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•L Lo t,&QAY-t https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0 U0o_44.s2-A) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Employment of Wren. with exhibits \r-k,tt- EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN The existing shortage of labor, aggravated daily by the military and naval demands of the Government which require a greatly increased production of w-r materials and at the same time the withdrawal from civil occupations of about a quarter of a million additional recruits each month, necessitates widespread recourse to the labor of women in the United States. In order that their services may be fully utilized and their working power conserved, a clearly defined policy is needed wh4 ch shall deter! ne what kinds of wor women should perform, how they should beat be introduced, under what conditions they should be employed, and what work should be prohibited. Standards as to hours, nightwork, wages and conditions of labor have already been provided by the Government in orders issued by the Chief of Ordnance and the Quartermaster-Genernl, and in the recoil!pendations made by the War Labor Board, which should be observed by all emtloyers. (See Exhibit A) First. T e Shortage of labor in essential war industries should be met in p_?rt by frxther introduaing women into occupations easily filled by them such as clerical and cashier service and accounting in manufa'Auring, mercantile and financial establishments and in the offices of transnortation companies and other public utilities; as sales clerks and floor walkers in mer- cantile establishments, including among others department stores, specialty stores, shoe stores, rnen's furnishing stores, florists' shors, jewelry stores, drug stores, soda waterafountains, etc. Second. Wol:en should not be employed to reclace men in occupations or rlaces of em 10 rentcle--rly unfit for women owing to physical or ::loral conditions, as for instance in bar rooms and saloons, in Fool rooms, in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • or about mines, slielters and uuarrles, on furnace work in glass wor's, etc. (For legislatio see Exhibit B) In ad.Ation, girls under 21 years of age should not be emr -loyed In occu7stions or places of employment clearly unfit for them owing to their youth, as for instance in the public messenger service, in street car, elevated and subway transportation service as elevator °let's.tors, as bellboys in hotels and clubs, etc. (For legislation, see Exhibit B) Third. 1. The introd,Iction of women into war industries or into employments involving special bazsrds such as the use of industrial poisons ihould be guided by the standarc:Is as to heslth, comfort and safety set skc from time to time by the War Labor Policies Board through the Division of Women in Industry in addition to the standards slreads- defined by the Federal Government and by state labor departments. • 2. The introduction of women into new occupations such as street railway service, public messenger service etc. should be guided by regulations concerning hours of labor, night work, etc. as these Soch, for instance, do - ted by the Industrial cormission of Wisconsin for street railway service and by the legislature of New York State for messenger service. 3. The recruiting of mothers of young children for war industries shoulr? bo discouraged. 4. The intoduction of women into positions hitherto filled by men should not be male a pretext for unnecessrily displacing men. Services of the Division of Women in Industry should be sought by e' lovers to advise on best methods of introducing women, and the working conditions which sho.:11 be established. Fourth. Older men should be more generally emplosed. constitute a largely unused labor reserve. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis They In the past they have been cons'_d-. • ered -superannuated at early ages. It is estimated that since the war began, the maximum age of engging ifien has advanced ten to twelve ye-rs , that is from about thirty-eight to fifty. It has been found that tasks can be graded for these worke-s according to their strength, and that work unsuita ble for women, especially at night, can be per ormed by them. In many trades their exTerience is an asset which offsets less physical strength. this large class now wasted, can be utilized. Thus the productive power of (For current examples, see Exhi- bit D) The needs of the cc:untry reT:ire the unit d efforts of all classes of workers, in accordance with their capacities, and to mairnain the standards and conditions of labcr set uT by the Government is in the words of Prez,ident Wilscn • "indispensable to the nation's full productive efficiency". • https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis GoverptAellt Wlibit v. jrficIA41 -kLletin The follovl g 1917. ts-.4 Ghi.f of Ord!! ,cle 4r.v.Ayar iuorA by the o. I5, ismmed , su L.-ry of G,;.41r,41 3r3er-.1, A qtal r orier title boon rt ,r: .oter Gener-1. o:roJmtltnoes are not euot as to r.tr.dir or -1.1.,:te the) issuaLoo of ,t4lIn1te ord,ore uren thiA ,!4ubIN:st ot th4i pre,allt the fo:iGiviag fiuggsAione . re comend..' to Q, oful orsl.1tin . of !treerA, co r-nrier fn.d manuf.,otzrro oxt)z.,ti;le order for this leptat- stf3nts In view of tht urvnt neoci ity for inft in the v lulu/ of proluotin of proctioaly duct of 1.21r.d for th *4.r, vI01, /31am is A4L)r)deH of ±11 to In ,,ted with Z .nastry, lest tht ft4'kgu:rds wit country iVt) con- rtsoci- wlqW:1 the . (tiolJ, of this ,aett to ,A.otet i.1or an.4ipa1y urIcesetrily brostoln lovL. 3!,fegu,-r5s or UTiciency. It .L kre f tr ,;posts,:,tli)n t t for the mt 7mrt t'11,4e stfelgu-rde c.AcnihilLe of 4floieney. Iniutri,1 history ‘rov.Ais th t res a4 le hour:, fir r4n estout::,1 to hi. prcatitT. 1itii., .nJ yroi.6r w.ge oele Are bur1n. ! the w r ev ry txttea.pt oboull be mtAis to aonst4rve in ever/ poe . ibl- .4:1 11 of our ,chievement.; ir tt of ,00i,„1 bettQrmlmt. jD tho prevrcxtion uf th, folloviNg itatlr,n1u7 no effort has boon mAitii to et Ths sern'iu https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1ih, or tven to t.. 11174 b Jefinit ooi rei rules of conduot. f$.1r, if terlttive, vfty _ oasis ,A* &cticn. The deprtitient wishes be be assured thA sohedulrys of hours otviously Ale% xoedvr or .4'*i 3 .169 distinctly anfAr or vorA.ng .heuU not '4.)1, tolrktipd will sartlinly bs brought to its Itt14n. V. STANDAfa. F;;; . .YLOTNI.,NT OF WOION . 1. Houra of labor. lxisting leg0 pt,nd-rdii should be rigidly mqnt infA, nd ev ,- n wh3re t,,e law permit. , 4r ,0 hJur day, effort be mede to restrict th , work of wooer t- 8 hours. Prnhibitin A•hight reri. Tht leTployeent of vom,n oh night tahiftq _houll be prav-ntei neoesry proteotian, aortliy -nA rt, periol. w - filn elouli be employ-.! for , longer portp:! than 4- /2 h,urs without for reA., n. of 10 minut,(A 1,hould ,Ilowoi in th-: mitiilt; of (0:cfa 4. Tine for M.1.$R-Jit 3(.) tk,ic time .)49 longthe:.e, t .xceeds 8 aaurs. I. Pismo for monl, • t4a1- 46 1.inut , or houli not llowql for . 4%3,1, and r; !-; ur if the wor\ing ‘ in th -mrkroom. 3. ':,turday half holirly. The ur,y uLd y ehorld n ,,L;vu.Auts essentii.1 for )t,omon ,..r1:4r 11 lonlitionc. oonsiide'Ped 7. For ..on who ait th-ir wur., ith aCa shou1,1 be proviled, unlew Ve occu?-tion rr this impos-ibls. i'or aon5r, *to stand at v4-r seats shoal' v. 11;:bic 1211 their use pormitt64 .t ragullr int ry la. S. Lifting 11.1,htp. No moan th,11 25 .4unds in - ny single load. t;) lift re 8,tedly Re:M.0qment of mem y women. 'Then it I ce.ry to em!aloy woe I-. In ornrk hithm.to done by men, oars ehoul-1 b6 tAgan to nk.A4'e -ure tht task ic J441.ed to the strength of women. The et-nd,rle of **gem Mtherto prvIlaling ror 1110n in tilt1 promise ehoul not lowore whore WOM4n render oluAivaliont service. The hour:; for m-r,..n tJ4.cod in ....,ruch ;rooscl er, of ocursop, should not 'e longer thAl to !ior?.6d by men. 10. TeLemert hoe wore. No or shell be giv out to t)o) ion* it r,ome good for living purposes or in rooms direotly cornvotod with living roon in , ny 4we11ing or tenement. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - I. HOURS OF LABOR 2. Overti. The thoory under ebioh wq pay "time , nd a '1f* for overtime i tolt reoc-gnition tb t it ic uoutUly LInnooessary And ume- ir-ble to h 174 ov,3rttme. Th , mxoesr pinitent io penalty nd intended to ,ot ,a deterrent. There is no induPtria (twit -hioh neetin closer in tint. of lw,1% IX Moli3. rhf, °beery nee of ntiond and 1oo-1 holidxv will give e:.ortanity for revt n' r,A. ;cation whioh tend to r.ak, roluctior. nor") sAiJf otory. 7. Ono ity of re, t in eeven. One d$1 of rs4t in univere 1 fl(1 invri, ,tile rule. SOYMI houll be LI.STANDARDS IN 1. Protection Iplinet hazards an1 proviaionB for comfort 'n4 snnit ,tion. !:xistingleg1 tnd-rds to , ngor from fire, ,re•iont ocident, ocou.-tionr1 lisesetts, or ott-r hazards, hn to provide good Ao.ouste ventilation, suf^!oient and2roper o'InitAion ehoul -4. observed as minimum requirenentel. t. Loottion r toilet;. revAily roceawiblk, . Ail toilyts khould be sanitry nd 3. xtrest„, teaper,V.Ircie. Those processor. in which worstrs are exposo .4 to exoee3ive beat, th.:t IA, ov,.:r 6 leimee; or exce6hiv °old, t t is under , r '"! legrees tot1 L oarefaly raperviaod so as to render tl-le tem., r tare condit.oru no rly norm ki s porrible. when extreme tetr ture.„, t,re essmti.d ' ,orkeirs mhoull nIt only r.0 properly clothed 'Alt ,voi4 udden chingss. 4. Lights. If -ny light is at the level of th$ womerts eyem it houll be eo 0:tderi th t it rqs will not lireotly striize III. IA?* i. No stind rd. ,t rd. hlr,,; !I aotttbtaisbed In the in13etry 9nd in the locolity shoull not belowere.l. The sininum w44c, rate6 be made in proper r4A tam: to the cost of living, Lnd in fixing them it Should bs t4In iLto coneidor!ktion t t prices of neceaeitiee of lifA shown gre ,t iaoro.sel. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EIHILIT?. exhibit Government Stand&rdo. Order No. 13 of ths ClAof of Oroin,-,.nce thm ,uarterster Gener-1 Ltmit.,rdt, of the NI.J. Labor 3ord. Exhibit Legtel6tion. F- ,-.1oyment of vlmen of -11 Lges )1.ohibited. plofment of girls under ?.1 ye' r- prohibitA. lxhibit C. Messeng - r ond street ca,r norvice. N. York Messenger Law. aulingg of Injustri%1 CommiaAon of Ilisoonsin on e!yloyment of women by street or comp,nies. Preselti,Art of tinge County Urmnel Jury, NfIvi Tor, Junfl, 1918 Reoort of U. 0. uriu of L,bor StAiotic on wom,g1 street r:.1lwj elloyeee LAhibit i. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ;4-....,1oyment of older men. Some recent examples. tie JAPLOIWiAT OF 1OMEN exi3ting stiorte of 1.bor, kitIrvated I.111, by tty6 of Of tv..r :I ,bout requir tclri .1thiretr,1 from eivil ocA17, tions ,:juarter of I:4111AI rezruit • e-ch morth, to t!'s 1A.or of * men in t!'t Ir. order thA th<Ar ,)owar corved, K.indr of wor', 4 St t.34. 1..)e fully utilized perform, how t).'tay 3boul 3.1 m4, to ho 7 ;4rAng ole.rly dofined >olicy is nee3.7,.'. wlehsh r,b.o,111 bm omployA, :Att pror!..,Iction grat,ktly inore deter; inrs: 5t !:- e introduced, unler riork should be prohibited. oomlitions of labor Ive been ;;yarril:-.I,..! by the Gov,IrnseA in orers is. a ,..3,1 :77 till Chief of OrdnKnee .'rt r by the LA; .:. First. 11 :,.,y,•ploye.:-s. The shortIgn of labor be met in pt,rt by them tueia tor-Gesner I, ,nei in ttr?, rf,00ntLtiong mad* 41k-cler1c,1 okIshi,r rioe 0(4ft It.1 C.: filled untir.-Rif :7.- ..,n1 in nilv of t department store?, speoic,Ity florists' shops, jewelry nuf ni othbr publio floor tb.lkore in merel,Ptile furnithink tr., r-,44 , !.tor :21,0ojat foam should not Dr luzArte.(... shonld furtr:$r tntr.i oIrg froten into ocm?s,.t1-.-.)n., turing, atercArtila trszsport tion •r in %i141.1L w• t. r f - -wnt •loyati to rei).:, ,oe e tl. oecup3ticr. pla.oes of enploymont ci..r1y u-tit for f:,.,":03n...Tiving to d- hylie,.1 or tor4 oontlitior, as fcr .bout creiw, • salt ri (1Por Legislation, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 34e tknoi in n,i in pool r one, uurries, on fum.ca 6ork in glmlitc works, Ecx itit L.,) to. In 4ttion,girls =ler Zl yonr of ve 0 $bould not be ...421,:1ortfl th oo!.:u.i.,1.1.:3r-L': or pl.,oa..= of 47-,:ploymont olo,„rly ;111'it for ths:. owing t3 their youth, zeeriv:r in 5troet c„r, 7.,,er-tol.cev tor oii7•0, 1, .11 t..,r in tfinee Find fj! tr rsort to brtri.r • .-- t.c. s*t. 1. Tbir4. The intrr...t.'„oti(,,, of 4....)1Lon Into ,4-, r omploym' , Qc(-1 should to gui us. of 1.1.,i1.:Ar1 1 :)o1.11-n:i tbsi from tic;? t410 Lim ir t 5y .!.; r y 1!.,:,. ff:i•refs .n tsior t'oar.1, t f :et 1ttii. to th(., Isder, G --v-•;rnita.it • y V- departgsot.t.:-.. T intrcti,...,r. of ,. :-13,43n into !It*. strt rU.yserviee, tY.ervies etc. ho1 by regu,L.,,tions ac corning hours of 140,or, night work, ;Ito. irotazioe, .do. :tei by Areet rIb j3'rrice mesf.,:enger 4)1rI t-.1 trill legial.,ture of for C,:tt Yor 4 to tor arirlue. reor,..Jtin4: of rE,Gtris.r? of young C t,L .ought tly otployFr- to wor otwAtion J., constitute .r Lab,..)10 Poitoje for miNr road sliould b. 1wi4o on tie t vethoi - of introhl-ci ,,g 01, !in„ th, 4 .nich should be 0 tabii*ho.d. 0 i" man senorn..11y lltrips.ky unuse1.. considered .,;upor :r z.t*' t n1y resfqsve, i7e-::. watr boon, tho ;':.xx.xistua it,ge of eng 41.4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis bo gui ,tod 'rho) , In tho past tb..sy bklve 1)4”on It im tho has Ave: o4(1 tan t3 twnlvo a, fro, bout thirty it ' fifty. It title! t,m1 Muni tht ts 1% •.),1 grlded for these 'goners secorAilit: to th*ir etrclgth , i and tht. \.or. unuit'Ible for wen, es2,017,41y Kt night, aNn be performed by thes. In tresttir experieree la &n* sot whieh offsets les1:; ;:)hyhief).1 strength. Tsou the produatlwm pownr of this 'ergo alun now w4otel, ese) be utilised. (Per aurrent ointpler, see 'ithibit D) 1%.,11) floods of the oountry requirl united effortA of ,11 01-;assa of workers, in 9,coor1noe wit!, t&eir qnd to 3Antein oteLndarde f,nd condition:A of Inoor set 14) by thu Liov , rument is in the wor.1 of Presilert Wilnon "injlooens..ble to tho produotiv* effioiteley°. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis full APLOTMNT OF 40MiN The existiraz ,Lort.ge of ;Lbor, n v.l dem.in-A of rv.,1t34 11.: Goverment w'lich requir of' wrr sulteri t ti: tl of 6bout - ,,u4rter of wides by the milittry greAly more r, 00urso to the 1,,or f)f * m,-.m in t!1In order tL..t theira:,:rvice d rJ‘o.Iction ittirx 41 fro's, civil oc u ,1 recruit ; n1 tior Lorth, r oe, it td itd t t . 4 be fully utilized ?owar cons, ,:rved, i o1e.rly defined policy is need:; tich sh 1_ detrr• in. WhA kinds of work /4; man :1-)ull perform, to tYly 4oui et e introluoed, unier what con%litio!v thoy bhoJ11 bm employod, .nd what work should );, prohihi t.d. S:ta d rd. -1,, to holr.q, nightwork, we ead oonditions of lsbor hAre y been provided by the Gov3ramert in or-ere issued 'by th,; Chief of Ordnrnee n1 thA 2uhrtermaster4lenera1l and in the recommend, tiong MitA0 / by ther L ,bor zor: which P.,hould be observed by all employe-s. (OA_ 5Xilt _first. bri ret in p-rt The shortagl of 1.1)or in es,entiLd urt-Ar intrLd cing y industries should oLen into oo;:uplAions easily by them euch :J; in clericil and cashier service .ni ,c:;ounting of mv-•muf 0turing, mercantil3 nt financial est-bliohment- ni in th, office, of tnnsport tion com,nies and other public utilities; a 1s clerk; -tnd floor walker= in mero.ntile •2 t!,blistment , inluling ,-xong oth)re departmr,t stors, jaw.4ry Nr)nd 6.0:70e stor ,3, men'f, furni, hin t..;.r:s, •'rug ,torq, $-,men shoul r funt in;, to. not oe .371:)loyed to re-)1 oe 'rmr in 000upatione, or plsoes of employment cle...rly unfit for rcorn condition, &s for in tc'tnoe in ,,r mom: n ,bout irin, elaAt ni tinc; Acic 1 or mord loon, in pool r oms, in or uhrrie7, on furnace •ior: in gl tfor legislation, see Ex ibit ) Inu'idition, girls unieir https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .,torss, works, ..to. 1 ye..a. of ,Nge c /4 -2or pl,,oe- of employment cle,rly should not be Employed in occupition An9it for the - f ,r in6tance Ln the public r/ing to tn.ir jouth, mes8ang 1- service, in Aroet o.r, alevAed ni subway tr ns.)ort tion alev te)r opsr tor., -s bellbor! in service ,4PSt1For ola ot-1, -xqbbit 9) legislatio 1. rhird. The introl.:cti,:n of molten into ri,r iniustri dttined by th-. federal G-vmrnmont d:rd f:ty :set up la, r L Dor Policia, alard, in -Alitict to the fh frm tim3 to com'ort tc, he 11 the stc.ni-rds should be gui use of ini,;Ari 1 poi(;rna th involving a,;eci,1 employ-mzA or i7.to nd y -tsta departialantu. T 3 introd,J3tior. of 5-(-.mon into new occuvtione such ao stret r!,111/y service, public luesengir pervice etc. 3hould be guided of nbor, night work, etc. 4 regul&tions co• corning hour instance, by the legit:LAtv'e of 3. for n of 1scor,si s thetw!c, :dopted by th -trest Such, for Yor:. 6t..te for Th.e recruitin.r of mothr? of young ciAl,'.rer. ter *NI' e-aould be discour.cad. ir -darvioes thr Leb,.7,r Policie 17..oard should isthe .aought by employers ta Avise on 7:4) t methoj:. of introJcing women, 'CT ing co;7iitions which ahoulH oe a tablished. Fourth. Older man Aloul. be mor, generrAly e7Tloyed. constitute t. largely unuse considered supr war bew,n, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis u,ted They 1:„bor res rve. In th., past th.,,y huve 'oeen rly ag It is e timntpi th,t the rximum age of eng.ging men has Ave.. cad tan to twslve from 0.,bout thirty—eight to fifty. that It har t:sen faun,1 thA t,sxs gnied for these woJ(3• according to th ,e,ir strength, and th:.t work un,luitlole for women, especially at night, °Nu be perforaad by them. In ;4any trtes ttleir experience is vi a set whieh offsets less physical strength. Thup Vitt' proluetive powrr of this large cla.ss now wt.sted, can be utilized. (For current exmmpler, see L4ciibit The needs of the country require tilti united efforts oe ,11 olv„so,:,e of worle,r3, in tAccorth.nce with their 41, TleitieJ; and to maintbin the standz,rds ,,nd conditions of labor set up by thtt Ucturnment is in the word of President Wilson nin.lispeny-ble to the ns,ti,-,nla Pu41 productive efPiciency". https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EXHIBITS. Exhibit A. Goverument Standards. Order No.12) oi the Chief of Ordnance and the uarterwaster General. Standards of the War Labor Board. Exhibit 3. Legislation. Employment of women of all ages prohibited. Employmont of girls under 21 years prohibited. Exhibit C. Lessenger and st:eet oar service. Few York Messenger Law. Rulings of Industrial Commission of Wisconsin men by street car companies. on employment oa: 7'resentment cf Kings County Grand Jury, New York, June,1918. o3: Ti. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics on women street railway emi,loyees. Exhibit D. Employment of older ien examples - Some recent OM, Exhibit A. qvi.)-0-7,,,,t The Official Bulletin - Wednesday,Nov.21,1918. The following is a suumlary of General Orders, Lo.13, isSued by the Chief of Ordnance Lovember 15,1917. A similar order has been issue& by the Quartermaster General. lAhile circumstances are not such as to render approkriate the issuance of definite orders upon this subject at the present time, the followine suggestions are commended to the careful consideration of arsenal commanders and manufacturers executing orders for this departaient: In view of the urgent necessity for a prompt increase in the volume of production of practical34 every article required Xor the conduct of the war, vigilance is demanded of 411 those in any way associated with industry, lest the safeguards with which the people of this couatry have uought to protect labor should be unwisely and unnecessarily broken down. Safe -uards of Efficienc;i. It is a fair assuml.tion that for the most part these safeguards are the mechanisms of efficiency. Industrial history proves that reasonable hours, fair working conditions, and a prol.er wage scale al.e essential to hitli production. During the war every attempt should be made to conserve in every possible way all of our achievements in the way of social betterment. In the preparation of the following memorandum no effort has been made to establish, or even to Euggest, definite rules of conduct. memorandum presents what may be considered a fair, if tentative, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org L Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The basis of action. The department wishes to be assured that schedules of hours obviously excessive or wage scales distinctly unfair or working conditions such as should not be tolerated will certainly be brought to its attention. V. STAEDARDS FOR EKPLOYLIEFT OF WOMEN. 1.Hours of labor.- Existing legal standards should be rigidly waintained, and even where the law permits a 9 or 10 hour day, effort should be made to restrict the work of women to 6 hours. 2.Prohibition of nit work.- The emiloyment of women on night shifts should be presented as a necessary protection, morally and physically. 3.Rest periods.- No women should be employed for a longer period than 4-1/2 hours without a break for a Leal, and a recess of 10 minutes should be allowed in the middle of each working period. 4.Time for meals.- At least 30 minutes should be allowed for a meal, and this time should be lengthened to 45 :idnutes or an hour if the working day exceeds 8 hours. b...lace for meals.- 1,:eals should not be eaten in the workroom. 6.Saturday half holiday.- he Saturday half holiday ehould be considered an absolute essential for women under all conditions. 7.Seats.- For woman who it at their work, seats with backs should be provided, unless the occul.ation renders this impossible. For stand at wor4, seats should be available and their use women oermitted at regular intervals. 6.Lifting weiEhts.- No woman should be required to lift repeatedly fliore than 25 kounds in any single load. 9.Replacement of men by women.- Mien it is necessary to employ women in work hitherto done by men, cure should be taken to wake sure that the task is adal.teE to the strength of women. The standards of wages hitherto prevailing ior men in the process should not be lowered where women render equivalent service. The hou/s for women engaged in such processes, of course, should not be longer than those formerly worked by men. 10,Tenement-house work.- .No work shall be given out to be done in rooms use. for living puxoses or in rooms iirectly connected with living rooms in any dwelling or tenement. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis I.HOURS OF LABOR. 2.0vertime.- The theory under which we pay "time and a half" for overtime is a tacit recognition that it is usually unnecessary and always unde.iirable to have overtime. The excess payment is a penalty and intended to act as a deterrent. There is no industrial abuse which needs closer watching in time of war. 6.Holidays.- The observance of national and local holidays will give 01.4.ortunity for rest and relaxation which tend to make production more satisfactory. 7.0ne day of rest in seven.-One (IN, of rest in seven should be a universal and invariable rule. II.STLFDARDS IF V.-02KROOMS. 1.-Protection apainst hazards and provisions for comfort and sanitation.Existing legal standards to prevent danger from fire,a(doident, occupational diseases, or other hazards, tnd to provide good light, ndemate ventilption, sufficient heat, and proper sanitation should be observed as minimum requirements. 2.Location of toilets.- All toilets should be sanitary and readily accessible. 3.Extreme temperatures.} Those processes in which workrrs are exposed to excessive heat - that is, over 80 ; or excessive cold; that is, under 60 - should be carefully supervised so as to render the taapersture conditions as nearly normvl as possible. Mien extreme temperatures are essential workers should not only be properly clothed but avoid sudden changes. Ii any light is at the level of the worker's eyes it should be so shaded that its rays will not directly strike the eyes. III. WAGES. 1.Wage standards.. Standards already established in the the locality should not be lowered. The minimum wage made in proper relation to the cost of living, and in it should be taken into consideration that the prices lf life heve shown . . reat increases. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis industry rnd in rates should be fixiAg them of necessities , Bulletin of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Sta4 Volume V - December,1917 P.61. hi THE OFFICIAL BULLETIE MOPDAY, AIRIL 1,1918. The following rekort and recommendations are presented by the War Labor Conference Board, rekresenting employers and emkloyees, in accordance with the sue,gestion of Secretary of Labor William B. tilson, to aid in the formation of a national,labor procram for the period of the war: xRIFICIPLES TO BE OBSERVED. There should be no strikes or lockouts during the war. Hight to Organize. 1. The right 6f workers to organize in trade-unions and to bargain collectively through chosen rekresentatives is recognized and affirmed. This right shall not be denied, abridged, or interfered with by the employers in any manner whatsoever. 2. Ihe right of employers to orgenize in associations of grouks end to bargain collectively through cho:;.nrekresn recognised and affirmed. is This right saIIt be denied, abridged, or interfered with by the workers in any manner vshatsoever. 3. Eml,loyers should not discharge workers for membership in trade-unions, nor for legmate trade-union activities. 4. The workers, in the exercise of their riLht to organize, shall not use coercive L.easures of any kind to induce emkloyers to bargain or deal therewith. Existing Conditions. 1. Inestablishments where the union shop exists the same shall continue and the union standards as to wagez, hours of labor, mad other conaitions of employment shall be maintained. 2. In establishments where union and non-union men and women now https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis work together, and the employer meets only with employees or representatives engaged in said establishments, the continuance of such condition shall not be deemed a grievance. This declara- tion, however, is not intended in any manner to deny the zight or discourage the practice of the formation of labor unions, or the joining of the same by the workers in said establishments, as guaranteed in the last paragraph, nor to prevent the War Labor Board from urging, or any umpire from granting, uuder the machinery herein provided, improvement of their situation in the matter of wages, hours of labor, or other conditions, as shall be found desirable from time to time. 3. Established safeguards and regulations for the protection of the health and safety of workers shall not be relaxed. Women in Industry. If it shall become necessary to employ women on work ordinarily performed by men, they mast be allowed ecual pay for equal work and must not be allotted tasks disproportionate to their strength. Hours of Labor. The basic eight-hour day is recognized as applying in all cases in which existing law requires it. In all other cases the question of hours of labor shall be settled with due regard to governmental necessities and the welfare, health and proper comfort bf the workers. -aximum j- roduction. The maximum production of all war industries should be maintained, and methods of work and operation on the part of employers or workers which operate tc delay or limit production, or which have a tendency to artificially increase the cost thereof, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • •• should be discouraged. The Living Wage. n laborers, to 1. The right of all workers, including commo a living wags is hereby declared. shall be established 2. In fixing waLes, minimum rates of pay r and his family which will insure the subsistence of the worke in health and reasonable comfort. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Exhibit B. Legislation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Employent of woman of all ages prohibited: In the sale of liquor in 22 states. In mines in 17 states. In quarries in 4 states. In smelters in 1 state. In making cores in foundries in same toom with oven in 1 state. Employment of 6ir1s under 21 Irohibited: In the public messenger service in 4 states. In all employments requiring constant standing in 4 states. In breweries in 4 states. See New York Lessenger Law, Exhibit C. Wu` A C: cRuze_ rikAZ4 r-Spatik C, Nicoll Messenger Girl Law. Signed May 2,1918 by the Governor. AN ACT. To amend the labor lav, in relation to employment of women as messengers and the hours of labor in such oc3upatiou. Section 161 - o. Employment in telegraph or messenger company service. In cities of the first or second class no male under the age of twenty-one shall be e2ip1oyed or permitted to work as a messenger for a telegraph or messenger company in the distribution, transmission or delivery of goods or messages before five o'clock in the morning or after ten o'clock in the evening of any day. No female under the age of twenty-one years shall be employed or i,ermitted to work at any time in the occukation spetified in this subdivision. Po woman over twenty-one years of age shall be employed or permitted to work as a messenger for a telegraph or messenger company in the distribution, transmission or delivery of goods or messages more than six days or fifty-four hours in any one week, or before seven o'clock in the morning or after ten o'clock in the evening of any day. The provisions of subdivision four of section one hundred -and sixty-one of this ohater, in relation to the time allowed for i.eals and of section one hundred and sixty-one-a of this chapter, in relation to the posting of a notice as to the number of hours employed, and sections one hundred and sixty-eight-c and one hundred and sixty-eight-s of such chapter, in relation to washing facilities and water closets respectively, shall be deemed also to apply to the employment specified in this section. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Section This act shall take effect immediately. W. June 18,1918. TO THE COUJTY COURT OF LIDO COU.UTY: Eumerous complaints made by citizens ol the community vi'i;h respect to the conditions surroundinE the employment of women on the street surface and subway lines of the borough made an investigation necessary by the grand jury, During the investigation, District Attornay Lewis has examined a large number of witnesses, includinE many employees and some of the officials of tie railroad. TilD evidence reveals the existence uf conditions showing a lack of care and attention on the part of the officials of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company and its subsidiary companies in the emiloyment of women. These conditions have justly given rise to complaints. It was shown that the companies have employed as conductors and guards girls, in some instances, between the ages of fourteen and seventeen wears. Sume o those employed were shown to be drug addicts; SOMA prostitutes; and others of doubtful character. It has been shown in many instances that women wmployees have been permitted or required to work more than ten hours a day. Testimony has also been adduced before us showing insufficient and inadequate accomodations ior women emiloyees at the various depots and terminals. These conditions are detrimental and injurious to the community in generals and particularly as affectinF rfpny decent and self-reslecting women now employed or desirinL Luent by the railroad companies. It seems an inexcusable neglect on the part o: the responsible c.ilroad officials in failing to cause a careful investigation to be made of each applicant, whether male or female. Such a full and careful preliminary investigation would preclude the likelihood of emplrm,,mat of any person aO8O ural, wentai or p4sieal qualificatiuns made him or her uniit or ill-fitted for the work. Due regard for the health of the emidloyees, whether men or women, requires that employees should, not be worked an excessive number of hours in a given day. ro violation of any existing statute has been pointed Out to us, nevertheless, due regard for the health of the emidloyee cars general public assumes in ridinE on the which jeopardy and the that no insufficient rest makes it necessary with .loyees eml by erated to work hiore than a reasonable loyee be required or permitted women https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J number of hours during any one day, including time for meals. It appears that the companies made no provision for 1,roper and. adequate accomodations at the depots or terminals looking toward the roper protection of the morals and health of female employees. These conditions should be remedied forthwith end the companies should be obliifed to provide suitable and properly aplointed aocomodations, includink, rest-rooms., These rooms should be maintained under the supervision of a matron, esIlsoially when women are employed on the cars in the night time. The Grand jury recognizes tne need of making available the lUll labor power of the country, which maxes it necessary for the empluyment of worLen in every lines of industry, but, nevertheless no exigency, however great, would warrant the continuance of the conditions found. The emkloyment of under-age girls should not be tolerated. The emiloy- ment of women for unreasonable periods with the attendant danger which coma from fatigue is to be condemned. should be provided ao that the neaai.aar In addition, proper accomodations aluilloyment of women should be under such conditions as fully insure the protection of their morals snd health. Legislation should be introduced 1.roviding for the regulation of the hours of labor bn railroads, more particularly as it effects women, similar to that irovided for labor in factories and mercantile establishments, so as to insure the railroad employee a reasonable working day and the public the benefit of heli in suitable physics']. condition. Labor laws are based on the need of krotectint_ the health and morals of the workers in order to preserve national vigor and vitality. The future of the great number oi women now employed on ;accent chx.49. oalf—respeotinL he rUirokada ahould be lootel to. It is with that object in mind, and the preservation of their health, and the that benefit which is to come to the people by ream of their service, these recomiaendations sre 14/bAe, In these critical times, advantage not whether shouldA be taken of labor conditions,but all employers of lsbor, adequate individual or corporate, should be compelled, by suitable and workers, legislation, to provide for the health and morals of their thereby insuring the best of service. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 ORDER OF INDUSTRIAL COL.MISSION OF WISCONSIN. May 17,1918. fl RE: HOURS OF LABOR OF TCLIS 12,,,-LOYED AS CONDUCTORS? LOTORLER MID FLAGLEV? BY STREFT CAR COLPAPIES. The commission, in January, 1918, began an investigation of the hours of labor of women employees on street car lines. A public hearing on this subject was held in the state capitol at Ladison on January 26,1918, notices of which hearing had been sent to all street car companies in the state and to all other persons known to be interested in this subject.. Subsequent to tie hearing the commission also, through its somen's DepartAlent, made a careful investigation of the conditions surrounding the employment of women as conductors on the street car line in Kenosha. The commission has before it a mass of testimony regarding the conditions under which women are now being employed as conductors on the street oar lines at Kenosha. This appears to be the only street oar company now employing women in this state; but the commission, in dealing with this matter, must consider that women are likely in the future also to be employed by other street car companies. From the testimony it appears that condi- tions of work. in Kenosha are probably as good as a street car employment for women can be made https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r The record clearly discloses the hazards surrounding the employment of women as conductors, motormen or 21s,:aen by street car companies. standing than sitting. It is clear that this work required more Again, the employment an moving street cars is characterized by continuous tibration and by jostling where the roadbed is uneven. Conductors on the normal run must get out on a number of occasions to flag cars over street railroad crossings. The relresentatives oi the Wisconsin Gas & Electrie Co. testified that at Kenosha the women conductors on some of the runs must get out as many as 108 times during a period of six hours of work. The getting in and out of cars during inclement weather involves and exposure to the wet and cold that cannot but be injurious. It also involves a considerable accident hazard since it is the common practice of conductors, after flagging a car across a railroad track, to board the same while in motion. Vo less iwportant is the fact that women employed as conductors,motormen or flagmen by street car companies work alone and not in company with other women. It is also of record that the sanitary arrangements in Kenosha are peculiarly awkward, .,a difficulty which cannot easily be eliminated. In these respects the employment of women as conductors, motormen or flagmen by street car companies is distinguished from the work done by women in other industries. Clearly, these are employments in which more severe restrictions may be made upon the hours of iabor of women than would be justified in other industries. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ..;?` Many of the hazards surrounding- the employment of woLien as conductors, motormen or flagmen by street car companies, are increased at night. Thia is peculiarly true of the moral hazard, the disadvantage incident to the fact that women on street oar lines must work alone. During the night hours there is great- er liability of insults from offensive passengers. Similarly, the accident hazard is greatly increased during the hours of darkness. Nightwork for women under most favorable conditions is more likely to be prejudicial to life, health, safety and welfare than day work. IT IS THEt;hFORE ORDERS). Order Ito. A. In cities of the first class women may be employed as conductors, motormen or flagmen by street oar lines only at day work between tne hours of 8 A.M. and 5 I.M. In all other cities and in towns and villaFes, women may in the employmenisnamed only Eit day work between employed be the hours of 5 A.L. and 5 P.I. and their hours of labor during any day must not exceed eight hours. INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION OF WISCONSIN Georg* P. Hambrecht BY Fred M. Wilcox Thomas F. Kon4 Dated at Ladison,Wis.,this 7th day of May,1918. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Commissioners 4 United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Lonthly Review Volume VI - May,1918 - Fumber 5. WOMAN STREET RAILWAY ElL1401.7ES By Benjamin M. 3quires. On February 15,1918, the New York Railways Co. had ilk its employ 452 woman conductors, or approxiwately 30 per cent of all conducters on its surface cars and 297 woman guards, or carmen, and conductors on its subway trains. These were 5.6 and 21,7 per cent, respectively, of the total number of conductors and guards employedfix-ciFz The hours that employees are actually engaged in operating the cars give but little notion of the suitableness of the employment for women. The "within" time, or the period between the time of reporting at the barn and the time when they are released for the day gives a much better idea of the demands of the occupation uion the time of the emi.loyees. For the most part the time between "swings" or portions of the day's work is simply dead time with the choice of loafing about the car barn or on the street. Thus, on the Few York Railways Co.'s lines, 13.5 per cent of the total days worked by woman conductors during a period of seven days were completed in less than 10 hours, Whereas 62.9 or cent required 12 hours and over within which to complete the won,- In the surface lines of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit co. 16.1 per cent of the total days worked by woman conductors during https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r -2- a period of seven days required leas than 10 hours within which to complete the day's work, and 48.5 per cent recuired 12 hours and over. On the sabway-elavated lines of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. 36.5 per cent of the total dads worked by woman guards and conductors required less than 10 hours within which to complete the dais work, and 50 per cent required 12 hours and over. st 1, Of 2,127 days worked by womun conductors on tne oars of th ?ow York Railways Co., 993, or 46.6 per cent, began between midnight and 8 A.M.; 968, or 45.5 per cent, ended between 6 P.L., and 10 P.M.; 897, or 41.7 per cent, ended between the hours of on 10 Pa.. and 4 A.M. Of 670 days worked by Woman conductors the surface lines of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co., Z26, or 48.7 per cent, began between midnight and 8 A.M.; 3488 or 51.9 per cent, ended between the hours of 6 and 10 ,,a1..; 242, or 36.1 per cent, ended between the hours of 11 al. and 4 Of 1,526 day' worked b, woman vuards and conductors on the 3ubway lines of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co., 1,l024 or 72.2 per omit, begnn bet. een midnight and 8Ale;1.; 92k, or 60.6 per cent, ended between the hours of 6 P.M. and 10 282, or 18.5 per cent, ended between the hours of 10 ?.k. and 4 Lack of sufficient rest must very soon Pi/ sO Jessen the vitality that the woman is not only unfit for street railway serviie but unable to resume her former place either in the home or in industry. There should be added to this a consideration of the dangers to which a woman is conceivably exisosed in having to go home unattended, sometimes throuLh praotioally deserted streets, at hours of night when police protection is least. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • 0-Q4Q, , L- )( ikz 64-1), FOR VALUE RECEIVED A Discussion of Industrial J.ensions By John A. Fitch of The Survey Staff. The Survey, May 25,1918. At the beginning of the pension movement, the dominant motive was probably a desire to meet the emergency created by men growing old in the service. But now another reason has emerged of more flndamental importance. An every-day problem of the employer is how to attract employes so that they will desire to remain in his service., If the employer can offer the prospect of reasonable wages throughout one's working career, and a sure provision for his old aLe, what could be more attractive than that to the average workman? Vow in these war years both of these motives are operating upon employers with treater strength than ever. Firms that formerly would not ami,loy wen over thirty-five years of a6e are now obliged to take on men of forty or older; men of elderly years are finding it possible to get employment where before practically all jobs were closed to them. At tne same time the labor turn- over is greater than ever, and ewl,loyers are searching frantically for inducement to keep men on. their pay-rolls. t2.1.1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -2. confectionery, and dress making. 4. OCCUPATIONS OT7.4 VAN H'-77I7ACTITRING PURI:Uin. The em loyent of os largely ext4nloki 4.44 olerionl work, incluling also agents, MDIABn c,mv4seers And collectors 'provided that the woman employed are Amer- 21 years of ,ge or over), bookkeepers, cashiers ant account-Ants, stenographers and typists, clerks in stores, stock clerks In departments not requiring heavy lifting, lecorators and ?window trier4rs, delivery work, provided the packages lo not exceed 25 pounds awl light weigh% floor men in stores, sales WOMee ,Are used; floor makers and and buyers, especially in all departmints selling wonen's goods; telegraphers and tolorhone operators and mail clerks, and in vnrious forms of rrblio service, inc1144ing especially insnectors for governuent 6. p17x:,lic AND PERSONAL SERUM The women of eCcunr Gan make a large economic contribution to the progress of the war, if they will so organise their households as to re41oe domestic and personal service to a minimum, also employing woneninatead of men wherever possible. In certain forms of person service not in private households, wo,on 't,e more largely standards of **king conditions are observed as in the • tuk,c( .ork of waiters in hotels, doorman and elevator tendors in hotels, atld and stores, provided theIexams older women are merloyed and heavy *ork and ewloyed rrovided the onrloynent at night are not required. 6. ?ROUST= EVLOWNT . WOMOIA should not be employed in occupations 4/11.Qh are iO volving poisons, 1ewonstrated to be more harmful to women than to Ten, esrectally certain occupations in the lead industries. Women should not be emnloyel in mines, quarries or smelters; in the furn,Ace rooms of glass factories, in he vy trucking or ta other occupations requiring the lifting of heavy weights without proper meehanical devices. They should nolt be employed in bar rooms and ilialons https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis V) e4 f The AL,Aerioan Lachinist, July ? 1916 WorkinL, aut a Theorj in Shop Mana4ement. HOW THE ialITE MOTOR COMPANY DOES IT. ...The work which the Valite Motor Company of Cleveland has been doing for a number of years in this way is highly interesting, and might almost be called rewoluticuary by the reaclinmary mpnager. Some time ago those in charge of the employment of men noticed that, in common with almost all large manufacturing concerns, the average use of their employees was very low -abcut 26 years, according to the statistics gathered. in laome larger shops it is oven lower, and this alone accounts in all probability for much of the labor turnover. 3eginning about three years ago, the White otor Company decided to raise the average age of its employees, and reversing the policy of Dr. Osier, which hue done the xachine-zufacturlug industry so much narm and nas worked such cruel hardships on many perfectly caliable en of middle age, it Low gives krefer- ence to men over thirty years of 43e. iieedless to say the coi4any does not chloroform_ him when he reaches the age of 40 years. Continuing this feature the White Jompany has gradually increased the average age of its employees to about 40 years, and at the same time the production per man has increased in a most interesting and hopeful manner. i_art of this increase is due no doubt to the fact that the comi.any has reduced its labor turnover very materially, the average being between 3 and 4 percent a month, and this in spite of many of its men having been called to the colors. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 34g D2 Extending the Employment of 70men. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EXTENDING Tlift EIMPLOYWNT OF WO%T.N. Yorkers are needed in larger nualbers in the war taiustries to secure the production necessary for the mar. trsfer f.len from essential This used must be met in part by the Occupations but it is upon the Ao.en of the country that industry must chiefly depend to fill vacanci es left by the withdrawing of men taco military service or by their transfer to the war industries, shile ,!omen also constitute the reserve supply for increasing the forces necessary for the manufacture of munitions and supplies required for the army and navy. A program for labor distribution involvi ng the more extensity, employment of waxen has been formulated by the D'partant of Labor along the following lines: 1. JTANDARDS. Experience has demonstruted that maximal output is dependent won the maintemnce of proper standards of wages, nouns and working fling coalitions and only through these standards cnn the work of women be made most effective. They have been clearly definked oy the War Libor Policie s Board, acting on the recoutrentation of the Wowan in Industry service of the Department of Labor. Women should be more largely employed in all occurations Which meet the tests set up in the standards thus donned. 2. XSBENTIAL INDUSTRIES . Women are now largely employed in the important processes of the wer industries and their numbers cLAn be increased in the manufacittre of air craft, antimnition, snail arms, boots and shoes, chemicals, textiles,AmOlowixems, foods and in arsenals and navy yards. 3. OTHER MANUFACTURING PURSUITS. In many trades in Which large numberk of women have been emrloyed, it is possible to release men for transfer to occuratians less suitable for mxclen. The iniustries in Ahich many of the processes may be regarded rrimarily oor4en's .work include the manufacture of Nhite goods and underwear, millinery, neck wear, men's and .or4enis clothing, artificial flowers and feathers, embroidery and lace makers, paper box makers, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -3or in tool roar aird in ad 'itios girls Putter 21 years of age should not be 1137el. in occurations or plums of employment unfit for them owing to their youth, ri•S for instance in the publics neesonger service, in street car, elev,)ted or subway tr-insrortation servioe, as elevator orerators, or as boll boys in hotees ,-And clubs. The ecanlorant of mothers of very yaung chilAren should be !iscouraged. 7. Lagagam226_111Lareijaigala....Lja: . The appliwktion of tndris AAA iritional policies must be mad. by local agencies with tine regazd to local .:onlitions. The Woulan in Intiustry Service of the Derartment of Libor, with the arrroval of the War Labor Policies Board., has proasagate4 stani.srds which should govern the emplepossit of ',omen in any in1ustz7 flixl in coorer-it ion with other feleral agencies is *eking surveys of particular iniustries to •ietermins .vhere . and under what conditions it will be possible to ecurloy wo:aen more extensively. These surveys form the basis of subsequent announcement of specific standaris wad recomendationa. Subject to these standards .Ani recoo-4;endations, the U.S. Employment Service will cirry forward the placement of women workers incluling their introiuction into neN occupations and their more extensive emoloyment in .4ork in which thay are now eng gsd. Isrloyers and workers are asked to coo, orate in this lam for such distribution of Libor as will most effectively meet the nation's pre sent needs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EXTENDER TIA EMPLOYMENT OF Wag% Workere re needed in 1.Lrger nualbers in the war tatustries to secure the Draluction neoessary for the war. This need must be met in tart by the tr,tnefer ,f men from lees essential 00CUpaticele but it is uron the .7o, en of the country that industry must chiefly depend to fill vIcancies left by the withAraNing of men into military service or by their transfer to the war in" tustries, while „0,.5n also constitute the reserve swply for increasing the forces necessary for the manufacture of munitions tvni supplies required for the Army and navy. A pragrnm for 1,-bor listribution Involving the more extensive emnloyment of oion has been form-ulited by the toopartmnt of Labor along the following lines: 1. =lam. Experience has demonstrated that maximum output is lepanient u - on the maintemmoe of proper 'ALM:4*de of ges, hours and orking .intaini Dig coalitions awl only tbroligh these standards Onn the work of wouien be aside most effective. They krIve been clearly definted by the War L bor Policies Beard, acting on the recosventation of the Wo,ian in Inlustry service of tne Department of Labor. fteen should be more largely employed in all occupations which meet the tests set un in the standards time defined. 2. JIMMIELIZIOnlja.. Women are now largely employed in the Important processes of the war industries and their numbers (rola be increased In the manufaebtre of air craft, ancumdtion, email arms, boots lnd shoes, cheilicAls, textiles, enptovitenti, foods and in arsenals and navy yards. 3. zoiliuggiumunizzaza. Inman,r trades in Which large numbers of MU4MM have been enrloyed, it is possible to release men for transfer to occn-%tians less suitable for AXWM2. The industries in which mAny of the processes may be regarded orimarilwo.eWs 4ark inclule the „anuf-tcture of -Atte goods and underwear, millinery, neck wear, men's .11-0 A:rAn's clothing, ,trtificial flowers And tethers, embroidery and lace makers, paper box makers, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -2confectionery, .ind dress making. 4. OCCUPATIONS OTHER THAN 1ANUFACTURING PURSUITS. The em, loyment of 0..811 Lay be largely extenied in clarion' work, incluling also agents, cliv4,ssers and collectors 'provided that the womtm emrloyed are 21 years of -ige or over), bookkeepers, cashiers ani accountants, stenogranhers and typists, clerks in stores, stock clerks in departments not requiring heavy liftipg, decorators and window trim4ers, delivery work, provided the packages 4o not exceed 25 pounds and light weight trucks are used; floor walkers and floor uen in stores, sales women and buyers, especially in all departments selling mooen's goods; telegraphers and telerhone operators and mail clerks, an4 in various forms of rublio service, including especially r1t44') for government derart .ents. 5. DO ;',ETIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE. The women of the country can make a 1..irge economic contribution to the progress of the war, if they will so organise their households as to reduce domestic and personal service to a minimum, also employing mrten instead of men wherever possible. In certain forms of person eervice not in private households, wo-en !,Lay ,Ne more largely emnloyed provided the staniards of wotking conditions are observed as in the .ark of waiters in hotels, doormen and elevator tendors in hotels, apartaients 3nd stores, provided kkamaxam older "downers em-loyed and heavy work and emnloyment at night are not required. 6. PROHIBITED EMPLOYMENT . Vioxen should not be employed in occupations which are involving poisons, demonstrated to be more hqrTful to wauen than to men, esrecially certain occunations in the lead inAustries. Women should not be employed in mines, quarries or smelters; in the furnace rooas of glass factories, in hemy trucking or in other occupations requiring the lifting of heavy weights wdthout proper mechanical devices. They should not be employed in bar rooms and saloons https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0 -3or in pool rooms amid in adlitian girls nder 21 years of age should not be emPloyed in occurations or pl3ces of *employment unfit for them owing to their youth, as for instance in the public messenger service, in street car, elevated or subway transportation service, as elevator operators, or as bell boys in hotel*s and clubs. The emrloyzient of mothers of very young children should be discouraged. 7. 4 yRoGRAm FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF LABOR. The applic:Aion of standirds ant national policies must be made by local agencies with due regard to local conditions. The Woaan in Industry Service of the Deloarteent of Labor, with the approval of the War Labor Policies Board, has promulgated standlrds which should govern the awployment of women in any industry 4121 in cooperation with other federal agencies is making surveys of particular industries to determine where an under shat conditions it will be possible to employ women more extensively. These surveys will form the basis of subsequent announcement of specific standards and recomeniations. Subject to these standards ani recommendations, the U.S. mployalont Service will carry forward the placwJent of //omen workers including their introduction into new occupations and their more extensive emplovent in work in uhich they are now engriged. imployers and 'Yorkers are asked to coo' orate in this lan for such distribution of labor as will most effectively meet tiv nation's pre sent needs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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