Full text of Records of the Women's Bureau, Record Group 86 : Newspaper Clippings, Box 2, Folder 2

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Woman Supervisor Named by Ordnance Department Tells of Pressing Need and How
Much May Be Accomplished Adequate Rest and Quiet Add Much to Factory Output

Dr. Kristine Mann, health supervisor, women s ortinch, Ordnance Department, and girls finishing large c,•libre shells.
HOUSANDS of women are now employed in the munitions factories
a America and are helping to maintain
a high standard of output. The *United
States does not intend that the health of
these women shall suffer as a result of the
necessary war time activity.
For this reason Dr. Kristine Mann of
New York has been appointed supervisor
of health for the Woman's Branch of the
Industrial Service Section of the Ordnance Department. This is an entirely
new office. Dr. Mann was chosen to fill
it because for the last three years she has
been closely associated with industrial
women in New York. Her special study
has been to improve the health of industrial women through such means as proper
exercise, change of diet, instruction in
posture, advice on the importance of ventilation in sleeping rooms, recreation and
rational clothing.
"With the employment of women in
war plants England has had her experience," Dr. Maim said in outlining her
plans. "At the beginning the women of
Eng?astd were overworked, for the plants
started in with overtime, elimination of
holidays and night labor. Suddenly the
woman power decreased and it was
found necessary to pass a law reinstating the holidays and regulating the hours
of work. Steps have been taken to pre.eut a similar experience in the I.Inited
States, and by September there will be
forty women health officers ready to enter
factories and look after the welfare of
women workers.
Conditions Must Be Corrected.
"There are conditions in the industrial
plants of the country that must be corrected if the health of women is to be
maintained and the output of materials
kept up to the necessary standard. Health
and productivity go hand in hand and
raiedevraone may well be proud that
ment has recognized this fact in time to
preserve its womanhood.
“Two examples of what I mean came
recently to my attention while inspecting
a plant. First, the chairs in which the
girls sat for eight hours a day were not
adapted to their purpose. The seats were
too small, the backs were straight at the
wrong point and in many instances the
backs had been broken down, so that the
worker might sit further back, thus depriving them of support. The chairs
were all of a uniform height with no
provision for the unusually short or tall
girl. No footstools were provided and
many of the girls had brought soap boxes
for foot rests.
Now the strain of having to sit all
day is made worse by a wrong posture
and the health of the women may be
affected. The importance of having the
right kind of chairs is manifest.
"In another factory I found girls
weighing powder in such a way that
physical strain and eye strain could not
he avoided. Instead of being arranged
so- that the counter of the scale was at a
level with the eyes, at the right distance
for normal sight, the scale was so placed
that each time the weigher wanted to sfA3

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the dial she had to bend down and scrutilize the counter closely. Outside of
WI amount of physical enetgy wasted
an:1 the damage done to the health of the
worker, think of the loss of time resulting from this simple error. This is utter
lack of efficiency, to say the least.
Placing of Help Important.
."One of the greatest wrongs done is
placing women in positions for which
they are physically unfit. In large corporations, where much brain work is
needed, somebody, either a man or a
woman, is paid a high salary to place
people in departments for which they
are best suited and where they will prove
of the greatest value to the firm. Is it
not just as important to fit the women
in the munitions plants into the places
where they will enable the Government to
get war materials in the largest quantities?
"As conditions exist now the weak
women may get the more laborious duty
and the strong women the places that
belong to the frail. The physical examination for right placement is one of the
important duties of the health-officer.
'I believe that if industry utilizes
woman power in such a way as to cause
physical deterioration it has harmed
rather than benefited the community, no
molter what may be its record for eco/wade productivity. The most obvious
measuring rod of the success with which
industry is using women to maintain or to
increase output will be their continued
good physical condition.
do not believe there would be any
difficulty in showing precise money losses
to Pmployers from ill health of employees.
Absentee lists, bad time keeping, large
turnover are all connected up with the
factory's health problem, and all these
things affect the factory's profits.
'.Our standards of productivity are defined at present by low standards of
health. If all industrial women maintained unbroken records of good health
our day, I venture to say, could be shortened to seven hours and production kept
up as high as under the present eight
hot r day if it was not higher. Instead
of this, in New Jersey, for instance, there

is no eight hour law and the women are
working nine hours at least.
"Ceiat-five per cent. of the illness
among wimen workers might be eliminated if their lives could be made more
hygienic vithin and without the factory.
Our fi:st step to improve conditions
is to find‘ women suited to act as health
officers. -Four have already been physically examined and accepted for training.
All of them must be trained, and it is for
this purpose that a summer school is to
be opened at Mount Holyoke College.
The health officers after graduation will
work under the Ordnance Department.
The first eourse for health officers opens
June 26 and will last eight weeks. It is
planned to grant certificates to from
thirty to forty women who will be trained
to examine girls physically in order to
estimate their capacity and to give them
good advice.
"Of course the ideal plan would be to
take- women for training who have had
two years or more experience in a medical
college, but that is impossible, for this is
an emergency work and all who have had
such experience are needed in other places
at present, and we must have our women
ready by September. As this is the ease
our health officers will for the present be
selected from two classes.
Must Have Additional Courses.
"First—Those who have already had
successful experience as industrial supervisors or social workers, their practical
knowledge to be supplemented by a course
in physiology and hygiene, these courses
centring about the question of health as it
particularly affects industrial women.
"Second—Graduates from physical education colleges of four or five years standing,. whose training will be supplemented
by a study of labor problems and by practical work in factories.
"One young woman who will go into
the work tame to me some time ago in a
bad condition. I found that her posture
was wrong, her recreation ill advised and
her diet anything but right. She came
to our clinic and worked faithfully; today she is in good health and some time
ago went to do war work in a munitions
factory.

"She wished the experience. She had
learned with Iv .what the conditions,
should be for workers. This girl is already having a decided influence on the
others in the factory where she is employed. She knows from experience that
ill health results from unhygienic living
and is capable of giving good advice.
Such workers will prove invaluable as
health officers.
"By good health the morale of the
women is raised. By right housing conditions this is also accomplished. Proper
recreation and enough of it is a great
thing. To provide such conditions will
be part of the work of the health officers
of the Ordnance Department.
New Era of Womanhood On.
"We want the women munitions workers
to be one of the finest bodies of women
in the world, and with America's progressive methods there is no reason why we
should not accomplish this end. We have
entered on a new era of womanhood and
we want the final result to be splendid.
“Women workers in industrial centres
must not be made unfit for marriage by
their activities, nor so worn out that their
offspring will be weak. They must produce fine children that will be a credit to
the nation, and it will be a credit to the
nation if conditions are maintained at
such a high starcLeed that this will b
possible.
"One of the greatest crimes against
health that we have is undernourishment.
Go through a place where hundreds of
women are employed and you will find the
majority of them ill nourished. This
being so, how can you expect health and
ability.to work up to high standard?
"Employers can supply canteens for
women, but they cannot govern diet.
Here are some of the diets that I have
found most common among industrial
girls. Any thinking person can readily
see that eight or more hours steady work
cannot be done on such food. If the girls
did absolutely nothing, good health could
not result from such eating.
BREAKFAST.

Cocoa and Bread and Butter.
LUNCH.
Two Egg Sandwiches—Cake.
DINNER.

Soup—Meat—Mashed Potatoes.
BREAKFAST.
Oatmeal—Toast—Tea.

CRAP HEAPS and dumps have in
recent years become sources of
wealth. The chemical and dye industries
of Germany were founded on the utilization of what was once thrown away.
A shrewd American bought a bog into
which thousands of tons of tar had been
dumped and made a fortune by recovering it. A miner in Butte became rich by
extracting sulphate of copper dissolved
in water pumped from the mines. Byproducts pay the dividends that oil companies disburse.
In one year alone metals valued at
$72,786,027 were recovered from scrap
heaps in this country, not including gold,
silver, platinum, iron and steel, to which
attention has always been given. Of all
the copper that figures in the metal trade
of he country more than 22 per cent. was

S

recovered from 'scrap, of zinc 20 per cent.,
of lead 11 per cent. and of tin 26 per
cent.
The reeovery of tin from scrap is a
comparatively new industry, the annual
output of which now exceeds in value
$8,000,000, most of which would have
been wasted a few years ago.
Shoddy is a commercial product of
great value and usefulness. English mills
consume three times as much shoddy as is
used in American mills. The foreign demand for shoddy is very great.
We could use more shoddy in an honest
way, but it cannot be obtained. Americans destroy or throw away rags and
worn out garments in sufficient quantity
almost to double the supply. Manufacturers have learned to utilize waste, but
the masses of the people have not.

LUNCH.

Coffee—Lima Beans—Rolls—Pudding.
DINNER.

Soup—Hash —Pickles—Cake—Tea.
BREAKFAST.

Tea—Bread awl Butter.
LUNCH.

Bread and Butter—Radishes.
DINNER.

Soup in which were Potatoes.

"In this last case the girl explained to
me that the family was large and that
none of them had meat save her father.
"It will also be the duty of the health
officers to observe early signs of undue
fatigue and to suggest ways of obviating
strain and conserving power. This by no
means deters work; it takes no time from
the girl's business at hand, but, on the
other side, it makes it possible to produce more at a steady standard of output
in4tad: o£,‘titeady
j!rks.'

America's First Victory in
How Alan Winslow
and Douglas Camp
bell Got Two Boche
Planes in an Eight
Minute Battle
•

By HERMAN WHITAKER,
Author of "The Planter," "The Settler,"
"Over the Bo4-der," &c.

••:ftv
‘
k

Copyright, Herrnn Whita.ker.

T happened while we were bowling
along a smooth French road that
split innumerable red tiled villages in
equal halves on its ws\ to the American
front.
A week before I ha journeyed around
our flying instructiofl stations in South
,,Ftrance, where our 1
were to be seen
in training from t Lr first ridiculous
"hops" with wing-cli ed "penguins" to
the final dare-devil s ts on the acrobatic
field. There I had w hed performances
that would have rai the hair of Lincoln
Beachey or any othe of the stunt fliers
of five years ago.,
For in the ordinary course of their
flying our lads are taught the "vreille,"
or tail spin; the "reversement," a half
loop and fall sideways: to "barrel," turning over and over sideways like a rolling
cask; the "vertical vilage," a ninety degree bank, said to be t. most disagreeable
first experience; to tl,ank and side slip
'any distance required to elude a pursuer, a difficult operation which the
beginner usually en& in a "barrel."
While dropping from a height of 14,000
feet, I had seen one boy pull almost the
whole bag of tricks. In fact he piit his
plane through every itessiible twist and
gyration—and many impossible—in an
actual fall.
Off to Visit United States Airmen.
With this knowledge stored.. away I
was now on my way to,lasit'an American
squadrilla in actual service at the front.
As we approached the last town between us and the trenches I finished telling the Lieutenant from general headquarters about a submarine I had seen
captured while cruising with .our destroyer flotilla in English waters. He
agreed that it was as fine a bit of luck as
ever fell to a correspondent.
"But lightning never strikes twice in
the same place," he added. "You have
used up all-the luck that is coming to
you in this war. You won't get in on
anything like that again."
He was, however, mistaken. Nature's
laws are said to be ,without exceptions,
but he had no more than said it before
the lightning violated all precedents and
struck again—through the raised hand
L, an
an military policeinan'On`t e edgeAmer;
or the town.
"Pinched!" our sergeant chauffeur exclaimed when the hand went up.
The sergeant added as the car rolled
on to a slow stop: "You can get by the
French military police with any old thing
—beer check, laundry bill, chewing gum,
coupon, anything that's written in English and looks official. But when them
iron-jaws of ours hold up a hand it means
you!"
The "iron-jaw," however, was relaxed
in a pleasant smile. Saluting, its owner
informed us: "If you drive round by
the public square you will see two Boche
planes our boys have just shot down. It's
worth your while, for these are the first
planes brought down by home trained
American aviators flying our own flag."
"First submarine--first plane!" the
Lieutenant commented as we drove on.
"You must be the luckiest man in the
whole world!"
French Pleased by Our Victory.
It happened to be Sunday, and in the
square we found dozens of women, children and pretty French girls, all in their
go-to-meeting-best, elbowing through a
mixed crowd of poilus, Tommies and
Sammies to get a good view of the
wrecks. Though the French have shot
down German planes by the hundreds
these good people were glorying for us;
could not have shown more genuine pleasure at their own first. achievement.
The captured planes were Albatrosses,
swiftest of German machines. But they
had proved far too slow for the machines
of the latest type flown by our lads. I
would like to give you their name and
the terrific speed at which they fly, but
I know without asking that the censor

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•

,

4.
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INTERNATIONAL

Fit.m SERvics

Douglas Campbell, one of the rapidly rising American aces, who scored
Second for America.
would not consent, and he's right. Be
content, therefore, to know that they can
outfly anything Fritz has got.
Of the two Albatrosses, one had burned
in midair and lay a charred wreck on the
ground. The other could easily be fitted
for flying again. Both their pilots had
survived, though one was badly burned.
Their conquerors, we were told, could
be found at the flying field, outside the
town, and a very few minutbs thereafter
it opened before our speeding ear, a
dead flat plain bounded on one side by
long low barracks; on the other by camouflaged hangars. In front of one, surrounded by a mixed mob of mechanics
and flyers, stood the victorious planes.
In the crowd we found two of our
crack flierewho had recently transferred
to us from the Lafayettes. One had just
received the newly created American order
for distinguished conduct. The other has
no less than sixteen official "crashes" to
his credit and twice as many pat are
unrecorded. It is said by his admirers
that his total equals if it does not surpass
that of Baron Richthoven, the German
crack flier, whose death appeared in. a
late dispatch. [N. B.—This is undoubtedly Raoul Lufbery, killed since this was
written].
Star Aviators in Background.
Usually the presence of this one man
would be sufficient to set any hangar
abuzz with excitement. But to-day he
and his fellow star were "s-apeing" in a
scene which in its general features strongly resembled that created in an average
American household by the first visit of
the stork. The same atmosphere of quiet
joy, suppressed excitement, prevailed.
In. their pleased interest, indeed, the two
stars might have acceptably filled the role
of maiden aunts.
But though they were "snpeing" to-day
it was luck thrown on luck to have the
chance to meet them. Undoubtedly the
most spectacular figure in this most spectacular of wars is the great flier who conducts his duels to the death above the
thunder and lightnings of the guns. His
is a figure that stirs even the dullest
imagination to wonder what manner of
man this can be who sets at naught fears
and tremors that govern most of us and
goes forth daily to slap Death himself in
the face.
I sought the secret in the star flier's
face. Short and square, quiet and kind,
burned and wrinkled by sun and wind,
these quantities and qualities told nothing. Any farmer has them. But the eyes
told the tale—bits of gray steel peering
through narrowed lids as it Were between
the slits of his armored soul. They were
the eyes of an eagle, unconsciously unafraid.
While I was talking with him they
were softened by the reflection of his
courteous smile. But when his face sets
for combat I should not like to see them,
as have half a hundred Germans, glinting
behind the leveled sights of his flametipped gun. His success, as I read it,
inheres in his superb confidence backed
by superior skill. When that man goes
after a German he knows that he is going to get him, and that is nine-tenths
of the battle.
Just now, however, to repeat, his pleasure in the event left his face kind and
soft and eager as that of a maiden aunt
at a christening. For the matter of that,
the two youths we presently rounded up
and stood against the barrack wall to be

snapshotted might almost have played the
leading role on such an occasion, for instead of the grim men their exploit
seemed to demand, two lads with ,the
peachbloom of early youth still on their
cheeks came out to meet us at their
Major's call.
They were as bashful about their age as
girls—for the opposite reason. They
would fain have been older. .3rien.
pressed for the truth Douglas Campbell,
a young Californian, admitted one and
twenty. Alan Winslow, who hails -from
Chicago, went him one better. Babes!
Just out of their legal infancy! Think of
it! But then—this aerial war has been conducted from the first by babes. Their
Major is only twenty-four.
Of course you you want to know more
about them. Alan Winslow, then, trained
with the French; therefore must yield
precedence to young Campbell, who was
born and raised at the'Lick Observatory
on the top of Mount Hamilton in Central
California—with its wooded gorges, deep
ravines, cosmic outlook over foothills and
plains, surely an ideal eyrie for a young
eagle. He had taken his ground training;
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and was completely American
trained.
Your fighter is never a talker, and of all
fighters the air men go the limit in slowness of speech. Even after Winslow, the
hoary elder of two and twenty, was finally
prodded on to talk, he left so much to the
imagination that it is necessary to fill in
between his wide lines.
He and Campbell had got out early for
the first official flight and were playing
cards in a tent near their hangar while
the mechanics tuned up their machines.
The morning was clear, sunlight sttimemin.g between soft clouds high over the flying field. From the sand bag targets,
where a machine gun was being lined up
and synchronized with the motor, came
staccato bursts of firing. Everything was
going on as usual when, in response to a
telephone call from some far observation
post, a bugle shrilled out the "Alerte!"
"I was already in ray flying togs,"
Winslow explained, "and so got into the
air at once. Campbell followed about a
minute later. The Boche planes had just
come into view, flying quite low, not higher
than 1,000 feet. Their pilots said afterward that they were lost and mistook our
station for their own, otherwise they
would never have ventured into such a
hornets' nest.
Couldn't Imagine They Were Boche.
"To me it seemed impossible. I felt
sure it must he some of our fellows coming in from another station. But the
`Alerte!' kept me ready. They were flying higher than we and the instant I
sighted the German cross I let fly a burst
from my gun.
"The Boche answered, but already I
had banked steeply on a half loop that
carried me above him; then describing
a `vreille', that is, a tail spin, I came
squarely behind and shot him down with
my second burst.
"By that time Campbell was chasing
his man like a hawk after a running
chicken across the sky and I lit out after
them. How that Boche did go! But he
was too slow. Just as I caught up Campbell sent him down in flames."
He summed this remarkable contest in
the following schedule;
"The `Alerte!' sounded at 8:45. Eight
fifty closed with the Boche. Eight fifty-

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KADEL

•

E HERBERT

Lieut. Alan Winslow, who brought
down first Hun machine.
one shot down my man. Eight fifty-two
Campbell got his. Eight fifty-three back
on the ground."
Eight miaiutes by the clock! Good
work!
It remained for Campbell to add the
touch of humor that crosscuts the most
serious dramas, even like these of life
and death:
"Our mechanics all ,came running out
of the hangars to see the fun—till one
got shot through the ear. Then you
should have seen them duck for the dugouts. In ten seconds the field was as
empty as if the dinner call had rung."
He added: "And Winslow's man? He
wasn't hurt a bit. I don't think he knew
just where he was going, but he was certainly on his way, for he ran like a hare;
broke every record up to half a mile before they chased him down."
Only Chivalrous Germans.
We went into their rooms to view the
trophies, guns, cartridge belts, clocks,
and so forth that were laid out on their
cots, and while we were looking them over
Campbell added the last human touch to
the story. In sky warfare alone it is said
have the Germans displayed any chivalry,
a thing that is quite understandable. The
uttermost bravery called for in those desperate duels up there in the wide and
lonely vault of heaven is always associated
with chivalrie, spirit. The knightly tradition still obtains and this lad's utterance
proved that our boys can be depended
upon to uphold it.
"My fellow was wearing an Iron Cross.
I wanted it badly, but the poor devil was
suffering enough from his burns. I hadn't
the heart to take it from him."
Fine feeling!
There is no such thing as defeat for men
animated by such spirit backed up by the
thorough, intensive training given at our
fields. Flying has progressed since the
days when Capt. von Boelke, the great
German flier of 1914, invented the "loop
the loop" attack. Happily he is now deceased. But were there resurrection for
fliers and he tried to pull anything like
that on our boys his shrift would be short
indeed.
By a quick combination of acrobatics
be had learned during instruction Winslow
had got his man. And as I thought of
the quick witted lads of ours that are now
getting the same training not by the tens
or twenties but by hundreds and thousands, I mentally echoed a favorite exclamation of the British Tommy;
"Poor old Fritz!"


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TOMEN I

IN7U3TRY IL U.

pinga.
Notes from recent :-ewspaper (lip

4-c


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ftbune. Dec.30
New York-

1917.-

Tomen and the Nar.--- Mewering a Kansas ity railway's
advertisement, eight, women applied for positions as street car
conductors.
Amy were told that if accepted they would b
required to wear a gray coat, short khaki shirt and a conductor's
cap. ***
:•omen will fill vacancies in the ranks of the street
car conductors in t.Louis as fast as they iccur after January 1.
*** The i:ew Jersey -Oman Suffrage _ssociation is endeporing to
bring about the passage of legislation providing maternity
insurance for married women of the state who, because of war
conditions, are beinr forced into industrial pursuits.


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New York Tribuns Des 30* 1917.!Smell and the -ar.--- *nswering a F.aneas ity railway's
advertisement, eightt women applied for positions as street car
conductors.
- hey were told that if accepted they would b
required to wear a gray coat, short khaki shirt and a conductor's
cap. .,*
omen will fill vacancies in the ranks of the street
oar conductors in t.Louis as fast as they occur after January 1.
*** The New Jersey man ,-;uffrage :Association is endeporin7 to
bring about the passage of legislation providing maternity
insurance for married women of the state rLo, because of war
conditions, are being forced into industrial pursuits.


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Jan.14,1916.-

New York 2veninc

d by young girle
Pointing out' the moral hazards incurre
Uhi0h League of
Trade
working aa moseengers ," the Veen's
League limit te
r's
Gonuume
New York eili rectAend that the
five years.
twentyto
ies
capacit
ace of wen n.ployedin suet
n na c
questio
The
ce.
in the bill it proponvs to iLLrodu
Learue
bnion
Trade
the
of
debuted curing the closine session
The
war***
the
during
ds
standar
um the mninte%nnce of lubor
ted by
formula
as
tsm
contrac
ent
Governm
utanderde of industry for
Lcnvention at Kansas City,
the Eational 'omen's Trade TJnion League
rate of were in
ing
prevail
highest
inciudinn adult labor, the
r dly,
eight-hou
the
work,
equLl
an indutiry, equal eny for
hserin!•:,
small
women
of
on
exempti
and
prohibition of night work,
Pnd
before
months
two
Nvorsen
of
ann
chilcren neodinz; their okra
tion
legisla
that
decided
241*watt.
.
after childbirth, or ailopted
nal
five
additio
twentyfor
lalbany
should be introduoed at
eontending- tl,at at present
fuctory inspectors, all to be rcmen.
in industry and thet
men
for
women
or
e
there in no real shortag
y is "in most
industr
in
men
fcr
semen
of
the substitntion
it was resolved
labor,"
cheap
for
desire
the
by
eaaes prompted
save pey for the
of"the
le
princip
the
uphold
nce
tnat the confere
n of eAucation
a
camrsie
that
and
woman,"
or
an
ther
same job,whe
"nother
labor.
ized
unorean
among
started
on *,1)is battle be
under the
who,
rs
empLove
of
e
praotie
the
resolution coniemned
clese to
leisure
tne
of
ArOMen
to
appeal
uiso of intriotidn,
lar
telsinesses,
their
partien
or
output
the
voluntoer in farLhering
-e
The
wa!es.
..!vine
.air
of
women
thereby robbing working
kind
that
from
desist
to
upon
caileu
were
nell-meanine, *amen
ninority reeolution dec.Aaring erenst the
of nervioe. 44.4.
on sUlmay and surface cars 'me teb1Pd.
1,eula1L
of
emploppont.
New York I'veninE

110.7011P. ariffINWAPIMO

••

w.r.a.•••••

4an. 12. 1918.-

No that Orb the women hnve ppne to erork or
trollay cur and hnve begun to run elevators in apartment houses,
tht EW.At old questinns of how lone they shall work and how much
At this comine cession
they shall bo pcid present themselves.
of the Logislattn'e at ieuotoet Albany the New York City
Consumer's League 'will submit bills dr, fted to nrotect the
new won.nn workors viho have takes jam held formerly by menoccupntions ia which tne working hours end wnres are not
These three bills, according to Miss
regulated by legislation.
(,ity Concumsr's Lestgue, will be
New
York
the
of
z
"ohaart
hullic
to protect ,omon workers in
the
ture
before
Legisla
ooti
introun
in
which
women are tAking the places of
tions
ixi
occelpa
three
tl.e
ma on a soale large enough to make such le!islation ziecesaery.
":iomen at goinF to work in tne messenger service, on the
transportation tines, and as elevetor zondietoze runners in
lax* numbers and evidently permanently, "said lass Sehwartz.
These ehree occupations which ere not industrial and thr.irefore
are regulated by legislation
not covered by the Zactory limes
applying only to men workers, *** This new bill which we are
plenning to introduce will prohSbit the employment of any women
under 21 as messengers and will also probably ask that all such women


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.(continued).

come un6.er the fifty-:our hoar lax.
***The employment of women as elevator conductors
has not been found practicable on a large 3cale in commrcial
and bueneas houses, out imeen are superibdia6 an in largo
number* In apurtmelit houses • smaller hotels in Ilaunt,ttan and
1,p-Ztate.
liereic absolutely no legislation ::hS.1 irz ii.revent
tese *omen frata working taelre 'aours a day ).24d the k.onsumer ts
Learue -21nnts to -put than Lao an the rifts-lour hoa; basis.
On ,,he transportation linap44'the officias of the
elevated and surfJce lineswhich are otq;inning to employ women
in such large numba's have made a careful study or the industrial
field sad aro piu.nnin; to employ aa lueny v=omen t42 they
:radvally work into the particular capaeitier.liere truly may be
needed.
mzarded us the
before I.no wex 1.1scUine lalfor w
petuttnerit and dc,r,enciable upurce of
boi, tho rApionent tlf women
being regarzed ea a hazardous investment.
*** wiae men in the
transportation lthos hvve dc ided that women after all may be
the one stable unit left in the isba m&.rket.
Therefore take
ilud train iur Ls ;:act se thc, man leavo for the front or
the munitions works. "Because women are probably going into
tra:IsTortation noes s4n6 Nore genarall,y,"Lias Sohwertz naid,
"steps trast Le taken to rep,ulate the conditions under wnieh
tho-y work if abuses are not to result.
out of the, estrlY
strikes in Ln&lurxi came from lack oi samexagiA foresiOt, ar.d the
EiC huccs
vhich insure certain how:s and rates ol pay rot' Men
shct.lf.. Olt ;6shed to protect the nowin who id s row iLoALLs
if t LA Val- gots on they be the bacbcnt or the service, even as
they are ir Ult,1*.:,nd.
Kos t -ee wocca .Are paid at the some rate..
iB cents an hour- cr.d work appnmximately ten hours a day.
And qmy are, e..%;oi-dinc, to tte o2ficials, completely satisfactory.
The difficulty In arousing any particular interest in
their industrial wolfata a.song the nes *awn conductors and
motormen it; due to tie &Act that thy are 40 muzh better paid
MAW than it. L:lair former oti.=, that aistrract argameuts eo
not appet,41 to them.
Uric Who have stepped out of salosglrls'
jobs min
8 or 1:9 a -meeek and out of $10 clerkships into
notormenst tttiforns c;J.nnot be convin-cod that
(lontItAors'
thoro is anything that need be improved. , now that they tre
earnisn 0.7 und $18 v. .mr,3ek.


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NW York i*eoing , crld. Jan.14a 1318.OI•00.M••••••.•.+....e•••••m•IMMOM.

young gi:la
agora hazards incurrcu by
Poin4.1.14 out'.
!Awe of
union
Trade
7amen's
marking ea riessengers ," the
4, tie
/
rt.oualiend that the :orLsee.:pbr's 14.4.4.rtle UT41.3
IOW *LOA
taeuty-five
year4.
to
capaciLie6s
tech
zs
,e of wors'In a1o1cte1n
at,
questiole
s
The
introdace.
trti
in the bill it, propoasa
League
Union
Trade
the
af
xe
lOti,&ea.31o
dt-$1)eul during tho
Gig 1:: 0 rizintentdice of labor stand“rds during the taro** The
of industry Zor 3overninont contracts' as formulated by
aue 'cavention at Kamm. C314.,
tari Uationz.1 "monis Trakie 'Onion
including oduit labor, the highest prevailing al rate of war,s in
pe4 iO equti.i work, the ei0t-hour dm,
an intiustry,
work, taki exemption of women having small
nicht
of
prohibition
10.011IfiA *Iwo months before r:red
ca.re
:Lax.
rso..-Aint;
children
decided .1,hat lee.elation
Wins
LeSopeti,
vore
ctildbirth,
stter
tafenty-five
aiditionel
or
•iibeeny
at
introeuoud
be
allould
that at pr, :.ent
Contendin,!:
win*.
e
0
to
I
ca
inspectors,
fae;tory
there IL nc mai 4iortece of •kionen for Len in industry ane, that
the substitution of Town for wen in industry is "in most
cesapii-1110,0d. by 4..he Ceesire for cheap labor," it was resolved
the pdncip.e of"the some pay for the
t11.1, the tionteren4e
seine job,whether man or wassa,ff and that a camaign et' eduertion
flo411tvr
be started same unorganised labor.
on this
rtJooiuyivir. con4enin4 the preatice c Asployers wl-Ati, =tier the
-es
ui* patriotian, appeal to vicsren of the leisure c14
voituitiber in furiring the output of their part:itralar b:;:ailasses,
tkareby robba.ng wurking *nem of fair livink; woe. The
weildemaniag won= were ealLed upon to desist fir= that kind
of &ernes. *** A minsirilzslution deoltring cdnat. the
and lurface oars was tabled.
employment of wows OS
New York -refntaLsS.
--

1an•

12, 1918.-

Ncre, that 1006 the women have cone to work on
- rs in spartami:
trolley oar and hkro bagel 1.o run elewlA
the same old questions SI how long they shall work aimi hew amash
At thi* oozing session
they shall bo ?aid present thatsselIes•
of the :.ogislature at In3LICeSh knew the New York City
Goaswiwels League will cuissit bills dr. fted to protect the
nou worlon vorkere rho have taken jobn hold foriwirly 1,y menoccupations in which the -NorkinE hours Ia.:4 watee are Ett't
rogult‘ed by logislation. These three billst ateerdinn to Mies
Nellie 4chwarts of the Dow York qty Ccntrumtrv a imazuo, will be
introdsoad before the Legislature to protect woman workers in
to thrlia nain ocoupfttionott vhich woken are -Vaing the plEkeee
men or, a =Li,: large enough to :lake suoh legi3lation Aeoessary.
e 0nen are p,oing to work in the messenger service, on the
tm.rporiation lines, mad as elevator momdmeSame runners in
laeno *umbers and evidently permanemly„ "said Mac johwarts•
These three occupations which are not Lndustrial and therefore
not severed by tbn fa c‘ory laws , ELre regralated bi legislation
applyint only to men workers, 4.** This me bill which WO are
pltinning to introduee will prohibit the employment of any women
under 21 as messengers and will also probably ask that all suish women


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.(continued).

come under the fifty-four hmt...*
1.2.*TIn emrlovvent of women as elevator conductors
courecial
ht,11 not been fbnnd nracticable on u large sualo
'aut women are rApwvedixic mon Lu 114.rge
cmd
..,t2e3ret in spArtrent horses . smaller hotels in i:mti:lal.Aun (Arid.
up.r:-tte.
Mt:frets obsolutely no lt70.slation whiciimi4t yfevent
t!'1./e rain frcv. vorkist: twelve hours a day and i.he tbneutaeria
Islrze 'riots to 'nit them too on -Lilo ftfty-four hclar baila.
On the transportetior lines***tho officials of CLe
elevtted art'. surface lineewhich are berinnint,
, to emnloy Iromen
in *mot larre urters buys mscif. a (*refill st114 of the iniktstrial
field aacl are pitnnim- to errler as mew ca44 they en
Erseve137 work into the partieular capacitiosAare they mi7 be
nreded.
rerore the Tier narculime1LbOVAZ rw:erdat
ta,c
rcrmnent an de7endnble ware* of
tho empleywnt, of mmen
rectrdsid ex a hazardous imweetwent. *** Witt' Ell in the
trrrrportatten linen hrve decided that waLen aAcr ull ntr 7c
the qnn ntahlo unit left in the labtx markct. Thorefewe take
Iler or (Ild train her as feat az the men lervo for the front or
tho irmitinna -,.(3r)cm. *Bemuse women are probably going into
tranalqiortatinu :nom tC!gore renert117,'Mi-:s ^(Alartx
"steps ;,,,,st be tAten to elato the condittnas twler mhich
tev -7crk tf abnees ere nc't to result. Mo3t .3r the %el:7
strIlrfts in 14Nr1end eame roam laet +52 inamuskgbo NToridat, AAd the
sine 'lbws whieh Insure certain i:011113 end =ten of pal for EMS
shcl.od bdt. pppsed to prouoc7, tit ramen AM) in A few r:ont-rate
if the wmr roes en may be the backbone of the
vice, even as
t?:-Aty sre in 1-nrlar.d.
Nee these 'ten tre pule et the elm rate.
26 cents an hour. and work approxintlely tan tsc.....lre r day.
..J1(1 they are, 2eeorans to ths cfficiels, ,,ompletely satisfactory.
The 4ifficulty in arollein7 any particulAr interest in
their induatrid relfste among the ncly women conductors sme
motormen iv due to tk/ feet ttnt they are so muoh bettor paid
mut, than in thrir former ocevpatienb
it,trre.fA arguments Jo
not appeul to thy*.
Girls who have stepped out of saltsg'rle l
jobs paying 48 or 49 a mow& and ot/::, of ,10 olorlmhipe into
oGriduetort
cJmotormem,.. miff:int)* oamiot bo oon7tneed that
there is tithytkiing tb6i. need be laprovad
nov thet they are
etraign i17 ,
:-.nd 418 u
..*


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New York Jeurnal.

Jan. 11, 1918.-

Syracuse,N.Y. Jan.11,1918.Every woman fi,ctory worker
yiho comes in cont. eith machinery of any kindmust wear
overalls and a cap or net to protect her hair, according to
an mandment te the State industrial codk, received and indorsed
by the State itemboep Industrial Gammission ut a hearing. The
recommendation was suwested.by Miss 41hma Beard,of .)yracuse,
representing the Consumar la League. It met with the approval of
Commissioner Lewis 'Sara and Leputy L4mmissiener -ichard J.
c:allen, and will probably be adopted.
Philadelphia (Pa.) North ialericttn. jan.13,1918.
Ihe v:amon shown ;.n this picture are operating machines in
the 7olsbach factory at Gloucester, i1. J. Men held these jobs
before the war. The work of the =men is declared to be
hi-jily satisfactory. All are raga /red to wear caps and baggy
trousers to prevent accidents from contact with machinery.
Seattle (Wash) Post-Intel4ger.- .Nn.2,1918.
The right of the :uget sound giraction, Light and Foyer
Corapan;r to mpley women as conductors on the city street
oars
vill be determined by the state i.ublic service commission,
following u public hearing on the question ...In announ
ninr
the hearing, Aairman*** said the commission desired that
represent:Aivem of all civic bodies interested in the
matter
bJ present and Late their opinions in the matterof the
employment
of women as strwst car conductors.
Pueblo (Golo)star-Journal. Jan.1, 1918.Woman's Council of Lefense gives

State Valuable Help.-

...Has completed organizations in 42 counties***
Under the direction of the department of indust
ry investintions
or induetrial conditIma in DeAver and Pueblo
, reported to be
injurious to women Rnd girl workers, and succee
ded in having
the conditions rectified. ***Thru the department
of classes
of instruction stimulated educational instit
utions to provide
means for women to become proficient Le many
lines. Llrea4 large
nuMbera of wcaon have been trained in telegr
aphy, wireless telegraphy * stenography, mutor driring, domestic
science, office and
gencral mftfetme buaincos methods and in other
ocoapations.***


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New fork Journal. Jun. 11, /918.6yracuse,N.Y. Jan.11,1918.- :very woman fc.ctory worker
who comaa in contact will machinery of m4y kimiloustwear
overalls and a cap or net to protect her hair, ac.,
...ordiac to
an e-risnatiani.lbe the ,tut, industrial cede
il:aorsod
by tht,
iiisodoce, Industrial camission at a. bearing. T4o
recAsowenciaUcelloui suwasted Iv, lass 41mma ZefArdiof gyracu:ie
reprco,buting the Ccasumnea League. it net with the hp;roval of
Cowmihsioner Lewis Ward and l'eputy Comastioner Aichurc: J.
ullen„ alat will probably be colopted.
Phi1ade1allia(litt) Nort1-....*-1!erican. Jan.13,191$.
The MillitO shown in this ploture arl oper!,ting machines in
the :'epIobach factory at Glowtist-nr,
J. ItIon reId tlleue ob
beforts the war. The work e tlIolvammn is declared to be
hirtly satisfactory. Al]. fire mg:trod taverner cups and burzy
trousers to prevont accidents from contact with machinery.
Seattle (Tfsb) Pcat-Interager.- Jin.2,1918.
Thr right of the -*tut r-ound Tr14)tfion„ Light md Icwcr
Compwv to onploy wnmen co conductors on flo city etrcet oars
will be detorminod by the stute ru1tc s6rv3ce comnioLion,
foilming a public hooting nr the question ...In Limo:amine,
the toarin,c, r.:bairman*** acid the ocioniesion detlre4 that
repreeent6tives of 11l civic tr.diss Interetd in the ALtter
bo presoot and etsts their opinions in tile matter*: the employment
of women as strttt zar condtwtors•
Pueblo (Colo)Str-Jaurnel. thn.1„ I:11,
3.1%am% Ccmncil or Lufw.se E;iius

Jtate Valuable Neap.-

cosploted organisations in 42 counties***
rr,7!er
e.Y.-ici!.ou of the deokrtnamt of industry investigations
of industrial conditions LA Denver and Pueblo, reportad to be
Injurious to voL*n zaid zirl wGrksrs. ha succeeded in havinr
the cmditions z-cetified. ***Thru the (:Aepartmont of classes
of instruction stimulated oducatio4.a1 institutions to provide
loans for *man to Lecna.c. proficient ia maw lines. ,-irevi.ty large
tuLbtra ar vonzn 'aarc boua trained in telegrapky, 'wireless tolesetcaugraphy, ai.stor driving, domestic science, office and
ge:1Jra1 stifiae ousinuss nethods and in other ocoapationo.***


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Milwaukee (Wis.) Leader. Jan.9,1918.Labor Chortcc places "amen in Lachine Shops
The labor shortage has led the railroads to orfer the meet
advanced example of the replacement of mos workers by WOMOI4
The LeW York Central is enploying 100 women as section hrnds.
Hundreds of women have been put to work in railroad machine
shops, doing tasks which it 'sets once supposed may men were
fitted for. It I* the belief of railroad men that the employment of women for heavier sorts of work will be extended to
?Teeter degree.
The difficulties me experienced in placing women in the
machines ohope hnve not proved as serions as railroad men
antioipated. Rest roams tnd rooms for changing clothes are
among the most inporturt physical changes which have had to be
mad in the shops. Foremen say that when the attention of
-women is called to the danger from working about machinery
in skirts, very few objections have been offered to the donning
of loose overalls. The women machine workers also have adopted
the waering of caps tc Obviate the danger of in.lury from their
hair becoming entangled in machinery.
Not only have wagon been employed in shops, but in
many cases they have undertaken more burdenseme toil. At the
Havelock, Neb.,shops of the Burlington MONOM operate lathes milling
machines, gear cutters, and shapers. 'heir work has been foLad
eatisfac:. ry, and eating* slower Ulan man they do accurate work.
In the Havelock shops women are also empleyed to distribute
blue prints, a work that requires considerable knowledge of the
makeup of a locomotive.
At the Pocatello (Idaho) shcps of the Oregon 'hort Line,
women are handling a large part of the machinery operation in the
repair and car shops where formerly only =Mk were employed* No
an other than is riven to
special training is given to the
teach both men and masa
instructors
same
men apprentices. The
are in charge of men,
Pocatello
at
the
women
All
apprentioes.
where a number of
road,
same
the
of
shops
Lake
'lot
bet at the
a
is in charge. In the
cleaners,
woman
as
coach
women are employed
opt
in
the
employed
ration
of engine
machine steps woman are
lathes, boring mills, vinmere brass lathes, End drill presses.
Most of the women are on specialized work. Those who show
special ability however are) trainedon machines at all kinds
to rive theme Teneral knowledge ad to fit them for advanced
positions. The reclaiming and repairing of glebe valves, boiler
checks, and miscellaneous valves has been found a work far which
women are well fitted. In the tin shop of one road they repair
lanterns and do general tinsmith work. Stay bolts are finished in
one boiler shop by two women. All parts of locomotives in
several shops are painted by women. At other shops women are
employed on journal twee box work, and in cleaning yards and
One road has suggested the employment of women as tracers
shops.
in the drafting room, which suggests a way to relieve the
shortage of draftsmen.


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New York Call. Jan.10,1918.21achinists' Union protects
First Women's ,
Lowell Yunitionettes.*-Lowell,Mass.Jan.10.1918- Munitionettes
By J. H. Duckworth.
***in Lowell have formed the first women's union in imble the
This enterprising band of young women, 2,000
metal industry.
strong, is now part of the International Association of
Eachinists***Its officers are all women*** 'We started this
thing for two reasons.***We are in direct competition with the
men, so we decided that we would organize so as to get the same
treatment as the men and so as not to hurt the men. -e don't want
The girls in our union
to cause any suffering here in Lowell.
, heading machines and
presses
run
and
sort
gauge,
work,
inspect
specialists. Women
as
organized
are
;;(5
machines.
shell
drawing
are doing men's work now, and will continue to do so after
the war, so we thought we would come in before it started to
rain."

Topeka (lansas) Journal. Jan47,1916.Less than Half of 6orking Girls Self-supporting...
Only 47 per cent of the women and maids: girls employed
in miscellaneous industries in this state are self-supporting,
according to a sensational report on working conditions of
Kansas women by the state welfare commission. Miss Linna
Bresette secretary of the commission ,charged discrimination
against A home" girls by state employers. Her report- the
first biennial report of the state commission- shows 41 per cent
of the working girls have received eighth grad, education, and
that 62.4 per cent of the girls work nine hours a day or longer.
The report of the state commission covers 64 printed pages and
reveals many unfavorable conditions for girls and women
employed in industrial activities in Kansas. ...Lverything has
advanced for the girl except her salary. ...28.7 per cent of
the girls in miscellaneous industries leave their positions
in less than a year.
New York Journal. Jan.14.1916.New fields for employTent for women constituted subjects
for discussion at the Women s Trade Union League conference.
It was asserted in a resolution that a certain class of men
in business under the guise of patriotism were getting women of
the leisure class to work. It was declared that this robbed
working women of their neigbborhood.
A resolution asserting that
conductorettes " are brutalized by their work on cars was tabled.
It was admitted that women in the subway earned the dame pay as
Many women took the stand that work on surface cars injured
men.
a girl's health and brought her into undesirable public attention.
The league decided that the only way to protect girls in the
messenger service Was Government control. The report asserted there
was a distinct hazard to the morals of girls and women in this
kind of work.


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New York Call. Jan.10,1918.1irwt women's Machinists' Union protects
Lowell Yunitionettes.*-...
By J. H. Duckworth.
Lowel1,Yessaan.10.1916- liunitionett
es
***in Lowell have forred the first women's union in libt
e the
metal industry. This enterprising bf_nd of young wom
en, 2,000
strong, is now part of the International 1.ssociation
of
Lachinists***Its officers are all women*** *We star
ted
thing for two reasons.***.:e are in direct competition this
with the
men, so we decided that we would organize so as to
get the same
treatment as the men and so as not to hurt the men
. e don't want
to cause any suffering here in Lowell. The girl
s in our union
inspect work, gauge, sort and run presses , head
ing machines and
drawing shell machines. ;:e are organized as spe
cia
lists. WOMB
are doing men's work now and will continue to
do so after
the war, sows thought we mould come in before
it started to
rain."
Topeka (lamas) Journal. Jen47,1916..
Less than Half of 'orkinr Girls Self
-supporting...
Only 47 per cent of the women and shifts
girls employed
in miscellaneous industries in this stat
e are self-supporting,
accordinr to a seasational report =worki
ng conditions of
Kansas women by the state welfare commis
sion. Mies Linn& E.
Bresette, secretary of the commission ,cha
rged discrimination
against *home" girls by state employers
. Her report- the
first biennial report of the state com
mission- shows 41 per cent
of the working girls have received eighth
grad= education, and
that 62.4 per cent of the girls work nine
hou
rs a day or longer.
The report of the state comaissi
on aware 64 printed pages and
reveals many unfavorable conditions for
girls and women
employed in industrial activities in
Kan
sas
. ...-verything has
advanced for the girl except ''or
sal
the girls in miscellaneous industrie ary. .6.26.7 per cent of
s leave their positions
in less than a year.
Nevi York Journal. Jan.14„1916.
..
New fields for employtent for
women constituted subjects
for discussion at the Tamen s
Trade Union League
confor
/tiles asserted in a resolution
that a certain class ofenoe.
in business under the guise of
men
istriotism were getting wom
the leisure class to work.
en of
It was declared that thi
s robbed
working women of their
neigbborhood.
resolution asserting that
"conductoreUes " are brut
aliz
ed
by
the
ir
work on cars 'us tabled.
It was admitted that wome
n in the subway earned
the One pay as
men. Many women took the
stand that work on surf
aoe oars injured
a girl's health and brou
ght her into undesirable
public attention.
The league decided that the
only way to protect girl
messenger service was
s in the
Government control. The
report asserted there
was a distinct hazard to
the morals of girls and
women in this
kind of york.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

r .Press.
Albany (N.Y). Knickerbocke

Jan•8,1918.9,—

o '?amen. Commission urges
Industrial Plante hire mur
new thuployes..definite Plan in utilizinT
in
ars boi.nr drPgn into
'iomenlIncreasing nunbers
ie not
i instances T;his
wr work, although in tlan
rAoort
*en, accortling to tbe
neolssitated by shortahe o:
The
rial commission.
yesterday o the St; induat
inite plan be followed in
def
commiosion urges that some
t
ustrial plants, pointing out thv
putting women to work in ind
are
re
The
hazard ff,shion.
this is now being done iu hap
/,re now angered which covld
men
certain occupctioza in which
ing women,"
"Jame industries sre hir
profitably employ worin.
will
it
er
that sooner or lat
says tho report,"orL iLe plea
tinues
con
war
If the
UTO draft.
bt!comc nccosL.ary because of
rot
t
e
Won
com
This will
se.
tore A.11 bc a gradual increa
es
l.v
wae
Jut because wowen the
only tecaucc of necessity,
Reaiizin!: that rrmen rnavt
ustry.
9re desirous of entering ind
elligently
ry in numbers, we should int
soarer or latE,r enter indust
the
o
int
her than have women go
prepare for this change, rat
Thore are many
hazard fa3hion.
various linos of work in hap
which anparently affo-0
occupations now held by Jaen
y be redo 'iefinAto by
These possibiliLies een onl
for women.
study."
tOk intensive and practical
-New Tark.TImes. Jan.11
ti1918.
Commissioncr C the
L. L. Gerntion, First Ueputy
speakinr-,...at the
n,
Commissio
Fer York 'tate Industrial
Union Lee'T.s of
de
ent s Tra
conference csIled by the Tam
Labor ot41ar3s
of
"Mainten=co
Nev York tc discuss tho
noneiWAy of
ual
act
wns no
During the vier," saiC there
So far, about
rs.
ore
lab
of men as
WOMSA taking the places
"said Mr.
tel
'"tc
k
Yor
lov!
in
2,000 women %eve replaced man
&Ave taken the olao, of
"In on, plant, 300 %roam
Gernon.
ed
s Aeroplaw Ccmpany ha substitut
menoomrittlazrniz. The Curtis
y
nem, uld another manufacturing compan
more than %75 women
plaoss of man. One shrapnel
nas 316 women workinz in the'
tat eg.pkyed 125 women, but
manufantilring 'oany up Ithi
by thc nion that scou, of thn
posit
there was so ruch
as.tzlent of Ltbcr has round
Dep
Tbe
women were Marion9d.
which they were naisclitt*sW6
a rumber of worm doing work for
ing sm imvostigation and will
mak
It Jr rev
tetp.71, unfitted.
for
Lt present there (Ise more men xiliting
report soon.
vomen have
the
ces
pla
the
for
ded
nco
employment tham ar actually
are
tutinp women for man
filled. rirployerr who are substi
p
or.
lab
cho
for
g
kin
those wno are loo


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1.100.717 (Nal. Knickerb.:,cker -Press. Jan.8,1918.06..
Industrial Plants hire more women. lommfeeon urges
definite Plan in Iltilizinr new tomplayesi•
in
?-'omenfincrop,sing numbers are being,7 drern irto
war work, although in meny instances thir actin ie not
esoessitated by shertehe rfmem, accoreine to tliA rrnert
yeeterday of the ,"tate inOlmtriel oommission.
coneerion Trrgee that eome deftnite plan be follmed in
puttinr woman to rfork in ineuetri?.1 piant,, pointing out that
There ere
thie is now beinG dono in harhezard f9shion.
eneed
which could
now
nre
nen
which
in
certain occupetions
are
indurtrier
hiring women,"
nire
weren,
erilley
profitably
roarer
or
r
,
latof
it r1/1
that
plee
seyv the report,"en lhe
row
the
Tf
nentinuee
drrft.
the
bocauee
of
become nmaersery
conb
v1/1
Thic
ebout
not
increase.
-resairal
a
there rill
romen
thmcel7es
because
but
recearity,
beoeure
of
only
ure desiroue of ertering induztry. nanlining that women must
comer or later enter indnetry ir nuaberits re should intelligently
prepare for this change, rather than have vman To into the
sion. Thire wre many
variour lines of rerk In haphrzar
apperrntly
thinh
afferd possibilities
,
men
by
holek
LZN:
OCcUp9UODS
h
cinly
esn
nosebilitl,em
wi.(1.o definite by
for remen. noese
prnotical
ctuOr."
sloo
Gn intcneiwn t4
34* Timek.Timea.
L. L. Gorndons rirnt Derity flommiesionsr of the

Ism or "tste Inauntrial Comyissiom, speaking...at the
20w:sr.:moo called by the women's Traria 7nion Llucue of
Nov York to discuss tho "rnintonnnne of' Labor tiandards
'luring the 4r," said there lme no actual Attoosaity of
wanton taking the pieces of men an laborarc. So ft,r, !tout
%COO woven 'cow repluoeo. men tn mew,- yo-% 4tate1 "sale'
,Ir.
,r.re tforlt Tc plaoc of
rou. "Im ene plunt, WO women!
ren•sexicheaema. Ihe (.14rtime Aerepinnc c4Rorny Ern cUbutituted
more that eiti women for rev,. and errtbtr rareteluring coupany
ht.. 316 women Aorkint in the Fleeter vfivrni.
chrt.pncl
e 'tate employee VT tem, but
mazufaoturiLf company up ti,
Ulna was ao much opposition by +he intone flirt some of the
womma wore diamiased. The bepartmemt f Lamb 1.:4 found
a nuaber of frown doin7, work for Ir11t1'. tIley atm xlitetiteed.
totull$ umattod.
It is new winkin,
in7anticttlon snd will
report aoon. it proetmt there "I! more usn ruitIng for
ma?loyment thttn are sotunlly nef?ded for tllo 21Lcea the women have
tapiouyore vho hre subst1+.”tin,7 .stam.711
zalr.re
t.hclue
o4ro luuking tor cheep


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

New York Call. Jan.11, 1918. Torking women will hold an important meeting. on aturday at which
profita larg,e part of the discussion will be on how to curb the
in
men
the
underbid
to
en
seeking corporations that are using -wom
both
injustice
of
out
money
labor market and are thereby ceinine
displace.
to the women who pet lower poy and the men whom they
will
tredee
needle
the
Practically every important union in
trLd.es
skilled
the
of
...'ome
be represented et the conference
hitherto
their
into
women
of
thet are menaced by the imeasion
restricted spheres will be repreeented, notably the machinists

New York Herald. Jan.10, 1918.Fstablishment of a clearing hclice for
-------the woman labor of the nation under the suoervision or Secretary
Mrs. Hilda Mulhsuser "icherds,
was announced to-day.
nosed chief of the buresu, cutlined as its principal function
the tssk of recruiting women to fill the ranks cf the Industrial
army wherever men are released for military duty.
New York World. Jan.10,1918.Few Tomen take War Jobs of Men. Survey of New York State's
Factories shot= that by fez the greatest demand is for skilled male
Labor.Washington. aan.9,1919.- F174 hundred fecIories, employing
are filling war order n in 14,7 York tate. About
pereons,
261,117
are canine for additi.onsl labor. 6ki1led male
ple.nte
these
176 of
labor is called for in nearly three-fourths of the cases, Rnd wamsn
These facts
labor in about one-eeventh of the unfilled plaees.
are disclosed in a report of the first survey rsde under Government auspices of industries engaged in war work to esoertsin
.
Employment
labor supply, made public to-aay by the United .1,etes
Tilts survey was confined to New York. Lt was directed
Service,
Tork
by Miss larie L. Obenauer while head of the Women's
Service.
Miss.Obernauer
Cection of the United States LMployment
states that only about 300 women worxers have been called for to take
Ono factory hiAs substituted 400 women for men,
the plcoes of men.
and by advertising oLzde announces that, many rore will be
In this connoction the ieport says:
substituted.
"It should be pointed out here that until steps have
beon taken to iv° all atailAle skilled male labor in important
-sar industries there c:.21 be 1-.o intelligent costrol of the
Ls yet Clere has been
eatre.nco of roman into im;ustry.
comparatively little substitution of women for man, but the
frequency with which employers express their determination to
make such substitutions is e strong argument for wise end watchful
activity in no dzitributing labor as to secure such substitution
az will result in sustained increased productivity, and All
strengthen Clic army of both men and women workers."
"There is an ample supply of labor both for the army and
for industry; the problem is one of proper adjustment," secretary
%loon said to-Jay in discuasik: plans of the Department of Labor
for mobilizilic Aorkers.

New York Call. Jan.11, 1918. turdsNy at which
Working women will hold an important meeting on
profitthe
curb
to
a large part of the disenesionrill be on how
non
in
tile
underbid
setiking corporations that are using wcwell to
both
injustice
out
o
labor mnrket nnd are thereby coining meow
ret lower pay and the moan whom they dinlace.
to tile)!men
Practioaly every important anion in the walla, t.radas will
skilled tr oe
be represented at the oonfereuce..."'ome of the
hittemo
tholr
into
wenl...
7 the invasion of
that aro menaced 1,
machinists
the
notably
restrictee spheres will be represented,
Now Yort: 7nra1d. Jana°, 1918.Esitablisluaant of a citmring hnuse for
"
the woman labor of the nation undue the supervision of Secretary
7iileon was announced to-day. ars. Kilda Mulhauser "icharin,
named chief of the bureau, outlined as its principal function
the task of recruiting women to fill the ranks of he industrial
army wherever men ere released for idlitary


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York Torld. jitn.10,1918.Ner
.
For - omen Luke 7:ar Jobs o2 Men. Curvey or re-,- York State's
fLatories fllovirs that by far the Greutect e..emand ie for skilled male
Lftbar.rashinntoon. dan.9,1919.- Five hundred fac:t,ories, ampleying
361,117 persons, era filling war orders in Noa ?OA: %ate.bout
labor. 6ki1led male
176 of these Jltints are callihc, 26r
labor ie allied for in nlarl,y -Ghr-fourths of the cases, and woman
labor in about one-seventh or the uarillee. 'ileves. These facts
are dtuclosed in n report or the first, murvey made under Governnent auspices of industriea encapd in war work to ascertain
labor saoply mfte,e public to-ikty by tho Phited 4$,Gtos Employment
Ser7ice."- qa survey was confina tc Tim York. At 1,,,as directed
by miss, Ilarie L. Obennuer rhi12 head of t,--z "menim Tar 7crk
lacticn of the Inited State:: Tly,)117,nt or7ice.
iss.Obornauer
stateu that ala4 out 300 vrmen woo4ors lv,vd `Ieon called for to take
the nlsoes of men. One factory 11-.8 stihntituto4 Yr woken for men,
and ty,y aivertising eurde annourrloe
nany more 9111 be
substitute. In ttis lonneetion tbo rnport says:
"It shq114 b9 pointed out hcre th.lt unttl steps have
bean taken to use tal wtsilahle 'Vinod male labor .1.1 important
war industries there OF1 be no Intelliffent coArol of the
entrance of -omen into ineustry. ,s yet there be boon
ooeparatively liLtle sUbatitution of women for man, but the
frequency Aith'kWh employers sarrers their detrmination to
make and substitutions is s strong arrumsnt for vise mad watchful
sotivitf in so dAtributinr lelaor as to secure mot eMbetitution
as will reti.At in susteine4 increased productivity, and All
strengthen the arRy of both mek and women werknre."
Aere iz an usple supply of labor both for the army and
industry;
the problm I.:: ono of proper adjustment," Secretary
for
Wilson said tl-day in di3msciejc, .1:1r,....1A of tha repartmpnt of Labor
for mobilising workers.

Washington (D. C.)Star.Jan.6, 1918. Says Yen nust Raise 7amon's Pay. Editor of ienerican leactinist predicts
Danger in Unequal Wage 3ca1e. Class Feeling Gone.- .....*en musi, :Jett
for equal wages for mon woman machinists -0Tho have been developed by the
war or there will be a permanent lowering of wages in industry, accoHing
to Fred F. Colvin, editor of the 1:merican machinist.. "It matters not
whether the man machinists want women in the shops," said Yr. Colvin.
"They are here and we must squarely face fillet their entrance into fi,ads
The short-sighted man may be
formerly occupied by men will mean.
to
work
enough
beside
e.
woman who is ioig the enme work as he and
willing
lower
wage;
laboring man cannot but realize
a
but
the
far-sighted
receiving
undorpayine
of
may
women
mean that he will soon be receiving
that this
Mr.
Colvin
has recently Loured England and Camada end his
no wage."
observations of -scnien in mechanical industries are interesting."In onc shop
in Toronto, iehere fuses were being slade, I found that out of a force of
3,000 persons , 2,100 were uomen. Ihey were employed in three shifts of
1,000 persons each. Financially the women were averaging better than
the men...(Three nevem! given).."In one factory in this country I found
women learners were ps.id only 24 while being taught , whereas the men recThe mnnufs.cturers explained this by sayint that they were
eived $ZS.
protectin7 the life of the industry by paying the man more, since he would
be permanent and the woman would not. 'The woman machinist,'say the company
Onagers, 'rill be a machinist for a few years only, whereas the man is
"Ther3 is no labor shortage at present, which
in industry for life,'
demands the presence of ;roman in the neavier forms of mechanical labor,"
said Mr. Colvin. "It may develop latsr if the uar should last for years,
but it hasn't come yet. There is, nosever, a great demARd for the proper
distribution of labor, and until this is remedied the factories and the
workmen will both be handicapped..liany manufacLurers are takine adimntage
of the war to rerlacc men with cheaper paid women. The wages in the mechanical
industries are tempting mr.ny Isomen away from employments in which they,
have made a success wad where they would be more useful to their country.
There is at yet no naienal crisis which justifieg the employment of women
in the heavier forme of mechanical labor for which they are unfitted. "In some
instances they have been employed in handling scrap, which is physically
This is all wrong.
There are some jobs which are
too wearing for women.
decidedly not woman's jobs and never will be.
On the other hand, there
are many positions in the mechanical industries where women do better than
The watchmakers, for instance, have employed them for years on the
men.
finer and more intricate work and their delicacy of touch has given than
pre-eminence. Lore women should study drafting.
There is a big fbeld
But, generally speaking, a woman is less
and a future for them in that.
interested in mechanics than a man, and, therefore, the mechanical
industries.do not offer her us attractive an opening.
The activities of
the British woman in munition making have riven some women in this country
the idea that it is the one form of war work most necessary for them to de.
7,11at a mistake! In Bridgeport, Conn., I found many school teachers and
murnes making munitions.
They felt that they wanted to do something
tangible, something that they would see was helping oirectly to win the war,
and they forgot that there are no two classes of women so essential just
now as the school teacher and the nurse.
In the nursing profession the
opportunities at this moment are greater than they have ever been. Thensteo,
the women were tempted by the high wages, which in some instances reached
six and seven dollars a day.
This sort of thing will work a general displacement in industrial life and the withdrawal of women from what is

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Washington (D. COStar.Jan.6, 1918. Sap, Men must RAi80 Towne s Fey. Editor of Amerioan
Lackinist predicts
Danger in Unequal 4age 6cale. Class Feeling Gone
.. 'mien must firsht
for equal wages for IMMIIMMWA machinists who have been
developed by the
war or there will be a permanent lowering of wages in
industry, according
to Fred R. Colvin, editor of the American Machinis
whether the man machinists want women in the shop t. "It matters not
s," said Mr. Colvin.
"They are here and ye must squarely face ebst thei
r entrance into fields
formerly occupied by men will mean. The short-si
ghted man any be
willing enough to work beside a woman who is ning
the same work as he and
receiving a lower "am but the far-sighted labo
ring man cannot but realize
that this underpaying of women may mean that he
will soon be receiviar
no map." Mr. 1;olvin has recently toured England
and Canada and his
observations of women in mechanical industries are
inte
resting.*In one chop
in Toronto, where ruses were being made, I foun
d that out, of a force or
3,000 persons , 2,100 were women. They' were
emploeed in three shifts 04
:
1,000 persons each. Financially the women
were avoraging better than
the men...(Three re cone eAren).."In one factory
in Ids country I found
women learners were paid only $?el while bein
g taught ,whereas the nen resolved $36. The manufacturers explained
this by sayint that they were
protecting the life of the industry by payi
ng the man more, since he would
be permanent and he moman would not. 'The wome
n machinist,leay the company
minagers,
bo a machinist for a few years only,
whereas the man is
in industry for life,' "There is no labor
shortage at present, which
demands the presence of wanton in the heavier
forms of uechanical labor,"
said :41r. Colvin. "It nay develop late
r if the war should last for year
s,
but it hasn't oome yet. There is, howevor,
a great danvd for the prop
distribution of labor, End until this
er
is remedied tie factories and
the
workmen will both be handicapped.Aany
manufaeturers are takinc, adva
ntag
e
of the war to replace men with cheaper
paid women. The wages in the
industries 're tempting many WaTIOZI
mech
anioal
coney from employments in vhich they
have made e sucrose and where they roul
d tonere useful to their coun
There is ae yet no national cris
try.
is rhich justified the employment
of women
in the heavier forms of mechanical labo
r for mhich they are unfitted.
instances they hive been employed
"In some
in handling scrap, Thich is
physically
too wearine for women. This is all
wrong. There are sone jobs whic
decidedly not reman's jobs and never
h are
vill be. On tle other hand, ther
are many positions in the mechanic
e
al industries there women do bett
men. The watchmakers for inst
er
than
ance, Miro employrd them for
reirs on the
finer and more intricete work End
thei
r
deli
cacy
of
touc
h
has
pre.eminenoe. Uwe women shou
given them
ld study drafting. There is
t big Meld
and a future for them in that.
But, eenerally speaking, a woma
interested in mechanics than a
n is less
man, and, therefore the
mechanical
industries.do net offer her es
attractive an opening. The
activities of
the British woman in munition
making have riven some women in
the ides that it is the one form
this country
of war work most necessary for
.:41at a mistake! In Bridget port
them to do.
,
nurses making munitions. They Conn. I found many school teechers and
felt that they wanted to do
something
tangible, something that they
would see was helpinr irectly
to win the war,
and they forrot that there are no
two classes of wanen so esse
ntial just
now as the school teacher and the
In the nursing profession the
ol:portunities at this moment are nurse.
greater then they have ever
been. Then,too,
the women were tempted by the high
wages, which in some instance
six and seven dollars a day. This
s reached
sort of thing will work a gene
placement in industrial life am
ral disthe withdrawal of women from
what is

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

ued)
2. (cOntin
The war has broken
emphatically women's work will be a disadvantage.
the idea Lhai, it was not
and
women
rnint
wage-ea
down the class feeling among
is 'unladylike' not
It
ed.
dispell
been
has
'ladylike' to work in i; shop
tine
be.
may
it
r
whateve
doing,
be
to do the thing one should
I
noticed
ared.
disappe
have
,
leiaure
and
s
distinctions, by Idlanes
l
dixote of the
beet
blirpro
the
of
one
is
This
.
this constantly in England
"
reably.
immeasu
mar and is goinp; to benefit England


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

,1918.Milwaukee (Wis.) Leader. Jan.9
ne Shops.
Labor Shortage places ::amen in Machi
oads to offer the most
Tho labor shortage has led the railr
t of men workers by women.
advanced example of the replacemen
100 women t-s section hands.
The Lew York Central is employing
work in railroad machine
Hundreds of women have been put to
supposed only men were
shops, doing tasks which it was once
men that the employIt le the belief of railroad
fitted for.
work will be extended to
ment of women for heavier sorts of
treater degree.
piecing women in the
The difficulties me a7perienced in
serious as railroad men
machines shops have not proved as
es are
Rent rooms and rooms for chant;ing cloth
anticipated.
to be
had
have
changes which
among the most important physical
of
tion
atten
Foremen say that when the
mad in the shops.
nery
machi
about
ng
worki
women is called to the danger from
been offered to the donning
have
tions
objec
few
very
in skirts,
workers also have adopted
of loose overalls. The -women machine
r of injury from their
the raering of caps to obviate the dange
hair becoming entangled in machinery.
Not only have women been employed in above, but in
nsome toil. .J.t, the
many cases they have undertaken more burde
oporate lathes, milling
=son
Havelock, Neb.,shops of the Burlington
-Jeen found
hae :
work
'
%oil
machines, wear cutters, and shapers.
ate work.
do
accur
tley
men
satisfaotry, and although slower than
ibute
to
yed
distr
anplo
In the Havelock shopa women are also
le knowledge of the
blue prints, a work that requires considerab
makeup of a locomotive.
At the Pocatello (Idaho) shops or the Oregon hart Lino,
tion in the
women are handling a large part of the machinery opera
yed. No
were
men
emplo
only
rly
forme
repair and car shops where
to
it
given
than
other
alimain
the
special training it riven to
INomen
and
men
both
teach
s
uctor
The same instr
men apprentices.
e of men,
apprentices. All the women at Pooetello are in charg
r of
numbe
a
where
road,
same
but at the slat Lake shops of the
In the
e.
charg
in
is
woman
a
ers,
women are employed as coach clean
e
engin
of
tion
opera
the
machine shops women ere employad in
presses.
lathes, boring mills, planers, brass lathes, and drill
show
who
Those
d
Most of the women are on specialize tork.
all kinds
special ability however are trainedon :machines of
advanced
for
them
fit
to
md
to Five them a general knonledge
s, boiler
valve
globe
of
ring
The reclaiming und repai
positions.
which
for
work
a
found
been
has
checks, and miscellaneoua valves
r
repai
they
road
one
of
shop
In the tin
women are well fitted.
in
hed
finis
are
bolts
3tay
lanterns %rid do general tinsmith work.
in
s
otive
of
locom
parts
All
one boiler shop by two women.
are
sevoral shops are painted by women. At other shops women
and
yards
ing
in
clean
employed on journal boxes box work, and
tracers
as
women
of
yment
One road has suggestod the emplo
shops.
the
ve
relie
to
in the drafting room, v.hich suggests a way
shortage of draftsmen.

Subje ot:

U. S.. Women in Industry*

(Agriculture).

Topeka State Journal. March 94. 1918.,,
:omen as Farm Laborers.

By Frederic J. Haskin.

A "Woman's Livid Army" has recently been organize
Washington. March 6.in New York State with a view of relieving the farm labor shortage
anticipated this season.
The women of this army are to be organized
into gangs of about ten members each,which, under the direction of a
supervising manager will go from farm to farm in the fruit-growing and
truck-farming sections of the eastern states and help the farmers harvest
There is one condition attached to this feminine aid
their crops.
however/ The women must be guaranteed suitible living accommodations.
This is the first movement to substitute women for male
laborers on the farms of this country, and has brought forth a wide
diversity of opinion as to the merits of woman farm labor.
Inevitably, there will be a great scarcity of labor on the
farms this year.
No special exemptions from the draft have been made
in the case of farmers, thile the high wages prevailing in industry are
drawing more and more men away from agriculture.
Still, the popular
tendency seems to be to solve the problem in some other may than by the
substitution of women*
Prof. 7. J. Spillman, formerly farm management expert of
the department of agriculture, now at Cornell University is of the
opinion that female labor could be used on the farms with good results.
"This season I expect to see at least 30,000 women taking the places of
men on farms," he predicted a short time ago. "It is estimated that
nearly 40 per cent of the young men drafted will come from the farms.
Male labor is already scarce,
Women will be needed to help harvest
the crops."
On the other hand, other authorities are emphatic in their
opposition to such a measure.
Miss Helen W. Atwater of the Department
of Igriculture and a member of the Woman's Ccmmittee of the Council of
National Lefianse declares that the substitution of women for men on
the farms would not only be an unnecessary but a tremendously expensive
answer to the labor scarcity problem.
Ire have not yet reached the point where such a measure is
easential," she asserts. "In kingillknd it is, even though it costs as
much to place a woman in the agricultural field in mgland as it
does to
send a soldier to the front."
In the first place, Miss Atwater says, women are not born
farm laborers-they have to be trained,
In England, for instance,
they have to be taught to milk cows, to handle farm implements, and to
do the the special tedious work of the dairies- all of which takes
some
time.
Ax months of training are not enough, in some cases, to
convert a woman urbanite into a farmer.
In the second place, living conditions on ,marican farms
are usually anything but compatible with the needs of women laborers.
At most farms when the hired hands arrive in the busy farming
season, they
are compelled, in the popular phrase of the stret, "to shift
for themselves."
The farmer's wife does not get out her best silverware and
china and linen sheets to welcome them,
She works from morning to
night preparing their food, but that is about all she can do.
The
laborers sleep in the barn, in the hay mow or in hastily
constructed beds
of hay and blankets.

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Ask the average farmer's wife to house a gang of ten women
workers, and she would most liekly collapse on the floor. "The only thing
you could do," said Miss Atwater, would be to build or rent temporary
accomodations for the women workers, and one woman would have to be taken
along as housekeeper, to take care of the cooking, laundry and other
necessary factors of existence."
This is xxismddiluxides somewbat the plan that the new
women's land army of New York State has in mind. They believe that
training women for agriculture is a more useful occupation than training them to shoot, and that when the timo comes-when the actual
scarcity of labor is being felt- suitable living conditions for the
romen workers will be forthcoming either from the frmers themselves
or in the way of steuscriptions to be used in the rection of sleeping
quarters.
In Great Britain, where the employment of women on the
farms has long since been accepted as a necessity uar measure , classes
in milking, cheece-anakingepoiltry feedlots and light farm work are a
feature of every village,town and estate,
Local farmers, as a matter
of patriotic duty, have loaned their cows and horses for such instruction; the agricultural colleges board women farm students 6a their
dormitories, and courses of farm instruction are now offered by
numerous counties.
The United States at present is not in imminent &als:er of
eint reduced to the difficulties in which Great Britain
found her.
self in Lhe spring of 1916i but we should take cars not to
make the
same mistake.
Apparently, the German U-boat maneuvers were not
anticipated at the beginning of the war, for Englantl 2et
her food
production diminish to an alarminely mnall output before she
realized
her danger.
The whole country beeame aroused.
The soil,much of
which had lain idol, had to be treatedm and other remedies institu
ted
Before food production could be restored to a normal basis.
Since the mabority of the nations farm hands had been sent
to the trenches, there was nothing to do but ask the women
to come to
the rescue.
•flagmen of leisure, who had never done anything more
ximmarams strenuous than to kn't stockings and caps for soldier
s,
enlisted for farm work ulong with women workers of the
cities.
milliners, shop girls and domestics.
But, at first, this voluntary aid was not appreciated by
English farmers.
They were dubious about hiring girls who had never
seem a cow, who did not know beets from carrots
, and who could not
handle horses.
So the government offered to train the girls.
A girl
was sent to a certain Per% where she had
to agree to remain for eight
weeks.
?or the first four weeks, regarded as a
period of instruction,
she was paid ten shillings per week by the
government.
After that, the
farmers paid the wages, since it was assumed
that by that time the
rirl would begin to earn it.
The other plak adopted was that of the so-call
ed farm gang,
such as the Woman's Land I.rmy of
York
Nor
has
in
mind,
in
which
several
girls under a leader travel about
the country from one farm to another
helping with the various harvests.
Sometimes they pick strawberries
on line farm; milk co we on another
; work in the fields of yet another;
and then end the season by harvesting
hops.
Many of the women in these gangs go
from a life of gentle
leisure to one of considerable hardshi
p. A day's program is apt to
consist of breakfast at half-past five
in the morning; picking strawnerries until noon; a short interval in
whic1 a small "snack" is eaten;
then an afternoon of cleaning stables, churnin
g butter, and milking cows,
and bed immediately after supper.
Physically, it does not seam to hurt the women,
according

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4to British reports, although this statement has been challenged
by medical authorities who claim to have investigated the matter.
Thousands of :uropean women are sufforing from injuries received in
industrial occupations that are altogether beyond their strength, is the
assertion of these investigators. Women farm ltlborers, for instance,
have been injured by lifting heavy weights.
Thile light farm work would seem to be a healthy occupation
for women, the tendency Is to disparage it as a feminine pursuit in this
country. A movement has already been started to prevent women from
entering Industries requiring a man's strength, and in the opinion of
Let the
many people farm work is distinctly in this category.
women take the office jobs and release the man for the benviv work, is
the plea of the experts.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

%Few York Sun, Oct.9, 1918) For first time in the histor
y of the
i pottery business women will be employed as mould runner
s. Heretofore
they have only worked in *arehozse and decorating
department. Wages
\ offered mould runners vary from $2.50 to $3,50a day.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

October 31, 1918.

(Lynn,Mass. Oct.7-18) War Labor Policies Board,- takes a strong
position against employing women in placs where they arelikely
to suffer physically or morally,- as for example, in barrooms,
poolrooms, mines, smelters and quarries, or on furnace work in
glass work. Girls under 2i.1 yrs. of age should not be employed for
messenger service, as bell boys in hotels or clubs, for elevator
operators, or in street car or elevated transportation service.
The recruiting of mothers of youtv„• children for war industries is
Iiscouraged.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

V
vo*e.•

.4

Women work on punch presses at Maywood, Ill.

p.

Board of Trade Labour Gazette. Dec. 1916. (p.448)
7crk of t1,05. iicimen.s County :.griculturo Committees. ...In Salisbury
waste land near the city has been acquired, and in being entirely
work in part-time shifts by women and stria. This land, which as a
wilderness !.n te rprinr of this year, is now producing a good crop
of rothtoes, cabbages, and other vegc.tc.L1Le.
The ..3ZEmb,758: 526.527. Sept.15,1917.
nritish Women entering Agriculture.-- So large and importnnt
has been the increase of women on the land that the Eng1is4 Board of
4r1cu1ture found it necessary in JrnuAryl 1917, to orp,anise a lionen's
Labour Nopartment.... At the last census, in 1911, there wore 120,000
woman doing agricultural work in the U,litcd KincAlm, including seasonal
workers. Between April, 1914, and Apri1,1917, there has been an
increelA of 44,60^... The Government is now energetically promoting
different methods of training women in agriculture. Besides tLgricultural
collezes, cvmparativoly fta in numbers •ft..ore 're 247 training centres
and 140 farms registered as establishments for the instruction of wo:aen•••
The gricultural Organization -etxicty ht_t creatoe 125 farm %meet clubs,
misnamed "institutes," priomusily for the purpose of cooperation in
buying and it& the me cf mocern appliances but incidentally eleo excellent
means of mutual instruction and advice by lecturers sent on circuit.
T)le 7emenis Labour Department of the 71o;.1rd of ftsain ;.grioulture has
organizing secretaries in each of ides sixty counties and sixteen trlollIng
inspectors...


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Women in Industry.
Subject: Vew York State,
Mew York Call, Mar. 11, 1918.
bill to protect
York cuty has indorsed a
The Consumer's league of New
t has been intha
rs
m night work and long hou
women elevator operators fro
industrial
te
the sta
ley at the suggestion of
zations and
troduced by Assemblyman Bew
ani
affiliated org
The Consumers' league asks its
of a carecommission.
ult
the res
t to this bill, which is
ors and
rat
members to give their suppor
women ope
luded interviews with the
inc
t
tha
n,
tio
iga
est
inv
ful
employed.
ldings where the women are
the superintendents of bui
York City Consumers'
New
the
, secy. of
According to Miss Neil Swartz
Manhattan as ele400 women employed in
and
350
n
wee
bet
are
re
the
,
league
The majority of the
rtment houses.
apa
in
m
the
of
t
mos
s
ner
vator run
since the June draft.
this new field of work
women have been taken on in
domestic servants,
ks of life, waitresses,
They have come from all wA.
and factory hands.
The investigation shows
very irregular.
The hours of employment are
the day shift hours are
girls work on shifts,
Fiftythat in most apartment houses
p.m. to 8 a.m.
the night shift from 6
kly
wee
ir
usually 8 a.m. to 6 p,m.;
The
y.
are employed on night dut
m54
fro
ft
three per cent of the women
shi
the day
from 56 to 105 hours,
run
ft
shi
ht
nig
the
no
on
,
rs
ses
hou
in most hou
work at nif.)7ht, there is
who
se
tho
For
rs.
hou
70
to
provision made for sleeping.
s service work
the girls employed in thi
of
t
cen
per
t
igh
y-e
ent
Sev
day of rest in
ly none have the one
cal
cti
Pra
k.
wee
a
s
day
6
more than
seven.
them being under 24
ng, practically all of
16
Most of the girls are you
rs of age or less, while
TYirty per cent are 21 yea
ied.
arr
unm
are
m
years of age.
The majority Of the
of age.
k,
wor
new
ir
per cent are uhder 18 years
liked the
interviewed said, they
oy
enj
On the whole, the girls
One girl said, "I
and the night work.
except for the long hours
be made to allow tige
ld
cou
arrangemcrt
e
som
t
tha
h
wis
but
e,
e to eith3r carry
my work her
;as it is now,,T. .lav
ch.
lun
for
off
e
tim
the end of my 13-hour
us to have
I also find that at
it.
t
hou
wit
ogo
or
ch
lun
my
jump from
All day long I iLave to
ed.
tir
and
s
vou
ner
y
ver
.1.121
day I
to the switchboard
or, and lien run back
vat
ele
the
run
to
rd
boa
tch
the swi
I also wish I did not
rter working day, and
l are open
I wish ne could hnve a sho
The big doors in the hal
shift.
in the lobby."
have to work on the night
ne
alo
e
her
ting
often frightened, sit
,
all night ion", and I am
it the emix^
hib
nwr
will pro
it
it12sembly
intro_^_
Ph, Bowley Ziii, As
vator service, prohibit
years of age in the ele
21
er
und
en
wom
of
nt
yme
plo
any week, or Wore 7
me days of 54 hours in
het
6
n
tha
e
mor
g
kin
wor
ir
the
evening.
or after 10 o'clock in the
o'clock in the morning


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subject:U. 3.e.
7omen in Industry.
(The Boston Traveler. March 13, 1918.)
By Pauline Goldmark. Of the National Consumers' League.
(Fourth of a series of articles „copyrighted by the New York Evening Post,
writeen from different points of view dealing with the new industrial
opportunities for women in America brought about by the change in labor
conditions resulting from the war.
The first article gave the employer's
viewpoint, the second was the viewpoint of a woman conductor, the rhird
by
a labor leader.)

"Our women are performing a genuine patriotic service," says
Lr. Shonts in one of his recent homilies on efficiency and social manners.
These exhortations, as the traveling public knows, have ranged from advising
on the proper way to fold on Is newspaper to the cost of a ten-car train.
The emiloyment of women on New York street cars, to which Mr. 'llonts
now calls attention, for the first time, is a new and Important facto
r.
'omen as conductors are an innovation which may well interest the
public.
Whether, however, they are really performing a patriotic servie
e in releasinc
man power foe work on war supplies, or whether there are other
reasons
for the change , is a bdebatable subject.
Widening of women's sphere of usefulness is in itself
a
weclome sign.
There are many lines of work eminently fitting but
long
deaied to women in their competition with men.
The new industrial dangers
must,however,be realized 9 and proper conditions of work
made possible
if we are now to reap the benefits of the new opportunities.
Wages Attract.
Women are now working for the Interborough
and Brooklyn Rapid Transit Companies as conductors on
the surface carsand
as guards in the subway.
The companies assert that they work on
equal
terms with men, since the pay is the same- the starti
ng wage. being 24 cents
an hour for guards and 27 cents an hour for conductors.
Aomen are attracted
by these wages, which are undeniably higher than in many
other occupations
employing women only, for women's pay is notori
ously lower than men's.
This, indeed, is the reason why the labori
ng maliviews
askance the introduction of women into new fields
and fears the consequent
undercutting of his wage scale.
Hence the question at once arises; Does
this rate which women are receiving for street
-car work come up to the
market rate for labor of this class?
Employers are now recognizing that wages
even for unskilled
labor have risen to a new high-water mark.
In many parts of the country the
rate has now reached 37 lA cents an hour.
Pay on the street-oar and
subway service has long been conspicuously
low, considering the degree of
intelligence and skill rewired.
Shortage cuestionable.
Although an increase of one cent an
hour was recently put into effect in New
York city, wages have by no
meqns caught up with the steadily climbi
ng cost of living.
After six
years of service, a conductor of the
Brooklyn Eapid Transit Company
reaches the sum of 35 cents an hour.
The transportation companies say
that they are engaging women
on tk account of the shortage of male
labor.
But the amount of this
shortage is at present questionable
.
While there is undeniably a strong
demand for higkly skilled workers with
technical training, it is coming to
be recognized , so far as the
unskilled or semi..unskilled are concer
ned
that it is the distribution rather than
the scarcity of labor that is at
fault.

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Women in Industry in the United states.
Albany (New York)-_Rnickerbocker Preaa m_ Jan.

2p, 4918.)

(Ey Dorothy Craigie)
*** In connection with tne Department
of Labor the Oevernment has created & Woman's Division of Employment
Service whoaa principal work will be to obtain women to fill •S 'a
vacated by men, owing to the war t and tkietie women are to receive the
same wages as their predeceaaorse don has subagencies ih
aeven of the largest ces 11.** Rrgistration of women skilled in the
various occupatiens is being made and as faet ao vacancies °Emir they
are offered positions.
Clerical poeona with attractive salaries
are now available for women in the civan division of the army ordnance department. *** Who would have believed ten years ago that the
ability to run a aewing macnine would bring an income of $3 a day and
more.
The Government iu paying Wis.*** The internal Revenue now
has a dozen women deputy collectors in Albany.
*** The Post Office
Department is under Civil Service and che examinations in moet cases
ara open to botL men and women.
*** But there is really nothing about the datiee of a mail clerk Which makes the poon unsuitable to
women and tn the near future it is expected they will enter thislpranch
also *** Railways, factories, machine shops, electrical works, and Isak.
At the railroad
on plants have baen thr;:len wide open to women.
tne
delicate
shops in port Jervis women skilled in running
madhines are
earning from $0.40 to $1 an hour.
Heretofore it nas been considered a
man'a Nork but when compelled by prevailing condons to except women
employees, it wait found that their facile fingers and adaptabiiity
Women have been em-,
ted them for the work even more rapidly than men.
pleyed aa: push Terminal in Brooklyn for the last nine months in loadThenening freight ears, round.‘house duties and general freight work.
eral Electric Company at Schenettady has hundreds of women employed in
Ticket sellers and conducUae shops au well as in clerical posons.
tors on tile submAy road and elevated railroads in New York are now main,
Some of the surface lines also have women conductors. In the
ly women.
officee of many corporations women wto have been employed as clerks,
stenographers or secretaryes are rapidly filling the posons of department managers, foreterly occupied by men who are now in the service.
Their value has been proven in a very uhort time and as a result their
saltries have increaeed with their advancement until the highest standFurthermore ae a result a the passage of the
ards have been reached.
confidently
expected tnat women will hoi.d those
suffrage amendment it ie
posons now considered by men as their prerogative and welcome for their
aIIonal income, namely, the pocal jobs of pole and ballot clerks,
and the election inspector which women may now claim at the next election.
New York Herald, Jan. 20, 1918. There Are nearly three times as
many women amp;oyed in factories and workshops now in Detroit,Michigan
as there were before the war, according to statistics gathered recently
by the coxmittee on 'Public Information Division of Women's war Work ***


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-2The
New York World. Jan. 22, L918. tPublic Service Commission has
received the first formal protest against tne employment of women on subChairman Strausthas answered the complaint
way cars-and surface cars.
with the statement that the commission is without power to do anything
in that regard. ***
Baltimore, Md. News, Jan. 171_1918.-- Women to sew on soldier's
Miss
uniforms is the crying need of the government at the present time.
confor
Women
Bureau
t
Employmen
t
Governmen
the
of
Nannie Irvine, Chief
tends that the shortage of women workers in uniform factories is to a line
extent responsible for conditions in some of the cantonements recently
revieldd in the Congressional Investigation *** In these clothing factories working on Government contracts, salaries are fairly good, the pay far
a beginner ranging from $8 to $10, and in a number of factories totally
inexperienced hands are taken on and paid $7 a week while learning, while
a woman wno has had some experience in nome sewing can soon make $15 to
$18 a week.
Women
Seattll Washington Post-iIntelligen, Jan. 8, 1918.-to a
according
will not be employed as street car conductors in Seattle
following
n
decision reached last night by the Public Service Commissio
a public hearing *** The Commission ruled in effect that the health of
women would be endabgered in undertaking such work ***
, Jan. 111 1918. -- E. P. Michael, PresKansas City, Mo. Star.
ident of the local Street Car Men's union stated on the witness stand
at noon today, testifying before the Missouri public Service Commission,
as
he would call a strike if woken conductors were placed on the cars
not
would
he
said
Midutel
to
do.
expected
it
the Metropolitan has said
make
should
war
the
of
progress
the
oppose the employment of women if
Fe said
such employment necessary at any time in the next year or two.
vacanfill
to
t
employmen
such
he would even go so far as to recommend
cies if it were really mpossible to get enough men to man the oars.
But such a condition here insisted does not exist now.
New York Times, Jan. 20, 1918. -- By Richkird Barry: (quotations
New York
from interview with James M. Lynch, Labor Leader, member of the
Union
.
arouses
hostility
labor
Female
n.
State Industrial Commissio
exploitas
ions
substitut
such
regard
workers
men
leader asserts that
ation of the weaker sex, unnecessary as yet and tending to cause industrial unrest. Coming down on the train froT Puffalo I saw a secThey were working
tion gang composed intirely of women in overalls.
for
common labor for
rate
pay
basic
I WAS told for $1.50 is day, now the
.re working for
wo-nen
the
there
and
men in this State is $0.30 an hour,
with men
filled
are
t
offices
less than .20 an hour while the employmen
one
up
State,
Or take a big airplane factorry
unable to find work.
s
applicant
than
500
that advertises each day for men and receives more
or
20
only
a day, from who it seldom Chooses more than 50 and unually
hour while
an
cents
20
at
possible
wherever
woxen
choosing
It is
30.
In New York City the InterBonough
the least men will take is 30 cents.
and are compelled to employ
men
get
not
can
the
have announced that
t offices, one in Brooklyn
employmen
big
two
are
However, Caere
women.
Both
by the City.
managed
Manhattan
in
one
managed by the state, and
ever
has
neither
yet
work,
s
for
are constantly filled by male applicant
you
do
How
men.
received an application from the Inter Borough for
thint & man will feel who unable to find a job boards a car and is ab
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

This is the problem in a nutliged to hand his nickel to a woman?
It must recalled that the New York
There is dynamite in it.
shell.
cy of paying their new women
poli
a
d
s
unce
have
anno
Transit Companie
aimilar jobs, but Mr. Lynch
for
men
to
s
paid
s
employee the same wage
subwas firmly of the opiniEn that in most lines of industry the women
been
had
ey
esth
e
plac
*hos
in
men
than
r
stitutes were drawing lowe pay
It seems to me that our problem ia to 1-Alt the unemployed
substituted.
into
men to work, not to seize the defenseless women and impress them
ed
has
fitt
ning
trai
nor
re
industrial pursuits for which neither natu
In
e.
ctur
stru
al
soci
them, thus demoralizing our Entire moral and
car conductors
New York the companies are now employing *omen street
ine that the
imag
And do you
but have you heard of a motor woman?
endure the train.nt
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers would for a mome
?
ing and employment of women to drive street cars in this city
umMemphis Tennessee Commercial-Apveal, Jan. 13, 1918.-- Tusc
s
near
Positions at the Southern Railway Shop
bia, Alabama, Jan. 12.
by the call of
this city and Sheffield are being vacated so rapidly
s brought about
wage
in
ion
etit
young men to arms and by the strong comp
to young women.
ed
offer
g
bein
by the nitrate plant that the places are
position of
the
down
ing
Miss *** daughter of engineer *** is now hold
and doing
h
mont
4
$65
turntable operator at the shops at a salary of
the work as well as the young man she succeeded.
ile the labor shortAlbany, N. Y. Argus, Jan. 13, 1918.--Wh
in work never before atage in one direction by the advent of women
ehold service is being setempted by them, their defection from hous
hard wor*,
Their latest field of endeavor embraces
verely felt.
A short time ago it was
.
work never before deemed suitable for them
employing 100 women as secannounced that the vew York Central was
since then it has deState.
tion hands in the Western tart of the
employed in railroad and ma9
veloped that hundreds of women are now
has only been performed by men.
Chine shops doing work which hitherto
by women predict that shortThose who have watched the progress made
Athe heavier kinds of work.
ly they will be found doing kinds of
al
anic
mech
the
into
ed women
mong the railroads that have introduc
, Erie, New York Central, MinnOhio
and
e
imor
departments are the Balt
e, Burlington, Northern Pacific
eapolis, St. Paul, and Sault Ste. mari
the Chicago, Milwaukee and St.
Union pacific, Oregon Short line, and
oyment of women is no longer an
on most of these roads the empl
Paul.
hes was settled by the women themexperiment *** The question of clot
er of their skirts being caught
selves when they found thete was dang
caps to obviate
They adopted loose overalls, and
in tne macninery.
street
Rooms Where they could change from
any injury to their hair.
s have been provided and these were
to working clothes, and rest room
ting from men to women workers. ***
all the changes necessary in shif
Burlington woken operate lathes
At the Havelock, Nebr. shops of the
Their work has
, and shapers.
milling machines, and gear-cutters
rate
although slower than men they do accu
been found satisfactory and
te
ribu
dist
are also Employed to
In the Havelock shops women
work.
make
considerable knowledge of the
blueprints, a work that requires
hteac
ersity and
A young woman graduate of a univ
up of a locomotive.
the
High School obtained a position in
er of science in a Nebraska


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She became
Havelock shops for the experience to help her in teaching.
tool room,
the
in
work
lathe
to
ed
proficient as a machinist, as assign
ft the
on.
positi
ng
teachi
her
ed
and liked it so much that she resign
of
the
s
office
l
genera
the
in
end of three months a vacancy occurred
in
on
positi
sible
respon
a
g
mecnanical department and she is no* holdin
gton.
the
Purlin
for
power,
the office of the Superintendent of votive
Short Line woAt the IDocotello, Idaho, shops of the Oregon
in the repair
ion
men are handling a large part of the machinery operat
special trainvo
ana car snops where formerly only men were employed.
tices. The
ing is given to the women other thathes given to men appren
All the women
same instructors teach both men and. women apprentices.
shops of the
at Pocotello are in charge of men, but at the Salt Lake
ed as coach cleaners a women
sAMO road where a number of women are employ
are employed they operwomen
In machine shops Where
is in charge.
pressea, and brass lathes.
drill
,
planes
ate engine itathes, boring mills,
who show special am.
Those
work.
Most of the women are on socialized
to give them a
kinds
all
of
es
bility, however, are trained on machin
The reclaiming
ons.
positi
ed
general knowledge to fit them for advanc
laneous valves
miscel
and
,
and repairing of globe valves, boiler cnecks
In the tin
.
fitted
well
has been found a work for which women are
work. Stay
repair
l
genera
aim, of one road they repair lanterns and do
of loparts
All
women.
bolts are finished in one boiler shop by two
women
shops
other
At
ccmotives in several shops are painted by women.
One
shops.
and
yards
ng
are employed on general box work, and in cleani
ng
the
in
drafti
s
road has seugeeated the employment of women as tracer
The
men.
room Ahich suggests a way to relieve the shortage of drafts
shops
in
women
goneriel experience of railroads with the employment of
will be one of the
hae been found so satisfactory that they believe it
This has been the experience
means of solving the war-labor shortage.
cf England, France, and Italy. ,
Coal-rAming companies
iNew York Tribune, Jun. 20 1918.
employ women in powill
lvania
Pennsy
of
ct
in the Lehigh Valley Distri
sitions dant aide of the shops.
Brooklyn, New York Eagle.-Jan. l6.1. 1918.-e About 200 young
of the E. R. Ladew
women are now employed at the Leather Belting Plant
To
overalls.
and
rs
The wear bloome
Inc. on the stitcning horses.
g
ii
$314fii
costin
provide for their comfort Andreesing and rest room
Up to & few months ago this plant
$3,500 has been added to the plant.
had always employed men only.


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tinuod)
2. (ca
The wur has brokon
a disadvtatage.
emphatically womente work will be
the idea Vint it was not
and
-earninc women
down the class fooling among wage
is tunledylikel not
It
tc work in a shop hal been dispelled.
Fine
bm.
may
g, whatever it
to do the thing one :Mould be doin
notieed
/
red.
ppea
hE-74 disa
distinctions, by idleness and leisure,
cte of the
odu
opr
'br
This 13 one of the best
this constantly in 7ngland.
imulec,,:urefAbly."
war and is goinr, to benefit England


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Cincinnati (0) -,nquirer. Jana, 1918.--


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There is much newspaper space filled these
Filling ken's Places.and artistic photographs of women
ions
descript
eloquent
days with
in various occupations
who have been secured to take men's places
ely. ...Only within
exclusiv
hitherto filled by members of the male sex
termed, resigned
were
they
a fortnight eight "lady letter-carriers," as
the work of
because
city
large
to the superintendent of 1-ails in a
on was
conclusi
This
ng.
exhausti
carrying a mail bat was too
winds
chilling
amid
snow
the
through
reached after weary trudging
said
job,"
a
man's
is
"It
stairs.
of
and climbing unending flights
the
slipped
and
cap
gray
pretty
her
the leader as she laid down
The lady track-walker , the lady engine
heavy bag over her head.
d that
hostler and the lady depot guard have gone their way satisfie
York,
New
In
correct.
the old division of labor was in the main
railway
the experiment of having women in charge of the elevated
s complain
new
official
Some of the
stations at all times continues.
of
and
night,
their
of the loneliness in the late watches of the
misgivings concerning the solitary traveler who turns up at 3 a.m, and
...The experiment
seems to slink about the platform meditating mischief.
without
but
on,
carried
with women conductors is also being
It will be wise
any report as to success or failure being announced.
.
the
managers
by
action
for all of us to await final
Albany (N.Y.) Knickerbocker Press.

Jan.8,1918.-

Industrial Plants hire more Women.Cammission Urges Definite
Plan in utilizing new Employes..--.- women in increasing numbers
are being drawn into war work, although in many instances this action
is not necessitated by shortage of men, according to the report yesterThe commission urges that
day of the State industrial couzission.
to work in industrial
-women
some definite plan be followed in putting
done
in haphazard fashion.
being
plants, pointing out that this is now
There are certain occupations in which men are engaged now which
could profitably employ women. "Same industries are hiring women
says the report, "on the plea that sooner or later it will become
If the war continues there will
necessary because or the draft.
This will come about hot only because of
bo a gradual increase.
necessity, but because women themselves are desirous of entering
Realizing that women must sooner or later inter industry
industry.
in numbers, we should intelligently prepare for this change,
rather than he women go into the various lines of work in
There are many occupations now held by men which
haphazard fashion.
These possibilities
app rently afford possibilities for women.
can only be made definite by an intensive and practical stud,."
iiestetexemexe3asmoscomerwx •••

.-Cincianati (0) :nquirer. Jan.2, 1918
much newspaper space filled those
Filling Len's lacee.- There is artistic photoraphs of women
and
days with eloquent descriptions
s places in various occupations
men'
take
to
red
secu
been
who have
in
male sex exclusively. ...Only with
hitherto filled by members of the
gned
resi
ed,
term
were
er-carrkers2" as they
of
a fortnight eicht "lady lett
in a large city because the work
ils
to tho 4uporintendent of 1-a
was
on
lusi
conc
ng. This
carrying a mail bag was too exhausti the snow amid chilling winds
ug"a
thro
ging
y
trud
rowelled after rear
etairs. "It is a man's job," said
and climbing unending flights of
pretty gray cap and slipped the
the leader as she laid dams her
trackswiralker 2 the lady engine
heavy bag over her bead. Tho lady
gone their way satisfied that
bosipler and the lady depot guard have
in correct. In New York,
the old division of labor was in the
charge of the elevated railway
the experiment of haring women in
of the new officials complain
stations at all times continues. Some tile nidht, and of their
of
of the loneliness in the late watches
eler who turns up at 3 a.m. and
trav
misgivings concerning the solitary
meditating mischief. •••The experiment
seems to slink about the platform
carried on, but without
with Tamen cond,.etors is also being
It will be wise
beinc announced.
any roport as to succese or failure
.
the managers
for all of us to await final action by


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- ress, Jan.8,1918.Albany (N.Y.) Knickerbocker i-mmiesion Urges -efinit
Industrial Plants hire more vwcen.Co
Ir.amen in increasing numbers
Plan in utilizing new aaployes.--ough in many instances this action
are being drawn into war -work, alth
accoraing to the report yilsteris not necezsitated by shortage of men, The commission urges that
on.
day of the tate induEtrial commissi
ing women to work in industrial
putt
in
some definite plan bc follo;ied
now being done in haphaLard rashion.
plants, pointing out that this is
h men are engaged now which
There are certain occupations in whic
"Some industries are hiring women s"
could profitabl, employ women.
sooner or later it will booms
says the report, "on the plea that
the war continues there will
If
necessary because or the draft.
about hot only because of
came
be a gradual increase. This will
es are desirous of entering
necessity, but because women themselv
r inter industry
Realising that women must sooner or late
industry.
change,
this
for
are
prep
in numbers, me should intelligently
in
of
work
s
line
ous
rather than Woe Inman go into the vari
by man which
held
now
ons
pati
haphazard fcehion. There are many occu
ities
e
ibil
Thes
n.
poss
wome
app rently afford possibilities for
l
*."
tica
etud
and
e
prac
can only be made definite by an intensiv
iastiessaexemanmmsxmersix

2. :lamen in Industry in U.S.

Belt Lake (106101) Tribune.
Dec.31,1917.-- By Ge-trude Weheyne, Exte
nsion
-Fre=n, Utch Aginiaiiial College.Nothing has showm more clearly the change in the
status of women
then her pert ir tle presertworld var.
Te..To meet the need for securing workers
in industrial lines, the committee on women's defence
work has been orgalized as
a part of tle nationel council of defense; the national
service has been established, reaching out into the matsloesue for woman's
ide country places
as well as the cities, and turning every inch of unman
power to account, and
there is no doubt but that by next yearwomen will be
employed in agricultural
pursuits to a much greater extent than ever
before....
Cumberland 0610 News. t;-an.5, 1918. (International Synd
icate article).2ebi1feieg
en for War service....There are fee branches of industry
!nto which women have not been called to replace men
summoned
service. '
,pin this, as in other countries, women have take to military
n their places
as chauffors, as car drivers, even as expressman,
sterpine autamatica14
into the breach made by departure of men workers into
the Army. As automobile operators they are applying themselves not
only to lriving cars, but
are stedyine the mechanism from the scientific and
mechanical point of view
and are making good at their task.
Throughout the United Stated
railroads
are employing women is many capacities , and in the
interest of efficiency
they ere onenins schools of instructions in conn
ection with the various
branches in which there is need for 'moan labor.
Women F.re rapidly
replacing men as ticket agents , as freight cler
ks and as package checkers,
and are performing their work with satisfaction to
their employers. In
the yards and shops women have already demonstrated
themselver as the equals,
and in many eases es the superiors, of men as oar
'cleaners.
L note of warning has been issued in connection with the empl
oyment of women in railroad
labor in the United :etaLes.
In their eagerness to take work aban
doned by
the men who have L;ane into military service they
nave overlooked the limit
placed on feminine atrength. It was found by
investigators that In some of
the railroad yards women e'er° being employed to
ammmilm sort scrap metal, in
the operation of which they were compelled to
lift
loads far beyond their
strenrth.
Comettees on
in Industry are taking an acti
ve interest
in this feature of women ia wur work.
The policemaman of the United Stat
largely a product of the war emergency has
came to stay, and it is readilyes
understood that this is a beneficial
innovation.
In connection with the
increase to women laborers, statistics rece
ntly
bent
out from Detroit show
that witein late months the increase in .pomen
service employed in factories
and workshops is almost liegeottnesthree
times :cm greater than that of man.
To the women in the agricultural dist
ricts the farm offers an exceptional
opportunity for service. Women in the
states of New York and New Jersey last
summer demonstrated their ability to perf
orm peofiteble work in the market
zezden, orchards and even in the grain
fields.
Their work was done by the
day, and in a few cases, groups of women
formed farming units and established
camps in the agricultural neighborhoods wher
e there was a shortage of man
power.
At the beginninu of the season the farm
ers treated the feminine
offers with some scorn, but before the harvest
the women lad become a
valuable agricultural asset in the farming
sections of New York and New Jersey.
This phase of woman's work has been deemed
especially well fitted to geminine
hands, and many delicate women have found
themselves growing stream= strong
in thei. .r open air teaks.
02,eaings for women in the less ardu
ous lines of city work are to be
found in the elevator , messenger, and kind
red forms of unskilled labor left

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2. Women in Industry in U.S.

-- By Ge:trude bliCheynes Fetonsion
Bait Lake (Via) Tribune. 1.;'ec.31,1917.
Uteh egrreultural Col1ee0.the etetun of email
1;othing hum aoem more clearly the cLaego In
meet tile need for recuring %Yorkers
than her purt in the prcsentrorld war.
n's defense ymek hat been orgaiised as
in industrial lines* the committee on wome
the naidenal league for weman's
a part of the national council of defense;
into the wataide country places
out
hing
reac
service has been established,
an power to account* and
cities, end ternine every inch of
ea well co t
woeen -will be employed in agricultural
there Is no doubt but that by next year
erer before....
pursuits te e much greeter extent than
tional Syndicate article).*
Cumberland (ld) News. Jam4,3, 1918. (Interna
...There ere :4W brenchee of industry
17-6V/iZnE AGM= T:ar ;ervice.ropleesomen stoned to military
into which women have not been ()ailed to
have taken their places
pet:n this, an in other countries, women
service.
ping automatically
step
expresemen*
as ehauffers, at cer drivers, even as
Amy* As autothe
11c:irk:ors into
into the breeeh made by departure of men
driving care* but
to
es not only
mooile.operetors they are applying themselv
ic and nenhanical point of view
are rtudyenztie eeeleenice from the soientif
Throughout the United .7tated railroads
and emeaking eooe at their task.
and ia the interest of efficiency
are employine women in many capeolties
in coenection eith the varioum
they are opening schools of instructions
women ere rapid'!"
n labor.
branches in whieh there lc need fcr wome
ght clerks and as package checkers,
replacine eon as ticket agents , as frei
sfaction to their employers. In
end are performing their work with sati
demonstrated themselves as the equals,
the yards and shops women have already
e note of slimof non as car cleaners.
and in many eaFes as the superiors,
in rsilroad
n
wome
the employment of
ing has been ietued in connection tith
doned by
aban
work
In their eagerness to tat)
labor In the United tates.
limit
the
ed
look
ice they have over
the men who huve cone into military serv
of
some
in
that
s
ator
d by Investig
placed on faelnine etrength. It was foun
in
l,
meta
p
scra
sort
ayed to swam
the railreed ewes remcn were being empl
d to life loads fu' beyond their
elle
eomp
the operation of rhich the were
an active interest
Comittees on Roma in industry are taking
:strength.
of the United States
man
cewo
poli
. no
in this,feature of women in war work
and it it readily
,
stay
to
come
has
y
genc
largely t pro4uct of the war emer
vation. In conneationrith the
understood that this is a beneficial inno
ntly sent out from 14troit show
ineroece to women laborers, etatistics rece n service employed in faoteries
that within late months the increase in wome
tiztoatot greater than that o? men.
and workshops is almost iineobbnosthree
s the farm offers an exceetional
To the eta= in the agricultural district
of New York and New Jersey last
opeortenity for uorvice. Women in the 6tatesprofitable work in the market
orm
summer demonstrated their ability to perf
ds. Their work WAS dem by the
fiel
n
erai
the
in
even
anti
garden, orchards
n formed farming units and established
day* and in a few cases, groups of wome
s Weere there was a shortage or ma
camps in the agricultural neiehborhood
ers treated the feminine
At the beginning of the season the farm
?creme,
women had became a.
the
est
the harv
offers with sone scorn, but before
of New York and New Jersey.
ions
ferming sect
valuable agricultural asset in the
ly
deemed especial well fitted to genii:nine
This phase of women's work has been
ng
found themselves growing *tempo stro
hand, and muny delicate women have
in their open air tasks.
s of city work are to be
Openings for women in the less arduous line
r left
enger* and kindred forms of unskilled labo

found in the elevator , mess
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3. (continued).
The telephone and
open by the men and boys called to military duty.
aid them in tbeir
to
women
for
calling
are
companies
telegraph
extending services, and the banks are admitting women to their
offices.
With women crowding into industry, the Government realizes the
necessity for the exercise of protective measures in the matter of
safeguarding the health of the women, limiting their hours of labor
it believes that to save
and setting a wage standard for them.
than to avoid
seeential
wastage of woman strength is even more
the Department of
by
taken
Measures are being
waste of materials.
set
standards for
to
ense
Labor and by the Council of National vef
to take care
but
need
present
the
women in industry not only to meet
over.
is
war
of the situation after the
To bring ebout a maximum of effectiveness of the woman power
of the country, the Council of National peense has created a
womants organization which will provide accurate information upon
labor conditions as they relate to women in all parts of the country.
'ommittee on •rcomen in Industry of the
The organization is known as the (
This is
of National uefense.
Council
the
of
Advisroy Commission
the
of
on
Labor
Council
Committee
the
of
mmittee
practically a sub-co
leader,
Samuel
labor
the
by
headed
is
which
vefense,
of National
This Committee has a membership of 84 women, 35 of wham
Gompers.
The remainddr are experts on labor
are representatives of labor.
of
the employers and the general public.
tives
representa
problems and
of thirteen members, has its
consisting
committee,
The executive
of National Defense at
Council
the
of
rs
headquarte
the
in
office
Washington, where it is in close touch with the Government agencies
interested in women in industry. The officers and executive committee
of this Committee on "omen in Indsutry are tars. J. Borden Harriman,
chairman; niss lidith Campbell, vice-chairman; Mrs. V. Event Macy,
treasurer; Miss Pauline Goldmark, secretary; kiss Amy Hughes,
executive secretary; Kiss Grace 1%bott, Miss Mary ;,nderson, Mrs.
Frances C. Axtell, Airs. °am A. Calboy, Mrs. Gifford Pinchot, Miss
Melinda Scott, Miss klorence C. Thorne, and Miss Lary Van Kleeok.


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3. (continued).
military duty. The telephone and
open by the men end boys called to
women to aid them in their
telegraph companies are callizar for
admitting women to their
extending services, and the banks are
offices.
, the Government realizes the
Trrith women crowding into industry
ve measures in the matter of
necessity for the exercise of protecti
ting their hours of labor
limi
safeguarding the health of the women,
believes that to save
It
.
and setting a wage standard for them
ntial than to avoid
esse
wastage of woman strength is even more
n by the Thilpartment of
take
g
waste of materials. Yeasures are bein
set standards for
to
e
fens
de
Libor and by the Council of National'
but to take care
need
ent
pres
women in industry not only to meet the
.
of the situation after the war is over ctiveness of the woman power
effe
To bring tout a maximum of
nse has created a
try, the Council of National L'efe
coun
of the
ide accurate iuformation upon
mommes organization which will prov
women in all parts of the country.
labor conditions as they relate to
ittee on Tomen in Industry of the
The organization is known as the ‘omm
of National listens.. This is
Advisrgy Commission of the Council
Committee on Labor of the Council
practically a stib-committee of the
by the labor leader, Samuel
of National vefense, which is headed
ip of 84 women, 35 of wham
ersh
memb
This Committee has a
Gompers.
r are experts on labor
inde
rema
are representatives of labor. The
employers and the general public.
problems and representatives of the
thirteen members, has its
The executive committee, consisting of
of National Defense at
cil
Coun
the
office in the headquarters of
with the Government agencies
Washington, where it is in close touch,
officers and executive committee
interested in women in industry. The
are Lars. J. Borden Harriman,
of this Camittee on "amen in Indsutry
irman; Drs. V. Everit Macy,
chairman; Liss Ldith Campbell, vice-cha
y; Viso Amy Hughes,
treasurer; Miss Pauline Goldmark, secretar Mary
:nderson, Yrs.
Miss
t,
abot
Il
e
executive secretary; Miss Grac
ord Pinchot, Miss
Giff
lire.
oy,
Ccnb
A.
nces C. Axtell, zMrs. %ra
and Miss Mary Van Kleeck.
-elinda Scott, Miss Florence C. Thorne,


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WEN IN /NDUSTPY IN UNITED STATES, Press Clippings from Luce!' Bureau.

Little Rock (Ark' Gazette. Nov.20,1917. -- In some factories in Arkansas women

EFfraiireiTO beg= to take the places of men, according to T. I. McKinley,
deputy commissioner of labor, who returned yesterday from a tour of the
Their work has been very satisfactory, he said. One factory where
state.
several women have been employedis at a amden plant engaged in the
The women ere used mostly for light work,,.
manufactuee of screen doors.
How to Safeguard war ':vork for
Denver (Colo) Post. Sun.,Oet.14, 1917.
others. By Miss Julia C. Lathrop. In all the warring countries
women have necessarily replaced men in industry when men have been oalled to
the colors. It cannot be othcrwise in the United States. The only choice
we have is in the class of women whose labor shall be exempted.
According to
reliable estimates, there are n.o, about five million single women in the
United States between twenty and forty-five years of age. From this
multitude women should be selected for service before we permit the mothers
of nursing babies or of young children to be drawn into Nay sort of war
industry which interferes with the care of their children. Above all, the
hardship of nirht work is intolcrable for wamenlyho have yeunr children and
Look at the infant mortality in cities stidied by the
many cares by day.
In one city some mothers worked away from home while
Children's Bureau.
their babies were less than four months old; ethers were able to stay at home
The figures show that babies taken care of
and take care of their babies.
by their mothers at home had twice as good a chance of life as the babies of
the mothers who went out to work. Ao system of /zithers' allowances can be
so costly for this country as the unnecessary death of large npmbers of
imgante or the injury to health and morals which comer to older dhildrem
deprived of a mother's care. Can it not be a. fundamental =aria in the
national plans for war industry that the nrtion will not imperiltlle lives
the health or the morals of it chileren by the improper employment of
Once this principle admitted, the putting it
their mothers in industry?
into effect will mot be impossible.
Denver (Cob) Pest. Su

lecretary of 11117.-----

Oct.14,1917.---

Article by Hon. W. B. Wilson,

The world war has resulted in drawing women abroad into
every form of industry and labor heretofore carried on by men.
The same
conditions confront the United states of America, and already thousands of
women are or will be at work in what have been considered exclusively men's
occupatiors.
The physiological and pohical machinery of men and women
are differeLt. That will be the effect upon women of their new labor? How will
it affect them ? rtat will be the relationship between occupation and maternity,
occupation and ifend nortality, aad how will it affect tht next generation
and generations of Americans to cane?
No more important questions ever
faced any government than these.
They are being studied, slouly but
diligently, by the greatest authorities, medical and sobentifio. As the
Bible says, "What shall it profit a man if he gaineth the whole world and
loseth his own souldr
And what shall it profit a nation if in meeting
this present emergency it blights coming generations?
This newspaper is
doing a great and public service in presenting the salient features of the
official bulletins and reportsof the American and other governments on the
subject, and it is hoped that this presentation will at once stimulate intelligen
careful thought on the part of the state and national authorities, and where
 necessary to remedy
conditions and devise ways to harmonize women and gm-44414
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NwPtimi,

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

en flult strm n4)

e Bureau.
IrCIEN IN INnUSTRY IN UNITED STATES. Press Clippings from Lucill

-- In some factories in Arkansas women
Little Rock (Ark Gazette. Nov.20,1917.
to -. I. McKinley,
begun -Ertl& the places of men, accordinr
&me air—We
a tour of the
from
rday
yeste
deputy commissioner of labor, rho returned
One factory where
said.
he
satisfactory,
state. Their work has been rery
ed ir the
engur
plant
amCen
several women htve been employedie at a
light work..,
for
y
meetl
used
manufactuee of screen doors. The women are
Fow to Safeguard 7er 37ork for
Dower (Colo) Post. Sun.,00.14, 1917.
In all the warring countries
e
IraSiFe. By vise Julia C. Lathrop.
industry when man hove been °ailed to
=wen have necessarily replaeedasst in
Vnited States. The only choice
the colors. It cannot bl otherwise in the
labor Shall be exempted. AccordinT to
we have is in the class of women whose
five million single 'men in the
reliable estimates, there are al. about
years of ago. Fri n this
United States between twenty and forty-five
ce before -de pcmlit the mothers
multitude wonen should be nelected for ecr7i drawn into eny !tort .;.!! war
to be
of nursing babies or of young children
their children. ;Alms all, the
of
care
the
with
feres
inter
industry which
who have youn7 children and
hardchip of nip;ht work is intolerable for imam
in citie, stadied by the
lity
morta
many cares by day. Look at the infant
rs welted awey from homq while
Children's Bureau. In one city some mothe
others were able to stay at ham
their babies were less than four months old;
es show that babies taken ears of
and take care of their babies. The figur
a chance of life as the babies of
by their mothers at home had twice as good
m of mothers' allowances can be
the mothers who went out to work. NO syste 4.eath of ltrr:e ?limbers of
tly for thia country s the unnecessary
so
which comes to older dhildran •
ingante or tho injury to lieolth and morals
a fundatental relaxin in the
deprived of a mother's care. Can it not be n will not lzpariithe
national plans for liar industry that the natio
the improper employment-of
the health dr the morals of its thildren by
Once this principle admitted, Wle putting. it
their mothers in industry/
Lto effect will ma be impossible.
7.--- hrtiele by Hen. . D. laxIon,
:pnver (Colo) Post. ,u . Oct.14,191
7Wire4iry of aUFF.----on abroad into
The world war has resulted in drawing
ofore oerried on by men. The same
every form of industry and labor heret
America, art alre9,47 thousands of
of
s
state
d
Unite
conditions oanfront the
boen considered exelusive4immes
women are or will be at work in zhat have
l machinery of men and yam
chica
paly_
and
ioal
occupations. The phimicilog
of their new lebor? non 31.11
women
upon
t
effec
are different. 1104, will be the
en occupation and maternity,
betwe
ip
ionsh
relat
the
be
it affect them 7 rhst will
affect the next generation
occupation and intend mortality, dad how will it
important queetionS ever
more
No
come?
to
and generations of Americans
etudied, slowly but
beilv
c.re
They
.
facet, any governmeat thc..11 these
nud
al
scientific. As the
s,
medic
ritie
dilizently, by the creuteet autho
thu whole world and
th
gaine
he
if
man
a
t
Bible says, "7hat shall it profi
n if IA nesting
a
t
natio
profi
it
shall
And what
loseth Lib an souldin
nowspaper is
This
s?
g
aticn
conin
gener
this present emergency it blights
res of the
nt
featu
the
salie
nting
doint7_ a great and public service in prese
e on th4
emeut
other
anti
Aorar
official bulletins and repartee the iszarican
intellieent
late
stimu
once
at
on
will
subject, and it is hoped that this presentati
where
and
s,
careful thought an the part of the 6tate end national authoritie and 401/med
.

leoessary to remedy conditions and devise ways to harmonize women
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A

•

Women in Industry in the United States.
Jan. 18, 1918.
Ha.5erstown, Md. Mail.- Hereafter the young ladies employed
in
in the local mills and factories must not let their hair hang down
not
does
who
worker
girl
tae
It is hazardous and
ringlets or tresses.
ery,
machin
the
of
some
keep her hair up is liable to get it tantled in
Numerous accidents in
and runs a chance of being scalped or killed.
als of
various parts of the country due to tais has led the labor offici
is
t
ofto
the State to revise a portion of the factory laws relating
Monday the local mills and fac
fense and will see that it is enforced.
and the law explained to the
tor
inspec
tortes were visited by tae labor
girl operatives.
Women's
Buffalo, N. Y, Courier. - Jan. 13, 1918. - The Young
its
of
on
nizati
reorga
a
te
comple
Christian Association this week will
re
girls
and
women
by
ed
requir
educational department for special work
ation
the
Associ
of
ment
depart
War work by this
in the new industries.
women and girls to
has been forced suddenly by the coming of Boomed of
ation to the assoapplic
Buffalo during the 1st few weeks and by their
but also for parrooma
ciation for help not only in securing work and
plant *** will
large
a
ticular kinds of instruction. *** An expert froT,
g, a course
readin
eter
instruct woman and girls in blueprint and mtcrom
shops.
Arrow
Pierce
asked for by groups of women in the Curtiss and
operators
and
ction,
Telegraphy will be taught --- in automobile instru
for
woien and
and
and Chauflars course ia offered for out of town women,
athe
associ
of
e
Tflis course was the first ventur
girls in the city.
s
lessen
16
of
terms
tion into new work for women, and during the five
the Stateeexamlinataken
have
who
women
150
credit
each has had to its
These women are
tion for a chaffsure licence and have passed high.
tne same service not onasking the wages received by tne --Awn and give
.
ly in driving but in keepi-l; the car in is good repair
resolutions adoptNew York Woad, Jan. 10, 1918.- Important
and New Jersey
York
New
of
ce
ed ty the Episcopal Synot Of the Provin
every effort
bend
will
Synot
The
at its annual convention were that:
and "that
sex,"
of
dless
"Regar
to maintain equal pay for equal work,
y mainrigidl
be
will
s
worker
the standards of hours of labor for all
reno
be
shall
there
"that
tained as an effective war measure," and
laxation in the standard of ehild labor".
Van Cleeck of New
New York Herald, Jan 19, 1918. - Miss Mary
Women's Division in the IndusYork has been appointed head of tne new
with several women
of Ordnance.
trial Service Section of the Bureau
ise industrial consuperg
will
inspectors assisting her, Miss Van Clock
ce manufacturing
ordnan
and
ls
arsena
ditions among women employed in the
are maintained
ions
condit
She will see that health and moral
plants.
which will
plants
at
women
of
housing
and will have much to do with the
call them from their homes.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Women in Industry in the United States.
Jan. 18, 1918.
Rac:rerstowne Md. Mail.- Hereafter the young thAies wvloyed
in the local mills And factories must not let their hair hang down in
ringlets or tresses.
It is hazardous and the girl worker who does not
keep her hair up is liable to get it tarikled in some of the machinery,
and rtIna a chance of being scalped or killed.
Numerous accidents in
various parts of the country due to tnis has led the labor officials of
the State to revise a portion of the factory laws relating to tA.s offense and will see that it is enforced.
Monday the local mills and fac
tories were visited by the labor inspector and the law expbained to the
girl operatives.
Buffalo, N. Y. Courier. - Jan. 13, 1918. - The Young Women's
Cnristian Association this week will comylete 4 reorganization of its
educational department for special work required by women and girls re
War work by this department of the Association
in the new industries.
has been forced suddenly by the coming of scored of women and girls to
Buffalo during the 1-st few weeks and by their application to the association for help not only in securing work and rooms but also for particular kinds of instruction. *** An expert from a large plant *** will
instruct women and girls in blueprint and mterometer reading, a course
asked for by groups of women in the Curtiss and Pierce Arrow shops.
Telegraphy will be taught --- in automobile instruction, and operators
and chaufters course ia offered for out of town women, and for wo:,en and
girls in tne city.
Tide course was the first venture of the association into now work for women, and during the five terms of 16 lessens
each has had to its credit 150 women who have taken the St4teeexamSnation for a chaffeurs licence and have passed high.
These women are
asking the wages received by te Ten and give t,-,e same service not only in driving but in keepirg the car in AS good repair.
New York Workd, Jan. 10, 1918.- Important resolutions adopted ty the Episcopal Synot Of the Province of New York and New Jersey
at its annual convention were that: The Synot will bend every effort
to maintain equal pay for eval work. 'Regardless of sex," and "that
the standards of hours of labor for all workers will be rigidly maintained as an effective war measure," and "that there shall be no relaxation in the standard of whild labor".
New York Herald, Jan 19, 1918. - Miss Mary Van Cleeck of New
York has been appointed head of tne new Women's Division in the Industrial Service Section of the Bureau of Ordnance.
with several woman
inspectors assisting her, Miss Van Clock will supergise industrial conditions among women ibmployed in the arsenals and ordnance manufacturing
Sne will see that health and moral conditions are maintained
plants.
and will have much to do with the housing of women at plants which will
call them from their homes.


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Three women were in
Jan. 11, 1918.
Wheelingt W. Va. News.t Cutters' Union # 7, last night and
itiated into the Buthchers. and Mea
war has lead the
The scarcity of men caused by the
now carry cards.
that
This is the first time in Wheeling
women to become meat cutters.
Otherz are asking
in this nnion.
women have been issued working cards
l be admitted soon.
for admittance into the Union and wil
eenral Labor Union of
New York Heraidl vJan. 22, 1918. The
e comnission a protest
vic
public ser
Brooklyn and queens filed with the
ds and portere by the
guar
conductors,
against the employment of women as
itions on the new
pos
nsit Co., The
Intarborough and Brooklyn Rapid Tra
have been almost
tem
sys
Transit
Broadway subway of the Brooklyn Rapid
l Labor Union stated
tra
The protest of the cen
entirely filled by women.
ge of male labor,
rta
due to any sho
that the employment of women was not
are beerting that the women workers
if a living wage were offered, ass
of the
ter
rac
cha
lar hours and that the
ing employed for long and irregu
be per
not
can
and
en
al structure of wom
work is not fitted for tile pnysic
Strouse
S.
ar
Osc
.
als
their health and mor
formed by them without injury to
to
er
pow
no
lied that the Commission had
Chairman of the Cogimission, rep
n
sio
mis
Com
The
son of their sex alone.
bar women from employment by rea
s
oyee
empl
the
einto the competency of
he stated had the power to iniuir
ht be able
He suggested that the Union mig
of transportation companies.
n Which
t of women before the commissio
to place facts as to the employmen
its present power.
would place the complaint within
y
8.- women workers intend to pla
New York American, Feb. 8, 191
tmee
a
at
ay
terd
yeit
d
That was decide
war.
fair with the men during the
There is to be
Trade Union League.
s
en'
ing of auggeragists ani the Wom
d a job forhol
because a women happens to
no lowering of salaries just
gue intends to band
The Women's Trade Union Lea
merly filled by a man.
loyers to pay
that they can force their emp
them together into a union so
.27 an
"The women Who are now getting
.
them the same wage as to men
ly workers in
the car companies were former
hour or $16.30 a week from
k was their
factorees where $5 to $8 a wee
dy
can
and
ies
ndr
lau
,
els
hot
But
ms a fortune to them.
No wonder even $16.30 see
maximum wage.
they
this
n
tha
e
mor
of
e they must think
s
we will teach them to realiz
wage
r
fai
for
ht
t
fig
mus
They
standards.
ry
must uphold existing labor
eve
l
fil
to
men
of
There are plenty
ions.
and proper working condit
Save in the
ge of men are mlths.
rta
sho
Details of the
vacant job.
employers are
But
.
e is a man for every job
highly skilled trades ther
Trade rnion
the
tidal in and to lower wages,
asking for women to break
ate this plan."
League will fight to frustr
rat.- Feb. 3, 1918. - An attempt
St. Louis, /145. Globe-Democ
ys Company
conductors of the United Railwa
to organize motor-men and
lway union
i*e is being men by street rai
preliminary to a possible str
rated bythe
women conductors, a move inaugu
of
t
men
loy
Emp
s.
zer
ani
org
is the principle grievance. ***
company as a war necessity


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Jan. 11, 1918.
Three women were in
Wheeling. W. Va. News.itiated into the Buthchers' and Meat Cutters' Union # 7, last night and
now carry cards.
The scarcity of men caused by the war has lead the
women to become meat cutters.
This is the first time in Wheeling that
women have been issued working cards in this nnion.
Others are asking
for admittance into the Union and will be admitted soon.
New York Herald,vJan. 22, 1918. The eenral Labor Union of
Brooklyn and queees filed with the public servine commission a protest
against the emmloymant of women as conductors, guards and porters by the
Interborough and Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co., The positions on the new
Broadway subway of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit system have been almost
entirely filled by women.
The protest of tne central Labor Union stated
that the employment of women was not due to any shortage of male labor,
if A living wage were offered, asserting that the women workers are being employed for long and irregular hours and that the character of the
work is not fitted for the physical structure of women and can not be per
formed by them without injury to their health and morals.
Oscar S. Strouse
Commission
Chairman of the Commission, replied that the
had no power to
bar women from employment by reason of their eax alone.
The Commission
he stated had the power to inuirento the competency of the employees
of transportation companies.
He suggested that the Union might be able
to place facts as to the employment of women before the commission which
would place the complaint within its present power.
New York American, Feb. 8, 1918.- woman workers intend to play
That was decided yesterday at a meetfair with the men during the war.
ing of suggeragists and the Women's Trade Union league.
There is to be
no lowering of salaries jnst because a women happens to hold a job formerly filled by a man.
Tne Women's Trade Union League intends to band
them together into a uaion se tnat tney can force their employers to pay
"The women aho are now getting .27 an
them the same wage as to men.
hour or $16.30 a week from the car companies were formerly workers in
hotels, laundries an candy factoreas where $F., to $8 a week was their
maximum wage.
No wonder even $16.30 seer a fortune to them.
But
we will teach them to realize they must think of more than this - they
at fight for fair wages
They
must uphold existing labor standards.
There are plenty of men to fill every
and proper working conditions.
Details of the snortage of ,aen are aiths.
vacant jot.
Save in the
highly skilled trades Caere is a man for every job.
But employers are
asking for women to break taem in and to lower wages, the Trade rnion
League will fight to frustrate this plan."
St. Louis, Mo. Globe-Democrat.- Feb. 3, 1918. - An attempt
motor-men and conductors of the United Railways Company
organize
to
preliminary to a possible strilge is being men by street railway union
Emplorrent of women conductors, a move inaugurated bythe
orgarizers.
company as a v144r necessity is the principle grievance. ***


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

e recent
Atlantic City Press, Feb. 5, 1918.- Quoting an articl
Pacific
the
of
hotel
large
a
ning
ly published in a hotel maganine concer
Hotel
ort
Davenp
the
cement
announ
making any preliminary
Coast: "Without L.
It
ors.
or
operat
elevat
girl
of
at Spokane, Wash, nas installed a crew
in
hotel
any
in
legors
the
is said to be tna first complete crew handled
the country.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Atlantic City Press, Feb. 5, 1918.- Quoting an article recently published in a hotel maganine concerning a large hotel of the Pacific
Coast: "Without mAking Any preliminary announcement the Davenport Hotel
at Spokane, Wash, nail installed a crew of girl elevator operators. It
is said to be tne first co;,plete crew handled the leawrs in any hotel in
the country.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subject:

U. S...

Women in Industry.

Rochester (. N.Y). Union and Advertiser. March 9 1918.
(The Haskin Letters).
guarded.

The Woman and her Job. She must be Safe-

Washington. Larch 6..
While the efficiency with which
women are filling men's places in the industrial world compels admiration, the indiscriminate employment of women in many different
()lasses of work is dangerous.
Everywhere, health experts and sociologists are lifting up
voices
against such a practice. It must be recornized, say the
their
health experts, that women are physically incapable of heavy manual
labor, and they should be prevented from attempting it. :nd the
social dangers incurred in many of the new jobs accepted by women,
socologists assett, demand serious public consideration.
There is the elevator service, for example- an occupation
that recently has been opened to women throughout the country.
In
hotels, department stores, araprtment houses and public buildings,
women may now be found operating elevators.that formerly were run by
The work itself appears harmless enough, but Miss Josephine
men.
Goldmark of the National Consumers' League points out that the hours of
duty are often excessive.
In New York City , she says, girls may be found operating
elevators in apartment houses fifteen ours at a stretch, and occasionally eighteen hours. Day and night work is alternated each week beteen
two girls, and when the shifts change it is necessary for one girl to
remain at her post from 6 p.m. to 12 oclock the next noon-eighteen
hours of continuous duty.
"One of the most serious abuses of this employment is the
exposure of young girls te insult or danger on the all-night shift,"
Miss Goldmark asserts. "In some instances no provision whatever is
made for getting rest at night; in other cases an army cot is provided
in the hall alcove.
In another instance, one young elevator amnAnntmr
attendant semight safety by running the elevator between the first and
second landing to obtain sleep between the SUMMORS•11
Another field to which women are turning- and one that
presents undeniable danger, according to social authorities- is the
messenger service.
In all the large cities now women may be found
carrying messages, both day and night.
The hazards involved in this
occupation have already been admitted to be so great that most states
have enactedlaws raising the age limit of messenger boys to 21 years and
prohibiting their employment at night.
That similar legislation is
needed in regard to girls is evident, but so far it has not come.
Girls only 14 and 16 years old are employed as messengers in large
numbers.
The National Consumers' League is now attempting to get a
bill trough the New York Legislature prohibiting the employment of
women under 25 years old as messengers, and requiring night work for
women in this occupation to cease at 10 o'clock.
Other leagues and
committees are taking the question up in other states.
Another form of night work that women have recently undertaken in the cities is automobile cloaking.
In New York city, wanes
are said to be working twelve and a half hours a night in local garages,
where they each clean from 30 to 35 ears a night.
Thenemare some women for whom protection is hvinr.sougbt.
There are many others.
women street caf conductors, raurean employees,

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

P

boot-blacks, barbers, chauffers and factory workers are all to be Mike*
under the protecting wing of many women's committees investigating
Legislation will be urged to limit the number of hours
their welfare.
Night work for women is already prohibited
in a woman's working day.
in six states; an eight-hour day is specified by four, and thirty-four
states put a limit of ten hours on a woman s working day.
Since the war, efforts have been made to set aside even
Within the past year the state of Massachusettsthese legal limitations.
a pioneer in generous labor lerislation- has made the emergency of
war an excuse to abrogate its former standards and issue permits to
certain establislments for the employment of women in night work and
overtime. Women's organizations are now mobilizing their members in
Massachusetts to eight this new issue of licenses.
The women of Massachusetts, indeed, are caning nobly
In addition to forcing the issue of a
to the rescue of their sex.
minimum working day, a committee of the Women's Educational and Industrial
Union in cooperation with a committee from the Association of Collegiate
Alumnae is conducting an investigation into the opportunities now
afforded working women. A canvass of firms in Boston is being made to
ascertain just how mangr women have taken the plaees of drafted men;
what salaries these women are getting, and what sort of technical
training is offered women with good general education but no special
technical knowledge.
In Illinois, the women have also succeeded in making themselvos heard.
By order of the State legislature, an industrial survey
commission has been formed to study the conditions of working wcmen„
including their state of health and hours of work.
But, according to health authorities, there is still much
investigation and legislation to be desired.
Some legal restriction
should be placed *pan the lifting of heavy weights by women, for
example.
This has long been recognized as a cause of serious injury
to women, but while many warnings have been issued they have made little
impression.
In factories and launderies women may still be found
lifting loads weighing a hundred pounds or more, not in an occasional
instance, but as the chief part of their work.
In one railroad yard,
one woman investigaterfound small women, weighing not more than 115
pounds themselves, wheeling metal castings in wheelbarrows up and down
inclined planks and loading them into cars.
No woman should be permitted to engage in any occupation
requiring the lifting of heavyweights unless she has been found physicallly
able by a medical examination.
Occassional1y, a woman might be discovered so strongly built that the lifting of heavy weights would not
hurt her.
One such appears in the records of a British factory
manager.
One of the men in his factory was always complaining about the
weight
of the loads he was compelled to lift, until one day his wife, a
tall,
robustowoman, brought his lunch in and stood watching him.
usual, he
was groaning under a heavy load. With a swift movement, his
wife
stooped down, lifted the load, and threw it on the waiting
car.
Few women have the strength of this particular British
woman, however.
For some women even twenty-five pounds is too great a
load.
Hence, the factory or corporation that wishes to avoid a long
invalid list is advised by medical aut-4rities to take this factor
into consideration in replacing its men workers with
women,
This country is now going through the same stage of
experiment and investigation that Europe went through a couple of
years
age.
The Suropean woman worker came through that early period of
study
and research a happier and healthi,T
woman, For her government came to
know her as she really was- a willing, loyal, and enthusiastic
human
being, not merely a machine.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

It discovered that she could turn out better and gretkter
quantities of work IA tan hours than she could in twelve, because the
rest supplied her with that much more energy to draw fres, and it went
back to its pro.wur standards of hours and little night work. Her
government also discovered that she did not deliberately shirk end
waste the timo of hr employers, but that her output was largely depend.
sat on her health, and that her health me largely dependent an things
she oould not always control.' such as foe* and ventilation and rest.
And upon these discoveries her government acted 2 instituting
medical inspection, sanitary preottutiONso and the factory canteen.
All these things came by way of recoussadation, of course.
The factories
tried them and found that they increased their output, and so they kept
them.
When the limited States camss amt of the present experimental
stage, the Amerfoaa Wean 'worker will doubtless be healthier and happier ,
too, ptotested by an army of committees of her own sex, vigilantly
clearing the path for her.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subject:

U. S..

Women in Industry.

Rochester (. W.Y). Union and Advertiser. March 9 1918.
(The Haskin Letters).
guarded.

The 'roman and her Job. She must be 4fe-

Washingtoe. March 6.e
Thile the efficiency with which
',omen are filling men's places in the industrial world compels admiration the indiscriminate employment of women in =Any different
classes ;if work is dangerous.
Everywhere, health experts and sociologists are lifting up
their voices against such a practice. It meet be reoornised, say the
health experts, that women are physically incapable of heavy mama
labor, and they should be prevented from attempting it. And the
social dangers incurred in many of the new jobs accepted by women,
s000logiste assett, demand serious public consideration.
There is tho elevator service, for example- an occupation
that recently has been opened to women throughout the country. In
hotels, department stores, araprtment houses and public buildings,
women may now be found operating elevators.that formerly were run by
men. The work itself appears harmless enough, but Use Josephine
Goldmark of the National Consumers' League points out that the hours
of
duty are often exoessive.
In New York City
she says, girls may be found operating
elevators in apartment houses fifteen ours at a stretch, and
oeoasioam
ally eighteen hours. Day and night work is alternated each week
between
two girls, and when the shifts change it is necessary for one girl
to
remain at her post from 6 p.m. to 12 °clock the next moonaeighteen
hours of continuous duty.
"Ome of the most serious abuses of this employment is the
exposure of young girls to insult or danger on the all-night shift,"
Miss Goldmark asserts. "In some instances no provision whatever
is
made for getting rest at night, in other cases an army cot is provided
in the hall alcove. In another instance, one young elevator
msmismtir
attendant sight safety by running the elevator between the first and
second landing to obtain sleep between the summons."
Another field to which women are turning- and one that
presents undeniable danger, according to social authorities- is the
messenger service. In all the large cities seer mom may be found
carrying messages, both day and night. The hasards involved in
this
occupation have already been admitted to be so great that most states
have enactedlewe raising the age limit of messenger boys to 21
years and
prohibiting their employment at night. That similar legislation is
needed in regard to girls is evident, but so far it has not come.
Girls only 14 and 16 years old are employed as messengers in large
numbers.
The National Consumers' League is now attempting to get a
bill trough the New York Legislature prohibitinz the employment
of
women under 25 years old as messengers, and requiring night
work for
women in this occupation to cease at 10 o'clock. Other leagues
and
committees are taking the question up in other states.
Another form of night work that women have recently undertaken in the cities is automobile cleahinge
In New York city, wawa
are said to be working twelve and a half hours a night in local propos
where they each clean from 30 to 38 oars a night.
Thesqoare somo women for
protection is toilse_souttht.
There are many others. Nomen streetwhale
oaf conductors, !ballroom employee
s,


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boot-blacks, barbers, chauffers and factory workers are all to be tikes
under the protecting wing of many women's oommittem investigating
their welfare. Legislation will be urged to limit the number of hours
in a wasan's working day. Night work for women is already prohibited
in six states; an eight-hour day is specified by four, end thirty-four
states put a limit of ten hours on airman's working day.
Since the war, efforts have been made to set aside even
these legal limitations. within the pest year the state of Massachusettsa pioneer in generous labor legislation- has made the emergency of
war an OXOUSO to abrogate its former standards and issue permits to
certain establiements for the employment of wmen in night work and
overtime. Women's organisatima are now mobilizing their members in
Uassachusetts to fight this new issue of lioenses.
The women of Uasesehusetts, indeed, are coming nobly
to the rescue of their sex. In addition to VDreing the issus of a
minimum working day, a committee of the Tomen's Educational and Industrial
Union in cooperation with a committee from the Lssociation of Collegiate
Alumnae is conduct/0g an investigation into the opportunities now
afforded working vemen. A canvass of firms in Boston is being aids to
ascertain just hew many women have taken the plaees of drafted NMI
what salaries these women are getting, and what sort of technieal
training is offered women with good general education but no special
technical knowledge.
In Illinois, the women have also succeeded in making themselves heard. By order of the State legislature, an industrial survey
commission has boon formed to study the conditions of working women,
including their state of health and hours of work.
But, according to health authorities, there is still much
investigation and legislation to be desired. Some legal restriction
should be placed *pan the lifting of heavy weights by women, for
example. This has long been recognised as a cause of serious injury
to women, but while may 'warnings have been issued they heve made little
impression. In factories and launderies wawa any still be found
lifting loads w*ighing a hundred pounds or more, not in an occasional
instance, but as the chief part of their work. In one railroad yard,
one woman investignterfound mall women, weighing not more than 115
pounds themselves wheeling metal castings in wheelbarrow* up and down
inclined pleas aild loading them into care.
No wolean should be permitted to engege in any Occupation
requiring the lifting of heavyweights unless she has been found physioall4
able by a medical examination. Occassionally, e woman might be discovered so strongly built that the lifting of heavy weights would not
hurt her. Ome such appears in the records of a British factory mosagsr•
One of the men in his factory was always complaining about the weight
of the loads he was compelled to lift, until one day his wife, e tall,
robustorman„ brought his lunch in and stood watching him. As usual, he
wee groaning under a heavy load. 7ith a swift nevement, his wife
stooped down, lifted the load, and threw it on the waiting car.
FEN woman have the strength of this particular British
Tema*. however. For some women even twenty-five pounds is too great a
load. Hence, the factory or corporation that wishes to avoid a long
invalid list is advised by medical aut.crities to take this factor
into consideration in replacing its men workers with omen.
This country is now Ming through the same stage of
siperimant and investigation that Europe went through u couple of yew's
age. The Suropean woman worker came through that early period of study
tad research a happier and healthi r woman, For her government came to
know her as she really was- a willing, loyal, and enthusiastic human
being, not merely a machine.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

,03-•
It discovered that she could turn out bettor and greater
quantities of work in ten hours than she could in twelve, because the
rest supplied her with that much more energy to draw from, and it went
back to its pre-war standards of hours and little night work. Her
government also discovered that she did not deliberately shirk and
waste the time of her employers, but that her output was largely dependent on her health, and that her health was largely dependent an things
she could not always control- such as food and ventilation and rest.
And upon these discoveries her government acted , instituting
medical inspection, sanitary precautions, and the factory canteen.
All these things came by way of recommendation, of course.
The factories
tried them and found that they increased their output, and so they kept
then.
When the United States comes out of the present experimental
stage, the American woman worker will doubtless be healthier end happier
too, ptotected by an army of committees of her min sex, vigilantly
clearing the path for her.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subject:

Women in Industry.

corsets
New York Herald, Feb. 8, 1918.
creating
in
of
experiences
~WI
years
39
had
has
who
Daniel Rope
for every type and figure ha invented a war emergency device which
he says will support the spine and supply bnice to muscles unaccusMr. Xops believes that women can enter
tomed to physical strain.
almost any field of work hitherto occupied exclusively by men if
Women street onr conductors, subway
they are properly corseted.
guards, workers in munition factories, elevator operators, in fact
any who have entered the new trades - will be able to stand hour
after hour, lift heavy articles, and perform other arduous tasks
if their bodies are properly supported is his theory.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subject: New York City. Women in Industry.
Ne,A York Ferald, Mar, 14, 1918.
In sore of the down town luncheon clubs waitresses are now holding
part of the lins in firma:gal rtd business districts formerly held by waiters w)c are out on a strike and are confIdInt of Increasing their gins beTwo hours work a day, $44 a month in wages,
foresne ezd of tYe week.
and an equal serge in tips looked pretty good to a great many waitressThe machinery club and the
es whAan they read about the strike of the men.
railroad club gum employment to the worm.


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Subject: Los Angeles, Nomen in Industry.
Mnr. 6, 1918.
Los flgeles, Cal., Tribune.
For the war, broadening
Sister Susie now sews shirts for soldiers.
Los ;Ageles' field of industries and women's fieldof endeavor, has made
Los Angeles the headmr,rters for Southern California in the msnuftcture
of uniforms for soldiers.
Incidentally it is adding a great deal of money to the incomes of
clothiers and nlso a great deal to their payrolls.
Angeles
Los
Scores of machines and hundreds of women 7-q.e employed daily.
Many
patriotic
dury
as
well
me tailors having gone to war, it has become the
as a good paying Occupation for the women to cut and alter the uniforms,
in 4 addition to sewing them.
The difficult art of cutting accurately by mnchinery, a field of work
seldom entered successfully by women in Los 4,ngeles before the United Stites
entered the wnr, now has been Invaded with great satisfaction by workers
who formerly worked at the sewing machines.
Of course, the orders given oat by the quartermaster's bureaus stipulate that the unifor-ns mast be of high qurility and neat fit and of course
the suits meet those requirements.
If they didn't they would not be permitted to leave the -orkships,
And,
and, furthermore, they would not be accipted by the government.
anyway, if you don't think they fit perfectly, "size up" every soldier
you see today and figure if you ever saw as mriny uiv11;yns wearing their
jtmntiness.
cllthes with enual stypa

L


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Subject:

U. J.-

Women in industry, (Transportation)

New York Telegram.
March 9.2_ 1916.These are Miss Pauline Goldmark's
,
-c79.-eCTions to laborious wciik for women:- 'omen's moral welfare is in
danger in vocations that are essentially masculine.
°omen are
being put to tasks beyond their strength.
They are unsuited to
laborious work.
Tomen's health is being impaired by long hours
and night work.
There is no wartime necessity for women in the
unsuitable occupations.
There is no war emeggency for -women to
work at night.
omen conductors face a distinct risk by working
after midnight.
Equal pay for equal work irrespective of sex.
That the women of this country who 41ave been called
to manual labor on the railroads may not endure many of the hardships
which befell their sister workers in the munition factories in :ngland,
the Consumers' League of New York is coLducting a vicorious campaign
in their behalf, particularly with a view of requiring that all laws
governing health be enforced.
ahe Consumers' Lea*ue has been effectin, through L>tatest
legislation, an improvement in working hours and conditions
of labor
for women, but at this time is exerting its efforts to remove
certain
adverse conditions that have become evident recently by the
employment of women in railroad work.
The emnloyment of women for railroad work has
increased
tremendously within the last few months and
has extended to the most
trying kind of employment, much being of a characte
r that would talc
the strength of hardy men.
Under it, the women so engaged are beginning to show the strain, combined with the long hours they are called
upon to give in this service.
It was for this reason that Miss Pauline Goldmark
who is research secretary for the Consumers' League
appeared before
the Railroad 'age Commission in Washington, where she
presented figures
to show that women are being hired in increasing numbers
for heavy work
and that the labor laws for the protection of women
do not cover
many of their occupations.
( In another clipping- on which notes were
taken- Liss
Goldmark's statements were reported. A.V.P).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subject:

U. S.

Women in Industry.

Miss Helen Varick Boswell
March 7,_l918..
Few York American.
of the Women's Organization
hairman
—c
iii—M
presieent of the Noman—Forii
sees danger in thrusting
ee,
Committ
County
Committee of the Republican
industrial work. There
of
phases
many
the
into
ly
women indiscriminate
be permitted to
will
women
which
by
t,dopted
method
some
sLoul6 be
Furthermore, Miss Boswell
enter only those fields best suited for them.
demand equal pay for
said, it is imperative they stand together and
tasks will not
ecjual work, so that the men when they return to their
find labor cheapened.
"Zomen in many iniuttrial fields are proving themselves
think they are
capable of handling the work imposed on them. Yet I
enough tg,
great
not
is
need
the
yet
as
going into some lines whore
are doing
they
like
work
mean
I
tasks.
such
up
warrant them taking
men
are
enourh
There
uses.
roundho
the
in
and
shops
in the railroad
can
women
work,
while
us
laborio
more
this
perform
to
age
above the draft
be assimilated in other fields."
"Neither do I want to see women used in industrial tasks
of men.
just because their labor is a cheaper commodity than the labor
so then
equal
work,
for
pay
equal
for
r
togethe
stand
firmly
They should
without
places
old
their
assume
can
they
the
war
from
back
come
the men
finding the wage scale lowered."
many mien who are now taking the places of men
will return to their homes when the war is over there will be some
employers who will try to persuade them to continue if they fail to
maintein the wage standard set by men."
Miss Boswell is of the opinion that the employer will be
much closer to the employee after the war. INixiaartaxxxxxIXxxXlmaxt
Ulf'

7102MX


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•

Subject:U.S.-

Women in Industry.

Charleston (. S. C.). lmerieen.-March 4, 1918.Miss E. Gertrude Storer delivered a lecture on I A
Imagine a big
Challenge to Womanhood" at the Forum last night.
into
factories,
stepping
boys,
the
of
back
walking
army of girls
That army is
the
country.
through
all
fields, and railroad yards
also told
speaker
The
upward.
increasing
and
strong
2,000,000
new
would
girls
every
of the possibility of an industrial draft, where
certain
a
for
need
is
there
be listed and classifiect and wherever
She also spoke of the call
kind of work, girls shifted for it.
at it from an industrial
Looking
women.
into public life of the older
women into industry
older
the
of
day
the
side, she said she believed
must come, that America is destined to become a great industrial
country , on account of its iron and coal fields, which means machinery
Miss Storer also spoke of the stability that the presenc e
and power.
of older women will give in the business world, and of the necessity
for wholesome recreation for the girl working ell day behind machinery
and other nerve-racking industries.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subject:

,omen in industry.
Elimira, N. Y.-- !

Elmira (N. Y.) Herald.

March 6, 1918.-

Although there are many advantages to women obtaining
positions at the morrow plant and other manufacturing plants in the
city, it has been learned today that there are many disadvantages for
in
some married women, especially those having children working
these places.
The number of juvenile cases has been growing each
month , and partly because of mothers and children working in the
The children coming home from school in the afternoon
factories.
to
care for them properly, and this leaves the children
one
have no
In the month of January, 11 cases
exposed to harmful environmeiit.
while in February the number of
Court,
s
r
were brought in the a'3corde
15.
to
juvenile cases rose

S


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A

J.
Subject: Women in Industry in U. S., Bloomfield,
Yew York Sun, March 10, 1918.
The munition ftctory of the International Fuse and Arms Co., in Bloomfield,r. J., through the Layor's Committee of Women on Kati)nal DeThe age limfense (P. Y. City), has called for 14000 women workers.
The
worst thing
dangerous.
not
is
work
Tie
be
35.
to
supposed
it is
at night
5.30
till
morning
the
in
7
from
hours
long
the
about it is
good
a
worker
and
rule
the
is
work
Piece
with an hour off for lunch.
imthey
as
more
earn
They
start.
the
can make 4.11tx 1.98 a day at
clerical
for
work.
picked
are
ability
prove and frequently those who show
for
fzcilities
and
factory
The Y. W. C. A. has a lunch room near the
The training
recreation, and undertakes to find rooms for workers.
insist on the
to
careful
of a worker costs the factory 2.00 so they are
stracc7th,
right k4&-e€ combination of patriotisr, physical
Some were rejected yesterday because they have small
of fingers, et'.
children who need their care, soue because they lacked strength and
stamina.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subject: domen in Industry in U. S.
Kew York American, Mar. 11, 1918.
The decision of the Governtert to call out 800,000 men of draft age in
1918 will present a new problem to employers of labor.
The difficulties that already attend the securing of male help are so great that
the next levy will undoubtedly mean the greatly increased employment
of female help.
There will be consequent demands upon the employer
from his women workthrs for higher salaries, because of their assumption
of positions formerly held by men and the quite natural feeling that they
should be paid very nearly the man's salary for the work.
Department
stores .
,nd manufacturers will feel the effects of the second draft very
severely for they have many men still on their pay rolls who are Affected by the next call.
The opposition th4 has juskdeveloped in the
Eouse of Representatives may have the effect of de3lying the sending of
men to the cantonments, but the best the employer can hope for is a temporary respit.
He might well use this time for preparation for the time
his men are actually taken into the service.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subjec
biomen in Indusnv:in U. S. On Farms.
Jacksonville, Fla. letropolis, Lar. 1, 1918.
20,000 women volunteers to drive farm tractors this year is the appeal
being made by Yrs. Florence King, Pres. of the Women's Association of
Commerce of the U. S.
And as a result of this nation-wide campaign
women as well as men were instructed in this work at the gas tractor
Training and ractor operations will be
school at Riverside, Cal.
taken up at many points and there is every indication that women are
eager for this war work. *** The tractor has really proved a life-saver so-to-speak for the farmer, if he did not have the tractor ef-the
Pap to take the place of the rapidly increased cost of horses he would
Instead of plowing two or three
be under a very serious handicap.
horse a day he now plows an acre or more an hour as long as he runs
a tractor and if he is crowded for time he puts on a head light and
The tractor
with a night force runs a tractor all night if necessary.
When sons and hired hands leave the
is answering the labor problem.
farm for the training camp, the tr-.3tor makes up in a measure for the
loss of the help and in many localities this year it il1 be driven
the household. "It is real easy" said one fair
by the women of
driver. ° We must have h;:lve all the crops we can raise, and I for one
consider driving the tractor and helping in the field a healthful
vacation from in door work."


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

lassLchusetts.
Subject: iiomen in Industry in U.
Atlanta, Ga. Journal. Mar. 3, 1918.
The status of the women wage earners is being consid^Ted by the welEer hours of labor and the amount
fare A/orkers throughout the nation.
of her pay are demanding the thoughtful attention of thinking people.
Mr. Sterling of the American Federation of Labor made the statement
that more than 68,000 women in llassachusetts alone were working in ftcIt was suggested
tories or mills :,,nd receiving less thin $9 a we._.k.
that the only remedy for this condition was the enfkanchisement of woAny man, law maker or
men who would vote for protective legisl.Ltion.
in "equal pay
believes
he
that
say
just an ordinary human being will
in equal
except
exist
condition
for e4uk1 ork" but where does such a
can
accombe
women
of
suffrage States?
"The industrial development
say.
Canada
of
men
plished only by political equality," so the


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

subject:

Women in Indl7stry in J. S.

rew York Een-ild, liar. 9, 1918.
"Aiericnn Women and the World War." B Ida. Clyde Clarke. (D. Appleton
Co.) is a very full collection of more or less statistical data of the
work done so far by women all over the 7. S. in their various activities to help in the winning of tie war.
In a foreword the author svs
" The purpose of this book is two fold: First to discover to American
women themselves their tremendous opportunities and responsibilities
in present world conflict.
2nd,to record in a form that is in some
degree permanent the actual beginnings of the !wee greatest effort of
woLie.11 t.c,e
evt)r 1Owi.
iL
shall serve as
i.
spiration or shall form the ground work of a future history of woman'
s part in the war one of its chief purposes shall have been acomplished.It
The author hils done her work well, and with great thorouchness.
The
chapter on food conservation and the ,;igantic task assigned to women
to help win the war by well directed economy in their households is of
especial value and is filled with suggestions of a highly prictical
kind.
Every woman who reads the book will be made proud that her
sisters in America have done what they have done •'Ind they will be
stirred to emulate them in the same practica; imt4erpatriotism.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

SaNjeets liew fork State. Akan in ludastrje
I. r. flame, Vz.z, lb, 1918.
frIm wonen from organIsationn and. Orbs tram all pwrte of
Vex, :jte-Atu includtw: hundreds of women till' ttei:e Albany by storm al next
Tueliday and hold a women's fielri day on wlAch they will seek sapprArt for
bills beto:, tho Leeislatnre or, bills Offeoting the worn uld ai-ldr5ne
:;(11-4tore nnd ameenlblymen *ill be- asked to rTlyTort tte signer living
Zill for meson and minor's, he bewle4 B111 protesting women elevator
nessencers, the neon
Friyor 3111, proteuting girle actiag
rumAelre,
t9 ()probe t/..0 Hmcww?
rd
,
centers
th
mlIntil
in
mason pro%noting 711r.onn
"or Us porlod of the
t3t7e
thfl
of
LN%
w:11e ilIJs to snapendto
2.1.1ng an the Tagner
Tkmvkln (wont of the day will Si ne
sage Z111 ohl&. his the support of praetle'lly all tIle women's organtastilno If thQ 3t1te: *" InveetigtItions sada by the oonsamers Lemue itioh
ko,s arrIneed a hearth3. on this bill silos that the lowest vonekly wage an
'Lich a woman can livo deoently !.T1 L r, r'ity, with the present high cost
of livinc7 is $11.70. The Wagner Bill proposes a StAte wage commission of
This
3 members with the State Industrial Commission acting ex officio.
commission after investigating wages on its an volition or on pertition
can where woos are found too low appoint u wage board found of employers
and employees and recommend a living wage for the indqstry of the atty.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

IJ1Y1
Milwaukee Leader. March 8, 1918.
A claim tlat men are being disclarged and women put at their work in certain factories was included in a report -bars. Elsie Essman, superintendent of
the women's department, made at the annual meeting of the co%mittee on unemployed at tie public employment office.
It led to a staterLent by State Industrial Commissioner Geo. P. Hamprecht,
that the co.lrission is making a study of the entrance of women into industry
during the war and. would take up the matter of their emplvmont in order to displace men.
George butter, Machinists union, stated some of the big concerns were discharging men 'lid rutting women in their places.
On bein,: pressed for names by
upervisor Geo. :loerschel and others, he said the Narvester Company and the
Briggs & Stratton company were tø of them.
A. T. Can Scoy, Farvester Company
official, said he wanted to explain that his company had lost 1600 men through
wes-;-ind expceetedto lose more in subsequent calls, and that while it was true
worren had been -iven work in some departments, it was the policy of the company
to pay them the sare rate as men, "based on their relative efficiency".
Fe intimated women took the places of men gone to war, but this was disputed.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subjects Wisconsin - .omen in Industry.
Milwaukee, Wis., News.
liar. 7, 1918.
Federated Trades councils all over the State will soon unite in a
petition to the Wisconsin industrial commission for an order b rring women
from heavy and fatiguing manual labor such as foundry work, driving to ma
and handling lumber in mill yards.
The .Attention of the industrial come
mission --lready has been °died to the employment of women on electric
care as conductOrs through a petition filed with the commission when an
attem., was mide to employ women as conductors on street care in Madison
and their employment on Trenosir, cars and a rulIsIg of the co/mission is expected in the near future on the question.
Vow the scope of the request
Is to be broAeded and a ruling is to be asked from the commission which
will b-r women from n11 henwy labor of the character mentioned -nd, in
fact, fr)m practically all tr-ides in which they were not customirily employed before the war began.
It is said by labor leaders tInt under the
claim of war stress women are being employed in many classes of work in
which there is no necessity for their being employed and which in the belief
of the labor men, is an injury to the women as being of too strenuous n
character for them.
The direction of the presentation of the petition to the industrial
commission will be in ch- rge of Jos. F. Brown of the Madison Trades council, and it is said that the Industrial commission will give a careful
hea-ing to the ,uestion and will have PS many as possible of the employers
of 1:Ibor in the classes now :or the first time employing women before the
conimission and gain from them statements as to the reas-ms which have
enused them to hire women workers.
Opinions will -lso be obtained from
experts in work for women as tbethe effect on women of their employment
in the trades in which women have recently for the first time been employed since the wztr began.
Ur. Brown will also call the attention of the labor committee of the
State Council of Defensetof this question of the employment of women in new
trades and will ask the state c)unciltoftzike action on he question and
file with the labor commission andprotest against this employment of women.
Tre hearing will be fo1l'3wed with interest ail o;er he stte .ao it will be
a thorough reviev of the question as to what the wzar neces.;:ties in this
state are ns regards the employment bf women in the so-cDlied heavier
trades in the State.
The hearing will also be of interest outside the
State.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subject: Baltimore Women in Industry{Marguerite B. Harrison)
Baltimore , d., Sun.
Mar. 14, 1918.
This is the story of a woman who want out to look for a job in Baltimore, qnd the experiences she met with in trying to find a position that
would pay her enough to live on.
It is not a sooiologioal survey; it does not pretend to solve any
It is simply a stntement of the things
problems or expose Aly conditions.
that ahppened to one woman, 4nd it is no doubt typical of the experiences
of many.
I know it to be a true story, for I was the woman, and every incident
The idea of finding
that I am about to relate actually hrippened to me.
for the woman
Baltimore
in
are
there
opportunities
out for myself just what
mg by a conto
suggested
vie
resources
own
her
upon
who is suddenly thrown
the new
discuswing
were
women
Three
few
a
days
heard
ago.
versation I
problem of women in industry.
pit n no"74 dear", said one of them, "I'm just crazy to go dowrtown
fabulous
salary
a
at
nowThey say that any woman can get a job
sitione
adays."
"What can you do?" said another.
"Well, I'm not trained, of course, but I could answer the telephone,
take orders, make out bills, and I'm sure I could soon pick up typewritThe I hear that the stores will pay almost anything for saleswomen.
ing.
Of course, I wouldn't take anything but a position as buyer, beginning aI think I'll try."
round 430 a week; but it would be rather fun.
"There isntt anything in
"Fiddlesticks", said the third woman.
The thing to do is to get work in a munitions facthat kind of work.
They'll pay you good wages while you'
plant.
big
industrial
tory or some
piecework you get from $18 to $30 a
on
put
you're
after
re learning, and
sorts of inducements."
all
and
lunch
week, with bonuses, free
point in the convorsation I broke
tis
at
but
I had been listening,
In.
"Have any of you tried to get a job?" said I.
"No, but everyone is saying that women are takinL7 the pieces of men
in industrial and clerical work; there is a tremendous demand for women
in labor, and we've all heard tales of the wonderful positions to be had
for the asking." said the first speaker.
I determined to go out and land as many of
That set me to thinking.
possible,
on th
starting
those jobs as


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subject: Baltimore Women in Industry4mar erite R. Harrison)
Baltimore , Md., Sun.
Mar. 14, 1918.
gu
for a job in BaltiThis is the story of a woman who want out to look
a position that
find
to
g
more, and the experiences she met with in tryin
would pay her enough to live on.
not pretend to solve any
It is not a sociological survey; it does
It is simply a statement of the things
problems or expose .tny conditions.
typical of the experiences
that ahppened to one woman, and it is no doubt
of many.
woman, and every incident
I know it to be a true story, for I was the
The idea of finding
me.
that I am about to relate actually happened to
in Baltimore for the woman
out for myself just what opportunities there are
suggested to mi by a conwho is suddenly thrown upon her own resources wns
Three women were discussing the new
verention I heard a few days ago.
problem of women in industry.
to go dowttOwn and cet a vo"My dear", said one of them, "I'm just crazy
ous salary nowThey say that any woman can get a job at a fabul
sition.
adays."
"What can you do?" said another.
answer the telephone,
"Well, I'm not trained, of course, but I could
pick up typewritsoon
could
take orders, make out bills, and I'm sure I
anything for saleswomen.
The I hear that the stores will pay almost
ing.
position as buyer, beginning aOf course, I wouldn't take anything but a
I think I'll try."
fun.
round $30 a week; but it would be rather
e isntt anything in
"Ther
.
woman
"Fiddlesticks", said the third
ions facThe thing to do is to get work in a munit
that kind of work.
while you'
wages
good
you
pay
ll
They'
tory or some big industrial plant.
to $30 a
$is
from
get
you
work
re learning, and after you're put on piece
s."
ement
induc
of
week, with bonuses, free lunch and all sorts
in the conversation I broke
point
this
at
but
ning,
I had been liste
in.
I.
"Have any of you tried to get a job?" said
g the places of men
takin
are
women
that
g
sayin
"No, but everyone is
there is a tremendous demand for women
in industrial and clerical work;
the wonderful positions to be had
In labor, and we've all heard tales of
for the asking." said the first speaker.
I determined to go out and land as many of
That set me to thinking.
those jobs as possible, starting an th


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

subject: Baltimore Women in Industry.
(Larguerite E. Harrison)
Ear. 14, 1918.
Sun.
Baltimore ,
This is the story of a woman who want out to look for a job in Baltithat
more, and the experiences she met with in trying to find a position
wo-Ild pay her enough to live on.
to solve any
It is not a sociological survey; it does not pretend
of the things
statement
a
It is simply
problems or expose any conditions.
es
the
of
experienc
that ahppened to one woman, and it is no doubt typical
of many.
I know it to be a true story, for I was the woman, and every incident
The idea of finding
that I am about to relate actually happened to me.
for the woman
Baltimore
in
_re
there
ties
opportuni
what
out for myself just
mp by a conto
suggested
was
resources
own
her
upon
who is suddenly thrown
g
the new
discussin
were
women
Three
ago.
days
versation I heard a few
problem of women in industry.
downtown and ;et 4 0"My dear", said one of them, "I'm just crazy to go
fabulous salary nowa
at
job
a
get
can
They say that any woman
sition.
adays."
"What can you do?" said another.
"Well, I'm not trained, of course, but I could answer the telephone,
take orders, make out bills, and I'm sure I could soon pick up typewritThe I hear that the stores will pay almost anything for saleswomen.
ing.
Of course, I wouldn't take anything but a position as buyer, beginning aI think I'll try."
round 430 a week; but it would be rather fun.
isntt anything in
"There
woman.
third
the
said
"Fiddlesticks",
in a munitions facwork
get
to
is
do
to
thing
The
that kind of work.
good wages while you'
you
pay
They'll
plant.
tory or some big industrial
from 448 to 4i30 a
get
you
piecework
re learning, and after you're put on
ts."
inducemen
of
week, with bonuses, free lunch and all sorts
the
conversation I broke
I had been listening, but at this point in
in.
"Have any of you tried to get a job?" said I.
"No, but everyone is saying that women are taking the places of men
in industrial and clerical work; there is a tremendous demand for women
in labor, and - we've all heard tales of the wonderful positions to be had
for the asking." said the first speaker.
I determied to go out and land as many of
That set me to thinking.
those jobs as possible, starting an th


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subject:
Mar. 11,

stry.
Yew York, Women in Indu
Chron,
.
Pa
,
gh
ur
Pittsb
1918.

Telegraph.

und, rich,
ward C. IcCatady, yo
1:0
s.
Fir
k
oc
cl
o'
Every morning at 6.45
t e door of a Swissad, drives up to
ro
f
if
Cl
r
ia
Br
of
,
car, turns it over
ad handsome
big green touring
a
om
fr
g
in
ht
ig
al
d
the aircraft devale garage an
She thel-, walks to
.
ge
ra
ga
e
th
of
or
et
where she dons a
to the propri
gnal Co,m nearby,
Si
&
ch
it
Sw
n
io
e
Un
work at a shinpartment of th
Then she goes to
p.
ca
d
an
ls
al
er
ov
,
se
uniform of blou
y motors.
linders for Libert
o'clock, with
ing new lathe making cy
all day until 5.30
e
th
la
e
th
at
s
rk
wo
of rest morning
McCrady
15-minute period
a
d
an
ur
ho
h
nc
lu
e
her uniform and
the exception of th
e grease, doffs
th
f
of
es
sh
wa
e
sh
The wages
Then
.
and afternoon.
looking Fern hPllow
er
ov
me
ho
r
he
to
r
ed.
d-ives away in her ca
h she in interest
or family in whic
po
a
to
sband,
s
ve
hu
r
gi
he
e
r
sh
s
wa
rn
n the
she ea
ing her bit to wi
do
is
dy
Cra
Antonio,
n
:Ic
Sa
s.
at
:r
e
s
Whil
corp
r in the ordnance
ce
fi
of
an
is
ary
,
in
im
dy
el
ra
pr
ok a
Poward C. Le
first draft he to
e
th
in
ll
ca
s
.
hi
g
cy
in
lo
Follow
Tex.
Institute of Techno
n at the Carnegie
rding to her friends,
course of instructio
tary service, acco
li
mi
d
re
te
en
d
an
One day a
sb
d her.
After her hu
and parties bore
as
Te
.
ll
du
fe
li
h works and help
lurs. McCrqdy found
go into theswitc
u
yo
t
n'
do
hy
"W
,
r work as one of
friend jokingly said
arid she applied fo
r
he
to
ed
al
pe
ap
She was
The idea
Uncle Sam?
tors for airplanes.
mo
ke
ma
to
d
ge
ga
n en
the work in
the hundreds of wome
, she would tire of
id
sa
is
it
,
de
ma
A wager was
"That will be enext.
accepted.
y and was ill the
da
e
on
ed
rk
wo
e
Sh
But she Nnent back.
a week.
friend declared.
a
,"
ck
ba
go
t
n'
wo
e
nough - sh
nths.
ery day for three mo
She has gond back ev


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1

Subject: Few York, Women in Industry.
Pittsburgh, Pa. Chron,
Mar. 11, 1918.

Telegraph.

C. McCitady, yound, rich,
Every morning at 8.45 o'clock Mrs. Howard
up to t?e door of a Swissanti handsome, of Briar Cliff rod, drives
touring car, turns it over
vale garage and alighting from a big green
She tKen walks to the aircraft deto the proprietor of the garage.
nearby, where she dons a
partm6nt of the Union Switch & Signal Co,m
she goes to work at a shin- .
Then
cap.
uniform of bluuse, overalls and
s.
motor
ty
Liber
ing new lathe making cylinders for
5.30 o'clock, with
until
day
all
Mrs. McCrady works at the lathe
d of rest morning
perio
nute
15-mi
the exception of the lunch hour and a
her uniform and
doffs
e,
greas
Then she washes off the
and afternoon.
The wrges
w.
hollo
Fern
g
d-ives away in her car to her home overlookin
.
ested
in
tOter
she
she earns she gives to a poor family in which
nd,
wr
husba
her
the
While L,rs. I:.cCrady is doing her bit to win
io,
at
San
Anton
nce corps
Howard C. McCrady, is an officer in the ordna
y
a preliminar
Following his call in the first draft he took
Tex.
olocy.
of
tute
Techn
Insti
gie
Carne
the
course of instruction at
to her friends,
ding
accor
ce,
servi
ary
milit
ed
After her husband enter
One day a
her.
bored
es
pprti
and
Teas
Mrs. McCrady found life dull.
help
and
works
itch
thesw
into
go
friend jokingly said, "Why don't you
as
one of
work
for
ed
appli
she
and
The idea appealed to her
Uncle S-tml,
was
She
anes.
airpl
for
s
the hundreds of women engaged to make motor
in
A wager was mAe, it is said, she would tire of the work
accepted.
ebe
will
"That
She worked one day and was ill the next.
a week.
But she wnent back.
nough - she won't go b'.ek," a friend declared.
She has gond back every day for three months.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subjects
Mar. 11,

New York, Women in Industry.
Pittsburgh, Pa. Chron,
1918.

Telegraph.

Howard C. Mesady, yound, rich,
Every morning at 6.45 o'clock Mrs.
drives up to t:e door of a Swissarid hnndsome, of Briar Cliff rod,
green touring car, turns it over
vale garage and alighting from a big
She then walks to the aircraft deto the proprietor of the garage.
a
al Coon nearby, whore she dons
partment of the Union Switch & Sign
a
shin
at
Then she goes to work
uniform of bluuse, overalls ',nd cap.
Liberty motors.
ing new lathe making cylinders for
day until 5.30 o'clock, with
Mrs. McCrady works at the lathe all
a 15-minute period of rest morning
the exception of the lunch hour and
se, doffs her uniform and
Then she washes off the grea
and afternoon.
The wages
looking Fern hollow.
drives away in her car to her hone over
ly in which she in interested.
she earns she i.ves to a poor fami
to win the wlir her husband,
While rs. :-cCrady is doing her bit
the ordnance corps at Snn Antonio,
Howard C. YcCrady, is an officer in
draft he took a preliminary
Following his call in the first
Tex.
Institute of Technoloey.
course of instruction at the Carnegie
service, according to her friends,
After her husband entered -1ilitary
One day a
Teas and parties bored her.
Mrs. McCrady found life dull.
go into theswitch works and help
friend jokingly said, "Thy don't you
applied for work as one of
The idea appealed to her and she
Uncle Sam?
She was
motors for airplanes.
the hundreds of women engaged to make
work in
the
of
tire
d
woul
she
A wager was ra%de, it is said,
accepted.
be et
will
"Tha
.
next
the
She worked one day and was ill
a week.
.
t
back
wnen
she
But
nd declared.
nough - she won't go ly,ck," a frie
three months.
She has gond back every day for


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subject: Oman in Industry in U. S.
Yew York American, Mar. 11, 1918.
The decision of the Governbent to call out 800,000 men of draft
age in
1918 will present a new problem to employers of labor.
The difficulties that already attend the securing of male help are so great that
the next levy will undoubtedly mean the greatly increased employment
of female help.
There will be consequent demands upon the employer
from his women workers for higher salaries, because of their
assumption
of positions formerly held by men and the ouite natural feeling that
they
should be paid very nearly the man's salary for the work.
Department
stores 4nd manafaoturers will feel the effects of the second
draft vary
severely for they have many men still on thrAr pay rolls who are
Offeoted by the next call.
The opposition that has juse developed In the
Eouse of Representatives may have the effect of doetying the sendin
g of
men to the oantonments, but the beet the employer can hope for
is a temporary respit.
Pe might well use this time for preparation for the time
his men are actually taken into the service.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

uvr,

A

Subject: Women in Industry in U. 3., Bloomfield, Y. j.
New York Sun, 2azoh 10, 1916.
BloomThe munition factory of the International Fuse and Arms Co., in
Defield,N. J., through the Mayor's Committee of Women on Nati)nal
limage
The
s.
worker
women
41000
for
fense (R. Y. City), has called
thing
worst
The
ous.
danger
not
is
The work
it is supposed to be 36.
at night
about it is the long hours - from 7 in the morning till 5.30
good
worker
a
and
rule
the
is
Piece work
with an hour off for lunch.
imas
they
more
earn
They
can make $.124 1.98 a day at the start.
al work.
cleric
for
picked
prove and frequently those who show ability are
for
ties
facili
and
y
The Y. W. C. A. has a lunoh room near the factor
The training
recreation, and undertakes to find rooms for workers.
insist on the
to
l
of a worker costs the factory $100 so they are carefu
th,
nihbleness
right bind-of combination of patriotism, physical streng
Some were rejected yesterday because they have small
of fingers, etc.
th and
children who need their care, some beaause they lacked streng
stamina.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subject:

Matra, N. Y.-- 7:omen in industry.

Elmira (N. Y.) Herald.

March 6, 1918.-

Although there .re many ailvantages to women obtaininn,
positions at the morrow plant and other manufacturing plants in the
city, it has been learned today that there are many disadywoktafgee for
, in
sumo married WOMAA, especially those having children workint
these place.
The number or juvenils oasis has been growinr; each
Llid partly because of mothers and unildren workin€r, in the
month
The children coming home from school in the afternoon
facideries.
have no one to ci..rc for them properly, and this leaves the children
In the month of January, 11 eases
exposed to harmful evironmet.
vere brouGht in the ocorder 6 '-ourt, while in rGbruary the number of
juvenile cases rose to 16.


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Subjlot:

-fomen in industry- Rhode Ialand.

uhild welfare work
Providence (R. I. Bulletin. Feb..21,_121Lby the section
oase
hill
CHUie
riZaW
after
-773=tisei yesterday
Tiet.
the
Council of
of
tee
commit
s
woman'
child welfare chairmen of the
-6own
vard,
National Defense representing the 3to, city,
sections.
women in ine.ustry
Hiss Alice "Y. Hunt, chairman of
spoke on the
Island
Rhode
department of the WorIan's Cgmmittes in
to protect
use4
has
y
German
othods
ne6. for "connerving folks.
Liss Bunt, aiid the
her omen in :Industrial 3ituations vier° takch up byislune
was also
Rhode
in
vital need for work for women in induntry
ous
for
thing
danger
vAost
the
is
women
brou4ht up. "Azht work for
IsAld
Rhode
1840,
in
work
night
of
rii
got
nd
:Lng1L.
the workers.
exand
wen
our
up
use
land still permits night work, Yv cannot
mpllines or guns.
pect to repluce them as quickly es we can replacethe
bill before the
pass
to
work
to
Women, you v.re (.11 asked to help
"
women.
among
work
night
ing
revent
Legisluture


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subjeet:U.S..

Charleston (.

7:emen in Industry.

kmerioan.-Yttrch 4, 1918.•

Miss 'S. Gertrude .Storer delivered a lecture on it A
Lmagine a big
Challenge to omanhood" at the Forum last night.
into
stepping
factories,
boys,
army of girls walking back of the
fields, and railroad yards all through the country. That anew is
new 2,000,000 strong and increasing upward. The speaker also told
of the posnibility of an industrial draft, where evvry girls wculd
be listed and classifted and wherever there is need for a certain
She also spoke of ill') call
kind of work, girls shifted for it.
into public life of tho older women. Looking at it from an inAustrial
side, she amid she believed the day of the older women into industry
must %-;ene, that ;zieriea is destinkld to btcome a great industrial
country
on account of its iron 9nd coal fields, which wane machinery
and power. Lasn Storer also spoke of the stability that the presene
of older women will give in the business world, and of the neoeseity
for wholesome recreation for the girl working !al day behind nachinery
and other nerve-racking industries.,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(Newark,N.J.News) Ment,ons a report onfloperations in the manufacture
of explosives which women might carry on without undue risk to health"
to be prepared lv John Roach, chief of bureau of hygiene and sanitation
of the state department of labor. (Might be noted and secured when ready)


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

The War Industries Board, section on employment management offers
women employment managers in plants where there are a large number of
woman workers.

Subject:

U. S.G. V410= in Industry.

ass Helen Varick Boswell.
New York American. March 7, al..
lifriirrent of the IromdrirraanTErchairman of the Women's Organization
Committee of the Republican County Committee, sees danger in thrusting
women indiscriminately into the many phases of industrial work. There
should be some method tiopted by which women will bo permitted to
enter only those fields best suited for them. Furthermore, Miss Boswell
said, it is imperative they stand together and demand equal pay for
equal work, so that the men when they return to their tasks will not
find labor cheapened.
"Women in many induttrial fields are proving themselves
the work imposed on then. Yet I think they are
of
handling
capable
going into some lines where as yet the need is not great enough to
warr:nt them taking up such ',Asks. I mean work like they are doing
in the railroad shops and in the roundhouses. There are enouch men
above the draft ago to perform this more laborious work, while omen can
be assimilated in other fields."
"Neither do I want .to see vemeft used in industrial tasks
just because their labor is a cheaper commodity than the labor of men.
They should stand firmly together for equal pay for equal work, so when
the men come back from the war they can assume their old places without
finding the wage scale lowered."
"While mar-wOMen who are now taking the places of men
to
their homes when the war is over there will be some
return
will
employers who will try to persuade than to continue if they fail to
maintain the wage standard set by men."
Mos Boswell is of the opinion that the emplo er will be
to
the employee after the war.
closer
much
INAMX


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subject:

U. S..

Women in industry. (Transportation)

These are Miss Pauline Goldmark's
1918..
New York Tele ram. March
7omon's moral welfare is in
67773men:.
oriotir;;Fk
77Panns o a
masculine.
women are
essentially
are
that
vocations
danger in
They are unsuited to
being put to tasks beyond their strength.
7omen's health is being impaired by long hours
laborious work.
There is no wartime necessity for women in the
and ni7ht work.
There is no war emeggency for women to
occupations.
unsuitcable
face a distinct risk by working
Women
conductors
night.
at
work
Lqual pay for equal work irrespective of sex.
after midnight.
That the women of this country who have been called
on the railroads may not endure many of the hardships
labor
to manual
which befell their sister workers ta the nrinition factories in hngland,
the Consumers' League of Now 'fork is cocducting a vigorious campaign
in their behalf, particularly with a view of requiring that all lora
governiar health be enforced.
Ahe Consumers' League has been effecting, through states'
legislation, an improvement in working hours and conditions of labor
for women, but at this time is exerting its efforts to remove cortain
adverse conditions that have become evident recently by the employment of women in railroad work.
The employment of women for railroad work has increased
tremendously within the last few months and has extended to the most
trying kind of employment, much being of a character that would tak
Under it, the women so engaged are beginthe strength of hardy men.
ninT to show the strains combined with the long hours they are called
upon to give in this service,
It was for this reason that Miss Pauline Goltmark
who is research secretary for the Consumers' League appeared before
the Railroad rage Commission in Washington, where she presented figures
to show that women are being hired in increasing numbers for heavy work
and that the labor laws for the protection of women do not cover
many of their occupations.
( In another clipping- on which notes were taken- Liss
Golimark's statements were reported. A.V.P).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subject: :ew York City. Women in Industry.
New York Eerall, Mar. 14, 1918.
In some of the down town luncheon clubs waitresses are now holding
part of the line in financial nnd business -istricts formerly held by waiters wYo are Tat on a strite and are confident of increasing their gains beforeethe end of the week.
Two hours work a day, $44 a month in wages,
and an equal agerage in tipp looked pretty good to a groat many waitressThe machinery club and the
es when the4. read about the strike of the men.
railroad club gave employment to the women.


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3mbioat: Los Angeles, Vomen in Industry.
los Moles, Oa., Tribune. In?. 6, 1916.
Sister Susie new sews shirts for soldiers.
?or the wr, broadening
Los ngeles' field of induetries and women's fieldof endeavor, has made
Los ;,ngeles the headquftrters for Southern California in the mnnufsoture
of uniforms for soldiers.
Incidentally it is adding a great deal of money to the incomes of
Los Angeles clothiers and nlso a great deal to their payrolls.
Scores of machines and hundreds of women li‘De employed daily.
Vamy
aim tailors having Wone to war, it hns become the patriotic dury all loll
as a good paying occupation for the women to cat and alter the uniforms5
in addition to sewing them.
The difficult art of cutting accurately by m,.ohinery, a field of work
seldom entered successfully by women in Los :lossies before the Init.& States
entered the war, now has beenA9Ivade4 with great satistmtion by workers
who formerly worked at the sewtng machibea.
•
Of course, the orders given out by the quartermaster's bureaus stipulate thtkt the uniforms must be of high quNlity and neat fit and of course
the suite meet those requirements.
tf they didn't they would not be permitted to leave the 'morkshipi,
and, furthermore, they would not be accepted by the government.
And,
anyway, if you don't think they fit perfectly, "ease up" every soldier
you sec today and figure if you ever saw as mar* 01,111fms wearing thf3ir
ollthes with equal sty)e and jmintiness.


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Industry.
Subjects Vow York State, Women in
New York Call, Mar. 11, 1918.
ect
outy has indorsed a bill to prot
The Consumer's league of New York
inbeen
t work and long hours that has
women elevator operators from nigh
strial
e
the suggestion of the stat indu
troduced by Assemblyman Bewley at
affiliated organizations and
The Consumers' league asks its
commission.
a carebill, which is the result of
members to give their support to this
ators and
interviews with the women oper
ful investigation, that included
where the women are employed.
the superintendents of buildings
sumers'
secy. of the New York City Con
According to nies Neil Swartz,
n as elewomen employed in Manhatta
league, there are between 350 and 400
of the
rity
majo
The
tment houses.
vator runners - most of them in apar
draft.
June
the
e
sinc
field of work
women have been taken on in this new
ts,
van
ser
stic
dome
e, waitresses,
They have come from all walks of lif
and factory hands.
The investigation shows
irregular.
The hours of employment are very
ft hours are
work on shifts, the day shi
that in most apartment houses girls
Fifty.
a.m
8
t shift from 6 p.m. to
ustraly 8 a.m. to 6 porn.; the nigh
ly
week
ir
The
oyed on night duty.
three per cent of the women are empl
m54
fro
ft
to 105 hours, the day shi
hours on the night shift run from 56
there is in most houses, so
For those who work at night,
to 70 hours.
provision made for sleeping.
employed in this service work
Seventy-eight per cent of the girls
one day of rest in
Pr,ctically none have the
more than 6 days a week.
seven.
tically •nll of them being under 24
Most of the girls are young, prac
of age or less, while 16
Thirty per cent are 21 years
years of age.
The majority of them are unmarried.
.
per cent are uhder 18 years of age
k,
wed said, they liked their new wor
On the whole, the girls intervie
oy
enj
One girl said, "I
night work.
except for the long hours and the
d be made to allow the
coul
-rt
e arrangem
my work here, but wish that som As it is now,,t have to eithsr carry
us to have time off for 1unch4 also ar.d that at the end of my 13-hour
I
my lunch or ogo without it.
All day long I %lave to jump from
ed.
tir
rind
ous
day I am very nerv
chho%rd
vator, and then run back to the swit
the switchboard to run the ele
not
working day, and I also wish I did
I wish we could hrive a shorter
open
are
hall
the
in
s
door
The big
have to work on the night shift.
ened, sitting here alone in the lobby.'
ght
fri
n
ofte
all night lon„ and I am
intresurotaw.m., el%
proEibit the eia.
Ph) Powley AJA, Aseembli
s of age in the elevator service, prohibit
ployment of women under 21 year
days or 54 hours in any week, or bdfore 7
their working more than 6 hemp,
10 o'clock in the evening*
o'clock in the morning or after


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Subject: Women in Industry in J. .
Atl.nliF,, Ga. Journal. Mar. 3, 1918.
The status of the women wage earners is being considered by the welfare workers throughout the nation.
Ear hours of labor and the amount
of her pay are demmding the thoughtful attention of thinking people.
Mr. Strling of the American Federation of Labor made the statement
that more thnn 68,000 women in Massachusetts alme were working in f:,ctories or mills md receiving less thnn $9 a we,7.k.
It was suggested
thnt the only remedy for tl,is condition was the enfaanchisement of women who would vote for protective legisltion.
4ny man, law maker or
just an ordinr,ry humnn being will say tht he believes in "equal pay
for ekulJ ork" but where does such a condition exist except in equal
suffrage States?
"The industrial development of women can be accomplished only by political equality," so the men of es..nada say.


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Subjects Wisconsin - Jiomen in Industry.
Lilw-ukee, Wis., News.
liar. 7, 1918.
Federated Trtides councils all over the State will soon unite in a
petition to the Wisconsin industrial commission for an order ly,rring women
from heavy Pnd f',
.tiguing manual labor ouch as foundry work, driving te-ne
and handling lumber in mill yards.
The attention of the indnstrial corn0
mis%innire4z„,Irs . been c1ed to the employment of women on electric
cert. as conducters through a petition filed with the commission when an
attenr-t was mide to employ women as conduetors on street w:trs in Madison
and their employment on Zenos/r, ears and a rulg of the co mission is expected in the near future on the question.
Now the scope of the request
is to be bro'Aeded and a ruling is to be asked from the commission which
will bar women from all /wiry labor of the character mentioned and, in
fact, from practioally all trades in which they were not customarily employed before the war began.
It is said by labor leaders thnt under the
claim of war stress women are being employed in nany classes of work in
which there is no necessity for their being employed and which in the belief
of the labor men, is an injury to the women as being of too strenuous a
character for them.
The direction of the presentation of the petition to the industrial
commission will be in charge of Jos. F. Brown of the Madison Trades council, and it is said that the Industrial 00mmission will F:ive a careful
hea-Lng to the nuestion and will have pa many as possible of the employers
of labor in the classes now for the first time employing women before 'Ale
commission and gin from them statements as ta the reasrms which have
onused Chem to hire women workers.
Opinions will also be obtained from
experts in work for women as tbethe effect on women of their employment
in the trades in which women have recently for the first time been employed since the war begAa.
11r. Brown will also cA.1 the attention of the labor oommittee of the
State Council of Defensetof this eueetion of the employment of women in new
trades zid will ask the state clureilte'tate action on the question and
file with the labor commission al . protest against this employment of women.
The hearing will be followed wtt.i: interest all over the state as it will be
P thorough review of the question as to what the war necessities in this
state are as regards the employment Of women In the so-called heavier
trades in the State.
The hearing will also be of interest outside the
St to.


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subject:
2iIwaukee
Nomen in Inlustry.
Milwaukee Leader, March 8, 1918.
A claim t. at men are being discharged and women put at their work in certain factories was included in a report Mrs. Elsie Beaman, superintendent of
the women's department, made at the annual meeting of the committee on unemployed at the public employment office.
It led to a statement by State Industrinl Commissioner Geo. P. Hamprecht,
that the commission is making a study of the entrance of women into industry
during the war and would take up the matter of their empl'Dyment in order to displace men.
George Mutter, Machinists union, stated some of the big concerns were discharging men Aid putting women in their places.
On being pressed for names by
bupervisor Geo. Moerschel and others, he said the Harvester Company and the
Briggs & Stratton company were tvw of them.
A. T. Can Scoy, Hnrvester Company
otficial, said he wanted to explain that his company had lost 1600 men through
was and expcectedto lose more in subsequent calls, and that while it was true
women had been riven work in some departments, it was the policy of the company
to pay them the same rate as men, "based on their rel-Aive efficiency".
Be intimated women took the places of men gone to war, but this was disputed.
Van


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Zubjeot: Kew York State. Amen in Industry.
1. Y. Tir.4a, Aar. 15, 121E.
Deleicatioils :rum wozen fvam organisations an cluba froi:a all parr6s of
t.-4e 3tate IncludL,g Lundreds of women will take Albany by tarm ot next
Tuesday aad Laid a womon's :lel& day on which thei will seeli support for
c7:11dren.
bills before the Lai;islature on bills Affeuti4g the VOL
be askal to support teZAgner living
t4ra aati aaceiLblAlan
Wage 411 for uoman aad minor's, the Bewley Bill protecting women elevator
ranners, he ileyer Bill, protecting eiris acting as messangers, th Meal'
meaagre protecting womsn in tint railroad centers ii o oppose the
te for the period of the
t4) suspend the labor leas of the
Bill whici.
war*

Tho main evout of thc any will be the hearing on the Tavier mtnimma
euge Bill which has ths support of prsoticslly ell the women's orem.isep
tione Of the 0.4ate. *" Investigations made by the consumers Lemon which
has arranged a hearing on this bill allow that the lowest weekly wag* on
which a woman can live decently in F. Y. City, with the present high cool,
The kagnor 3111 proposes a State wage comission of
of liyin2. is $11.70.
Thte
the
State Industrial Commission acting ex officio.
3 members with
on
pertition
or
volition
on
its
on
commission after investigating wages
can where wages are found too law appoint a wage board found of employers
and employees and recommend a living wage for the indlistry of the city.


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Satijoats

Ulan in Industry in

tow York ler ld, Mars 9, 1919.
"Amerisvn ,amson and the Workd Var." By Ida Clyde Clarke, (D. Appleton 8,
Co.) is a very full collection of wore of less statistical data of the
work done so far by women all over the 1. S. in their v. riots notivis
ties to help in the winning of Vs war.
In a foreword itYe author sale
" The purpose of this book is two folds First to discover to Americnn
wollen themselves their tremendous opportunities !,nd responsibilities
in present world conflict.
Sad,to record In a fore that is In some
degree permanent the 'Actual beginnings of the !wee greatest effort of
women Li* world ha ever known.
If Vis book shall serve as Pn inspiration or sh%11 forn the ground work of n future history of woman'
s part in the wnr one of its chief purpose* shall have been moomplishThe althor Ins done her work well, rind with great thoroughness.
The
chapter on food oonservtion nod the giglntio task assigned to women
to help win the war by well directed economy in their households Is of
especial value ',nd is filled with suggestions of a hirhly
kind.
'Every won who rellds the book will be made proud th,lt her
sisters In Amerion have done what they hale done %sad they will be
stirred to emulate them in the s.mo yr:sotto:11 bee4erpatriotism.


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Oubjec
-iomon _t Lndustrysin U. S. On Farrel'
Jacksollville, Fla. Letropolis„ Var. 1, 1918.
20,000 womon volunteers to drive farm tractors this year is the appeal
being made by Yrs. Florence Fing„ Fres, of the Cements Association of
Commerce of the 7. S.
And as a result of this nation-wide empaign
women as well es men were Instructed in this work at the gas tractor
school at Riverside, Cal,
Trainilz and kraetor operations will be
taken up at many points and t?•ere is every indieation that women are
eager for this war work. *** The tractor has really proved a life-sarer so-to-speak for the farmer, If he did not have the tractor ef-Ote
rap to take the place of the rapidly increased cost of horses he would
be under a very serious handicap.
Instead of plowing two or three
horse a day he now plows an sere or more an hour as long as he runs
a tractor and if he is crowded for time he puts on a head light and
The tractor
with a night force runs a tractor all night if necessary.
When sons and hired hands leave the
is answering the labor problem.
farm for the training camp, the trnclor makes up in a measure for the
loss of the help and in many localities this year it mill be driven
the household. "It is real easy" said one fair
by the woman of
driver.
We must have have all the crops we can raise, and I for one
consider driving the tractor and helping in the field a healthful
vacttion from in door work."


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SUBJECT:

Women in industry in U. S.-- New Jersey (Bloomfield).

Now York Journal. March 4, 1918.The Women's Employment Committee of the Yayor ls Committee
of Women on National Defense has been commissioned by the International
Fuse and Arms Company of Bloomfield, N. J., to supply a large number
This factory is filling Government contracts.
of women workers.
A statement issued yesterday from the office of the
Committee said: "In the fternational Fuse and Arms L:ompany's factory
After a
untrained workers are guaranteed 32 a day while learning.
ahort time they are given higher wages, according to output. A worker
This is piece work to
may enrz from five to seven dollars a day.
which the unskilled worker is quickly advanced, according to her
The higher the order of intelligence, the better the work,
ability.
and in munition conditions this rule works as in other lines of endevor. Dressmakers, musicians, and artists, who have had some
technical training are in demand.
Indeed, the professions have
supplied the minitionz factories in other countries and are welcomed
At Bloomfield, the conditions have been
by munition employers here.
fully investilgatel as to housing the women who will be sent there
through the "omen s %ployment Committee.
The Y. W. C. A. of New
'York is arranging for comfortable living quarters. The 'omen's 'maloyment Committee has a large sign displayed in its roams asking for
women munition workers.
That there will be a ready response to this
national necessity is the firm belief of Mrs. Gabriel and her assistant."


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SUBJECT:

Women in industry in U. S... New Jersey (Bloomfield).

Sew York Journal. March 4, 1918....
The Women's Employment Committee of the Mayor's Committee
by the International
of 'Icmen on National Defense has been okammiesioned
a large number
supply
to
J.,
N.
Bloomfield,
of
Company
Fuse and Arms
contracts.
Government
. This factory is filling
of women workers,
of the
office
the
from
A statement ispled yesterday
factory
‘'ompany's
Arms
and
Fuse
Committee said: "In the rternational
tter a
untrained workers are guarantee* 412 a day while learning.
ahort time they are Tiven higher mess according to output. A *orker
may earn from five to seven dollars a day. This is piece work to
which the unskilled worker is quickly advanced, according to her
ability. The higher the order of intelligence, the better the work,
and in munition conditions this rule works as in other lines of endeavor. Dressmakers, musicians, and artists, who have had some
teanioal training are in demand. Indeed, the professions have
supplied the mAnitionn factories in other countries and are welcomed
by munition employers here. At Bloomfield, the conditions have been
fully investigate as to housing the women who will be 3ent there
The Y. W. C.,. of New
through the i .DIThen s 4mploymaat Committee.
'fork is arranging for comfortable living quarters. The Aoman's -mployment Committee has a large sign displayed in its roams asking for
women munition workers. That there will be a ready response to this
national necessity is the firm belief of kre. Gabriel end her assistant."


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Subject:

Women in industry in U. 3.

Newark..(N. J.) News._

-.New Jersey.

March ?..A, 1918-.

Rev. John J. Moment, pastor of the High °treet Presbyterian Church at a meeting of the civics department of the State
Federation of 'omen's Clubs, favored a women's movement to create a public
sentiment to press a bill at the next session of the legislature to
Regulative measures
restrict the hours of labor for women in New Jersey.
allowed to
were
they
were before the legislature, but he said that
It was
endorsement.
majority
slumber in committee for want of a
should
orlanized,
and
individusilly
his argument that all women,
immediately concentrate in an effort to compel a change in the labor
laws.
A point of interest to his hearers was that & 1)elaware
munition factory had been established at Carney s Point, Salem County,
for the only reason that the law of the home state prohibited the
All the surrounding states, he contended,
working of women at night.
and he considered it a reflection upon
restrictions,
employed similar
should permit a practice which.he
Jersey
New
that
the commonwealth
termed deleterious and dangerous to the future health of womanhood
and the welfare of the State.
Mr. Moment chose as his subject conditions of woman and
child labor in the State, and laid stress upon the multiplication of
He deplored the
women's occupations because of war conditions.
attitude of employers for fewer labor restrictions, so as to promote
greater production, and gave illustrations to demonstrate that undue
and unwarranted employment of even men had brought about a decimation
in production.
Bechuse of the labor gaps occasioned by war and munition
service, the pastor recognized the need for female and child employHe saw the evils to women st from heavier and unaccustomed
ment.
work, poisonous contact, immorality, dangerous machinery, and night
work, and he questioned the ethics of letting down the bars as a
possible means of winning the war.
The wasting of the energies of
women he considered an extremely bad policy when the future of
American generations is considered.


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Subject:

Newark

Women in industry in U. 0.

J.) News.

March

mNcar Jersey.

1918-•

Rev. John J. Moment, pastor of the High litreet Presbyterian Churoh tt a meeting of the civics department of the State
Federation of nomen's Clubs, favored a waneit's movement to create a publie
sentiment to press a bill at the next session of the legislature to
Regulative measures
restrict the hours of labor for women in New Jersey.
were before the legislature, but he said that they were allowed te
It was
slumber in committee for want ef a majority endorsement.
should
ornanized„
and
his argument that all women, individuality'
immediately concentrate in an effort to compel u change in the labor
laws•
A point of interest to hir hearers las that a Delaware
munitiAn factory had been established at Carney s Point, Salem County,
for the only reason that the law of the home state prohibited the
All the surrounding states, he contended,
working of women at night.
employed similar restrictions, and he considered it a reflection upon
the commonwealth that New Jersey should permit a practice which he
termed deleterious and dangerous to the future health of womanhood
anI the welfara of the State.
kr. Moment chose as his subject condons of woman and
child labor in the State, and laid stress upon eAao of
He deplored the
women's occupations beoause of war condons*
attitude of employers for fewer labor restrictions, so av to promote
greater production, and g*ve illustrations to demonstrate that undue
and unwarranted employment of even men had brought about a decimation
in production*
Because of the labor gaps occasioned by war and munition
services:the pastor recognized the need for female and child employge saw the evils to women a frost heavier and unaccustomed
ment.
wArk, poisonous contact, immorality, dangerous machinery, and night
work, and he questioned the ethics of letting down the bars as a
Al,.ible means of winning the war.
The rusting of the energies of
women be conaidered an extremely bad policy when the future of
American generations is considered.


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Subject:

70men in industry in United Statesi- Railroads.

Cincinnati (Ohio) Enquirer.

March 1, 1918.-

A special session of the Railroad
Washington. Feb. 28, 1918.Miss Pauline Goldmark *** tell
hear
to
to-day
held
?age L;onanission was
She gave figures to show that
railroads.
on
women
employment
of
of the
for heavy work, her
numbers
increasing
in
hired
being
women are
statement contradicting in some instances the testimony of the railroad executives.
Miss Golimark appeared as representative of the Consun re'
Her testimony was given
League of New York and other organizations.
informally and will not be included an the record until she has incorporated it in a formal statement.
*** Tamen were first employed in any number by the railroads
about a year age, Miss Goldmark said, at the instance of the Railroad
They wore put in clerical positions experimentally, but
Wcr Board.
thott use has been extended until now they are in the freight yards,
While much of the work is
section gangs, shops and roundhouses.
suitable to them, many occupations involve heavy physical strain and
Miss Goldmark doubted the advisability of employing
other hazards.
women on section gangs for work out of doors in all conditions of weather
and without proper attention to their physical welfare.
In order that there shall be ho wasteful use of labor and to
reduce the turnover," she recommended," it is important to make an
investigation and standardize the work for which women may be employed
One railroad employs 400 on one
before their numbers increase.
division and another has a total of 1,517 women workers."
"Miss Goldmark declared white women were lifting weights
of as much as 50 pounds in work as drill press operators.
She gave a
long list of occupations filled by women.
"Are they used in ngland in the same operations or
in harder work?" asked Secretary
"They are used in England in the operation of street
railways and also as station agents, and in other work in connection
with the operation of trains and in shops,"Miss Goldmark said.
She
added that the English were using increasing care to provide
mechanical equipment for relieving the women from lifting heavy
weights.
She told of investigating conditions at a factory in
Zanesville, Ohio, where many women are employed.
"The majority of women at this plant,"she
said,"are
engaged at hard labor, such as loading scrap iron,
sorting scrap iron,
wheeling iron castings in wheelbarrows, etc. The
women loading scrap
and sorting some work out in the yards, with no
protection
from
intense rays of sun or weather.
These women wear overalls and large
brim hats.
They hand the iron up from the ground
to others in the
cars who pile it.
The hours are nine a day, 54 a week, with
one half
hour for lunch; wages, 20 cents an hour,
and $1.50 deducted each month
for relief purposes.
ken are given 21 cents an hours for labor
of the
same class."
Miss Goldmark said a recommendation
had been made that the
railroads observe the labor laws in
protection of women, but that these
laws did not rover many occupations.
"For instance,there is no law
affecting women employed on the street cars and
therefore it is necessary
this year to put in a bill for their
benefit.
There is great confusion
as to the classification of women working on the
railroads, for in
Minnesota the law appllies to all establishments
where porer-driven machines
are used, yet railroads claim that the rcundhouses
are not under the law.

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-2In New York state, the shops are considered under the Federal law , but the
roundhouses , where the wen are employed as engine dispatchers, are
not so included."


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Subject:

Women in industry in United Status- Railroads.

Gincinnati (21
.212),Enquirerip, March!, 1918..
Washinrton. Feb. 28, 1918.- A special session of the Railroad
7,age Goesaission was held to-day to hear Miss Pauline Goldmark *** tell
t1 show that
of the employment of women on railscads. She gave figures :
are being hired in increasing numbers for heav* work, 1.r
w
statement contradicting in some instances the testimony of the railroad executives.
Miss 0°1/mark appeared as representative of the Consum rs1
League of New York and other organizations. Her testimony vas given
informally and will not be included in the record until she has incorporated it in a formal statement.
*** Women were first employed in any number by the railroads
about a year age, Miss Goldmark said, at the instance of the Railroad
Wel- Board. Theyire,-e put in clerical positions experimentally, but
theft use has been extended until now they are in the freight yards
,
section gangs, shops and roundhouses.
V,hile much of the work is
suitable to them, many occupations involve heavy physical
strata and
other hazards.
Miss Goldmark doubted the advisability of emplo
ying
women on section gangs for work out of doors in all
conditions of weath,:r
and without Droper attention to their physical welfare.
"In order that there shall be ho wasteful use of
labor and to
reduce the turnover," she recommended," it is important
to make an
investigation and standardise the work for which women
before their numbers increase. Ome railroad employs may be employed
400 on one
division and another has a total of 1,517 women
workers."
"Miss Goldmark declared white women were
of as much as 60 pounds in work as drill press opera lifting weights
tors. She gave a
long list of occupations filled by women.
"Are they used in 11;ngland in the same
operations or
in harder work?" asked Secretary ;lane.
"They are used in ::ngland in the operation
of street
railways and also as station agents, and in
other work in connection
with the operation of trains and in shops
"Lisa Goldmark said. She
added that the Englieh were using incre
asing care to provide
mechanical equipment for relieving the women
from lifting heavy weights.
She told of investigating condi
tions at a factory in
Zanesville, Ohio, where many mean are
employed.
"The majority of women at
engaged at hard labor, such as loadi this plant,"she saids flare
ng scrap irons sorting scrap
wheeling iron castings in wheelbarro
iron,
ws,
and sorting some work out in the yards etc. The wawa loading scrap
intense rays of sun or weather.. These, with ne protection from
women wear overalls and
brim hats. They hand the iron up
large
from the ground to other
cars who pile it. The hours are nine
s in the
a day, 64 a week, with
hour for lunch; wages, 20 *onto an
one half
hour,
and $1.60 deducted each mont
for relief purposes. ken are
h
given 21 cents an hours
same class.
for labor of the
Miss Oolanark said a
recommends:ti* had been made that
railroads observe the labor laws in
the
laws did not *over many occupations.protection of women, but that these
"For iastance,there is no
law
affecting women employed on the stree
t cars and therefore
it is necessary
this year to put in a bill for their
benefit.
There is groat confusion
as to the classifieation of women
working on the railroads, for
in
Minnesota the law appllies to all
are used, yet railroads claim thatestablishments where power-driven machines
the rcundhouses are not under
the law.

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-2but the
In New York tate, the shops are considered under he Federal lm
are
chers,
engine
dispat
as
ed
employ
are
the
women
roundhouses , where
not so included."


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5. England
Trade union advisory comittee.
Manchester Guardian, Novemb5r 19, 1917, p. 8. c.
"A Woman's Trade Union Advisory Committee, consisting of representatives of the trade
union which comprise women members, has been formed at the request of the Ministry
of Munitions.
The Committee is analogous to the Committee set up by Mr. Churchill
some months ago to advise an matters concerning men at work, and it is proposed to refer to it all questions affecting the employment of women on the production of munitions.
It is to be understood, however, that the work of the new Committee will
not overlap that already done by the"Women's Wages Tribunal."


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1/29/18

A. Y.

5. England
Trade union advisory committee.
Manchester Guardian, November 19, 1917, P. 8. c.
"A Woman's Trade Union Advisory Committee, consisting of representatives of the trade
union which comprise women members, has been formed at the request of the Ministry
of Munitions.
The Committee is analogous to the Committee set up by Mr. Churchill
some months ago to advise an matters concerning men at work, and it is proposed to refer to it all questions affecting the employment of women on the production of munitions.
It is to be understood, however, that the work of the new Committee will
not overlap that already done by thenomen's Wages Tribunal."


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1/29/18

A. K.


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5. Russia.
Viestuik Vremiennago Pravitelstva. Apr. 13, (12.6), 1917.
Yew openings to women.
Women will now be allowed to occupy, whether under civil service or on con—
tract, the positions of superintendent of telephone stations, of post and
telegraphy offices, their assisttults, etc.

(Note.

In Russia the telephone and telegraph lines are awned by the gov't.)
10/19/17 A. K.


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5. Russia.
Substitution of nen by women.
Rietch, Aug. 26, (Sept. 8) 1917, p. 4g.
The Provisional Gov't decided to employ women volunteers for guardiug tLe
tailroads instead of men called to military service.(Practically all the
railroads in Ru3sia belong to the government) These women will have the
same rights and priviledges given to gov't servants as the men.
The gov't also decided to use women volunteers as attendants in hospitals in the army and in military schools instead of men called to military service.
The women will have the sane right as men called to service.
11/16/18 A. K.


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Great Britain.
Equal Pay or Equal Work in2cotlpnd.
Christian Science Monitor, ept. 20, 1917.
The "Special Tribunal, appointed under the Munitions of War Amendment ';-ct,
1916, "found that the "women replacing men as crane drivers in Messrs. W.
Beardmore's forge, can, after a fortnight's experience, undertake the whole
it,
of the work formerly done by men, and perform it "equally well, and
the
same
Tork.
therefore, granted to women the wages paid to men for
10/23/17

A. K.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.

Great Britain,
Equal Pay or Equal Work in 6cotiand.
Christian Science Monitor, h'ept. 20, 1917.
The "Special Tribunal, appointed under the Munitions of War Amendment cLet,
1916, "found ,that the "women replacing men as crane drivers in Messrs. W.
Beardmore's gorge, can, after a fortnight's experience, undertake the whole
of the work formerly done by men, and perform it "equally well, and it,
therefore, granted to women the wages paid to men for the same work.
10/23i17

A.

K.


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j

5. Great Britain.
Advance of women's wages.
Christain Schence Lonitor, Sept. 6, 1917, p. 7 C.
The Ministry of Linitions has announced advances in the wages of all women and girls
employed on munitions work in "controlled establishments" and in uncontrolled establishments to which orders of the ::inistry regulating women's wages have already
Women of 18 years and over will receive an advance of 2s. 6d. per
been applied."
Both time and piece workweek and girls under 16 an advance of is. 3d. per week.
also
come under the order.
Ireland
Controlled establishments in
ers are included.
employing woestablishments"
The i.linistry is considering the case of "uncontrolled
to wages
with
powers
respect
men on munitions work, with a view to seeing whether its
pf women can be exercised tl-ere.
These advances are intellded to meet the increased cost of living, and are the resLllt of representattnns made by trade unions to the special arbitration tribunal
The weelrly wages of women munitions
constituted under the 1916 munitions Act.
workers range from a minimum of 24s. 6d. up to i-4 and i5 in a few exceptional cases.
10/27/18

A. K.


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5. Great Britain.
Advance of women's wages.
Christian Science :ilonitor, ESept. 6, 1917, pe 7 C.
The Ministry of Munitions has announced advances in the wages of all women
and girls employed on munitions work in "controlled establishments" and in
uncontrSlled establishments to which orders of the ministry regulating women's wages have already been applied." Women of 18 yrs. and over will receive an advance of 20. 6a. per week and girls under 18 an advance of le.
3d. per week. Both time and piece workers are included. Controlled establishments in Ireland also come under the order.
The Ministry is considering the case of "uncontrolled establishments" employing women on munition
work, with a view to seeing whether its powers with respect to wages of women can be ex rcised there.
These advanced are intended to meet the increased cost of livings, and
are the reult
s
of representations made by trade unions to the special arbitrarion tribunal constituted under the 1916 munitions Act. The weekly wages
of women munition workers range from a minimum of 22s. 6d. up to 4 and 5
pounds in a few exceptional cases.
10/27/17 A. K.


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5. Great Britain,
extension of the employment of women.
The Labour Gazette, August, 1917, p. 274.
made by employers to the Indus"The following figures are based on returns
Trade; they relate to employtrial (War Inquirer) Branch of the Board of
ed persons only, excluding home workers."
es, or 37.6 % of the number
Since the war about 1,240,000 adaitional femal
various occupations. These
employed in July, 1914, have been drawn into
casual agricultural
figures do not represent the net increase, since
yed in very small workshops
laborers, domestic servants, and women emplo
excluded, as well as women at
and workrooms in the dressmaking trade are
In the last class there
Eospitals.
work in the military, naval and Red Cross
workers.
has been an increase equal to 36,000 full-time
(See-next-she44.)


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5. Great Britain.
Equal pay for equal work in Scotland.
Christian Science Y.onitor, Sept. 20, 1917.
The "Special Tribunal, appointed under the Munitions of War Ammendment Act., 1916,
found that the "women replacing men as crane drivers in lewsers W. Beardmore's Forge,
can, after a fortnight's experience, undertake the whole of the work formarly done
by men and perform it" equally well, and it, therefore, granted to women the wages
paid to men for the same work.
10/23/17

A. K.


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5. England.
mittee.
Trade union advisory com
ember, 19, 1917, p. 8 c.
Nov
atives of the
Manchester Guardian,
consisting of represent
,
tee
mit
Com
ry
iso
Adv
on
request of the
"A Woman's Trade Uni
has been formed at the
s,
ber
mem
en
wom
se
pri
tee set up by
trade unions which com
analogous to the Commit
is
tee
mit
Com
The
and work, and
Ministry of idunitions.
matters concerning men
an
ise
adv
to
ago
ths
ment of women on
Mr. Churchill some mon
affecting the employ
ons
sti
que
all
it
to
er
t the work
it is proposed to ref
understood, however, tha
be
to
is
It
.
itions
Wages'
the production of mun
done by the Women's
not overlap that already
l
wil
tee
mit
Com
of the new
1/29/48. A. K.
Tribunal."

e Women in Industry - Delaware.
Feb. 14, 1918.
Wilmington, Del., Yews.
has
Miss Isabel Stevenson inspector under the 10-hour law for women
.)f
the
report
Annual
the
Fealth
submitted to the Delaware State Board of
"The great industrial changes wrought
consumer's league of Delaware.
an element of
by the war have nece3 arily come to our state and there is
changes here
The
.
unrest and uncertainty among many of the women workers
ring
neighbo
the
of
however have been moderate when compared with many
standthe
n
maintai
It his been the policy of the inspectors to
States.
number
the
in
The increase
ards existing beforeethe declaration of war.
to the new eatablishments
due
e
increas
the
of
ve
d
of women employe exclusi
are gradually assumWomen
***
able.
appreci
is
not
law
of the amended
ng equal pay for
receivi
are
they
es
instanc
ing men's places *** in some
pay is less, so
the
cases
of
y
majorit
But in the
so called equal work.
to
produce equal
ability
al
potenti
based by the employer because their
differs
women
by
done
being
now
In many cases the work
work is less.
are
There
med.
accusto
are
they
little from the kind of work to which
y
formall
was
which
work
in
exceptions however, where women are engaged
labor,
skilled
in
men
done by men only and where they are supplementing
shops, shap.such as operating circular saws, drilled machines and boiler
ds."
ening tools, and clerical work of all kinds for the railroa
to
"Women have aliere taken boys'places as the boys have followed
for example
more remunerative trades at the ship building plants, as
mills."
cotton
in
vat
ng
folding down cloth in a bleachi
our women in
"'Realizing that the war will make gre-,ter demands on
with the 1-,op,
ion
commiss
tile
by
industry certain resolutions were passed
women durts
our
to
acciden
or
,
of preventing unnecessary strain, illness
urging
tur6rs
our
mnufac
to
sent
A letter was
ing these abnormal times.
women
the
where
cases
the use of tight caps and bloomers or overalls in
exposed belts.
employees were working near or at running machinery and
their coAnother letter was sent to the physicians of the State asking
among
their
operation by notifying the commission of any cases of illness
or
ons
strain. If
conditi
ial
industr
to
due
red
conside
they
women patients which
***


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Subject:

Women in Industr,;:.

:New York Herald, Feb. 8, 1918.
corsets
Daniel nips who has had 30 years of experiences in creating 64,14444
for every type and figure hns invented a war emergency device which
he says will support the spine and supply brace to muscles unaccustomed to physical strain.
Lr. Xops believes tnat women can enter
almost any field of work hitherto occupied exclusively by men if
they are properly corseted.
Women street car conductors, subway
guards, workers in munition factories, elevator operators, in tact
any who have entered the new trades - will be able to stand hour
hour, lift heavy articles, and perform other arduous tasks
aiiifter
I
if their bodies are properly supported is his theory.


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Subject:

in Industry.
Women
United states, imeoll
sosiowiewaw.

Jan. 26, 1918.
J. Cali.
Patterson,
ted States
y 1,266,061 women in the Uni
tel
ima
There are approx
irectly
or
ind
ly
ect
dir
ch is either
engaged in industrial work whi
ed on
bas
te
ima
est
according to an
necessary to carry on the war,
s Seren'
Wom
of
the National League
surveys make in 15 states for
nce
st!D
assi
and
with the sanction
vice by Miss Marie L. Oberauer,
se
rea
inc
mal
nor
It is estimated that the
of the Dept. of Labor.
ce
sin
vey
in the industrial sur
in the number of women employed
Th-re were approximately
cent.
the census of 1910 was 20 per
By a
itions factories in 1910.
3,500 women employed in the mun
The
0.
imate the number is now 100,00
eeneertive-conservative est
war
necessary to the winning of the
women employed in industries
As a
sewing and preserving food.
are for the most part weaving,
establishng shortage in the army the
way to help relieve the clothi
ment
ity sewing places under govern
ment in-the-army-the of commun
supervision is suggested.

Subject:

New York State proposed 8-hour law for women and minors.

1-43w York American, Feb. 18, 1918.
women and minors are prohibited from working more than 8 hours 4 day
or 48 hours a week by a bill to be introduced at Albany today by SenDiscussing the bill Sen. Lockwood said: "I regard this
ator Lockwood.
bill as an essential patriotic measure to keep our output and to safe
guard our women durinL these war times when they are entering industry
The bill is disbinctly a war measure
in such unparalleled numbers.
and is in direct opposition to the bill introduced by senator Bonin.
The purp,se of this bill is three fold: To maintain output in both
ouality and quantity; to protect women workers ag-inst illness and
undue fatigue resulting from long hours; and to avoid the disorganizing effects of long Yours on the family and home life of the workers
We must not overlook the
and on the executive forces of the plants.
vigor of these omen to
and
health
the
on
we
are
that
dependent
fact
be a tragic result of
must
which
of
depletion
replenish our manhood,
the
enable
would
unpatriotic profbill
Senator Brown's
this wr.
for
their own selfish
women
very
these
iteers of this country to use
Regardlessly."
purp.:;ses,


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Subject: Yiassachueetts proposed 8-hour day.
Springfield, 1:ass. Union. Feb. 14, 1918.
Eenry B. Endicott, appearing as an employer of 15,000 persons in the
shoe factories apperated by him strongly endorsed the 8-hour working
day in a hearing before the social welfare committee on bills to restrict the hours of women and children under 18 years, to 48 a week.
This is a proposition that the textile industries have succeeded in
fighting off for several years.
But for the attitude taken by legislators in 1917, that war conditions did not warrant the step then,
it would have pretailed, and came near it.
Yr. Endicott said that
after his factories had voluntarily put the 8-hour day into effect
greater effeciency was slown by the workmen.


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Veit.


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koJ'AN

Subject:

U.S.— Gpvernment training camps to trai
n women for
iarm wor.&.

Baltimore (Md.) Sun.

Feb.25, 1918.—

Washington. Feb.25.—
The United States may be forced
to
follow the example successfully worked
out by ngland nnd establis
h
large government controlled farm work trai
an emergency plan for tilling every avai ning camps for tomen ss
lable acre to increase
the food supply.
Three government agencies are at work
on the
project.— the Deparyment of Agricult
ure, Department of Labor,
and the Council of National Defense.
It has been decided to
impose on the 2,000 county agents of the
Department of Agriculture
the task of ascertaining from farmers just
be used for speeding up the food producti how many women could
on.
Mrs. Hilda M.
Richards was placed in charge of the enro
llment and distribution
of voluntary women workers , and the womA
n's committee of the
Defense Council was placed in char
ge of the subsequent location
of the prospective training camps with
their state representati
ves
alloted the task of supervising the
conditions und,4r which the
women might work.

Subject:

Bethlehem, PS...
in industry.

ir Women

Stanley Zweibel, director of
Feb.23, 19180.
Philadelphia Press.
address before the National
em,in
5173ethleh
industrial education ir tehopsthe Chamber of Commerce
at
Fducation
Society for the Promotion of Industrial
in the industries of
factor
ble
indespensa
(Phil delphis) stated that woman is an
to me. It is
revelation
ceritable
a
been
has
in
industry
"The woman
to-day.
employment
spinyz
zompzarea
the
whom
men
the
employ
because
to
women
necessary
responsibility
no
have
they
that
think
to
seem
at
present
are
furnishing
officers
except that of keeping the saloons and breweries from going out of business, and
have rathered up enough money to enable them to contribute towards the support of
these institutions contribute more than liberally and go somewhere else. Another
reason why the employment of women has been so necessary is because they live in the
neighborhood and the housing conditions are inadequate for a larhe influx of
The speaker felt that the women were particularly adapted
labor from outside."
becausn of the delicacy of their touch to the making of certain classes of
munitions."
The women are in 7,roups of twelve ,with a forewoman, and no man
is allowed to speak to a woman except in the presence of a forewoman.


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Board of Trade Labour Gazette. Dec. 1916. (p.446)
-Tor1 of the "omen's County :.griculture Committees. ...In ,lalisbury
waste land near the city has been acquired, and is being entirely
work in part-time shifts by -women and girls. T1 is land, which was a
wilderness in the sprin- of this year, is now producing a good crop
of potatoes, cabbages, and other vegetables.

The Survey.38: 52'2-527. Sept.15,1917.
British 7omen entering _griculture.--- jo large and important
has ooen the increase of women on the land that the Lng1is4 Board of
Agriculture found it necessary in Januaryli 1917, to organise a Women's
Labour Department.... z‘t the last census, in 1911, there werc 120,000
women doing agricultural work in the United Kingdom, including seasonal
workers.
Between April, 1914, and 4ri1,1917, there has been an
increase of 44,500... The Government is now energetically promoting
different methods of training women in agriculture.
Besides agricultural
colleges, comparatively few in number, there are 247 training centres
and 111X farms register3d as establishments for the instruction of women...
The :gricultuml Organization -)ocicty has created 125 farm women's clubs,
mistimed "institutes," primarily for the purpose of cooperation in
buying and in the use of modern appliances but incidentally also excellent.
means of mutual instruction and advice by lecturers sent on circuit.
The '[omen's Labour Lepartment of the Board of 2momaim Agriculture has
organizing secretaries in each of idol sixty counties and sixteen travelling
inspectors...


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Subject:

Norfolk

1aiien and girls in industry- survey.

Norfolk (Va.) Vir-finililan•

Feb.14, 1918...

Yrs. Paula :uller Cmith, cooperating with the Girls' and
omen's Committee of the Camp Community Service of Norfolk,has
begun a survey of the riris living in :orfolict 1h3 city 11:..3 1)3ln
uividcc: into listricts, .13. two IAT9,
classification.
War conditions will covern largely the procedur e
that will immedittely follow Lhe survey. If conditions necessitate
trade oxtension rooms lihare girls
porfecl, themsolv)s
durint; hou-s aot ftiployed will oa provided.
'luestionnaires sent to all employers of girls and
every school in T.orfolk.
How many girls holding positions of
enlisted men?
How many girls holding positions created by
vrar's demands on industry?
ros3,,,ployed
:_ow many more gir1
no' h
How many girls
ref() reu1ar1
mploytla In 1916?
not living at their own homes? nat positions are most difficult
to fill?
Etc.etc..etc.


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Subject:

yn Rapid Transit Co.
Brooklyn-Women in industry- Brookl

,1918.New York Post. 'eb.
iii.
jnada
r
C
by a Toman-

Article (second in series)

transportation service chiefly for three
Girls are in the
novelty, because of the high wagos, and
reasons- because of the
claim. It pays more than most work for
because of the "fresh4 air" week working seven days and o-„You can make $21 a
girls.
A run is ten hours, but you
e get 27 cents an hour.
time.
For overtime you get the
hours- never.
never get away with ten
A lot of the girls
half.
a
time and
regular hourly rate, not
ng factories, and
clothi
an-,
ies
factor
come from the factories- box
They imaine they are in the rresh air
from the laundries,
e it is other people's breath
all day in this, they don't realiz
they are breathing.
getting the wage rate k
As a matter of fact, while we are
e to go into other
servic
the
g
the men get here, man are leavin
are so many
There
'ovr.
pay
work 'here they can get higher
a week.
days
two
get
only
extra girls that many of them
then erl told to
p.m.,
3
unfi:1
about
They report at 11 a.m., hang But no bonus.
run.
short
a
have
go home, or
a man's job. I
The work is no work for any girl- it's
the
conditions, the
It's
work.
dontt mean becauro of the actual
from one
work
I
be
exact,
To
days.
the
and
life, the hours,
the
in
7,19
and
from
,
3.35
until
oon
aftern
o'clock in the
6
until
work
I
,
likely
More
z.
ifthing to 2.29 in Lne nornin
or
be
ded.
me
suspen
overti
work
must
You
food.
more
no
with
The rest-roam is not a fit place to spend your free
time- not a clean places
I go to bed at 4.30 in the morning, sleep six and one
half hours, up again at 11, breakfast and go to work. This is
the life seven days a week. You must appear for the seventh
day. )hen you -rant to get off you wirLe your request early in
the week, but you don't always get off.
We pay M.60 for our uniforms, $1.25 for the hats and
about $2 for the shirts. furnish our own Lop coats,
hen I et home I feel as though I had no bones. It
wracks you up so. I fall asleep oversupper Liost of the time,
a reek and some home and social life.
I'd rather 0
st
I never see my fkiends. I'm too tired
I never see my family.
to eat and I'm too tired to sleep. So what is the use of the
o go into the service are now leavino'The first girl
money?
tired of it.
Of course the girls shouL, organize- IDut they won't.
are
rhey
afraid to say a word. Everything gets to the boss.
And the company is mighty independent- there are AO mar-„,


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Subject:

Brooklyn-

New York Call*

TrFInsitt
Tomon in industry- 3rooklyn Rapid
.........WitWal.100001110110MIWOCA.1004011011110110110

Feb.21, 1918...

(Article by the Call B.RT.

••••••••••••••••

Investigator)*
itions*
g
hires women because men fight wron cond
B. T.
e
charg
cies
agen
nt
oyme
empl
ral
fede
Labor unions protest a.nd
gtor
stig
inve
menrefusing
aompcniez company with deliberately
s.
hour
says women work 14
the L.7.7,ep%rtment of
According to Mrs. Richards, of
uctors are working 12 to
cond
Labor, "New York women street cur
in, and urder very unfavorstra
y
heav
14 hours a day, undergoing a
able moral conditions*"
men's plces, in Thatever
"There is no need of women in
of the clearing house of
-lanacity," _orris L. Ernst, head
" There is considerable unemployment bureaus said recently*
d well be used. Of course, there
employment among men who coulhoms
e173s. The B. R. T. has earned
m611
ir; to be considered the
justify them in refusing the
stfficient bad will among them to
jobs if they were asLed."
s are also presentol
(Rep7ios given by company's official
in Lhis artir;160

. .,,induetry.
Women 4
Subject: New York.
16.
-1:9
New York Herald. Feb. 20;
ish Nomen and the
enting the Council of Jew
res
rep
en
wom
nd
usa
tho
Two
telegram to Govenor
of Women's Clubs sent a
Few York City Federation
ls, which provide
t the Brown and Johnson Bil
protection
Whitman protesting agains
of all laws enacted for the
war
the
ing
dur
n
sio
for the suspen
of women employees.


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5. Russia.
Viestuik Vremiennago Pravitelstva. Apr. 13, (26), 1917.
New openings to women.
Women will now be allowed to occua, :iliether under civil service or on contract, the positions of superintendent; of telephone stations, of post and
telegraphy offices, their assist-.nts, etc.

(Note.

In Russia the telephone and telegraph lines are owned by the gov't.)
10/19/17 A. X.


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5? Russia.
Drafti4g of women physicians.
Ru!,stila Viedomostl, Liz:4r 9 (22), 1917, p. 46.
The Provisional Gov't decided
(1) To draft into military service all womn phyetcians who wore under 45
yeara of age on Jan. 1, 1917, and who are physically fit for service; those
in a state of pregnancy and ?lavirg c7li1dren nder 3 years old, whether these
children come from a church or a civil ma:.riage, are exempted.
(2) :0 appoint to service in gov't institutions uf r.11 kinds in the places
of their residence those women-physicians who have children 3 to 16 ;:ears
old.
(3)
msli bhus called to ser7ice are to receive the sane rights, rriveleaes
and, remuneration as men. Wooer teaoting at medicarschools are to be exempted if in the opinion of tile faafilty their aboence may disturb the regular
cotxse of instruction.
(It is not stated what is to be done with women who have no children or
whose children are over 16 years old.)


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5. Italy.
Women in agriculture.
, ministerial decreep. 3443.
Gazzetta Ufficiale, July 31, 1917
stry or proof 1917 will show special indu
Each woman who during the season
of otters,
work
ural
directing the agricult
ductivity in agriculture or in
be given
will
,
army
ting a man taken to the
and will be in this way substitu
money
or
l
meda
a
a premium, consisting of
by the minister of agriculture,
and a diploma.
organizations which will take conspicPremiums will also be given to
r in agriculture.
uously good use of feminine labo
12/26/17 A. K.


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Subject:

Brookly, N. Y...
/Women in industry- Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.

New York Post. Feb. 27. 1915.0- krtiole by Col. T.
Tilliams,
President of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, (First of
a series of five articles, written from five different points
of view, dealing with the new industrial opportunities for women
in America brought about by the change in labor conditions reeulting from the war.
The articles following will be (2) By a girl
conductor,herself, as conductor; (3) By Peter J. Brady, presidant
of the New York State Allied Printing Trades Council, as representative of union labor; (4) By Pauline Goldmark, of the NEttional
consumers' League, F. an authority on heaM 0
, industries; (5) By
Mary Van Kleeck, in charge of the Women's Division, Industrial
Service Section, Ordnance Department, as a representative of the
Federal Government.

Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. WRE first transportation
company in U. S. to employ women as guards on subway trains,
Duties of tis work are not onerous. In nearly ell of the qualifications for the work the women were found to be the equal of men,
and in some instances surpassed men-especially the type of men
now seeking these positions.
The inWal exeeriment was so
successful that it was extended to the position of conductors on
surface cars, and to positions of porter ma at stations
and of car cleaners.
Of course, women heve been employed as
ticket agents successfully for a veat many years.
After three months experinece we are prepared
that these women employees have absolutely made good. "eto say
have now
525 women so employed. Of this number, 300 are subway guards
and
175 are surface railroad conductors. The consensus of
opinion of
the operating officers is that they are quicker in
"breaking-in"
than the average man; that they are not so anxious
for days off;
that they attend to their duties more faithfully and
have fewer
accidents; that they are anxious to learn arid
to hold their positions;
that in collectinP: fares and passing signals they
with the best male conductors; that they are more are on equality
conscientious 1
in registering fares, and that the rank and
file of male employees
are doing their best to help the women in makinE
a success as
train employees.
i- fidale applicants for t.'13 positions
must, 13,2 ovetr "1
Jeues o14, and preferably between 24 and
35; must be in good
physical condition, Aighing not mo e Ulan
5 feet 5 inches in height; have good eyesig150 ponds; not under
ht and color sense***
Women employees are paid at exactly
the same rates as the menall
of our rates being on a seniority basis.
boa On the surface lines
they start at 27 cents an hour, are
the sedond year, with increasingly raised to 30 cents an hour in
larger rates to a maximum
of 35 cents an hour.
subway guards , where the work
is
easier, they start at 24 cerCL,s an
hour, with
increase each
year to a maximum of 30 cents 'in
hour. ***
Special accomodations for their
comfort are provided at
the car depots. The ;rivileges of
group insunnce are open to
women, and free medical service.


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5. Russia.
Substitution of men by women.
Rietch, Aug. 26, (Sept. 8) 1917, P. 4g.
The Provisional Gov't decided to employ women volunteers for guarding t e
tailroads instead of men called to military service.(Practically all the
railroads in Russia belong to the government) These women will hHve the
same rights and priviledges given to gov't servants as the men.
The gov't also decided to use women volunteers as attendants in hospitals in the -rmy and in military schools instead of men called to miliThe women will Irive the same right as men called to sertary service.
vice.
11/16/18 A. K.


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Subject:


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Women in industry.

(AFticle by Pauline Goldmark of the
New York Post, March 4, 1918.
ConWomen, and War Work.
Health,
National Consumers' League on
and
messenger
,elevator,
transportation
ditions which obtain in the
services and in the munition factories - The necessity for new legal
safeguards becoming apparent)
Women are now working for the Interboro and Brooklyn Rapid
Transit Co. as conductors on the surface cars and as guards in the
The pay is the sane as that for men - the starting wage
subway.
Does
being 24 cents andhour and 27 cents and hour for conductors.
this rate which women are receiving for street car work come up to
Pay on the street car
the market rate for labor of this class.
considering the delow
conspicuously
been
has
and subway service
have by no means
Wages
required.
skill
and
gree of intelligence
living.
of
caught up with the cot
Although the transportation companies say that they are engaging women on account of the shortage of male labor the present shortIt is the distribution rather than the scarage is questionable.
Objections to the employment of
city of labor that is at fault.
women on street cars are offered on the grounds of danger to health
Constant standing necessary on the cars is injurious.
and, morals.
The extension of working hours caused by the lay-offs between runs
The legislature should pass new laws similar to
is a hardship.
So long as overthose for women's work in factories and stores.
crowding of cars is permitted a car platform is undesirable place
for a woman to work.
, Hundreds of women are being recruited for munitions ;,ork.
In the manufacture of smokeless powder in one important process
women must inhale strong ether fumes for 8 hours a day, since ade'Ne have yet to work out the
quate ventilation in impr'aticable.
extraordinary health precautions which Great Britain has adopted.
As district messengers and elevator employees women are beBoth callings are altogether unsuitable for young girls
ginning.
Girls under 16
on account of the impossibility of supervision.
are actually delivering telegrams, mes:eges, and packages at houses
of all kinds - some of these inevitably of doubtful character. It
is horrifying that young girls should now be exposed to these influences when older men are available to act as messengers.
While women are operating elevators satisfactorily there are
moral dangers in allowing young girls to remain on duty all night.
Women have been found working 90 or 100 hours in a week and for an
unbroken period of 18 hours ones a fortnight, when the day and
night shifts change - a record elualled only by the scandelously
Bills have been framed and should
long hours of the canneries.
be passed to bar girls under 21 years of age from these occupations
and to limit the hours of adult women.

Subject:

Women in Industry.

.
Philadelphia Inquirer, Jan. 20, 1918
on surveys of fifteen States
d
base
made
been
has
h
An estimate whic
engaged in essentially war inshows that 1,266, 061 women are now
compiled not less than
At the time' the figures were
dustrial work.
es alone.
tor&
tion fa
100,000 women were employed in muni


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United States:

Women in Industry.
-J

Fresno, Cal., Republican: Feb. 19, 1918.
(Article on Many Women
taking up man's work as patriotic duty)
Today in many American cities women street car conductors,flagman,
elctricians, and others skilled laborers, baggage handlers, porters,
Amid messengers are to be seen.
In Boston women motor cops are now on regular duty.
In New York
women le-Lter carriers have been employed.
In seperal Chicago department stores women floor walkers are at work.
Throughout the
United States women have enlisted in the Navy as clerks, while many
railroads have made preparation for using them as clerks at such
time as them will be needed.
Several railroads now have women
flagmen in service, the first to take the step being the Baltimore
and Ohio.
Women farmers have become numerous since the United
States entered the war.
In Hurst, Ill., the greater number of
young men are now in France and the women are keeping the community
running.
The U. S. Internal Revenue Service has opened the way
to women to become tax collectors.
Exclusive of the United States it is estimated that more than
13,000,000 are now engaged in war work.
Of this number 7,ngland
alone furnishes 4,783,000 and France almost as many.
Italy has
already awarded 1,713 prizes to women workers on farms.
Japan
likewise is furnishing women war worked.
(Features of employment of women in European nations at war
are given.)


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United :;tates
Subject: / 'amen in industry.
t

Jashin!ton (D.C.) Star.

Feb. 14,1918

The State of Massachusetts alone has from 8,000 to
10,000 more'
,yeomen workers than were enployed before the
war.
11-1 heaviest increase is reverted in Iomen textile
workers.
h1iir oxiniatiy 2,000 Oreson -Jromen aro yorkirtL, in men'3
places. according to estimates by social :ro kere, A :Jajority
oc: th,
-se women ,tre in clerical positions, although the State
has one woman blacksmith. Two brass finishers and many workers
in gas filling atations are helping min the wat for Oregon.
drooden box factories have drawn a large nvmber of woman v.orkers.
Lontena has woman '77e's butchers" on +,r7Ltns,
'47 ,7
are making quite a success.
The State of Washington has a woman lineman.
In Pennsylvania, over 50,000 women have responded to the
call to work.
Besides these, the Etate officials estimAte
there eve over 100,000 women in the :tate 1.oing zomen'sork
-rrho wore n.ot Torotoforo omplo7od,
Nve,sezaxavot6alcac
Several sections of the Pennsylvania reilroad employ
women as track walkers.
Railroad work has called many women in
San Francisco, women practically replacing men 88 passenger
coach
cleaners, while many are working in the Ribriminghsmxistop
Burlinston shops at machiF mencling.
to
to employ women
011 tr
LC.f3 in hanst,citj 'orP
'
to %.i.000 women in t.Louis are doing work
which before the war was done by men.
They act as mail carriers,
drive trucks, and work as conductors on street
cars.
Dallas reports many -cman postal clerks have
places of men. xelcoximaliczdx8telexaammvekbwcinco taken the
iive '-unlrad girls are working in the Cleveland
and
Loraine roundhouses , cleantri,
:
; And inirg lcucl (
f
r.
•
r. D n _ „
eererorts that the number of
women doing men's work tn that city 5s
surprisingly small.
New Yor# has thousands of woman conduc
tors bell-hoppers
and elevator operators.
Albany has 25 women :.orking on bolt-cutting
machines and
sortin;
The'-lstrict of Columbia has woman
conductors, elevator
op,.rators„ messengers and la LchiAiets.
This does not include
th.e L,housands of woawn
solrraliFIni: work
lato17 c.1119i fraaall sections of the
country.

Subject:

New Jersey- Employment of women and girls in glass factories.

For the first time in
New Philadelphia (Ohio) Times.- Feb, 18, 1918.MitTiJersey where gless -factoriT;Thave flourished for more than a centur,
women and girls are being employed in this season's fire.
One of the big Al
companies at Bridgeton, N. J. was the first company to employ girls on an
extended scale in its warehoote; now they are being employed at other big
JAet,
Glassblowing is to be reserved
glass factories at Millville and Salem.
Women &re barred from it crAKA...03
entirely for the men and the automatic machines.
besides
several
Union,
Glassworkers'
years of apprenticeship and
by rules of the
considerable skill are required to make expert glassblowers.
But women and girls
are not debarred from taking the jobs formerly held by boys who snap-up and carryThey also grind and
in the bottles as they come from the blowers' molds.
polish the bottles.
Both white and colored girls are employed.
William Waddington, superintendent of the Bridgeton plant, says his
Those on the day run work 8 1/2 hours a day and
company now employs 28 girls.
six hours a -week, while those on the night run work five nights and are paid for a Pa
full week.
The girls who work as "snappers-up" receive
$ 13 a week, while those
who "carry-in" get $ 11,50.
The snapping-up and carrying-in are the principal
tasks for the girls at this factory.
They wear bblidmer overalls.
The carry-in
girls take the bottles , hot from the molds, on tomgmhandtndad long-handled
carriers and place them in the lehrs, where they are tempered. In the course of
a day a carrying-in girl handles thousands of bottles and walks several miles.
"I laughed at the idea of employing girls in a glass factory at first,"
said Superintendent Taddington, "Now that I have seen how it works out I believe
it is a good thing.
It is surprising,the difference that lb has made in in our
shops.
With the girls around,the me* are more careful about their language.
There le a lot of rough talk in most glass factories, but here the men ere more
careful."


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Subject:

girls in glass factories.
New Jersey- .1sployment of women and

For the first time in
. 18 1918.n a centur,,
New Philadelphia (Ohlo). Tines.. Feb
have flourished for more tha
171,11t Jersey where g asi-rgarBries
of the big
in this season's fire. One
ed
loy
emp
ng
bei
are
ls
p:ir
and
women
girls on an
the first company to employat other big
companiec at Bridgeton, N. J. was
they are being employed be reserved
to
extended scale in its warehouse, now
alam. Glassblowing is
glass factories at Millville and
barred from it
are
tic machinos. Women
entirely for the men and the automa besides several years of apprenticeship and
on,
and girls
by rules of the Glassworkerst Uni
ert glaseblowers. But women
exp
e
mal
to
ed
uir
req
are
ll
ski
and carryconsiderable
merly held by boys who snap-up
for
s
job
the
ing
m
tak
fro
ed
arr
are not deb
They also grind and
m the blowers' molds.
in the bottles as they come fro
employed.
are
Both white and colored girls
polish the bottles.
plant, says his
ton
dge
nt of the Bri
William Waddington, superintende the day run work 8 lit hours a day and
se on
company now employe 28 girls. Tho
hts and are paid for a SICE1
night run work five nig
the
on
se
tho
le
whi
k,
wee
a
rs
hou
six
receive 11 $ 13 a week, while those
The girls who work as "snappers-up"
full week.
the principal
pping-up and carrying-in are
The carry-in
who "carry-in" get $ 11.60. The sna
ls.
They wear Wiener overal
ed
g-handl
tasks for the girls at this factory.
lon
s6141
hot from the molds, on tonsminnitik
girls take the bottles
rse of
cou
the
where they are tempered. In
carriers and place them in the lehrs, nds of bottles and walks several miles.
s thousa
a day a carrying-in girl handle
y at first,"
employing girls in a glass factor
of
a
ide
the
"I laughed at
I believe
w that I have seen how it works out
said Superintendent Waddington, "No
in
in our
e
mad
gothe difference that it has
ge.
it is a good thing. It is surprisin
gua
lan
MO' are more careful about their
shops, With the girls around ethe
more
t glass factories, but here the men 1.so
There is a lot of rough talk in mos
careful."


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Subject:

United States,

omen in Industr).

ewttc,
,rsonc
J. Call,.
Jan. 26, 1918.
TIere are approximately 1,266,061 women in the United States
engaged in in1.4str1a1 work which is either directly or indirectly
necessary to carrj on the war, amording to an estimate based on
surveys make in 15 states for the Fational League of Women's Service by Yies Marie L. Obenauer, with the sanction and assistance
of the Dept. of Labor.
It is estimated that the normal increase
in the number of women employed in the industrial survey since
the census of 1910 was 20 per cent.
There were approximately
3,500 women employed in the munitions factories in 1910.
By a
eente,44ve-oonservative estimate the number is now 100,000.
The
women employed in ind-Istries necessary to the winning of the wlr
are for the most part weaving, sewing and preserving food.
As a
way to help relieve the clothing shortage in the army the establishment in-4he-army-41ie of community sewing places under government
supervision 13 suggested.

,
Bethlehem, Pa.."
Subject: / Women in industry.

Stanley Zweibel, director of
Feb.23, 1918.*
Philadelphia Press.
in address before the National
bethlehemo
at
education
irrairihops
inJustrial
at the Chamber of Ccmmerce
Education
the
Industrial
of
for
Promotion
Society
factor in the industries of
indespensable
an
is
(Phil delphia) stated that woman
revelation to me. It is
ceritable
a
been
has
in
woman
"The
industry
to—day.
necessary to emp;oy women because the men when the memommgrompimps employment
officers are furnishing at present seam to think that they have no responsibility
except that of keeping the saloons and breweries from going out of business, and
have gathered up enough money to enable them to contribute towards the support of
these institutions contribute more than liberally and go somewhere else. !mother
reason why the employment of masa has been so necessary is because they live in the
neighborhood and the housing conditions are inadequate for a larhe influx of
The speaker felt that the women were particularly adapted
labor from outside."
the
of
delicacy
of their touch to the making of certain classes of
because
munitions."
The women are in groups of twelve ,with a forewoman, and no man
is allowed to speak to a woman except in the presence of a forewoman.


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Subject:

U.S.

pvernment training camps to train women
for
worm,

Baltimore (gd.) Sun.

Feb.25

Washinrton. Feb.26..The United States may be forced to
follow the exnmple successfully rorked out by
111giund and establish
Is.rge government controlled farm work training
camps for women es
an emergency plan for tilling every availabl
e acre to increase
the food supply.
Three government agencies are at work
on the
project.. th, Depariment, of i,griculture
, Department of Labor,
and the Council or National Defense.
It has been decided to
impose on the 2,000 county agents of the
Department of triculture
the task of ascertaining from farmers just how
mny women could
bG used for speeding up the food production.
Mrs.
Hilda L.
Richards was pieced in charge of the enrollme
nt and distribution
of voluntary women workers , and the womeal
s (.ommittee of the
Defense Council was .
T)laced In ok,rge of the subsequent
location
of the prospective trainilv camps uith thei
r state representatives
alloted the tusk of supervising
the coaditions under which the
women might

work.

Subject:

Brookly, N. Y..
/Women in industry- Brook17n Rapid Transit Co.

New York Post. Feb. 27. 1918.. Article by Col. T. S. Williams
(First of
Prevident ef the Drooklyn Rapid Transit Company.
points
different
five
from
a series of five articles, written
women
for
ties
opportuni
l
industria
of view, dealing with the new
s
resultcondition
labor
in Lmerioa brought about by the ahan4e in
The articles following will be (2) ay ft f!:irl
ing from the war.
Brady, president
oonduotor,hersolf, as conductor; (3) By Peter J.
as representCouncil,
Trades
of the New York State Allied Printing
the
Nsitional
of
Goldmark,
ative of union labor; (4) By Pauline
induutries; (5) By
Coneumers' League, as an authority on health in
Induetrial
4viaion,
1
Women's
tho
of
Mary Van Kleock, in charge
atiee of the
repreeent
a
as
t,
lepartmen
Service Section Ordnance
Federal Government.


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Brooklyn Rapid Transit ?o. was first Lronsportation
to employ womeA as guRris on tubeay trains,
company in U.
of the qualifikitite of V..is work are not oneroue. In nearly ell
equal of men,
the
be
to
found
cations for the work the women were
type
of men
the
ly
-especial
men
and in some instances surpassed
so
wae
eriment
exe
initial
The
.
now seeking these positions
s on
conductor
of
position
the
to
extended
successful that it was
stations
at
met
porter
of
positions
to
and
surface cars,
Of course, women have been employed as
and of car cleaners.
ticket agents successfully for a great many years.
!liter three months experineoe we are prepared, to say
that these women employees have absolutely made good. N, have now
525 women so employed. Of this number, 300 are subway guards and
175 are surface railroad conductors. The consensus of opinion of
the operating officers is that they are qvdcker in "breaking-in"
than the average man; that they are not so anxious for days off;
that they attend to their dutios more faithfully and have fewer
accidents; that they are anxious to learn and to hold their positions;
that in collecting fares and passing signals they are on equality
with the best male conductors; that they are more conscientious i
in registering fares, and that the rank and file of male employees
are doing their best to help the women in making a success as
train employees.
Female applicants for the positions must be over 21
and preferably between 24 and 35; must be in Tood
oil,
years
physical condition, weighing not more than 150 pumgds, not under
5 feet'5 inches in height; have need eyesight and color sense***
Women employees are paid at exactly the same rates as the men- all
Jimm On the surface lines
of our rates being on a seniority basis.
they start at 27 cents an hour, are raised to 30 cents an bour in
the Becloud year, with increasingly larger rates to a maximum
A5 subway guards , where the work is
of 35 cents an hour.
easier, they start at 24 cents an hour. with an increase each
year to a maximum of 30 cents an hour, ***
Special accomodations for their comfort are provided at
s of group insurAice are open to
(rivilege
the car depots. The :
women, and free medical service.


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Subject:

Brooklyn- Tamen in industry- Brooklyn Rapid Traniit Co.

4 „ 1918.
New York Post. ;'esb. e
by a TOnan Cenagi7

I,rticle (second in series)

qirle &re in the traneportation sorvice ohiefly for three
reasons- because of thu novelty, because of the high mees, and
beeeume of' the "fresha air" olalm. It pays Mt170 than tot vork for
girls.
You can meke $21 a week working seven days ana_ overitme.
We ;et 27 cente an hour. A run is ten hours, but you
For overtime you gct the
never ret away with ton hours- never.
A lot of the gerle
regultei hourly rate, not time end a half.
come from the ft:otoriee- box factories are, clothing facoriee, and
from the laundries.
They imagine they are in the freeh air
all day in this; tilley don't realize it is other people's breath
they are breething.
As a natter of feet, erhile we are eottime the wage :ate it
the men set hers, men are leavine the eervioa to gc ilato other
work efeere they can get Ueher pay now.
There are so any
o.tra girls that many of them only eet two days a meek.
They report at 11 a.m., hane about until 3 p.m., then are eola to
go home, or have u short run. But no bonus*
. The work is no work for any girle it's e !MVOS job. I
don(t mean because of the actual work. It's the conditions, the
lifos the hours, and the days.
To be exact, I work from ene
o'clock in the afternoon entil 3.36 , and from 7.19 in the
**tang to 2.29 in the morning.
lore likely, I work until 6
with no more food.
You must work overtime or be suspended.
The rest-room is not a fit place to spend your frne
time. not a clean place,
I go to bed at 4.30 in the morning, sleep six and one
half hours, up again at 11, breakfast and go to work. This
is
the life seven days e week* You must appear for the
seventh
day. !:hen you want to get off you wirte your request
early in
the week, but you don't always get off.
We pay $4.50 for our uniforms, 41.25 for the hats
and
about $2 for the shirts. Furnish our own top
coats.
When I get home I feel as though I had no
bones. It
wracks you up so. I fall asleep oversupper most of
the time.
I'd rather get $11 a week and some home and
social
life.
I never see my family.
I never see my fkiends. I'm too tired
to eat and
too tired to glee?. So what is the use of
the
money?
The first girls to so into the service
are now leaving
tired of it.
Of course the girls should organizeout they won't.
They are afraid to say a word. lyN,
erything gets to the boss.
And the ompany is mighty independentthere are so meny girls.


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Subject:

Brooklyn-

omen in industry- Brooklyn Rapid Transitt

New s:oek Cm110 Feb.21, 1918..

Cfr-ticle by the Call B.n.

0.011.••••.ssolemeamiewsow

Investigator).
B. R. T. hire women because mon figh wrong conditions.
Ltecol' unions protest and federal employment agencics charge
Jcompacaila company with deliberately refusinE men- investiggtor
says women work 14 hourL.
;According to Lire. Richards, of the U.L%repartmont of
,
:
.rkir47 12 to
Labor, "New 'York women street car covteuctors are w,
vary unfavorunder
awl
strain,
hear
a
g
14 hours c clay, uhaerrpin
s.
gtoral
cohdition
ablc
"Thom is no neod of wymeh in men's olEees, in whatexer
capacity," Morris L. hrnst, head of the cleerinn house af
employment oureaus said recently. " There is censidcrAble unemployment among m3n who could well be used. Of nourse, 'hire
)red the mri thsatuelves. The 8. R. T. ham earned
is to be consid,
stffintent hal. will anon them to juatify them in refusinr the
jobs if they were aed."
(Repliea civm by cxmape.ny's oficials are a1d0 presented
this
in
article),


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Subject:

Norfolk-Tmen and girls in industry- survey.

Norfolk (atl) Virgininian4 Feb.14, 1918.Mrs. Paula Fuller smith, cooperating with the Girls' and
omen's Committee of the Camp Community Service of Norfolkohas
begun a survey of the girls living in Norfolk. The city has
been
divided into districts, and two weeks allowed to make the
classification.
War conditions will govern largely the procedur e
that will immedittely follow the survey. If conditions
necessitate
trade extension rooms where girls may perfect themse
lves
during hours not employed will be provided.
euestionnsires sent to all employers of girls and
every school in :iorfolk.
How many girls holding positions of
enlisted men?
How many girls holding positions created by
war's demands on industry?
How many more girls are employed
now than were regularly employed in 1916?
How many girls
not living at their own homes? That positions
are most difficult
to fill?
Fte.etc..etc.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

United StatesSubject: / :omen in industry.
Washington (D.C.) Star. Feb. 14,....l918.=
to
The State of Massachusetts t.lone has from 8,000
the
before
d
employe
were
than
10,000 more women workers
textile
The heaviest increase is reported in women
war.
.
workers
working in men's
Approximately 2,000 Oregon women are
A majority
wo-kers.
plaees. according to estimates by social
the State
h
althoug
ns,
of these women are in clerical positio
many workers
and
rs
has one woman blacksmith. Two brass finishe
for
wat
Oregon.
the
win
in gas filling stations are helping
woman
of
workers.
nuMber
large
Wooden box factories have drawn a
they
and
trains,
on
s'
butcher
Montana has woman "News
are making quite a success.
The State of Washington has a woman lineman.
responded to the
In Pennsylvania, over 50,000 women have
Besides these, the State officials estimate
call to work.
work
there *me over 100,000 women in the State doing women's
ase
ematax
Sammex
d.
employe
ore
who were not heretof
Several sections of the Pennsylvania railroad employ
Railroad work has called many women in
women as track walkers.
er coach
San Francisco, women practically replacing men as passeng
mp
iummik
Riming
the
in
cleaners, while many are working
Burlington shops at machine mending. -ttempts to employ women
on street cars in Kansas 'ity were defeated.
From 3,000 to 59000 women in ''t.Louis are doing work
They act as mail carriers,
which before the war was done by men.
street cars.
on
ors
conduct
as
work
and
drive trucks,
Dallas reports many woman postal clerks have taken the
places of men. kfteximatairdxgtoismaexmorktAgxtioo
Five hundred girls are working in the Cleveland and
cleaning and mending locomotives.
Loraine roundhouses
Chicago's Council of uefansereports that the number of
women doing men's work in that city is surprisingly small.
New Yor4 has thousands of woman conductors, bell-hoppers,
and elevator operators.
Llbany has 25 women working on bolt-cutting machines and
sorting meals.
The 'istrict of Columbia has woman conductors, elevator
This does not include
operators, messengers and machinists.
the thousands of women doing government work who have been
lately called fromall sections of the country,

Subject: New York.
?;omen in Industry,
New York Herald. Feb. 20, 1918.
Two thousand women representing the Council of Jewish Women and the
New York City Federation of iomen's Clubs sent a telegram to Govenor
Whitman protesting against the Brown and Johnson Bills, which provide
for the suspension during the mar of all laws enacted for the protection
of women employees.


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Subject:

':jomen in industry.

(Aftiole by 'Pauline Goldmark of the
New York Post, Mnrch 4, 1918.
ConWar Work.
N'Aional Consumers, League on Health, Women, and
r
and
messenge
levator,
ditions which obtain in the transportation,e
legal
new
y
for
sergices and in the munition factories - The necessit
safeguards becoming apparent)
Vomen are now working for the Interboro and Brooklyn Rapid
In the
Transit Co. as conductors on the surface wire and as guards
wage
the
starting
men
for
that
as
snme
the
The pay is
subway.
Does
rs.
for
conducto
hour
and
cents
27
and
being 24 oents andhour
to
up
work
come
oar
stweet
for
g
receivin
this rate which women are
car
the
on
street
Pay
class.
the market rate for labor of this
and subway service has been conspicuously low considering the deWages have by no means
gree of intelligence and skill required.
caught up with the coat of living.
Although the transportation companies say that they are engaging women on Account of the shortage of male labor the present shortit is the distribution mther thnii the scarage is luestionable.
Objections to the employment of
city of labor that is at fault.
the grounds of danger to health
on
offered
are
cars
women on street
y on the cars is injurious.
necessar
standing
Conetnnt
and morals.
the lay-offs between runs
by
caused
hours
working
Tho extension of
new laws similar to
pass
ure
should
legislat
The
is r-t h rdship.
So long as overstores.
and
s
factorie
those for women's work in
ble place
is
undesira
platform
car
a
d
crowding of cars is permitte
for a woman to work.
, Hundreds of women are being recruited for munitions :oork.
In the manufacture of smokeless powder in one important process
women must inhale strong ether fumes for 6 hours a day, since ade743 have yet to work out the
quate ventilation in impracticable.
Great Britain has adopted.
ons
which
preo0Oti
health
inary
extraord
employees women are beelevator
and
is
messengor
As district
le for young girls
er
unsuitab
alt3geth
are
callinfs
Both
ginning.
of
ion.
Girls under 16
ility
supervis
impossib
on aocount of the
at houses
packages
,
s,
ar4
meeseges
telegram
ng
deliveri
are actually
r. /t
ly
characte
of
inevitab
these
doubtful
of
some
of all kinds inthese
to
girls
now
be
should
exposed
young
is horrifying that
as
ro
act
to
rs.
are
Alable
messenge
fluences when older mon
While women are operating elevators satisfactorily there are
moral dangers in allowing young girls to remain on duty all night.
Women have been found -5orking 90 or 100 hours in a week and for
unbroken period of 18 hours onee a fortnight, when the dcy and
night shifts change - a record e-ualled only by the sonndelo-Isly
3ills hive been framed and shluld
long hours of the canneries.
Ll
undor
years of age from these occupations
girls
to
bar
passed
be
adult
of
hours
the
women.
limit
to
and


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Subject:

Women in Industry.

Philf..delphia Inquirer, Jill. 20, 1918.
An estimate which hns been made based on surveys of fifteen States
shos that 1,266, 061 women are now engaged in essentially war inAt the time the figures were compiled not less than
dustrial work.
100,000 women were employed in munition facAorees alone.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A

United States:

Women in industry.

(Article on !tlly Women
Fresno, Cn1., Republican: Feb. 19, 1918.
taking up man's work as p4triotic duty4
Today in riv.ny Amerion cities women street car conductors,flagmen,
elctricians, and others skilled laborers, baggage lv,ndlers, porters,
All messengers are to be seen.
In New York
In Boston women motor cops are now on regulhr duty.
women letter carriers have been employed.
In seperal Chicaf7o deThroughout the
partment stores women floor walkers are at work.
United States women have enlisted in the Navy as clerks, while many
rriilro:Ais have made preparation for using them as clerks at sueb
Several railroads now hive women
time as them will be needed.
flagmen in service, the first to take the step being the Baltimore
and Ohio.
Women farmers kv,ve become numerous since the United
States entered the war.
In 'Hurst, Ill., the greater number of
young men are now in France i.nd the women ,.re keeping the community
running.
The U. S. Internal Revenue Service has opened the way
to women to become tax collectors.
Famlusive of the United States it is estimated th-t more than
13,000,000 are now engaged in war work.
Of this number 7ng1and
alone furnishes 4,783,000 ,Aad Prance almost as army.
Italy has
already awarded 1L,713 prizes to women workers on frms.
Japan
likewise is furnishing women war worked.
(Features of employment of womn in European nations at war
are given.)


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Women in Industry - Delaware.
Feb. 14, 1918.
Wilmington,_ Del., Yews_.
tor under the 10-hour law for women has
inspec
son
Steven
Isabel
Miss
Annual report of the
submitted to the Delaware State Board of Fealth the
"The great industrial changes wrought
consumer's league of Delaware.
is an element of
by the war have necel arily come to our state and there
The chqnges here
s.
unrest and uncert.i.inty among many of the women worker
the neighboring
however have been moderate when compared with many of
maintain the standto
tors
inspec
the
of
It hJs been the policy
States.
se in the number
increa
The
war.
of
ards existing beforeethe declaration
new
eatablishments
the
to
due
se
of women employed exclusive of the increa
lly assumgradua
are
Women
***
of the amended 1%.1ff is not appreciable.
pay for
eoual
ing
receiv
are
ing men's places *** in some instances they
so
less,
is
pay
the
cases
But in the majority of
so 0:died equal work.
equal
e
to
produc
y
based by the employer because their potential abilit
In many cases the work now being done by women differs
work is less.
There are
omed.
little from the kind of work to which they are accust
was
formally
which
exceptions however, where women are enraged in work
in skilled labor,
done by men only and where they are supplementing men
boiler shops, sharpsuch as operating circular saws, drilled machines r.nd
ads."
railro
the
for
kinds
ening tools, and clerical work of all
followed to
have
boys
the
as
"Women have alter taken boys'plpces
example
for
as
,
plants
more remunerative trades at the ship building
"
mills.
folding down cloth in a bleaching vat in cotton
on our women in
"Realizing that the war wili mate greater demands
with the lopw
sion
industry certain resolutions were passed by the commis
women durour
to
accidents
of preventing unnecessary strain, illness, or
A letter was sent to our arATufneturers urging
ing these abnormal tines.
cases where the women
the use of tight caps and bloomers or overalls in
and exposed belts.
ery
machin
g
employees were working near or at runnin
asking their coState
the
of
ians
Another letter was sent to the physic
s among their
illnes
of
c:!ses
any
operation by notifying the commission of
ions or strain."
condit
rial
indust
women patients which they considered due to
**


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Subject:

Few York State proposed 8-hour law for women end. minors.

New York American, Feb. 18, 1918.
Nomen and minors are prohibited from working more than 8 hours a day
or 48 hours a week by a bill to be introduced at Albany today by SenDiscussing the bill Sen. Lockwood said: "I regard t-ie
ator Lockwood.
bill as an essential patriotic measure to keep our output and to safe
guard our women durin these war times when they are entering industry
The bill is distinctly a war measure
in such unparalleled numbers.
and is in direct opposition to the bill introduced by senator Bonin.
The purp,se of this bill is three fold: To maintain output in both
nuality and quantity; to protect women workers winst illness and
undue fatigue resulting from long hours; and to avoid the disorganizing effects of long hours on the f%mily and home life of the workers
We must not overlook the
-nd on the executive forces of the plants.
tot th.it we are dependent on the he:Alth and vigor of these:Omen to
replenish our manhood, depletion of which must be a tragic result of
Senator Brown's bill would enable the unpatriotic profthis w.r.
country to use these very women for their own selfish
this
iteers of
litegtIrdlessly."
purposes,


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5. A.
Occupation

:No. of females:Increase(+)or de- :Direct replacement of men
:crease(-)in employ-:
by women
:employed in
:July, 1914
ment of females
:since July, 1914. :
of those 1/
: Numbers :of thomm Numbers
empl.in
:employed in
:July,'14:
:July, 1914
•
20.7: 438,00C
Industries,excl.gov't
20.1
:+ 453,000 :+
2,184,000
establish.
Gov't establishments
2,000
:+ 198,000 :+9,404.9: 187,000 : 8,926.0
40.3
0.2:
32,000
Agriculture in Gr.
:+
80,000
•
Britain permanent
325.4:
64,000
338.7
62,000
Transport
19,000
:+
526.2:
505.5
48,000
50,000
France and banking
9,500
:+
61.9: 308,000
62.0
Commerce
496,000
2+ 307,000
31.2:
29.4
21,000
20,000
Professions
67,500
:+
7.4:
13,000
35,000
19.8
Hotels,public houses,
:+
176,000
theatres, etc.
89,000
83,000
Civil Service
134.9:
:
126.5
66,000
:+
23.9:
:+ 47,000
Local Govt
41,0001
20.7
198,000
:1,240,000
37.6:1,256,000
Totals
3,298,000
38.1
These figures show the situation in April, 1917.
Women.
1/


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

10/30/17

A. K.

5. A.
Occupation

ement of men
:17o. of females:Increase(+)or de- :Direct replac
women
by
:crease(-)in employ-:
:employed in
s
female
of
:ment
:July, 1914
:since July, 1914. :
.c4- of those 1/
: Numbers :of those Numbers
:employed in
emphin :
:July, 1914
:July,'14:
20.1
20.7: 438,000
:+ 453,000 :+
2,184,000
Industries,excl.gov't
establish.
8,926.0
:+ 198,000 :+9,404.9: 187,000
2,000
Gov't establishments
40.3
32,000
0.2:
:+
---:
80,000
Agricalture in Gr.
Britain permanent
338.7
64,000
:+ 62,000 :+ 325.4:
19,000
Transport
505.5
48,000
526.2:
:+ 50,000 :+
9,500
France and banking
62.0
0
308,00
:+ 307,000 :+
496,000
Commerce
29.4
20,000
3t92:
:+ 21,000 :4
67,500
Professions
19.8
35,000
7.4:
:+ 13,000 :+
176,000
Fotels,public houses, :
theatres, etc.
126.5
83,000
:+89,000 :+ 134.9:
66,000
Civil Service
20.7
r
41000
23.9:
:+ 47,000 :+
198,000
:
Local Govt
38.1
37.6:1,256,000
:1,240,000 s+
: 3,298,000
Totals
These figures show the situation in April, 1917.
Women.
1/


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

10/30/17

A. R.

5. Great Britain.
Equal pay for equal work in Scotland.
Christian Science:lonitor, Sept. 20, 1917.
The "Special Tribunal, appointed under the Munitions of War Ammendment Act., 1916,
found that the "wothen replacing men as crane drivers in Mersers W. Beardmore's Forge,
can, after a fortnight's experience, undertake the whole of the work formarly done
by men and perform it" equally well, and it, therefore, granted to women the wages
paid to men for the same work.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

10/23/17

A. K.

Subject:U. S.0.
'amen in Industry.
(The Boston Traveler. March 13, 1918.)
By Pauline Goldmark. Of the National Consumers' League.
(Fourth of a series of articles ,copyrighted by the New York Evening ost,
writeen from different points of view dealing with the new industrial
opportunities for women in America brought about by the change in labor
conditions resulting from the war.
The first article gave the employer's
viewpoint, the second was the viewpoint of a woman conductor, the rhird by
a labor leader.)

"Our women are performing a genuine patriotic service," says
Lr. Shonts in one of his recent homilies on efficiency and social manners.
These exhortations, as the traveling public knows, have ranged from advising
on the proper way to fold on 's newspaper to the cost of a ten-car train.
The emiloyment of VDMOR on New York street cars, to which Mr. 6honts
now calls attention, for the first time, is a new and important factor.
Women as conductors are an innovation which may well interest the
public.
Whether, however, they are really performing a patriotic itemis
e in releasing
man power foe work on war supplies, or whether there are other reason
s
for the change , is a Udebatable subject.
Widening of women's sphere of usefulness is in itself a
weclome sign.
There are many lines of work eminently fitting but long
denied to women in their competition with men.
The new industrial dangers
must,howeverobe realized f and proper conditions of work made possib
le
if we are now to reap the benefits of the new opportunities.
Wages Attract.
Women are now working for the Interborough
and Brooklyn Rapid Transit Companies as conductors on the
surface carsand
as guards in the subway.
The companies assert that they work on
equal
terms with men, since the pay is the same- the starting
wage being 24 cents
an hour for guards and 27 cents an hour for conductors.
Women are attracted
by these wages, which are undeniably higher than in many
other occupations
employing women only, for women's pay is notoriously
lower than men's.
This, indeed, is the reason why the laboring
maaviews
askance the introduction of women into new fields and
fears Mile consequent
undercutting of his wage scale.
Bence the question at once arises; Does
this rate which women are receiving for street-ear work
came up to the
market rate for labor of this class?
Employers are now recognizing that wages even for
unskilled
labor have risen to a new high-water mark.
In many parts of the country the
rate has now reached 370 cents an hour.
Pay on the street-oar and
subway service has long been conspicuously low,
considering the degree of
intelligence and skill required.
Shortage questionable.
Although an increase of one cent an
hour was recently put into effect in New York city,
wages have by no
means caught up with the steadily climbing cost
of living*
After six
years of service, a conductor of the Brooklyn
Eapid Transit Company
reaches the sum of 35 cents an hour.
The transportation companies say that they
are engaging women
on tit account of the shortage of male labor.
But the amount of this
shortage is at preen**. questionable.
While there is undeniably a strong
demand for higily skilled workers with technical traini
ng, it is coming to
be recognized , so far as the unskilled or
-unskilled are concerned
that it is the distribution rather than thesemi
scarcity of labor that is at
fault.

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At the recent industrial safety conference at Syracuse,
Mr. Charles Barnes, director of the New York State Employment Bureau ,
warned against the tendency among some manufacturers to replace their
male employees to cover so-sailed shortage of labor, stating that "there
are in this country enough human beings potentially capable of doing all the
work required without materially increasing our number of women workers."
Upon investigatinr the alleged labor scarcity, Mr. Barnes
found that it was due in part to the difficulty of obtaining "trained
workers in teohnieal lines," or "husky laborers to do work calling for
strong physique and enduramse," but that, on the other hands same 'employers
were unable to secure help bemuse they "are offering too low wages,
often coupled with long hours and bad working conditions."
As Mr. Barnes indieates Si at the close, it is exploitation
of women, in place of men, that should be prevented.
roman should not be
allowed, solely because they are cheaper workers , to undercut melee watOmV
and crowd them out of un
APlidattamns3„ves and
will lower stanaaras ofaffatiPtisth NiPePiegolfe 19641
all other wage-earners.
Thus in considering women in the transporttion service,
employing them.
it is obviously important to make clear the reasons for
t and likely
managemen
their
to
If the comvinies find them more amenable
chr(nge,
economic
this
foe()
us
let
in the long run to accept a lower wage,
m.
of
patriotis
nine
fine
the
and let us not confuse the islue by invoking
exposure
ld
a
!
cold
extreme
Work on the care, aprt froiT the
months, has eertnin obvious advantages over employment in
winter
the
of
this new opporfactories and stores, and the novelty aYd excitement of
women. But
the
to
n
tunity, as well as the higher pay, are an attractio
carefully
inluire
from the point of view of health, it is necess,,ry to
s must
facilitie
The trnsportation
into the possible risks or dsngers.
nii;ht
runs.
the
on
be kept in continuous operation, and women are found
ometer
One of the recent cold winter nights, when thertherm
- a
lines
suburbn
hovered about zero, a woman conductor on one of the
oneof
at
ended
run
slight girl barely 21 years old - explained that her
he would
morning.
the
in
o'clock
2
at
Street
Fiftieth
the barns near
disblocks
several
then start for her home in the upper Bronx region,
All
example.
This girl is not an isolated
tant from any c,* line.
these runs.
the women in the service have to take their turn on
of sleep -.4d sunlick
the
to
owing
women,
for
right work
d as detrimental to health.
light whioh it entails, has long been recognize
by law for years.
Night work in Kew York factories has been forbidden
night work in factories
Exnctly the sane re.7.sons which led to prohibiting
..rger to morIn fact, the df,
hold good for the transportation service.
is probably far greatals, which was one reqson for adopting the law,
They have
occupation.
er for girls in this service than in any other
Ants of society cre most recharge of the city at times when the restr
in returning
They are exposed to risk of insult aid asgault
laxed.
niFhte
the
of
to their homes during the small hours
the c - rs
Certain other objections to women's employment on
the girls,
of
!ost
.
observers
are engaging the attention of thoughtful
is
there
since
day,
the
of
for example, have to stand for many hours
prois
seat
a
which
in
only one tjpe of cur - the centre-door type
lasuch
fatiguing
how
e
apreciF.t
The public perhaps does not
vided.
standing:nt
const,
that
bor is, yet our industrial experience has proved
is made in every labor
is injurious for women and provision for seats
law.
long a cause
A hardship well known to the street-oar men, aid

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complaint, is the extension of working hours caused by the lay-offs beThile a woman may actually be on the ears only nine hours
tween runs.
a day, yet the period between beginning work and ending work is often
14 hours. It Is easy to say that the time off should not be counted
as work, but, as everyone knows, an hour's or two hours' lay-off at a
b::.rn can hardly be used for anything byt waiting for the next run.
It is not strrInge that the labor laws do not cover women on the street
But even this brief experierce
cars where they ilve so recently appeared.
sho7s the need of securing new laws aththe present session of the legislature paralleling the provisiorls rogulPting women's work in factories
and stores, which assure a wuel,rly cl5ty of rest, daily or weekly limitation
of hours and prohibition of night work.
By suoh restrictions the ad.vntages afforded in the service ffny be
But it owl never be
secured ,eld the more obvious risks to health lessened.
of care is
ding
made desirable so long as the present dangero-e overcrow
the crowds
with
To see the women conductors trying to cope
permitted.
from
release
at rush hours may dispell the idea that this new w7rk is a
on has
commissi
The rublic service
nerve-wearing industrial occupations.
cars,
the
never taken :J.ny effective steps to stop the overcrowding of
although it is empowered by law to make the companies provide proper
So long as it allows this nuisance to continue it is hardly
service.
conceivable that a oar platform will be a desirable place for a woman
to worm.
The sv,,r industries are most in need of women's labor at the presIn some of the smaller centres it is proving very difficult
ent time.
to secure the needed thousands since there re no housing facilities foe
In some places an internew workers even if they could be imported.
unused woman power
hitherto
the
out
call
to
made
being
is
esting effort
fashion froT.
this
in
d
recruite
being
!re
Hundreds
of the co-Imunity.
and, given
s,
dautkter
and
farmers'
ses
governes
,
anong school teachers
had before.
ever
they
than
wages
higher
earn
to
way
an opportunity in this
chiefly
oonsists
work
the
as
rs,
instecto
as
They qre well fitted to act
s.
n
blemishe
of
detectio
af careful measurement and the
Replacement by women during recent months has been going Inn steadily in two other fields, the district messengers and elevator service.
of
Both callings ',re altogether unwlitable for young girls on account
under
Girls
duty.
are
on
the impossibility of supervision while they
, and pack16 years of age are actually delivering telegrams, messages
doubtful
of
ly
ages at houses of all kinds - some of these inevitab
The deteriorating effects of life in messenger service
character*
is undoubthas long been known in the case of messenger boys. There
in any
ed evidence that their standards of morality are the lowest found
should
It is horrifying that young girls
set of industrial workers.
es, when older men rho are superanuated
influenc
these
to
now be exposed
rs.
for other work are svA.lable in every locality to not as messenge
of
few
a
The avenues of woman's activity above described are only
been
While so Vizi the substitution for men has
the recent changes.
preparatory for future needs, it in believed
and
largely experimental
ODInges will now come with kaleidoscopic rapthe
in many larters that
idity.
work
Women are showing themselves extraordinarily adaptable in all
techand
trnini4g
of
lack
Their
speed.
and
reouiring manual dexterity
of
tion
Organiza
modern
the
in
bar,
for
a
nical knowledge is not proving
maindustry they can be used for mechanical tending of highly complex

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ohinery if a skilled machinist is at hand to set the gauges, make reIn Englnd this co-called "dilution" of skilled labor
paird, etc.
has been astern necessity of the war not only for making munitions, but
in every process of modern manufacture.
Fiera in the United States not :ore than 5 per dent 3f the nA.e wageearnang populations has neen withdrawn from industry by the draft and
has left possible for us to act wisely in the use of the new labor supply provided oy the women and to save the waste which follows overwork
On account of New York's importance as an industrial
and exploitation.
State, the new legislation which is now being sought here is of more
than llcal importance in promoting the industri,111 efficiency of the
nation.


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a

SUbject:U. S.,
Women in Industry.
(Me Boston Traveler. March 13, 1918.)
By Pauline Goldmark. Of the National Consumera' League.
(Fourth of a series of articles *copyrighted by the New York Evening ost,
writeen from different points of view dealing with the new industrial
opportunities for women in America brought about by the change in labor
conditions resulting from the war. The first article gave the employer's
viewpoint, the second was the viewpoint of a woman conductor, the rhird by
a labor leader.)
"Our women are performing a genuine patriotic service," says
Mr. Shonts in one of his recent homilies on efficiency and social manners.
These exhortations, as the traveling public knows, have ranged from advisinr
on the proper way to fold on Is newspaper to the cost of a ten-car train.
The emiloyment of voile* on New York street ears, to which Ur. 44 honts
now calls attention, for the first time, is a new and important factor.
Tomen as conductors are an innovation which may well interest the public.
Thether, however, they are really performing a patriotic seroiee in releasing
man power foe work on war supplies, or whether there are other reasons
for the change , is a bdebatable subject.
Widening of women's sphere of usefulness is in itself a
weclome sign. There are many lines of work eminently fitting but long
denied te women in their competition with men. The new industrial dangers
must,howeverebe realised p and proper condons of work made possible
if we are now to reap the benefits of the new opportunities.
Wages Attract.
women aI' working for the Interborough
and Brooklyn Rapid Transit Companies as conductors on the surface carsand
as guards in the aubway. The companies assert that they work on equal
terms with men, sinoe the pay is the same- the starting wage being 24 cents
an hour for guards and 27 cents an hour for conductors.
women are attracted
by these wages, which are undeniably higher than in many other occupations
employing women only, for women's pqy is notoriously lower than men's.
This, indeed, is the reason why the laborinr manviews
askanoe the introduction of women into new fields and fears the consequent
undercutting of his wage scale. Bence the question at once arises: Does
this rate which women are receiving for street-ear -work come up to the
market rate for labor of this class?
Employers are now recognising that wages even for unskilled
labor have risen to a new high-water mark.
In many parts of the country the
rate has now reachedcents an hour. Pay on the street-oar and
subway service has long been conspicuous/7 low, considering the degree of
intelliTence and skill reslired.
Shortage questionable.
Although an increase of one cent an
hour was recently put into effeot in New York city, wages have by no
moos oaught up with the steadily cliMbing coat of living. After six
years of service, a conductor of the Brooklyn Eapid Transit Company
reaches the sum of 35 cents an hour.
The transportation companies say that they are engaging women
account
of the shortage of male labor. But the amount of this
on Os
shortage is at presaat questionable. while there is undeniably a strong
demand for highly skilled workers with technical training, it is coming to
be recognised , so far as the unskilled or semi-unskilled are a. a.
that it is the distribution rather than the scarcity of labor that is at
fault.

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At the recent industrial safety conference at Syracuse,
Ur. Charles Barnes, director of the New York State Employment Bureau
ce their
warned agsinst the tendency among some manufacturers to repla
that "there
ng
labor, stati
male employees to cover so-sailed shortage of tiall
doing all the
of
le
y
capab
s
poten
being
human
h
enoug
ry
are in this count
workers."
women
of
r
numbe
work required without materially increasing our
Barnes
Mr.
ity,
scarc
labor
ed
Upon investigating the alleg
ned
"trai
ning
of
obtai
culty
diffi
the
to
found that it was due in part
for
ng
calli
work
do
to
ers
labor
y
"husk
or
,"
workers in technical lines
yers
some
emplo
hand,
other
the
on
that,
but
"
strong physique and endurance,
,
wages
low
too
ing
offer
"are
they
se
becau
help
e
secur
to
e
were unabl
often coupled with long hours and bad working conditions."
As Mr. Barnes indieates 66 at the close, it is exploitation
Women should not be
of wen, in place of men, that should be prevented.
cut men's wages
to
under
,
rs
worke
er
allowed, solely because they are cheap
tions, they
condi
such
ting
accep
By
and crowd them out of an occupation.
ts both for themselves and
will lower standards of living with evil effec
all other wage-earners.
service,
Thus in considering women in the transportation
them.
ying
emplo
for
ns
reaso
the
it is obviously important to make clear
y
likel
and
ement
manag
their
to
If the companies find them more amenable
e,
chang
mic
econo
this
fnce
us
in the long run to 'accept a lower wage, let
.
otism
of
patri
nnme
fine
the
and let us not confuse the issue by invoking
ure
expos
and
cold
me
Work on the care, apart from the extre
tages over employment in
of the winter months, hns certain obvious advnn
ement of this new opporfactories and stores, and the novelty a:.d excit
ction to the women. But
tunity, RS well as the higher pay, are an attra
sary to iniuire carefully
from the point of view of health, it is neces
The transportation facilities nnst
into the possible risks or dangers.
found on the night runs.
be kept in continuous operation, and women are
therthermometer
One of the recent cold winter nights, when
of the suburbnn lines - a
hovered about zero, a woman conductor on one
that her run ended at oneof
slight girl barely 21 years old - explained
he would
in the morning.
the barns near Fiftieth Street at 2 o'clock
s disblock
region, selv,ral
then start for her home in the upper Bronx
All
This girl is not an isolated example.
tant from any car line.
turn on these runs.
the women in the service have to tnke their
the lack of sleep nTid sunto
owing
,
Night work for women
recognized as detrimental to health.
light which it entails, has long been
forbidden by law for years.
Night work in New York factories has been
in factories
.sons which led to prohibiting night work
Exactly the same ren,
In fret, the danger to morhold good for the transportation service.
the law, is probably fnr greatals, which was one reason for adopting
They have
other occupation.
er for girls in this service thn in any
most retre
ty
socie
of
-Ants
restr
chnrge of the city at times when the
ning
retur
in
lt
assau
amd
t
insul
They are exposed to risk of
laxed.
.
night
the
to their homes during the small hours of
yment on the cars
Certain other objections to women's emplo
Most of the girls,
vers.
are engaging the attention of thoughtful obser
since there is
day,
of the
for example, 1n)ve to stand for many hours
a seat is prowhich
- in
only one tjpe of car - the centre-door type
uing such lafatig
how
The public perhaps does not appreciate
vided.
ant standingconst
d that
bor is, yet our industrial experience has prove
labor
every
in
seats is nnde
Is injurious for women and provision for
law.
men, arni long a cause
A hardship well known to the street-car

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-3becomplaint, in the extension of working hours caused by the lay-offs
While a woman may actually be on the care only nine hours
tween runs.
a lay, yet the period between beginning work and ending worX is often
14 hours. It is easy to say that the time off should not be counted
as work, but, as everyone knows, an hour's or two hours' lay-off at a
barn can hardly be used for anything byt waiting fez* the next run.
It is not strange thnt the labor laws do not cover *omen on the street
But even this brief experience
cars where they hove so recently appeared.
t session of the legispresen
shoos the reed of securing new laws aththe
s work in factories
women'
ting
lature paralleling the provisions regolP
or weekly limitation
daily
rest,
and stores, which assure c weekly dsy of
of hours and prohibition of night work.
By such restrictions the odlraitages afforded in the service may be
But it can never be
secured and the more obvious risks to health lessened.
of cars is
owding
overcr
oTocie desirable so long as the present dangerous
the crowds
with
cope
to
To see the women conductors trying
peloaitted.
e from
a
releas
is
at rush hours may dispel?. the idea that this new w)rk
has
sion
e
commis
servic
The public
nerve-wearing industri5,1 occupatioLs.
cars,
the
of
never taken olly effective steps to stop the overcrowding
proper
although it is empowered by law to make the companies provide
is
hardly
it
ue
So long as it allows this nuisance to contin
service.
a
woman
for
conceivable that a car platform will be a desirable place
to worm.
The w'r industries are most in need of women's labor at the presIn some of the smaller centres it is proving very difficult
ent time.
ties for
to secure t'oe needed thousands since there ',re no housing facili
In some places an internew workers even if they could be imported.
to unused woman power
hither
the
out
call
to
made
esting effort is being
this fashion from
in
ted
recrui
being
,
re
,
ds
Fundre
of the community.
rs, and given
dauAte
s'
farmer
and
esses
govern
aolong school teachers,
ever had before.
they
than
wages
higher
earn
to
an opportunity in this way
ts chiefly
consis
work
the
as
tors,
inspec
They ore well fitted to act as
hes.
blemis
of
ion
at careful measurement and the detect
onn steadReplacement by women during recent months has been going
e.
or
servic
elevat
and
gers
ily in two othor fields, the dIstrict messen
of
t
accoun
on
girls
young
Both callings 'Ire altogether unsuitable for
Girls under
the impoesibility of supervision while they are on duty.
ood packes,
messag
16 years of •ge are actually delivering telegrams,
ul
doubtf
of
ably
ages at houses of all kinds - some of these inevit
e
servic
ger
The deteriorating effects of life in messen
character.
tundoub
is
There
has long been known in the case of messenger boys.
any
in
found
lowest
ed evidence that their standrrds of morality are the
should
It is horrifying that young girls
set of industrial workers.
nces, when older men who tire superanuated
influe
now be exposea to these
act as messengers.
for other work are avoilable in every locality to
only a few of
The avenues of woman's activity above described are
While so for the substitution for men has boon
the receot changes.
it Li believed
largely experimental and preparatory for future needs,
with kaleidoscopic rapin many To_rters that tne changes will now come
idity.
in all work
Women are showing themselves extraordinarily adaptable
ng and techtroini
of
lack
Their
reouiring manual dexterity and speed.
zation of
organi
modern
the
in
for
bar,
nical knowledge is not proving a
x maIndustry they can be used for mechanical tending of highly comple

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ohinery if a skilled machinist is at hand to set the gauges, ra.--:ke reIn England this co-called "dilution" of skilled labor
paird, etc.
has been astern necessity of the wfir not only for mRking manitions, but
in everw process of modern mmufacture.
Fere in the United States not iore than 5 per cent of the mnle wageearneng populations has neon withdrawn from industry by the draft ,Ind
suphas left possible for us to act wisely in the -ase of the new lnbor
overwork
follows
which
ply provided by the women and to save the waste
On acooant of Eew York's importance as an industrial
and exploitation.
Stbte, the new legislation which is now being sought here is of more
than lloal import:ince in promoting the industrial efficiency of the
natiln.


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•

Subje ot:

IL so.. 700021 in Industry*

(Agriculture).

,Topeka State Journal. March 94 1918.s.
Women as Farm Laborers.

By Frederic J. !Riskin.

Teshinpton. March 6..
A s-E001015 Land Army" has recently been organized
in New York State with a view of relieving the farm lacer shortage
anticipated this Gesso,. The women of this army are to be organized
into gangs of about ten members eachlwhich, under the direction of a
supervising manager will go from farm to farm in the fruit-growing and
truck-farming sections of the eastern states and help the farmers harvest
their crops. There is one condition attached to this feminine aid
however/ The women must be guaranteed auitible living accomodations.
This is the first movement to substitute woman for male
laborers on the farm of this country, and hoe brought forth a wide
diversity of opinion as to the merits of woman farm labor.
Inevitably, there will be a great scarcity of labor on the
farms this year.
No special exemptions from the draft have been rade
case
the
of
farmers, thile the high wages prevailing in industry aro
in
drawing more and more men away from agriculture. Still, the popular
tendency seems to be to solve the problem in some other way than by the
substitution of women.
Prof. T. J. Spillman, formerly farm management expert of
the department of agriculture, now at Cornell University is of the
opinion that female labor could be used on the farms with good results.
"This season I expect to see at least 30,000 women taking the places of
men on farms," he predicted a short time ago. "It is estimated that
nearly 40 per cent of the young men drafted will oome from the farms.
Male labor is already scarce. ?:omen will be needed to help harvest
the crops."
On the other hand, other authorities are emphatic in their
opposition to such a measure. Miss Helm V. Atwater of the Department
of Pgriculture and a member of the Woman's Committee of the Council of
National Demme declares that the substitution of women for men on
the farms would not only be an unnecessary but a tremendously expensive
answer to the labor scarcity problem.
"We have not yet reached the point where such a measure is
essential," she asserts. "In "ngland it is, even though it costa
as
much to place a woman in the agricultural field in ngland as it
does to
send a soldier to the front."
In the first place, Miss Atwater says women are not born
farm laborers-they have to be trained. In England, for instance,
they have to be taught to milk cows, to handle farm implements, and to
do the the special tedious work of the dairies- all of which takes
some
time. ax months of training are not enough, in some oases, to
convert a woman urbanite into a farmer.
In the second place, living conditions on American
farms
are usually anything but compatible with the needs of women
laborers.
At most farms when the hired hands arrive in the busy
farming season, they
are compelled, in the popular phrase of the stret, "to
shift for themselves." The farmer's wife does not get out her beet silverware
and
china and linen sheets to welcome them*
he works from morning to
night preparing their food, but that is about all she
oan do. The
laborers sleep in the barns in the hay mow or in
hastily constructed beds
of hay and blankets.

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• -*

402m r

Awe°

Ask the average farmer's wife to house a gang of ten women
workers, and she would most liedy collapse on the floor. "The only thing
temporary
you could deo" said Miss Atwater "would be to build or rent
have
to be taloa
would
woman
one
and
workers,
accomedations for the women
and
other
laundry
cooking,
the
of
oars
along as housekeeper, to take
existence."
of
necessary factors
somewhat the plan that the now
This is
women's land army of New Yor State has in mind. They believe that
training women for agriculture is a more useful occupation than train.
ink' them to shoot, and that when the time comes.when the actual
soarcity of labor is being felt. suitable living conditions for the
women workers will be forthcoming either from the farmers themselves
or in the way of subscriptions to be used in the rection of sleeping
quarters.
In Great Britain, where the employment of 'mon on the
farms has long since been accepted as a necesstity war measure , classes
in milking, cheese-making,pueltry feeding and light farm work are a
feature of every villugestowm and estate. Local farmers, as a matter
of patriotic duty, have loaned their cows and horses for such instruction; the agricultural colleges board women farm students in their
dormitories, and courses of farm instruction are now offered by
numerous comities.
The United States at present is not in imminent danger of
being reduced to the difficulties in which Great Britain found herself in the spring of 1916i but we should take care not to make the
same mistake. Apparently, the German U-boat maneuvers were not
anticipated at the beginning of the war, for ngland let her food
production diminish to an alarmingly small output before she realized
her danger. The whole country became aroused. The soilimuch of
which had lain idol, had to be treatedm and other remedies instituted
Vefere food production could be restored to a normal basis.
Since the malority of the nations farm hands had been sent
there iss4 nothing to do but ask the women to come to
trenches,
the
to
the rescue. .'crilen of leisure, who had never done anything more
leftmnammm strenuous than to knit stockings and caps for soldiers,
enlisted for farm work slung with women workers of the cities.
milliners, shop girls, and domestics.
But, at first, this voluntary aid was not appreciated by
English farmers. They wore dubious about hiring girls who had never
soon a cow, who did not know beets from carrots, and who could not
handle horses. So the gorermment offered to train the girls. L girl
was sent to a certain fern, where she had to agree to remain for eight
weeks. For the first four weeks, regarded as a period of instruation,
she was paid ten shillings per week by the government. After that, the
rs paid the wages, sines it was assumed that by that time the
farm,
girl would begin to earn it.
The other plait adopted was that of the so-called farm gang,
such as the ;:onan's Land Army of New York has in mind, in which several
girls under a leader travel about the country from one farm to another
helping with the various harvests. Sometimes they pick strawberries
on One fans; milk co we on another; work in the fields of yet another;
and then end the season by hurvesting hops.
Many of the 'omen in these gangs go from a life of gentle
leisure to one of considerable hardship. A day'sigram is apt to
consist of breakfast at half-past five in the morning; picking straw.
nerries until noon; a short interval in whicK a small "snack" is eaten;
then an afternoon of cleaning stables, churning butter, and milking cows,
and bed immediately after eupper.
Physically, it does not seem to hurt the 'women according

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4

ged
to British reports, although this statement has been challen
the
gated
matter.
investi
have
to
who
claim
by medical authorities
Thousands of European women are suffering from injuries received in
industrial occupations that are altogether beyond their strength, is the
assertion of these investigators. Tamen farm laborers, for instance,
have been injured by lifting heavy weights.
Mile light farm work would seem to be a healthy occupation
for women, the tendency is to disparage it as a feminine pursuit in this
country. L movement has already been started to prevent women from
entering industries requiring a man's strength, and in the opinion of
Let the
many people farm work is distinctly in this category.
the
1060
for
work, is
man
the
release
and
jobs
office
the
take
women
the plea of the experts.


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Subject:-

U. 6.-

- Imen In industay.

Jamestown (N.
4.... 12. Journal_p_

March 11. 1918.-

ra...,0010110.

Amazing Results of the Demand for 'Pavan Torkers
Row She has Changed.
in the 14chanica1 Trades and Occupations, and Some of the Actual
war-time Signs of Eve's vick Adjustment to Change. By Ethel Thurston.
(Newspaper Feature 3ervice,1917).
Tith one greatodecisive blies war has atruck off the fetters
of tradition which haia bound woman and has cast her bodily into the
ocean of life to sink or swim. That she is not going to sink, but
is clearly *howls
has boldly struck out for tln country and for self
in the fine, pptriotieexample Wilk set by American women in their
enthusiastic response given everywhere when the United States entered
the war.
J.s the war clouds were gathering, and even months before the
actual declaration of war against Germany, 10,000,000 American women had
offered their services to the Government in case of sudden national
need. And, new that .America is actually at war, woman's ability and
feminine preparedness may be looked upon as the country's first line
of defense.
"The women of Amerioa," says 3ecrotary Lane,"can and are
doing a good 50 per cent in fighting the mar by conserving food and
But American women evidently
encouraging patriotism among the men."
are not satisfied with working an such a 50 per cent basis as suggested
by Secretary Lane. They are not limiting themselver to conserving
food and inspiring patriotism among men. No indeed. For they are
now not only mobilized ard trained, millions of them, to take the places
of men in any occupation, but even are ready actually to FIGHT.
If you wieb evidence to what extent war is enlarging womaa's
sphere, consult the records of the National Aid Society, whoee
quarters are in New York City. On the society's lists are women
who have taken the places of men called to the colors, and are working
as farmers, printers, engineers, telegraphers, and policewomen. Under
the head of "Agriculture," the society has listed vows who do gardening, terming, dairy work, orchard and nursery work, and poultry raising.
For transportation service, there are women who act as ticket agents,
conductors, station masters, operators of motor boats, motorcycles,
motor cars, and drivers of horses. Other women have turned bakers,
cooks, tailors, painters, munition makers, manager* and superintendents,
munitions and factory workers, and even railroad women and blacksmiths,
Under "personal an domestic service," the feminine reserve
includes women who care for children, do housework, laundry work,
act as jainitreses, as hotel keepers and managers, readers, letter
writers, instructors of the blind and mailed and make eurgieal
dressings. Still other women are nurse*, p)ysicians, pharmacists,
teachers, engineer*, lecturers, dietitians, chiropodists, dentists,
photographers, postmistresses, mail carriers, chauffers, aviators, and
wireless operators.
An organization of a different character is the International
Order of Military Wawa, of which Gen. J. Hungerford Milbank, who is a
evman, is founder and commanding officer. Ito membership is countrywide. Its women have received military training calculated to fit
them for actual home defense.
***The change that war has brought about has been to turn
adie millions of women from being wives and mothers and give them
interesting and worth-while labor, with which they have heretofore
had no connection, especially in the mechanical trades and occupations.

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44.

4

Their fitniier bodies have succonsfully r,
3sisted the Strain of iron
works. Their tender hands have become calloused with the rough work
of making munitions, farming, blacksmithing and railroading• Truly,
the Tomnrican VDMAA in war in a typo of feminine efficieney and willing.
nose.
Averican women are not only doirg the work of men called
ay to Tar, but they are doing it in the same kind of clothes, corking
in factories, munitions plants, railroad yurds Gnd wharves.
Girls from the differeut clerical d6partments of thc
Bush Ter- inal in Yew York City, for example, re working as long.
shorewen. They wear blue overalls, jumpers and black caps and look
very fit. Stenogrcphers in ,
.he traffic department are oleo trcined to
run electric engines and trucks.
The railroads and street car systems ax s utilizing the
services of women in men's positions, even in manual labor of the
heaviest sort in the repair shops and roundhouses.
romen are also
actinr as engineers, firlmen, and "flagmen" at street crossings.


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***


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.i7orlen in Industry.
Subject:
(1%jirr,t2n Stir, MRreit 21, 1918).
Tinker,Will Employ Girls
at Cdlumbus Base Ball Park
COLUMBUS, Ohio, March 21.
Joe Tinker, manager of the local
club of the American Association,
has decided to act a real patriotic
pace for promoters of this sport.
The old shortstop star of the faneed today that
mous Cubs an
be dispensed
male help would
with at the ball park this year.
Ticket takers, change makers.
Neon.
senders.
n,,hees. peanut
card sellers. sandwich inakem
scoreboard operators and the like
will all be recruited from the fair
sex. Women and girls will take
the places formerly held by men
labor
and boys, so that the man
to
of Columbus may be spared
g
winnin
sterner work relative to
the war.

5. Italy.
Women in agriculture.
Each woman who during
e p. 3443.
Gazetta Ufficiale, July 31, 1917, ministerial decre
ctivity in agriculture or in
the season of 1917 will show special indlstry or produ
in this way substituting a
be
will
directing tha agricultural work of others, and
agriculture, a premium, conof
try
man taken to the army, will be given by the minis
sisting of a medal or money, and a diploma.
will make conspicuously good
Premiums will also be given to organizations which
use of feminine labor in agriculture.


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12/26/17

A. X.

5. Gr. Britain.
p. 6, C.
Women in agriculture, Christian Science Monitor, Sept. 29, 1917,
to train women
e
The Essex War Agricultural 'ss'n apparently has for its purpos
5,000
ulties
In spite of many diffic
for farm work and to place them on farms.
and
the
ass'n)
of
ion
women had been placed on the land (apparently since the format
had proved themselves equal to the task.


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10/2417.

A. K.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5. Gr. Britain.
L9, 1917, p. 6, U.
;omen in agriculture, Christian Science Monitor, Sept.
its purpose to train women
for
has
ly
apparent
4ss'n
ural
The Essex War Agricult
many difficulties 5,000
of
spite
In
farms.
on
them
place
for farm wor and to
n of the ass'n) and
formatio
the
since
tly
(apparen
land
the
on
women had been placed
task.
to
the
had proved themselves equal
10/22/17.

A. K.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5. England.
Trade union advisory committee.
Kanchoster Guardian, November, 19, 1917, r. 8
of the
"A Woman's Trade Union Advisory Committee, consisting of representtives
the
trade unions which comprise women members, hPs been formdd at the request of
The Committee is analogous to the Committee set up by
Ministry of Munitions.
ago to advise an matters concerning mon and wort, ata
months
Mr. Churchill some
on
It is proposed to refer to it all questions affect" ths employment af women
tha
work
that
however,
d,
unlersto;)
to
be
is
It
the production of munitions.
Wages'
of tie new Committee will not overlap thatarearly done by the Women'a
Tribunal."
1/29/48. A. PC.

4


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5, Italy.
Each woman who during
Women in agriculture.
3443.
7, ministerial decree p.
191
31,
y
Jul
,
ale
ici
Uff
Gazetta
ity in agriculture or in
cial industry or productiv
spe
w
sho
l
wil
7
191
of
the season
in this way substituting a
k of others, and will be
wor
ral
ltu
icu
agr
the
directing
agriculture, a premium, con
given by the ministry of
be
l
wil
y,
arm
the
to
man taken
money, and a diploma.
e conspicuously good
sisting of a medal or
to organizations which will mak
en
giv
be
o
als
l
wil
Premiums
in agriculture.
use of feminine labor
12/26/17 A. K.


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5. Great Britain.
Extension of the employment of women.
The Labour Gazette, August, 1917, p. 274.
srns made by employers to the Inda
"The following figures are based on retu
oyempl
to
te
rele
d of Trade; they
trial (War Inquirer) Branch of the Boar
"
ers.
ed persons only, excluding home work
er
females, or 37.6 % of the numb
al
tion
Since the war about 1,240,000 addi
e
Th3s
ons,
2sti
n into various occu
employed in July, 1914, have been draw
ural
cult
, since casual agri
figures do not represent the net increase
oyed in very small workshops
n
empl
laborers, domestic servants, and wome
at
e are excluded, as well as women
and workrooms in the dressmaking trad
s there
clas
In the last
s Hospitals.
work in the military, naval and Red Cros
-time workers.
has been an increase equal to 36,000 full
tetre-seirb-erbeetzt---


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5. Great Britain.
Advance of women's wages.
p. 7 C.
Christian Science lAnitor, ESept. 6, 1917,
ces in the wages of all women
The Linistry of Munitions has announced advan
d establishments" and in
rolle
"cont
and girls employed on munitions work in
ministry regulating wothe
of
orders
uncontrolled establishments to which
yrs. and over will re18
of
Women
men's wages have already been applied."
an advance of is.
18
under
girls
ceive an advance of Ls. 6d. per week and
Controlled estabded.
are inclu
3d. per week. Both time and piece workers
The Ministry is consid.
lishments in Ireland also come under the order
lishments" employing women on munition
ering the case of "uncontrolled estab
powers with respect to wages of wowork, with a view to seeing whether its
men can be exercised there.
increased cost of livings, and
These advanced are intended to meet the
trade unions to the special arare the result of representations made by
munitions Act. The weekly wages
bitrarion tribunal constituted under the 1916
um of 22s. 6d. up to 4 and 5
Of women munition workers range from a minim
pounds in a few exceptional cases.
10/27/17 A. K.

5. Great Britain.
Advance of women's wages.
Christain Schence Monitor, Sept. 6, 1917, p. 7 C.
The Ministry of MAnitions has announced advances in the wages of all women and girls
esemployed on munitions work in "controlled establishments" and in uncontrolled
have
already
wages
women's
ng
regulati
the
of
7.1inistry
orders
tablishments to which
Women of 18 years and over will receive an advance of 2s. 6d. per
been applied."
Both time and piece workweek and girls under 18 an advance of is. 3d. per week.
come under the order.
also
in
Ireland
hments
Controlled establis
ers are included.
hments" employing woestablis
olled
The Ministry is considering the case of "uncontr
with respect to wages
powers
its
men on munitions work, with a view to seeing whether
of women can be exercised 'ire.
reThese advances are intenJ.ed to meet the increased cost of living, and are the
tribunal
ion
arbitrat
special
sult of representattnns made by trade unions to the
The —eekly wages of women munitions
constituted under the 1916 Munitions Act.
workers range from a minimum of 2s. 6d. up to i 4 and E5 in a few exceptional cases.


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10/27/18

A. K.


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5? Russia.
Drafting of women physicians.
Russtiia Viedomosti, May 9 (22), 1917, p. 46.
The Provisional Gov't decided
(1) To draft into military service all women physicians who
were under 45
years of age on Jan. 1, 1917, and who are physically fit for
service; those
in a state of pregnancy and having children under 3 years
old, whether these
children come from a church or a civil marriage, are
exempted.
(2) To appoint to service in gov't institutions
of all kinds in the places
of their residence those women-physicians who have childr
en 3 to 16 years
old.
(3) Women thus called to service are to receive the same
rights, privOleges
and remuneration as men. Women teaching at medical school
s are to be exempted if in the opinion of the faculty their absence
may disturb the regular
course of instruction.
(It is not stated what is to be done with women who
have no children or
whose children are over 16 years old.)


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5. Gr. Britain
Women in agriculture, Christian Science Monitor, Sep. 29, 1917, p. 6 C.
The Essex War Agricultural Assn'n apparently has for its purpose to train
In spite of many difficulwomen for farm work and to place them on farms.
ties 5000 women had been placed on the land (apparently since the formation
of the ass'n) and had proved themselves equal to the task.
10/22/17

A. K.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5. Gr. Britain
WOMOD in agriculture, Christian Science Monitor, Sep. 29, 1917, P. 6 C.
The Essex War Agricultural Assn'n apparettly has for its purpose to train
In spite of many difficul—
women for farm work and to pl-ce them on farms.
ties 5000 women heti boon placed on the land (apparently since the formation
of the ass'n) and had proved themselves equal to the task.
10/22/17

A. K.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

ETEPAIttivIENT OF LABOR

,

(I
.}1
VtA". -

•

(•,7 16.

,

R-,

/

4
t

No.204
Ed.8-22-16-300,000


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DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

-

Th

r
,f

1

:‘
\A:"1

..• )

(ti(d1 L.
y

I

No.204
Ed.2-9-17-300,000

LANAJA.-


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

it4ruit
'

I

6

V I.
. ai4

,

•.:44 \

)j(ja

)(

1A-0,,
/44

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No. 204

Ed.2-9-17-300,000

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

fa)

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(3?(-)?

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The women's Industrial News. 1E4E2.916. Women in Agricultere.(p.27-35)
Tho demand for female labour in agriculture during 1916
wus not very greac and a largo somber of girls who offered to take
and the women who received
up zuch watt failed to find employment.
short training wet* able, as a rule, to secure work. But the too
t61.rls 111.11 'Jay to signify their rit113.nr,:mss to work
prevalent td
as nnt In aecordnnee
on the land to bc, eagerly anappa, up trs farmers
with facto.... The increased shortage of awls labour during the
prcent year (1910 and the new Lilitary Servioe Act have produced r
different state of affairs.... Signe are not esuating of attempts to
!riwore the agricultural adulation of our village girlsabe Agricultural
ducation Conferenoe which was constituted by the Beard or 1griculture in
ovember 1913 published a Report in Mnst,191E in wiltich the adoption
is advocated of same system in our village schools which "will bring
home to every country girl tho advantage* of agricultural education."
It further tee° :7:ends that "a regular ladder should be provided by
which rirls of exceptional ability ean pronged to farm schools and
instttuteo." If ouch achamaa were put into practice it sagr be hoped
that the girls thus taught from an oar1y eze the importance and advantaos or agriculture may grow up into useful and efficient helpmates
to their hub beads and brothers engaged in ?amino:, elm if they do
not become small-holders themselves.
...(Recomnendation). 5. That the wives and daughters or farmers
should be trained to take their share in the professional responsibilities
of erriculture.


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The -ouients Industrial News. July 1916.'men in Agriculture.(p.27-35)
.,.. The dmand for female labour in agriculture during 1915
was not very great and a large number of rirls who offered to take
and the women who received
up ruch work failed to find employment.
short training were ebbs, as a rule, to secure. 'work. But the too
prevalent ides that girls had only to signify their willingness to work
on thr4 lard to be eagerly snapped up Dy farrows was not in accordaAce
rith fekts.... The increased shortagt; of sale labour durin!); the
present yt..ar (1916) and the new iAlitary Service Act have produced a
differert state of affairs.... :Awns: are not xamtinc of attempts to
improvc the a7ricu1tural oducation of or village girls.The Agricultural
-ducation Conference which was constli,u-Ltid by the Board of trriculture in
ovember 1913 published a Report in Auirast,1916, in which the adoption
is advocated of some system In our Tillnu achools which "will bring
home to every country girl tho advantages of agricultural education."
It csurtiser recc -ends that "a regular ladder should be provided by
which rirls of exceptional ability can proceed to farm schools and
institutes."
If such schemes were put into practice it mey be hoped
thus taught from an early age the importance and adventgirls
that the
&sem of agrIcu3ture may grow up lac reeful and efficient helpmates
to their hub bends and brothers engaged in farminf7, even if they do
not bocome mmall-holdsrs themselves.
...(Recommendation). 5. That the wives and daughters of farmers
sho7ad be trained to take their share in the profess.tonal responsibilities
of agriculture.


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DR. SALEERY'S STRONG WORDS ON
BRADFORD MOTHERS.
Speaking at a baby week conference at Preston
yesterday, Dr. Saleeby had some strong -words to
say about Bradford mothers.
He said that even
in a. pm- house a good mother eould make a
healthy home for her child, for in county Roscommon, in poverty and comparative ignorance,
the infanti'le death -rate was only 36 per thousand
,
while in Bradford, passing through a boom time of
unprecedented prosperity and with a municipality
which lavished money on infant welfare and
rnothercraft, the infantile mortality re-ached the
disgraceful figure of 132 per thousand, and the
general death-rate was higher than the birth-rate.
The reason for this was that the healthy mothers
of Roscommon fod their children naturally, while
in Bradford they were mothers only in the physical
sense, who were too busy earning high wages in
the woollen mils to look after their own health, to
ntliturn their children in nature's way, or to make
their houses ittto homes.
The fundamental
ciple rat' motherhood was that the place forprinthe
mother was in the home.

Subject:-

U. S.-

Tamen Iv Industry.

Jamestown (N. 11. Journal.

March 11

1918.-

Amazing Results of the Demand for Women Torkers
How She has Changed.
in the Mechanical Trades and Occupations, and Some of the Actual
War-time Signs of Eve's quick Adjustment to Change.
By Ethel Thuraton.
(Newspaper Feature Service,1917).
with one great,decisive blmm, war has *truck off the fetters
of tradition which have bound woman and has cast her bodily into the
That she is not going to sink, but
ocean of life to sink or swim.
has boldly struck out for an country and for self , is clearly shown
in the fine, pptrietioexample slat set by i.merican women in their
enthusiastic response given everywhere when the United States entered
the war.
As the war clouds were gathering, and even months before the
actual declaration of war against Germany, 10,000,000 American women had
offered their services to the Government in case of sudden national
need. And, now that America is actually at war, woman's ability and
feminine preparedness may be looked upon as the country's first line
of defense.
"The women of America," says Secretary Lame,"can and are
doing a good 50 per cent in fighting the war by conserving food and
encouraging patriotism among the men."
But American women evidently
are not satisfied with working on such a 50 per cent basis as suggested
They are not limiting themselves to conserving
by Secretary Lane*
food and inspiring patriotism among men.
No indeed* For they are
now not only mobilized and trained, millions of them, to take the places
of men in any occupation, but even are ready actually to FIGHT.
If you wish evidence to what extent war is enlarging woman's
sphere, consult the records of the National Aid Society, whose headquarters are in New York City.
On the society's lists are women
who have taken the places of men called to the colors, and are working
as farmers, printers, engineers, telegraphers, and policewoman. Under
the head of "Agriculture," the society has listed women who do gardening, farming, dairy work, orchard and nursery work, and poultry raising.
For transportation service, there are women who act as ticket agents,
conductors, station masters, operators of motor boats, motorcycles,
motor cars, and drivers of horses.
Other women have turned bakers,
cooks, tailors, painters, munition makers, managers and superintendents,
munitions and factory workers, and even railroad women and blacksmiths,
Under "personal anc domestic service," the feminine reserve
includes women who care for children, do housework, laundry work,
act as jainitrsses, as hotel keepers and managers, readers, letter
writers, instructors of the blind and maimed and make surgical
dressings.
Still other women are nurses, physicians, pharmacists,
teachers, engineers, lecturers, dietitians, chiropodists, dentists,
photographers, postmistresses, mail carriers, chauffers, aviators, and
wireless operators.
An organization of a different character is the International
Order of Military Women, of which Gen. J. Hungerford
Milbank, who is a
woman, is founder and commanding officer.
Its membership is countrywide.
Its women have received military training calculated to fit
them for actual home defense*
***The change that war has brought about has been to turn
adie millions of women from being wives and mothers and give them
interesting and worth-while labor, with which they have heretofore
had no connection, especially in the mechanical trades and occupations.

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wag&

Subject:-

U. S.-

Vomen Ir Industry.

Jonestown (N. 12. Journal.

March 11a— 1918.-

Amazing Results of the Demand for Women Xorkers
How She has Changed.
in the Mechanical Trades and Occupations, and Some of the Actual
War-time Signs of Eve's quick Adjustment to Change. By Ethel Thuraton.
(Newspaper Feature Service,1917).
with one greatodecisive blew, war has itruck off the fetters
which have bound woman and has cast her bodily into the
tradition
of
That she is not going to sink, but
life
to sink or swim.
of
ocean
is clearly shown
has boldly struck out for loam country and for self
in the fine, pptrietiesmample alai set by American women in their
enthusiastic response given everywhere when the United States entered
the war.
As the war clouds were gathering, and even months before the
actual declaration of war against Germany, 10,0004000 American women had
offered their services to the Government in case of sudden national
need. And, now that America is actually at war, womants ability and
feminine propel:44**es may be looked upon as the country's first line
of defense.
"The women of America," says Secretary Lane,"can and are
doing a good 50 per cent in fighting the war by conserving food and
But American women evidently
encouraging patriotism among the men."
are not satisfied with working on such a 50 per cent basis as suggested
by Secretary Lane. They are not limiting themselves to conserving
food and inspiring patriotism among men. No Weed. For they are
now not only mobilized and trained, millions of them, to take the places
of men in any occupation, but even are ready actually to FIGHT.
If you wish evidence to what extent war is enlarging woman's
sphere, consult the records of the National Aid Society, whose head-.
quarters are in New York City.
On the society's lists are women
who have taken the places of men called to the colors, and are working
as farmers, printers, engineers, telegraphers, and policewomen. Under
the head of "Agriculture," the society has listed women who do garden.
ing, farming, dairy work, orchard and nursery work, and poultry raising.
For transportation service, there are women whe act as ticket agents,
conductors, station masters, operators of motor boats, motorcycles,
Other women have turned bakers,
motor cars, and drivers of horses.
cooks, tailors, painters, munition makers, managers and superintendents,
munitions and factory workers, and even railroad women and blacksmiths,
Under "personal and domestic service," the feminine reserve
includes women who care for children, do housework, laundry work,
act as jainitrsses, as hotel keepers and managers, readers, letter
writers, instructors of the blind and maimed and make surgical
Still other women are nurses, physicians, pharmacists,
dressings.
teachers, engineers, lecturers, dietitians, chiropodists, dentists,
photographers, postmistresses, mail carriers, chauffers, aviators, and
wireless operators.
An organization of a different character is the International
Order of Military Women, of which Gen. J. Hungerford Milbank, who is a
woman, is founder and commanding officer.
Its membership is countrywide.
Its women have received military training calculated to fit
them for actual home defense.
***The change that war has brought about has been to turn
adie millions of women from being wives and mothers and give them
interesting and worth-while labor, with which they have heretofore
had no connection, especially in the mechanical trades and occupations.

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&
Their Penner bodies have successfully resisted the strain of iron
works.
Their tentl3r hands have become calloused with the rough work
of making munitions, farming, blacksnithing and railroading. Truly,
the ,A.merican woman in war is a typo of feminine efficiency and willing11088•

Lmerican women are rwt only doing the work of mon called
away to war, but they are doing i in the name kind or clothes, working
in factories, munitions plants, railroad yards and wharves.
Girls from the different clerical departments of the
Bush Terminal in New York City, for example, are working as longshoremen. They wear blue overalls, jumpers and black cape and look
very fit. Stenographers in the traffic department are also trained to
run electric engines and trucks.
The railroads and street car systems are utilizing the
services of women in men's positions, even in manual labor of the
heaviest sort in the repair shops and roundhouses.
Women are also
acting as engineers, firemen, and "flagmen" at street crossing
s.
***


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