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Technical information: (202) 691-6378 http://www.bls.gov/cps/ Media contact: 691-5902 USDL 02-225 For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Thursday, April 18, 2002 WORKERS ON FLEXIBLE AND SHIFT SCHEDULES IN 2001 In May 2001, about 29 million full-time wage and salary workers had flexible work schedules that allowed them to vary the time they began or ended work, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The proportion of workers with such schedules was 28.8 percent, slightly higher than the figure of 27.6 percent recorded when the data were last collected in May 1997 and nearly double the proportion 10 years earlier. (See table A.) These findings were obtained from a supplement to the May 2001 Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is the monthly household survey that provides information on national employment and unemployment. In May 2001, the survey also collected information about flexible schedules, shift work, and other related topics. The data presented in this release pertain to wage and salary workers who usually worked full time (35 or more hours per week) on their main job. For further information about the survey, see the Technical Note. Some of the highlights from the 2001 data are: --Among full-time wage and salary workers, 28.8 percent had flexible work schedules, and about one-third of these workers (11.1 percent of the total) worked flexible hours as part of a formal employer-sponsored flexitime program. --Men were somewhat more likely to work flexible schedules than women (30.0 percent and 27.4 percent, respectively). --The proportion of full-time wage and salary workers who usually work a shift other than a daytime schedule (14.5 percent) had drifted down since May 1991. --The proportion of workers with flexible schedules or alternative shifts varied greatly by occupation. Flexible schedules Flexible schedules were more common among white workers (30.0 percent) than black (21.2 percent) or Hispanic workers (19.8 percent). Among whites, 31.0 percent of the men and 28.6 percent of the women had flexible schedules. In contrast, among blacks and Hispanics, women were slightly more likely than men to work flexible schedules. The proportions working flexible schedules for most worker groups had risen slightly since 1997. (See tables A and 1.) Flexible schedules were most common among managerial and professional specialty occupations, with 45.5 percent of executives, administrators, and managers able to vary their work hours. Flexible schedules were also prevalent among sales workers (40.7 percent). In contrast, only 18.3 percent of precision production, craft, and repair workers and 13.7 percent of operators, fabricators, and laborers had such flexibility. (See table 2.) - 2 Table A. Flexible schedules and shift work of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, May, selected years, 1985-2001 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | Percent with flexible | Percent with alternate | Schedules | shifts Characteristic | | -------------------------------------------------------| May | May | May | May | May | May | May | May | 1985 | 1991 | 1997 | 2001 | 1985 | 1991 | 1997 | 2001 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Sex | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total, 16 years | | | | | | | | and over..........| 12.4 | 15.0 | 27.6 | 28.8 | 16.0 | 18.0 | 16.9 | 14.5 Men..............| 13.1 | 15.4 | 28.6 | 30.0 | 17.9 | 20.4 | 19.2 | 16.4 Women............| 11.3 | 14.5 | 26.2 | 27.4 | 13.2 | 14.8 | 13.7 | 12.1 | | | | | | | | Race and Hispanic | | | | | | | | origin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | White............| 12.8 | 15.4 | 28.6 | 30.0 | 15.5 | 17.2 | 16.2 | 13.6 Black............| 9.1 | 12.0 | 20.1 | 21.2 | 20.0 | 23.3 | 21.0 | 19.7 Hispanic origin..| 8.9 | 10.6 | 18.2 | 19.8 | 15.5 | 19.2 | 16.2 | 14.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Note: Data are tabulated for all employed persons. Estimates for years prior to 2001 may differ slightly from those previously published, which were tabulated only for persons at work. See the Technical Note for further information. Data exclude the incorporated and unincorporated selfemployed. Among private-sector employees, the proportion of workers with flexible schedules was much higher in service-producing industries (33.3 percent) than in goods-producing industries (23.1 percent). In the public sector, flexible schedules were more common among federal (34.4 percent) and state government employees (29.7 percent) than among workers in local government (14.0 percent). Local government includes public elementary and secondary schools, and teachers and other school employees tend to work fixed schedules. (See table 2.) Formal flexitime programs Although over 1 in 4 workers can vary their schedules, only about 1 in 10 are enrolled in a formal, employer-sponsored flexitime program. Fulltime wage and salary workers in managerial and professional specialty occupations, who were most likely to work flexible schedules, were also the most likely to have a formal flexitime program (15.6 percent). Even so, only about 2 out of 5 managers and professionals with flexible hours participated in a formal flexitime program. Among operators, fabricators, and laborers, just 5.5 percent worked flexible hours as part of a formal flexitime program, mirroring this group's small overall proportion of workers with flexible schedules. (See table 3.) Formal flexitime programs were more common in the public sector than in private-sector industries. Over half the workers in the public sector with flexible schedules had a formal program, reflecting the high proportion of federal workers with formal programs. Nearly three-quarters of federal government workers with flexible schedules participated in a formal flexitime program. In the private sector, only about one-third of those with flexible schedules (10.9 percent of the total employed full time) participated in a formal flexitime program. (See tables 2 and 3.) - 3 Shift work About 14.5 million full-time wage and salary workers, 14.5 percent of the total, usually worked an alternate shift. By type of shift, 4.8 percent of the total worked evening shifts, 3.3 percent worked night shifts, 2.8 percent worked employer-arranged irregular schedules, and 2.3 percent worked rotating shifts. The proportion of full-time wage and salary workers on alternate shift schedules fell from 18.0 percent in May 1991. (See tables A and 4.) Men were more likely than women to work an alternate shift (16.4 percent and 12.1 percent, respectively). Blacks were more likely than either whites or Hispanics to work such shifts. The prevalence of shift work was greatest among workers in serviceoriented occupations, such as protective service (49.0 percent)--which includes police, firefighters, and guards--and food service (40.4 percent), and among those employed as operators, fabricators, and laborers (25.4 percent). Alternative shifts were least common among managers and professionals (6.7 percent), those in administrative support occupations (8.4 percent), and workers in farming, forestry, and fishing occupations (5.6 percent). (See table 5.) In private-sector industries, the percent of workers on alternative shifts was highest in eating and drinking places (46.2 percent) and lowest in construction (2.5 percent) and finance, insurance, and real estate (4.6 percent). Shift work generally was less common in the public sector, averaging only 11.1 percent. One notable exception was the public safety component of local government, where shift work is quite common in law enforcement and firefighting. (See table 5.) Reasons for shift work Over half (53.3 percent) of those working an alternative shift did so because it was the "nature of the job." Other reasons for working a nondaytime schedule included "personal preference" (13.3 percent), "better arrangements for family or child care" (8.9 percent), "better pay" (6.9 percent), and "because it allows time for school" (3.3 percent). Many of those who worked night and evening shifts chose such schedules due to personal preference (21.5 percent and 17.3 percent, respectively) or because these shifts facilitated better arrangements for family or child care (14.9 percent and 12.1 percent, respectively). (See table 6.) Beginning and ending hours The May supplement also provides data on the times people began and ended work. About two-thirds of all full-time wage and salary workers began work between 6:30 A.M. and 9:29 A.M., with the greatest concentration during the one-hour period around 8 A.M. (7:30 to 8:29 A.M.). Almost threefifths usually left work between 3:30 P.M. and 6:29 P.M., with times within the one-hour bracket centered by 5 P.M. (4:30 to 5:29 P.M.) by far the most frequently reported. (See table 7.) TECHNICAL NOTE These data and other information on work schedules were obtained from a supplement to the May 2001 Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a monthly sample survey of about 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), principally to gather information on employment and unemployment for the nation. (Data for May 2001 were based on a sample size of 50,000 households.) Respondents to the May 2001 supplement answered questions about flexible and shift schedules, the reasons for working particular shifts, the beginning and ending hours of work, formal flexitime programs, home-based work, and other related topics. The data in this release cover the incidence and nature of flexible and shift schedules and pertain to wage and salary workers who usually worked 35 hours or more per week on their principal job. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and for information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings. Concepts Data on flexible schedules, shift work, and beginning and ending hours of work were obtained from the following questions: Beginning and ending hours of work. At what time of day do you begin work on your (main) job most days? 1. __hour __minutes A.M./P.M. 2. It varies At what time of day do you end work on your main job most days? 1. 2. __hour __minutes A.M./P.M. It varies Flexible schedules. Do you have flexible work hours that allow you to vary or make changes in the time you begin and end work? 1. Yes 2. No Formal flexitime programs. (If the respondent answers “yes” to the above question on flexible hours, the following question is then asked.) Is your flexible work schedule part of a flexitime or other program offered by your employer? 1. Yes 2. No Shift work. On your (main) job, do you usually work a daytime schedule or some other schedule? 1. A daytime schedule (Anytime between 6 A.M. to 6 P.M.) 2. Some other schedule (If the respondent answers "some other schedule" to the above question, then the following question is asked to determine the shift worked.) Which of the following best describes the hours you usually work at this (main) job? 1. An evening shift (Anytime between 2 P.M. and midnight) 2. A night shift (Anytime between 9 P.M. to 8 A.M.) 3. A rotating shift - one that changes periodically from days to evenings or night 4. A split shift - one consisting of two distinct periods each day 5. An irregular schedule 6. Some other shift Reason for alternative shift. What is the main reason why you work this type of shift? (Interviewer reads all.) 1. Better arrangements for family or child care 2. Better pay 3. Allows time for school 4. Could not get any other job 5. Local transportation or pollution control program 6. Nature of the job 7. Personal preference 8. Some other reason Special notes on May 2001 flexible schedule and shift work data This release focuses on total employed wage and salary workers who worked full time on their main job in May 2001. The previous news release on flexible schedules and shift work (USDL 98-119; March 26, 1998) examined data from a CPS supplement conducted in May 1997. That news release focused on full-time wage and salary workers who were at work during the survey reference week. Unlike total employed data, at work data exclude persons who were employed but absent from work for the entire reference week. Because of this difference in focus, data from this release are not strictly comparable to those presented in USDL 98-119. In switching to a total employed universe, the numbers of persons working a flexible schedule or alternate shift are slightly higher, reflecting the inclusion of persons with a job but not at work during the survey reference week. However, the proportions of full-time wage and salary workers on flexible schedules or working a specific shift were little affected by this change. Data on beginning and ending hours also differ somewhat from those previously published in USDL 98-119, because the wording of the question was changed. In the May 1997 survey, the questions referred to the beginning and ending hours "last week," that is, during the survey reference week. In the May 2001 survey, the question was rephrased to identify usual activity, referring to beginning and ending hours of work "most days." Table 1. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2001 (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Men With flexible schedules Characteristic Total(1) Women With flexible schedules Total(1) Number Percent of total With flexible schedules Total(1) Number Percent of total Number Percent of total Age Total 16 years and over............. 16 to 19 years.......................... 20 years and over....................... 20 to 24 years........................ 25 to 34 years........................ 35 to 44 years........................ 99,631 1,761 97,871 9,343 24,552 28,702 28,724 339 28,385 2,327 7,434 8,578 28.8 19.2 29.0 24.9 30.3 29.9 56,066 988 55,078 5,219 14,058 16,522 16,792 167 16,625 1,203 4,370 5,120 30.0 16.9 30.2 23.0 31.1 31.0 43,566 773 42,793 4,124 10,494 12,180 11,931 171 11,760 1,124 3,064 3,458 27.4 22.2 27.5 27.2 29.2 28.4 45 to 54 years........................ 55 to 64 years........................ 65 years and over..................... 16 to 24 years.......................... 25 to 54 years.......................... 55 years and over....................... 23,946 9,971 1,357 11,104 77,200 11,328 6,990 2,633 423 2,665 23,002 3,056 29.2 26.4 31.2 24.0 29.8 27.0 12,902 5,531 847 6,206 43,482 6,377 4,032 1,590 311 1,370 13,521 1,901 31.2 28.8 36.7 22.1 31.1 29.8 11,044 4,440 510 4,897 33,718 4,950 2,958 1,043 112 1,295 9,481 1,155 26.8 23.5 22.0 26.4 28.1 23.3 82,205 12,390 11,919 24,647 2,629 2,356 30.0 21.2 19.8 47,498 5,776 7,305 14,734 1,209 1,344 31.0 20.9 18.4 34,707 6,614 4,614 9,913 1,420 1,011 28.6 21.5 21.9 57,728 41,903 24,877 17,026 17,264 11,460 6,817 4,643 29.9 27.3 27.4 27.3 34,939 21,126 14,030 7,096 11,231 5,561 3,736 1,825 32.1 26.3 26.6 25.7 22,789 20,777 10,847 9,930 6,032 5,899 3,081 2,818 26.5 28.4 28.4 28.4 60,026 39,605 22,697 16,908 16,927 11,796 6,648 5,148 28.2 29.8 29.3 30.4 33,565 22,500 11,960 10,540 9,621 7,171 3,836 3,336 28.7 31.9 32.1 31.6 26,461 17,105 10,737 6,368 7,306 4,625 2,813 1,812 27.6 27.0 26.2 28.5 Race and Hispanic origin White................................... Black................................... Hispanic origin......................... Marital status Married, spouse present................. Not married............................. Never married......................... Other marital status.................. Presence and age of children Without own children under 18........... With own children under 18.............. With youngest child 6 to 17........... With youngest child under 6........... 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Table 2. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by sex, occupation, and industry, May 2001 (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Occupation and industry With flexible schedules Men With flexible schedules Women With flexible schedules Total(1) Total(1) Number Total, 16 years and over..................... Percent of total Total(1) Number Percent of total Number Percent of total 99,631 28,724 28.8 56,066 16,792 30.0 43,566 11,931 27.4 Managerial and professional specialty........ Executive, administrative, and managerial.. Professional specialty..................... Mathematical and computer scientists..... Natural scientists....................... Teachers, college and university......... 32,960 16,279 16,681 1,930 461 661 13,326 7,404 5,922 1,134 241 395 40.4 45.5 35.5 58.7 52.4 59.8 16,785 8,748 8,037 1,308 289 386 7,954 4,277 3,678 770 154 251 47.4 48.9 45.8 58.9 53.4 65.1 16,175 7,531 8,644 623 172 275 5,372 3,128 2,244 364 87 144 33.2 41.5 26.0 58.4 50.7 52.3 Technical, sales, and administrative support. Technicians and related support............ Sales occupations.......................... Sales workers, retail and personal services................................ Administrative support, including clerical. 27,607 3,757 9,852 8,617 1,181 4,011 31.2 31.4 40.7 10,493 1,863 5,424 3,840 683 2,404 36.6 36.7 44.3 17,113 1,894 4,428 4,777 498 1,607 27.9 26.3 36.3 3,146 13,997 901 3,426 28.6 24.5 1,346 3,206 419 753 31.1 23.5 1,800 10,791 482 2,672 26.8 24.8 Service occupations.......................... Private household.......................... Protective service......................... Service, except private household and protective................................ Food service............................. Health service........................... Cleaning and building service............ Personal service......................... 12,382 377 2,144 2,572 132 343 20.8 35.0 16.0 6,463 5 1,773 1,283 3 291 19.9 (2) 16.4 5,919 371 371 1,289 129 52 21.8 34.8 14.0 8,207 3,036 1,829 2,151 1,192 1,755 696 304 326 429 21.4 22.9 16.6 15.2 36.0 3,324 1,517 222 1,287 299 698 367 45 194 93 21.0 24.2 20.5 15.0 31.1 4,883 1,518 1,608 864 893 1,057 330 258 133 336 21.6 21.7 16.1 15.4 37.7 Precision production, craft, and repair...... Mechanics and repairers.................... Construction trades........................ Other precision production, craft, and repair.................................... 12,061 4,133 4,333 2,209 827 755 18.3 20.0 17.4 11,000 3,937 4,232 2,026 792 726 18.4 20.1 17.2 1,061 195 101 183 35 29 17.3 17.9 (2) 3,596 628 17.5 2,830 508 18.0 766 119 15.6 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors................................ Transportation and material moving......... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.................................. 14,621 1,999 13.7 11,324 1,689 14.9 3,297 310 9.4 6,220 4,735 614 946 9.9 20.0 3,994 4,380 457 867 11.4 19.8 2,227 355 157 79 7.1 22.2 3,667 439 12.0 2,951 365 12.4 716 74 10.3 Occupation Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 1,653 342 20.7 1,360 291 21.4 293 51 17.5 Private sector............................... Goods-producing industries................. Agriculture.............................. Mining................................... Construction............................. Manufacturing............................ Durable goods.......................... Nondurable goods....................... 83,015 26,021 1,543 539 6,133 17,805 11,171 6,635 24,987 6,014 343 121 1,386 4,163 2,743 1,420 30.1 23.1 22.2 22.5 22.6 23.4 24.6 21.4 48,423 19,626 1,194 470 5,590 12,372 8,179 4,193 14,927 4,585 249 101 1,205 3,030 2,078 953 30.8 23.4 20.8 21.5 21.6 24.5 25.4 22.7 34,592 6,395 349 69 543 5,433 2,992 2,441 10,061 1,429 94 20 181 1,133 666 468 29.1 22.3 26.9 (2) 33.3 20.9 22.3 19.2 Service-producing industries............... Transportation and public utilities...... Wholesale trade.......................... Retail trade............................. Eating and drinking places............. Finance, insurance, and real estate...... Services................................. Private households..................... Business, automobile, and repair....... Personal, except private household..... Entertainment and recreation........... Professional services.................. Forestry and fisheries................. Government................................... Federal.................................... State...................................... Local...................................... 56,995 6,961 4,319 13,038 3,436 6,645 26,031 416 6,646 1,954 1,215 15,777 24 16,616 3,140 4,868 8,608 18,974 2,068 1,528 3,989 1,045 2,687 8,701 149 2,473 609 489 4,970 11 3,736 1,079 1,447 1,209 33.3 29.7 35.4 30.6 30.4 40.4 33.4 35.8 37.2 31.2 40.2 31.5 (2) 22.5 34.4 29.7 14.0 28,797 5,069 3,123 7,042 1,830 2,614 10,949 14 4,344 823 762 4,984 22 7,642 1,817 2,125 3,701 10,342 1,444 1,121 2,154 546 1,287 4,335 7 1,640 244 303 2,132 10 1,865 584 669 613 35.9 28.5 35.9 30.6 29.8 49.2 39.6 (2) 37.8 29.6 39.7 42.8 (2) 24.4 32.1 31.5 16.6 28,197 1,892 1,196 5,995 1,605 4,031 15,082 402 2,301 1,130 453 10,794 2 8,974 1,324 2,743 4,907 8,632 624 407 1,835 499 1,400 4,366 142 833 365 186 2,838 1 1,871 495 779 597 30.6 33.0 34.0 30.6 31.1 34.7 28.9 35.4 36.2 32.3 41.1 26.3 (2) 20.8 37.4 28.4 12.2 Industry 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules. 2 Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Table 3. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by formal flexitime program status, occupation, and industry, May 2001 (Numbers in thousands) With a formal flexitime program Occupation and industry Total(1) Total, 16 years and over..................... With flexible schedules Number Percent of total employed 99,631 28,724 11,037 11.1 Managerial and professional specialty........ Executive, administrative, and managerial.. Professional specialty..................... Mathematical and computer scientists..... Natural scientists....................... Teachers, college and university......... 32,960 16,279 16,681 1,930 461 661 13,326 7,404 5,922 1,134 241 395 5,130 2,748 2,382 571 143 85 15.6 16.9 14.3 29.6 31.1 12.8 Technical, sales, and administrative support. Technicians and related support............ Sales occupations.......................... Sales workers, retail and personal services................................ Administrative support, including clerical. 27,607 3,757 9,852 8,617 1,181 4,011 3,336 519 1,182 12.1 13.8 12.0 3,146 13,997 901 3,426 358 1,635 11.4 11.7 Service occupations.......................... Private household.......................... Protective service......................... Service, except private household and protective................................ Food service............................. Health service........................... Cleaning and building service............ Personal service......................... 12,382 377 2,144 2,572 132 343 982 39 178 7.9 10.4 8.3 8,207 3,036 1,829 2,151 1,192 1,755 696 304 326 429 662 220 152 112 177 8.1 7.3 8.3 5.2 14.9 Precision production, craft, and repair...... Mechanics and repairers.................... Construction trades........................ Other precision production, craft, and repair.................................... 12,061 4,133 4,333 2,209 827 755 787 289 256 6.5 7.0 5.9 3,596 628 243 6.8 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... Machine operators, assemblers, and 14,621 1,999 803 5.5 Occupation inspectors................................ Transportation and material moving......... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.................................. 6,220 4,735 614 946 290 319 4.7 6.7 3,667 439 194 5.3 Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 1,653 342 102 6.2 Private sector............................... Goods-producing industries................. Agriculture.............................. Mining................................... Construction............................. Manufacturing............................ Durable goods.......................... Nondurable goods....................... 83,015 26,021 1,543 539 6,133 17,805 11,171 6,635 24,987 6,014 343 121 1,386 4,163 2,743 1,420 9,053 2,334 105 57 435 1,737 1,193 545 10.9 9.0 6.8 10.6 7.1 9.8 10.7 8.2 Service-producing industries............... Transportation and public utilities...... Wholesale trade.......................... Retail trade............................. Eating and drinking places............. Finance, insurance, and real estate...... Services................................. Private households..................... Business, automobile, and repair....... Personal, except private household..... Entertainment and recreation........... Professional services.................. Forestry and fisheries................. Government................................... Federal.................................... State...................................... Local...................................... 56,995 6,961 4,319 13,038 3,436 6,645 26,031 416 6,646 1,954 1,215 15,777 24 16,616 3,140 4,868 8,608 18,974 2,068 1,528 3,989 1,045 2,687 8,701 149 2,473 609 489 4,970 11 3,736 1,079 1,447 1,209 6,719 805 433 1,331 319 1,090 3,060 49 967 232 197 1,613 3 1,984 778 730 475 11.8 11.6 10.0 10.2 9.3 16.4 11.8 11.7 14.5 11.9 16.2 10.2 (2) 11.9 24.8 15.0 5.5 Industry 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules. 2 Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Table 4. Shift usually worked: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2001 (Percent distribution) Shift workers Total workers(1) (thousands) Characteristic Regular daytime schedule Total Evening shift Night Rotating shift shift Split shift Employerarranged irregular schedule Other shift Age and sex Total 16 years and over.................... 16 to 19 years............................... 20 years and over............................ 20 to 24 years............................. 25 to 34 years............................. 35 to 44 years............................. 45 to 54 years............................. 55 to 64 years............................. 65 years and over.......................... 16 to 24 years............................... 25 to 54 years............................... 55 years and over............................ 99,631 1,761 97,871 9,343 24,552 28,702 23,946 9,971 1,357 11,104 77,200 11,328 84.8 70.2 85.1 77.8 84.9 86.2 86.3 86.3 84.9 76.6 85.8 86.1 14.5 28.8 14.3 21.3 14.4 13.2 13.1 13.2 15.0 22.5 13.5 13.4 4.8 13.5 4.7 8.7 4.9 3.7 4.1 4.5 3.9 9.4 4.2 4.4 3.3 5.4 3.3 4.7 3.3 3.3 2.9 3.1 2.1 4.8 3.2 3.0 2.3 3.4 2.3 3.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.7 1.7 3.3 2.3 1.7 0.4 .3 .5 .4 .6 .4 .3 .4 1.3 .3 .4 .5 2.8 5.3 2.8 3.5 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.8 5.5 3.8 2.6 3.1 0.7 1.0 .7 .8 .8 .6 .8 .6 .5 .8 .7 .6 Men.......................................... Women........................................ 56,066 43,566 82.9 87.3 16.4 12.1 5.2 4.3 3.6 3.0 2.8 1.8 .5 .4 3.3 2.1 .9 .5 82,205 12,390 11,919 85.8 79.3 84.3 13.6 19.7 14.8 4.4 7.0 5.8 3.0 5.0 3.4 2.2 3.3 2.0 .4 .5 .5 2.8 3.2 2.5 .7 .6 .5 Men: Married, spouse present.................... Not married................................ Never married............................ Other marital status..................... 34,939 21,126 14,030 7,096 85.3 78.9 78.8 78.9 14.2 20.1 20.2 19.8 4.2 7.0 7.1 6.8 3.2 4.4 4.5 4.2 2.5 3.2 3.2 3.1 .4 .6 .6 .6 3.1 3.8 3.8 3.8 .8 1.0 1.0 1.0 Without own children under 18.............. With own children under 18................. 33,565 22,500 81.6 84.8 17.5 14.8 5.7 4.5 3.7 3.6 2.9 2.6 .6 .5 3.7 2.8 .9 .8 Race and Hispanic origin White........................................ Black........................................ Hispanic origin.............................. Marital status and presence and age of children With youngest child 6 to 17.............. With youngest child under 6.............. 11,960 10,540 85.0 84.6 14.7 14.8 4.2 4.9 3.6 3.5 2.9 2.3 .5 .4 2.9 2.8 .7 .8 Women: Married, spouse present.................... Not married................................ Never married............................ Other marital status..................... 22,789 20,777 10,847 9,930 90.6 83.7 83.3 84.2 9.0 15.5 15.9 15.0 3.0 5.8 6.3 5.4 2.6 3.4 3.0 3.8 1.2 2.3 2.7 1.9 .2 .5 .6 .4 1.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 .4 .7 .6 .7 Without own children under 18.............. With own children under 18................. With youngest child 6 to 17.............. With youngest child under 6.............. 26,461 17,105 10,737 6,368 86.6 88.4 89.3 86.9 12.7 11.0 10.0 12.8 4.6 3.9 3.0 5.5 2.8 3.3 3.1 3.4 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.6 .4 0.3 .3 .3 2.4 1.7 1.7 1.7 .6 0.3 .3 .3 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on shift usually worked. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Table 5. Shift usually worked: Full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, May 2001 (Percent distribution) Shift workers Total workers(1) (thousands) Occupation and industry Regular daytime schedule Total Evening Night Rotating Split Employerarranged shift shift shift shift irregular Other shift schedule Total, 16 years and over.................... 99,631 84.8 14.5 4.8 3.3 2.3 0.4 2.8 0.7 32,960 16,279 16,681 92.8 93.9 91.7 6.7 5.6 7.8 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.2 .7 1.7 1.1 1.0 1.1 .3 .2 .3 2.2 1.8 2.5 .3 .3 .4 Occupation Managerial and professional specialty....... Executive, administrative, and managerial. Professional specialty.................... Mathematical and computer scientists.... Natural scientists...................... Teachers, college and university........ 1,930 461 661 96.7 98.5 92.5 2.3 1.3 7.5 .5 .6 1.6 - .7 .2 - .5 .7 .7 4.0 .4 .8 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support........... Sales occupations......................... Sales workers, retail and personal services............................... Administrative support, including clerical 27,607 3,757 9,852 87.7 83.9 84.3 11.8 15.6 15.2 3.8 3.8 4.1 2.2 4.2 1.3 2.0 2.4 3.6 .3 .1 .3 2.8 3.8 5.2 .6 1.4 .5 3,146 13,997 72.9 91.1 26.4 8.4 8.9 3.6 2.5 2.4 6.2 .7 .4 .4 7.4 .9 .9 .4 Service occupations......................... Private household......................... Protective service........................ Service, except private household and protective............................... Food service............................ Health service.......................... Cleaning and building service........... Personal service........................ 12,382 377 2,144 68.0 82.8 49.8 30.9 15.6 49.0 12.1 1.0 12.4 5.7 .5 9.7 4.8 .7 12.3 1.1 .7 1.1 5.0 9.4 8.1 2.1 3.3 5.4 8,207 3,036 1,829 2,151 1,192 66.9 58.2 68.7 72.7 75.9 32.0 40.4 30.3 26.4 23.6 14.5 18.9 11.4 15.3 7.1 5.9 4.2 8.9 7.0 3.5 3.9 5.8 4.0 1.4 3.1 1.3 1.6 1.5 .4 1.7 4.7 7.0 3.0 1.9 6.7 1.5 2.3 1.6 .2 1.5 Precision production, craft, and repair..... Mechanics and repairers................... Construction trades....................... Other precision production, craft, and repair................................... 12,061 4,133 4,333 87.4 86.7 95.4 12.0 12.5 4.1 4.0 4.5 1.0 3.6 4.1 1.0 2.3 1.8 1.0 .3 .3 .1 1.3 1.4 1.0 .5 .4 - 3,596 78.5 20.9 7.1 6.2 4.4 .4 1.5 1.3 Operators, fabricators, and laborers........ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................... Transportation and material moving........ Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers................................. 14,621 73.6 25.4 8.4 8.0 3.7 .6 3.8 .8 6,220 4,735 70.6 75.1 28.4 23.6 12.0 4.5 10.0 4.6 4.4 4.2 .4 1.0 1.3 8.0 .3 1.1 3,667 76.7 22.6 7.3 8.9 1.9 .6 2.4 1.4 Farming, forestry, and fishing.............. 1,653 93.5 5.6 2.3 .8 .7 .5 1.0 .3 83,015 26,021 1,543 539 6,133 17,805 11,171 6,635 84.1 85.1 92.2 74.4 96.7 80.7 83.4 76.3 15.2 14.3 7.1 25.6 2.5 18.7 16.0 23.2 5.1 5.3 2.1 2.4 .3 7.4 7.6 7.1 3.5 4.5 1.2 4.6 .4 6.2 4.9 8.4 2.4 2.5 1.1 11.3 .4 3.0 1.9 4.9 0.5 .3 .6 .6 .3 .3 .4 3.0 1.3 2.0 4.1 1.2 1.2 .9 1.8 0.6 .4 .1 2.5 .4 .4 .4 - - .2 .1 Industry Private sector.............................. Goods-producing industries................ Agriculture............................. Mining.................................. Construction............................ Manufacturing........................... Durable goods......................... Nondurable goods...................... Service-producing industries.............. Transportation and public utilities..... Wholesale trade......................... Retail trade............................ Eating and drinking places............ Finance, insurance, and real estate..... Services................................ Private households.................... Business, automobile, and repair...... Personal, except private household.... Entertainment and recreation.......... Professional services................. Forestry and fisheries................ Government.................................. Federal................................... State..................................... Local..................................... 56,995 6,961 4,319 13,038 3,436 6,645 26,031 416 6,646 1,954 1,215 15,777 24 16,616 3,140 4,868 8,608 83.7 78.2 92.0 73.0 52.8 94.8 86.3 78.5 88.7 79.3 71.0 87.6 (2) 88.3 87.2 89.8 87.9 15.6 20.7 7.7 26.1 46.2 4.6 13.0 20.1 10.5 19.6 29.0 11.8 (2) 11.1 12.1 9.6 11.6 5.0 4.9 2.2 8.8 18.6 1.7 4.5 .9 4.4 9.1 10.2 3.6 (2) 3.4 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.5 2.0 4.1 5.0 .5 3.2 1.2 3.2 2.1 4.2 3.3 (2) 2.5 4.9 2.5 1.6 2.3 3.8 .6 4.8 8.0 .4 1.4 1.9 .7 1.9 5.2 1.3 (2) 2.2 1.9 1.5 2.6 .5 1.0 .9 1.8 .2 .4 .7 .2 .5 1.1 .5 (2) .4 .2 .5 .3 3.8 6.3 2.1 6.3 9.9 1.6 2.8 11.3 1.7 4.8 6.8 2.5 (2) 1.6 .8 1.3 2.1 .8 1.1 .6 1.1 2.4 .2 .7 4.0 .4 .9 1.2 .6 (2) 1.0 .6 .4 1.6 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on shift usually worked. 2 Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Dash represents zero. Table 6. Full-time wage and salary shift workers by reason for working a non-daytime schedule, May 2001 (Percent distribution) Total shift workers (1) Evening shift Night shift Rotating shift Split shift Employerarranged irregular schedule Other shift Number(2)(thousands)..................... Percent(2)............................... 14,461 100.0 4,816 100.0 3,318 100.0 2,315 100.0 446 100.0 2,804 100.0 706 100.0 Better arrangements for family or child care.................................... Better pay................................. Allows time for school..................... Could not get any other job................ Nature of the job.......................... 8.9 6.9 3.3 6.6 53.3 12.1 7.8 6.1 9.1 38.9 14.9 11.2 2.5 8.9 32.0 3.0 5.7 2.1 3.4 76.8 7.1 4.5 2.1 4.6 65.1 2.5 2.6 1.2 3.2 79.5 5.8 4.1 .8 3.6 67.2 Reason for working a non-daytime schedule Personal preference........................ Some other reason.......................... 13.3 6.2 17.3 7.2 21.5 7.2 3.3 4.8 10.2 5.9 6.4 4.2 1 Includes persons who worked a non-daytime schedule, but did not report the shift worked. 2 Includes persons who worked a non-daytime schedule, but did not report a reason. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Table 7. Beginning and ending hours: Full-time wage and salary workers, May 2001 (Numbers in thousands) Beginning time Ending time Time Total, 16 years and over................ Number of workers Percent Number of workers Percent 99,631 100.0 99,631 100.0 80 140 193 484 1,754 6,720 863 5,857 20,268 3,197 17,071 32,086 8,439 23,646 13,356 6,036 7,320 2,226 670 .1 .1 .2 .5 1.8 6.7 .9 5.9 20.3 3.2 17.1 32.2 8.5 23.7 13.4 6.1 7.3 2.2 .7 481 353 274 203 289 564 82 482 1,520 214 1,306 636 226 410 195 102 93 81 91 .5 .4 .3 .2 .3 .6 .1 .5 1.5 .2 1.3 .6 .2 .4 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 AM 12:30 to 1:29......................... 1:30 to 2:29.......................... 2:30 to 3:29.......................... 3:30 to 4:29.......................... 4:30 to 5:29.......................... 5:30 to 6:29.......................... 5:30 to 5:59........................ 6:00 to 6:29........................ 6:30 to 7:29.......................... 6:30 to 6:59........................ 7:00 to 7:29........................ 7:30 to 8:29.......................... 7:30 to 7:59........................ 8:00 to 8:29........................ 8:30 to 9:29.......................... 8:30 to 8:59........................ 9:00 to 9:29........................ 9:30 to 10:29......................... 10:30 to 11:29........................ 10.0 8.5 11:30 AM to 12:29 PM.................... 447 .4 199 .2 12:30 to 1:29......................... 1:30 to 2:29.......................... 2:30 to 3:29.......................... 2:30 to 2:59........................ 3:00 to 3:29........................ 3:30 to 4:29.......................... 3:30 to 3:59........................ 4:00 to 4:29........................ 4:30 to 5:29.......................... 4:30 to 4:59........................ 5:00 to 5:29........................ 5:30 to 6:29.......................... 5:30 to 5:59........................ 6:00 to 6:29........................ 6:30 to 7:29.......................... 7:30 to 8:29.......................... 8:30 to 9:29.......................... 9:30 to 10:29......................... 10:30 to 11:29........................ 405 849 1,917 363 1,554 1,293 452 841 528 152 376 445 64 381 624 500 317 522 982 .4 .9 1.9 .4 1.6 1.3 .5 .8 .5 .2 .4 .4 .1 .4 .6 .5 .3 .5 1.0 474 1,849 7,610 1,903 5,707 16,876 6,373 10,504 28,536 7,667 20,868 12,066 4,870 7,196 4,407 1,877 1,007 953 1,805 .5 1.9 7.6 1.9 5.7 16.9 6.4 10.5 28.6 7.7 20.9 12.1 4.9 7.2 4.4 1.9 1.0 1.0 1.8 11:30 PM to 12:29 AM.................... 349 0.3 1,400 1.4 Time varies............................. 11,078 11.1 14,454 14.5 Actual time not available............... 1,393 1.4 1,429 1.4 PM NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated.