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(5·.A-perseding X-15~0 ._. ) X-2CC2 732 Fonn of Agre~nt re~ired by the Feder~l Regerve B~rd of Foreign ~nking Corporations as a Condition precedent to the Purc~se of their Stock by NQ.tiorw.l B9nks u:ld.er the Provisions of Section 25 of the Federal Reserve Act. In order to enable you ..md other corpor~tions of the S.ii.tte character to cowpete effectively in foreign countries. it is necessary tbJ.t la.titude be given in the development of business abroadt ~nd the Bo.ii.rd believes that, for the present at least, restrictions should not be rigid or too much in detail, and tb3t it is desirable to prescribe only general rules for your guidance. As occasion required, the BOd.rd will lllodify its regulca.tions in such n.ra.nner a.s e:x.p.erience nay prove. to be necessary. 13. POWERS: 1. In the United States: a. Deposits: It is clear t~t in order to avoid c~etition in the matter of receiving deposits with national banks and st4te banks, which do not en.J oy the wide :powers which yoa zuust necessarily possess in order to coi~~>ete successfully in foreign . countries, you should not be per,[ljitted in the United States to receive individual deposit accounts or domesUc b~ exclldnge or collection accounts. You will be permitted, however, to receive any deposit which is incidental to, or for the purpose of, carrying out transactiOns in foreign countries or dependencies of the United States, where you have established agencies, branches, or business connections. Deposits of this ch;3.rac·ter ma.y be made by individuals, firms, c or:porations or banks, whether foreign or domestic. and· may be tilt.e deposits O'r on de~nd. Reserves! It will be required that, against all such deposits received in the United St~tes, you lli:l.inta.in a reserve in the amount required by law against such deposHs of IUember banks locat~d in centr~l reserve cities. The Feder~l Reserve Banks are authorized, for p~oses of clearing or collection, to receive deposits from non-roe~er bcmks~ and your reserve against domestic deposits may be maintained by opening a clearing ~count with the Federal Reserve Bank of your district, where an adequate balance uay be carried by you. .. b. • Accept~es: In tha wattcr of a.ccepta.r..:e of drafts and bills of excbange, the Board ~s concluded that you should be authorized to accept for all transactions permissible to rue1uber b~ Wlder the pro. visions of th~ Federd.l Reserve Act. provided thCLt· you mcike no X-20C2 -2- 733 (Supersedir.g X-l590 a) -. acceptance for account of any one drawer in en amount aggregating at any time in excess of ten :per centum of your subscribed capital and surplus, unless the transaction be fully secured, or represents an exportation or importation of merchandise and ~s guaranteed by a bank or banker of l.mdoubted solvency; and provided that whenever the aggregate of your acceptances outstanding at sny ti~e (n) exceeds the amount of your subscribed capital and surplus, fifty per centum of all acceptances in excess of such amount shall be fully secured, or (b) exceeds twice the amount of your subscribed capital and surplus, all acceptances outstanding in excess of such amount shall be fully secured, whichever of said two requirements shRll call for the smaller amount of secured acceptances; and provided further that in no event shall the aggregate of all your acceptences outstanding. plus the total of ell deposits he1i by you, whether foreign or domestic, exceed twelve times the amount of your subscribed capital and surplus, except with the approval of the Federal Reserve Board. Reserves! It must be understood, furthermore, that against all acceptances which mature 1n thirty days or less a reserve of at least fifteen per centum shall be maintained, and that against all acce_ptances outstanding which mature in more than thirty days a reserve of at least three per centum shall be maintained. Reserves against acceptances must be in liquid assets of any or all of the following kinds: 1. Cash 2 .. Balances with other banks 3· Bankers • acceptances; end / or 4. Such securities as the Board mB¥, from time to time, J;:e rmit .. 2. In foreign countries: You are authorized to accept deposits of any kind from banks, individuals and corporations in foreign countries, and generally to exercise such powers and to do such things as are incidental to banking conducted in the countries and dependencies in which you may transact business. The Board assumes however that in the matter of receiving deposits, making loe.ns, and in all other business conducted in foreign countries, you will be guided primarily by the laws of those countries end by sound business jud..gment and banking principles. While the Board will not require you to carry abroad cash reserves against deposits abroad, should it appear at _ any time that your business methods are such as to afford insufficient protection, the Boa~ will formulate such restricting regulations as may be proper in the circumstances. ll ••• A-2002 -3C. (Su:peresdir.g ~T..-1590 REPORTS AND EXAMINATIONS: 1. You will be required to make two reports annually to the Federal Reserve Board. covering such details as may be prescribed. 2. You will also be subject to such examinations as the Board may order. these examinations to be made either by employees or agents of the Board or of the Federal Reserve Bank of your district • • ~ a.) 34 . ,t X-2003a TOPICS SUGGESTED BY THE FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD FOR DISCUSSION AT THE MEETING OF THE FEDERAL ADVISORY COUNCIL SEPTEMBER 20, 1920. I. 1. CREDIT CONrROL What are the objects sought to be attained by the policy of credit control in the existing circumstances? Is the object 2. (a) To maintain or to strengthen reserves? (b) To stabilize the existing situation by prevention of further expansion? (c) To bring about a discriminating deflation by reducing the total volume of credit? Can a substantial reduction in the volume of credit be effected without injury to the legitimate business of the country and without curtail~nt of essential production? 3.. To what extent has one or mre of these objects been attained in each District and in the country at large? 4.. To what extent is lt' necessary to distinguish between the imnediate objective of the policy of credit control and the remoter objective, such as reduction in the cost of living? What is the proper conception of the "normal credit condition" which the Federal Reserve Banks should seek to bring about? ~: •. Obviously if "liquidation" or "stabilization" of the existing credit situation are to be regarded as the objectives. of the Federal Reserve policy of credit control, a condition which can be regarded as "normal" will be attained very much more quickly than if the objective is a reduction in considerable amount of the total volume of credit. 5· Methods of credit control. Consideration of the efficacy of different methods of credit control. (a) Horizontal increase of rates, e.specially of cOmmercial · rates; a canvass of the experience of banks which have put into effect a 7% commercial rate, to wit, New York, Boston, Chicago, and ~inneapolis. 735 X-2003o. - 2 - 6. (b) Progressive rate schedules starting with 6% as a basic rate; a canvass of the ex~rience of Federal Reserve Danks of Kansas City, Dallas, St. Louis, and Atlanta. (c) Othet methods of dealing with the situation, such as the implication that incteased offerings by rrember banks will force higher rates or recourse to the progressive 'rate; a canvass of the experience of the Federal Reserve Banks of Cleveland, Philadelphia, Richmond, and San Francisco. (d) Restricting issues of Federal Reserve notes to Federal Reserve Banks as a ~otential means of enforcing credit control; canvass of-English experience 3Ild views. Inter-Reserve Bank rediscounts as relo.ted to the problem of credit control. Is the existing policy ~d practice with respect to such rediscounts satisfactory and sound? (a) To effect an approximate equalization of reserves? (b) ftt the same rate fixed for its member granting the accommodation? ~ b~ks by the bank When recourse was first had to inter-bank rediscounts it was thought that the value of a Federal Reserve Bank's endorsement was entitled to recognition in the form of a reduced discount rate. More recently this idea he.s been abandoned end rediscount trens~ctions between Federal Reserve Banks are m~de at· the rates established for member banks by the Federal Reserve Bank extending the accomrnoda.tion. The question now arises, however, whether a Feder~l Reserve Bank which has been able to rr.aintain high reserves by reducing the demands for accommodations from its own member banks, which are its depositors, should be re~uired to extend accommodations to member banks in other Districts through the medium of their Federal Reserve Bt>nks at the same rates as are established for their ov<m rrembers. II. LOANS SECURED BY LIBERTY BONDS ftliD VrCTORY NOTES. 1. Is there any moral obligation resting upon ~y of. the Federal Reserve B~s to establish rates lower than co!!liD3rcia.;l rates for paper of this classification? 2. Would liquidation of loans of this cle.ss be retarded or promoted by the establishment of lower rates1 3· If lower rates are deemed desirable, would it be equitable and practicable to have such rates apply to original subscribers only? 4. Should member banks 1 collateral notes be fully secured, taking market value instead of face value as a basis? 5· If so, how and when could the new policy be put into effect with a minimum of frictionl 736 737 - 3- • TIL X-2003a FEDERAL RESERVE NOTE ISSUES .. 1. Is the note-issue policy of the Federal Reserve System subject to legitimate criticism? 2. What connection is there between changes in the volume of credit and the volume of currency? 3· Is there any difference in trcelation to effect upon prices between the volume of credit and the volume of currency? 4. Can the note-issue policy of the Federal Reserve System be properly charged with any important responsibility for inflated prices, if so, what has been the responsibility and in what way does the issue of Federal Reserve notes promote or assist inflation? 5. Cen the accepted principles of bank-note-currency regulation, applicable in normal circumstances when the commerce of the world is conducted on a gold standard, be safely taken as a guide in the aQnormal circumstances now existing, when the gold standard is virtually suspended, except in the United States and Japan? 6. In connection with the policy of credit control should the present note-issue policy of the Federal Reserve System be changed and . restrictions be thrown around the issue of Federal Reserve notes? 7· If the iss~e of Federal Reserve notes should be restricted. what form should the restriction take and what effect would different methods of restriction have? (a) Imposition of charges against Federal Reserve notes upon the uncovered part of circulation issued to them at a given rate, for example, a fixed rate of 5% or a rate varying with the commercial rate. · (b) Would i t be practicab-le to establish for each member bank a so-called normal currency limit and to impose charges upon member banks calling for notes in excess of their limit? (c) Would it be advisable While continuing to have the Federal Reserve Banks pay all transportation charges on incoming currency, to have shipments of outgoing currency made at the expense of the consignees? (d) Restrictions by definition of the character of the paper acceptable as collateral by the Federal Reserve Agent against the issue of Federal Reserve notes. Should member banks 1 collateral notes or customers t notes secured by Government obligations be taken as collateral for Federal Reserve notes? ... 738 - 4(e) X-200~)e. Limitation of the total voltmoo of Federal Reserve hotzs by the Federal Reserve Board 1 the max:i.mum e:mount bei:r1.g fixed pro rata for each Federal Reserve Bank. (The F·:~de ral Reserve Board has statutory power to accept in part o:r ·"o reject entirely all applications for Federal Reserve notea.) Would restriction of note issues in any of the above mentioned '1Vays operate to promote a better control of credit, and if so, 'IVhat would be the effect upon the comnerce and business of the country? It is respectfully suggested that the President of the Federal .Advisory Council assign to each member of the Council a part of the foregoing program for his special study and consideration in order that each member may come prepared to discuss the particular topics assigned to him. Pt the conclusion of the individual discussions a ~neral discussion should follow.
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