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~ut BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF" THE R-831 FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM WASHINGTON ADDRESS DF",.ICIAL. CORRESPONDENCE TD THE BDARD May 10, 1941 Dear Sir: The President of the United Stc.tes on ltpri l 29, J.9hl, approved an Act (Public Luw 43--77th Congress) to cxpc·di tc the national defense by authorizing the Secretary of 1'rc.r or the Sccrctc.ry of the Nc:vy, in their discretion, to wc..ivc tho requirement contained in the Act of' Lugust 2L:., l9:2i~ for porformc.nce c.nd payment bonds in connection ~nth supply contracts for the manufacturing, producing, furnishing, cbnstructi on, al tcrc.tion, ropc.ir, processing or :J.ssembling of vessels, aircraft, munitions, mc.tcriel or supplies of r~ny kind or nc:.ture for the J•rrrry or the ~~c.vy. The Let of J>ugust 2L, 1935, knovm c.s tho Killer L.ct, requires in certain circumstances performance and payment bonds in the case of contracts exceeding $2,000. A copy of Public Law 43 is enclosed. There is also enclosed a. statement published at page 3106 of the Congressional Record for lipril 4, 1941, explaining the purpose of this legisla• tion. This statement does not refer to the Secretary of the Navy ·but subsequent to its publication the bill was arnended so as also to authorize the Secretary of the Navy to ws.ive the requirement of performance and payment bonds. Very truly vours, v~ ~·j.r!~ Ernest G. !raper Enclosures 2 TO PRESIDENTS 0? LLL FEDEW,L RFS~RVF' B~.l'!I~S COPY TO FEDERi.L RESFRVE DEFENSE CONT~.CT OFFICERS R-83la ~UBLIC LAW h3--77th CONGRESS] @HAPTER·81-·l'St SF!SSIO~ @.. loc;cfl AN ACT To expedite the national defense by clarifying the application of the Act of l1.ugust 21_:, 1935 (49 Stat. 793), as to the requirement of mandatory·performance and payment bonds in connection with supply contracts. Be it enacted by tho Senate and House .of Representatives o'f the United States of JmtcricaTilCO'ngrcss assembled, That the Actor August 2£~. 1935 (~ Stat. 793), may, in the discretion of the Secretary of War or the Secretary of the Navy, be waived with rcsp~ct to contracts for the manufacturing, producing, furni.shing, construction, alteration, repair, processing. or as~embling of vessels, aircraft, l!nlnitions, materiel, or supplies of any kind or nature for the Army or the Navy, regardless of the terms of such contracts as to payment or title: Provided, That as to contracts of a nature which, at the date· of the passage of this Act, would have been subject to the provisions of the Act of August ~-• 1935 (49 Stat. 793), the Secret£,ry of War or the Secretary of the Navy may require performnnce and payment bonds as provided by said Act. Approved, April 29, 191J.l. .'· R-8;lb CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SEHATE April-.4, 1941, Page .3106 STATg,~T WITH RESPECT TO S. 1059 Section·la of the act of August 24, 19.35 (49 ·stat. 79.3), commonly kno'tm as the !.~iller Act, provides that "before any contract, exceeding $2,000 in amount, for the construction. alteration, or repair of any public building or pubUc vrork11 is a;:;arcled, the contractor shall furnish a performance bc>nd for the protection of t:'le United States, in n:a e::.ount satisfactory to the contracting officer, and a payment bond, for the protection ~f persons supplying labor and material in the prosecution. of the \'.Ork, m th sureties satisfactory to the contractin.c~ officer and in an amount specified in tl'le statute. It is custor.1ary to require performance bonds ~-n an amount at least equal to 10 percent of the contract price. P~nJent bonds must by statute be in penal amount equal to 50 percent of the cost of the work in contracts belo'7 $l,OOC,OOO; 40 percent for contracts from $1,000,000 to $5,ooo,ooo, and in penal amount of at least $2,500,000 in larger contracts. From the phraseology, "public building or public vrork 11 of the act, it would appear that the reqd.rer.:.ent for these bonds was intended to relate only to contracts for building<J, river and harbor improvements, camps, cantonments, and such other real estate projects, or the alteration or repnir thereof. In construing the act of August 1, 1892, lmm.m ::1.s the Heard Act, the predecessor of the Miller Act, the Supreme Court of the United St,. . tes, in 1910, held that a boat ...-ms a,.public YJork,:md that whether a rrork is "public·" or not does not depend up01i. its being attached to the soil, but, if it belongs to the represento.tives of the public, it is a "public vJOrk. 11 Follovdng that reasoning, the Attorney General of the United States, in 19.32, expressed tho opinion that ,-x:>rk on a vessel mmed by the United St: ,tes vras ·a public rrork ',r.i t:un the meaning of the net. .AgD.in in 19.36, the Attorney Gencrnl. ruled that contracts exceeding $2,000 in amount, for tho altcrution or repair of United States Const Guard vessels, boats, and aircraft, eince the · property belongs to the United Sto.tes, were contrncts for public vrork. He further st::>.tod thnt contracts for the construction of such craft mich provide for the passing of title to the United St,.,_tes during the progress of the uork as partial payments are mnde ;:;.ro Y.'i thin the meaning of tho torm "any public '~rk." EX'bending the analogy,. he held the same ye::.'X! tllnt a contract for making cotton mnttrossos from materials ormod by the Government Y!llS public uork. 203 R-83lb ·~ -2It 11ns but a step further for the Comptroller General to find that any Army contra.cts for supplies vlhich pl"ovide for p.:ll'tinl payments as the Y.ork progresses nrc contro.cts for public rork, since title pa.sses to the Government when the first portial payment is made, requiring performance nnd payment bonds under the t!illcr Act. ·By this reasoning, nll sorts of contracts involving pnrtinl payments for supplyin.z aircraft, machine gun~, tanks; clothing, neckties, shoe- ln.ces, and other articles, must be classified as contracts for public works, ma.ld.ng it incumbent upon the contractor, no tw.tter nhnt his financinl strength may be, or whether the bonis ore deemed to be necessary for the protection of the United St~tes., or of la.borers nnd .mo.teriall'!len, to furnish the performance and payment botxis specified by the t~iller Ac~. . The decisions of the Supreme Court, the l'.ttorney General, n.nd the Conptroller General. ore binding upon the 1Jor Departnent, and c~ pliance there·r,'ith is na.nda.tory. The same reasoning did not apply to Navy contracts since they only take a legal lien·(under a. sta.tute passed in 1911) instead of title ~hen partial pnynents nre made. Believing thut Congress originally ;intended that the Heard Act and latex- the Miller Act .should apply only to construction contracts, the War Department has submitted to the CO!loCTess a draft of legislation designed to clarify the meaning and application of the Miller Act to make it inapplicable rk;> supply contracts .for the Army • The proposed. legislation was embodied in$, 1059, the -present bill, as origina,lly introduced. It was the view of the committee, however, that to center responsibili.ty it would be better to permit the Secretary of War, in his discretion, to waive the requirements of the Uiller Act as to bonds, so that the bill was amended and reported i11 its present fo-.m. The proposed act does not affect construction contracts. NECESSITY FOR SUCH LEGISLATION The national-defense program, calling for almost unheard~of quantities of material and equipment for the men entering the military service by voluntary enlistment and by induction tu1der the Selective Service Act, the manufacture and construction of aircraft, munitions, tanks, guns, and supplies of every sort, has taxed the industrial resources of the United States to such an extent that private capital is unable to finance to completion thousands or supply contracts, many of them running itl.to forty or fifty millions ·of dollars each. Increased facilities must first be constructed, new machinery purchased, and countless new employees engaged. The contractor then finds hi~ · resources expended and must seek additional financing of his Government supply contracts on a scale never before enco~tered. To meet this situation the Govo'rnment has provided for advance payments, when necessary, at the beginning of the contract, and partial paYJilents as the work progresses, to simplify priv~te financing. R-8'ilb As a result, however, of the interpretation given the Miller Act, an inconsistent situation has grown up. If by the toms of a contract, 100 airplanes are paid for on completion of the contract, no Miller Act bond is required. If 100 airplanes ore paid for as each airplane is delivered, no Miller Act bond is rcqui:ced. If the contract is let on o. cost-plus-a-fixed-fee basis, no i.'Iillcr Act bond is required. If, however, partial paynonts are mf.ldc on o. lump-sum contract to help the contractor finance the work in progress prior to its delivery, I.~ill'cr Act bonds must be supplied, This na.ndo.tory requirement for perforna.nce and payment bonds where pc.rtio.l payments are made to help finance the work in progress has.resulted in serious diff~ culties and delo.ys in the financing and progress of the defense progra.r.1. Tho final execution and approval of a nurJbor of large aircraft contrc..cts has been delayed from 2 to 5 nonths beco.usc of the inability of certain companies to obtain Miller Act bonds. In sone cc..sos .us nany as lJ or norc bonding conp.:mies hnve hnd to be called upon to provide a single bond, nocossi tnting sending it from place to plnce for signature. In other cnses the Govcr11r.1ont woi ted while tho surety coBpo.ny nude a long financial investig.2tion and extructed the last ounce of security from the contr·'.ctor r s free assets. In sonc cases the contract had to be re'."t.ri tten on a cost-plusa-fixed-fcc basis or with partial payncnts elininatcd so· that bonds could be waived. In one case a contract for $1),115 ,1.38.13 for furnishing 341 airplanes was executed Septer.:ber 14, 1940. It was not possible for tho contractor, a reliable b\lt trenendously expanded corporation, to furnish tho necessary bonds. Tho bond requirement was finally removed in February 1941 by elinating tho partial payments provided by the contract, resulting in a delay of 5 nonths before a complete contract oouJ..d be obtained. With the cli::1ina:cion of partial payments, financing to a total of $6,ooo,ooo was needed to finance this contract to the delivery stage. In another instance, involv:1.ng -001 original. contract and a change order for 3,000 airplanes, at a total cost of $)4,717,082.50, a daley of 6 months occurred before a legal contract, could be finally approved, and it was necessary to eliminate partial. payments by appropriate change order because no bonds could be furnished. Such examples might be muJ..ti:;)lied mnny times. The other side of the picture involves have occurred. when bonds have been furnished. ~.fficultios that In many instances surety corapanies, clairJing to be financing institutions within the meaning of tho k·.signrncnt of Cl.:rl.ns Act of 1940 R-83lb -4(Public, Ho. 8ll, 76th Cong.)~ nre ruquiring contrnctors to give them nssigilrnent$ of all rights under supply contracts on ~;mich bonds ore given. If n bo.nk loon is necessary to enable the contractor to finnnce his v,ork o.nd an nssignment to the bnnk is contrmplntod, tho fnct that tho bonding comy,nmy claims a priority hampers bnnlr fi:r..ancing. Although the Judge Advocate Gcnernl of the krmy has ruled tho.t bonding companies are not financing institutions within the meaning of the k;signment of Claims Act of 19LJO, novertheless many banks are reluctant to make defense loans :i..n tho fo.ce of prospective litigo.t:l.on wlth o. surety company. In this si tuto.t3.on~ tho Government supply contrc.ctor r'ucots practic:.llly insurmountable obstacles in getting private financing. Other surety companies ore demD.nding from contr;:;.ctors indemnity for the bonds written by them o.nd arc requiring tho deposit of collateral security or the giving of mortgages or other liens on the contractor's plnnt nnd equipment. T:1is prtlcticnll;y strips tho Cl.Jntractor of o.vcilable bankable socl;t.rity when a loan is necessary to finonce operations undor tho contract. The use of partial payments, becnuse of tho necessity for. giving performo.nco end payment bonds tmder the f!fiJ.lor llct, ha.s been practically discontinued by the War Department as a means of financing Ordnance contracts and some Air Corps contracts. Frequently, if partial paymon:~s o. ro not used, tho contrD.Ctor must h.:tve financing up to 50 or 60 percent of tho nmount of his contract prior to receiving payments from the Government for articles completed. Bo.nlw hosi tc.to to make lonns in such amounts. J~dvnncc payments under o:d.st.ing law nrc authorized only up to JO percent of tho amount of tho contract. If tho Government makes a.n advnnrw of 30 percent~ tho bunks necessarily fool that they nrc not :>::>cquired to mo.l<e lonns to take up 50 or 60 percent, because their clnins oro subordinate to the advance pnYT;10nt. These are practical difficulties experienced in financing contr,:o..cts for carrying out the dofcmea.. pt'ogrCtm. In ondco..voring to solve tho difficulties in obtaining bonds for large Air Corps contracts, reduct!on in the penalties of performance bonds to 5 percent of the total contract price no.s o.ttemptod by the War Dopo.rtncnt. This resulted in refusal by the surety companies to give performance bonds to smo.ll contrctctors because tl1e "business was not considered sufficiently profitable or n.ttro.ctiv;;;. This situation aompelled tho Jj,r Corps contrr..cting officers to the pena.l o.mcunt of tho performance bonds at the dlct').tion of the surety compo. nies. Surety companies have, in some instD.nOOe, required o.grecments from contractors to the effect that no r:.tore contr,J.cts v~ll be undertaken until the ones on '117hich honds already ha.vo been y;ritton nrc ~06 R-83lb - 5completed, In one case a surety company refused to write a.ddi tional bonds until an existing contract was completed, with the result that the contractor was too late to bid on pending invitations and lost the opportunity to undertake additional defense work, Necessarily, this resulted in retarding and delaying procurement under the national-defense program, How many other instances of this kind actually exist is not knovm, but they are constantly being mentioned orally to contracting officers. Written complaints are ·stated by an Air Corps report to be relatively few for fear of black list. The original purpose of the Miller Act was to protect laborers and materialmen with respect to Government construction projects, since no mechanics' or materialmen's liens attach because of Government ownership. Ordinarily lien protection does not exist and is not needed with respect to contracts for supplies, as distinguished from constnlction, between pri vu.te individuals in the business world, N<3Cessarily 1 the producer or manufacturer must pay his laboters weekly or at least twice monthly. It is the last claim he fails to pay, The individual labor claim, therefore 1 i f any, is small in evont of bankruptcy and has a priority there. There seems to be little logic in requiring payment bonds for laborers employed by contractors with the Government, when such laborers are protected by the Fair Labor Standards Act, the Walsh-Healey Act, and the Bacon•Davis Act as to wages, hours of labor, and methods and times of payment. Likewise, materials usually are sold on a 30- to 60-day basis, cash on delivery, or only after satisfactory assurance of sound credit standing on the part of the purchaser, Materialmen can protect themselves and are better protected by adequate financing of the contractor insuring performB.nce of the contract than by bonds. With rospect to performance bonds for the protection of the United States, it may be said that the Government is its own insurer in other matters, and there is little likelihood of substmtial loss in connection with the furnishing of supplies payable on the installment plan; since the pa~nents do not exceed work successfully nearing completion. The need for legislntion such as S, 1059 is considered by the VIJar Department to be urgently neoded at this time in order properly to· expedite the national-defense program under tho now appropriation acts. The bill as reported would permit the Secretary of War to require performance and payment bonds in any case of supply contracts where he deems them to be necessary, · The " 1ar Department requires porform0..nce bonds in !lk'lny casas where that Nquirement is not mandatory by law,. and s. 1059 as reported would permit· the same practice with respect to the bonds that would pe ·authorized ·to· be Wa.iverl· theround.:.Jr when· ·the interests of the Government so require,
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