 July 28, 1958 International Union o f E le ctrica l, Radio and Machine Workers L ou isville, Ky. 10,000 14 March 30, 1951 International Union of E le ctrica l, Radio and Machine Workers East Pittsburgh, Pa. 14,000 5 March 28, 1952 International Union of E le ctrica l, Radio and Machine Workers East Pittsburgh, Pa. 13,000 4 August 27, 1951 Kennecott Copper Corporation, American Smelting and Re fining Company, and Phelps Dodge Corporation July 1, 1955 Kennecott Copper Corporation August 10, 1959 ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURING General E lectric Corporation Westinghouse E lectric Corporation See footnotes on pp. 38 and 39. 24 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date of stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number of workers involved \J Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURING-Cont inued Westinghouse E lectric Corporation--Cont inued May 26, 1952 International Union of E le ctrica l, Radio and Machine Workers East Pittsburgh, Pa. 13,000 1 June 1, 1955 International Union o f E le ctrica l, Radio and Machine Workers East Pittsburgh and Homewood, Pa. 12,000 8 August 8, 1955 International Union o f E le ctrica l, Radio and Machine Workers 9 States: California, Connecticut, In diana, Massachu setts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia 44,000 45/ 39 October 17, 1955 International Union of E le ctrica l, Radio and Machine Workers; United E le ctrica l, Radio and Machine Workers o f America 13 States: California, 46/ 70,000 Connecticut, I l l i nois, Indiana, Maryland, Massa chusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Penn sylvania, Wash ington, and West Virginia Metal Trades Unions; International Associa tion o f Machinists Washington 10,000 4 April 5, 1957 Metal Trades Council Seattle, Wash., area 10,000 23 July 2, 1957 International Association San FranciscoOakland, C a lif. o f Machinists 11,000 44 20,000 35 (46/) FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS Metal trades industries May 16, 1947 Machine Shops FARM EQUIPMENT Caterpillar Tractor Company April 8, 1948 United Farm Equipment and Metal Workers; United Automobile Workers See footnotes on pp. 38 and 39 Peoria, 111. 25 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date of stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number of workers involved \J Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ FARM EQUIPMENT—Continued C aterpillar Tractor Company— Continued July 30, 1951 United Automobile Workers East Peoria, 111. 24,000 63 July 30, 1955 United Automobile Workers East Peoria, 111. 18,000 4 October 2, 1956 United Automobile Workers East Peoria, 111. 19,000 3 October 11, 1958 United Automobile Workers East Peoria and Morton, 111. 13,000 51 June 29, 1948 47/ United Farm Equipment and 4 States: I llin o is , Indiana, Kentucky Metal Workers and New York 34,000 2 August 17, 1948 United Automobile Workers 4 States: I llin o is , Indiana, Ohio, and Tennessee 23,000 16 August 16, 1950 United Automobile Workers; 5 States: I llin o is , International A ssoci Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio* and Tennessee ation o f Machinists; United Farm Equipment and Metal Workers; United E le ctrica l, Radio and Machine Workers 52,000 48/ 86 August 21, 1952 United E le ctrica l, Radio and Machine Workers 22,000 90 August 19, 1955 United Automobile Workers 7 States: C a lifor 49/ 40,000 nia, I llin o is , In diana, Kentucky, Ohio, Oregon, and Tennessee 32,000 United Automobile Workers 6 States: C a lifor nia, I llin o is , Indiana, Ken tucky, Ohio, and Tennessee 49/ 32 International Harvester Company November 13, 1958 3 States: I llin o is , Indiana, and Kentucky (50/> GLASS National Association of Manufacturers o f Pressed and Blown Glassware September 5, 1950 American Flint Glass Workers See footnotes on pp. 38 and 40. 7 States: I llin o is , Indiana, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia 11,500 17 26 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number o f workers involved X/ Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ GLASS- - Continued National Association o f Manu facturers o f Pressed and Blown Glassware--Continued September 6, 1952 American Flint Glass Workers 5 States: C a lifor nia, Indiana,Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia 11,000 6 American Flint Glass Workers 16 States: Alabama, C alifornia, I l l i nois, Indiana, Maryland, M issis sip p i, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Penn sylvania, South Carolina, Ten nessee, Texas, Washington, and West Virginia 47,000 51/ 28 United Glass and Ceramic Workers 8 States: I llin o is , Louisiana, Mary land, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia 20,000 January 3, 1948 United Construction Workers, a ffilia te d with United Mine Workers, D istrict 50 3 States: Maryland, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia 11,000 53/ 28 June 10, 1949 United Construction Workers, a ffilia te d with United Mine Workers, D istrict 50 3 States: Maryland, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia 10,000 58 National Association of Manufacturers o f Pressed and Blown Glassware and Glass Container Manu facturers ' Institute September 1, 1956 Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company and Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company October 6, 1958 (52/) LUMBER Tri-State Lumbermen's Association See footnotes on pp. 38 and 40 27 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59—Continued Industry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number o f workers involved XJ Approxi mate durat ion (calendar days) 2] LUMBER—Cont inued P acific Northwest Lumber Companies April 29, 1952 International Woodworkers 5 States: C a lifor o f America nia, Idaho, Mon tana, Oregon, and Washington 45,000 54/ 57 June 21, 1954 International Woodworkers 5 States: C a lifor o f America; United nia, Idaho, Mon Brotherhood o f Carpen tana, Oregon, and ters and Joiners Washington 77,000 55/ 83 September 2, 1948 International Longshore men's and Warehouse men's Union; Marine Engineers' Bene f i c i a l Association; Marine Cooks and Stewards; Marine F ire men, O ilers, Water tenders, and Wipers Association; Radio O ffic e r 's Union West Coast 28,000 93 September 10, 1952 International Longshore men's and Warehouse men's Union West Coast 12,000 1 June 6, 1955 International Longshore men's and Warehouse men ' s Union West Coast 13,000 1 November 10, 1948 International Longshore men's Association East Coast 45,000 18 October 15, 1951 International Longshore men's Association 3 States: Massachu setts, New Jersey, and New York 17,000 26 October 1, 1953 International Longshore men's Association 7 States: Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia 30,000 5 March 5, 1954 International Longshore men's Association New Jersey and New York 30,000 29 October 5, 1954 International Longshore men's Association New Jersey and New York 20,000 2 MARITIME West Coast East Coast See footnotes on pp. 38 and 40. 28 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date of stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number of workers involved \J Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ MARITIME—Cont inued East Coast--Continued September 7, 1955 International Longshore men's Association Port of New York and other East and Gulf Coast ports 32,000 November 16, 1956 International Longshore men's Association Port o f New York and other East and Gulf Coast ports 60,000 October 1, 1959 International Longshore men's Association East and Gulf Coast ports 52,000 58/ 8 15,000 11 59/ 67 56/ 8 (57/) A ll Coasts June 16, 1951 National Maritime Union; East, West, and American Radio Associa Gulf Coasts tion ; Marine Engineers' B eneficial Association MEATPACKING Meatpacking plants March 16, 1948 United Packinghouse Workers 21 States: Alabama, C alifornia, Colo rado, Connecticut, Georgia, I llin o is , Indiana,Iowa, Kan sas, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missou r i , Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ok lahoma, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin 83,000 United Packinghouse Workers 14 States: Alabama, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois^ Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Min nesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, Oklahoma, Texas, and Wis consin 30,000 Armour and Company and Swift and Company January 2, 1952 See footnotes on pp. 38 and 40. (60/) 29 Work stoppages involving 1 0 , 0 0 0 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date of stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number of workers involved \J Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ MEAT PACKING--Continued Swift and Company September 20, 1956 United Packinghouse Workers; Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen 26 States: Alabama, C alifornia, Colo rado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, I llin o is , Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massa chusetts, Michi gan, Minnesota, M ississippi, Ne braska, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Ten nessee, Texas, Utah, and Wiscon sin 25,000 10 September 4, 1959 United Packinghouse Workers; Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen 31 States: Alabama, C alifornia, Colo rado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, I llin o is , Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Mary land, Massachu setts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mis sis sip p i, Mis souri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsyl vania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, West V irginia, and Wisconsin 18,000 51 International Brother hood o f Teamsters New York and northern New Jersey 16,000 (61/) MOTOR TRANSPORT Trucking companies September 1, 1948 See footnotes on pp. 38 and 40. 30 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number of workers involved 1/ Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ MOTOR TRANSPORT.-Continued Trucking companies--Continued February 1, 1952 International Brother hood o f Teamsters 14 States: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, L ouisi ana, M ississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ten nessee, Texas, and Virginia 13,000 62/ 9 October 16, 1954 International Brother hood o f Teamsters New Jersey and New York 30,000 63/ 5 May 19, 1955 International Brotherhoood o f Teamsters 12 States: Arizona, C alifornia, Colo rado, Idaho, Mon tana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Wash ington, and Wyoming 29,000 24 June 14, 1955 64/ International Brother hood o f Teamsters 14 States: Connecti cut, Georgia, Maine, Maryland,Massachu se tts, New Hamp shire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, and Virginia 20,000 44 August 11, 1958 International Brother hood o f Teamsters 11 States: Arizona, C alifornia, Colo rado, Idaho, Mon tana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming 30,000 37 17,000 (65/) OIL AND GAS Oil companies September 4, 1948 Oil Workers International California Union See footnotes on pp. 38 and 40 31 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number o f workers involved X / Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ OIL AND GAS—Continued Oil and natural gas companies April 30, 1952 Oil Workers International 23 States: Arkansas, Union; Central States Colorado, Connecti Petroleum Union (Ind.) cut, I llin o is , In diana, Kansas, Louisiana, Massa chusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Vir ginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming 58,000 66/ 32 Brotherhood o f Loco motive Engineers; Order o f Railway Conductors; Botherhood o f Railroad Trainmen; Brother hood o f Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen 6 States: I llin o is , Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Missou r i, and Ohio 10,000 8 Brotherhood o f Locomotive Engineers; Order o f Railway Conductors; Brother hood o f Railroad Trainmen; Brother hood o f Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen 9 States: Arkansas, Colorado, Illin o is , Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Tennessee 27,000 44 RAILROADS Wabash Railroad Company March 15, 1949 Missouri P acific Railroad Company September 9, 1949 See footnotes on pp. 38 and 40. 32 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date of stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi Approxi mate mate number of duration workers (calendar involved 1/ days) 2/ RAILROADS- -Cont inued Pennsylvania Railroad Company; New York Central Railroad Company; Southern Railway Company; Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad; Union P acific Railroad May 10, 1950 Brotherhood o f Locomotive 27 States: Alabama, Arizona, C a lifor Firemen and Enginemen nia, Colorado, Delaware, D istrict, of Columbia, Geor gia, I llin o is , Indi ana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsyl vania, South Carolina, Tennes see, Texas, Vir ginia, and West Virginia 175,000 7 59,000 14 Chicago, Rock Island, and P acific Railroad Company; Great Northern Railway Company; Chicago Great Western Railway Company; Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad Company; Western P acific Railroad Company June 25, 1950 See footnotes on p. 38 Switchmen's Union o f North America 33 States: Arizona, Arkansas, C a lifornia, Colorado, Dis t r ic t o f Columbia, Georgia, Idaho, In diana, Iowa, I llin o is , Kansas, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Mich igan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Okla homa, Oregon, Pennsyl vania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin 33 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947--59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approximate number o f workers involved XJ Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ RAILROADS- -Cont inued Railroad terminals December 13, 1950 Brotherhood o f Railroad Trainmen 12 States: Alabama, D istrict o f Co lumbia, I llin o is , Indiana, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Ten nessee, Texas, and Virginia 10,000 3 Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen Nationwide 70,000 67/ 12 Brotherhood o f Locomotive 11 States: I llin o is , Indiana, Kentucky, Engineers; Brotherhood Massachusetts, o f Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen; Order of Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New Railway Conductors York, Ohio, Penn sylvania, and West Virginia 41,000 68/ 4 10 nonoperating unions 24,000 58 10,000 25 Railroads, nationwide January 30, 1951 New York Central Railroad Company; Terminal Railroad Association o f St. Louis March 9, 1952 L ouisville and Nashville Railroad Company and subsidiaries March 14, 1955 14 States: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, I llin o is , Indiana, Kentucky, Louisi ana, M ississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia Railway Express Agency, Inc. September 19, 1947 Int e rna t iona1 Brotherhood New Jersey and New York o f Teamsters See footnotes on pp. 38 and 40. 34 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59--Continued Industry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number of workers involved 1/ Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ RUBBER Firestone Tire and Rubber Company August 27, 1953 United Rubber Workers 7 States: California, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee 25,000 4 August 13, 1954 United Rubber Workers 7 States: California, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee 21,000 23 November 1, 1956 United Rubber Workers 7 States: California, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee 21,000 18 April 16, 1959 United Rubber Workers 7 States: California, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee 19,000 60 August 27, 1949 United Rubber Workers 7 States: Alabama, C alifornia, Michi gan, Ohio, Okla homa, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee 15,000 35 February 26, 1952 United Rubber Workers Akron, Ohio 69/ 15,000 39 August 18, 1952 United Rubber Workers 8 States: Alabama, C alifornia, Michi gan, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee 16,000 13 April 1, 1957 United Rubber Workers 8 States: Alabama, C alifornia, Michi gan, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee 14,000 15 April 16, 1959 United Rubber Workers 7 States: Alabama, C alifornia, New Jersey, Ohio, Ok lahoma, Pennsyl vania, and Tennessee 13,000 55 B. F. Goodrich Company See footnotes on pp. 38 and 40. 35 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59—Continued Industry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number o f workers involved \J Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ RUBBER- -Continued Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company April 7, 1948 United Robber Workers Akron, Ohio 10,000 4 March 28, 1952 United Rubber Workers Akron, Ohio 16,000 8 July 8, 1954 United Rubber Workers 9 States: Alabama, C alifornia, In diana, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Ne braska, Ohio, and Vermont 22,000 51 April 2, 1953 United Rubber Workers 11 States: C a lifor nia, Connecticut, I llin o is , Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsyl vania, Rhode Is land, Tennessee, and Wisconsin 36,000 2 April 1, 1955 United Rubber Workers 11 States: C a lifor nia, Connecticut, I llin o is , Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsyl vania, Rhode I s land, Tennessee, and Wisconsin 33,000 7 April 10, 1959 United Rubber Workers 11 States: C a lifor nia, Connecticut, I llin o is , Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsyl vania, Rhode I s land, Tennesseeand Wisconsin 25,000 22 United States Rubber Company SHIPBUILDING June 26, 1947 August 24, 1959 International Union of Atlantic and Gulf Marine and Ship Coasts and San building Workers Pedro, C a lif. International Association 3 States: C a lifor nia, Oregon, and o f Machinists; Brother hood o f Carpenters and Washington Joiners; P acific Coast Metal Trades Council See footnotes on pp. 38, 40, and 41 50,000 10,000 (70/) 71/ 59 36 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947-59—Continued Indus t ry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 17 Location(s) ApproxiApproxi mate mate number o f duration workers (calendar involved^ 1/ days) 2/ SHOE MANUFACTURING International Shoe Company November 7, 1955 United Shoe Workers o f America; Boot and Shoe Workers Union 6 States: Arkansas, I llin o is , Indi ana, Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee October 1, 1949 United Steelworkers April 29, 1952 23,000 26 Nationwide 500,000 (72/) United Steelworkers Nationwide 560,000 73/ 59 July 1, 1955 United Steelworkers Nationwide 400,000 74/ July 1, 1956 United Steelworkers Nationwide 500,000 75/ 36 July 15, 1959 United Steelworkers Nationwide 519,000 116 Brotherhood o f Locomotive Pittsburgh, Pa., area 76/ 23,000 Engineers; Brotherhood o f Railroad Trainmen 9 STEEL Industry, nationwide 2 United States Steel Cor poration subsidiaries Union Railroad Company and Carnegie I llin o is Steel Corporation September 5, 1947 Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company August 12, 1950 United Steelworkers Birmingham, Ala., area 15,000 7 February 22, 1951 United Steelworkers Birmingham, Ala., area 18,000 13 October 23, 1951 United Steelworkers Birmingham, Ala, area 25,000 21 July 29, 1955 United Steelworkers Birmingham, Ala., area 21,000 14 April 28, 1956 Brotherhood of Locomotive Birmingham, Ala., area Firemen and Enginemen 77/ 21,000 98 78/ 27,000 4 Union Railroad Company March 30, 1953 Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen See footnotes on pp. 38 and 41. Pittsburgh, Pa 37 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, selected companies and associations, 1947 -59—Continued Industry, company, and beginning date o f stoppage Union(s) involved 1/ Location(s) Approxi mate number of workers involved 1/ Approxi mate duration (calendar days) 2/ TEXTILES Woolen and worsted m ills February 16, 1951 Textile Workers Union 11 States: Connecti cut, Georgia, Ken tucky, Maine, Mas sachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jer sey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont 48,000 Fall River Loom Fixers Union; Slashers and Knot Tiers Association Fall River area, Mass. 10,500 Textile Workers Union 7 States: Alabama, Georgia, Louisi ana, North Caro lina, South Carolina, Tennes see, and Virginia 40,000 80/ 122 Textile Workers Union 3 States: Massachu setts, New Jersey, and New York 12,000 81/ 80 Textile Workers Union 4 States: Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Vermont 19,000 82/ 90 Textile Workers Union 3 States: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania 12,000 79 / 74 Fall River Textile Manufacturers' Association March 16, 1951 2 Cotton and rayon m ills April 1, 1951 Carpet and rug manufacturers June 2, 1952 Cotton and synthetic te x tile m ills April 16, 1955 Silk and rayon dyeing, finishing, and printing companies October 5, 1959 See footnotes on pp. 38 and 41. 4 38 FOOTNOTES: 1/ The u n io n s l i s t e d a r e th o s e d i r e c t l y in v o lv e d in th e d i s p u t e , b u t th e number o f w ork ers i n v o lv e d may in c lu d e members o f o th e r u n io n s o r nonunion w ork ers i d l e d by d is p u t e s in th e same e s t a b lis h m e n ts . W orkers in v o lv e d i s th e maximum number made i d l e f o r 1 s h i f t o r lo n g e r in e s t a b lis h m e n t s d i r e c t l y in v o lv e d in a s to p p a g e . T h is f i g u r e d oes n o t m easure th e i n d i r e c t or se c o n d a ry e f f e c t s on o th e r e s t a b lis h m e n t s o r i n d u s t r i e s whose em ployees a r e made i d l e as a r e s u l t o f m a t e r i a l o r s e r v i c e s h o r t ages . 2/ In c lu d e s nonw orkdays, such as S a tu r d a y s , S undays, and e s t a b l i s h e d h o l i d a y s . 3/ T o t a l le n g t h o f s to p p a g e ; some w ork ers re tu r n e d t o t h e i r jo b s d u r in g s trik e ^ and company a l s o h ir e d r e p la c e m e n ts . 4/ A p p ro x im a te ly 200 o f th e w orkers in v o lv e d in t h i s work s to p p a g e were r e p r e s e n te d by th e U n ite d W e ld e rs o f Am erica ( I n d . ) ; th e rem ain d er w ere r e p r e s e n te d by th e U n ite d A u to m o b ile W o rk e rs. The t o t a l number i d l e d e c lin e d as th e sto p p a g e c o n tin u e d and w ork ers r e tu r n e d to t h e ir jo b s . By th e end o f th e s t r i k e a p p r o x im a te ly h a l f o f th e w ork ers had r e tu r n e d . 5/ A p p ro x im a te ly 1 ,5 0 0 members o f th e A ir L in e P i l o t s A s s o c i a t i o n sto p p e d work a t Am erican A i r l i n e s on December 2 0 , 1 9 5 8 . On January 4 , 1 9 5 9 , th e company fu r lo u g h e d an a d d i t i o n a l 2 0 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s . T h is sto p p a g e has n o t been in c lu d e d in th e t a b le o f m ajor s to p p a g e s in e i t h e r 1 9 5 8 o r 195 9 annual b u lle tin . 6/ Aluminum Company of Am erica reach ed agreem ent on August 9, and R eynolds M e ta ls Co. on August 2 5 . 7/ M ost w orkers i d l e 2 d a y s ; 3 ,0 0 0 w ork ers f o r 5 d a y s ; 500 i d l e f o r a p p r o x im a te ly 2 m onths. 8/ The maximum number o f w orkers were i d l e from March 5 t o 12 o n l y . P r io r t o t h i s p e r i o d , s e v e r a l thousand w orkers w ere i d l e in New York and P e n n s y lv a n ia ; s u b s e q u e n t ly , v a r y in g number o f w ork ers rem ained i d l e in New J e r s e y , New Y o rk , and P e n n sy lv a n ia due to i n a b i l i t y o f in d i v i d u a l com panies to re a c h agreem ent on l o c a l i s s u e s . 9/ I n t e r m i t t e n t id l e n e s s o f o n ly 4 d a y s . 10/ The s t r i k e o c c u rr e d on th e weekends o f A p r i l 1 3 -1 4 and 2 0 - 2 1 d u r in g w hich th e em p loyees r e fu s e d t o work o v e r tim e . 11/ A number of i n d i v i d u a l p la n t sto p p a g e s i n v o lv in g p r o d u c tio n w ork ers o c c u rr e d d u r in g th e l a t t e r p a r t o f th e y e a r , none o f w hich in v o lv e d 1 0 ,0 0 0 o r more w o r k e r s . U n lik e th e Ford and G e n e ra l M otors s i t u a t i o n s , th e s e p la n t s to p p a g e s d id n o t ap p ear t o flo w d i r e c t l y ou t o f a companywide d is p u t e on th e term s o f th e m a ste r a g re e m e n t. A c c o rd in g t o Bureau r e c o r d s , few er than 1 0 ,0 0 0 C h r y s le r p r o d u c tio n w orkers w ere on s t r i k e f o r a f u l l s h i f t a t any one tim e . 12/ M ost o f th e w orkers in v o lv e d were i d l e abou t 2 d a y s , b ut s e v e r a l thousand were i d l e a few days p r e c e d in g and f o llo w i n g th e peak i d l e n e s s . 13/ Agreem ent reach ed on m a ste r c o n t r a c t Septem ber 1 7 . Stop p age c o n tin u e d a t p la n t le v e l over lo c a l is s u e s . 14/ Agreem ent reach ed on m a ste r c o n t r a c t O c to b e r 8 . S topp age c o n tin u e d a t p la n t l e v e l o v e r l o c a l is s u e s . 15/ Agreem ent reach ed on m a ste r c o n t r a c t O c to b e r 2 . Stop p age c o n tin u e d a t p la n t l e v e l o v e r l o c a l is s u e s . 16/ Some w orkers ou t o n ly 2 o r 3 d a y s . 17/ M ost w orkers i d l e n o t more than 3 w ork in g d a y s . 18/ Between June 2 3 - 2 7 , more than 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 sto p p e d work a l l e g e d l y in p r o t e s t a g a in s t p a s s a g e o f th e Labor Management R e la t i o n s A ct by C o n g r e s s . June 28 th rou gh J u ly 7 was th e sc h e d u le d in d u stry w id e v a c a t io n p e r i o d . On June 3 0 , th e m in e s, o p e r a te d by th e Government s in c e May 1 9 4 6 , w ere re tu r n e d to p r iv a te c o n tr o l. A f t e r th e sc h e d u le d v a c a t i o n , m ost m in e rs were i d l e from J u ly 8 - 1 1 u n t i l c o n t r a c t s w ith o p e r a to r were sig n e d and r a t i f i e d . 19/ T h is s t r i k e o f b it u m in o u s -c o a l m in ers in I l l i n o i s was in d ep en d en t o f th e s t r i k e o f UMWA r e fe r r e d to in fo o tn o te 2 3 . 20/ The s t r i k e began a t 4 m ines o f Jones and L a u g h lin S t e e l C o ., i d l i n g abou t 3 ,0 0 0 w o rk e r s , on Septem ber 2 . I t sp re a d t o m ines o f o th e r com panies on Septem ber 8 , in v o lv in g a t o t a l o f 1 0 ,0 0 0 o th e r w ork ers. 21/ The s t r i k e began a t s e v e r a l Illin o is m ines on O c to b e r 1 3 . By O c to b e r 1 6 , a p p r o x im a te ly 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 w orkers were i d l e . The s t r i k e c o n tin u e d to sp re a d and reach ed n a tio n w id e p r o p o r tio n s on O c to b e r 2 0 , in v o lv in g 2 7 0 ,0 0 0 m in e r s . 22/ Agreem ents re ach e d by m id -J u ly c o v e r in g m ost w o r k e r s . 23/ A p p ro x im a te ly 4 0 0 ,0 0 0 a n t h r a c i t e and b it u m in o u s -c o a l m in e rs were i d l e from Septem ber 19 to O c to b e r 3 . On t h a t d a te a l l a n t h r a c i t e m in ers and a p p r o x im a te ly 20,000 b it u m in o u s -c o a l m in ers employed in m ines w e st o f th e M i s s i s s i p p i were ord e re d back t o w ork. On November 9 , th e re m a in in g m iners r e tu rn ed to work d u rin g a 3-w eek t r u c e . F o llo w in g th e t r u c e , ab ou t 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 b it u m in o u s -c o a l m in ers were i d l e on December 1 and 2, and f u r t h e r sto p p a g e s a l s o d e v e lo p e d in January and F ebruary 1 9 5 0 . 24/ M ajo r p o r t io n o f s t r i k e ended by May 2 0 ; some com panies s e t t l e d e a r l i e r and s e v e r a l n o t u n t i l th e l a s t week in May. 25/ A l a r g e r number o f w orkers was id l e d f o r l e s s than a f u l l s h i f t as th e r e s u l t o f the i n t e r m it t e n t p i c k e t i n g te c h n iq u e u sed by th e Comm unications W orkers o f Am erica in t h i s s to p p a g e . 39 FOOTNOTES *— Cont inued 26/ A la r g e r number o f w orkers was id l e d f o r l e s s th a n a f u l l s h i f t as th e r e s u l t o f th e i n t e r m i t t e n t p ic k e t i n g te c h n iq u e used by th e Com m unications W orkers o f A m erica in t h i s s to p p a g e . A m a jo r it y o f th e 1 5 0 ,0 0 0 w orkers in v o lv e d fo r a f u l l s h i ft o r more r e tu r n e d to t h e i r jo b s by A p r i l 20 a f t e r m ajor agreem ents were r e a c h e d . 27/ The com panies and th e u n io n reach ed agreem ent on th e f o llo w i n g d a t e s : M ic h ig a n B e ll T e l e phone C o ., A p r il 1 1 ; Ohio B e l l T elep h on e C o ., A p ril 14; New J e r s e y B e l l T elep h on e C o ., A p r il 15; W e ste rn E l e c t r i c C o ., I n s t a l l a t i o n D i v i s i o n , A p r i l 1 9 ; P a c i f i c T elep h on e and T e le g ra p h C o ., A p r i l 2 0 ; B e l l T elep h on e L a b o r a t o r i e s , A p r i l 2 3 ; W e ste rn E l e c t r i c Co., Q ueensboro S hop s, M a n u fa c tu r in g D i v i s i o n , A p r i l 2 4 ; W e ste rn E l e c t r i c C o ., S a le s D i v i s i o n , A p r i l 2 5 . 28/ In c lu d e s a p p r o x im a te ly 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 em p loyees o f o p e r a t in g te le p h o n e com panies who r e s p e c te d p ic k e t l i n e s o f th e W e stern E l e c t r i c Co. te le p h o n e equipm ent i n s t a l l e r s . 29/ P ic k e t l i n e s e s t a b l i s h e d by ab ou t 7,000 p la n t and a c c o u n tin g d ep artm ent e m p lo y e e s ,r e p r e s e n te d by th e T elep h on e W orkers Union o f New J e r s e y ( I n d . ) , w ere r e s p e c t e d by members o f th e Comm unications W orkers o f Am erica employed by New J e r s e y B e l l T elep h on e Co. and W e ste rn E l e c t r i c Co. 30/ The peak p e r io d o f i d l e n e s s d id n o t b e g in u n t i l Septem ber 16 when th e s t r i k e was sc h e d u le d by th e u n io n . However, a s i g n i f i c a n t number o f w ork ers was i d l e d u r in g th e p r e c e d in g w eek. 31/ A lth o u g h th e sto p p a g e began May 6 , a m a jo r it y o f th e w ork ers in v o lv e d were i d l e o n ly from May 12 t o May 2 7 ; s m a lle r numbers o f w orkers w ere i d l e b e fo r e and. a f t e r t h e s e d a t e s . 32/ Members o f th e L a b o r e r s ' Union sto p p e d work on June 3 . A week l a t e r a p p r o x im a te ly 3 0 ,0 0 0 b u i l d i n g -t r a d e s w orkers w ere i d l e . The A s s o c i a t e d G e n e ra l C o n tr a c to r s o f A m e ric a , I n c . , N o rth e rn and C e n t r a l C a l i f o r n i a C h a p te r s, c a l l e d on members in th e a r e a t o s t o p a l l c o n s t r u c t io n work e f f e c t i v e w ith th e c l o s e o f work on June 23 b e ca u se o f th e l a b o r e r s ' s t r i k e a g a in s t some o f i t s members. Ap p r o x im a te ly 6 0 ,0 0 0 w orkers were i d l e by l a t e J une. 33/ I d le n e s s in c r e a s e d g r a d u a lly from abou t 3 ,0 0 0 w ork ers on June 20 to abou t 8 ,0 0 0 on June 2 8 . On June 2 9 , 1 6 ,0 0 0 w orkers were id l e d when members o f 4 c o n t r a c t o r s ' a s s o c i a t i o n s sh u t down c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t s on w hich o p e r a tin g e n g in e e r s were em p loyed . 34/ About a t h i r d o f th e w orkers i d l e th e e n t i r e p e r i o d ; th e re m ain in g t w o -t h i r d s i d l e th e l a s t 3 weeks o f th e s to p p a g e . D isp u te o f s e v e r a l hundred a s b e s t o s w ork ers id l e d in o r i g i n a l c o n tr o v e r s y u n s e t t le d f o r 2 days a f t e r m ajor s e t t l e m e n t s . 35/ S e ttle m e n ts in v o lv in g s u b s ta n tia l numbers o f w ork ers were reach ed May 2 9 , June 1 6 , and J u ly 1 4 . 36/ A m a jo r it y o f th e w orkers in v o lv e d re tu r n e d to t h e i r jo b s June 15 but s e v e r a l thousand w ork ers were i d l e u n t i l June 1 9 . 37/ 15 o f th e u n ion s in v o lv e d reached agreem ent by May 8; A s b e s to s W orkers on May 1 4 ; P la s t e r e r s and L a th e rs on May 1 6 ; Plumbers on May 2 9 ; B r ic k la y e r s on June 9 . 38/ About 300 w orkers in N ia g a r a F a l l s reached agreem ent on June 2 9 . 39/ A m a jo r it y o f th e w ork ers r e tu r n e d to work June 18 a f t e r C a rp e n te rs and Cement F in is h e r s reach ed agreem ent w ith th e c o n t r a c t o r s . O ther c r a f t s re tu r n e d betw een June 18 and J u ly 3 as a g r e e ments w ere r e a c h e d . 40/ About 1 ,0 0 0 s t e a m f i t t e r s sto p p e d work May 1 on some 35 c o n s t r u c t io n j o b s ; t h i s s to p p a g e i d l e d abou t 3 ,0 0 0 o th e r b u i l d i n g - t r a d e s w o r k e r s . The B u ild in g T rad e s C o u n c i l 's 2 -d a y p r o t e s t sto p p a g e in c r e a s e d th e i d l e n e s s to a p p r o x im a te ly 2 0 ,0 0 0 w ork ers on May 1 1 . The s t e a m f i t t e r s c o n tin u e d th e ir sto p p a g e u n t i l May 2 5 . 41/ The un ion s e t t l e d w ith C o n tin e n ta l Can Co. on January 5 , 1 9 5 4 , and w ith Am erican Can Co. on J anuary 1 2 , 1 9 5 4 . The agreem ents p ro v id e d a 1 5 -c e n t h o u r ly "p a c k a g e " in c lu d in g an 8 % -c e n t b a s ic wage i n c r e a s e . 42/ W orkers re tu r n e d t o t h e i r jo b s a fte r r a tific a tio n of agreem en ts as f o l l o w s : P helps Dodge C o r p ., August 4 ; Am erican S m e ltin g and R e fin in g C o ., A ugust 1 1 -1 4 ; K en n e cott Copper C o rp ., A ugust 17. 43/ M ajor u n io n s ; o th e r u n io n s in v o lv e d : I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f M a c h in is t s ; B rotherhood o f L ocom otiv e Firem en and Enginemen; B rotherh ood o f R ailw ay Carmen; I n t e r n a t i o n a l B rotherh ood o f E l e c t r i c a l W o rk e r s; O p e ra tin g E n g in e e r s ; O f f i c e E m p loyees; O rder o f R ailw ay C ond uctors and Brakemen. 44/ S e ttle m e n t reached w ith U n ite d S te e lw o r k e r s November 2 2 ; o p e r a t io n s resumed a t U tah s m e lte r s and r e f i n e r i e s November 23 u n t i l December 1, when 2 r a i l r o a d u n ion s e s t a b l i s h e d p ic k e t l i n e s w hich th e S te e lw o r k e r s r e fu s e d to c r o s s ; o p e r a t io n s resumed December 2 6 , when th e r a i l r o a d u n io n s ' d i f f e r e n c e s w ere s e t t l e d . O p e ra tio n s resumed December 29 on a l i m i t e d s c a l e in A r iz o n a , New M e x ic o , and N evada, f o llo w i n g agreem ent w ith th e M in e , M i l l , and S m e lte r W o rk e rs, December 16 on a m a ste r 18-m onth c o n t r a c t and on l o c a l i s s u e s December 2 3 . In U tah , o p e r a t io n s resumed January 2 9 , 1 9 6 0 . 45/ About 2 ,2 0 0 dayw orkers in th e E a st P it ts b u r g h and Homewood, P a., p la n t s o f th e company stop p ed w o r k lm A ugust 8 . By th e f o llo w i n g w eek, ab ou t 1 0 ,0 0 0 w ork ers had become i d l e a t th e s e p l a n t s . The s t r i k e assumed la r g e r p r o p o r tio n s in th e secon d week o f Septem ber when w ork ers a t 25 o th e r W e s t in g house p la n t s sto p p e d work in su p p o rt o f th e em p loyees a t E ast P it t s b u r g h and Homewood, th u s i d l i n g a t o t a l o f 4 4 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s . 46/ A p p ro x im a te ly 4 4 ,0 0 0 members o f th e CIO I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union o f E l e c t r i c a l , Radio and Machine W orkers sto p p e d work a t 28 p la n t s on O c to b e r 1 7 , 1 9 5 5 , and ab ou t 1 0 ,0 0 0 members o f th e in d ep end ent U n ite d E l e c t r i c a l W orkers sto p p e d work in 10 p la n t s on O c to b e r 2 6 . O ther w ork ers were fu rlo u g h e d a t th e s tr u c k p la n ts , and by December 5 abou t 7 0 ,0 0 0 w ork ers were i d l e . The sto p p a g e ended in March 1 9 5 6 . 40 FOOTNOTES:— C ontin ued 47/ A p p ro x im a te ly 2 ,0 0 0 w ork ers a t Auburn, N . Y . , went o u t on June 1 5 , and rem ained ou t until June 3 0 . 48/ The la r g e r segm ents o f th e sto p p a g e d id n o t b e g in u n t i l A u g u st 1 8 . However, 600 m a c h in is ts (IA m7 ~ a t th e L o u i s v i l l e , K y ., p la n t sto p p e d work on A ugust 1 6 , c l o s i n g th e p l a n t . FE-UE ( I n d . ) s e t t l e d Septem ber 1 8 ; IAM ( I n d . ) O c to b e r 1 ; and th e UAW on November 4 , s u b je c t to r a t i f i c a t i o n by th e u n io n members on November 8 . 49/ S everal thousand w orkers sto p p e d work on A ugust 19 and A ugust 22 b e fo r e th e b u lk o f th e w orkers s t r u c k on A ugust 2 3 . The company and th e u n ion reach ed agreem ent on Septem ber 1 7 , but r a t i f i c a t i o n was n o t com p leted u n t i l Septem ber 1 9 . 50/ Agreem ent r a t i f i e d January 1 8 , 1 9 5 9 , by d is p u t in g l o c a l s o f U n ite d A u to m o b ile W o rk e r s, and work resumed on J anuary 1 9 , 1 9 5 9 . 51/ G la s s C o n ta in e r M a n u fa c tu r e r s ' I n s t i t u t e reach ed agreem ent on Septem ber 9 , N a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f P re sse d and Blown G la ssw a re on Septem ber 2 8 . 52/ Stoppage a t L ib b ey -O w e n s-F o rd G la s s C o ., s e ttle d O c to b e r 2 5 ; P it ts b u r g h P la t e G la s s C o ., sto p p a g e ended F ebruary 1 6 , 1 9 5 9 , w ith u n s e t t le d is s u e s to be s u b m itte d t o a r b i t r a t i o n . As in p r e v io u s y e a r s , th e 2 com panies had s t a r t e d n e g o t i a t i o n s t o g e t h e r a n d 's t o p p a g e s began a t th e same tim e . A lth o u g h th e d is p u t e s to o k d i f f e r e n t c o u r s e s and w ere s e t t l e d a lm o s t 4 months a p a r t, th e y w ere c o n s id e r e d as 1 s to p p a g e , f o r p u rp ose s o f t h i s s t u d y , in th e i n t e r e s t o f c o n s i s t e n c y w ith p ast p r a c tic e . 53/ By l a t e January a p p r o x im a te ly 8 ,0 0 0 w ork ers had r e tu r n e d ; o th e r s re tu r n e d abou t 2 weeks l a t e r . 54/ M ost o f th e w orkers had re tu r n e d to th e ir jo b s by th e end o f May a f t e r s e t t le m e n t s were re a ch e d w ith i n d i v i d u a l e m p loyers o r em ployer groups on v a r io u s d a te s in May. The l a s t s e t t le m e n t s w ere reach ed on June 2 4 . 55/ A m a jo r i t y o f th e w ork ers in v o lv e d s to p p e d work on June 2 1 , a lth o u g h sca tte re d s to p p a g e s o c c u rr e d in th e p r e c e d in g w eek. M ost w orkers r e tu r n e d by Septem ber 1 3 . 56/ The s t r i k e l a s t e d 8 days in th e P ort o f New Y o rk . M ost o th e r p o r t s a f f e c t e d had s t r i k e s l a s t i n g 1 t o 2 d a y s , Septem ber 13 and Septem ber 1 4 . 57/ W orkers a t a l l p o r t s r e tu r n e d t o t h e i r jo b s on November 24 a f t e r a U n ite d S t a t e s D i s t r i c t C ourt is s u e d a 1 0 -d a y r e s tr a in in g order under p r o v is i o n s o f th e Labor-M anagem ent R e la t io n s (T a ftH a r t le y ) A c t . S e ttle m e n ts w ere re ach e d a t S ou thern and G u lf C o ast P o r ts b e fo r e th e 8 0 -d a y i n ju n c t i o n e x p ire d . On F ebruary 1 2 , 1 9 5 7 , a f t e r t h i s i n ju n c t i o n e x p i r e d , some 3 5 ,0 0 0 longshorem en in A t l a n t i c p o r t s from Maine t o V i r g i n i a l e f t t h e i r jo b s a g a in . F in a l s e t t le m e n t was re ach e d on F ebruary 2 2 ,1 9 5 7 . 58/ W orkers a t a l l p o r t s r e tu r n e d to t h e i r jo b s O c to b e r 9 , a f t e r a U n ite d S t a t e s D i s t r i c t Court is s u e d a 1 0 -d a y r e s t r a i n i n g o r d e r under p r o v is i o n s o f th e Labor-M anagem ent R e la t io n s ( T a f t - H a r t l e y ) A c t. 59/ S e ttle m e n ts reach ed w ith S w i f t , Armour, and Cudahy p la n t s on May 2 1 . S topp age c o n tin u e d a t W ils o n p la n t s u n t i l June 5 . 60/ T h is s t r i k e c o n s i s t e d o f a s e r i e s of s p o r a d ic s to p p a g e s in v a r io u s p la n t s sp re a d o v e r a 3 3 -d a y p e r i o d ; th e number o f w orkers i d l e v a r ie d w id e ly from day to d a y . 61/ A p p ro x im a te ly 1 0 ,0 0 0 New York tr u c k d r iv e r s and h e lp e r s i d l e d Septem ber 1, ,w i t h th e New J e r s e y w orkers g o in g ou t on Septem ber 7 . On Septem ber 1 8 , i n d i v i d u a l com panies began t o s ig n s e p a r a te a g r e e m ents w ith th e u n io n . 62/ Agreem ents c o v e r in g a m a jo r it y o f th e w ork ers in v o lv e d in th e s t r i k e w ere s ig n e d by F ebruary 5 . In th e so u th w estern S t a t e s , how ever, th e s t r i k e la s t e d u n t i l F ebru ary 9 . 63/ M ost w ork ers r e tu r n e d by O c to b e r 2 1 . However, ab ou t 1 ,0 0 0 t r u c k d r iv e r s in th e Trenton -N ew Brunsw ick a r e a in New J e r s e y d id n o t r e tu r n u n t i l l a t e November. 64/ The sto p p a g e began June 14 in C o n n e c tic u t, M a s s a c h u s e t t s , and Rhode I s l a n d and g r a d u a lly sp re a d to o p e r a t io n s o f th e com panies in v o lv e d in 11 o th e r e a s t e r n S t a t e s . 65/ F i r s t s e t t le m e n t s w it h i n d i v i d u a l com panies w ere reach ed abou t November 4 ; o th e r s e t t le m e n t s l a t e r in Novem ber. About 1 ,6 0 0 em ployees o f one company s t i l l on s t r i k e a t th e end o f D ecember. 66/ About 90 p e r c e n t o f th e w ork ers in v o lv e d i n th e sto p p a g e had r e tu r n e d t o t h e i r jo b s by th e end o f May. The m ajor ag reem en ts w ere reach ed d u r in g th e l a s t 2 weeks o f May; th e l a s t s e t t le m e n t was re a ch e d in th e f i r s t week o f A u g u st. 67/ A b a c k -to -w o r k movement began on F ebruary 6 in s e v e r a l e a s t e r n c i t i e s . O ther w ork ers com p l i e d w ith an Army d i r e c t i v e , is s u e d F ebruary 8 , 1 9 5 1 , w hich o r d e re d them t o r e tu r n t o t h e i r jo b s w it h i n 4 8 h ou rs o r fa c e d i s m i s s a l and l o s s o f s e n i o r i t y r i g h t s . 68/ M ost w orkers r e tu r n e d to t h e i r jo b s on March 12, b ut em p loyees o f th e New York C e n t r a l System in ToTedo, O h io , and E lk h a r t , I n d ia n a , d id n o t r e tu r n u n t i l March 1 3 . 69/ T h is f i g u r e r e p r e s e n t s th e number o f w ork ers i d l e on F ebruary 2 8, when p r o d u c tio n w ork ers o b se rv e d p ic k e t l i n e s e s t a b l i s h e d by o f f i c e w o r k e r s . P r io r and su b se q u e n t to t h i s d a te th e number o f i d l e w orkers f lu c t u a t e d b etw een s e v e r a l hundred and abou t 1 0 ,0 0 0 u n t i l th e sto p p a g e ended on A p r i l 4 . 70/ About 2 5 ,0 0 0 sto p p e d work June 2 6 ; an a d d i t i o n a l 2 5 ,0 0 0 went o u t J u ly 1 . Some com panies s e t t l e d d u r in g J u ly , A u g u st, and S eptem ber. Agreem ent c o v e r in g m ost Bethlehem S t e e l y a rd s was reach ed by November 7 . The l a s t p la n t s t o s e t t l e w ere th e P a ta p sco Scrap C orp . (a s u b s id i a r y o f Bethlehem S t e e l ) a t F a i r f i e l d , Md. (November 1 6 ) , and th e San P ed ro, C a l i f . , p la n t o f B ethlehem S t e e l (December 2 4 ) . 41 FOOTNOTES:— Cont inued 71/ M ost com panies s e t t l e d O c to b e r 1 4 , e x c e p t in W ash in gto n where abou t 2 ,5 0 0 w ork ers w ere i d l e u n t i l O c to b e r 2 1 . 72/ F i r s t m ajor s e t t le m e n t o c c u rr e d on O c to b e r 31 w ith Bethlehem S t e e l C o ., in v o lv in g a p p r o x i m a te ly 8 0 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s . O th er s e t t le m e n t s w ith m ajor com panies w ere reach ed th rou gh November 1 1 . By December 1 o n ly 4 5 ,0 0 0 w orkers w ere s t i l l on s t r i k e . 73/ The s t r i k e began A p r i l 2 9 , 1 9 5 2 , when U .S . D i s t r i c t Court Judge D avid A. Pine r u le d t h a t th e P r e s i d e n t 's s e i z u r e o f th e s t e e l m i l l s on A p r i l 8 was i l l e g a l . The u n ion ord e re d th e w ork ers t o r e tu r n t o t h e i r j o b s , on May 2 , in re sp o n se to th e P r e s i d e n t 's a p p e a l a f t e r th e U .S . Court o f A p p e a ls f o r th e D i s t r i c t o f Colum bia had r e s t o r e d F ed eral c o n tr o l o f th e m i l l s , p end ing a d e c i s i o n by th e U .S . Supreme C o u r t. The u n io n o rd e re d th e w orkers to s t r i k e a g a in on June 2 , im m e d ia te ly a f t e r th e U .S . Supreme Court h e ld , in a 6 to 3 d e c i s i o n , t h a t th e P r e s id e n t had exceed ed h is c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a u t h o r i t y o r d e r in g s e i z u r e o f th e s t e e l i n d u s t r y . The u n io n and 6 m ajor s t e e l c o m p a n ie s --U n ite d S t a t e s S t e e l , B eth lehem , R e p u b lic , Jones and L a u g h lin , Youngstown S h eet and T ube, and I n la n d --r e a c h e d an in t e r im agreem ent on b a s i c is s u e s on J u ly 2 4 . On J u ly 2 6 , f o llo w i n g an agreem ent a f f e c t i n g ir o n o r e m in e r s , th e u n ion ord e re d em p loyees o f th e m ajor s t e e l com panies to r e tu r n to t h e i r j o b s . The s t r i k e c o n tin u e d a t some m i l l s o f s m a lle r com panies u n t i l in d i v i d u a l s e t t le m e n t s w ere r e a c h e d . By A ugust 1 5 , w ork ers a t m ost o f th e s m a lle r com panies had r e tu r n e d t o t h e i r j o b s , b u t a few m i l l s w ere i d l e u n t i l th e end o f A u g u s t. 74/ M ost o f th e com panies reach ed agreem ent w ith th e u n ion on J u ly 1 , and t h e i r em p loyees re tu r n e d t o work on J u ly 2 . However, s e v e r a l com panies d id n o t re a c h agreem ent w ith th e u n ion u n t i l J u ly 2 , and t h e i r em ployees were i d l e a secon d d a y . 75/ On J u ly 27, th e U n ite d S te e lw o r k e r s and 12 m ajor s t e e l p ro d u c e rs s ig n e d a memorandum o f a g r e e ment in c o r p o r a t in g th e p r o v is i o n s o f a 3 -y e a r c o n t r a c t . W orkers began r e t u r n in g to work as soon as in d iv id u a l c o n tr a c ts were s ig n e d , and by A u g u st 5 a l l o f th e m ajor s t e e l p ro d u c e rs had s ig n e d new a g r e e m e n ts . 76/ About 1 ,9 0 0 em ployees o f th e Union R a ilr o a d (a s u b s id i a r y o f U .S . S t e e l C o r p .s e r v ic in g s t e e l p l a n t s ) were in v o lv e d in th e d is p u t e and ab ou t 2 1 ,0 0 0 s te e lw o r k e r s in c l o s e l y i n t e g r a t e d o p e r a t io n s were made i d l e . 77/ U n t i l J u ly 1 , p la n t w orkers were id l e d by d is p u t e o f th e Firem en and Enginem en. On t h a t d a te p la n t w o r k e r s , r e p r e s e n te d by th e U n ited S te e lw o r k e r s , a l s o s t r u c k upon th e e x p i r a t i o n o f t h e i r c o n tra ct . 78/ About 2 ,5 0 0 em ployees o f th e Union R a ilr o a d Co. (a s u b s id i a r y o f U .S . S t e e l C orp . s e r v i c i n g s t e e l p l a n t s ) w ere in v o lv e d in th e d is p u t e and abou t 2 4 ,5 0 0 s te e lw o r k e r s employed by U .S . S t e e l Corp. in c l o s e l y in t e g r a t e d o p e r a t io n s were made i d l e . 79/ The m a jo r i t y o f th e m i l l s reopen ed on March 19, but a s u b s t a n t i a l number d id n o t reop en u n t i l la te A p r il. Some 7 0 ,0 0 0 members o f th e T e x t i l e W orkers U nion were i d l e d u r in g th e p e r io d o f th is s to p p a g e , b ut o n ly 4 8 ,0 0 0 w ere in v o lv e d in t h i s s i n g l e s to p p a g e . The rem ain d er w ere in v o lv e d in l o c a l sto p p a g e s. 80/ The policy committee of the union voted, on May 5, to comply with the request to call o ff the strike. A majority of the workers returned to their jobs by the middle of May; others resumed work during late May, June, and July. 81/ Companies reach ed agreem ent w ith th e u n ion on v a r io u s d a t e s . on A ugust 2 0 . The l a s t s e t t le m e n t was reach ed 82/ D u ra tio n v a r ie d among th e com panies in v o lv e d in t h i s work s to p p a g e . The com panies reach ed agreem ent w ith th e u n ion as f o l l o w s : B a tes M a n u fa c tu r in g C o ., A p r i l 3 0 ; C o n tin e n ta l M i l l s , May 1 3 ; Wamsutta M i l l s , May 2 6 ; B e r k sh ire -H a th a w a y , I n c . , and P e p p e r e ll M a n u fa c tu r in g C o ., J u ly 1 3 ; L u th er M a n u fa c tu rin g C o ., J u ly 1 4 . * U.S. G O V E R N M E N T PRINTING OFFICE : 1961 0 — 598991
@FedFRASER