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c 0 p y X-4949 FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD WASHINGTON July 15, 1927. Mr. E. W. Stearns, Deputy Comptroll~r of the Currency, Washington, D. c. Dear Sir: Receipt is acknowledged of your letter of June 7th in which .rou request advice from the Board whether a national bank located in Nebraska which has receivedper.mission f~o.m the Board under the provisions of Section ll(k) of the Federal Reserve Act to exercise trast po~ers may exercise such powers in Nebraska. The :Board is of the opinion that a national bank • located in Nebraska which has received permission from the Board to exercise t:n~.st powers may exercise these :powers in tl»'t Stato. The reasonsfor the Board's conclusion may bo more fully set out as follows: Under tho provisiorls of Section ll(k) of the Federal Reserve .A.ct as originally enacted, the Federal Reserve Board was authorized "To Fant by spacial permit to national 'ballks a:ppl,-ing therefor, when not in contravention of Stato or ~ocal law, tho right to . act as trusteo, oxoautor, administrator, or registrar of stocks ~d bonds undor such rulos and rogulat:l,ons as the said board_.- proscribe." By an Act which took effect on Soptanbor 26, 1918, Congress amondod Soction ll(k) of tho Fodoral Roservo Act in a mmi'9or of partiCillars. Undor tho provisions of this Section as ~ndod tho Fodoral Reserve Board is authorized "To grant by spoc.ial parmi t to national banks applying therefor, when not in contravention of State or local le~, tho right to • - 2 - X-4949 act as trustoc, oxocutor, administrator, registrar of stocks and bondS, guardian of estates, assignoo, rcooivor, coJimittoo of estates of lunatics, or in ~ other fiduciary capacity in which State bo.Dlts, trust companies, or other corporations which come into competition with national banks are permitted to act under the laws ·of the State in vhich the national bank is located. "Whenever the laws of such State authorize or permit the ezerciae of amr or ell of the foregoing powers b7 State bapks, trust campanies, or other c9rp0rations which compete with national banks, the granting to and the exercise of such powers bl natiopal bapka !hall not be deemed to be in contrnvention of State or local law within the meaning of this .A.c t. 11 It has been contended-that the provisions of Sect~on ll(k) above quoted are unconstitutional and that Congress had no ~thority to confer trust powers upon natioDal banks. !rile ·Supreme eov,rt of · the United States, however, in the casos of First Bational Bank v. Union Trust Comp&JV, 244 U. S. 416, and J3u.rns National l3uk:. v. Dlmcan, 265 u. S. 17, has held that those provisio~s. are. c.o~stitu tiollal and that Congress did have the pofler to confer trust powers upon national banks. l;n view of these decisions there can be no daub\ of tho right of national banks to exercise trust powers. It is only nocesaary to determine whether the exercise of such, powers 'b7 a national barik in a particular State contravenes the laws of that State, Under the provisions of Section ll(k) of the Federal Reserve .A.ct, set out above, a national barik which has received permission fro.m the Eoard to exerciQe fidnciary powers ~- exercise · these powers if to do JO is not in contravention of the l&B8 of the State in which the national bank is loQated. When C()llgt'ess originally enacted SecUon:.ll(k) of the Federal Reserve Act it did not lq down 8XfT i"Ule as to what should be deemed to be in "contravention of State or local law" and in the amendment of September 26, 1918, 1 t only par-tially defined this phrase. It is obvious, however, that if there is no law of the State which either expressly or b,v necessary implication forbids the exercise of trust powers b,v a national bank, then the exercise of these powers b,y a national bank would not contravene the laws of the State. This construction of the provisions of Section ll(k) has been upheld by th• court" in a case which arose in Michi~ prior to the amendment of September 26, 1918, First National Bank v. Unio:> Trust Comp&D1', 159, B. I. 335. Under the laws of Michigan, trust companies were not permi ttod to engage in the business of commercial - 3 - banking, and con:n:lercial banks organized under the laws of Michigan were not authorized to transact the business of trust compan~es; but there was no statu~e in Michigan which either expressly or by necessary implication prohibited national banks from exercis~ng fidnciary powers. A ~tional barik was grantedper.mission b,y the :Board to ~ercise trust powers and upon its undertaking to exercise one of the powers granted to it a suit was instituted by the Michigan authorities to tost its right to so act. In this s~it it was contended that the exercise of trust powers by national banks was in contrayention of t~e laws of Michigan, and that Section ll(k) was unconsti tu.tional. The SuprEICle Court of Michigan held that a national bank should not be considered as a.cti11g in contravention of State law in tho absence of some law of the State which prohibitel national banks from exercising trust powers and that such national bank was not acting in contravention of State law mer0ly because that law placod certain requirecents on State institutions exercisi :...£ trust powers Which were not applicable to national banks. In its cc.nsideration of this point the Supreme Court of Michigan at page 339 said: No state law is contravened - opposed, into conflict with- because a corporation exorcises the indicatedpowers, nor by the act of Congress creating national barLs. The Legislature has not declared that national banks in this state shall not have the right 1 to act as trustee, executor, administrator, or registrar of stoCks and bonds.• U.S. Co~. Stat. 1913, Soc. 9794(k). And I do not find. in :Brother BROOKE'S opinion reference to ~~ state law that will ge contravened if respondent continues to act 1~ the indicated capacities. To say that because the Legislature has required certain things of a domestic corporation as a condition to ~~e exercise of the right, and cannot require the sace or similar things frotl national banks, therefore the exercise of the right b.y national banks will be in contravention of state law, seem~ to oe to be an unsound argur::tent." 11 c~e When tho Supreco Court of the United States coniji~ored tho case of tho First National Bank v. Union Trust CoDpaey, 244 U.;; • 416, it was not necessary for it ·to deterc.ine Whether the exercise of trust powers by the national ba.r.k was in contravention of the laws of Michigan but it accepted the d.eci~ion of the Suprer.1e Court of Michigan on this point. - 4 - X-4949 Since the decision of this case it has been clear that the Board wa, authorized to grant fiduciary powers to national banks in ~ State th' laws of which did not either expressly or by necessary implication fo,rbid the exercise of trust powers by national banks. The :SOard has bet~n advised that there was no law of Nebraska which either oxpressly or by necessary implication prohibited national banks from exercising trust powers in that State. Accor.dincJ.y, tho Board, as you know, has gr-.nted to a number of national ba:Dks in Nebraska tho right to oxorcise ti"flBt powers. !l!b.o Board understands that at tho present time there is no law of Bebra~.which either expressly or by nocessar,v implication forbids a national bank to oxorcise trust powers.· !l!b.e Board is, t11erafore, of tho opinion that a. national bank in Nobraako. which bas received permi~sion from the Board to exorciso trust powors ~ lawfully exorcise such powers. 'l'ho :Board is further of the opinion that oven if there were a law of Nebraska which by its terms purported to forbid national banks to ex~rcise fi~eiary powers, a national batik located in NebraSka which had receiv·ed permission fran the :Board wuld be legally entitled to exerc~se the trust powere which Nebraska trust companies are authorized to exercise. When section ll(k) of the Federal Reser.,e .Act vras amended by· the AQt of September 26, 1918, it was provided that whenever the laws of a . State authorize or perci t the exercise of arf3 or all of the fiduciary powers enumerated in section ll(k) by State banks, trust companies, o~ ot}lor corporations which compote with natio1'lal banks, the granting to and the exercise of such powers by national banks shall not be deemed to pe i~ contravention of the State law. Since tho enactment of the amendment of September 26, 1918, it has been quito generally recognized by tho State courts that national banks IJJq lawfully tra."lsact a trust business and that tho States can not directly or indirectlY" prevent thom f'roc d.Oi~ so if tho Stato laws authorize tho exorcise of trust powers by State cqrporations which cocpoto m th national banks. In Hacilton v. State, 110 Atl. 54, tho Connocticnt Supreme Court _of Error~ hold that, rogar~oss of State legislation forbidding tho ~ e*ciso of trust powers by ~tional batiks or tho absonco of State legisl•tion expressly sanctioning the o:a:orciso of such powers by thee, nationa+ panks having tho nocossary porci t froc tho Federal Rosorvo Board may apt in any fiduciary capacities in Which cocpeting State corporations are authorized to act by State law. See also Carpenter v • .A.quidneclt · N$-tiOnal Bank, 46 R. I. 152, 125 .A.t1. 358; In re '.1\U:oner 'a Estate, a27 · P~. 110, 120 Atl. 701; Stanchfield's Estate, 171 Wise. 553, 1?8 N. W~ 310; Re lviollineaux, 179 N.Y. S. 90·; and Fidelity National Batik and T~st Cat:pa.ny v. Er..right, 264 Fed. 236. The right of national batiks to exercise trust powers in a State in which Cotlpeting State corporations are authorized to exercise suclt powers regardless of Whether or not the State law by its tems prohibits the exercise of su.ch powers by national banks has also beet).. def.1n11i~ly .. s deter.mined b.1 the Supreme Court of the United States. In the case qf State of Missouri, ex rel Eurnes Nat~onal Eank v. Duncan, 265 U. s. 17, the :Burnes National Bank of St. :Joseph, Missouri, was appointed executor under the Will of a citize~ of Missouri. ~e Bank applie~ to the Probate Court for letters testamentary but was denied appointment on the ground that ey tho laws of Missouri national banks were not anthorized to act as executors. Thereupon the national bank applied to the Supreme Court of the State for a writ of mandamu.s c~ palling the Probate Court to appoint the national bank as executor. The Supreme Court of Missouri ruled tllat the Probate Court could not be compelled to appoint the national ba:Dk executor. An appeal was ·taken to the Supreme Court of the United States which reversed the judgment of the Supreme Court of Uissouri and held that the national bapk · :!Dllst be appointed executor regardless of the provisions of the Usseuri law. In so holding, the Supr~~ Court of the United States said: "By the Act of September 26, 1918, c. 177, sec. 2, 40 Stat. 9.67, 968, amending sec. ll(k) of the Federal Reserve Act, the Federal Reserve Board was eJ:JpOWered 'To grant by special permit to national banks applying therefor, when not ·in contravention of State or local law, the right to act as trustee, executor, administrator • . • or in ~ other fiduciary capacity in whiCh State banks, trust companies, or other corporations which come into competition with national banks are permitted to act under the laws of the State in which the national barik is located.' If the section stopped there the decision of the State Court might be final, but it adds the folloWing paragraph, 'Whenever the laws of such ~tate anthorize or permit the exe·rcise of art3' or all of the foregoiDg powers by State banks, trust companies, or other corporations which compete with national b-s, the fganting to and the exercise of such powers by natioziel. banks shall not be deemed to be in contravention of St~te or· local law within the meaning of this Act.• This sqs in a roundabout a.Tld polite ba.t unmis~ble war that whatever ~ be the state law, national banks having the permit of the Federal Reserve Board 1IIEl1' act as executors if trust companies competing with them have tllat power. The relator has the permit, competing trust companies can act as executors in Missouri, the importance of the power to the sustaining of competition in the bank. ing business is so well known and has been explained so fully heretofore that it does not need to be emphasized, and thus the llllked question presented is whether Congress had the power to do what it tried to do. '· - \ 6 - X-4949 "The question is pretty nearly answered by the decision and fully answered by the reasoning in First National Bank of Baf City v. Fellows, q44 U. s. 416. That case was decided before the amendment to the Federal Reserve Act that we have quoted and cmne here on the single issue of the power of Congress when the state law was not contravened. It was hold that the pouer •was to be tested by the right to create the ~ank and the authority to attach to it that which was relevant in tha judgment of Congress to make the business of the bank successful.' 244 U. S. 420. The power was asserted and it was added that '~is excluded the power of the State in such case, although it might ,assess in a general sense authority to regulate such business, to use that authority to prohibit suCh business from being ·united by Congress with the banking function.• 244 U.S. 425. Jow that Congress. has expressed its paramount will this language is more lpposite than ever. The States cannot use their most characteristic powers to reach unconstitutional results. Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Kansas, 216 U. S. 1. Pul~an Co. v. Kansas, 216 U. S. 56. Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Foster, 247 U. S. 105, 114. There is nothing over which a State has more exclusive authority than the jurisdiction of its courts, but it cannot escape its constitntional obligations by the device of denying jurisdiction to courts otherwise competent. Kenney v. Suprace Lodge of the World, 252 U. S. 411, 415. So herethe State cannot lay hold of its general control of administration to ~prive national banks of their powers to compete that Congress is authorized to sustain. "Tha fact that laissouri has regulations to secure the safety of trust funds in the hands of 1ts trust companies does not affect the C$.se. The power given by the act of Congress purports to be general and independent of that cirCUJ:lstance and the act provides its own safegucrds. The authority of Congressis equally independent, as otherwise the State could Dake it nugatory. Since the decision in First National Bank of ~ City v. Fellows, 244 u. S. 416, it generally has heen recognized that the law now is as the relator contends. Turner's Estate, 277 Pa. St. 110, 116. Estate of Stanchfield, 171 Wis. 553. Hamilton v. State, 94 Conn. 648. People v. Russel, 283 Ill. 520, 524. In re Mollineaux, 179 N. Y. S.90, Fidelity National Bank & Trust Co. v. E'nright, 264 Fed. 236." • 180 - X-4949 7 - The :Board understands that trust COJ:Ipanies organized under the provi111ions of the laws of Nebraska are authorized to exercise certain enumerated fiduciary- powers and are forbidden to do a banking bu.siness as defined by the laws of Nebraska. It.. sppears,. however. that under the provisions of section 8068 of the Compiled Statutes of Nebraska of 1922 these trust co:cpanies are authorized to loan money upon real estate and upon 'Collateral security. National banks are authorized to cake sicilar loans and. therefore, Nebraska. trust companies are co:opeti t6rs of national banks to this extent. The :Board is accordi~ly of the opinion that in view of the provisions of section ll(k) of the · Federal Reserve .A.ct and the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Burnes National ::Barik: case, it is clear that even if there 'were a Nebraska law which by its ·teres prohlbi ted national banks froc exeraising trust powers a national barik located in Nebr$.Ska which bad received ::>ertlission froc the :Board would be legally anti tled to exercise the trust powers that Nebraska trust CO!ilpanies are authorized to exerciae. S'lliJOing up ·briefly the conclusions of the Board it tUq be stated that the :Board is <>f the opinion that since it appears that there is no la.w in the State of Nebraska Which either expressly or by necessar;y :loplication f'orbids :national banlts to exercise trust powers in tbat.State a natio~ bank Which has received pemission from the :Board to do so .'t!JaY' exercise trust powers in Nebraska. The :Board is further of' the opinion that even if there were a Nebrasr..a law which by ita tams prohibite.d national ballks froo. exercising tru.st powers in that State a national bank located in Nebraska which has received permission frOI:l the Board would be entitled to exercise the trust powers that Nebraska. trust cacpanies are authorized to exercise. Very truly yours, (s) D. R. Crissinger, Governor. •
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