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Self-Selection and Discrimination in Credit Markets
Stanley D. Longhofer, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
Stephen R. Peters, University of Illinois
Supplemental Proofs
LEMMA 3: If θ Am > θ Bm , then q X ( s ) < q A ( s) for all s.
Proof of Lemma 3: If no group B applicants attempt to self-select toward bank Y,

θ p( s | θ )

1

q A ( s) − q X ( s) =

∫

θ Am

∝
=

∫θ

1
m
A

p( s | θ ) dθ

1

1

θ Bm

dθ −

θ p( s | θ )

1

∫

θ Bm

∫θ

1
m
B

dθ

p( s | θ ) dθ
1

1

θ Am

θ Am

θ Bm

θ Am

1

1

θ Am

θ Bm

θ Am

θ Am

θ Bm

∫ p(s | θ )dθ ∫θ p( s | θ )dθ −

∫ p( s | θ )dθ ∫ θ p( s | θ )dθ .

(1)

∫ p(s | θ )dθ ∫ θ p( s | θ )dθ − ∫ p(s | θ )dθ ∫ θ p( s | θ )dθ .

Now,
θ Am

1

θ Am

1

1

θ Am

θ Bm

θ Am

θ Am

θ Bm

∫ p(s | θ )dθ ∫ θ p(s | θ )dθ > θ ∫ p(s | θ )dθ ∫ p( s | θ )dθ > ∫ p(s | θ )dθ ∫ θ p( s | θ )dθ ,
m
A

θ Bm

θ Am

(2)

.
implying that q A ( s ) > q X ( s ) for all s.
If group low-θ group B applicants do attempt to self-select toward bank X, there are two
cases to consider: θ Am < θ c and θ Am > θ c . If θ Am < θ c ,

θc

θ p(s | θ )

1

q A (s ) − q X (s) =

∫

θ Am

∫θ

1
m
A

p ( s | θ )dθ

dθ −

1

∫ θ p(s | θ )γ dθ + ∫ θ p(s | θ )

θ Bm

θ

θc

∫θ

m
B

1

2

dθ

c

p ( s | θ )γ dθ + ∫ c p ( s | θ ) 1 2 dθ
1

θ

1
θ

∝  ∫ θ p ( s | θ ) dθ + ∫ θ p ( s | θ ) d θ 
 m

θc
θA

c

θc
1
θA


× ∫ p ( s | θ )γ dθ + ∫ p ( s | θ )γ dθ + ∫ p ( s | θ ) 1 2 dθ 
θ m

θ Am
θc
 B

c
1
θ


− ∫ p ( s | θ )dθ + ∫ p ( s | θ )dθ 
θ m

θc
 A

m

(3)

θc
1
θA


× ∫ θ p ( s | θ )γ dθ + ∫ θ p ( s | θ )γ dθ + ∫ θ p ( s | θ ) 1 2 dθ  .
θ m

θ Am
θc
 B

m

Simplifying this expression yields
θc
1
1
 θc

q A ( s ) − q X ( s ) ∝ (γ − 1 2 ) ∫ p( s | θ )dθ ∫ θ p( s | θ )dθ − ∫ θ p( s | θ )dθ ∫ p( s | θ )dθ 
θ m

θc
θ Am
θc
 A

m
m
c
c
θA
θ
θ
θA


+ γ ∫ p ( s | θ ) dθ ∫ θ p ( s | θ ) dθ − ∫ θ p ( s | θ ) dθ ∫ p ( s | θ ) dθ 
θ m

θ Am
θ Bm
θ Am
 B

m
m
θA
1
1
θA


+ γ ∫ p( s | θ )dθ ∫ θ p( s | θ )dθ − ∫ θ p( s | θ )dθ ∫ p( s | θ )dθ  .
θ m

θc
θ Bm
θc
 B


(4)

Using the same bounding techniques employed in (2) above, each of the terms in this expression
are positive, proving that q A ( s ) > q X ( s ) .
Finally, suppose that θ Am > θ c . In this case,

θA
1

 θc
q A ( s ) − q X ( s ) ∝ ∫ θ p ( s | θ )dθ  ∫ p( s | θ )γ dθ + ∫ p ( s | θ ) 1 2 dθ + ∫ p ( s | θ ) 1 2 dθ 

θm
θ Am
θc
θ Am

 B
m
c
θA
1
1

θ
− ∫ p ( s | θ )dθ  ∫ θ p ( s | θ )γ dθ + ∫ θ p ( s | θ ) 1 2 dθ + ∫ θ p ( s | θ ) 1 2 dθ 

θ m
θ Am
θc
θ Am

 B
c
c
θ
θ
1

1
= γ  ∫ θ p ( s | θ )dθ ∫ p ( s | θ )dθ − ∫ p ( s | θ )dθ ∫ θ p ( s | θ )dθ 

θ m
θ Bm
θ Am
θ Bm

 A
m
m
θA
θA
1

1
− 1 2  ∫ θ p ( s | θ )dθ ∫ p ( s | θ )dθ − ∫ p ( s | θ )dθ ∫ θ p ( s | θ )dθ  .

θ m
θc
θ Am
θc

 A
m

1

(5)

Once again, bounding arguments similar to those used in (2) above can be used to verify that this
expression must be positive, proving that q A ( s ) > q X ( s ) . ♠
Proof that qY ( s ) > q A ( s) for all s (Proposition 2, part 2): Since θ Bm > θ Am , we can write
θc

θ p( s | θ )

1

q A ( s ) − qY ( s ) =

∫

θ Am

∫θ

1
m
A

p( s | θ )dθ

dθ −

1

∫ θ p( s | θ )(1 − γ )dθ + ∫ θ p(s | θ )

θ Bm

θ

θc

∫θ

m
B

This can be simplified to

2

dθ

p( s | θ )(1 − γ )dθ + ∫ c p ( s | θ ) 1 2 dθ
1

θ

θ
1


∝  ∫ θ p ( s | θ )dθ + ∫ θ p( s | θ )dθ + ∫ θ p ( s | θ )dθ 
 m

θ Bm
θc

θA
c
1
θ

×  ∫ p( s | θ )(1 − γ )dθ + ∫ p ( s | θ ) 1 2 dθ 
θ m

θc
 B

m
c
θ
1
 θB


− ∫ p ( s | θ )dθ + ∫ p ( s | θ )dθ + ∫ p( s | θ )dθ 
θ m

θ Bm
θc
 A

c
1
θ


× ∫ θ p( s | θ )(1 − γ )dθ + ∫ θ p ( s | θ ) 1 2 dθ  .
θ m

θc
 B

θ Bm

1

c

c

(6)

θB
θc
θc
θB


q A ( s ) − qY ( s ) ∝ (1 − γ ) ∫ θ p( s | θ )dθ ∫ p( s | θ )dθ − ∫ p( s | θ )dθ ∫ θ p( s | θ )dθ 
θ m

θ Bm
θ Am
θ Bm
 A

m
m
θB
1
1
 θB

+ 1 2  ∫ θ p ( s | θ ) dθ ∫ p ( s | θ ) dθ − ∫ p ( s | θ ) dθ ∫ θ p ( s | θ ) dθ 
θ m

θc
θ Am
θc
 A

c
c
θ
1
1
θ

+ (γ − 1 2 ) ∫ θ p( s | θ )dθ ∫ p( s | θ )dθ − ∫ p( s | θ )dθ ∫ θ p( s | θ )dθ  .
θ m

θc
θ Bm
θc
 B

m

m

(7)

Once again, using the bounding techniques applied in (2) above, we see that this expression must
be negative, proving that qY ( s ) > q A ( s) . ♠