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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, SECRETARY
WOMEN’S BUREAU
MARY ANDERSON, Director
BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU, No. 44
WOMEN IN OHIO
INDUSTRIES
A Study of Hours and Wages
o*.
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1925
[Public—No. 259—66th Congress]
[H. It. 13229]
An Act To establish In the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the
Women’s Bureau
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be
established in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the
Women’s Bureau.
Sec. 2. That the said bureau shall be in charge of a director, a
woman, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice
and consent of the Senate, who shall receive an annual compensa
tion of $5,000. It shall be the duty of said bureau to formulate
standards land policies which shall promote the welfare of wage
earning women, improve their working conditions, increase their
efficiency, and advance their opportunities for profitable employ
ment. The said bureau shall have authority to investigate and
report to the said department upon all matters pertaining to the
welfare of women in industry. The director of Said bureau may
from time to time publish the results of these investigations in such
a manner and to such extent as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe.
Sec. 3. That there shall be in said bureau an assistant director,
to be appointed by the Secretary of Labor, who shall receive an
annual compensation of $3,500 and shall perform such duties as
shall be prescribed by the director and approved by the Secretary
of Labor.
Sec. 4. That there is hereby authorized to be employed by said
bureau a chief clerk and such special agents, assistants, clerks, and
other employees at such rates of compensation and in such numbers
as Congress may from time to time provide by appropriations.
Sec. 5. That the Secretary of Labor is hereby directed to furnish
sufficient quarters, office furniture and equipment, for the work of
this bureau.
Sec. 6. That this Act shall take effect and be in force from and
after its passage.
Approved, June 5,1920.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, SECRETARY
WOMEN’S BUREAU
MARY ANDERSON, Director
BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU, No. 44
WOMEN IN OHIO
INDUSTRIES
A Study of Hours and Wages
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1925
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
20 CENTS PER COPY
CONTENTS
Page
Past L
Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------Scope and method of investigation______________________
The workers
Nativity
Age,-------------------------------------------------------------------Extent of schooling
7
Conjugal condition
Living condition
8
Time in the trade
8
Summary of facts------------------------------------------------------Conclusion
12
II. Hours------------------------------------------------------------------------------Scheduled hours--------- --------Daily hours
15
Weekly hours
17
Saturday hours__________________________________
Lunch periods----------------------------------------------Night workers’ hours--------------------------------------------Hours actually worked------------------- ------Lost time----------------------------------------------------------- —
Overtime_________________________________________
Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------III. Wages-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Week’s earnings of adult- women----------------------------------Timework and piecework----------------------------------------Earnings and time worked------------------------------------Earnings of women working full time------------------Earnings in places of varying population---------------Earnings and rates-----------------------------------------------Rates and scheduled hours------------------------------------Earnings and experience----------------------------------------Earnings and age------------------------------------------------Earnings and education----------------------------------------Year's earnings of adult women------------------------------------Earnings of girls 16 and under 18 years of age (minors)—
IV. Earnings in specified industries-------------------------------------------The mercantile industry-------------------------------------The clothing industry------------------------------------------------The tobacco and cigar industry-------------------------------------The electric products industry-------------------- ---------- .----The rubber and rubber products industry-----------2----------The shoe industry------------------------------------------------------The paper and paper products industry--------------The textile industry-----------------------------------------------------The pottery industry----------------------------------------------------
1
2
6
6
7
8
9
14
14
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
25
25
33
33
40
46
47
47
49
52
52
53
55
57
57
62
66
70
72
74
76
77
82
IV
CONTENTS
IV. Earnings in—Continued.
The glass and glass products industry
84
The candy industry
85
The food products industry
87
The glove industry_______________________ ____________
The metal products industry
90
The advertising and other novelties industry_____________
The auto tops and other canvas productsindustry_________
The laundry industry
94
Comparison of earnings in the various industries__________
Appendixes:
A—General tables
B—Schedule forms
Paet
i>age
88
92
93
90
104
TEXT TABLES
Table 1. Number of establishments visited and number of women em
ployed therein, by industry and locality
2. Scheduled daily hours, by industry—adults
3.
4.
5.
6.
Scheduled weekly hours, by industry—adults
Week’s earnings, by industry and locality—adults
Median earnings and time worked, by industry—adults
Week’s earnings of women who worked the firm's scheduled
time, by industry—adults
7. Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who
worked the firm’s scheduled time, by locality—adults
8. Median earnings and time in the trade, by industry—adults__l
9. Week’s earnings and weekly rate of all women and earnings of
women who worked the firm’s scheduled time in retail
stores—adults_______________________
10. Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women" who
worked the firm’s scheduled time in clothing factories—adults.
11. Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who
worked the firm’s scheduled time in tobacco and cigar fac
tories—adults________________________
12. Week’s earnings of all women and earnings "of "women" who
worked the firm’s scheduled time in factories manufacturing
electric products—adults____________________
13. W eek s earnings of all women and earnings of women who
worked the firm’s scheduled time in rubber factories—adults.
14. Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who
worked the firm’s scheduled time in shoe factories—adults..
15. Week s earnings of all women and earnings of women who
worked the firm’s scheduled time in factories manufacturing
paper and paper products—adults______________
16. Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who
worked the firm’s scheduled time in textile mills—adults___
17. Week s earnings of all women and earnings of women who
worked the firm’s scheduled time in pottery factories—adults.
18. Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who
worked the firm’s scheduled time in glass factories—adults..
19. Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who
worked the firm’s scheduled time in candy factories—adults.
5
15
IS
26
36
42
47
51
60
64
68
71
73
75
77
80
83
84
86
CONTENTS
V
Page
Table 20. Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who
worked the firm’s scheduled time in food factories—adults
21. Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who
worked the firm’s scheduled time in glove factories—adults.
22. Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who
worked the firm’s scheduled time in factories manufacturing
metal products—adults ...------------------------------------ i------23. Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who
worked the firm’s scheduled time in factories manufacturing
advertising and other novelties—adults_________________
24. Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who
worked the firm's scheduled time in factories manufacturing
auto tops and other canvas products—adults_____________
25. Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who
worked the firm’s scheduled time in laundries—adults_____
88
89
91
92
94
95
APPENDIX TABLES
Table I. Nativity of the women employees who supplied personal infor
mation, by industry—adults------------------------------------------ 101
II. Age of the women employees who supplied personal informa
tion, by industry—adults and minors 102
III. Conjugal condition of the women employees who supplied per
sonal information, by industry.—adults 103
IV. Living condition of the women employees who supplied per
sonal information, by industry—adults 104
V. Scheduled Saturday hours, by industry—adults____________
105
VI. Length of lunch period, by industry—adults 107
VII. Hours worked less than scheduled, by industry—adults_____
108
VIII. Hours worked more than scheduled, by industry—adults___
109
IX. Extent of timework and piecework, by industry—adults and
minors
110
X. Week’s earnings of timeworkers and of pieceworkers, all
industries—adults and minors 111
XI. Week’s earnings and time worked, all industries—adults___
112
XII. Weekly rate and actual week’s earnings, by industry—adults. 114
XIII. Weekly rate and scheduled weekly hours, all industries, by
locality—adults 119
XIV. Week’s earnings and time in the trade of women employees
who supplied personal information, all industries—adults
120
XV. Week’s earnings and age of the women employees who sup
plied personal information, all industries—adults and
minors 121
XVI. Week’s earnings and extent of schooling of women who sup
plied personal information, all ■ industries—adults and
minors 122
XVII. Year’s earnings of women for whom 52-week records were
secured, by industry and locality—adults 124
XVIII. Year’s earnings and weeks worked, all industries, by locality—
adults
130
XIX. Week’s earnings, by industry—minors 131
XX. Week’s earnings and time worked, all Industries—minors___
132
V
*
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
United States Department of Labor,
Women’s Bureau,
Washington, September 29, 192b
I am herewith transmitting a report of an investigation of
wages and hours of women in industry in the State of Ohio. This
survey was made at the request of the chairman of the industrial
commission of the State and the survey itself was conducted in
cooperation with the commission. We appreciate especially the
help given by the manufacturers, through whose cooperation *the
investigation was very much facilitated.
Mary Anderson, Director.
Hon. James J. Davis,
Secretary of Labor.
Sir:
VD
ft
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
PART I
INTRODUCTION
Ohio is one of the foremost States in the country in regard to the
number of women in gainful employment, only four States—New
York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Massachusetts—surpassing it in
this respect. The total number of woman and girl breadwinners in
Ohio1 according to the 1920 report of the United States Bureau of
the Census was 409,970, or about one out of every twenty in the
country. A fourth of this number in Ohio earned their living in
mills and factories; a fourth rendered domestic or personal service
in homes, hotels, restaurants, or laundries; another fourth were office
employees and telegraph or telephone operators; and the remaining
fourth were for the most part employed in the selling trades and
professions.12 3 *
An analysis of the number of women employed in the industrial
field—that is, in manufacturing and mechanical industries, trade,
and transportation—reveals Ohio as fifth among the States in this
respect also. In all there were 158,917 women in these types of work
in Ohio, and they constituted 5.7 per cent of such women employees
in the United States.8
The economic status and prospects of these women and especially
their wages and working hours should bo of concern not only to the
State but also to the Nation. In the eighteenth and nineteenth cen
turies, when many employers worked side by side with employees
in stores or at a manufacturing trade in shops as well as in homes,
public sentiment, considering the relationship between employer and
employee as personal, was not concerned about working conditions.
With the growth of the factory system and the department store,
however, and with the passing of personal acquaintanceship between
the employer and employee, the public became aroused to a sense of
1TJ. S. Bureau of the Census.
pp. 54—93.
3 Ibid., pp. 93-109.
• Ibid., p. 54.
14th Census,
toI.
4, Population, 1930: Occupations,
1
2
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
responsibility for the industrial worker. That such a spirit is active
in Ohio is shown by its record for the last decade or so. For more
than 10 years women in Ohio industries have been employed under
a legal restriction of working hours put into effect in the interest
of women both as individuals and as the mothers actually or poten
tially of the race. Through more than 10 years there have been
progressive forces pointing to the need for minimum wage legis
lation for women, and Ohio employers of women labor have listened
to and taken part in the argument for and against State adjust
ment of wage levels to standards of living. What have been the
results ?
Ohio citizens interested in the welfare of wage-earning women
desired to review the State’s stewardship. Only current and accu
rate information about conditions would enable them to assess the
value of existing laws and aid them to locate weak places in the
industrial structure. Accordingly, the Women’s Bureau of the
United States Department of Labor was requested to make a survey
of conditions surrounding the employment of women in Ohio in
dustries. It was obvious that data concerning the experience of a
State ranking fifth in the Union in the employment of women and
having many and varied woman-employing industries would be of
paramount significance not only to Ohio but also to other large in
dustrial States, as well as an important part of the cumulative
record of conditions under which women are at work. It was,
therefore, with a deep conviction of the value of the project that
the Women’s Bureau accepted the invitation of the Department of
Industrial Delations of the State of Ohio to make a survey of the
hours and earnings of women employed in the industries of the
State.
The field work of this investigation was conducted between Sep
tember 16 and December 15, 1922. The work of the agents of the
Women’s Bureau was much facilitated by the cooperation of various
forces in the State which gave the benefit of their experience and
knowledge of local conditions. Also especial credit is due to the
managements of the establishments visited, for their courtesy and
helpfulness in supplying the desired information.
SCOPE AND METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
According to the United States Census4 of manufactures there
were 105,065 women and girls 10 years of age and over employed in
manufacturing establishments in Ohio in 1919, and according to the
*U. S. Bureau of the Census, 14th Census, vol. 9, Manufactures, 1919, p. 1143.
■WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
3
population census,5 there were 4,021 female operators in power
laundries and 35,874 women engaged as saleswomen or in other
capacities in retail stores in the State in 1920.
Not all of Ohio’s wage-earning women could be included in the
survey of the Women’s Bureau because of limited time and funds.
The aim of the bureau, therefore, was to include a representative
number of women workers and a representative number of large,
small, and medium-sized establishments in such important womanemploying industries as factories, mills, stores, and laundries in cities
and towns of varying population. A distribution of this sort neces
sarily results in a larger body of facts from industries organized in
large units than from industries carried on in numerous small
establishments. As a consequence, although information on earnings
and hours was secured for 59 out of every 100 women engaged
in manufacturing shirts and overalls, data were procured in the
women’s cloak and suit industry for 21 in every 100 women
employees. Some establishments in certain industries were closed
temporarily at the time of the visit because of strikes or business
depression, thus lowering the representation for specific groups.
But for manufacturing industries as a whole information was se
cured for one-fourth the number of female employees reported by
the United States census of 1919. The proportion engaged ill the
selling trades can not be ascertained accurately because census figures
for the saleswomen in retail stores include all women reported as
“ clerks in stores,” some of whom were office and not selling clerks.
In spite of this fact the 4,504 saleswomen for whom data were
secured in this survey represent at least an eighth of the total num
ber of clerks and saleswomen reported by the 1920 census. Data for
about 28 per cent of the total number of woman and girl employees
in power laundries were obtained also by the Women’s Bureau
agents.
The establishments visited were located in 44 cities and towns of
Ohio. Places having a population of 25,000 or more included in
this study were: Akron, Canton, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus,
Dayton, Hamilton, Lima, Mansfield, Marion, Newark, Portsmouth,
Springfield, Toledo, Warren, Youngstown, and Zanesville. The
cities and towns having less than 25,000 population whose estab
lishments were visited during the survey were: Ashland, Bellaire,
Brookville, Coshocton, Crooksville, Dresden, East Liverpool, Eaton,
Fremont, Ironton, Jackson, Lancaster, Lewisburg, Manchester, Mas
sillon, Miamishurg, Middletown, Newcomerstown, New Philadelphia,
5 U. S. Bureau of the Census, 14th Census, vol. 4, Population, 1920: Occupations, pp.
102-109.
4
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Piqua, Ravenna, Sandusky, Sidney, Uhrichsville, Wellston, West
Carrollton, and Zenia.
All establishments were visited by agents of the Women’s Bureau.
From the employer or his authorized representative was obtained
information about business conditions during the year, the scheduled
hours of operations, method of wage payments, and number of
employees. From the pay rolls of such firms were copied all data
contained thereon concerning the days and hours worked, and
earnings for every woman and girl employed during the week ended
September 16, 1922, or nearest representative week. Rates and
method of pay, whether by the time or piece system, were recorded
whenever possible. In order to determine how typical of the year’s
earnings one week’s figures were, year’s records of the earnings of
women and girls who had worked during at least 44 out of the 52
weeks ended September 16, 1922, were secured. Wherever the num
ber employed for 44 to 52 weeks in one establishment during the
year exceeded one-fifth of the number on the week’s pay roll, copying
for the year was limited to 20 per cent of such employees. Facts
also were obtained from the women themselves concerning age,
marital and domicile status, country of birth, experience in the
trade, and education. Full reports on all matters under discussion
were not available for all women chiefly because of incomplete pay
roll records and questionnaires. Consequently, the number reported
for the several subjects varies.
The number of establishments in each industry included in the
investigation and the number of women and girls employed in each
for the entire State, as well as for communities with a population of
25,000 or more and for those of less than 25,000 are given in the
following table:
Table
1 _Number of establishments visited and number of women 1 employed therein, by industry and locality
Places of 25,000 or more population
State
Industry
Manufacturing:
Advertising and other novelties--------Auto tops and other canvas products..
Candy..........................................................
ClothingShirts and overalls............................
Suits and coats, men’s....................
Suits and coats, women’s-----------Other...... ..............................................
Electric products--------------------- ------ Food products.......................................... .
Glass and glass products................... .
Gloves.......... .................................... ..........
Metal products........................................
Paper and paper products...............
Pottery.......................................................
Rubber and rubber products............... .
Shoes................................................. ..........
Textiles—
Cordage..............................................
Hosiery and knit goods........... .......
Woolen goods....................................
Other...................................................
Tobacco and cigars..................................
General mercantile..........................................
6-and-10-cent stores.........................................
Laundries____________________________
Minors,
Adults,
16 and
18 years under 18
of age
years of
and over
age
32,088
30,735
397
487
385
487
804
866
1,046
1,872
387
786
1,905
1,116
669
771
2,942
1, 611
1,287
2,153
1, 660
924
1,744
383
771
145
900
1,135
519
3,790
4,041
463
1,140
141
876
1,099
497
3, 583
3,907
420
1,116
1,868
1,092
643
638
2,830
1,565
1,255
2,112
1,595
1,353
62
122
128
4
15
37
24
26
133
112
46
32
41
65
4
24
36
22
207
134
43
24
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
225
Total
Adults, Minors,
16 and
18 years under 18
of age
years of
and over
age
27,633
26, 513
382
487
676
370
487
623
893
1,872
387
638
1,812
1,116
445
441
2, 603
1,262
667
1,936
1,423
794
1,744
383
625
1,783
1,092
432
338
2, 503
1,225
646
1,913
1,370
36
720
949
519
2,941
3,910
436
1,082
34
696
915
497
2,809
3,776
397
1,061
1,120
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Total
4,455
Minors,
Adults,
16 and
18 years under 18
of age
years of
and over
4,222
233
15
15
190
’l8i
9
153
130
23
148
93
146
85
211
23
53
224
330
339
349
620
217
237
2
24
34
109
180
186
107
180
184
849
131
27
58
774
131
23
55
128
4
13
29
24
13
103
100
37
21
22
132
134
39
21
300
327
340
609
199
225
13
30
12
9
11
18
12
W O M E N IN O H IO IN D U S T R IE S
All industries.
Total
Number of women
Number of women
Number of women
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Places of under 25,000 population
2
'75
1 The 141 adults and 51 minors in places of 25,000 or more population and the 26 adults and 6 minors in places of under 25,000 population who were reported as learners have been
included In this table but not in any other tables of this report.
V\
6
WOMEN- IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
The table shows that in 302 establishments were employed 30,735
women 18 years of age and over and 1,353 girls aged from 16 to 18
years, making a total of 32,088. The great bulk of the workers and
of the establishments were in the larger towns and cities, only onefourth of the plants and approximately 14 per cent of the employees
being located in places with a population of less than 25,000.
Among the adult women employed were 167 learners; these, to
gether with 57 minor learners, have been excluded from the statisti
cal tables on earnings and hours because the employment of such
workers was not comparable with that of regular workers. The
maximum number of adult women, those 18 years of age or over,
whose earnings were tabulated was 30,568. Reports on earnings also
have been compiled for 1,296 minors or girls under 18 years of age.
Data concerning conditions surrounding girls under 18 years are
given separately, since the legal hours of work for girls between 16
and 18 years are limited in Ohio to 8 per day and 48 per week,
whereas women 18 years of age and over are permitted to work
9 hours daily and 50 hours weekly in manufacturing establishments
and in laundries and stores. This fact and the undisputed guardian
ship which the State exercises over minors render necessary a sepa
rate analysis of each class of workers.
THE WORKERS
Because for women workers the industrial aspects are so closely
linked with the social, because women are the producers of future
citizens as well as of economic goods, and because public opinion
needs to be enlightened in regard to the personnel of the female
contingent in the world of industry, an effort was made to secure
from as many women as possible information on age, nativity, ex
perience in the trade, and conjugal and living conditions. Ques
tionnaires were distributed in the plants and tilled in by the women
themselves. Only a little over one-half the women, howrever, sup
plied the data requested, the number varying a little for each item.
Nativity.
Of the 16,788 adult women reporting on nativity, 80 per cent
were native-born whites, 4.6 per cent were native-born negroes, and
15.4 per cent were foreign born. (Table I in the appendix.)
Negro women were employed in only 12 of the 24 industries. In
all there were only 771 negroes, the manufacture of tobacco and
cigars accounting for almost two-fifths of them. The negro women
constituted 14.5 per cent of all the women in this industry. In the
manufacture of food products and glass, although the numbers of
negro women were not so great as in tobacco manufacturing, the
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
7
proportions that negroes formed of the total woman force, 17.8 per
cent and 16.6 per cent, respectively, were greater than in the tobacco
establishments. In laundries and in the manufacture of paper and
paper products also negro women were an appreciable factor consti
tuting 10.8 per cent and 9 per cent, respectively, of the women em
ployees.
Although in general the proportion of foreign-born women in Ohio
industries was not striking, in certain industries they formed an in
fluential quota. The largest groups numerically were found in the
metal plants (442 women) and in the rubber factories (362 women),
but foreign-born women constituted only a little over one-fourth of
the women in the former industry and less than one-fourth in the
latter. The manufacture of women’s suits and coats showed the
largest proportion of women of foreign birth or over one-half of the
total number in the industry. Moreover, in the manufacture of other
textiles, hosiery and knit goods, woolen goods, and other clothing,
over one-third of the women in each case were foreign born.
Age.
Reports on age were secured from 17,915 women and are shown in
Table II in the appendix. Of this number only 7.2 per cent were
minors, from 16 to 18 years old. The idea that the great bulk of
industrial women workers are young girls goes down in face of facts
in practically all communities where an age analysis of wage earners
is made, and Ohio is no exception to the rule. Over one-half of the
women were 25 years of age and over, 20.6 per cent from 30 to 40
years old, and 16.9 per cent 40 years and over.
The largest proportions of women 30 years of age and over were
found in women’s suit and coat manufacturing, cordage manufactur
ing, laundries, and the manufacture of auto tops and other canvas
products, 59.9 per cent, 59.4 per cent, 57.8 per cent, and 53.9 per cent,
respectively, of the women employees falling in this age classification.
Industries conspicuous for the employment of young women were
5-and-10-cent stores, the manufacture of gloves, candy, and shirts
and overalls with 54.9 per cent, 44 per cent, 41.7 per cent, and 39.1 per
cent, respectively, of the women employees, who were under 20 years
of age.
Extent of schooling.
Table XVI in the appendix shows that of the 13,981 adult women
who gave a report on the grade completed at school somewhat over
three-fourths (76.1 per cent) had not continued at school beyond
the grammar grades and 11.5 per cent had gone only as far as the
fifth grade. A very small proportion, 4.7 per cent, had completed
high school, and an even smaller proportion, 1.4 per cent, had had
8
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
some business or college training or other higher education. Among
the 763 minors reporting, 21 per cent had not gone beyond the fifth
grade, 42.9 per cent had completed just the grammar school, 1.4 per
cent had gone through high school, and 0.9 per cent had taken some
business training. The figures in the table show that the bulk of
the women included in the survey and found in industrial employ
ment in Ohio were, generally speaking, products of a sixth, seventh,
or eighth grade schooling.
Conjugal condition.
Another theory disproved by an examination of facts is that
women marry and abandon their industrial jobs. According to
Table III in the appendix, of the 16,222 adult women in Ohio indus
tries who gave information about marital status, 28.4 per cent were
married and 17.2 per cent were widowed, separated, or divorced,
making a total of 45.6 per cent who were or had been married. In
this conjugal group were reported more than one-half of the women
in each of the following industries: Laundries, the manufacture of
auto tops, women’s suits and coats, food products, pottery, rubber
products, cordage, other textiles, and tobacco and cigars. On the
other hand, single women predominated strikingly in 5-and-10-cent
stores and in the manufacture of electric products, shirts and over
alls, and men’s suits and coats, since in each of these industries single
women formed over two-thirds of the women workers.
Living condition.
Of the 16,249 adult women reporting on whether they were domi
ciled under the family roof or not, 11.3 per cent were found living
independently or adrift, while the. remainder, 88.7 per cent, were
living at home or with relatives. (Table IV in the appendix.) Re
cent investigations of the share of wage-earning women in family
support have stressed particularly the heavy financial and domestic
responsibilities of wage-earning women and girls who live at home.
Such information is extremely significant, since it emphasizes the
need for women workers to secure a just and adequate wage. In
fact, a study of the problems of women workers proves that a
woman should be paid a living wage, irrespective of whether she
lives with her family or in a boarding house.
Time in the trade.
Information on industrial experience was secured from 14,604
adult women. (Table XIV in the appendix.) These were, on the
whole, rather evenly distributed in the various experience classifica
tions. One-fifth of the women had worked in the trade for less
than a year. As proof of the fact that many women enter a trade
and stick to it are the 16 per cent of the women with a record of 10
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
9
years and over in the same trade. Also, 35.1 per cent had had 5
years or more of experience. More detailed figures than those given
in the report disclose the experience records of 772 mijiors. As
would be expected the great majority of these, approximately 70
per cent, had had less than 12 months’ experience in the industry.
A discussion of this subject in connection with the various in
dustries is given in Part IV of this report.
SUMMARY OF FACTS
I. Scope.
This survey of women in Ohio industries gives data on hours and
wages for a representative week in September, 1922. According to
Table 1, the study includes 30,735 women, 18 years of age and over,
and 1,353 girls, 16 and under 18 years of age, employed in 302 estab
lishments—stores, mills, factories, and laundries—located in 44 cities
and towns throughout the State.
The following industries included in the survey furnishing data
on 1,000 or more women and girls, 16 years of age and over, are listed
in descending scale according to number of women workers:
Retail stores-------------------------------------------------------------- 4, 504
Clothing-------------------------------------------------------------------- 4, 091
Tobacco and cigars------------------------------------------------------3, 790
Metal products----------------------------------------------------------- 2,942
Textiles--------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- 2, 699
Rubber and rubber products—----------------------------- ----------2,153
Electric products1, 905
Shoes------------------------------------------------------------------------ 660
Paper and paper products--------------------------------------------1, 611
Laundries1> 140
Food products1> U®
II. Workers.
1. Of the 16,788 adult women whose nativity was ascertained, 80
per cent were native-born whites, 4.6 per cent native-born negroes,
and 15.4 per cent foreign born.
2. Of the 17,915 women, adults and minors, reporting on age, 7.2
per cent were minors from 16 to 18 years old, 40.7 per cent were
18 and under 25 years, 14.6 per cent were 25 and under 30 years,
20.6 per cent were 30 and under 40 years, and 16.9 per cent were
40 years and over.
3. Of the 16,222 adult women reporting on conjugal condition,
54.4 per cent were single, 28.4 per cent were married, and 17.2 per
cent were widowed, separated or divorced.
18823*—25----- 2
10
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
4. Of the 16,249 adult women reporting on living conditions, 88.7
per cent were living at home or with relatives and 11.3 per cent
were living independently.
5. Of the 14,604 adult women reporting on time in. the trade,
20.5 per cent had had less than 1 year of experience; 44.5 per cent,
1 and under 5 years of experience; 19 per cent, 5 and under 10 years
of experience; and 16 per cent, 10 years and over. Of the 772
minors reporting on time in the trade, 69.9 per cent had had less
than 1 year’s experience.
III. Hours.
The following statements summarize the hour data for 30,464
adult women in 3008 establishments:
1. The daily schedule was—
8 hours or under in 104 establishments, employing 29.9 per cent of the
women.
Over 8 and under 9 hours in 47 establishments, employing 14.8 per
cent of the women.
9 hours in 174 establishments, employing 54.4 per cent of the women.
Over 9 and under 10 hours in 4 establishments, employing 0.8 per cent
of the women.
2. The weekly schedule was—
44 hours or under in 36 establishments, employing 10.5 per cent of the
women.
Over 44 and under 48 hours in 46 establishments, employing 12.3 per
per cent of the women.
48 hours in 26 establishments, employing 11.9 per cent of the women.
Over 48 and under 50 hours in 77 establishments, employing 22.2 per
cent of the women.
50 hours in 147 establishments, employing 42.7 per cent of the women.
Over 50 and under 52 hours in 2 establishments, employing 0.5 per cent
of the women.
3. The Saturday schedule was—
None, the plant being closed, in 13 establishments, employing 2.1 per
cent of the women.
5 hours or under in 239 establishments, employing 77.9 per cent of the
women.
Over 5 and under 8 hours in 10 establishments, employing 5.3 per cent
of the women.
8 to 10 hours inclusive in 60 establishments, employing 14.7 per cent
of the women.
4. The lunch period was—
Under 30 minutes in 6 establishments, employing 1.2 per cent of the
women.
30 minutes in 88 establishments, employing 32.3 per cent of the women.
Over 30 minutes and under 1 hour in 36 establishments, employing 16
per cent of the women.
One hour in 166 establishments, employing 49.6 per cent of the women.
Over one hour in 10 establishments, employing 0.9 per cent of the women.
•Two establishments were excluded because scheduled hours were not reported. Sum
of establishments in each case exceeds this total because several establishments appear in
more than one hour group.
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
1]
IV. Wages.
Week’s earnings of women, 18 years of age and over (adults).
1. Earnings of all women.
The median earnings of 30,568 women, irrespective of time
worked, were $13.80. Of this number 7.1 per cent earned less than
$6, 19.7 per cent earned less than $10, 43.4 per cent earned less than
$13, 65.6 per cent earned less than $16, and 84 per cent earned less
than $20.
The highest median earnings were found in the manufacture of
men’s suits and coats, $19.60, for the 1,688 women included in this
industry. The manufacture of women’s suits and coats with a me
dian of $19.35 for 383 women, the manufacture of rubber products
with a median of $17.25 for 2,098 women, and the manufacture of
electric products with a median of $16.60 for 1,868 women ranked
next.
The lowest median week’s earnings were found in cordage manu
facturing, $10.35 for 140 women. Five-and-ten-cent stores with a
median of $10.55 for 420 women and candy manufacturing with
a median of $10.65 for 804 women were almost as low in the scale
of earnings.
The general mercantile establishments in which were employed
the largest group of women in any one industry, 3,905, showed a
median of $14.05.
2. Earnings of timeworhers and pieceworkers.
The median week’s earnings of 14,921 timeworkers were $12.80,
and the median week’s earnings of 14,153 pieceworkers were $15.55.
3. Earnings and locality.
The median week’s earnings of 26,372 women, irrespective of time
worked, in places of 25,000 or more population were $14.25; the
median week’s earnings of 4,196 women in places of under 25,000
were $11.60.
Jj.. Earnings and time worked.
The general level of earnings was lowered in this representative
week by time lost either on account of personal reasons of the
workers or business conditions in the plants. More than nine-tenths
of the women whose time records were secured receiving under $6
worked less than 30 hours or not more than 3y2 days in this week.
More than one-half of the women earning $6 but under $10 ren
dered less than 44 hours or less than 5 days of service. Much less
irregularity of employment occurred in other earnings groups.
A little over one-half of the women reporting on time worked
(51.6 per cent) were full-time workers—that is, they worked the
firm’s scheduled time, showing neither lost time nor overtime. The
12
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
median week’s earnings of these 14,291 full-time workers were
$15.20. Of this group, 6 per cent earned less than $10, 30.2 per
cent earned less than $13, 58 per cent earned less than $16, and 79.8
per cent earned less than $20.
5. Earnings and rates.
A comparison between earnings and rates was possible for 6,052
time workers. The median week’s earnings and the median weekly
rate for the group were exactly the same, $13.85.
A comparison of rates and scheduled weekly hours shows a
tendency for higher wage rates to accompany shorter hours, those
firms with a high standard in one respect having a high standard
also in the other. The highest median rate in the table correlating
rates and scheduled hours was the $17.65 median for a 44-hour
week.
6. Earnings and experience.
The median week’s earnings of the women who had had less than
a year of experience were $12.40, the median of those with 1 but
under 5 years was $15, and the median for those with 5 years or
more was $16.60.
Years’ earnings (adults).
Records of a year’s earnings were secured for 4,336 women, who
showed a median of $726. Of this group, 8.8 per cent earned less
than $500 a year, 55 per cent earned from $500 to $800, and 36.2 per
cent earned $800 or more. The highest median was found in the
manufacture of women’s suits and coats, $974 for 77 women. The
manufacture of men’s suits and coats ranked almost as high with a
median of $972 for 241 women. The lowest median was $556 for 94
women employed in candy manufacturing, and the next lowest, $560
for 143 women in glove manufacturing. The 663 women in general
mercantile establishments revealed a median of $80L
Earnings of girls, 16 and under 18 years of age (minors).
The median week’s earnings of 1,296 girls were $10.20. The
median of 640 timeworkers was $9.75, and the median of 594 piece
workers, $11.15. The median for the 1,069 girls in places of 25,000
or more population was $10.55, and the median for the 227 girls in
places of under 25,000 population was $7.75.
CONCLUSION
The figures given in the foregoing summary outline the conditions
affecting a large number of wage-earning women in Ohio and may
be taken as generally representative of the hour and wage conditions
surrounding the employment of women in the State.
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
13
The State although not in the foremost ranks stands well toward
the front in the matter of progressive hour legislation, with a 9-hour
day and a 50-hour week as the legal maximum of working hours for
women in industry. The figures of the survey show that a number of
establishments were more progressive than the State law, since they
had adopted the 8-hour day and the 48-hour week, and in some
instances had even shortened their weekly schedules to 44 hours.
Conditions in Ohio compare rather favorably with the industrial
hour situation found elsewhere. Of 13 States in which the Women’s
Bureau has made an investigation of women in industry, Ohio stands
third in respect to the proportion of women who were scheduled for
a working day of 8 hours or less, and fourth in regard to the propor
tion scheduled for a week of 48 hours or less. In the matter of daily
hours Ohio with 29.9 per cent of the women scheduled for 8 hours or
less daily falls not far behind the other two States surveyed which
surpass it in this respect, Iowa with 36.8 per cent and Maryland
with 33.5 per cent of the women included falling in this hour classi
fication. Ohio’s record for weekly hours, however, is considerably
below that of the other three States surveyed which outrank it,
Maryland showing 56.9 per cent, New Jersey 55.2 per cent, and
Rhode Island 53.5 per cent of its women employees included sched
uled for 48 hours or less as against 34.7 per cent in Ohio.
Ohio has not so satisfactory a record for wages as for hours. In
the matter of median earnings, for example, it is interesting to
contrast Ohio with New Jersey, where a similar study of women
in industry was made by the Women’s Bureau for exactly the same
period, September, 1922. The median for 34,655 women 16 years
of age and over in New Jersey was $14.95, or over a dollar more
than the $13.65 median for 31,864 women in the same age group
in Ohio.
Ohio is not one of the 12 States that have minimum wage laws.
Although many of the women included received wages that com
pared favorably with, and in a number of instances even exceeded,
the highest legalized minimum wage rates in the country, a sufficient
proportion of women received inadequate wages to justify efforts
making for improvement and progress on the part of all citizens in the
State interested in the welfare and advancement of wage-earning
women. One-fifth of the women whose earnings were ascertained
earned less than $10 during the week, and even among the full-time
workers 5.9 per cent earned less than $10 and 30.1 per cent less
than $13 during the week. Of the women for whom the year’s
record was secured, 8.8 per cent received less than $500. Obviously,
the women who earned less than $10 a week and less than $500 a
year were not receiving a living wage.
PART II
HOURS
It is now a recognized fact that a necessity exists for a considera
tion of women in industry in the matter of daily and weekly hours
of work. This is imperative because of the fact that women fre
quently have two jobs to perform, one as wage earners and the other
as home makers, and because of the need for conserving women’s
energies in the interest of the race. A consistent effort has been
made to enact laws insuring women against the disastrous effects of
too long working hours, and these efforts have borne fruit. Only
four States in the Union now have no legal regulation of the hours
for which women may be employed—Alabama, Florida, Iowa, and
West Virginia—and Indiana has only one limitation, a law prohibit
ing night work for women in one occupation—manufacturing.
Ohio, although not in the foremost ranks, stands well toward the
front in the matter of progressive hour legislation. The standard
of working hours recommended by the Women’s Bureau for the
employment of women in industry is an 8-hour day. The Ohio
statutes contain the law1 that females over 18 years of age shall not
be employed more than 6 days in any one week, for more than 50
hours in any one week, nor more than 9 hours in any one day, except
Saturday, when the hours of labor in mercantile establishments may
be 10 hours. The State law also stipulates that the hours of work for
girls between 16 and 18 years of age shall not exceed 8 per day and
48 per week. Ohio prohibits night work for women in only one
occupation—-that of ticket seller. In respect to daily hours Ohio,
with a 9-hour limit, falls behind Arizona, California, Colorado,
Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, the Dis
trict of Columbia, and the Territory of Porto Rico, which restrict the
daily hours of work to 8, and North Dakota and Wyoming, which
have made 8l/2 hours the legal maximum. In regard to weekly hours
Ohio’s 50-hour limit exceeds the legal standard adopted by Califor
nia, Massachusetts, North Dakota, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah, and
the District of Columbia in each of which a 48-hour week is the
maximum for women permitted by law.
SCHEDULED HOURS
The data given in this section on scheduled hours represent the
normal or regular working hours which prevailed in the estab
lishments visited. They are based on information obtained from
managers about daily and weekly hour schedules in force in the estab
lishments; that is, the number of hours stipulated by a firm that
women in its employ should work regularly each day and each week.
1 General Code of Ohio, Page's compact edition, 1921, vol. 1, see. 1008, pp. 494, 495.
14
15
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Policies in regard to lunch periods, Saturday half holiday, and
night work in the various plants were recorded, since knowledge
of such practices aids greatly in determining the suitability of the
industrial hours of ivomen.
It should be borne in mind that scheduled hours do not take into
account overtime and lost time of employees. In fact, the hours
which women actually work during a week frequently do not coin
cide with scheduled hours. Accordingly, as far as possible, data on
the hours actually worked by the women included in the survey also
were obtained and will be discussed later.
Daily hours.
The scheduled daily working hours of the women in the establish
ments visited are shown in Table 2. These hours represent the
schedule for five days in the week, that is Monday to Friday, in
clusive, as the Saturday hours were usually shorter than those of the
balance of the week.
,
Table 2.—Scheduled daily hours by industry—Adults
Number of establishments and number of women
whose scheduled daily hours were—
All industries........... ........... 1 300 * 30,464
Per cent distribution..........
100.0
Manufacturing:
Advertising and other novelties____________
Auto top and other canvas
products..................................
Candy.....................................
Clothing—
Shirts and overalls...........
Suits and coats, men’s...
Suits and coats, women’s
Other________ _______
Electric products.............
Food products........................
Glass and glass products........
Gloves......... ....................
Metal products...........
Paper and paper products...
Pottery___ ______
Rubber and rubber products.
Shoes....................
Textiles—
Cordage............. ................
Hosiery and knit goods..
Woolen goods................. .
Other........... ..................
Tobacco and cigars.................
General mercantile.........................
5-and-10 cent stores. . ....
Laundries....................................
7
385
3
12
487
804
11
14
5
8
8
12
9
8
24
28
12
6
17
924
1, 688
383
771
1, 868
1,092
643
616
2,814
1, 552
1,245
2,098
1,595
4
6
5
3
22
37
15
24
140
876
1,099
497
3,602
3,905
420
1,060
10
—-
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
888
2L 9
12
33
3
46
211
542
8,233
27.0
1
4
16, 582
54.4
173
Establishm ents
Women
Establishm ents,
47 4,520 174
14.8
....
3
Over 9
and un
der 10
9
Women
Women
94
Establishm ents
Over 8
and
under 9
8
Establishm ents
Women
Establishm ents
Women
Industry
Establishm ents
Under 8
Women
Number
reported
4
241
0.8
208
4
280
8
524
4
2
1
639
154
69
7
285
2
3
2
172
197
78
6
344
13
4
2
1
2
4
1
1,534
314
311
199
167
221
80
3
4
3
2
132
3
137
23
1,176
1
95
644
82
3
1
1,032
113
4
14
419
1,241
2
113
1
1
148
2
6
4
874
2
67
20
?
1
4
128
17
2
31
14
3
88
3,195
345
111
6
1 Details aggregate more than total because several establishments
33
821
appear in more than one hour grouD
Total excludes 2 laundries for which scheduled hours were not reported,
i Excluding 104 women in 5 establishments for whom scheduled hours were not reported.
16
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Of the 30,464 in the 300 establishments reported in the State, 8,233
in 94 establishments worked 8 hours, and 888 women in 10 establish
ments worked less than 8 hours, making a total of 9,121 women in
104 establishments, or 29.9 per cent of the women and 34.7 per cent
of the establishments with a daily schedule of 8 hours or less. The
following summary gives the proportions of women—arranged in
descending scale—and the proportions of establishments in the
various industries that worked on a daily schedule of 8 hours or less:
Number reported
Industry
Establish
ments
General mercantile ______ _ ____
Suits and coats, men’s____
_____
5-and-10-cent stores_________
Suits and coats, women’s - _
___
Other clothing
_
Glass and glass products
_____
Rubber and rubber products. _
Pottery_______ __
________ __
Metal products _ ___ __________ ____
Food products________
______ Gloves __
_______ _
__
Electric products _______________ ____
Laundries
__ _
_
Paper and paper products______ _
Tobacco and cigars .. .. _ ______
Shoes .
____ _
Advertising and other novelties ______
37
14
15
5
8
9
6
12
24
12
8
8
24
28
22
17
7
Per cent having a
daily schedule of
8 hours or less
Women
Establish
ments
3, 905
1, 688
420
383
771
643
2, 098
1, 245
2, 814
1, 092
616
1, 868
i; 060
1, 552
502
1, 595
385
94.
92.
93.
80.
25.
44.
66.
41.
20.
16.
12.
12.
12.
14.
13.
17.
14.
6
9
3
0
0
4
7
7
8
7
5
5
5
3
6
6
3
Women
95.
90.
82.
82.
40.
34.
30.
22.
21.
15
13.
10.
10.
9.
8.
8.
1.
7
9
1
0
3
4
8
9
1
3
0
7
5
3
5
0
0
General mercantile establishments, the manufacture of men’s suits
and coats, 5-and-10-cent stores, and the manufacture of women’s
suits and coats had by far the best record in the matter of a daily
schedule, with 95.7 per cent, 90.9 per cent, 82.1 per cent, and 82 per
cent, respectively, of the women employees, scheduled for 8 hours or
less. The various branches of the textile industry and the manu
facture of auto tops and other canvas products, candy, and shirts
and overalls revealed no women employed for so short a day.
Only three industries showed any women working more than 9
hours a day, the manufacture of cordage, shoes, and paper and paper
products, with 23.6 per cent, 7.1 per cent, and 6.1 per cent, respec
tively, of the women employees so scheduled. “ Other textile ” and
hosiery and knit goods manufacturing showed larger proportions of
women with a 9-hour day than did any other industries, 100 per
cent and 99.8 per cent, respectively. In this hour classification were
89.5 per cent of the women in tobacco and cigar manufacturing, 86.5
per cent in woolen goods manufacturing, 80.1 per cent in electric
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
17
products manufacturing, 87 per cent in glove manufacturing, and
more than three-fourths in the manufacture of cordage, shoes, and
paper and paper products each, and in laundries. The other indus
tries showing a preponderance of the women in this hour group were
the manufacture of metal products, food products, candy, pottery,
advertising and other novelties, and glass products.
Weekly hours.
The scale of weekly hours in the industries is, just as that of the
daily schedule, of the utmost importance to the worker, and only by
a comparison of the two can one gain an adequate idea of working
conditions in the various lines of business. As previously stated,
Ohio, while not yet up to the legal standard of a 48-hour week is
nevertheless commendable in the fact that so many firms had volun
tarily reduced their schedules to less than 50 hours allowed by law.
The following table shows the industries, the number of estab
lishments, and the number of women with the specified hours per
week:
Table 3.
Scheduled weekly hours, by industry—Adults
00
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled weekly hours were—
Number
reported
Under 44
Industry
Over 44 and
under 48
44
Over 48 and
under 50
48
Over 50 and
under 52
50
Estab
Estab
Estab
Estab
Estab
Estab
Estab
Estab
lish Women lish Women lish Women lish Women lish Women lish Women lish Women lish Women
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
1 300 -’30,464
100.0
Manufacturing:
Advertising and other novelties............
Auto tops and other canvas products..
Candy...........................................
Clothing—
Shirts and overalls......................
Suits and coats, men’s_______
Suits and coats, women’s__ _
Other..............................
Electric products.................................
Food products....................... .........
Glass and glass products.................
Gloves....... .............
Metal products........................... .
Paper and paper products..............
Pottery.......................
Eubber and rubber products____
Shoes..............................
Textiles—
Cordage...............................................
Hosiery and knit goods.......... .
Woolen goods................................
Other....................................................
Tobacco and cigars...................................
General merchantile...............................
5-and-10-cent stores............... ............
Laundries............................................
7
3
12
11
14
5
8
8
12
9
8
24
28
12
6
17
4
6
5
3
22
37
15
24
385
487
804
12
1
*580
1.9
24
2,616
383
771
1
1
1,868
1,092
643
616
2,814
1, 552
1,245
2.098
1,595
140
876
1.099
497
3,502
3,905
420
1,060
2
1
1
1
1
3,752
12.3
11
68
59
80
12
14
3
1
1,617
295
252
1
120
1
1
293
2
33
3
46
2
147
2
1
1
565
3
19
3
210
2
208
244
35
80
208
126
204
808
82
4
3
1
2
4
3
3
2
1
2
211
57
1
1
2 |
9
28
4
3
5
1 Details aggregate more than total because several establishments appear in more than one hour group.
1 Excluding 104 women in 5 establishments for whom scheduled hours were not reported.
4
1
1
3,624
11.9
148
505
145
6,751
22.2
147
12,997
42.7
1
1
38
68
3
123
2
1
6
166
70
466
6
219
2
79
2
1
247
3
105
81
1,301
123
95
197
377
5
7
4
5
9
19
138
1,250
728
245
455
729
1,088
865
1
61
1
1
1
69
112
4
258
3
203
106
48
1
1
1
1
77
170
396
163
2
10
4
868
1
1
113
4
15
............................:
1
26
3
924
1,688
46
8.6
1
148
5
841
21
3
433
1
21
11
3
13
222
4
3
3
3
140
428
930
497
2,343
339
8
791
18
2,220
8
2
11
11
320
39
7
16
2
144
0.5
1
95
1
49
977
100
742
Total excludes 2 laundries for which scheduled hours were not reported.
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
All industries_____ ___________
Per cent distribution......................
19
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
It will be seen from this table that the weekly record of Ohio in
dustries was somewhat more encouraging than the daily record. Of
30,464 women reported, 10,572, or 34.7 per cent, worked 48 hours or
less per week. Moreover, 36 per cent of the establishments reported
such a schedule. These percentages are higher than the percentages
of women and of establishments working 8 hours or less every day,
the Saturday half-holiday in some instances making the difference.
The following summary gives the proportions of women—arranged
in descending scale—and the proportions of establishments in the
various industries, showing a schedule of 48 hours or less a week:
Number reported
Per cent having a
weekly schedule of 48
hours or less
Industry
Establish
ments
Suits and coats, men’s
Suits and coats, women’s, __
Other clothing,,.................. ...........
.....
Auto tops and other canvas products,__
Rubber and rubber products___ ___ ___
Shirts and overalls
__ _ ______
.
Advertising and other novelties_____
Glass and glass products___
_______
General mercantile__
,. ,
_•
Food products ____
__
.
Metal products....... ......... ................ _
Candy
, _ ___________ ___
Pottery___ _____ ___ _____ _____ _
Laundries,
, ,
___
_
...
Electric products__________
________
Paper and paper products_________ __
Shoes,__
Woolen goods___ ______ _____ _____
Gloves___
_____ _________ _
Tobacco and cigars,_ ___ ____________
Hosiery and knit goods__ __
,
14
5
8
3
6
11
7
9
37
12
24
12
12
24
8
28
17
5
8
22
6
Women
1, 688
383
771
487
2, 098
924
385
643
3, 905
1, 092
2, 814
804
1, 245
1, 060
1, 868
1, 552
1, 595
1, 099
616
3, 502
876
Establish
ments
Women
114. 3
100. 0
75. 0
33. 3
83. 3
27. 3
57. 1
77. 8
21. 6
41. 7
33. 3
25. 0
41. 7
37. 5
37. 5
25. 0
23. 5
20. 0
12. 5
27. 3
16. 7
100.
100.
82.
81.
80.
67.
47.
45.
34.
33.
27.
26.
22.
21.
19.
15.
0
0
1
3
0
7
0
6
5
3
9
7
9
7
9
9
15. 1
13.
13.
10.
1.
5
0
5
7
Highest in the scale of weekly hours are the 19 establishments
manufacturing women’s and men’s suits and coats and employing
2,071 women, all of whom had a weekly schedule of 48 hours or less.
“ Other clothing ” firms in the survey showed a percentage of 82.1
so scheduled, and the manufacture of shirts and overalls reported
more than two-thirds of the women employees in this class.
The general mercantile business, which revealed the highest rat
ing for women employees in the 8-hour class, drops to ninth place
in the scale of weekly hours, as only 34.5 per cent of the women had
a scheduled week of 48 hours or less. The auto tops and other can
vas products establishments, on the other hand, come up to fourth
place, as out of 487 women in 3 establishments, 396 or 81.3 per cent
had a week of 48 hours or less. The rubber industry employing 2,098
20
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
women also stands high, as 80 per cent of these workers were sched
uled for 48 hours or less per week. None of the fifteen 5-and-10cent stores, although they were almost uniformly in the 8-liour class,
were able to reach the 48-hour weekly standard on account of a Sat
urday schedule longer than that on other days. However, only seven
of these establishments with an aggregate of 100 women employees
had a weekly schedule as high as 50 hours. The firms manufacturing
shirts and overalls had a percentage of 67.7 of the women employees
in the 48-hour class. It is noteworthy, also, that firms in the adver
tising and other novelties business, which stands among the lowest
in the scale in the matter of daily hours, show a great advance when
the weekly schedule is taken into consideration, as 47 per cent of the
women employed worked only 48 hours or less. The laundries and
the manufacture of candy, electric products, and food products also
make a better showing in regard to the weekly than in regard to the
daily schedule. Glove and shoe manufacturing and the pottery
and the paper products industries, however, show no improvement
over their record for a daily schedule, as only a comparatively small
percentage of the women employees in each were in the 48-hour class.
The only manufacturing industries showing no women with so short
a schedule as 48 hours a week were cordage and “other textile”
mills. In general the textile industry stands lowest in the scale, as
only a small percentage (6.2 per cent) of the women employed in the
four groups of the industry had a 48-hour week or less.
Saturday hours.
The Saturday half holiday is now regarded somewhat as an in
stitution in industrial circles, and even to some extent among retail
stores. According to Table V- in the appendix of the 30,464 women
in the 300 establishments visited, 2.1 per cent had no Saturday work,
1.2 per cent had a Saturday of under 4 hours, and a much larger
percentage (76.7) had Saturday hours of over 4 but less than 5. As
representative of the establishments which did not follow the policy
of a Saturday half holiday were the 17.1 per cent of the women
who worked 7 hours or more on Saturday. Only 1.7 per cent, how
ever, had a Saturday of over 9 hours.
The firms manufacturing “other clothing” showed the highest
percentage of women workers who had no Saturday schedule, since
34.9 per cent of the women employed therein were in this class.
Also 13 per cent of the women workers in the manufacture of men’s
coats and suits had a free Saturday. Laundries and the manufacture
of paper products, knit goods, tobacco and cigars, and advertising
and other novelties also showed in each case a small percentage of
women who were not required to work on Saturday. On the other
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
21
band, the 5-and-10-cent stores and general mercantile establishments
revealed longer hours on Saturday than on other days, 23.8 per cent
in the 5-and-10-cent stores and 10.7 per cent in the general mercantile
establishments working over 9 hours. In no other lines, however,
were the Saturday hours of this length. Pottery firms showed a
percentage of 33.3 of their workers who had a Saturday of 7 hours
or over, and glass establishments, 30.5 per cent, while the paper,
metal, and rubber products, advertising and other novelties, candy,
and laundry industries showed small percentages of women who
were scheduled for 7 hours or over on Saturday. In addition to 13
establishments with no Saturday work were 239 or about four-fifths
of the total number in the survey, which had shortened their Satur
day hours to 5 or less. This record in Ohio shows that employers
generally throughout the State had come to recognize the wisdom
and efficiency of the Saturday half holiday.
Lunch periods.
Table VI in the appendix gives an accurate record of the length
of the lunch periods in the industries reported. Nearly one-half of
the women employees in the various establishments had a lunch
period of one hour, a small percentage (0.9) had more than an hour,
and an equal proportion had over 45 minutes but under an hour.
Only 1.2 per cent were allowed less than 30 minutes for lunch, and
even this small proportion was undoubtedly due to emergency con
ditions, since the State law provides for a minimum of 30 minutes
as a lunch period. Ohio’s record in this respect as compared with
other States is creditable.
Night workers’ hours.
One class of workers not included in the tables on scheduled
hours were the women employed on night shifts in the establish
ments covered by the survey. Altogether there were just 208 night
workers among the women reported upon, and they were employed
in only two of the industrial groups, 77 in glass factories, and 131
in rubber establishments. The great majority of the women on
night shifts, or 194 of the 208, were found in plants located in
places of under 25,000 population. These figures indicate that the
women performing night work ivere too few in number to con
stitute an industrial problem in Ohio. Nevertheless even this small
group makes it necessary to emphasize the opinion of authorities
interested in the welfare of wage-earning women. Such authorities
are generally agreed that night work is detrimental to the health of
women engaging therein and should be prohibited by law. There
is usually great danger that married women compelled to become
wage earners will attempt to look after their families by day and
22
WOMEN" IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
to work in a mill or factory by night, snatching a little sleep in
between. Obviously, women should not be allowed to carry a
double burden of this sort, as it is a severe tax on human endurance
HOURS ACTUALLY WORKED
The scheduled weekly hours of the plants and the hours actually
worked by the women during the week for which the pay-roll data
were taken did not coincide, in many cases, on account of time lost
and overtime.
It was not possible to ascertain the number of hours actually
worked by all the women whose scheduled hours were reported,
since no records were available for the hours of many of the piece
workers. Moreover, the practice in a number of plants of recording
the time worked in days rather than in hours greatly reduced the
number of women whose actual working week could be expressed in
hourly terms.
Table XI in the appendix shows that such information was avail
able for three-fifths of the women whose scheduled hours were
recorded. Of this number only 44.6 per cent had worked the firm’s
scheduled hours (Table 6); that is, they had not lost any time nor
worked overtime.
Lost time.
From a comparison of hours actually worked with scheduled hours
it is evident that there was, on the whole, considerable time lost by
the women whose actual hours of labor were recorded for the week
selected. (Table VII in the appendix.) A certain amount of lost
time for women in industry is to be expected, and the causes of such
loss are traceable both to the workers and to the plants. Since the
workers are human beings and not machines, and are subject to the
various vicissitudes of life, they frequently are compelled to lose
time from their jobs. Particularly is this true of women, since for
them family affairs and home responsibilities constitute a frequent
cause of lost time. On the other hand, industry is not yet so organ
ized that it can supply work for all employees all the time. Slack
ness in an establishment may precipitate a partial or entire shut
down for the workers, or it may mean for many of them fewer hours
of employment a day or fewer days a week.
Despite the fact that in the survey the effort was made to secure
data for a week with a normal working schedule considerable lost
time was reported for the women workers. Table VII in the appen
dix shows that of the 18,329 women with hour records almost onehalf (47.2 per cent) had lost some time, over one-third (35.2 per
cent) had lost 10 hours or more, and one-fifth 20 hours or more. Of
all the industries reported upon, the manufacture of auto tops and
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
23
other canvas products showed the largest proportion of women los
ing some time, 89.9 per cent. A third, however, lost less than 5
hours, and 31.3 per cent lost from 5 to 10 hours. In cordage, food,
and candy manufacturing were found the largest proportions of
women who had lost 10 hours or more during the week, 79.1 per cent,
02.3 per cent, and 56.8 per cent, respectively, of the women with time
records, and also the largest proportions who had lost 20 hours or
more, 50.7 per cent, 47.7 per cent, and 40.1 per cent, respectively.
Women’s suit and coat manufacturing revealed only a little over
one-fifth of the women employees (21.3 per cent) with lost time, the
smallest proportion in any industry. The manufacture of men’s
suits and coats came second with only 28.4 per cent of the women
workers showing time lost. Also for these two industries the per
centages of women who lost 10 hours or over and 20 hours or over
were smaller than in any of the other industries.
Overtime.
The amount of overtime among the Ohio establishments visited
was so negligible as hardly to justify a detailed analysis. According
to table YIII in the appendix, among 18,329 women whose actual
hours of labor were reported, only 8.9 per cent had worked longer
than the hours listed in the weekly schedule. Of this number, 29.5
per cent revealed less than one hour overtime and 74 per cent had
worked less than 5 hours beyond the weekly schedule. Three women
employed by tobacco firms had worked 25 hours or more overtime
during the week of the survey, three employed by candy establish
ments had exceeded the schedule by 20 hours or more, and one in the
paper-products industry, two in candy factories, and one in tobacco
and cigar manufacturing had been employed overtime to the extent
of 15 hours or more. These were isolated cases and probably due to
emergency conditions. Only a little over one-fourth of the women
for whom overtime was reported had worked beyond the normal
schedule as much as 5 hours.
CONCLUSION
From the facts shown in the analysis, it is evident that Ohio ranks
well among her sister States in the matter of progressive hour regu
lations, although not yet measuring up to the legal standard of the
most advanced States.
Consideration for breadwinning mothers in the matter of hours is,
perhaps, fully as vital as adequate hour regulations for minors at
work, as it is upon the former that both the present and future wel
fare of the children depends. It is humanly impossible for women,
after long hours of labor in a factory or mill, to give to their children
even the ordinary material care that is necessary for their comfort
24
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
and well-being, not to mention the needed supervision over their
moral and spiritual welfare.
As previously stated, 29.9 per cent of the 30,464 women reported in
the survey worked 8 hours or less daily, and 34.7 per cent worked
48 hours or less weekly.
The firms manufacturing men’s and women’s suits and coats had
the highest rating in Ohio, when both daily and weekly hours were
taken into consideration, each industry showing all women with a
scheduled week of 48 hours or less, and 90.9 per cent and 82.1 per
cent, respectively, of the women employees, with a day of 8 hours or
less. “ Other clothing ” with 82 per cent of the women having such
a daily and weekly schedule was not far behind. The manufacture
of shirts and overalls, however, had lower standards, since none of
the establishments had adopted the 8-hour day and only a little over
two-thirds of the women workers were scheduled for 48 hours or
less a week.
General mercantile establishments had a large percentage of their
women employees in the 8-hour day class, practically four-fifths,
and only about 4 per cent who had a daily schedule exceeding 8
hours; but in these establishments the average weekly schedule
was longer than that of two-thirds of the other industries listed in
the survey, as only 34.5 per cent of the women employees worked a
scheduled week of 48 hours or less. The 5-and-10-cent stores had the
majority of their employees, 82.1 per cent, in the 8-hour day class,
but were not so progressive in the matter of weekly hours, as the
women in these stores had a schedule of over 48, and up to 50 hours.
Textile manufacturing showed the lowest standard among the
industries of the State, in both daily and weekly hours, since among
the various establishments listed, none were found with a daily sched
ule of 8 hours or less, and only 6.2 per cent of the women employees
in the four groups of the industry were within the 48-hour weekly
limit.
Although conditions in Ohio industries, as revealed by the survey,
were still far from ideal it is but just to say that the record showed
considerable progress. It is not to be presumed that an 8-hour law
is unnecessary or undesirable in Ohio, but the proof that so many
employers had voluntarily shortened the length of the working day
and week in the face of the fact that the Ohio law permitted a work
ing day of 9 hours and a week of 50 hours justifies the conclusion
that at least a number of the employers recognized the efficiency and
humanity of shorter hours of work for women.
PART III
WAGES
For Ohio as for the States where similar studies have been made
by the Women’s Bureau it has seemed advisable to analyze the ques
tion of the earnings of women in industry from two main angles:
What women wage earners received for a current week and what
they received for the year immediately preceding the investigation.
The aim was to select a current week that would be as representative
as possible of the remaining 51 weeks of the year. It is not hard to
find such a representative week in retailing establishments, where
public demand necessitates the presence of a paid selling force
whether business be brisk or dull; but in manufacturing establish
ments constant adjustment between output and orders is reflected in
temporarily shortened or lengthened hours of employment for some
or all employees, or in decreases or increases in the number of em
ployees. It was necessary, therefore, for the Federal agents to rely
upon each individual factory manager’s statements concerning the
week that best reflected employment conditions prevailing in in
dividual plants in 1922. Wherever conditions permitted, however,
the week ended September 16, 1922, was chosen, in order that as
much uniformity in period as was practicable could be obtained.
WEEK’S EARNINGS OF ADULT WOMEN
Fluctuations are found in the earnings of an individual worker
week by week in the year, and also in the earnings of a number of
women for any one week in the year. Wide variations in the weekly
earnings of women workers in a. particular locality are to be ex
pected because of the several industries and the many occupations
requiring more or less skill. Even in any one occupation striking
differences are encountered because of a number of modifying fac
tors, such as the time and piece work systems, the hours actually
worked, employment in different establishments, the seasonal out
put, and the length of time in the trade. An analysis of the earnings
of a large group of women for one week is possible from the follow
ing table, which gives the number of women in the various industries
who received certain classified amounts:
18823°—25---- 3
25
26
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table 4.—Week's earnings, by in
STATE
Number of women earning each specified amount in—
The manufacture of—
Week's earnings
Clothing
All
Adver Auto
Glass
indus tising tops
Elec Food and
and
tries
tric prod glass
and other
Shirts Suits Suits
Candy
and
prod ucts prod
other
and
and
coats, Other ucts
novel canvas
ucts
over coats, wom
ties prod
alls men’s en’s
ucts
643
924 1,688
383
771 1,868 1,092
385
487
804
Total................. - 30, 568
Median earnings......... $13. 80 $12.15 $14. 70 $10. 65 $15.05 $19. 60 $19.35 $14. 55 $16.60 $11.60 $12.10
$1 and under $2...........
$2 and under $3..........
$3 and under $4...........
$4 and under $5...........
$6 and under $7............
$7 and under $8-------$8 and under $9
$9 and under $10.........
$10 and under $11........
$11 and under $12........
$12 and under $13........
$13 and under $14........
$14 and under $15........
$15 and under $16........
$16 and under $17........
$17 and under $18........
$18 and under $19........
$19 and under $20........
$20 and under $21........
$21 and under $22........
113
301
378
378
481
534
650
730
998
1,456
2,126
2,136
2,997
2,460
2,024
2 284
1, 700
1,365
1,473
1,090
1,061
780
664
487
443
1,071
278
74
36
1
2
3
1
5
5
4
15
15
28
59
48
38
30
18
29
30
32
7
8
6
2
11
8
4
8
5
6
9
18
34
37
50
23
41
40
56
41
15
17
5
8
1
16
16
6
6
1
7
3
31
28
15
24
27
34
53
49
62
110
82
104
46
26
19
23
19
13
12
7
4
2
3
5
12
3
3
2
2
5
4
7
6
11
20
6
15
28
32
52
57
77
78
68
70
54
59
67
55
49
30
24
19
13
23
3
1
4
14
8
22
26
38
43
71
70
76
87
117
90
100
99
117
91
110
67
78
218
84
27
12
1
2
1
1
1
5
1
6
14
9
15
3
21
8
8
24
38
34
50
62
65
76
60
48
46
48
27
7
8
22
11
10
25
20
18
36
29
34
13
16
19
17
61
9
3
20
17
10
4
7
44
15
4
1
9
5
6
11
16
12
32
22
30
51
70
106
172
142
141
160
165
148
95
97
82
72
57
52
88
11
4
3
44
15
39
32
43
35
36
43
86
75
160
110
89
60
83
36
39
1
1
11
9
12
7
12
14
31
42
95
76
119
60
76
26
17
20
10
11
14
5
3
6
6
5
7
2
4
1
3
1
27
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
dustry and locality—Adults
STATE—Continued
Nnmber of women earning each specified amount in—Continued
The manufacture of--Continued
Paper
Metal and
Gloves prod paper
ucts prod
ucts
Textiles
Rub
ber
To
Pot
Ho
and
bacco
tery rubber Shoes Cord siery Wool
and
prod
Other cigars
and
en
age
knit goods
ucts
goods
Gen
eral 5-and- Laun
10
mer cent dries
can stores
tile
616 2,814 1, 559 1,255 2,098 1,595
140
876 1,099
497 3, 533 3,905
420
$11. 25 $12. 40 $12.60 $13. 05 $17 25 $15.55 $10. 35 $12. 70 $15.16 $11.75 $13. 35 $14. 05 $10. 55
4
7
0
12
18
28
27
34
50
44
63
63
44
42
39
30
26
23
16
9
17
8
2
3
29
28
37
46
45
56
51
59
67
132
198
256
298
257
197
274
153
131
120
79
93
56
52
39
20
1
34
7
4
24
10
27
40
33
43
42
51
93
124
136
261
191
139
78
108
49
37
18
18
6
14
3
2
8
3
10
23
35
32
28
34
34
36
52
76
145
113
126
72
115
124
55
47
32
16
12
11
8
2
10
4
8
21
28
19
29
30
38
35
26
39
63
88
150
117
116
92
120
123
156
198
165
131
78
71
66
87
4
8
10
8
17
22
30
47
53
98
97
92
83
84
92
104
82
73
81
66
75
48
49
49
48
123
42
12
2
2
1
1
4
5
4
9
5
5
5
9
4
9
5
5
9
3
14
10
33
9
14
10
4
2
3
1
2
3
1
12
18
27
31
56
40
76
91
97
65
81
63
41
29
34
19
16
20
9
6
5
20
1
10
10
22
14
29
42
52
83
94
147
114
64
52
67
40
35
56
22
22
23
53
13
3
15
18
14
17
46
72
79
81
106
129
137
189
205
264
148
214
213
165
199
149
124
168
1.58
132
123
93
11
12
16
14
7
23
17
51
67
75
49
42
23
11
9
7
6
3
3
68
1
1
2
67
139
41
7
1
13
55
18
35
29
47
37
86
129
290
197
575
427
250
514
213
135
245
85
138
52
64
32
30
137
40
13
19
1,116
$12. 25
1
2
4
4
7
9
13
9
17
14
23
30
50
129
103
117
166
126
72
84
37
40
23
16
9
4
6
7
20
7
37
69
91
44
65
15
15
12
8
2
5
3
1
5
1
28
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table 4.—Week's earnings, by industry
PLACES OF 26,000 OR
Number of women earning each specified amount inThe manufacture of—
Week’s earnings
Clothing
All Adver Auto
indus tising tops
Elec Food Glass
and
and
tries
and
tric
Suits Suits
glass
other other Candy Shirts
and
prod prod prod
and
and
ucts
novel canvas
coats, Other ucts
over coats, wom
ucts
ties prod
alls men’s
ucts
en’s
Total................... 26,372
370
487
794 1,688
623
383
625 1,783 1,092
432
Median earnings......... $14. 25 $12.30 $14. 70 $10. 75 $15. 55 $19. 60 $19. 35 $15. 30 $16. 75 $11.60 $11.95
$1 and under $2
$2 and under $3............
$3 and under $4............
$4 and under $5............
$5 and under $6............
$6 and under $7...........
$7 and under $8
$8 and under $9............
$9 and under $10..........
$10 and under $11
$11 and under $12........
$12 and under $13___
$13 and under $14........
$14 and under $15........
$15 and under $16........
$16 and under $17____
$17 and under $18
$18 and under $19
$19 and under $20........
$20 and under $21........
$21 and under $22___
97
254
306
280
354
401
462
497
733
1,167
1,709
1, 791
2,561
2, 125
1,697
1
1
3
1
6
2
11
8
1, 547
1, 269
1,378
3
4
4
14
14
26
56
46
37
29
18
29
30
32
7
1,022
8
1,006
747
635
473
$24 and under $25____
432
$26 and under $30........ 1,046
$30 and under $35........
272
$35 and under $40___
74
36
5
8
1
16
16
2,001
4
8
21
5
27
33
31
44
6
9
18
34
37
50
23
41
40
56
41
15
17
6
6
1
30
24
13
18
7
3
88
55
81
35
21
16
20
15
12
12
7
4
2
3
5
2
1
2
3
7
4
10
8
20
12
2
5
6
4
6
14
8
22
27
44
42
61
70
60
63
50
56
60
48
48
28
26
38
43
71
70
76
87
117
90
22
110
18
13
23
3
67
78
218
84
27
1
1
2
1
1
100
99
117
91
12
1
3
8
8
7
8
22
11
10
25
20
18
36
29
34
13
16
19
17
61
9
3
9
5
4
1
6
10
12
11
5
8
6
5
9
29
11
21
23
27
49
63
93
163
132
130
156
157
146
94
93
81
72
57
52
22
41
48
50
64
56
42
41
46
25
18
16
10
4
6
44
15
4
1
Includes ‘‘Cordage” establishment transferred to this group to avoid identification.
88
11
4
3
44
15
39
32
43
35
36
43
86
75
160
110
89
60
83
36
39
20
14
6
6
2
4
1
6
4
9
3
9
6
24
37
61
58
94
25
47
20
11
7
5
1
1
29
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
and locality—Adults—Continued
MORE POPULATION
Number of women earning each specified amount in—
The manufacture of-
Gloves
Metal
prod
ucts
Textiles
Gen
eral 5-and- Laun
Rubber
Paper
10-cent
To
and
and
mer stores dries
bacco
cantile
paper Pottery rubber Shoes Hosiery
prod
and VV oolen Other1 and
prod
cigars
knit
goods
ucts
ucts
goods
321
$11. 70
2,487
$13.60
1,225
$12. 35
1
24
23
31
36
37
49
41
49
59
89
165
224
275
237
184
207
143
130
118
75
91
54
49
37
3
7
5
7
17
17
22
10
35
38
19
23
21
19
15
18
13
3
11
4
2
2
646
$14.00
3
22
10
23
36
33
35
32
49
82
101
111
224
141
91
60
73
39
24
9
12
4
4
20
2
1
33
7
4
1
9
7
14
15
15
12
12
16
24
68
50
81
45
66
95
36
32
23
7
5
6
6
1,910
$17. 95
7
16
25
14
23
26
32
29
18
34
49
76
128
96
101
73
107
108
153
194
165
130
78
71
66
3
87
4
1,370
$16.10
696
$13.40
915
$15.60
1
8
10
8
11
21
4
1
2
8
23
33
36
83
67
85
58
66
81
86
75
66
69
63
64
44
47
47
43
120
42
12
2
6
5
8
13
16
15
33
25
53
66
80
57
73
56
37
27
31
18
15
17
9
6
5
19
1
3
14
9
7
14
14
26
38
44
75
78
65
100
56
51
61
32
34
53
22
18
23
51
13
3
530 2,763 3,774
397
$11. 75 $15.10 $14.10 $10.60
17
20
16
13
12
17
14
7
24
18
64
71
78
49
43
23
11
9
15
34
46
46
42
55
57
67
101
136
177
107
148
190
139
180
141
114
157
154
13
55
18
35
29
44
35
84
127
279
191
544
410
241
492
211
3
3
122
1
68
133
237
82
136
52
62
32
138
132
8
6
2
91
19
4
4
6
6
7
IS
7
31
63
86
43
64
15
15
12
8
2
5
1,061
$12.25
9
12
9
15
13
22
28
47
127
97
114
151
117
69
78
37
40
23
16
3
11
3
1
6
30
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table 4.—Week's earnings, 'by industry
PLACES OF UNDER
Number of women earning each specified amount in—
The manufacture of—
Week’s earnings
All in
dustries
Total...............................
Median earnings................... .
$5 and under $6______ _____
$7 and under $8______ _____
$8 and under $9.......................
$9 and under $10.....................
$10 and under $11....................
$11 and under $12....................
$12 and under $13
$13 and under $14....................
4,196
$11.60
16
47
72
98
127
133
188
233
265
289
417
345
436
335
327
283
153
96
95
Candy
15
$9. 75
1
Clothing
Shirts
and
overalls
Other
181
$10.40
130
$12. 05
146
$11.00
1
1
2
1
4
2
1
2
6
6
1
7
7
3
10
20
7
10
12
3
22
8
12
27
23
15
16
9
14
15
2
1
1
18
18
11
5
3
3
4
8
5
8
8
68
33
29
14
1
2
2
1
25
6
1
6
1
1
2
7
4
3
7
7
11
$30 and under $35....................
Adver
tising
and
other
novel
ties
1
13
15
12
4
6
Glass
and
Gloves
glass
products
211
$12. 55
295
$10. 55
5
6
6
Metal
prod
ucts
327
$11.60
3
6
3
4
3
8
7
5
34
18
25
35
29
6
6
6
13
21
10
7
10
10
8
17
28
25
28
25
25
19
18
43
33
32
23
11
11
20
13
67
5
3
2
2
2
1
6
5
3
2
4
6
6
4
2
1
2
4
2
3
1
2
1
i
1
31
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
and locality—Adults—Continued
25,000 POPULATION
Number of women earning each specified amount in—Continued
The manufacture of—Continued
Rubber
Paper
and
and
Pottery rubber
paper
products
products
334
$13.80
609
$11.85
1
2
3
9
14
28
18
13
19
4
4
8
10
2
11
23
25
37
50
48
18
' 35
10
13
9
6
2
10
1
1
4
188
$12. 85
22
24
36
52
77
63
45
27
49
29
19
15
9
9
7
6
3
2
7
4
Textiles—
To
bacco
and
cigars
Other
prod
ucts
180
$10. 55
770
$8.90
85
$13.85
26
33
39
51
72
70
Shoes
Cord W oolen
goods Other1
age
225
$12.60
107
$10. 35
184
$14. 45
2
3
3
1
3
1
4
5
1
5
3
5
6
4
6
6
8
5
14
12
22
21
15
19
13
15
3
4
7
14
17
15
30
7
25
18
20
11
3
18
7
7
2
9
5
11
10
3
12
3
3
4
2
2
5
3
3
11
8
16
23
15
23
25
17
8
1
1
11
1
9
4
5
5
1
3
4
8
8
16
82
14
8
1
6
8
1
3
8
8
7
4
2
3
1
1
3
4
2
131
$13.50
55
$12.45
1
88
69
87
41
66
23
26
19
8
10
11
4
7
1
2
2
1
2
1
4
1
3
2
3
2
2
2
11
6
6
6
1
3
2
7
13
9
10
11
4
8
0
1
4
31
17
9
22
2
2
8
5
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
2
6
3
15
9
3
6
3
2
1
1
2
5
* Includes “Hosiery and knit goods,” transferred to this group to avoid identification.
23
$9.25
2
12
2
6
1
Gen
6-and
eral
Laun
10-cent dries
mer
cantile stores
32
WOKEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
According to the table the earnings of 30,568 adult women ranged
from less than $1 to over $40 for the week’s work. An analysis of
the figures in the table makes evident the fact that, although a repre
sentative week was chosen for study, such a week was not necessarily
one of full employment for all women. Obviously, those in the low
est classifications in the table did not work a full week, but they have
been included in order to give a picture of the actual earnings of
all the women of the survey in the representative week selected. Ex
perience teaches that the standard of living must be maintained on
actual earnings, not on rates; that is, it must be based on probable
rather than on possible earnings. A week could never be found for
which all women in all establishments in all industries of a State had
worked full time. Industry has not yet been so organized that it can
use all of its workers steadily, and workers as human beings are so
constructed that they can not work constantly with machine-like reg
ularity. Consequently, lost time—whether due to plant or to per
sonal reasons—is an inevitable factor in the lowering of wages of a
certain proportion of women in a given week, and hence the women
who have lost time should not be eliminated in any attempt to secure
a general index of the wage figures of a large group of women.
Earnings in conjunction with hours worked will be discussed at a
later point.
Irrespective of any qualifications, therefore, the median week’s
earnings of 30,568 women were $13.80, or to put this less technically,
one-half of this representative group of Ohio women earned more
than $13.80, and one-half earned less than this sum. Twelve dollars
or twelve dollars and some cents was the amount earned by the larg
est single group of adult women in Ohio’s factories, stores, and
laundries. They constituted, however, but 10 per cent of the en
tire number. From $12 the numbers showing each smaller amount
of earnings decrease, and from $13 the numbers reported as earning
each amount decrease as the sum grows larger.
The groupings into which women’s earnings in Ohio industries
fall naturally, as the result of wage rates paid and of hours worked
during the representative week studied are: The extremes, under
$6, and $20 and over; the massed centers, $10 to $13, and $13 to $16;
and the lower and upper intermediates, $6 to $10, and $16 to $20,
respectively. Twenty-four in every hundred adult women employed
during the representative week earned from $10 to $13, 22 in every
hundred earned $13 to $16. Almost 19 per hundred received between
$16 and $20 during this week, and 16 per hundred received $20 and
more. There were 7 per hundred who were paid less than $6 and
more than 12 per hundred who earned between $6 and $10.
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
33
Timework and piecework.
It is generally supposed that pieceworkers, those paid by the
amount of work done, earn more than timeworkers, those receiving
a definite hourly, daily, or weekly rate. On the whole this is apt to
be true. Nevertheless, the earnings of the former are sometimes
reduced by contingencies which do not affect the earnings of the
latter, such as delays in the arrival of work, or time lost on account
of poor run of materials, or of disorders in machinery. Women on
piecework must, as a rule, be highly experienced in order to earn
more than do timeworkers in the same occupations.
According to Table IX in the appendix, of the 30,327 adults for
whom a report on time- and piecework was given, 49.2 per cent were
timeworkers and 46.7 per cent were pieceworkers, and 4.1 per cent
did both time- and piecework. Glove manufacturing showed the
largest proportion of pieceworkers, 93.8 per cent of its women em
ployees. The shirt and overall industry with nine-tenths of its adult
women employed on piecework was a close second. The manufacture
of tobacco and cigars, of auto tops and other canvas products, of
rubber and rubber products, with 88 per cent, 85 per cent, and 73.6
per cent, respectively, of the women employees, reported as piece
workers showed that this system largely overbalanced the time sys
tem in these industries. Moreover, one-half of the women in the
manufacture of men’s suits and coats, other clothing, electric prod
ucts, pottery, shoes, hosiery and knit goods, and woolen goods each
were pieceworkers. All the women in 5-and-10-cent stores and 99.8
per cent in the general mercantile were timeworkers. Laundries
revealed 92.4 per cent of their women employees on time work.
Table X in the appendix shows that the median week’s earnings of
the adult pieceworkers, $15.55, exceeded rather strikingly the $12.80
median of the timeworkers. Although there was a close resemblance
between the proportions of timeworkers and pieceworkers who
earned less than $10 in the week scheduled (21.2 per cent and 18.3
per cent, respectively), a much larger proportion of pieceworkers
(23.5 per cent) received $20 or more than of timeworkers (8.8 per
cent).
Earnings and time worked.
To what extent was the general level of earnings lowered in this
week by irregularity of attendance whether due to business con
ditions or personal causes? It is especially significant to correlate
earnings and the time actually worked in order to ascertain the
wage possibilities in the several industries. Unfortunately, it was
34
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
not possible to secure the hour data for all women for whom wage
figures were taken because of the custom frequently encountered of
not recording on pay rolls the houi-s of pieceworkers. Table XI in
the appendix reveals that hour records were obtained for threefifths of the adult women (60.6 per cent). Another method of
analyzing earnings in conjunction with time worked, a little less
exact but still accurate enough for general purposes, is by correla
tion of the amount of pay received with the number of days on
which work was done. For another fairly large group of women
(29.9 per cent) such information was available. There remains
altogether, therefore, less than one-tenth of the women for whom
no relation between earnings and time worked can be traced.
Wages do not necessarily vary in direct proportion to the number
of hours worked. In any one establishment earnings fluctuate in
such a way for timeworkers but not always for pieceworkers. For
the latter, wide variations in earnings are usual even among those
in any one plant who work the same number of hours. Table XI in
the appendix gives a correlation of earnings and time worked for
27,688 women and discloses the fact that about ten in every hundred
worked less than 30 hours or not more than 3y2 days in the week.
About a sixth worked between 30 and 44 hours or on 4 or iy2 days.
Nineteen per hundred rendered 5 days or between 44 and 48 hours of
service. All others, or about 54 in every hundred, worked 48 hours
or moi-e or on 5y2 or 6 days during the representative week.
A comparison of the number of hours of service rendered with the
compensation received makes it apparent that while a few adult
women working the larger part of the week earned less than $6,
more than nine-tenths of those obtaining less than this sum ren
dered under 30 hours or not more than 3y2 days of service. Except
in a few instances, the under $6 earnings group may be considered
to be made up of workers who had lost some time.
Less than a fourth of those securing between $6 and $10 labored
less than 30 hours or not more than 3y2 days, although three-eighths
were employed between 30 hours and 44 hours or between 4 and 5
days. It is apparent, therefore, that while more than half in this
compensation group were short-week workers a goodly proportion
were occupied the greater part of the week.
Only 3 per cent of the women earning $10 and under $13 and
1 per cent of those earning $13 and under $16 had been employed
less than 30 hours or not more than 3y2 days. Fairly large propor
tions, 20 per cent and 12.6 per cent, respectively, worked between 30
and 44 hours or on 4 or 5 days. Even in the $16 to $20 earnings
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
85
group and in the $20 and over group some women worked only on 4
or 5 days or 30 to 44 hours. Obviously, the proportion would have
been larger in each earnings group from $13 upward had there
been no unemployment during this week. Table 5 gives a correla
tion of median earnings and time worked.
36
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table 5.—Median earnings and
WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED
A.
Number of women who worked during the week—
women reported
Under
30 hours
Industry
Num
ber
All industries
Manufacturing:
Advertising and other novelties..
Auto tops and other canvas prod
ucts.................................................
Candy............ ....... ...........................
Clothing—
Shirts and overalls..................
Suits and coats, men’s...........
Suits and coats, women’s___
Other....................................... .
Electric products.............................
Food products................................ .
Glass and glass products...............
Gloves.................... .........................
Metal products................................
Paper and paper products............
Pottery__________________ ____
Rubber and rubber products___
Shoes_________ ____ _________
Textiles—
Cordage____________ ______
Hosiery and knit goods..........
Woolen goods..........................
Other__________ __________ _
Tobacco and cigars.........................
General mercantile.................................
5-and-10-cent store................ ...............
Laundries.................................................
Me
dian
Num
ber
39 and under
44 hours
Num
ber
Num
ber
Me
dian
18, 635
$13. 80
1,875
$5.00
385
12.15
24
5.00
28
487
639
14.70
10.80
57
78
5.45
3.55
126
33
539
1,443
277
468
1,687
684
599
50C
2, 656
1,243
591
1,659
1,255
14.20
19.15
20. 60
15. 05
16.80
11.70
12. 05
11.35
13. 40
12. 80
13.55
16.65
15.00
28
54
6.50
6.70
(■)
6. 50
5. 45
3.70
4.75
4. 80
4. 50
4.6C
5.35
5.5C
6.45
68
92
17
45
84
39
70
69
184
58
58
144
93
14.30
15. 25
15.90
11.50
12.70
8. 25
9. 45
8. 95
9.65
9. 9C
10.4C
12.35
10.8C
140
691
544
388
719
141
10.35
13.15
14.05
11.40
12. 90
15. 65
9. 90
12. 00
21
875
8
31
9C
128
68
56
311
13C
83
201
115
34
50
50
85
lli
2
]
82
;
1 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Me
dian
30 and under
39 hours
4.25
6.35
5.45
3.78
6.8(
0)
«
4. 75
1,608
17
57
26
25
178
4
2
101
$10. 60
Me
dian
2,231
$13.10
8.00
49
10.55
13.15
8.15
134
42
16.20
9.50
97
293
34
Cl
212
14.40
18.90
20. 60
16.40
15.25
52
10.20
101
10.85
10.60
12.50
10.30
11.45
16.20
11.85
9.35
8. 55
9. 65
8. 4(
10. 85
m
0)
9. 45
75
281
120
49
219
93
8
67
41
23
65
9
]
115
c)
11.75
12. 05
9. 90
11.70
(■)
(l)
11.15
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
37
time worked, by industry—Adults
WAS REPORTED IN HOURS
Number of women who worked during the week—Continued
44 hours
Nuraber
Median
1,412 $18,65
6
w
3
«
1
(>>
19. 00
663
218
127
17
41
8
2
256
12
8
9
4
7
1
23
21.10
15. 50
19. 25
11.15
(l)
c)
19. 00
(l)
0)
0)
0)
0
0
0)
0
0)
«
13. 70
Over 44 and
under 48 hours
Number
Median
2,876 $14. 25
51
11. 30
110
53
17.35
11. 40
126
98
14.00
19. 00
323
89
71
80
484
126
85
542
169
16. 70
11. 60
7
79
44
95
44
102
12.00
11. 60
13. 05
12.25
15.15
19.05
16. 80
w
11.70
13.10
11.90
13. 90
11.95
48 hours
Number
Median
862 $14.65
107
2
32
2
19
2
3
123
3
165
80
11
178
65
8
40
5
13
Over 48 and
under 50 hours
Number
2,537 $15.25
Number
Median
4,394 $14. 00
Over 50 hours
Number
40
17.15
79
13. 65
2
(*)
29
91
13. 50
11.50
149
10! 95
16. 25
(■)
152
217
13.25
22. 45
20
14
17. 60
«
18.30
(■)
0)
12. 90
(>)
14.25
13.30
o
20. 05
18.75
51
273
15. 95
19.10
13. 5C
12. 90
13.05
14. 70
12. 90
o
16. 65
16. 80
34
655
300
92
150
264
558
280
51
434
15. 9C
17. 65
13. 70
13. 30
14. 00
15. 25
14.00
15.45
16.90
15.80
0)
14. 50
14. 50
11.50
10. 95
70
233
283
138
250
12.00
(i)
13.10
266
o
14.35
«
(■)
20
70
61
451
133
14
286
257
1
126
19
16
35
91
(■)
93
14. 00
14. 70
13.00
16. 30
0
13.15
Median
740 $14.06
12.40
11
4
Median
50 hours
48 hours
and over
ber
Mfidian
8,533 $14. 70
m
228
13.70
88
12.60
330
It), uu
11.65
25
18.15
(■>
229
243
14. 90
21.70
(i)
19.25
(‘)
(l)
(!)
13.60
14. 65
(i)
18. 50
19.50
106
961
335
291
218
1,140
797
313
545
776
40
0)
16. 20
13.45
14.60
14.65
18
19.65
74
433
382
159
316
89
11.80
452
13.05
10
2
31
12
6
4
260
26
8
30
20
3
66
18. 20
13. 05
13. 75
14.50
13. 65
15.35
17. 95
16.35
12.10
15.60
38
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table 5.—Median earnings and time
B. WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED
Number of women who worked during the week on—
Industry
Number of
wo men
repc rted
Num Me
ber
dian
All Industries
Manufacturing:
Candy______ _______
Clothing—
Shirts and overalls...
Suits and coats, men’s
Suits and coats, wo
men’s........................
Other...........................
Electric products...............
Food products............ .......
Glass and glass products.
Metal products
Paper and paper products
Pottery___________
Rubber and rubber prod
ucts...................................
Shoes...........................
Textiles—
Hosiery and knit
goods... .................
"W oolen goods........ .
Other________
Tobacco and cigars
General mercantile...................
5-and-10-cent store____
Laundries.........................
9,153 $13. 70
1 day
Num
ber
205
$2. 30
Num Me
ber
dian
46
$3.50
121
11.45
24
52
10. 60
20.85
88
59
8
204
43
155
131
389
14.00
11.50
0)
11.85
13. 75
13.35
10.55
12.45
12
(■>
12
(')
434
258
19.25
17.10
13
7
(■)
(■)
2
3
»
(>)
15
81
96
2,609
3,760
394
232
13.65
22.70
15.15
13.80
13. 95
10.60
13.25
2.10
2.45
(')
<0
5
7
7
2
1
10
2
2
3
76
68
6
1
1 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Me
dian
1K days
(>)
2
(')
2 days
Num Me
ber dian
204
$4. 65
5
o
1
(■)
2>6 days
Num
ber
97
Me
dian
$5. 85
2
w
3
o
o)
o
1
«
1
3
«
«
w
1
0)
8
(■)
(■)
3
(')
4
(■)
3
1
3
14
0)
3
13
8
8
10
3
0)
c)
4
10
(*)
«
1
4
o
80
0)
(■)
73
71
1
3. 90
5.00
(l)
0)
43
4
3
h
5. 70
0)
(1>
1
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
39
worked, by industry—Adults—Continued
WAS REPORTED IN DATS
Number of women who worked during the week on—Continued
3 days
Number
271
6
3M days
$6.70
P>
10
1
3
3
13
P)
P)
14
19
(1)
10.75
129
57
12
2
4J4 days
5 days
5M days
6 days
5 days
and over
Me- Num- Me- Num- Me- Num Me Num- Me- Num- Me- Num- Me- Num Me
dian
ber dian ber dian ber dian ber dian ber dian ber dian
ber dian
149 $9.30
0)
P)
P)
p>
5.60
7.10
«
p>
292 $9.40
433l$12.15 1,013 $12. 55 2,851 $16. 30 3,592 $14.70 7,456 $14.90
3
P)
6
P)
3
P)
1
2
P)
(1)
3
1
W
P)
P)
P)
P)
P)
I8
3
2
4 days
2
1
3
4
16
P)
P)
P
8.15
7
1
5
10
15
18 10.35
12
13
1
Of
P)
«
8.95
9.45
0)
«
P)
62 13.00
P)
16 6. 65
47 21. 50
16, 6.65
49 21.15
78 15. 50
81 15.15
44 12.55
6
162 . 12.85
35 14.40
117 14.80
95 11. 05
255 13. 80
3 P)
44 12.55
(V)
13.25
14.25
15.65
11.05
15.10
8.90
11.35
8 p)
2 PI
68 13.80
30 11.00
78 12.35
6
143
33
49
65
155
0)
42 14. 75
73 21.85
149 20.50
86 21.65
15.35
4
113
84
7
12
9
2
P)
9. 70
p>
79 16.40
11 P)
2 p
3 P)
12 p)
0)
(l) 15
2541 13.
19'. 11.15
4, 0)
14 (')
4
11
P)
P)
22 13.85
177 20.00
75 12.85
0)
368 20.00
159 21.70
14 P)
14 0)
6 0)
64 24. 50
70 24.00
10 P)
78 16.10,
2 p)
90 15. 50
283 12.60 1, 549 17. 75!
3 (i)
1, 835 16.50
269 11.80
131 12. 85! 3, 039 15.00 3,439 14. 55
31 8. 60
19 9. 90
303 11.05
353 10.80
41 12. 75
121 14. 70
31 13.85
193 14.30
40
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
According to the figures in the first part of the table dealing with
hours, the earnings of the women bear no consistent relation to the
hours worked. It is true that the lowest median ($5) was for the
women who had worked less than 30 hours. The highest median
($18.65), however, was for the group who had worked a 44-hour
week; those who had worked 50 hours and over 50 hours revealing
the much lower medians of $14.60 and $14.05, respectively. A some
what similar story is disclosed by an analysis of the various indus
tries. It is apparent that although in some cases those who had
worked the greatest number of weeldy hours showed the highest
medians, in other industries the women in the 44 and 48 hour groups
revealed higher median earnings than in the longer-hour classifica
tions.
In the section of the table dealing with the women whose time
worked was reported in days, there is a consistent advance in the
medians with the increase in days worked, up to the 5^4-day group,
which reveals a median of $16.30. The women who had worked on
6 days, however, show a considerably lower median, $14.70.
Earnings of women working full time.
This leads to a consideration of the earnings of women who
worked full time or the scheduled hours in their places of employ
ment, as shown in Table 6. The term “ scheduled weekly hours ”
refers to the regular or normal number of hours per week which all
employees were expected to work. Scheduled hours may vary, how
ever, in different departments of the same plant. For approximately
43 per cent of the adult women employed in Ohio industries the
scheduled hours were 50 per week, which is the limit allowed by
law. A full week meant 48 but not 50 hours of employment for 34
per cent of the women. Twenty-one per cent would have been
occupied for 44 but not 48 hours and but 2 per cent for less than 44
hours if they had worked a scheduled week.
It is evident, therefore, that some women may have lost time in
this representative week and yet may have been employed longer
hours than others who worked the scheduled week. Of all women
whose time records were available, 15,989, or 57.7 per cent, worked
48 hours or more, or on 5 days or more, and 14,291 women, or 51.6
per cent, worked full time or the scheduled week in their places
of employment, which ranged from less than 44 to 50 hours. The
medians for the two groups differ a little, the former showing
median week’s earnings of $14.80 as compared with the median of
$15.20 for the latter or the actual full-time workers.
The lowest individual earnings paid to any full-time or scheduled
week worker were between $2 and $3, but less than a half of 1 per
cent received under $6. As might be expected, until the $12 earn
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
41
ings point is reached the proportion of scheduled week workers
receiving each sum is less than the proportion of all women regard
less of hours worked, receiving corresponding amounts. At $12 the
proportion of full-week workers becomes greater, almost 11.7 per
cent earning this sum or less than $13, as compared with 9.8 per cent
of all adult women employees on the pay rolls. From $12 on the
per cent earning each specified amount is larger, of course, than
when workers who lost time are included with full-week workers in
earnings computations. Except in the under $6 group, the earn
ings of the women working the firm’s scheduled time follow the gen
eral curve of earnings of all adult women workers.
The difference in earnings of full-time workers and all workers
is shown more clearly in the combinations of earnings groups; 19.7
per cent of all adult women, regardless of hours worked, earned less
than $10 as compared with about 6 per cent of full-time workers.
Almost the same proportion in each group received $10 to $13, but
27.8 per cent of the full-week workers got $13 to $16, as compared
with 22 per cent of all adult women workers. The difference in
the $16 to $20 earnings classification was small, 21.8 per cent of the
former and 18.4 per cent of the latter falling into this division.
In the $20 and over earnings class were 20.2 per cent of the full-time
workers, as compared with 16.3 per cent of all adult women irrespec
tive of time worked.
.
18823°—25----- 4
42
Table 6.
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Week’s earnings of women who worked the firm's scheduled time,1
A.—WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked the firm’s
scheduled hours in—
The manufacture of—
Week's earnings
All
Clothing
Adver Auto
tops
Glass
Elec
and
Food and
tric
Suits Suits
other other Candy
prod glass
and
prod
and
and
novel canvas
ucts prod
over coats, coats, Other ucts
ties prod
ucts
ucts
alls men’s wom
en’s
indus tising
tries
and
Total................ 8,193
Median earnings.........$15.20
$4 and under$5..........
$5 and under $6..........
and under$7_____
$7 and under $8..........
$8 and under$9____.
$9 and under $10____
$10 and under $11____
$11 and under $12____
$12 and under $13____
$13 and under $14.........
$14 and under $15........
$15 and under $16____
$16 and under $17____
$17 and under $18.___
$18 and under $19____
$19 and under $20.........
$20 and under $21____
$21 and under $22____
$22 and under $23 ........
$23 and under $24____
$24 and under $25..."
$25 and under $30.........
$30 and under $35.........
$35 and under $40.........
$40 and over..................
$6
2
4
15
25
67
207
485
666
939
842
770
825
686
504
514
301
366
227
201
170
163
320
68
19
7
220
49
236
$13.60 $15.50 $11.40
281
695
218
188
829
395
210
$10. is $21.10 $15. 55 $17. 95 $12. 95 $12. 90
........ - -7— ............ ............ ............
4
3
16
11
41
21
38
44
50
47
56
36
58
34
49
28
36
81
27
11
4
6
1
5
10
11
12
24
17
22
10
8
17
13
50
9
3
4
2
5
22
17
29
27
12
14
22
8
7
2
2
1
10
3
1
1 Excludes 1,860 women who worked in excess of firm’s scheduled weekly hours.
2
2
6
12
35
104
72
46
63
78
68
38
49
47
45
39
45
70
5
3
30
20
86
66
49
31
46
19
15
12
5
2
4
3
5
2
. __
-.................
13
26
15
55
30
33
17
8
4
7
1
43
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
by industry—Adults
WAS REPORTED IN HOURS
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked the firm’s scheduled hours in Contd.
The manufacture of--Continued
Textiles
Paper
Metal and
Gloves . prod paper
ucts prod
ucts
Rub
ber
Pot
and Shoes
tery rubber
Cord
prod
age
ucts
To
bacco
Hos
and
iery Wool
Other cigars
and
en
knit goods
goods
Gen 5-anderal
10 Laun
mer cent- dries
can stores
tile
138
404
124
21
308
70
294
688
409
280
685
975
155
$13. 90 $15. 80 $13.75 $15.45 $17.40 $16.45* $12.00 $14.25 $14.70 $13. 00 $14.05 $15. 90 $10.05
1
1
16
14
14
14
14
11
58
67
82
48
71
172
41
42
145
133
83
44
1
30
24
49
22
32
4
7
45
45
29
25
2
7
13
33
40
38
48
39
40
66
10
5
68
41
28
10
15
20
28
36
53
22
28
3
321
$13. 15
1
............1............ 1
12
7
32
52
1
1
1
1
1
1
26
8
11
8
4
2
3
16
32
52
34
40
29
17
2
3
1
13
8
10
4
2
13
1
4
14
29
30
112
77
3
10
2
5
12
4
3
3
5
29
35
26
29
13
1
9
22
72
14
25
57
31
28
39
32
34
24
12
4
1
3
4
14
5
8
30
3
5
30
3
6
10
>
3
1
2
17
18
29
85
62
30
43
6
9
11
3
2
2
2
1
8
1
2
44
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table 6.—Week’s
earnings of women who worked the
B. WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked the
firm’s scheduled days inThe manufacture of—
Week’s earnings
Clothing
All
indus
tries
Total_____
Median earnings.
$2 and under $3___
$3 and under $4__
$4 and under $o...
$5 and under $6. ..
$6 and under $7...
$7 and under $8...
$8 and under $9...
$9 and under $10..
$10 and under $11.
$11 and under $12.
$12 and under $13.
$13 and under $14.
$14 and under $15.
$15 and under $16.
$16 and under $17..
$17 and under $18..
$18 and under $19..
$19 and under $20..
$20 and under $21..
$21 and under $22..
$22 and under $23..
$23 and under $24..
$24 and under $25. _
$25 and under $30..
$30 and under $35..
$35 and under $40..
$40 and over______
6,098
$15. 25
i
4
12
19
38
44
146
253
432
322
738
529
360
648
357
249
362
238
283
199
183
118
111
320
93
21
18
Shirts
and
over
alls
Suits
and
coats
men’s
Suits
and
coats
wom
en ’s
Other
Elec
tric
prod
ucts
63
$13. 05
16
$11.65
47
$21.-50
78
$15.50
44
$12. 55
(1)
2
2
4
6
17
7
4
3
4
1
3
1
1
3
1
6
3
3
5
12
5
3
4
6
5
3
5
4
5
9
5
6
2
2
1
1
1
Candy
2
3
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
4
7
3
4
1
3
1
2
12
5
1 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
7
4
6
Food
prod
ucts
143
$13. 25
Glass
and
glass
prod
ucts
33
$14. 25
1
1
1
1
1
14
28
13
15
9
15
7
12
3
3
3
2
6
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
1
45
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
firm’s scheduled time, by industry—Adults—Continued
WAS REPORTED IN DAYS
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked the firm’s scheduled days in-Contd.
The manufacture of—Continued.
Tobac
co and
cigars
Gen
eral
mer
can
tile
5-and10-cent Laun
dries
stores
1,569
$17.70
3,039
$15.00
303
$11.05
Textiles
Metal
prod
ucts
49
$15. G5
Paper
and
paper
prod
ucts
65
$11. 05
Rubber
and
Pottery rubber
prod
ucts
116
$15.70
159
$20.35
Shoes Hosiery
and Woolen Other
goods
knit
goods
14
$21.05
0)
61
$24.15
$16. 25
125
$14. 95
1
4
11
19
31
40
70
69
84
58
94
64
59
86
56
55
92
105
94
106
77
63
61
123
41
2
3
31
93
201
120
479
369
217
454
187
122
204
71
124
61
60
29
27
125
39
13
17
10
5
10
21
8
9
11
12
13
8
6
1
2
46
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Earnings in places of varying population.
Approximately three-fourths of the establishments from which
data were obtained were located in cities of 25,000 or more popula
tion (Table 4). These factories, stores, and laundries employed a
proportionately larger number of women than did the plants in
places of less than 25,000 population, for 86.3 per cent of the women
on all pay rolls were working in the larger cities.
Earnings data here presented involve 26,372 women 18 years of
age and over employed in cities of 25,000 population or more and
4,196 adult women employed in the smaller places.1 Generally
speaking, earnings were markedly lower in the less populous places.
The median earnings paid to adult women in the one week were
$11.60 in towns of less than 25,000 population and $14.25 in larger
cities. Approximately 35 per cent in small places as compared
with 17.5 per cent in larger places earned less than $10 during the
week, and only 13.9 per cent in the former as against 37.7 per cent
in the latter received as much as $16 during a normal week.
_ The differences in earnings were due to some extent to more
irregularity of employment in the less populous places than in the
larger cities. Almost 46 per cent of the number reporting hours
or days, worked during the week selected, in the establishments
located in towns of less than 25,000 population worked the sched
uled hours, whereas 53.4 per cent of those included in places of 25,000
or over had full-time employment; 12.7 per cent in the smaller places
as compared with 10 per cent in the larger worked less than 30 hours
or not more than 3y2 days in the week.
But even among full-time workers the earnings of adult women
employed in places of under 25,000 population were less than the
earnings received in places of 25,000 and more inhabitants. Figures
more detailed than those given in this report show the median of
the former to be $15.50 a week as contrasted with the $14.05 median
of the latter. Also, Table 7 discloses that in the smaller centers
15.5 per cent as compared with 4.7 per cent in the larger places
received less than $10, and 17 per cent in the former as against 45
per cent in the latter obtained $16 and more. The compensation of
full-time workers in cities of less than 25,000 was more sharply
concentrated in the $10 to $16 earnings group, since more than twothirds earned sums between these amounts, as compared with a half
of the full-time workers employed in cities of 25,000 or over.
1 See page 3 for list of places included in survey.
47
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table 7.—Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who worked
the firm's scheduled time, by locality—Adults
Women earning each specified amount
in places of—
Week’s earnings
25,000 or more
population
Less than 25,000
population
Per cent
Total..................
26,372
100.0
4,196
Under $6......................
$6 and under $10........
$10 and under $13----$13 and under $16----$16 and under $20___
$20 and over.................
1,692
2,859
6,061
5,823
5,216
4,721
6.4
10.8
23.0
22.1
19.8
17.9
493
975
1,198
945
412
173
25,000 or more
population
Less than 25,000
population
Per cent
Number
Per cent
Number
100.0
12,753
100.0
1,538
100.0
11.7
23.2
28.6
22.5
9.8
4.1
24
574
2, 998
3,427
2,918
2,814
.2
4.5
23.5
26.9
22.9
22.1
18
221
486
547
193
73
1.2
14.4
31.6
35.6
12.5
4.7
Number Per cent
Number
Women who worked the firm's scheduled
time, earning each specified amount in
places of—
Earnings and rates.
A rather definite means for analyzing the difference between
actual and possible earnings, or nominal and real wages, is by
comparison of the week’s earnings of the timeworkers with their
weekly rates. The rate or the amount of wages which the employer
contracts to pay for a definite period of work by the employee may
be quoted for the hour, day, week, or month, the time unit varying
in different establishments. For the sake of uniformity all rates
obtained in the Ohio survey have been expressed in weekly terms.
It is impossible to include pieceworkers in this discussion because
of the lack of homogeneity in piecework rates. Table XII in the
appendix shows the median rate of 6,052 timeworkers to be $13.85.
It is also interesting to note that the median earnings of this same
group of women fall at the $13.85 point. In a general computation
of this sort the decline in earnings below rates on account of lost
time and slackened production is offset by the bonus or commission
on sales in general mercantile establishments and by overtime in a
few manufacturing establishments.
A comparison of the median rates with the median earnings of
timeworkers in those industries where such a comparison is possi
ble shows that in all except general mercantile establishments, and
the manufacture of food products and woolen goods, earnings
dropped somewhat below rates.
Rates and scheduled hours.
One argument against shortening hours for women wage earners
has been that such a reduction will cut wages. Experience has proved
that this is not necessarily true. Moreover, the data on women’s
earnings secured from Ohio furnish additional evidence. In all, in
formation concerning weekly rates of pay and scheduled hours was
secured for 6,024 adult women, all of whom were timeworkers.
48
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
(lable XIII in the appendix.) One-third of the women whose
rates of pay were under $10 a week were expected to work 50 hours,
while another third had to work over 48 but not quite 50 hours to
earn this sum. On the other hand, a little over three-fifths of the
women with a rate of $20 or more a week had a weekly schedule of
48 horns oi under, and about two-fifths in this rate classification
worked only 44 hours a week. It is obvious, therefore, that a long
scheduled working week does not necessarily mean a high rate of
pay. A comparison of median rates as related to scheduled hours
presented in the following list serves to emphasize this fact:
Scheduled weekly hours
44___
Over 44 and under 48
48______
Over 48 and under 50
50________
Over 50______
Number of
women
824
537
1, 009
2, 523
1, 075
54
Median rate
$17. 65
12.
14.
13.
12.
12.
55
75
65
60
90
It is interesting to see that the shortest weekly schedule in the
foregoing statement or one of 44 hours shows the highest median
($17.65), and that the next to the lowest median ($12.60) represents
the next to the longest hour classification, which is the 50-hour week
or the legal maximum for women in Ohio.
But what is the relation of hours to earnings when both piece- and
timeworkers are included? Table XI in the appendix includes both
types of workers, and gives earnings and not rates, although, of
course, for timeworkers who were employed the full week, rates
and earnings coincided. Also earnings of pieceworkers give some
idea of the ranking of their rates. The proportion of women work
ing 44 but under 48 hours that earned $20 or more was double the
proportion working 50 hours and earning these amounts. Of the
740 women who worked over 50 hours, only 13.5 per cent obtained
$20 and over, while about two-thirds did not earn so much as $16
for such service. There is little difierence in the proportions in the
several hour groups earning less than $10 per week.
In this connection it is interesting to note that the two industries
in which the 44-hour week prevailed (8 hours for 5 days and 4 hours
on Saturdays) were the two paying highest compensation to adult
women—the men’s suit and coat and the women’s suit and coat in
dustries—and that the three industries which were at the lower end
of the earnings scale—candy, cordage, and 5-and-10-cent stores—
exacted over 48 hours of service from the majority of their em
ployees.
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
49
Obviously, basic rates of pay, whether for time or piece-rate
workers, were not determined by the length of the working week in
Ohio establishments. Generally speaking the earnings for piece
workers, as well as for timeworkers, were higher in industries op
erating on shorter hour schedules. Firms progressive enough to
introduce an hour schedule conforming to the most advanced stand
ards and efficient enough to maintain production under such a
schedule were also more likely to have installed a higher wage scale
than were plants permitting the longest possible hours.
Earnings and experience.
One factor naturally expected to be a strong determinant in wage
variations is experience or the length of time which workers have
spent in a trade. In practically every industry the employee’s ex
perience in that industry is of value to the employer, and conse
quently should mean an increase in pay as reward for increase in
ability. Even in occupations requiring practically no skill, greater
length of service should mean higher wages, since the permanence,
speed, steadiness, and trustworthiness of many employees with a
good experience record are an asset to the employer.
A general idea of the steadiness of women as industrial workers
can be gained from Table XIY in the appendix, from which it is
apparent that of 14,604 adult women reporting their experience, onefifth had worked in the trade for less than a year. It must be
remembered, too, that this group includes all the beginners in these
industries. Approximately 45 per cent of the women reported from
1 to 5 years of experience, 35 per cent 5 years or more, and 16 per
cent 10 years or more.
The figures on the industrial experience of women indicate that
many women who take up a trade stick to it; but what does this
mean to them in dollars and cents? Practical experience has a direct
bearing upon earnings, even when the 24 industries with varying
wage scales and varying apprenticeship needs are combined.
Although some women with little training earned fairly high
wages, and other women with 15 years or more training received
low ones, the general level of earnings for all women increased
as experience was gained. About 25 per cent of the women employed
from 6 to 9 months received $16 or more compensation. Of those
with an additional 3 months of experience, 29 per cent received these
amounts. After a year’s experience had been gained 33 per cent
earned as much as or more than $16. With each succeeding year of
experience a larger proportion earned this amount, until approxi
mately 59 per cent of those with 15 years of experience received $16
or more compensation.
50
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Some idea of the value of experience may be gained from the
following summary of Table XIV. The median week’s earnings
are given here for women in each group of years in the trade, also
the per cent of increase for each median over the median for begin
ners or those with less than 6 months of experience.
Time in the trade
Under 6 months ____________
6 months and under 1 year___
1 and under 2 years, ______
2 and under 3 years.__
3 and under 4 years___
4 and under 5 years__
5 and under 10 years..
10 and under 15* years
15 years and over___
_
Number of
women
1, 836
1, 151
1, 583
1, 813
1, 744
1, 352
2, 782
1, 182
1, 161
Median
week’s
earnings
$11.
13.
13.
15.
15.
15.
16.
17.
17.
95
15
75
05
20
75
05
10
60
Per cent of in
crease over
median for un
der 6-monthsperiod
10.
15.
25.
27.
31.
34.
43.
47.
0
1
9
2
8
3
1
3
The medians reveal a steady increase for added experience, but
even so, the median week’s earnings for the women who had had 15
years or more of experience are not quite 50 per cent greater than
the median of the beginners in all the industries.
Table 8, which correlates median week’s earnings and time in the
trade for the various industries, is significant for the light it throws
on wage advancements with increased experience in each industry.
Table 8.—Median
earnings and time in the trade, by industry—Adults
Women who have been in the trade—
Number of
women re
porting
months
6 months and 1 and under
2 years
under 1 year
2 and under
3 years
3 and under
4 years
4 and under
5 years
5 and under 10 and under 15 years and
10 years
j ears
Industry
All industries.
Manufacturing:
Advertising and other novelties...
Auto tops and other canvas prod
ucts...............................................
Candy............... ...............-........... .
ClothingShirts and overalls..................
Suits and coats, men’s............
Suits and coats, women’s.......
Other.........................-.............
Electric products....... ...... .............
Food products................................
Glass and glass products...............
Gloves............................ ................
Metal products..............................
Paper and paper products............
Pottery...........................................
Rubber and rubber products.......
8hoes......................................-—
Textiles—
Cordage....................................
Hosiery and knit goods-------Woolen goods..........................
Other........................................
Tobacco and cigars........................
General mercantile...............................
l-and-10-cent stores...............................
Laundries..........................................—
tags
MeMeMeMeMeMeMedian Num- dian Num- dian Num- dian Num- dian Num- dian Num- dian Num- dian
ber
ber
ber
earnber
earnber
earnber
earnearnearnearnings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
$16.05 1,182 $17.10 1,161
14,604 $14.85 1,836 $11.95 1,151 $13.15 1,583 $13.75 1,813 $15. 05 1,744 $15.20 1,352 $15. 75 2,782
155
56
167
335
1,135
14.15
11.40
13
(’)
28
12.00
14
0)
26
17.00
19
13. 90
11
(■)
29
13. 85
8
3
40
0)
9. 75
3
10
0)
(•)
8
17
.(>)
11.15
2
21
<>)
12.10
9
19
M
(')
17
31
14.25
12.15
6
14
Q
11. 25
5
13
16
75
21
30
108
49
37
37
121
63
49
229
42
16. 50
19.65
19.10
17. 50
17.80
12.95
13.20
12.15
16. 95
13.15
14.15
19.20
15.50
74
211
64
64
128
71
51
88
188
164
130
235
134
18.50
21.35
21.75
16. 00
18.05
13. 05
12.70
12.40
16.10
14.45
14.50
19.60
17.60
31
132
42
18. 30
22. 05
22. 20
16. 35
17. 25
12. 20
01
1
26
22
2
153
187
8
47
(■)
5
105
53
12
384
399
26
119
(•)
13.70
18. 25
3
31
19
4
189
198
10. 50
12.80
15.95
20.35
220
21.00
292
1,038
499
373
272
1,333
843
715
1,483
555
15. 35
16.95
11.75
12.30
11. 75
14.80
13.10
13. 95
18. 55
16.15
446
236
67
1,777
1,842
179
558
11.50
13.05
15.80
12. 55
14. 70
14.10
10. 45
12.65
1 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
ber
20
36
2
17
178
30
54
9
190
90
32
117
23
12.00
15. 00
(*)
14. 50
16. 80
109
229
39
12.40
14.15
10.10
10. 85
7.40
12.55
10. 95
12. 55
12. 60
10.40
4
35
31
11.90
12. 70
1
38
13
0)
12.15
0)
153
121
46
51
10. 55
12.30
9. 55
10.50
79
97
28
51
11.90
12.05
10.50
10.80
120
287
(l)
11.00
12. 60
(i)
13. 70
12.35
13.25
15.70
10.85
w
45
138
8
45
102
66
44
28
159
91
67
148
58
3
67
16
10
185
183
33
48
14.90
18.45
0)
14.50
17. 40
11.80
12.10
11.00
14.25
13. 05
13.85
18.10
12.65
0)
13. 70
15. 00
(i)
12. 70
12.75
10. 30
12.65
53
115
8
34
125
57
55
33
129
90
83
233
53
17. 05
18.60
<•>
16.00
16.75
13.40
13.05
11.90
15.40
13.45
13. 70
19.60
12. 65
20
171
17
27
140
62
46
27
157
109
55
231
47
16.00
19. 75
19.50
15. 25
17. 55
12.55
12. 40
13. 40
15.70
13.30
13. 55
19.50
16. 70
2
60
33
(i)
13.50
14. 30
248
264
24
65
16. 05
13. 20
10. 70
12.25
1
57
26
11
229
208
14
42
12. 40
17. 20
0)
14.70
13. 55
0)
12.15
13. 50
16.65
(>)
15.15
14. 20
(>)
12.85
w
15.50
15.60
12.00
12.95
19
26
10
18
66
74
84
49
68
63
(0
C1)
13.00
17.65
14. 60
16. 05
22. 60
17. 75
7
«
3
2
c)
16.35
22. 65
23. 80
9
18
5
9
36
69
106
12
91
(l)
13. 00
16. 95
17.00
13. 60
72
(o
0)
32
206
58
8
27
23
6
157
185
0)
15. 50
17. 75
$17.60
«
(*)
17.75
14. 90
15. 65
C1)
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Me
Num dian
ber
earn
ings
20.05
(■)
12.75
16. 50
C1)
16.80
16. 85
14.00
Cn
52
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Earnings and age.
The correlation of age and earnings serves to reveal something
of the difficulties confronting women in industry. According to
Table XV in the appendix earnings of women 25 to 30 years of
age were higher than were earnings in other age groups. More
than three-fourths of the women who were 18 and 19 years or who
were 50 years of age and over received less than $16 compensation
per week; almost three-fifths of those between the ages of 20 and
25 years or between 40 and 50 years did not earn $16; whereas
about one-half of those between 25 and 30 or 30 and 40 years re
ceived $16 or more per week. The following summary of medians
serves to emphasize the relation between age and earnings:
Age
18 and under 20 years___ ___
20 and under 25 years _
_____
25 and under 30 years ____ __
30 and under 40 years___ _____
40 and under 50 years.__ __
50 and under 60 years _
_
60 years and over______
.
Number of
women
2, 750
4, 536
2, 624
3, 690
1, 987
788
244
Median earn
ings
$12.
15.
16.
15.
15.
13.
12.
75
00
00
75
00
05
15
.
According to these figures the wage curve rises to the highest
point for the women between 25 and 30 years and then falls steadily,
until the women 60 years old or over show a median 31.7 per cent
lower than the peak and even 5 per cent below the median for the
girls of from 18 to 20 years of age.
Kecent years have piled up evidence of the necessity for many
women to support themselves for life and frequently dependents be
sides. Consequently, with an industrial wage which even at the peak
scarcely reaches above the bare subsistence level and which declines
with advancing middle age, the impossibility of providing for old
age is apparent. Since definite proof has been given of women’s
tendency to acquire a trade and to stick to it, and of their economic
responsibilities, it is necessary to emphasize women’s need of indus
trial training, opportunities, and advancement so that the days of
middle age, when responsibilities are apt to be heaviest, may not
bring also a declining earning power.
Earnings and education.
By far the largest proportion of adult women furnishing personal
data had finished the eighth grade of the grammar school, as can be
seen from the accompanying summary of Table XVI in the ap
pendix. As many as 24 per cent had not gone beyond the sixth
grade. Approximately 23 per cent, however, had spent some time
53
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
in the high school or in grades higher than the eighth grade of the
grammar school. The proportion earning $16 or over increased
with one exception with each grade completed from the first to the
sixth grade. Beyond that point there was no gain in compensation
with additional time spent in schools. Although the numbers in
each group are few, a larger percentage of women who had never
been to school earned $16 and over than the percentage of women
who had had a college education. Not so large a proportion with
high-school diplomas earned $16 and more as among girls who had
not gone beyond the fifth grade in school. Undoubtedly, many able
students who finish high school or college turn away from factory,
laundry, and store occupations and enter other fields of endeavor.
But the fact that girls who finish grammar school can not earn any
more in factories, stores, and laundries than can girls who complete
the sixth grade is worthy of careful consideration.
Women reporting spec
ified grade as highest
attended
Women receiving $16
and more earnings
per week
Extent of schooling
Total
reporting
None
Grade:
First
Second---------------------------------------Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth___
_________ ___ ___
Seventh
Eighth _ ----------------------------------Ninth or first year high school Tenth or second year high school----Eleventh or third year high school —
Twelfth or fourth vear high school__
College or higher classes-----------------------
Per cent
of those
attaining
each grade
Number
Per cent
Number
13, 981
100. 0
5, 530
39. 6
172
1. 2
64
37. 2
45
67
170
473
849
1, 618
2, 013
5, 399
1, 178
831
314
657
78
117
.3
.5
1. 2
3.4
6. 1
11. 6
14. 4
38. 6
8. 4
5. 9
2. 2
4. 7
.6
.8
11
22
50
163
326
701
823
2, 240
446
311
106
206
21
40
24. 4
32. 8
29. 4
34. 5
38. 4
43. 3
40. 9
41. 5
37. 9
37. 4
33. 8
31. 4
26. 9
34 2
YEAR’S EARNINGS OF ADULT WOMEN
The wage figures presented up to this point have been for a given
week irrespective of the other weeks in the year. A week’s earnings
are worthy of consideration only so far as they reflect the average
earnings of 52 weeks. It was not possible with the time and funds
allotted for an investigation of women’s earnings in Ohio to ascer
tain the year’s earnings of all women appearing on any one week’s
pay roll, for labor turnover is frequent, and tracing women who
54
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
change places of employment is a difficult task. In the study of
year’s earnings, therefore, an effort was made to secure wage data
of a representative number of women, and only those who had
worked 44 weeks or longer during the year in any one establishment
were selected, the assumption being that such women were not em
ployed elsewhere during the year and that the amount earned in
the one establishment represented their entire year’s earnings.
Such records were secured for 4,336 women 18 years of age and
over, or approximately 14 per cent of the women for whom records
of week’s earnings were available. Twenty per cent of each pay roil
was the proportion from whom the year’s records were desired.
The difference between the number of records desired and the num
ber obtained is due to temporary shutdowns in several factories and
much irregular employment in others.
According to Table XVII in the appendix the median year’s earn
ings of these 4,336 women were $726 or an average of $13.96 per
week, whereas the median earnings of 30,568 women during the
representative week were $13.80. The following summary of Table
XVII in the appendix shows that 36 in every hundred for whom a
year’s records were available received $800 or more during the year,
averaging $15.38 or more per week, whereas 35 in every hundred of
the workers whose week’s earnings were recorded received $16 or
more during one week. Fifty-five per hundred of the former ob
tained from $500 to $800 during the year, averaging $9.62 to $15.38
per week, and 46 per hundred of the latter received between $10 and
$16 during the week. While 9 per cent earned less than $500 in a
year, with a weekly average of $9.62, as many as 20 per cent of those
on the one week’s pay roll earned less than $10 during that week.
Although the actual year’s earnings quoted do not correspond exactly
with the week’s earnings multiplied by 52, it is obvious that, save for
the under $10 earnings group, the week chosen in 1922 was repre
sentative of earnings of regular employees during that year.
Year’s earnings
Women receiving specified
amounts
Number
Total________
$200 and under $300..
$300 and under $400._
$400 and under $500..
$500 and under $600..
$600 and under $700..
$700 and under $800_
$800 and under $900..
$900 and under $1,000
$1,000 and over_____
Per cent
4, 336
100. 0
17
94
272
716
855
812
649
392
529
0. 4
2. 2
6. 3
16. 5
19. 7
18. 7
15. 0
9. 0
12. 2
■
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
55
A comparison of the proportions of full-time workers on the pay
rolls for the one week studied who received specified amounts with
the proportions receiving such amounts when weekly earnings were
the average made during 44 to 52 weeks of employment reveals that
earnings for a full-time week were higher than the average weekly
earnings based on a year’s records. To equal the full scheduled
week’s earnings throughout the year piece- and timeworkers would
have to work, not 44 or more weeks, but at least 50 weeks of the
year. But few women in Ohio industries, however, were employed
for many as 50 weeks in 1922. Therefore, a full week’s earnings
were not indicative of the amount which Ohio women had to spend
weekly during the year. The story of women’s earnings in Ohio
industries as given by a normal or representative week’s earnings
of all women employees on the pay roll presents a truer picture of
the possible income during the year for women working 44 to 52
weeks of the year than do the earnings of the full-time workers.
Records for so small a number of adult women employed in the
less populous centers who worked as long as 44 weeks during the
year were secured that the data on a year’s earnings in such places
are limited in value. However, it is obvious from Table XVIII in
the appendix that during the year the earnings of adult women in
cities of less than 25,000 were more uncertain than in the larger
places, and that the average for a week based on a year’s earnings
per individual would be lower in such towns than would the earn
ings during the representative week chosen for study.
EARNINGS OF GIRLS 16 AND UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE (MINORS)
There were 1,353 girls between 16 and 18 years of age employed
in the establishments visited during this survey. This number was
4 per cent of the total number of women and girls on the pay rolls.
The proportion which young girls working in the several indus
tries constituted of the total number of women varied from none
whatever in factories manufacturing automobile tops and other
canvas goods to 17 per cent in establishments making gloves.
The median earnings of girls between 16 and 18 years were $10.20.
(Table XIX in the appendix.) The actual earnings ranged from
less than $1 to over $30. More than one-half, however, earnecf from
$8 to $13 during the week studied. The largest number receiving
any single amount, or 14 per cent, earned between $10 and $11 per
week. Approximately 12 per cent earned less than $6 during the
week. Three-fifths of those reporting such earnings and also the
length of time worked had been employed less than 30 hours or not
more than 3y2 days; only 18.6 per cent who had earned less than
$6 worked as long as 5 days or 44 hours or more during the week.
(Table XX in the appendix.)
56
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Earnings were lowest in candy factories where 7 per cent of the
women employees were 16 and 17 years of age, one-half of the girls
earning less than $7.85. In glove factories and in 5-and-10-cent
stores one-half of the young girls employed received less than $8.80
per week. The men’s suit and coat industry offered more remunera
tive employment to young girls than did any other field covered by
this study, $13.25 being the median week’s earnings.
The young girls were paid on a time-rate and on a piece-rate basis
in almost equal numbers. (Taxle X in the appendix.) The earn
ings of girls employed on a piece-rate basis were higher than the
earnings of girls working on a time basis. This is undoubtedly due
to the fact that while one-eighth of all pieceworkers made more than
$16 no girl was paid a time rate exceeding $16, and but two received
$16. Also the median week’s earnings of the timeworkers were
$9.75 as compared with a median of $11.15 for the pieceworkers.
In glove factories and tobacco factories, where the piece-rate system
prevailed, a larger portion of young girls than of adult women were
on piecework. In candy factories where time rates were the rule
a larger proportion of young girls were paid on time rates than of
older women. It is obvious, therefore, that employers do not dis
tinguish between the inexperienced worker of 16 and 17 years and
the inexperienced but older worker when determining the basis upon
which beginners are to be paid.
The great bulk of the girls under 18 years of age were employed
in the larger cities (82.8 per cent). More detailed figures than those
furnished in this report give the wage data for 1,069 girls in the
cities of 25,000 population and over and for 227 girls in the less
populous centers. The median week’s earnings of the former group
were $10.55 as compared with $7.75 for the latter. The earnings of
about one-half these young people in the smaller places were be
tween $6 and $10, whereas the earnings of more than one-half the
girls in the larger places ranged from $8 to $13.
About three-fourths of the girls included had completed the
eighth grade or had attended high school for several years. (Table
XYI in the appendix.) Apparently previous attendance at high
school did not serve as a factor in increasing the contents of the pay
envelope. Among these young girls, as among the older women, the
sixth-grade pupils received the highest compensation.
Also the detailed figures show that less than a third of the girls
had been employed at their tasks for as long as a year. Although
the record of earnings and experience by months does not show
increased earnings for every month employed, the trend is steadily
upward. Beginners’ median earnings were $8.50. The median of
those with 6 months’ experience was $10.45, whereas the median of
those with 12 months’ experience was $12 for the week.
PART IV
EARNINGS IN SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
In order to ascertain the importance of the various industries in
Ohio, from the standpoint of the employment of women, it is neces
sary to consult census figures. According to the 1920 population
census1 there were employed in the State’s mercantile establish
ments 35,874 saleswomen and clerks. An analysis of the 1919 census
of manufactures2 shows the clothing industry with 15,396 women
employed in its various subdivisions to be the greatest woman em
ployer of all the manufacturing industries in Ohio. Tobacco, and
cigar factories and firms manufacturing electric products with the
female contingents totaling 9,559 and 8,232, respectively, also stand
out conspicuously as employers of a large number of women.
A comparison of the numbers of women employed in the industries
included in the survey shows mercantile establishments also heading
the list, followed by the manufacture of clothing, tobacco and
cigars, metal products, and electric products, ranking according to
numerical importance in the order enumerated.
In this section all discussions are concerned exclusively with adult
women unless minors are especially mentioned, except in the age
data, which include both adults and minors.
THE MERCANTILE INDUSTRY
The workers.
The United States Bureau of the Census reports 24,058 sales
women and 11,816 “ clerks in stores ” in Ohio in 1919. How many
of the so-called “ clerks in stores ” were performing clerical service
in offices of retailing establishments and how many were working
in the selling departments is uncertain, due to the indefiniteness of
the term “ clerk.” But even if all “ clerks in stores ” were office
workers, there were still more women employed as saleswomen in
Ohio than were employed in any single manufacturing industry.
Consequently, earnings records were secured for a larger number
of women in selling departments of retail stores than for any one* IV)
1TJ. S. Bureau of the Census, 14th Census, vol. 4, Population, 1920: Occupations, pp.
102-103.
"All census figures concerning manufacturing industries quoted in this chapter (Part
IV) are taken from the following source: U. S. Bureau of the Census, 14th Census, vol. 0,
Manufactures, 1919, Table 46, pp. 1186-1211.
18823°—25------ 5
67
58
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
manufacturing group. The figures included 3,905 women 18 years
of age and over and 134 women 16 to 18 years of age employed in
general mercantile establishments, and 420 women 18 years of age
and over and 43 minors employed in the so-called 5-and-10-cent
stores—a total of 4,502. (Table 4.)
Throughout this report the information on earnings in the 5-and10-cent stores has been tabulated separately, since these establish
ments vary materially from department and specialty stores in
the character of service rendered, the store organization, the type of
workers, and the wages paid.
An analysis of the records of the women from whom personal
information as to nativity, living and conjugal condition, and age
was secured reveals the following facts: In stores included in this
report, the employees were predominately American-born white
women. Approximately seven-eighths of the women employed in
department and specialty stores and more than nine-tenths of those
in 5-and-10-cent stores who reported on the subject lived at home
or with relatives. Forty-three in every hundred of the former
group, and 26 in every hundred in the latter group were married,
widowed, or divorced women. The differences in marital status
of women found in the two groups of stores are due to the fact that
the 5-and-10-cent stores employed younger girls than did other
mercantile firms.' Of those reporting on age, 54.9 per cent in the
5-and-10-cent stores were under 20 years of age, and 81 per cent
were under 25 years of age, whereas only 17.5 per cent of those in
department and specialty stores reporting on their age were under
20 years, and 40.8 per cent were under 25 years of age. (Appendix
Tables I-IV, inclusive.)
Week’s earnings.
The median earnings of the 3,905 women in general mercantile
establishments were $14.05 (Table 4). A study of the accompany
ing table, together with Table 4, showing the variation in numbers,
of women earning specified amounts during the week selected in
1922, indicates clearly that more than one-half of those working in
general mercantile establishments earned between $10 and $16 dur
ing this week, and that from $12 to $13, and from $15 to $16 were
the outstanding amounts received.
A small percentage, 3.8 per cent, earned less than' $6 during
this week. A review of rates of pay shows that only one woman
was rated at a wage of less than $6. The other women earning
under $6 had worked, for the most part, less than 30 hours or not
more than By2 days during the week.8
’ All information concerning earnings and time worked for individual industries which
is presented in this section has been secured from figures more detailed than those pub
lished in this report.
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
59
Almost 8 in every hundred employed during the week selected
in general mercantile establishments earned between $6 and $10.
Lost time was accountable for such earnings in almost one-half of
the instances. The rates of pay of about 4 in every hundred were
between these amounts.
Week’s earnings of 27 in every hundred saleswomen fell between
$10 and $13. A small proportion (5 per cent) of this group worked
less than 44 hours or 5 days. Table 9 shows that the proportion
reporting wage rates between these sums (32.7 per cent), however,
was higher than the proportion reporting earnings (27.2 per cent).
A similar condition prevailed in the $13 to $16 group. Although
30 per cent actually earned this amount in the week scheduled, the
rate of pay of 38 per cent fell within these amounts. It is obvious,
therefore, that many women whose actual earnings fell in the under
$10 group were rated in the $10 to $16 wage groups.
A study of the proportions earning $16 and over indicates clearly
that while there was a small amotmt of lost time without pay among
these women, the sums paid in bonuses to saleswomen in addition to
salary made the proportion of women actually earning $16 or over
greater than the proportion whose wage rates were $16 or more per
week. Table 9 shows that 17.4 per cent actually earned $16 to $20,
and 13.4 per cent earned $20 or more, whereas the rates of 15.6 per
cent were found in the former dollar group and the rates of 9.4 per
cent in the latter.
A better idea of the extent to which lost time affected earnings can
be obtained by a comparison of the median of all the women in gen
eral mercantile establishments ($14.05) with the median of the 3,163
women who worked their firm’s scheduled time ($15.05, according to
Table 6), there being a difference of $1 between the two medians.
As would be expected, the level of wages in 5-and-10-cent stores
was lower than in the general mercantile establishments. Table 4
reveals that the median earnings of the 420 employees in the 5-and10-cent stores were $10.55, and that concentration of earnings oc
curred between $8 and $13 in these establishments, whereas $10 to
$16 was the important range in department and specialty stores.
Not far from three-fourths of the women employees in the 5-and-10cent stores earned between $8 and $13. *
Although 7 per cent of the women on pay rolls of the week in Sep
tember earned under $6, a study of wage rates reveals that the lowest
rate paid for full-time service in the 5-and-10-cent stores scheduled
was in the $7 to $8 classification. (Table XII in the appendix.) Of
all employees, 31.7 per cent earned from $6 to $10 and 47.6 per cent
earned $10 to $13. Almost all the women who earned the last-quoted
sum worked over 48 hours or on 5 days or more during the week,
whereas 12 per cent of the women earning $6 to $10 worked less than
60
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
44 hours or less than 5 days. Ten in every hundred employees dur
ing the one week in September earned $13 to $16, and approximately
4 per cent earned $16 or over. All women earning $13 or more
worked over 48 hours or on 6 days.
The median earnings of the 324 women who worked their firm’s
scheduled time were $10.95 (Table 6), which is only $0.40 higher
than the median for all women irrespective of time worked.
Earnings in places of varying population.
In both general mercantile establishments and 5-and-10-cent stores
earnings were higher in the larger cities, a fact illustrated by the
median week’s earnings (Table 4). For cities of 25,000 or more
population the median earnings for general mercantile and 5-and10-cent stores were $14.10 and $10.60, respectively, while in the
localities of less than 25,000 the median for the former industry
was $13.50 and for the latter $9.25.
Table
9.—Week’s earnings, weekly rate of all1 women, and earnings of women
who worked the firm’s scheduled time in retail stores—Adults
GENERAL MERCANTILE
Women earning
each specified
amount—
Week’s earnings
Number Per cent
Women receiving Women who worke I
each specified rate the firm's scheduled
time, earning each
of pay
specified amount—
Number Per cent
Number Per cent
Total.........................................................
3,905
100.0
3,523
100.0
3,163
100.0
$16 and under $20........... ...............................
$20 and over.......................................................
150
299
1,062
1,191
678
525
3.9
7.6
27.2
30.5
17.4
13.4
1
152
1,151
1,340
547
332
4.3
32.7
38.0
15.6
9.4
1
130
821
1,083
625
503
4.1
26.0
34.2
19.8
15.9
6-AND-10-CENT STORES
Total...........-............................................
420
100.0
350
100.0
324
100.0
$0 and under $10----------------------------------$10 and under $13--------------------------------$13 and under $16........ .................................- $16 and under $20------ -------------------- -----$20 and over......... -.............. .............................
29
133
200
42
15
1
6.9
31.7
47.6
10.0
3.6
0.2
100
190
44
15
1
28.6
54.3
12.6
4.3
0.3
83
183
42
15
1
25.6
56.5
13.0
4.6
0.3
1 Weekly rate was not reported for 382 women in general mercantile establishments
and 70 women in 5-and-10-cent. stores.
Earnings and experience.
The data for saleswomen concerning experience4 disclose that
while more than 42 per cent of those employed in the general mer
cantile establishments had had five years or more experience in the
selling trades, only 14.5 per cent of those in the 5-and-10-cent stores1
1 All information concerning earnings and experience for individual industries which is
presented in this section has been secured from figures more detailed than those pub
lished in this report.
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
61
had been in such work as long as this. Almost 60 per cent of the
latter employees had had one year or more experience, while 88 per
cent of the general store employees reported this amount of time
in the trade.
A study of earnings and experience of general mercantile em
ployees makes it apparent that with the prevailing wage rates, prac
tically no women earned $16 until they had been employed one
year. Between $13 and $16 was received, however, by as large a
proportion, if not so large a number, with less than three months’ ex
perience, as the proportion with 9 to 12 months’ experience. In the
5-and-10-cent stores there was more marked advance in wages after
six months of service had been rendered, and again after one year
of experience than in general mercantile establishments. Longer
employment than this increased the earnings of but relatively few
women in 5-and-lO-cent stores. Another way of estimating to what
extent increased experience affected earnings is by a comparison
of medians for the several experience classifications. In general
mercantile establishments the medians for the workers who had
worked less than one year, from one to five years, and five years or
over in the trade were $12.20, $13.25, and $15.95, respectively. The
medians for these groups in the 5-and-10-cent store were $10.10.
$10.70, and $12, respectively. From these figures it is evident that
increased experience in the department and specialty stores counted
for more in dollars and cents than in 5-and-10-cent stores.
Year’s earnings.
Some idea of the extent to which the regularity of employment
shown in the week for which earnings were secured was reflected
in the earnings for the year in general mercantile establishments
can be obtained from Table XVII in the appendix. Year’s earnings
of 663 women, each one working in but one establishment for 44
or more weeks during the year, were copied from pay rolls. The
median year’s earnings of this group were $801. Fifty per cent
earned $800 or more during the year, 36 per cent earned from *$600
to $800, 10.9 per cent earned $500 to $600, and 2.7 per cent earned
less than $500. While these when reduced to weekly averages cor
respond only roughly to the week’s earnings groupings used, it
is obvious that the women who were regular employees for 44 weeks
and more during the year were the better paid women. It is also
patent that these earnings represented approximately full-time earn
ings for the 52 weeks in the year.
An analysis of the records of 81 women who were employed 44 or
more weeks in any one 5-and-lO-cent store discloses the median
year’s earnings to be $613. Only 8.6 per cent earned $800 to $1,000;
18.5 per cent earned $700 to $800; 27 per cent, $600 to $700; 32
per cent, $500 to $600; and 13.6 per cent, $400 to $500. In these
retailing establishments, as in department and specialty stores, the
62
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
year’s earnings of those working regularly during the year show
that the average weekly earnings of full-year employees were higher
than the earnings of all women employed in the week selected.
THE CLOTHING INDUSTRY
The workers.
Of the several branches of the clothing industry, the manufacture
of men’s suits and coats is the most important numerically, since,
according to census figures, there were employed therein about 8,000
women and girls, as compared with approximately 5,600 in the manu
facture of women’s clothing and less than 2,000 in the manufacture
of shirts and overalls.
In this survey data concerning 4,091 women and girls were
obtained from pay-roll records of clothing establishments. (Table
I.) The differences in wage rates and conditions of employment,
however, necessitate in an earnings discussion a separate accounting
of the four branches into which the clothing establishments in
cluded in the survey have been divided.
These four branches show striking differences in regard to per
sonnel, according to the records of the women supplying information
about themselves. The manufacture of women’s suits and coats,
with foreign-born women constituting 53.4 per cent of all in the in
dustry reporting on nativity, showed a much larger proportion
of the foreign element than did the manufacture of shirts and over
alls, men’s suits and coats, and other clothing, which revealed 5.1 per
cent, 22.1 per cent, and 35.8 per cent, respectively, of the women
workers, whose records were given as born in other countries. (Table
I in the appendix.)
In the women’s suit and coat industry was found the largest
proportion of women who were or had been married, 53.8 per cent of
those reporting on conjugal condition. “ Other clothing ” came next
in this respect with 45.6 per cent, followed by the manufacture of
men’s suits and coats with 30.2 per cent, and the manufacture of
shirts and overalls with 26.9 per cent so classified. (Table III in
the appendix.)
In the matter of age, shirt and overall manufacturing had by
far the youngest workers. Almost three-fourths of all the women
reporting were under 30 years of age and approximately two-fifths
were under 20. In the women’s suit and coat industry were a larger
proportion of women over 30 years of age than in either of the other
two branches; only 3.2 per cent were under 20, and 36.9 per cent
were between 20 and 30 years old. The manufacture of men’s suits
and coats and of “other clothing” disclosed 21.8 per cent and 18.3
per cent, respectively, under 20 years, and 39.4 per cent and 40 per
cent, respectively, in the 20 to 30 years group. (Table II in the ap
pendix.)
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
63
Week’s earnings.
In the men’s suit and coat industry, the median week’s earnings
for all women (1,688) were $19.60. (Table 4.) More than 47 in
every hundred earned $20 or more during the week, and more than
71 in every hundred $16 or more, regardless of the number of hours
worked. (Table 10.) For those working full time, who constituted
about one-half of the number reporting time worked, the median
earnings, as shown in Table 6, were $19.75. Moreover, 75 in every
hundred earned $16 or more. In the women’s suit and coat industry
the median week’s earnings ($19.35 for 383 women) regardless of
time worked, were strikingly similar to the corresponding median
in the manufacture of men’s suits and coats. Also in the women’s
clothing group, 45 in every hundred of all women whose earnings
were ascertained received $20 or more and 72 in every hundred at
least $16. The median for the full-time workers was $19.85, and 79
in every hundred of these earned $16 or over. (Table 6.) In neither
branch did any women working a full week receive earnings of less
than $8, and only one per hundred of the full-time workers in the
men’s suit and coat industry, and only three per hundred of such em
ployees in women’s suit and coat manufacturing earned $8 and
less than $10. Between 9 and 10 of every hundred women in both
branches earned $10 to $13, whether full-time workers or all women
on the pay rolls are considered.
It is apparent, therefore, that employment for women in the men’s
and women’s suit and coat industries was more remunerative during
the week scheduled than employment in any other Ohio industry
included in the study. Attention also should be called to the fact
that the working week was usually shorter in these factories than
the schedule in force in other industries. The 8-hour day and 4-hour
Saturday prevailing in the tailoring industry of Ohio meant a 44hour week for most of the women employed in the industry.
Earnings and hours in the shirt and overall, and “ other clothing ”
manufacturing were not on a par with those in the tailored branches
of this industry. Table 4 shows the median earnings of the shirt
factory workers to be $15.05, and Table 10 that only 43 per cent of
these workers earned as much as $16 in the week for which all earn
ings were secured, while the same proportion earned between $10
and $16 for the week. Over one-half of the women whose time rec
ords were secured worked the firm’s regular schedule during the
week selected. The median earnings of this group were $14.50. The
lowest earnings of these scheduled week workers were $4; 13.5 percent
received from $6 to $10; 22.9 per cent earned $10 to $13; 26.3 per cent,
$13 to $16; and 36.7 per cent, $16 and over. Scheduled daily hours in
these plants varied from over 8 to 9 with a Saturday of 5 hours or
less, and weekly hours ranged from more than 44 hours to 50 hours.
64
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Earnings in the “other clothing” industry follow approximately
the same general curve as do earnings in the men’s shirt and over
alls branch, but at a slightly lower level. The median earnings ac
cording to Table 4 were $14.55. As will be seen in Table 10, about
37.7 per cent earned $16 or more per week; 26.1 per cent earned $13
to $16; 18.9 per cent, between $10 and $13; and 17.3 per cent, less
than $10 per week when the number of hours worked is not con
sidered. The median earnings of the women working full time were
$15. Eight dollars was the lowest wage paid a full-time worker.
Only 5.2 per cent of the women working the firm’s scheduled hours
earned under $10; 20.3 per cent, $10 to $13; 37.1 per cent, $13 to
$16; and 37.5 per cent, $16 or over for the week.
Table
10.—Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who worked
the firm's scheduled time in clothing factories—Adults
SHIRTS AND OVERALLS
Women earning
each specified
amount
Week's earnings
Women who
worked the firm’s
scheduled time,
earning each
specified amount
Number Per cent Number
Total
Per cent
924
100.0
297
100.0
30
95
186
216
235
162
3. 2
10.3
20.1
23.4
25.4
17.5
2
40
68
78
68
41
0. 7
13. 5
22. 9
26.3
22.9
13.8
1,688
100.0
742
100.0
23
70
152
233
406
804
1.4
4. 1
9.0
13.8
24.1
47.6
7
73
106
196
360
1.0
9.8
14.3
26.4
48.5
___ ___ ________________ ___________
SUITS AND COATS, MEN’S
SUITS AND COATS, WOMEN’S
Total....................................................... -.......................................
383
100.0
296
100.0
$6 and under $10
$10 and under $13------------------------------- ------------ -........................
$13 and under $16_____ ____ ________________________________
$16 and under $20------------------------ ---------- --------- ----------------$20 and over...........................................................................-................
5
20
37
46
103
172
1.3
5.2
9.7
12.0
26.9
44.9
9
26
28
89
144
3.0
8.8
9.5
30.1
48.6
Total.....................................................................................-.........
771
100.0
232
100.0
$13 and under $16----------------------------- ------------------------ -------$16 and under $20--------- ----------------------------------------------------$20 and over..............................................................................................
35
98
146
201
169
122
4.5
12.7
18.9
26.1
21.9
15.8
12
47
86
61
26
5.2
20.3
37.1
26.3
11.2
OTIIER
Women in ohio industries
65
Earnings in places of varying population.
When week’s earnings in the clothing industry are considered
from the standpoint of locality, it is apparent that there was much
greater opportunity for women in the larger cities than in the
smaller communities. (Table 4.) In the towns of less than 25,000
population, there were no factories engaged in the manufacture of
men’s and women’s suits and coats. The manufacture of shirts and
overalls shows a median of $15.55 for cities of 25,000 population
and over, as contrasted with $12.05 for the smaller towns, and the
manufacture of “other clothing” shows an even greater discrepancy
between the medians of the larger and smaller places, $15.30 for the
former and $11 for the latter.
Earnings and experience.
A general idea of the relation between earnings and experience in
the four branches of the clothing industry can be gained from the
fallowing summary:
.
rime in the trade
Industry
Shirts and overalls............ ...............................
Suits and coats, men’s_________ ___________
Suits and coats, women’s......................................
Other clothing........................................................
Num
ber of
women
report
ing
335
1,135
220
292
Under 1 year
1 and under 5
years
5 years and over
Num Median
Num Median Num Median
ber of week’s ber of week’s ber of week’s
earn
earn
women ings women earn
ings women ings
64
87
2
44
$11.40
13.95
(>)
13.15
134
499
54
136
$15. 90
19.00
18.75
15.55
137
549
164
112
$17.95
22.05
22.50
16.10
1 Not computed owing to small number involved.
In each industry, as would be expected, there was a steady increase
in earnings with the increase in experience. The manufacture of
men’s suits and coats shows a 58.1 per cent advance in the median of
the women with five years or more of experience over the median of
those who had been in the trade for less than one year. As a close
parallel to this, so far as the figures enable us to determine, stands
the manufacture of women’s suits and coats. The miscellaneous
clothing group shows a smaller proportionate advance than do the
other branches of the industry.
Year’s earnings.
Both the men’s land women’s suit and coat industry showed a fairly
high level of years’ earnings with medians of $972 and $974, respec
tively. (Table XVII in the appendix.) In other words, 46 and 44
in every hundred women working 44 or more weeks in any one estab
lishment in the men’s and women’s suit and coat industries, respec
66
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTBIES
tively, earned $1,000 or more during the year. The proportion earn
ing $800 or more was 77 per hundred in the men’s clothing and 83
per hundred in the women’s.
The records of the year’s earnings of 121 women in the shirt and
ovex all factories reveal a median of $808. The difference between
the pi’opoi'tion of full-time workers on the weekly pay-roll earning
$16 and over (36.7 per cent) and the proportion of year’s workers
averaging 'approximately such an amount per week (43 per cent)
would indicate that there were more inexperienced workers included
in the group for whom records on week’s earnings were obtained than
in the group for whom figures on year’s earnings were available.
This is borne out by the fact that of the women on the weekly pay roll
who reported their experience, 19 per cent had been employed for
less than one year in the industry.
The median year’s earnings of the women whose records wei'e
secured in the manufacture of “ other clothing ” were $740. The pro
portion of this group whose earnings averaged $16 or more per week
was about the same as the proportion of full-time week workers in
this earnings classification. But the average weekly earnings de
rived from the year’s record showed almost 50 per cent of the women
reported earning about $13 to $16 as compared with 26.1 per cent
of the full-time week workers. Moreover, only 1.6 per cent of the
former received less than $10 a week as against 17.2 per cent of the
latter. This is a clear indication that the women employed for 44
weeks or more in the year were the better paid employees.
THE TOBACCO AND CIGAR INDUSTRY
The workers.
A manufacturing industry in Ohio of great importance, numeri
cally, as far as women are concerned, and one that would naturally
be included in a study of women’s wages, is the tobacco and tobacco
products industry. In such production, according to the census,
9,559 women and girls earned their living in December, 1919. Fac
tories employing 39.6 per cent of this number were visited by the
agents of the Women’s Bureau in 1922, and records were secured for
3,583 women 18 years of age and over and 207 girls between 16 and
18 years of age. (Table 1.)
The women at work in Ohio tobacco and cigar factories were, for
the most part, American-born white women. Of those stating their
age, 27.1 per cent were under 20 years old and 37.1 per cent were
from 20 to 30. More than one-half of the adults who reported on
marital status were or had been married. (Appendix Tables I-III
inclusive.) Almost seven-eighths of the 1,777 women whose experi
ence records were secured had been employed in the industry one
year or more, 41 per cent having had live years or more of experience.
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
67
Week’s earnings.
The prevailing method of wage payment in the tobacco industry
of Ohio was on a piece-rate basis. Seven-eighths of all adult women
and a larger proportion of minors employed therein were piece
workers. (Table IX in the appendix.) Undoubtedly, this system
of payment was in part responsible for the wide variation in week’s
earnings shown in Table 4. Although this table reveals the median
week’s earnings in the tobacco and cigar industry to be $13.35, no
single figure or range of figures can be quoted as the usual earnings
received. From 3 to 7 per cent of the adult women employed earned
amounts falling in each dollar grouping from $5 to $22 per week.
Table 11 shows that 18.7 per cent of the women in tobacco and cigar
factories earned from $6 to $10 during the week, regardless of the
amount of time worked; an equal proportion earned, $20 and over;
17.7 per cent earned, $10 to $13; 17 per cent, $10 to $20; and 16.3 per
cent, $13 to $16. However, 11.3 per cent fell below the $6 level in
earnings. In other words, 30 in every hundred adult women em
ployed earned less than $10 per week, or an amount unquestionably
below the level of a satisfactory standard of living; 36 in every hun
dred earned $16 and more, or an amount approximating a reason
able level; and 34 in every hundred earned amounts falling between
these two rather widely separated divisions.
These earnings were made in a week chosen as representative of
the year 1922 by tobacco factory superintendents. But the ques
tion naturally arises as to the amount of lost time that occurred
during this week. The scheduled working day for all but a few
women in tobacco products factories was a 9-liour day for five days
of the week and a 4-hour to 5-hour day on Saturday. (Table 2
and Table Y in the appendix.) Had women stripped tobacco, made
cigars, or packed and labeled these products the full number of
hours that the factories were open during the week chosen, twotliirds would have worked 50 hours per week or the limit allowed by
the State law, 22.6 per cent between 48 and 50 hours; 4 per cent,
44 but under 48 hours, and only 6 per cent, less than 44 hours. How
many actually worked these hours during the week for which earn
ings were secured ? Because the method of payment was on a piecerate basis, time records were not complete for all of the 3,533 adult
women on the pay roll. Information concerning time and earnings
was available for only 3,328. Of this number, approximately 16
per cent worked less than 30 hours or not more than Sy2 days dur
ing the week under consideration; 18 per cent worked 30 to 44 hours
or 4 to 5 days during the week; 66.2 per cent worked 44 hours or
longer or 5 days or over but not in all cases the firm’s scheduled
hours; and 59 per cent worked the actual scheduled hours of the
factory in which employed.
68
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
When earnings of these women are related to hours employed,
it is clear that three-fourths of the women earning less than $6
during the week worked less than 30 hours, or not more than 3y2
days, but that almost 11.7 per cent of the women earning less than
$6 were at work 44 hours or more during the week. In the group
earning $6 to $10, more than one-half were women working 44
hours or 5 days or more. In the $10 to $13 group 60.5 per cent,
and in the $13 to $16 earning group, 69.6 per cent of the women
worked the greater part of the week. For the women who worked
the scheduled time of the factory wherein Employed, the median
week’s earnings were $16.40. (Table 6.) Of these full-time work
ers, 14 per cent earned less than $10 per week, 17.6 per cent earned
$10 to $13, 16.5 per cent earned $13 to $16, 22.1 per cent earned
$16 to $20, and approximately 29.8 per cent earned $20 or over.
It is obvious, therefore, that, while the proportion of the women
employees in tobacco and cigar factories found in the under $10
group is materially lowered, and the proportion in the $16 and over
earnings group is noticeably increased when all workers who lost
time are omitted, almost one-half of the women who worked full
time in these factories did not earn so much as $16, even though
most of this number worked all the hours the State law would
allow.
It is not because this industry was a young girl’s industry that
such a large proportion did not earn so much as $16. In fact, a
glance at the table on earnings of minors indicates that there was
no material difference in the earnings among minors and among
adults, nor, as has been seen, were the women largely inexperienced
workers.
Table 11.—Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who worked
the firm's scheduled time in tobacco and cigar factories__Adults
Week’s earnings
Women earning
each specified
amount
Women who
worked the firm’s
scheduled time,
earning each
specified amount
Number Per cent Number
Total.................................... ............... .
Under $6_............................ ............
$6 and under $10_______________
$10 and under $13__________________
$13 and under $10..................................
$20 and over.........................................................
Per cent
3,533
100.0
1,973
100.0
401
600
626
577
599
670
11.3
18.7
17.7
16.3
17.0
19.0
36
241
347
325
437
587
1.8
12.2
17.6
16.5
22.1
29.8
Earnings in places of varying population.
How do earnings in the tobacco and cigar industry compare in
cities of varying size? Of the women whose weekly earnings were
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
69
secured, 2,763 were employed in factories in cities of 25,000 or more
population, and 770 in factories in cities of less than 25,000. The
actual week’s earnings of these two groups of women differed mark
edly, the former showing a median of $15.10, and the latter a
median of $8.90. (Table 4.) Sixty per cent in the smaller towns
earned under $10, 85.2 per cent earned under $13, and 94 per cent
earned under $16. In the larger cities, 21.7 per cent earned under
$10, 37.3 per cent under $13, and 55.7 per cent under $16. A study
of 1,973 women’s earnings for full-time weekly service reveals the
same general difference in wage levels in cities of varying size. In
the smaller cities 41.9 per cent of the full-time workers earned under
$10 as compared with 8.7 per cent in the large cities, 84.1 per cent
earned under $13 as compared with 21.5 per cent in larger cities, and
95.3 per cent earned under $16 in cities of less than 25,000 popula
tion as compared with 39 per cent in the cities of 25,000 or over
population.
Earnings and experience.
A study of earnings and experience reveals that the first 3 months
represented the initial apprenticeship period, and that distinct gains
in earnings were made in the next 3 months. While improvements
occurred between 6 months and 2 years of employment, such changes
were not sharply marked in the intervening months of experience.
Taking 2 years, therefore, as the point at which women might be con
sidered to be experienced tobacco and cigar workers, we find more
than three-fourths of the Ohio women scheduled in this industry
were experienced, whereas 97.1 per cent had passed the first 3 months’
apprenticeship period. A clearer idea of the situation can be ob
tained by a comparison of medians. The women who had worked
in the trade for less than a year show a median of $10.74 as against
$14.95 for those with from 1 to 5 years of experience, and as against
$16.05 for those with 5 years or more, the third group revealing a
20 per cent increase over the first.
Year’s earnings.
The question naturally arises as to how many women worked the
scheduled weekly hours for 52 weeks in the year so that their yearly
income may be said to be 52 times the full-time weekly earnings
quoted. As has been pointed out, the bureau’s agents were instructed
to copy the year’s records of 20 per cent of the number on each pay
roll, choosing only women, however, who had worked 44 or more
weeks during the year. Had the agents been able to follow instruc
tions, the year’s records for 707 women would have been available.
The year’s records of only 335, or less than 10 per cent of the adult
women were obtainable, however, because not so many as 10 per cent
70
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
on the pay rolls had worked 44 weeks in one plant. The extent to
which these women worked in other plants was beyond the scope
of this survey.
The median earnings of the small number whose year’s records
were secured were $590. Less than 14 per cent earned an amount
equal to $16 per week multiplied by 52, that is, $800 or more for
the year; or 86.3 per cent earned an average per week of less than
$16 as compared with 64.1 per cent who earned less than this amount
during the one week in which the records of all employees were ob
tained. It would seem, therefore, that the week chosen offers more
favorable conditions with regard to earnings in this industry than
does an average for the year. (Table XVII in the appendix.)
THE ELECTRIC PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
The workers.
According to the census, this industry ranks third in numerical
importance among manufacturing industries in Ohio in the employ
ment of woman labor. More than 8,000 were employed in Decem
ber, 1919. Almost a fourth of this number, or 1,868 women 18
years of age and over and 37 girls 16 to 18 years of age, were in
cluded in the study of the Women’s Bureau. (Table 1.) Like
women employed in the other industries of Ohio, the large ma
jority in electrical manufacturing establishments who reported on
the subject were native-born white women. A larger number in
this industry than in most of the other industries, however, or about
three-fourths, were single women. This is due to the fact that al
most two-thirds of those reporting on age were under 25 years of
age; only 3 per cent, however, were under 18 years. (AppendixTables I-III, inclusive.)
Week’s earnings.
Although more women were employed on a piece-rate basis in
the electrical industry in Ohio than on time rates, according to the
records secured, one-third of those scheduled were on a time basis
and an additional 11.6 per cent worked under such a system for part
of the week. (Table IX in the appendix.) The earnings, there
fore, are representative of both pieceworkers and timeworkers.
According to Table 4, the median week’s earnings of the 1,868
women engaged in the manufacture of electric products were $16.60.
Concentration of week’s earnings in this industry were within the
span of $13 to $19. It was, therefore, an industry that afforded
higher earnings in the week chosen for study than the industries
thus far considered, with the exception of the manufacture of men’s
and women’s suits and coats. Only 20 per cent of the adult women
earned less than $13 regardless of hours worked, while 24.4 per cent
earned from $13 to $16; 30.4 per cent, from $16 to $20; and 24.8
71
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
per cent, $20 or more. (Table 12.) With the exception of four
women, all those earning less than $10 had not been at work a full
week. About three-fourths of those receiving $10 to $13 had worked
fewer than the scheduled hours.
Approximately one-half of all adult women employed during the
representative week had rendered a full week’s service. (Table 6.)
Such a week consisted of 9 hours for 5 days a week and from 4 to
5 hours on Saturday for the majority of employees. The median
earnings for the full-time workers were $17.95. About two-thirds
of the women working the required schedule earned $16 or more
during the week, more than a fourth earned $13 to $16, as can be
seen in the following table:
Table 12.—Week's earnings of ail icomen and earnings of women who worked
the firm’s scheduled time in factories manufacturing electric products—
Adults
Week’s earnings
Women earning
each specified
amount
Women who
worked the firm's
scheduled time,
earning each
specified amounts
Number Per cent Number Per cent
Total...............................-.........................................................
$6 and under $10------ --------------------------- -----------------------.........
$13 and under $16........ ........................... -................................-..........
$16 and under $20__________________________________ _
$20 and over................................. ............................................................
1,868
100.0
835
100.0
59
96
227
455
568
463
3.2
5.1
12.2
24.4
30.4
24.8
4
53
222
251
305
0.5
6.3
20. 6
30.1
36.5
Since the 1,783 women who worked in cities of 25,000 and over
constituted 95 per cent of all the women included in this industry,
a comparison of earnings in large and small industrial centers is
scarcely feasible. (Table 4.)
Earnings and experience.
In view of the earnings level in the manufacture of electric prod
ucts, it is particularly interesting to study the records of the women
in the industry who reported on experience. Of this number, 39
per cent had had less than a year’s experience, revealing a median
of $15.15, 46 per cent had had from 1 to 5 years of employment in
the trade and revealed a median of $17.35, and 15 per cent had
worked in this industry for 5 years or more, their median falling
at the $18 mark. An analysis of earnings and time in the trade
discloses the fact that only 9 months of experience was required in
the electrical shops before nearly three-fourths of the women were
able to reach the $16 earnings level, and that even after 6 but under
9 months of employment, over one-half of the women earned this
amount or more.
72
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Year’s earnings.
The record of year’s earnings was secured for only 273 electrical
workers, the median for this group being $798. (Table XYII in
the appendix.) Thus, almost one-half of these women received
$800 and more during the year, and 11.7 per cent $1,000 or larger
sums. Almost a third earned $700 to $800, and less than an eighth
earned $600 to $700, while 7 in every hundred received less than $600.
THE RUBBER AND RUBBER-PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
The workers.
According to the 1920 census figures, 6,705 women and girls were
engaged in the rubber industry, almost one-third of whom were
included in this survey. (Table 1.) Of the women reporting on
nativity, fewer than a fourth were foreign born. Forty-one in
every hundred who gave information about their conjugal state
were married, and 16 in every hundred were widowed, separated,
or divorced. Of those who stated their age, 35.2 per cent were
between the ages of 20 and 25 years, 23.6 per cent were 25 to 30 years,
and 23.6 per cent were 30 to 40 years of age. (Appendix Tables
I-III, inclusive.)
Week’s earnings.
The median week’s earnings of the 2,098 women included in the
rubber industry were $17.25, and the median of the 568 full-time
workers was $18.55. (Tables 4 and 6.)
The rubber industry has the distinction of being one of the
two Ohio industries included in this survey in which no adult
women working a full week earned less than $10, the other being
the manufacture of auto tops and other canvas products, in which,
however, there were only 49 full-time workers. In the week
scheduled, 13 in every hundred of the women in rubber manufac
turing actually did not earn $10, but these women were employed
but a fraction of a week. Although but 27.1 per cent of the adult
women with time records worked the scheduled week, which varied
in the several plants included in the study, 69.9 per cent worked
44 hours or more, or 5 days or over during the week, and only 11.7
per cent worked less than 30 hours or not more than Sy2 days.
(Table 6 and Table XI in the appendix.) It is chiefly this latter
group of short week employees who earned less than $10 for their
work during the period selected.
Table 13 discloses that 14 in every hundred of all women on the
pay rolls received $10 to $13, although but 11 in every hundred
full-time workers earned these amounts. Fifteen to sixteen per
hundred of the entire pay roll earned $13 to $16 for the week,
73
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
whereas the earnings of about 19 per hundred full-time workers
fell within this dollar grouping. Of the total number of women,
almost an equal proportion, about 29 per hundred, actually earned
between $16 and $20, and $20 or more during the week, while 32.7
per cent of those who worked the firm’s scheduled time earned the
first amount, and 37.5 per cent earned $20 or over.
Table 13.—Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who worked
the firm’s scheduled time in rubber factories—Adults
Week's earnings
Women earning
each specified
amount
Women who
worked the firm’s
scheduled tim*»,
earning each
specified amount
Number Per cent Number
Per cent
2,098
100.0
568
100.0
135
138
301
325
597
602
6.4
6.6
14.3
15.5
28.5
28.7
62
107
186
213
10.9
18.8
32.7
37.5
Earnings in places of varying population.
In the rubber industry, as in other industries thus far considered,
weekly earnings were lower in the smaller cities. There was a very
striking difference between the median week’s earnings in the smaller
and larger cities, $12.85 being the median for the former, and $17.95
for the latter. (Table 4.) More than 25 per cent earned between
$10 and $13 in cities of less than 25,000 population as compared
with 13.2 per cent in cities of 25,000 population and over, 29.3 per
cent as compared with 14.1 per cent earned from $13 to $16, whereas
18.6 per cent in the less populous as against 60.9 per cent in the
more populous places earned $16 or over during the week.
Earnings and experience.
Approximately 77 per cent of the number furnishing personal
information had worked in the rubber industry 1 year or more.
The comparison of experience and earnings indicates that 3 months’
training marks the first important increase in earnings, that 9
months’ training marks the second, and that in the period of 2 to 3
years of experience the proportion earning $16 or larger amounts
increases materially. It is interesting to see that the median for the
women who had been in the trade for less than 1 year' was $13.70,
that for those who reported 1 but less than 5 years of experience
it was $19.20, and for those with 5 or more years of experience
$19.95.
18823“—25----- 6
74
'WOMEN' IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Year’s earnings.
The records of year’s earnings were secured for only about a tenth
of all adult women on rubber factory pay rolls, although a year’s
information was desired for a fifth the number. Apparently
1921-22 was not a year of continuous employment for many
women in the rubber industry. According to Table XYII in the
appendix the median of the women who worked 44 weeks or more
was $810, over one-half (52.1 per cent) earned $800 or more for the
year’s work, over a fourth (26.1 per cent) earned $700 to $800, and
approximately one-fifth (20.9 per cent) earned from $500 to $700
during the year.
THE SHOE INDUSTRY
The workers.
Almost as many women were employed in shoe as in rubber goods
manufacturing in Ohio. Unfortunately, labor disturbances in the
all of 1922 rendered it difficult to secure information from shoe
factories that might be considered representative of a normal week
in a normal year. The week’s records were secured for 1,660 women
and girls employed in factories that were operating at the time of
the survey. (Table 1.) All but 3.7 per cent of the women furnish
ing information about their country of birth were American born.
Of those reporting on conjugal condition, 59.6 per cent were single
women, 18.9 per cent married women, and 21.4 per cent widowed,
separated, or divorced. The women shoemakers were not concen
trated in any age group; 8.1 per cent were minors 16 to 18 years old,
more than a third were between 20 and 30, and more than a third
were 30 to 50 years of age. (Appendix Tables I-III, inclusive.)
Week’s earnings.
Although almost three-fourths of the women whose time records
were available had worked 44 hours or 5 days and over, and more
than a half had worked the establishment’s scheduled time (Table
XI in the appendix), and although 88.8 per cent had had a year or
more of experience in shoe factories (Table XIV in the appendix)
-—facts that would make records secured appear to be representative
of normal wage figures—it is difficult to ascertain to what extent
earnings in factories operating during this period of upheaval were
influenced by the closing of other establishments.
The 1,595 women, 18 years of age and over, whose records were
obtained show a median of $15.55. (Table 4.) They do not reveal
marked concentration in any one earnings group. Twenty-eight per
cent earned $20 or more per week; 18.9 per cent, $16 to $20; 17.6 per
cent, $13 to $16; 17.1 per cent, $10 to $13; and 18.4 per cent earned
less than $10, regardless of time worked. (Table 14.)
75
WOMEN IN OHIO INDtiSTBIES
A few more than one-half the women in shoe factories were em
ployed at piece rates. (Table IX in the appendix.) For the women
who worked the firm’s scheduled time (in shoe factories visited the
regular weekly hours were usually over 48 but not more than 50)
the median week’s earnings were $16.95. (Table 6.) Of these
women 7.2 per cent earned between $6 and $10; 17.3 per cent earned
$10 to $13; 19.9 per cent, $13 to $16; 21.3 per cent, $16 to $20; and
34.2 per cent, $20 or over, as shown in the following table:
Table 14.—Week's earnings of all tcomen and earnings of women who worked
the firm's scheduled time in shoe factories—Adults
Women earning
each specified
amount
Week’s earnings
Women who
worked the firm’s
scheduled time,
earning each
specified amount
Number Per cent Number
Total.................. ............ ......................... .......................................
$6 and under $10--------------------------------------
--------------
$13 and under $16— —----------------------------------------$16 and under $20...... .....------ --------------------------------------$20 and over.-..................... ......................... ................ ................. .......
Per cent
1, 595
100.0
774
100.0
65
228
272
280
302
448
4.1
14.3
17.1
17.6
18.9
28.1
56
134
154
165
265
7.2
17.3
19.9
21.3
34.2
Earnings in places of varying population.
By far the largest bulk of the women in shoe plants—that is, 85.8
per cent—were employed in the larger cities. (Table 4.) The
earnings of shoe factory employees in the smaller cities were lower
than in cities of 25,000 and over. The median for the former was
$12.60, while the median for the latter was $16.10. Moreover, in
cities of less than 25,000 population, three-fourths earned under
$16, whereas one-half of the adult women employed in the larger
places earned $16 or more during the representative week.
Earnings and experience.
Of the women reporting on experience, 11.2 per cent had had less
than 1 year’s experience, 36 per cent had had from 1 to 5 years,
and 52.8 -per cent, 5 years and over. The median week’s earnings
for these three groups were $10.55, $14.65, and $18.35, respectively.
Year’s earnings.
According to Table XVII in the appendix, the median year’s
earnings of the 168 women for whom the year’s record was secured
were $875. Of this group, 63.1 per cent earned $800 or more, 26.2
earned $600 to $800, and but 3.6 per cent earned less than $500.
This is a better accounting than was made by all employees in the
so-called normal week.
76
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
THE PAPER AND PAPER-PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
The workers.
Within this group are included factories preparing materials for
paper manufacture, paper-producing plants, and establishments
making paper into numerous specialized articles such as bags, boxes,
pails, and novelties. The census shows that over 5,000 women were
employed in this group of factories in Ohio, 32 per cent of whom,
or 1,611 women and girls, were included in this survey. (Table 1.)
The women employed in paper factories were largely young
women,- 21.1 per cent of the adults and minors reporting on age
were 16 and under 20 years of age, and 26 per cent were between
the ages of 20 and 25 years. As many as 22 in every hundred report
ing on experience had not had a year’s experience in the industry,
although 36 in every hundred had had 5 years of experience or more.
Nine per cent of the women furnishing information about nativity
were colored women and 14 per cent were foreign-born women.
A report on conjugal condition was obtained from 928 women, of
whom 57.4 per cent were single, 23.4 per cent were married, and
19.2 per cent were widowed, separated, or divorced. (Appendix
Tables I-III, inclusive.)
Week’s earnings.
The median earnings of the 1,559 adult women in this industry
whose earnings were copied from the pay rolls were $12.60. (Table
4.) Table 15 shows that the largest number, or about one-third,
of these earned $10 to $13 during the week for which the data were
secured. Almost a fourth earned less than $10, and a few more
than a fourth earned from $13 to $16. Fourteen in every hundred
earned $16 to $20, and three in every hundred received $20 or over,
regardless of the number of hours worked.
Fifty-five per cent of the women whose time records were secured
worked the scheduled week of the establishment in which employed,
a week most frequently of 50 hours’ duration. The median of this
group was $13.60. (Table 6.) The lowest sum paid any full-time
worker was $8, and all women on the pay roll who earned less than
this amount had not worked a full week. Only 3.2 per cent of the
full-time workers earned between $8 and $10, 36.1 per cent earned
$10 to $13, and 35.9 per cent $13 to $16. The earnings of 24.8 per
cent totaled $16 or more for a -full week’s service. It is interesting
in this connection to note that no person procured as much as $16
who had not worked at least 44 hours or 5 days during the week,
and very few who had not worked this length of time earned as
much as $13. This situation is probably due in part to the fact that
almost two-thirds of the adult workers were time workers, so that
earnings were in direct relation to time worked.
77
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table 15.—Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who worked
the firm’s scheduled time in factories manufacturing paper and paper prod
ucts—Adults
Week's earnings
Women earning
each specified
amount
Number
Women who
worked the firm’s
scheduled time,
earning each
specified amount
Per cent Number
Per cent
Total....................................................... ........................................
1,659
100.0
750
100.0
Under $6_______ ____ _______ __________________ ___________
$6 and under $10........................... .............. ...................................... .
138
229
521
408
212
51
8.9
14.7
33.4
26.2
13.6
3.3
24
271
269
166
20
3.2
36 1
35.9
22.1
2.7
$13 and under $16.................................. ......... __..................................
$16 and under $20....................................................................................
$20 and over...................................... .. .................................................
Earnings in places of varying population.
Unlike the situation in industries hitherto discussed, earnings of
women were greater in paper factories in small towns than in cities
of 25,000 or over. The median for the women in towns of less than
25,000 was $13.80, as compared with the median of $12.35 for the
larger cities. It is true, however, that only a little over one-fifth of
the women worked in the smaller places. Table 4 reveals that 26.5
per cent employed in the larger cities earned less than $10, as com
pared with 12.6 per cent in the towns of less than 25,000 population;
and that 35.6 per cent, as compared with 25.4 per cent, earned $10
to $13; 23.8 per cent, as opposed to 34.7 per cent, received $13 to $16;
and 14 per cent, as against 27.2 per cent, procured $16 or more in the
large and small cities, respectively.
Earnings and experience.
A correlation of earnings and time in the trade revealed 21.7 per
cent of the women who reported on the subject as having had less
than 1 year of experience and showing a median of $12.05, 41.9
per cent with 1 year but less than 5 years of experience and a median
of $13.20, and 36.4 per cent with a record of 5 years or more in the
trade and a $14.55 median.
Year’s earnings.
Table XVII in the appendix discloses that during 12 months of
employment about 22 in every hundred adult women workers in
paper-products factories whose year’s records were secured and who
worked 44 weeks or more received $800 or more; 23 per cent received
$700 to $800; 49.4 per cent, $500 to $700; and about 6 per cent, less
than $500. The median earnings of the workers whose earnings for
the year were ascertained were $685.
THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
The workers.
The only textile manufacturing industry listed separately for
Ohio by the United States Census of 1919 is the knit-goods branch,
78
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
in which over 4,000 women and girls were employed. Data on earn
ings were secured for 900 of these women in the survey made by the
Women’s Bureau in 1922. Although not accounted for separately
by the census, the woolen and worsted goods branch also employed
a large number of women; 1,135 were on the pay rolls of establish
ments included in this study. (Table 1.) In addition, cordage
factories employing 145 women, a broad-silk factory, a cotton-braid
tape factory, and a bag-weaving factory were covered by the survey.
The hosiery and knit goods, woolen and worsted-goods, and cordage
branches will be considered separately here, however, because wage
conditions differed in these industries.
An analysis of the personal information supplied by the women
workers in the several branches of the textile industry who reported
on age, nativity, and conjugal condition shows some differences and
some resemblances in the personnel in the various types of mills.
The manufacture of woolen goods showed that a little over twofifths of the women, and the manufacture of hosiery and knit goods
and “ other textiles ” each, a little less than two-fifths of the women
reporting were 30 years of age or over. Cordage manufacturing,
however, revealed almost three-fifths in this age classification. In
all four branches of the industry at least one-fifth of the workers
were under 20, and “ other textile ” manufacturing took the lead in
this respect with over a third of the women from 16 to 20 years old.
Cordage differed from the other three branches rather strikingly in
the proportion wdio were or had been married, 78.6 per cent as con
trasted with the 45.7 per cent, 48.6 per cent, and 51.3 per cent in the
manufacture of hosiery and knit goods, woolen goods, and “other
textiles,” respectively. The significance of this statement, however,
is undermined by the small number of women in cordage mills re
porting on the subject. Of the four branches, “ other textile ” manu
facturing took the lead in the proportion of foreign-born workers
(47.6 per cent of those reporting), followed by the manufacture of
knit goods with 38.3 per cent, and the manufacture of woolen goods
with 36.2 per cent. In cordage manufacturing there were no for
eign-born women reported. (Appendix Tables I-III, inclusive.)
Week’s earnings.
Table 16 reveals that wages and earnings were on a higher level
in the woolen mills than in the other textile factories of Ohio. The
median week’s earnings for all women, irrespective of time worked,
in this branch were $15.15, and the median earnings for full-time
workers $14.90. (Tables 4 and 6.) The reason why the second
median drops slightly below the first is probably because in this
industry the time worked was not reported on pay rolls for 43.1 per
cent of the women for whom wage data were secured, and because in
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
79
this group with no time records were probably some of the higher
paid workers. Pieceworkers, who as a rule earn more than timeworkers, constituted over one-half of the women included in the
industry, and the time worked by women on the piece system is
frequently not recorded on the pay roll. No adult woman timeworker employed for a full week received earnings of less than $10,
and no pieceworker earnings of less than $8 in woolen mills. (Table
6.) Sixty-two per cent of the full-time workers earned $18 to $16,
and 24 per cent earned $16 and over. Of those whose time was
reported, 59 per cent worked the scheduled hours of from 48 to 50,
although almost 80 per cent worked 44 hours or 5 days or over
during the week.
When the entire pay roll regardless of hours worked is consid
ered, it is seen that the week’s earnings of 10.6 per cent fell below
$10; 16.1 per cent of all adult employees earned $10 to $13; 32.3 per
cent, $13 to $16; 20.3 per cent, $16 to $20; and 20.7 per cent, $20 or
over. It is obvious from a comparison of proportions of all women,
irrespective of time worked, earning each amount during this week
and the proportions of full-time workers earning a corresponding
amount that many higher paid workers, even though they had
worked less than the 48 to 50 hour week, had earned $16 or more.
The knit-goods industry, standing second of the four textile
groups in the number of women included, ranked third in the wage
scale. The, median earnings of all the women in this industry were
$12.70. During the week scheduled 23.2 per cent of all women
earned less than $10, although 1 per cent of the full-time workers
earned less than this amount; 30.1 per cent earned $10 to $13; 23.9
per cent, $13 to $16; and 22.8„per cent, $16 or more for the week.
Less than one-half of the adult women reporting hours of employ
ment worked the scheduled hours of over 48 to 50 per week. The
median week’s earnings for those who did were $14.20. About 29.9
per cent earned $16 or more, and 35.4 per cent between $13 and $16.
Although the small proportion w-orking scheduled hours suggests
that there might have been extensive unemployment in the week for
which pay-roll information was secured, this was not really so, for
nearly three-fourths worked 44 hours or 5 days or more and but 7.2
per cent worked less than 30 hours or 3l/2 days during the week.
Although few women were employed in cordage factories, the
earnings data for this bfanch of textiles hate been kept separate be
cause such earnings were on a lower level than in any other industry
included in this survey, the median week’s earnings being $10.35.
Only two women who did not work the scheduled 50 hours during the
week earned as much as $13. The median for the full-time workers
was $12. Almost two-thirds of these employees earned between $10
80
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
and $13. Table 16 shows that of the 140 adult women on the pay
roll in the normal week, approximately 41.4 per cent earned less
than $10, and 20.7 per cent earned less than $6. Forty per cent
earned between $10 and $13, 11.4 per cent between $13 and $16, and
but 7.1 per cent $16 or more.
Four hundred and ninety-seven women 18 years of age and over
furnished information on earnings in the “ other textile ” group.
Their median week’s earnings were $11.75; 29.6 per cent earned less
than $10 during the week; 38.8 per cent, $10 to $13; 22.9 per cent,
$13 to $16; and 8.6 per cent, $16 or over. Women who worked the
scheduled week of 50 hours showed a median of $13.75. They earned
$16 or over in 20 out of every hundred instances, $13 to $16 in 40
out of every hundred cases, and not quite 4 in every hundred earned
less than $10.
Table 16.—Week's earnings of all women and earnings of women who worked
the firm's scheduled time in textile mills—Adults
CORDAGE
Women earning
each specified
amount
Week’s earnings
Women who
worked the firm’s
scheduled time,
earning each
specified amount
Number Per cent Number
Per cent
Total................................................................................................
140
100.0
70
100.0
$16 and under $20
..........................
................. ...........................
$20 and over............................................................... .............................
29
29
66
16
9
1
20.7
20.7
40.0
11.4
6.4
.7
1
45
14
9
1
1.4
64 3
20.0
12.9
1.4
876
100.0
308
100.0
49
154
26-4
209
123
77
5.6
17.6
30.1
23.9
14.0
8.8
3
104
109
58
34
33.8
35. 4
18. 8
11.0
1,099
100.0
369
100.0
42
75
177
355
223
227
3.8
6.8
32.3
20.3
20.7
1
49
229
25
65
62.1
497
100.0
220
100.0
86
61
193
114
33
10
17.3
12.3
38.8
22.9
6.6
2.0
8
79
88
32
13
3.6
35.9
40.0
14.5
5.9
HOSIERY AND KNIT GOODS
1. 0
WOOLEN GOODS
la l
0.3
13.3
6.8
17.6
OTHER TEXTILES
Total................................................................................................
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
81
Earnings in places of varying population.
Two of the woolen and worsted factories were in cities of less than
25.000 population. The median week’s earnings of the women in
cluded in the small towns were $14.45, as compared with $15.60 in
the larger cities. (Table 4.) In the cities of less than 25,000 popula
tion earnings were concentrated in the $13 to $16 group, only 17.9
per cent earning more than $16. In the factories located in larger
cities the women were fairly evenly distributed in the several earn
ings groups—under $13, $13 to $16, $16 to $20, and $20 or over, as
will be seen in Table 4. No discussion of the other branches of the
textile industry according to locality can be given, because in order
to avoid identification it has been necessary to include cordage
manufacturing in places of 25,000 or more population, and knitgoods manufacturing in places of less than 25,000 in the “ other
textile” group.
Earnings and experience.
Of the 236 women reporting on time employed in the manufacture
of woolen goods, 18.6 per cent had had less than 1 year of experience,
41.1 per cent between 1 and 5 years, and 40.3 per cent 5 years or
more. The medians for these three groups were $12.70, $15.55, and
$17.95, respectively. In the manufacture of knit goods and hosiery
446 women reported on time in the trade. Of this number, 16.3
per cent reported less than 1 year of experience, the median for this
group being $12.05; 47.1 per cent reported from 1 to 5 years of expe
rience, showing a median of $13.40; and the remainder, or 36.5 per
cent, who had worked in the same industry for 5 years or more,
revealed a median of only $13.70. In this industry there was strik
ingly little advancement in earnings with increase in experience, if
the medians of the several groups be taken as a means of comparison.
Only 28 women in cordage manufacturing and 67 in the “other
textile” group reported on their experience, numbers too few to
justify any discussion.
Year’s earnings.
In the textile industry cordage manufacturing was the only branch
in which too few records of the year’s earnings of women workers
were secured to permit of the computation of a median. Of the other
three branches woolen goods showed the highest median, $ c 30, as
compared with the median of $714 for hosiery and knit goods and
$644 for the “ other textile ” group. (Table XYII in the appendix.)
Of the 66 women in woolen-goods manufacturing, whose year’s earn
ings were recorded, 40.9 pier cent earned $800 or more, 13.6 per cent
82
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
earned $700 to $800, and 27.S per cent $600 to $700. In the knitgoods industry 28.4 per cent of the 116 women, whose year’s earnings
were ascertained, earned $800 or more, 25 per cent $700 to $800, and
21.6 per cent $600 to $700.
THE POTTERY INDUSTRY
The workers.
The census shows that in the manufacture of pottery—an in
dustry in which Ohio takes the lead of all other States in the
Union—there were employed 3,522 women and girls. More than
a third of these women, or 1,255 adults and 32 girls, form the basis
for this report on women’s earnings in the industry. (Table 1.)
Equal numbers of factories chosen for the study of earnings were
located in large and small cities, so that an excellent basis of com
parison of earnings in cities of varying size was available.
Many pottery makers were older women, nearly one-half of those
reporting their ages being 30 years of age or more. Almost 45
in every hundred reporting length of experience in the industry
had had 5 or more years of training. Of those women who gave
information about the country of birth, all but 3.5 per cent were
native-born white women. Approximately 44 in every hundred
who reported on conjugal condition were single women, about 31
in every hundred were married, and 25 in every hundred were
women who were widowed, separated or divorced. (Appendix
Tables I-III, inclusive.)
Week’s earnings.
The week’s earnings of 1,255 women in pottery factories were
recorded, the median for this group being $13.05. (Table 4.) Of
these adult women, 22.9 per cent earned less than $10 during the
week; 26.6 per cent, $10 to $13; and 24.9 per cent, $13 to $16.
(Table 17.) All of the women who received less than $6 worked
but a fraction of the week, and more than one-half of those earn
ing from $6 to $10 worked not more than 3y2 days or less than 30
hours during the week. About seven-tenths of those falling in the
$10 to $13 class had worked less than the scheduled week, which
was 50 hours in most of the potteries. All but a few of the women
in the $13 to $16 earnings group had been employed at least 44
hours or 5 days in the week.
For full-time workers, the median week’s earnings were $15.55.
(Table 6.) Of this group, 43.7 per cent received $16 or more as
against 25.6 per cent of all women, irrespective of time worked.
83
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table 17.—Week's earnings of all women and earnings of women who worked
the firm's scheduled time in pottery factories—Adults
Week’s earnings
Women earning
each specified
amount
Women who
worked the firm’s
scheduled time,
earning each
specified amount
Number Per cent Number Per cent
1,255
100.0
396
100.0
131
156
334
313
258
63
10.4
12.4
26.6
24.9
20.6
6.0
I
75
147
150
23
0.3
18.9
37.1
37.9
5.8
Earnings in places of varying population.
A comparison of the median week’s earnings of the women em
ployed in pottery establishments in places of 25,000 or more popu
lation ($14.00) with the corresponding median in the places of
less than 25,000 ($11.85) indicates a much lower wage rate in the
smaller localities. (Table 4.) Nearly twice as large a proportion
in the less populous centers earned under $10 as in the larger cities.
Moreover, only 18 per cent of the women earned $16 or over in
places of less than 25,000 population, as compared with about a
third (32.7 per cent) in cities of 25,000 or more inhabitants.
Earnings and experience.
In all, 715 women reported on the length of time they had worked
in the trade, 19.7 per cent having had less than 1 year of experience,
35.5 per cent between 1 and 5 years, and 44.8 per cent 5 years and
over. The medians, $12.70, $13.70, and $15.30 for the three groups,
respectively, show a steady but not a striking increase with increase
in experience.
Year’s earnings.
Year’s earnings were reported for 226 adult pottery workers, and
the median for this group was $719. Almost a third earned $800
or more during the year. Twenty-two per hundred made $700 to
$800, and almost a like proportion received $600 to $700. About
6 per cent earned less than $500. The average of the median year’s
earnings of those employed 44 weeks or more in potteries ($13.83)
was higher than the median earnings of all women on the pay roll
in the representative week, but not so high as the median earnings
of full-time workers. (Table XYII in the appendix.)
84
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
THE GLASS AND GLASS-PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
The workers.
Glass factories in Ohio employed fewer women than did the pot
teries. Of the 2,291 women reported by the census as workers in
the glass industry, 669 women and girls were on the pay rolls from
which data were copied in the course of this survey. (Table 1.)
Women employed in glass factories were, in the main, young. More
than one-half the women employees reporting age were less than
25 years old. Also, more than one-half of the women reporting
marital status were single. According to the nativity records, 12
per cent of the women were foreign born. (Appendix Tables I-III,
inclusive.)
Week’s earnings.
The median of $12.10 for the 643 women whose week’s earnings
were ascertained places this industry as one somewhat below the
average in respect to financial opportunities for women in Ohio,
but not among the most poorly paying industries. (Table 4.) The
median for the full-time workers was $13.05.
Among all women workers in the industry, irrespective of time
worked, 45 per cent earned from $10 to $13 during the week for
which data were secured. (Table 18.) Another 25 per cent earned
$13 to $16. Accordingly, 70 per cent of the women glass workers
were concentrated in the $10 to $16 group. This concentration was
even more marked among the women who worked a full week, for
82.3 per cent of these earned between $10 to $16 as is shown in
Table 18. The lowest rate paid for a full week’s service was $8,
although 6.4 per cent of the total number of women on the pay rolls
of glass factories actually earned less than $6 during the representa
tive week. About 12 in every hundred full-time workers received
$16 or more, whereas 8 in every hundred of the entire number em
ployed earned this sum or more.
Table
18.
Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who worked
the firm’s scheduled time in glass factories—Adults
Week’s earnings
Women earning
each specified
amount
Women who
worked the firm’s
scheduled time,
earning each
specified amount
Number Per cent Number Per cent
Total...............................
Under $6____ ______ _____
$6 and under $10..................
$10 and under $13.........................
$13 and under $16......... ...........
$16 and under $20__________
$20 and over_______________
643
100.0
243
100.0
41
99
290
162
43
8
6.4
16.4
45.1
25.2
6.7
1.2
14
105
95
27
2
5.8
43.2
39.1
11.1
.8
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
85
Earnings in places of varying population.
In this industry it is worth noting that while earnings in small
and large cities did not vary materially they were slightly higher
in cities of less than 25,000 population. (Table 4.) Here 11.4 per
cent earned $16 or more, while only 6.3 per cent earned as much in
cities of 25,000 and more population. Likewise 55.5 per cent earned
less than $13 in the smaller towns as against 72.4 per cent in the
larger cities. A comparison of median earnings also proves that
wage rates were somewhat higher in the smaller places, the median
for cities of 25,000 or more population being $11.95 and the median
for the less populous places $12.55.
Earnings and experience.
Of the 373 women reporting on experience, 33.5 per cent had had
less than 1 year of experience, 48.8 per cent from 1 to 5 years, and
only 17.7 per cent 5 years or more. There is very little difference
in the medians for the three groups, since they are $11.45, $12.60,
and $12.65, respectively.
Year’s earnings.
Records of year’s earnings were available for 21.2 per cent of the
adult women glass workers, the median for this group being $604.
(Table XVII in the Appendix.) These women received $800 or
more in 8 out of every hundred cases. About 33 in every hundred
earned from $500 to $600, and 31 in every hundred $600 to $700
during the year. The concentration of earnings of glass workers
within a short range for year’s as well as for week’s earnings was
undoubtedly due to the leveling process of the time-payment system
which prevailed.
THE CANDY INDUSTRY
The workers.
According to the census, candy manufacture gave employment to
3,440 Ohio women and girls in December, 1919. A fourth of this
number, 804 adults and 62 minors, were included in this study
(Table 1.)
Of those reporting on age, 41.7 per cent were under 20 years. It is
not surprising, therefore, that more than one-half of those giving
information about their conjugal condition were unmarried (53.7
per cent). According to the nativity records over four-fifths were
native born. (Appendix Tables I-III, inclusive.)
Week’s earnings.
The median week’s earnings of the 804 adult women whose week's
records were secured were $10.65, this being the third from the last
in the scale of medians for the various industries. (Table 4.)
86
WOMEN IN' OHIO INDTTSTBIES
More than a third of these 804 adult women in candy manufac
turing earned from $10 to $13 during the normal week selected in
1922. (Table 19.) Almost 41 in every hundred earned less than
$10 during this week. This proportion is larger than that occurring
in any other industry included in this survey, with the sole exception
of cordage manufactue. Furthermore, about 89 in every hundred
candy workers earned less than $16 during the week. All earning
under $7 had worked less than 44 hours or less than 5 days in this
week. The median earnings of the women who worked the firm’s
scheduled time were $11.75. (Table 6.) .Seven dollars was the low
est earnings of any full-time workers, and approximately 14 per
cent of the adult women who worked the scheduled week earned $7
to $10. Kates and full-week earnings were not much higher than
actual earnings in candy factories, and only in 5-and-10-cent stores
was as large a proportion rated at under $10 for a full week’s
service. Among the candy workers, 57.5 per cent earned $10 to $13
for a full week’s service. The concentration of rates in the $10 to
$13 group among timeworkers is even greater than when both pieceand timeworkers’ records are combined; 68.8 per cent of the timeworkers for whom time rates were quoted were paid rates within this
range. (Table XII in the appendix.)
Table
19.—Week's earnings of all women and earnings of women who worked
the firm's scheduled time in candy factories—Adults
Women earning
each specified
amount
Week's earnings
Women who
worked the firm’s
scheduled time,
earning each
specified amount
Number Per cent Number Per cent
Total............................ .............. ............. ............................
Under $6....... ............................... ................ .......
................
$10 and under $13_______________ _________
$13 and under $16___________ ________________________
$20 and over____ ________________________________
804
100.0
299
100.0
131
198
296
91
67
21
16.3
24.6
36.8
11.3
8.3
2.0
43
172
62
26
6
14.4
67.6
17.4
8.7
2.0
Earnings in places of varying population.
The median for the women in the candy establishments in the
larger cities, $10.75, is only slightly larger than the median for the
candy workers in the smaller cities, $10.40. (Table 4.) In the
larger places, 21.7 per cent received week’s earnings from $6 to $10,
as compared with 34.8 per cent in the smaller places; 47.5 per cent
in the larger localities earned $10 to $16, as contrasted with 50.3
per cent in the smaller; and 12.8 per cent in the larger earned $16
and over, as against 4.4 per cent in the smaller. Altogether, it
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
87
appears that the candy workers in the cities of 25,000 population
and over had only a slightly greater financial opportunity than
had those in the places of under 25,000 population.
Earnings and experience.
7.here were only 16< women who reported on their experience in
the trade. Their records show a median of $10.19 for the 29.9 per
cent of the group who had had less than 1 year of experience, a
median of $11.75 for the 41.9 per cent with from 1 to 5 years of
experience, and a median of $12.15 for the 28.1 per cent with a record
of 5 years or over in the trade.
Year’s earnings.
A year s earnings records for women who had worked 44 weeks
or more in one establishment were obtained for but 94 women. The
median for this group, $556, is the lowest median shown by any of
the industries included. Among the women represented by this
median, 29.8 per cent earned less than $500 and 36.2 per cent earned
$500 to $600 during the year. Table XVII in the appendix makes
clear the fact that candy makers earned less during the year than
women employed in any other industry included in this survey.
THE FOOD-PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
The workers.
Under this heading are included factories that made biscuits and
crackers, cakes, breakfast foods, pickles, catsup, sirups, and jams,
and those that prepared spices and coffee for the market. The
census lists 2,878 women as employed in such factories. For 1,092
adult women and 24 girls under 18 years—all employed in cities of
25,000 or more—were secured data on earnings for this study.
(Table 1.) These women were older than those employed in candy
manufacture, 52.1 per cent of all reporting on age being between
the ages of 25 and 50 years. (Table II in the appendix.) A larger
proportion of negroes were found working in the food factories
scheduled than elsewhere, or about 17.8 per cent of those in the
industry giving such personal information. (Table I in the appen
dix.) A large number of all women employees who made a state
ment about their marital status were or had been married, and only
39.3 per cent were single women. (Table III in the appendix.)
Week’s earnings.
The median week’s earnings in this industry were $11.60. (Table
4.) About a third of all women 18 years of age and over employed
in food-producing factories earned between $11 and $14—obviously
a slightly higher earnings level than in candy factories. More than
a third actually earned less than $10, although only 8 per cent of the
88
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
full-time workers earned less than $10. (Table 20.) About 13 per
cent of all women and 19 per cent of those who worked the firm’s
scheduled time earned $16 or more during the week. It is worthy
of note that 57.7 per cent of the adult women whose time records
were secured worked the firm’s scheduled week, the weekly hours
ranging from 44 in one factory to 50 in seven others. The median
for these full-time workers was $13. (Table 6.)
Table 20.—Week s
earnings of all women and earnings of women who worked
the firm’s scheduled time in food factories—Adults
Week’s earnings
Women earning
each specified
amount
Women who
worked the firm’s
scheduled time,
earning each
specified amount
Number Per cent Number Per cent
Total............................................. -........................................
1,092
100.0
538
100.0
$10 and under $13............... ...... ........ ......................................... .
$13 and under $16........................... ...... .......................................
176
200
345
232
109
30
16.1
18.3
31.6
21.2
10.0
2.7
43
227
165
77
26
8.0
42.2
30.7
14.3
4.8
$20 and over......................................................................................
Earnings and experience.
Of the 499 women reporting on time in the trade, 30.1 per cent had
had less than a year’s experience, 46.9 per cent had had 1 but less
than 5 years in the industry, and 23 per cent had had 5 years or
more. Although the median of the second group ($12.65) shows a
fair advance over the $10.40 median of the first group, the median
of the third group ($12.70) is almost identical with that of the
second. It would seem from this that after several years of experi
ence in the industry, additional service would not mean higher
wages.
Year’s earnings.
A year’s record of earnings was available for 177 women, the
median for this group being $647. Of these women 17.5 per cent
earned $800 and over, 16.9 per cent earned $700 to $800, and 11.9
per cent earned less than $500 even though employed during at least
44 weeks of the year. (Table XYII in the appendix.)
THE GLOVE INDUSTRY
The workers.
The census reveals almost 2,300 women and girls engaged in glove
making in Ohio, and factories employing 771 of these were included
in this survey. (Table 1.) Of the women reporting on age, 44 per
cent were under 20 years of age and 34.3 per cent were between 20
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
89
and 30 years. Over three-fifths of the women reporting on con
jugal condition were single (63.7 per cent). Foreign-born workers
constituted only 3.4 per cent of the total number reporting on na
tivity. (Appendix Tables I-III, inclusive.)
Week’s earnings.
The median week’s earnings of the 616 women in the glove indus
try were $11.25. (Table 4.) An eighth earned less than $6 and
three-eighths earned less than $10 when time worked was not taken
into consideration. (Table 21.) More than a fourth earned $10 to
$13, while 18 per cent and 17 per cent, respectively, earned $13 to
$16 and $16 or over.
Only about one-fourth of the women worked the scheduled weekly
hours, which varied from over 44 to 50. The median for this group
was $13.90. (Table 6.) Of such workers, 1.9 per cent earned less
than $6, $4 being the lowest amount paid an adult full-time worker;
11.6 per cent earned $6 to $10, while almost 32.9 per cent earned $16
or over. It is obvious, therefore, that there was much irregularity
of employment among glove workers in the week for which earnings
were secured.
Table 21.—Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who worked
the firm’s scheduled time in glove factories—Adults
Week's earnings
Women earning
each specified
amount
Women who
worked the firm's
scheduled time,
earning each
specified amount
Number Per cent Number Per cent
Total................................................... .
Under $6______ _____ _____ _____
$6 and under $10...... ..........................................
$10 and under $13.........................................
$13 and under $16______ _______________
$16 and under $20........................ ........
$20 and over___ ________ _______ ___
616
100.0
155
100.0
75
155
170
111
74
31
12.2
25.2
27.6
18.0
12.0
5.0
3
18
44
39
36
15
1.9
11.6
28.4
25.2
23.2
9.7
Earnings in places of varying population.
In this industry also the women in places of less than 25,000 popu
lation earned less than those in the larger cities, since the former
revealed a weekly median of $10.55 as compared with the median
of $11.70 for the latter. (Table 4.)
Earnings and experience.
Of the 272 women reporting on experience, the 11.8 per cent
with less than 1 year in the trade showed a median of $8.20, and
the 46 per cent with from 1 to 5 years of experience and 42.3 per
18823“—25----- 7
90
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
cent with 5 years or more of experience disclosed medians of $11.90
and $12.80, respectively.
Year’s earnings.
Unemployment is reflected also in the year’s earnings of women
in the glove industry who worked 44 weeks or more, for among these
women only 9 in ever hundred earned $800 or over, a weekly average
of $15.38 or over, and 31 per cent earned less than $500 during the
year. The year’s earnings of women 18 years of age and over in
Ohio glove factories were almost as low as in Ohio candy factories,
the median year’s earnings of the former being $560 as compared
with $556 for the latter. (Table XVII in the appendix.)
THE METAL-PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
The workers.
Under this heading are included all factories that employed
women and girls in the manufacture of iron or steel, brass, bronze,
copper, or tin products, whether such employees were engaged in
the primary processes of metal molding, machining, or assembling
the finished product. The differences in occupational demands in
these numerous industries account for the wide variation in earn
ings of the 2,814 women shown in Table 4.
More than a fourth of the women employed in Ohio’s metal fac
tories who reported on nativity were foreign born. Of those sup
plying age data, 44.6 per cent were between 18 and 25 years; and
of those giving information on their conjugal state, 56 per cent were
single. (Appendix Tables I-III, inclusive.)
Week’s earnings.
The median week’s earnings of the 2,814 women for whom records
were secured were $12.40. (Table 4.) Almost equal proportions
earned $10 to $13, $13 to $16, and $16 or more as will be seen in
Table 22 following. Except for women whose earnings may have
been reduced through fines, those earning less than $7 were work
ers who lost time during the week, as $7 was the lowest figure paid
to any adult woman who worked the firm’s scheduled hours, whether
such hours were under 44 per week or the legal limit of 50 hours.
(Table 6.) All but a fourth of those earning $6 to $10 had worked
less than 44 hours or less than 5 days in the week. Among full
time employees, 21.7 per cent earned $10 to $13; 29.6 per cent, $13
to $16; 26.3 per cent, $16 to $20; . and 19.9 per cent, $20 or over.
Only slightly more than a third of the adult women worked the
scheduled hours, however, and the median for this group was $15.80.
91
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
There was not much time lost by the majority of women, since 71
per cent worked 44 hours or 5 days or more during the week for
which earnings data were secured.
Table 22.—Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who worked
the firm’s scheduled time in factories manufacturing metal products—Adults
TV eek’s earnings
Women earning
each specified
amount
Women who
worked the firm’s
scheduled time,
earning each
specified amount
Number Per cent Number Per cent
Total............................ ................
Under $6______ _______________
$6 and under $10__________________________ ___________
$10 and under $13......................................... ...... ....... ....... ........
$16 and under $20____________________ _______ ________
$20 and over_______ ____________
2,814
100.0
1,024
100.0
241
309
752
728
483
301
8.6
11.0
26.7
25. 9
17.2
10.7
26
222
303
269
204
2.5
21.7
29. 6
26.3
19.9
Earnings in places of varying population.
Earnings were lower in metal producing factories in the smaller
cities. Here 34.3 per cent earned less than $10, and but 8.3 per
cent earned $16 or more. (Table 4.) In cities of 25,000 population
or over the proportion earning less than $10 was 17.6 per cent,
while 30.4 per cent earned $16 or over for the week. The median
earnings for the larger localities were $13.60 as compared with
$11.60 for the smaller.
Earnings and experience.
The experience records for 1,333 women in this industry were
secured, revealing in the under 1 year classification 35.8 per cent
of the women, in the 1 and under 5 year group 42.5 per cent, and
in the 5 years and over 21.8 per cent. There was a steady and fair
advance in earnings for increased experience, according to the
medians for the three groups, which were $12.90, $15.40, and $16.65,
respectively.
Year’s earnings.
Records of year’s earnings were secured for 429 women 18 years
of age and older. The median earnings for this group were $681,
which makes a weekly average of $13.10. About a third of these
women received $800 or more during the year; approximately a
fourth earned between $600 and $700 during the year; 11 per cent
received less than $500 for the 44 or more weeks rendered. (Table
XYII in the appendix.)
92
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
THE ADVERTISING AND OTHER NOVELTIES INDUSTRY
The workers.
Factories making toys and novelties of wood, paper, metal, cloth,
and leather are included under this heading. Reports on earnings
were secured for 385 women and 12 girls. (Table 1). Personal
records on age, conjugal condition, and nativity show that of the
women reporting in each case, 45.7 per cent ranged from 16 to 25
years old, 51.2 per cent were single, and 95.9 per cent were native
born. (Appendix Tables I-III, inclusive.)
Week’s earnings.
table 23 discloses that three equal groups, each approximately
20 per cent of the whole earned less than $10, $13 to $16, and $16
to $20 during the week, irrespective of time worked. In the group
$10 to $13, however, fell the largest number of women, 37.7 per
cent. The median earnings for the 385 women whose week’s earn
ings were ascertained were $12.15. (Table 4.)
Of all the women on the pay rolls in these factories, 57.1 per
cent worked the scheduled week of 48 or 50 hours, revealing a
median of $13.60. (Table 6.) The lowest earnings received for
full-time service were $8, although only 0.9 per cent earned under
$10. About 43 in every hundred of the full-time workers earned
$10 to $13, 25 per hundred received $13 to $16, and 31 in every
hundred obtained for their week’s service $16 or over.
23.—Week’s earnings of all women and earnings of women who worked
the firm’s scheduled time in factories manufacturing advertising and other
novelties—Adults
Table
Week’s earnings
Women earning
each specified
amount
Women who
worked the firm's
scheduled time,
earning each
specified amount
Number Per cent Number Per cent
Total............................................................................
385
100.0
Under $6........ .................. .......................... ..............................
$6 and under $10......................... ..................................................
$10 and under $13....................... ................... . ...
17
62
145
77
77
4.4
16.1
$20 and over..... .................. ................. .......................
7
37.7
20.0
20.0
1.8
220
100.0
2
04
55
62
0.9
42.7
25.0
28.2
7
3.2
Since there were only 15 women employed in this industry in the
places of under 25,000 population as compared with 370 in the larger
cities, a comparison of earnings in places of varying occupation
would not be significant. (Table 4.)
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
98
Earnings and experience.
Only 155 women reported on the length of time they had worked
in the trade, 26.5 per cent showing less than 1 year, 45.2 per cent
from 1 to 5 years, and 28.4 per cent 5 years and over. The median
for the second group, $13.70, not only surpasses by about $2 the
$11.65 median for the first group as would be expected, but also
exceeds by 20 cents the $13.50 median for the third group. This
fact loses some significance, however, in view of the small numbers
involved.
Year’s earnings.
The median earnings of the 52 women for whom records of year’s
earnings were obtained were $619. A little less than one-fifth re
ceived $800 to $900, none earning more than this. At the other end
of the scale were the 15.4 per cent who secured less than $500 for
their year’s work. (Table XVII in the appendix.)
THE AUTO TOPS AND OTHER CANVAS-PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
The workers.
In this classification are included establishments producing auto
tops, covers, seat covers, oversuits, duck and ticking products, tents
and awnings, and employing in all 487 adult women. (Table 1.)
The number of women giving personal information was too small to
make the data of much significance. However, 27 per cent of all
reporting on age were under 25 years, 42.4 per cent of those report
ing on conjugal condition were single, and 94.1 per cent stating
country of birth were native born. (Appendix Tables I-III, in
clusive.)
Week’s earnings.
The median week’s earnings for the 487 women in this industry
for whom wage data were obtained were $14.70. (Table 4.) From
Table 24 it is seen that the women were rather well scattered in the
various earnings groups, 14.6 per cent having received less than
$10, and 12.7 per cent $20 or over. Between these two extremes
were the 24.8 per cent, the 21.4 per cent, and the 26.5 per cent in
the $10 and under $13, $13 and under $16, and the $16 and under
$20 groups, respectively. Only about 10 per cent of all women re
ported worked the firm’s scheduled hours and can be classed as full
time workers. Their median week’s earnings were $15.50. (Table
6.) None of these full-time workers earned less than $10; and 10.2
per cent received $20 or more.
94
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table 24.—Week’s earning of all women and earnings of icomen who worked
the firm’s scheduled time in factories manufacturing auto tops and other
canvas products—Adults
Week’s earnings
Women earning
each specified
amount
Number
Total.............. .................... .......................................... ...............
Under $6.. .. .
.
$10 and under $13.. ____________________ ______ ___________
$13 and under $16________________
$16 and under $20_________________ ________
$20 and over........................................ ....................................................
487
33
38
121
104
129
62
Women who
worked the firm's
scheduled time,
earning each
specified amount
Per cent Number
100.0
6.8
7.8
24.8
21.4
26. 5
12.7
Per cent
49
100.0
13
15
16
5
26.5
30.6
32.7
10.2
The firms engaged in this type of manufacture were all in cities
of 25,000 or more population. Also, since only 56 women gave their
experience records, an analysis in this respect would mean little
because of the small number involved.
Year’s earnings.
A record of year’s earnings was obtained for 78 women, or 16.2
per cent of those included in the industry. The median year’s earn
ings of this group were $773, or a weekly average of $14.87, which is
sufficiently below the $15.50 median of the full-time workers to indi
cate that the women whose year’s earnings were recorded lost some
but not a great deal of time during the year. (Table XYII in the
appendix.)
THE LAUNDRY INDUSTRY
Women working in power laundries in Ohio were almost all paid
on a time basis. Although the beginning and ending hours of work
on Monday and Saturday for those engaged on different parts of
laundry work varied within the plant, seven-tenths of the women
employees were required to render 50 hours’ service during the week.
The workers.
According to the United States Census,5 4,021 Ohio women and
girls are listed as laundry operators; and 1,140, or 28.4 per cent of
these, were covered by the survey of the Women’s Bureau. (Table 1.)
Personal information, however, was obtained from only between
600 and 700 women. Of those reporting, 29.4 per cent were under
25 years of age. Of all the industries, laundries showed next to the
smallest proportion of women in this age group. On the other
hand, nearly one-third of the women were 40 years of age or older,1
1 IT. S. Bureau
108-109.
of
the Census.
14th Census, voJ. 4, Population, 1920: Occupations,
pp.
95
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
laundries revealing a larger proportion in this classification than
did any other industry except the manufacture of auto tops, which
showed 34.9 per cent of the women workers as old as this. It is not
surprising to discover that the majority of the women reporting on
marital status, 58.5 per cent, were or had been married. An analysis
of the workers according to nativity shows that 79.2 per cent were
native-born whites, 10.8 per cent negroes, and 9.9 per cent foreign
horn. (Appendix Tables I-III, inclusive.)
Week’s earnings.
Table 4 reveals the median week’s earnings of 1,116 women to be
$12.25. From Table 25 it is apparent that more than a third of
these adult women laundry workers yarned $10 to $13 during the
week, regardless of time worked. More than a fourth of such
workers did not earn so much as $10. As $8 was the lowest rate
paid for a full week’s service in laundries, and as but 6.5 per cent of
full-time workers earned from $8 to $10, it is evident that most of
the employees who earned less than $10 during the representative
week were unemployed for some part of the week. The proportion
of all employees, irrespective of time worked, who earned $16 or
more was 13.6, whereas 19.3 per cent of full-time workers received
similar amounts. Forty out of every hundred laundry workers were
employed the scheduled number of hours during the selected week.
This group showed a median of $13.35. (Table 6.)
Table 25.—Week's earnings of all women and earnings of women who worked
the firm's scheduled time in laundries—Adults
Women earning
each specified
amount
Week's earnings
Number
Total____ ___________________________ _______________
Under $6_____ _________
_
$6
$10and
andunder
under$10
$13............................................................ ............... .......
$13 and under $16
$16 and under $20______________________ ______________ ____
$20 and over.
.......... ........................................ .....................................
Women who
worked the firm’s
scheduled time,
earning each
specified amount
Per cent Number
1,116
100.0
64
232
386
282
116
36
5.7
20.8
34.6
25.3
10.4
3.2
446
29
168
163
65
21
Per cent
100.0
6.5
36.5
14.6
4.7
Earnings in places of varying population.
Since of the 1,116 women laundry workers included in the study,
1,061 were employed in cities of 25,000 or more population, and
only 55 in less populous places, a comparison of earnings by locality
does not mean much. The fact that the median of the former group
was $12.25 and the median of the latter, $12.45, would indicate that
the women employed in laundries were paid as well in the smaller
centers as in the larger. (Table 4.)
96
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Earnings and experience.
One-half of the laundry operators included in this survey re
ported on their experience in the industry. Of this number, 18.3
per cent had worked for less than 1 year in a laundry and showed
a median of $10.70; 36.2 per cent had had 1 but not so much as 5
years’ experience, the median for this group being $12.45; and 45.5
per cent had been 5 years or more in the trade and revealed a median
of $13.45.
Year’s earnings.
The records of 196 women who were employed 44 weeks or more
disclose that 16.8 per cent earned $800 or more during the year,
that 44.3 per cent earned $600 to $800, that 28.6 per cent earned
$500 to $600, and that 10.2 per cent earned less than $500. Earn
ings of those who worked in one laundry throughout the year,
when reduced to a weekly average, corresponded fairly well to the
earnings of full-time workers during the week for which data con
cerning all employees were obtained. The reduction of the median
year’s earnings, $641, however, to a weekly average gives only $12.33,
which when compared with the median for full-time workers,
$13.35, indicates that the women with a year’s record lost some time.
(Table XVII in the appendix.)
COMPARISON OF EARNINGS IN THE VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
It is difficult to rank individual industries according to the earn
ings of women workers. Some branches pay low beginning wages
but offer possibilities of high earnings as women gain experience.
Others pay relatively high wages to beginners but offer little chance
for advancement. Between these extremes there are many grada
tions. It is possible to state in general terms, however, whether the
earnings level in any industry is markedly above or below the earn
ings level of all industries combined.
Viewed from every angle, it is apparent that the men’s and
women’s suit and coat industries offered better wage opportunities
than did any other industry included in this survey. Almost 72 in
every hundred adult women employed earned $16 and over per week
and more than three-fifths of these women made upward of $20 per
week. The lowest full-time earnings paid in either branch was
$8 and under $9, and but 1 and 3 per hundred, respectively, of the
full-time workers in men’s and women’s suit and coat factories
received between $8 and $10 per week. Moreover, the median week’s
earnings of men’s suit and coat manufacturing ($19.60) and the
median for women’s suit and coat manufacturing ($19.35) outstrip
the medians of all the other industries in a striking fashion. These
two industries, as would be expected, show the highest medians for
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
97
full-time workers as well, the manufacture of women’s suits and
coats with a median of $19.85 slightly exceeding in this respect the
manufacture of men’s suits and coats, which reveals a median of
$19.75 for the full-time workers. Again, when medians for year’s
earnings are used as a measure the $974 median for the manufacture
of women’s suits and coats heads the list, and the $972 for the manu
facture of men’s suits and coats is a close second. Next in the wage
scale from the point of view of week’s earnings are the rubber fac
tories and the plants manufacturing electric products, showing
medians of $17.25 and $16.60, respectively, for all women and medi
ans of $18.55 and $17.95, respectively, for full-time workers. Using
year’s medians as a measure, however, we find that shoe manufactur
ing, with a median of $875, surpasses the rubber industry, whose
median is $810. Also, the manufacture of shirts and overalls, with
a median of $808, and general mercantile establishments, with a
median of $801, take a higher ranking than do electric products man
ufacturing, for which the median year’s earnings are $798. In
regard to week’s earnings the shoe industry, with a median of $15.55
for all workers and a median of $16.95 for full-time workers, occu
pies the fifth place from the top in the wage scale. Somewhat below
this, but on almost the same level with each other, are the manufac
ture of shirts and overalls, showing a median of $14.50 for all women
and $15.05 for full-time workers, and general mercantile, with a
median of $14.05, for all women and $15.05 for full-time workers.
At the lower end of the earnings scale are cordage manufacturing,
5-and-10-cent stores, and candy manufacturing, in these groups the
medians for all women being $10.35, $10.55, and $10.65, respectively.
In a consideration of the median earnings of full-time workers the
5-and-10-cent stores drop to last place with a median of only $10.95,
candy factories come next to last with a median of $11.75, while the
$12 median for cordage manufacturing puts this industry just a little
in advance of candy manufacturing. A comparison of the three on
the basis of year’s earnings is not possible since too few year’s
records were secured in the cordage mills to permit of a computation.
The 5-and-10-cent stores, however, show a median of $613 and con
sequently rise above candy manufacturing for which the year’s
median is only $556, the lowest median for any industry included.
Not so low in the earnings scale as these three industries but fall
ing below what may be called the general level from the three stand
points of median week’s earnings of all women, median week’s earn
ings of full-time workers and median year’s earnings are the food,
glass, glove, paper products, hosiery and knit goods, advertising and
other novelties, “other textile,” and laundry industries. Of the re
maining industrial groups, not yet discussed in this comparison, the
98
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
only one rising above the general level in all three respects is the
manufacture of auto tops and other canvas products.
The tobacco and cigar industry—one of the largest employers of
woman factory labor in Ohio—stands apart from all other indus
tries because of the wide range of earnings reported. Data from com
bined pay rolls were almost evenly divided between women earning
$6 to $10, $10 to $13, $13 to $16, $16 to $20, and $20 and over. This in
dustry paid the lowest amount to any full-time worker included in
the Ohio study—$2 for a full week’s work; these were the earnings
of just one woman, however. On the other hand, 30 per hundred
of the full-week workers earned $20 and over, and 19 per hundred
of all adult workers regardless of hours worked earned this amount.
The median week’s earnings of all women were $13.35, which is only
a little below the general level, whereas the median of full-time
workers ($16.40) rises above the general level. There is, however,
quite a noticeable drop in the year’s median ($590) below the $726
median year’g earnings for all industries combined.
The other four industries not yet touched upon in this compari
son—the manufacture of “other clothing,” metal products, pottery,
and woolen goods—occupy a rather middle ground.
APPENDIXES
Appendix A—TABLES
Appendix B—SCHEDULE FORMS
4
APPENDIX A
TABLES
Table
I.—Nativity of the women employees ivho supplied personal information,
by industry—Adults
Number and per cent of women who were—
Industry
Number
of
women
re
porting
%
Native born
White
Foreign born
Negro
Number Per cent
Number Per cent Number Per cent
All industries..................................
16,788
13,426
80.0
170
163
95.9
68
243
62
202
91.2
83.1
472
1,208
249
332
1,194
’584
440
323
1,645
1,003
805
1,585
733
448
941
115
213
1,116
'350
314
312
1,149
771
777
1,218
706
94.9
77.9
46.2
64.2
93.5
59.9
71.4
96.6
69.8
76.9
96.5
76.8
96.3
28
496
246
84
2,068
1,948
199
665
28
306
167
44
1,561
1,758
188
527
100.0
61.7
63.8
52.4
75.5
90.2
94.5
79.2
Manufacturing:
Auto tops and other canvas products......... ..... ....................-............
Candy------------------------------Clothing—
Suits and coats^ women's
Food products...................................
Glass and glass products.......... .......
Metal products................ ..................
Paper and paper products............. Rubber and rubber products..........
Textiles—
Tobacco and cigars............................
General mercantile..................................
5-and-10-cent stores----------------------Laundries.............................. .....................
771
4.6
2
1
2.9
.4
i
.4
...
104
73
17.8
16.6
54
90
3.3
9.0
5
.3
299
67
3
72
14.5
3.4
1.5
10.8
2,591
15.4
7
4.1
4
40
5.9
16.5
24
267
133
119
78
130
53
11
442
142
28
362
27
5.1
22.1
53.4
35.8
6.5
22.3
12.0
3.4
26.9
14.2
3.5
22.8
3.7
190
89
40
208
123
8
66
38.3
36.2
47.6
10.1
6.3
4.0
9.9
101
102
Table II.—Age of the women employees who supplied personal information, by industry—Adults and minors
Number and per cent of women whose age was—
Industry
18 and under
20 years
20 and under
25 years
25 and under
30 years
30 and under
40 years
40 and under
50 years
50 and under
60 years
60 years and
over
Num
ber
Per
cent
Num
ber
Per
cent
Num
ber
Per
cent
Num
ber
Per
cent
Num
ber
Per
cent
Num
ber
Per
cent
Num
ber
Per
cent
Num
ber
17,915
1,296
7.2
2,750
15.4
4, 536
25.3
2,624
14.6
3,690
20.6
1,987
11.1
788
4.4
244
173
63
312
12
6.9
12.1
7.9
21.8
46
12
65
26.6
19.0
20.8
21
12
30
12.1
19.0
9.6
34
12
39
19.7
19.0
12.5
16.8
7
4.0
3
1.7
19.9
21
5
68
29
62
29
9.3
14
4.5
5
1.6
596
1,250
252
350
1,248
574
443
452
1,724
1,002
863
1, 629
799
122
93
4
15
37
24
26
122
112
46
32
39
65
20.5
7.4
1.6
4.3
3.0
4.2
5.9
27.0
6.5
4.6
3.7
2.4
8.1
111
180
4
49
284
92
77
77
307
165
142
139
90
18.6
14.4
1.6
14.0
22.8
16.0
17.4
17.0
17.8
16.5
16.5
8.5
11.3
130
326
32
90
486
108
;124
111
462
261
155
573
170
21.8
26.1
12.7
25.7
38.9
18.8
28.0
24.6
26.8
26.0
18.0
35.2
21.3
70
166
61
50
175
S3
38
44
249
143
107
385
133
11.7
13.3
24. 2
14.3
14.0
14.5
8.6
9.7
14.4
14.3
12.4
23.6
16.6
89
250
91
70
180
136
74
57
394
178
210
385
198
14.9
20.0
36.1
20.0
14.4
23.7
16.7
12.6
22.9
17.8
24.3
23.6
24.8
50
149
44
52
70
80
59
28
159
111
127
92
101
8.4
11.9
17.5
14.9
5.6
13.9
13.3
6. 2
9. 2
11.1
14.7
5.6
12.6
15
58
12
20
13
39
31
11
32
66
74
12
35
2.5
4.6
4.8
5.7
1.0
6.8
7.0
2.4
1.9
6.6
8.6
0.7
4.4
9
28
4
4
3
12
14
2
9
32
16
4
7
1.5
2.2
1.6
1.1
.2
2. 1
3.2
.4
.5
3.2
1.9
.2
.9
32
521
283
106
2,017
2,345
244
637
4
24
36
22
198
134
43
24
12.5
4.6
12.7
20.8
9.8
5.7
17. 6
3.8
3
87
42
17
349
277
91
73
9.4
16.7
14.8
16.0
17.3
11.8
37. 3
11.5
4
140
58
17
467
545
64
90
12. 5
26.9
20.5
16.0
23.2
23.2
2
73
28
8
282
364
6.3
14.0
9.9
7.5
14.0
15.5
34. 4
17.3
19. 1
14.2
20.1
23.1
61
43
14
216
338
11.7
15.2
13.2
10.7
14.4
36
18
12
75
123
6.9
6.4
11.3
3.7
5.2
10
4
1
24
22
1.9
1.4
.9
1.2
.9
14.1
82
12.9
11
90
54
15
406
542
19
156
24.5
107
16.8
76
1L9
29
4.6
Manufacturing:
Advertising and other novelties
Candy__________ ______ _____ _
Clothing—
Shirts and overalls.............. ..............
Suits and coats, men’s......................
Suits and coats, women’s.............
Other....................................................
Electric products.......................................
Food products...........................................
Glass and glass products.......................
Gloves..................... ...................... ..............
Metal Products_____________ _______
Paper amd paper products......................
Pottery........................... _............................
Rubber and rubi er products..................
Shoes......................... ................... ..............
Textiles—
•
Cordage.................................................
Hosiery and knit goods....................
Woolen goods_________ _____ ___
Other.................................................. .
Tobacco and cigars............. ......................
General mercantile...........................................
5-and-10-cent stores............. .............................
Laundries............................................................
16 and under
18 years
(minors)
4
a
Per
cent
1.4
W O M E N IN O H IO IN D U S T R IE S
All industries_____ _____________
Num
ber of
women
report
ing
103
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table III.—Conjugal condition of the women employees who supplied personal
information, by industry—Adults
Number and per cent of women who were—
Industry
Number
of
women
report
ing
Single
Num
ber
All industries.................................
Manufacturing:
Advertising and other novelties. _
Auto tops and other canvas prod
ucts.....................................................
Candy............................................... .
ClothingShirts and overalls
Suits and coats, men’s....... .......
Suits and coats, women’s
Other___________ ____ ______
Electric products................................
Food products............ ........... ...........
Glass and glass products..................
Gloves____________ _____ _______
Metal products...................................
Paper and paper products...............
Pottery_________ ____ __________
Rubber and rubber products
Shoes....................................................
Textiles—
Cordage............................ ............
Hosiery and knit goods.............
Woolen goods............... ...............
Other............__ ____ .
Tobacco and cigars_______ ____
General mercantile_____ _____ ... _
5-and-10-cent stores___ _____ ________
Laundries........................ .............
Widowed,
separated, or
divorced
Married
Per
cent
Num
ber
Per
cent
Num
ber
Per
cent
16,222
8,825
54.4
4,613
28.4
2,784
17.2
166
85
51.2
42
25.3
39
23.5
66
216
28
116
42.4
53.7
27
74
40.9
34.3
11
26
16.7
12.0
449
1,174
249
327
1,192
645
408
322
1,599
928
812
1,570
602
328
819
115
178
875
214
206
205
895
533
354
682
359
73.1
69.8
46.2
54.4
73.4
39.3
50.5
63.7
56.0
57.4
43.6
43.4
59.6
61
183
103
93
177
220
108
76
507
217
255
643
114
13.6
15.6
41.4
28.4
14.8
40.4
26.5
23.6
31.7
23.4
31.4
41.0
18.9
60
172
31
56
140
111
94
41
197
178
203
245
129
13.4
14.7
12.4
17.1
11.7
20.4
23.0
12.7
12.3
19.2
25.0
15.6
21.4
28
486
243
76
1,776
2,195
193
600
6
264
125
37
770
1, 240
142
249
21.4
54.3
51.4
48.7
43.4
56.5
73.6
41.5
12
136
78
24
689
549
31
194
42.9
28.0
32.1
31.6
38.8
25.0
16. 1
32.3
10
86
40
15
317
406
20
157
35.7
17.7
16.5
19.7
17.8
18. 5
10.4
26.2
104
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table IV.—Living condition of the women employees who supplied personal
information, by industry—Adults
Number and per cent of women who were living—
Industry
Number
of
women
reporting
At home
With relatives
Independently
Number Per cent Number Per cent Number Per cent
All industries............ .....................
Manufacturing:
Advertising and other novelties__
Auto tops and other canvas prod
ucts...... ......................... ............. .
Candy...................................................
Clothing—
Shirts and overalls........ ............
Suits and coats, men’s............._
Suits and coats, women’s
Other—____ ________________
Electric products....... .......................
Food products........ ............ .............
Glass and glass products..................
Gloves.................................................
Metal products..................................
Paper and paper products...............
Pottery................. ....... ......................
Rubber and rubber products..........
Shoes....................... ............. .........
Textiles—
Cordage........... ................ ............
Hosiery and knit goods ............
Woolen goods..............................
Other...___________________
Tobacco and cigars............. ..............
General mercantile....................................
5-and-10-cent stores..............................
Laundries....................................................
16,249
12,975
79.9
1,434
164
136
82.9
68
250
57
220
83.8
88.0
479
1,188
250
328
1, 206
552
412
333
1, 505
932
807
1,581
664
383
980
230
253
893
468
309
266
1,170
772
648
1,259
542
27
502
237
86
1,807
2,051
201
619
23
402
208
60
1,481
1,574
161
480
8.8
1,840
11.3
9
5.5
19
11.6
4
14
5.9
5.6
7
16
10.3
6.4
80.0
82.5
92.0
77.1
74.0
84.8
75.0
79.9
77.7
82.8
80.3
79.6
81.6
41
112
11
43
115
28
50
30
155
92
61
137
60
8.6
9.4
4.4
13.1
9.5
5.1
12.1
9.0
10.3
9.9
7.6
8.7
9.0
55
96
9
32
198
56
53
37
180
68
98
185
62
11.5
8.1
3.6
9.8
16.4
10.1
12.9
11.1
12.0
7.3
12.1
11.7
9.3
85.2
80.1
87.8
69.8
82.0
76.7
80.1
77.5
2
46
13
15
128
191
26
51
7.4
9.2
5.5
17.4
7.1
9.3
12.9
8.2
2
54
16
11
198
286
14
88
7.4
10:8
6.8
12.8
11.0
13.9
7.0
14.2
105
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table V.—Scheduled Saturday hours, by industry—Adults
Number of establishments and number of women whose
scheduled Saturday hours were—
Number
reported
Under 4
None
Industry
Over 4 and
under 5
4
Estab Worn- Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom
lish
lish
lish
lish
lish
en
en
en
ments
ments
ments en
ments
ments
All industries—
Per cent distribution.
Manufacturing:
Advertising and other
novelties----- -------------Auto tops and other can
vas products....................
Candy..................................
ClothingShirts and overalls—
Suits and coats, men’s
Suits and coats, wom
en’s.............................
Other....... ....................
Electric products
Food products....................
Glass and glass products. .
Gloves.............................
Metal products.............
Paper and paper products.
Pottery...............................
Rubber and rubber prod
ucts.............. ................ .
Shoes___________ ______ _
Textiles—
Cordage....................... .
Hosiery and knit
goods-------- ------- Woolen goods........
Other............................
Tobacco and cigars------General mercantile
5-and-10-cent stores...... ..........
Laundries
1 300 230,464
13
625
2. 1
1
11
100.0
385
3
12
176
36
3,422
11.2
1
1,552
1,245
285
2
219
13
1,466
4
269
3
1
295
252
383
8 771
8 1,868
12 1,092
9 643
616
248 2,814
28
365
1.2
487
804
12
924
1114 1,688
5
3
2
1
41
2
1
205
10
1
39
1
2
293
41
1
129
36
2.098
1,595
71
5,932
19.5
3
204
1
6
21
338
8
1
560
3
1
1
4
1
3
3
13
6
1
69
112
618
71
183
161
1,519
275
95
2
6
204
474
140
1
33
876
1.099
497
3,502
3,905
420
1,060
2
2
431
169
1
15
1
2
2
73
............
1............
7
623
4
323
5
108
2
69
1 Details aggregate more than total because several establishments appear in more than one hour group.
Total excludes 2 laundries for which scheduled hours were not reported.
2 Excluding 104 women in 5 establishments for whom scheduled hours were not reported.
18823°—25------ 8
*
4
106
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table V.—Scheduled Saturday hours, by industry—Adults—Continued
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled Sat
urday hours were—
Over 5 and
under 6
5
Industry
6
Estab Wom Estab
Estab
lishlish- Wom lishen
en
ments
ments
ments
All industries..
Per cent distribution.
129 14,026
46. 0
Manufacturing:
Advertising and other
novelties_____ ____ ___
Auto tops and other can
vas products................. .
Candy................................ .
Clothing—
Shirts and overalls___
Suits and coats, wom
en's............................
Other......... ...................
Electric products...............
Food products.....................
Glass and glass products..
Gloves...................................
Metal products____
Paper and paper products
Pottery.......... .....................
Rubber and rubber prod
ucts................................
Shoes...............................
Textiles—
Cordage..........................
Hosiery and knit
goods. .........................
Woolen goods......... .
Other..........................
Tobacco and cigars.............
General mercantile.....................
Laundries.................... .
2
166
2
5
466
401
2
79
1
2
5
8
4
5
10
20
9
19
138
1, 250
775
245
455
90S
1,094
736
4
11
1,023
992
3
107
3
3
3
11
430
930
497
2,554
16
761
1
868
2.8
1
Over 7 and
under 8
7
J Wom
Estab Wom- Estab
lishlish- Wom
en
ments men ments
en
(*>
1
9
4
224
0.7
1
40
4
500
1.6
9
2
1
868
1
3
i1
1
1
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled Sat
urday hours were—
Over 8 and
under 9
8
Industry
Over 9 and
under 10
9
10 hours
Estab
Estab
Estab
Estab
Estab
lish Wom lish Wom lish Wom lish Wom lish Wom
en
en
en
ments
en
ments
en
ments
ments
ments
All industries...
Per cent distribution..
13
1,392
4.6
Manufacturing:
Advertising and other
novelties...... .....................
Glass and glass products...
Metal products......... .........
Paper and paper products.
Pottery..................................
General mercantile.....................
5-and-lO-cent stores....................
Laundries........................
1
3
1
1
1
6
4
190
15
106
48
1,029
8 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
24
16
7
1
2,522
8.3
2,168
305
49
4
63
0.2
1
6
2
1
42
15
2
108
0.4
17
408
1.3
2
108
10
308
100
%
%
Table VI.—Length of lunch period, by industry—Adults
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled lunch period wasNumber
reported
Under 30
minutes
Industry
Over 30 and
under
45 minutes
30 minutes
45 minutes
Over 45
minutes and
under 1 hour
Over 1 hour
1 hour
Total...................
Fer cent distribution.
Manufacturing:
Advertising and other novelties-----Auto tops and other canvas products..
Candy...................... —.......................
ClothingShirts and overalls......................
Suits and coats, men’s.................
Suits and coats, women’s............
Other................ ...............................
Electric products........................... .......
Food products............................. .........
Glass and glass products.....................
Gloves......................................................
Metal products....................... ..............
Paper and paper products................
Pottery............. .................. ....................
Rubber and rubber products............
Shoes....................................-..................
Textiles—
Cordage.......... .......................... —
Hosiery and knit goods...............
Woolen goods________ ______ _
Other....... -.......................................
Tobacco and cigars..............................
General mercantile.......................... .........
5-and-10-cent stores................... .................
Laundries.......................................................
30,435
100.0
6
368
1.2
385
487
804
88
9, 835
32.3
5
345
34
924
1,688
383
771
1,868
1,092
614
616
2,814
1,552
1,245
2.098
1,595
140
876
1.099
497
3, 502
3,905
420
1,060
2
9
176
74
’
6
593
1.9
15,088
49.6
80
6
305
68
6
391
7
6
3
3
2
2
6
5
9
16
6
3
7
517
847
252
205
804
159
266
347
655
754
599
1,049
736
2
3
4
1
18
29
14
8
93
265
475
103
2,262
3, 393
410
201
3,985
13.1
1
1
1
1
61
78
2
7
1
2
5
1
312
763
62
364
632
104
69
202
432
829
172
10
1,656
1
90
2
266
3
7
1,042
631
2
113
1
115
2
1
47
15
1
251
1
1
345
624
2
394
1, 240
1
250
16
859
1 Details aggregate more than total because several establishments appear in more than one hour group.
for which length of lunch period was not reported.
^
2 Excluding 133 women in 6 establishments for whom length of lunch period was not reported.
4
166
26
4
2
2
285
0.9
147
138
10
281
0.9
262
10
Total excludes 2 laundries and 1 glass and glass-product establishment
W O M E N IN O H IO IN D U S T R IE S
Estab
EstabEstabEstabEstabEstab
Women lish- Women lish- Women lish- Women lish- Women lish- W'omen lish Women
lish Women
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
4
Table
VII.—Hours worked less than scheduled, by industry—Adults
Number and per
cent of women
Number who worked less
of
than scheduled
hours
women
reported
Industry
Number Percent
8,648
47.2
100.0
%
563
6. 5
635
7.3
452
5.2
897
10.4
2,094
24.2
806
9.3
502
5.8
471
5.4
402
4.6
9.9
32
44
385
487
539
163
438
192
42.3
89.9
35.6
11
9
6
9
2
2
16
28
2
4
78
9
33
30
13
46
137
51
16
61
21
8
38
11
5
14
17 1
7
9
16
539
1,443
277
468
1, 685
684
599
498
2,656
3,236
591
1,659
1,255
213
410
59
219
800
260
352
338
1,305
505
300
1,059
531
39.5
28.4
21.3
46.8
47.5
38.0
58.8
67.9
49.1
40.9
50.8
63.8
42.3
10
57
7
41
154
3
36
37
87
56
5
268
80
5
33
9
21
66
17
9
18
120
18
10
70
42
27
14
2
16
73
3
44
19
137
47
8
75
33
42
31
9
6
36
8
6
10
77
9
40
51
8
19
126
7
21
92
14
24
24
153
70
14
100
30
57
73
14
51
209
53
107
100
260
123
83
184
133
22
25
3
27
61
19
39
47
106
32
34
81
53
9
14
2
8
20
19
31
27
66
19
21
51
53
8
19
3
16
25
35
12
16
74
25
29
50
30
5
2
7
17
11
11
19
77
41
13
47
24
140
690
544
388
719
847
67
321
178
250
279
409
47.9
46.5
32.7
64.4
38.8
48.3
33
11
9
10
37
1
27
6
7
8
63
12
7
40
21
11
5
2
7
5
8
33
15
25
21
29
97
59
50
100
99
41
9
18
25
60
23
17
9
17
26
20_
14
8
27
17
9
9
16
24
15
17
1 Excluding stores, in which actual time worked is generally not reported
966
11.2
8
8
1
13
5
47
78
34
21
148
65
43
82
45
18
21
22
53
30
42
IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Manufacturing:
Advertising and other novelties.................
Auto tops and other canvas products........
Candy............................................................
Clothing—
Shirts and overalls..................................
Suits and coats, men's...... ....................
Suits and coats, women’s...................
Other...............................................
Electric products____ __________
Food products................................................
Glass and glass products..............................
Gloves....... ..................................... .............. .
Metal products___________ _____
Paper and paper products............
Pottery........... ................................
Rubber and rubber products.........
Shoes.................................................
Textiles—
Cordage.............................. ..................... .
Hosiery and knit goods...............
Woolen goods...................... .............
Other_______ ______________ ”1111"
Tobacco and cigars___________
Laundries.....................................
18,329
2 and
3 and
4 and
5 and
10 and
15 and 20 and
Under 1 1 and
25 and
under 2 under 3 under 4 under 5 under 10 under 15 under 20 under 25 under
hour
30 30 hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
WOMEST
All industries 1............................................
Per cent distribution of women who lost time.
O
oo
Number of women who worked less than scheduled hours to the extent of—
t
Table VIII.—Hours worked more than scheduled, by industry—Adults
Number of women who worked more than scheduled hours to the extent of—
Number and per
cent of women
Number who worked more
than scheduled
of
15 and 20 and 25 and 30 hours
10 and
5 and
4 and
3 and
hours
2 and
1 and
women
Under 1 under 2 under 3 under 4 under 5 under 10 under 15 under 20 under 25 under 30 and over
reported
hours
hour
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
Number Per cent
Industry
1,633
8.9
Manufacturing:
.
Auto tops and other canvas products........
Clothing—
_
Suits and coats, men's----------- --------Suits and coats, women’s.......................
Food products............................................. .
Paper and pappr products.............................
Rubber and rubber products--------- -------Textiles—
Woolen goods------------------ ------ -----Other............. -..........................................
Laundries........ ......... .............................................
482
2
111
0.5
20.6
240
157
9.6
15.7
14.7
1
i
7
45
19
6
30
12
26
33
29.5
385
487
539
257
539
1,443
45
338
8.3
23.4
l
6
468
1,685
684
599
498
2,656
1,236
591
1,659
1,255
61
56
29
37
5
376
46
11
191
36
3.3
4.2
6.2
1.0
14.2
3.7
1.9
11.5
2.9
4
4
2
237
20
2
104
8
140
690
544
388
719
847
3
75
58
2.1
10.9
10.7
14
20
36
117
6.0
13.8
8
28
74
392
4.5
24.0
1
6
25
237
21
1.3
4
2
2
2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
,
1
53
25
1
31
4
3
18
1
12
15
1
21
3
7
5
1
15
2
42
22
11
6
3
14
7
3
2
1
56
8
1
1
4
1
2
1
W O M E N IN O H IO IN D U S T R IE S
18,329
Per cent distribution of women who worked
1
6
15
..........
1 Excluding stores in which actual time worked is generally not reported.
109
Adults
Minors
Number and per cent who were—
Industry
Total number
reported 1
Timeworkers
Per
cent
Num-
30,327
100.0
14,921
49.2
14,153
46.7
384
487
804
276
69
532
7L9
14.2
66.2
95
414
260
217
85.0
32.3
922
1,678
378
766
1,863
1,090
629
596
2,784
1,547
1,242
2,082
1,590
778
295
320
628
709
546
34
1,180
1, 019
507
368
9.3
46.4
78.0
41.8
33.7
65.0
830
890
73
443
1, 018
339
65
559
1, 214
489
715
1,533
854
90.0
53.0
19.3
57.8
516
31.1
10.3
93.8
43.6
31.6
57.6
73.6
53.7
15
496
592
95
3,079
10.7
60.9
53.9
19.2
140
814
1, 099
495
3,499
3,905
419
1,114
501
400
277
3,896
419
1,029
86.8
5.7
42.4
65.9
40.8
17.7
43.7
49.3
35.4
45.6
80.8
7.9
99.8
Num
ber
100.0
92.4
76
1 Excluding 241 women for whom no report on time or piecework was given.
Per
cent
88.0
.2
6.8
Number and per cent who were—
Time- and
pieceworkers
Num
ber
1,253
Per
cent
11
Total number
reported1
Timeworkers
Num
ber
Per
cent
1,286
100.0
3.4
.8
1.5
10
10
3
217
42
18
3
390
39
20
.7
.6
2.6
.4
11.6
3.9
2.9
.5
14.0
2.5
1.6
181
41
8.7
2.6
56
30
40.0
3.7
.5
11
119
93
4
15
37
23
26
121
112
46
30
39
65
Number
640
Per
cent
49.8
Pieceworkers
Number
594
Per
cent
Time- and
pieceworkers
Number
46.2
10
83.3
2
16.7
53
85.5
9
14.5
15
38
4
11
11
15
24
3
94
21
16
13
39
12.6
40.9
100.0
73.3
29.7
65.2
92.3
2.5
83.9
45.7
53.3
33.3
60.0
103
55
86.6
59.1
4
16
8
2
114
10
22
13
8
25
26.7
43.2
34.8
7.7
94.2
8.9
47.8
43.3
20.5
38.5
10
28
23
12
134
43
23
43.5
77.8
95.8
6.1
100.0
100.0
95.8
11
7
1
183
47.8
19.4
4.2
93.4
1
4.2
Per
cent
52
4.0
1
.8
10
27.0
4
8
3
1
18
1
3.3
7.1
6.5
3.3
46.2
1.5
2
1
8! 7
2.8
1
.5
2
23
36
24
196
134
43
24
1 Excluding 10 girls for whom no report on time or piecework was given.
W O M E N IN O H IO IN D U S T R IE S
All Industries .
Manufacturing:
Advertising and other novelties_____
Auto tops and other canvas products..
Candy.......................
ClothingShirts and overalls...............
Suits and coats, men’s-"””"”'""”
Suits and coats, women’s___
Other................................... ........
Electric products...........”'”r
Food productsI.””.........
Glass and glass products.
.......
Gloves.................................... .
Metal products___ ____ ”
Paper and paper products””"
Pottery............................ ........
Rubber and rubber products!”............
Shoes.........................
Textiles—
Cordage-..........................................
Hosiery and knit goods’
Woolen goods.....................
Other......... ...............................
Tobacco and cigars”””””
General mercantile.......... ........ "
6-and-lO-cent stores____ ”””!....................
Laundries...............................
Pieceworkers
Num
ber
Per
cent
HO
Table IX.—Extent of timework and piecework, by industry—Adults and minors
Ill
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table X.-—Week’s earnings of timeworkers and pieceioorkers, all industries—
Adults and minors
Week’s earnings
Median earnings............. ............................... ...................... -..............
$1 and under $2_______________________ ____________ _______
$2 and under $3___ ______
$4 and under $5______________________ -____________ _______
$5 and under $6
$6 and under $7______________________________ ____________
$7 and under $8----------------------------------------------------------------$8 and under $9--------------------------------------------------- -................
$9 and under $10
$10 and under $11----------------- --------- ----------------------------------$11 and under $12_________________________________________
$12 and under $13---------- ------------------- ------------------------------$13 and under $14______ —---------------------------------------------$16 and under $17___
Number of adults
earning each
specified amount
who were—
Number of minors
earning
each
specified amount
who were—
Piece
workers
Timeworkers
Piece
workers
Timeworkers
14,921
$12.80
14,153
$15.55
640
$9.75
594
$11.15
42
113
163
173
220
257
316
340
444
528
667
708
863
829
852
977
937
791
849
764
653
574
442
357
315
717
203
46
13
2
14
6
15
14
24
27
50
94
97
118
73
68
19
8
9
2
2
6
6
18
16
19
40
40
39
49
56
39
44
32
31
25
34
23
24
15
6
8
9
4
3
5
1
60
172
208
191
244
258
305
350
507
868
1,327
1,335
2,018
1,509
1,071
1,203
680
481
545
275
342
158
181
97
109
311
67
27
22
XI.—■Week’s earnings and time worked, all industries—Adults
H2
Table
A. WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN HOURS
Week’s earnings
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked—
Number
of women
39 and
Over 44
Over 48 i
reported Under 30 30 and
Over 50 :
under 39 under 44 44 hours and under 48 hours and under 50 hours and under 54 hours
hours
hours
hours
48 hours
50 hours
54 hours
Total.................
18, 535
100.0
Under $1.........................................
$1 and under $2____ ...................................
$2 and under $3 _....................................
$3 and under $4......................
$4 and under $5..................... ............ .
$5 and under $6....... —"!!!!!.
$6 and under $7. ................ ’
$7 and under $8. ..............I.Ill””””
$8 and under $9.............. .””
$9 and under $10..............I””' ’
$10 and under $11.....................
$11 and under $12................ Ill””
$12 and under $13...................
$13 and under $14.........II”I
$14 and under $15................
.............
$15 and under $16...................
”
$16 and under $17......................
“
$17 and under $18..................
$18 and under $19.........
.........
$19 and under $20. .............. .................
$20 and under $21__________
$21 and under $22............... .........
$22 and under $23_________________ _
$23 and under $24_____ II...........
$24 and under $25................
$25 and under $30.................
.............
$30 and under $35...................
$35 and under $40..................”””
$40 and over................................
1,875
10.1
$13.80
$5.00
203
180
202
180
215
249
268
219
157
1,608
8.7
$10. 60
$13.10
2
2
11
2
5
31
44
125
190
297
215
192
159
130
132
153
104
104
62
61
52
50
2,231
12.0
1,412
7.6
$18. 65
2,876
15.5
$14.25
862
4.7
$14. 65
2, 537
13. 7
$15. 25
4, 394
23. 7
$14. 60
622
3.4
$13. 75
88
220
264
312
333
421
520
891
304
433
841
585
383
330
076
893
873
649
626
429
385
282
258
562
136
44
14
41
86
74
43
33
28
10
5
32
66
161
177
227
220
128
114
83
104
69
70
46
22
20
15
10
10
6
4
9
2
21
19
56
17
5
3
1
1
3
1
13
29
22
42
85
49
70
131
91
94
119
78
120
69
76
60
54
146
42
16
4
3
2
32
50
132
203
425
264
277
193
202
161
150
156
162
105
82
65
54
40
92
17
7
1
11
2
2
18
67
54
124
106
88
77
45
35
46
35
47
33
20
14
27
20
2
17
32
81
118
196
324
226
217
176
160
158
154
122
125
68
72
55
57
107
41
13
3
1
1
3
7
33
104
287
288
594
562
512
481
341
266
237
139
133
94
70
65
52
107
12
2
3
2
35
47
44
110
93
56
53
36
30
18
18
11
15
17
7
4
19
1
1
14
0.1
0)
48 hours
and over
104
8,533
46.0
$14.70
0.6
$17.35
2
4
14
27
69
239
519
590
1,158
1,007
881
790
598
499
469
325
323
215
183
141
141
259
58
16
6
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Per cent distribution..
Median earnings........ .
Over 54
hours
»
*
t
B. WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN DAYS
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked on—
Week’s earnings
1 Not
1)4 days
1 day
2 days
2)4 days
3 days
3)4 days
4 days
4)4 days
9,153
100.0
$13.70
205
2.2
$2. 30
46
0.5
$3.50
204
2.2
$4.65
97
1.1
$5.85
271
3.0
$6.70
149
1.6
$9.30
292
3.2
$9.40
433
4.7
$12.15
17
76
154
128
154
150
217
193
353
441
660
533
982
716
491
781
446
312
441
311
329
240
216
150
135
382
102
23
20
17
57
97
23
8
1
1
4
7
25
7
9
26
39
44
31
23
14
7
5
2
1
2
4
6
6
18
17
12
4
7
5
5
2
2
4
2
2
2
14
18
40
34
40
25
20
16
15
13
12
7
5
2
3
1
2
1
i
4
6
11
13
20
15
15
20
8
8
7
5
9
1
2
2
1
5
12
16
35
18
46
32
21
15
30
13
10
9
8
5
4
5
2
i
2
3
13
21
29
40
33
33
35
38
29
30
24
25
15
14
17
5
4
8
5
1
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
5 days
6)4 days
6 days
5 days
and over
1,013
11.1
$12. 55
2,851
31. 1
$16. 30
3.592
39.2
$14. 70
7,456
81. 5
$14. 90
2
3
7
33
33
65
75
130
89
123
76
52
75
44
28
38
25
24
16
13
10
9
32
8
2
1
1
4
12
19
36
46
96
116
156
209
208
169
132
178
154
128
152
170
161
149
124
88
84
196
54
8
1
1
1
2
4
56
143
278
160
559
411
255
481
211
133
228
93
137
70
70
45
39
145
40
13
17
1
6
16
27
71
83
217
334
564
458
890
656
439
734
409
289
418
288
322
235
207
143
132
373
102
23
19
W O M E N IN O H IO IN D U S T R IE S
Median earnings...............................................
Number
of women
reported
computed, owing to small number involved.
113
114
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table XII.—Weekly rate and actual weeks earnings, by industry—Adults
Number ot women lor whom amount specified was weekly rate,
and number for whom it was actual week’s earnings in—
The manufacture of—
Amount
All industries
Advertising
Auto tops and
and other novel other canvas
ties
products
Candy
Week Week’s Week Week’s Week Week’s Week Week’s
ly
ly
ly
ly
earn
earn
earn
earn
ings
rate
ings
rate
ings
rate
rate
ings
Total_______ ____ ___________ i 6,052 i 6,052
Median earnings .
$13. 85 $13. 85
Under $4_________________________
$4 and under $5____ _____ _________
$5 and under $6......................................
$0 and under $7 _ _
............................
$7 and under $8
$9 and under $10
$10 and under $11
$11 and under $12_____ _____ _____
$12 and under $13..................................
$13 and under $14. _
$14 and under $15....................................
$15 and under $16. _____ _________
$16 and under $17..__________ ____
$17 and under $18_________________
$18 and under $19 ______________
$19 and under $20. ___________ ____
$20 and under $21
$21 and under $22
$22 and under $23..____________ ...
$23 and under $24
$24 and under $25............................ .......
$25 and under $30
$30 and under $35.................. ...............
$35 and under $40.......................... .........
$40 and over........ ....................................
1
1
19
90
259
638
347
1,126
631
413
846
309
197
420
69
242
53
91
34
53
157
39
12
5
m
5
(!>
138
73
71
96
86
284
493
357
809
540
394
651
347
239
342
141
213
78
112
56
66
202
52
19
20
5
2
m
2
269
$10. 75
269
$10.00
1
37
31
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
115
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table XII.—Weekly rate and actual week's earnings,J)y industry—Adults—Con.
Number of women for whom amount specified was weekly rate, and number for
whom it was actual week’s earnings in—
The manufacture of—
Clothing
Amount
Food products
Shirts and over Suits and coats, Suits and coats,
alls
men’s
women's
Other
Week- Week’s Week- Week’s Week- Week’s Week- Week’s Week- Week’s
ly
ly
ly
ly
ly
earnearnearnearnearnings
ings
rate
ings
rate
rate
rate
ings
ings
rate
Total_____
Median earnings.
36
$12.15
Under $4______
$4 and under $5.
$5 and under $6.
$6 and under $7.
$7 and under $8.
$8 and under $9.
36
$11.65
559
$18.25
i
..... .
$10 and under $11.
_
$14 and under $15__
$17 and under $18.
$18 and under $19.
$19 and under $20.
$20 and under $21.
$21 and under $22.
$22 and under $23.
$23 and under $24.
$24 and under $25 _
$25 and under $30.
$30 and under $35.
$35 and under $40.
$40 and over..
♦
$
3
10
4
6
5
4
3
1
i
i
i
4
8
3
5
4
4
3
1
4
25
15
43
18
39
41
43
38
65
21
53
15
27
16
26
50
21
7
2
559
$17. 55
4
3
2
7
2
13
6
20
17
37
19
43
35
51
38
38
32
36
18
33
12
22
52
12
6
1
60
$20. 25
60
$19. 35
295
$15.30
295
$14.65
2
8
11
43
21
45
54
20
2
6
5
4
3
4
10
10
20
33
27
37
41
20
1
|
1
3
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
9
3
6
3
8
6
5
3
9
3
9
4
7
4
8
5
3
5
33
9
7
10
25
8
6
1
1
3
1
1
171
$11. 75
171
$12. 40
3
40
51
23
17
5
19
5
3
3
7
10
35
55
21
18
4
116
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table XII.—Weekly rate and actual week’s earnings, T)y industry—Adults__Con.
Number of women for whom amount specified was weekly rate, and number for
whom it was actual week’s earnings in—
The manufacture of—
Amount
Glass and glass
products
Metal products Paper and pa
per products
Gloves
Pottery
Week W eek’s Week Week’s Week Week’s Week Week’s Week Week’s
ly
ly
ly
earn
ly
earn
ly
earn
earn
earn
ings
rate
rate
ings
ings
rate
ings
rate
ings
rate
Total-..............
Median earnings___
Under $4__________
$4 and under $5........
$5 and under $6____
$6 and under $7____
$7 and under $8____
$8 and under.$9____
$9 and under $10___
$10 and under $11__
$11 and under $12.
$12 and under $13._.
$13 and under $14.
$14 and under $15._.
$15 and under $16...
$1G and under $17...
$17 and under $18.__
$18 and under $19...
$19 and under $20...
$20 and under $21.__
$21 and under $22...
$22 and under $23__
$23 and under $24...
$24 and under $25...
$25 and under $30. _.
$30 and under $35...
$35 and under $40...
$40 and over...............
(>)
1
1
(!)
'
1
1
12
c>)
2
2
i
1
1
1
2
12
2
4
1
1
1
2
<?)
9
(!>
9
121
$12.85
121
$12. 65
to 4
0)
11
1
1
1
6
1
2
4
26
15
12
15
15
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
117
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table XII.—Weekly rate and, actual week’s earnings,ly industry—Adults—Con.
Number of women for whom amount specified
was weekly rate, and number for whom it was
actual week’s earnings in—
The manufacture of—
Textiles
Amount
Shoes
Hosiery and
knit goods
Woolen goods
Week Week’s Week Week’s Week Week’s
ly
ly
ly
earn
earnearn
ings
ings
tags
rate
rate
rate
Total............................................
..........................
192
$15. 95
9
13
24
12
9
31
15
5
16
2
23
3
9
12
9
192
$15.90
2
2
4
1
1
5
7
5
14
11
17
11
18
17
6
13
5
23
3
6
3
14
4
15
$13.25
15
$12.85
65
$13. 30
65
$13.60
1
2
1
1
1
4
3
2
1
3
3
2
5
4
1
29
8
19
2
2
3
1
1
1
3
13
16
5
9
2
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
118
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table XII.—Weekly rate and actual tveek's earnings,T)y industry—Adults—Con.
Number of women for whom amount specified was weekly rate,
and number for whom it was actual week’s earnings in—
The manufac
ture of tobacco
and cigars
Amount
General mer
cantile
5-and-10-cent
stores
Laundries
Week Week’s Week Week’s Week Week’s Week Week’s
ly
ly
ly
ly
earn
earn
earn
earn
ings
ings
rate
rate
rate
ings
ings
rate
Total. .............................................
100
Median earnings.............................. ....... $14. 40
100
$12. 95
1
___________
1
26
1
1
3
1
2
8
2
19
$12 and under $13
$13 and under $14__
_______ ___
$14 and under $15............ ........................
$15 and under $16_ _
___________
$16 and under $17................. ...........
$17 and under $18 ___________ _____
$18 and under $19 ..................................
18
2
5
8
9
12
16
14
3
6
9
7
9
9
1
5
$9 and under $10 _ $10 and under $11_ _
$23 and under $24_
___________
$24 and under $25 _ __________ ____
$35 and under $40.............. ......................
$40 and over—............. ...........
..........
1
1
3, 523
$13. 95
1
1
6
42
103
269
145
737
475
222
643
169
85
263
30
142
17
48
8
10
82
17
5
3
3, 523
$14. 40
70
33
28
41
33
67
105
262
160
492
380
232
476
202
130
229
83
132
50
60
30
25
132
39
13
19
350
$10.80
350
$10. 55
263
$13. 30
263
$12.05
35
64
92
26
72
18
14
12
8
2
5
7
16
7
28
63
71
26
62
15
13
10
8
2
5
19
32
15
58
27
29
15
15
13
18
33
30
8
7
2
S
1 Only time-workers and only those whose rates were actually reported are included,
rom hourly or daily rates has been done.
*Not computed, owing to small number involved.
30
12
13
17
15
15
10
No computing
*
XIII.— Weekly rate and scheduled weekly hours, all industries, by locality—Adults
Table
Weekly rate
Num
ber of
2
(>)
0)
Over
48 and
under
50
48
Over
50
54 5,761
537 1.009 2, 523 1,075
824
41.9
17.8
0.9 100.0
8.9
16.7
13.7
$17. 65 $12. 55 $14. 75 $13. 65 $12. 60 $12.90 $13.95
(0
C)
2
Over
44 and
under
48
44
Over
48 and
under
50
48
4
i
l
32
24
70
35
71
73
62
62
89
33
66
25
30
25
30
62
22
7
2
13
17
41
44
93
111
33
34
37
25
14
30
6
20
8
3
1
2
5
1
7
40
60
41
226
78
67
198
51
34
78
8
47
11
16
2
15
20
8
1
1
3
39
77
260
96
529
407
158
417
116
51
157
17
90
8
23
4
5
52
8
2
2
Over
50
50
en
Over
re
ported 44 and
under
48
959
263
997 % 396
54
824
529
41.6
16.6
0.9
100.0
9.2
17.3
14.3
$17. 65 $12. 55 $14. 85 $13. 75 $12. 50 $12. 90 $12.45
.8
3.0
(•)
Over
48 and
under
50
48
127
12
4.6
48.3
p) $12.05
50
116
44.1
$12. 90
1
1
1
19
90
257
$10 and under $11___
635
344
1,118
' 628
$14 and under $15___
409
846
309
197
416
68
242
53
91
34
53
157
39
12
5
50
Num
ber of
wom
en
re
ported Under
44
1
2
23
99
229
85
169
69
63
119
54
35
60
4
19
1
19
2
1
18
1
3
16
5
13
6
15
2
1
2
19
89
245
588
314
1,029
610
394
824
304
196
407
1
32
24
70
35
71
62
1
89
66
239
53
89
34
53
151
. 38
12
5
66
30
7
2
39
43
93
107
33
34
37
25
29
6
20
8
3
2
5
1
7
39
60
40
220
76
66
198
50
78
8
47
11
16
2
15
20
8
1
1
3
39
75
226
71
488
399
153
410
114
51
155
17
89
8
23
4
5
52
8
2
2
2
22
92
217
81
131
61
54
104
52
34
54
2
17
1
17
2
1
12
10
5
13
6
15
2
1
2
1
12
47
30
89
18
15
22
5
1
9
2
3
2
1
1
4
1
6
2
1
1
1
2
34
25
41
8
5
7
2
2
1
1
7
12
4
38
8
9
15
2
1
6
2
2
2
2
6
1
6
1
W O M E N IN O H IO IN D U ST R IE S
Total................... 6,024
Per cent distribution. 100.0
Median rate................. $13. 85
Over
44 and
under
48
44
Number of women receiving
each specified rate whose
scheduled weekly hours
Num
ber of
Number of women receiving each specified rate
whose scheduled weekly hours were—
Number of women receiving each specified rate
whose scheduled weekly hours were—
en
re
ported Under
44
Places of under 25,000 population
Places of 25,000 or more population
State
3
1 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
CO
120
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table XIV.—Week’s earnings and time in the trade of women employees who
supplied personal information, all industries—Adults
Number of women earning each specified amount who had been in the trade—
Num
ber of
Week’s earnings women
report
ing
9
5
10
15
Under 3 and 6 and months 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and and and
under under
under under under under
3
years
and
under
under
6
9
2
3
4
5
and
months months
under
10
15
months
1 year years years years years years years over
Total..........
Per cent distribution........... .........
Median earnings.
14,604
791
1,045
821
330 1,583 1,813 1,744 1,352 2,782 1,182 1,161
100.0
$14.85
5.4
$11.05
7.2
$12. 40
5.6
$13. 10
2.3 10.8 12.4 11.9
9.3 19.0
8.1
8.0
$13.45 $13. 75 $15.05 $15.20 $15.75 $16.05 $17.10 $17. 60
Under $1
$1 and under $2..
$2 and under $3._
$3 and under $4..
$4 and under $5__
$5 and under $6..
$6 and under $7__
$7 and under $8..
$8 and under $9__
$9 and under $10.
$10 and under $11.
$11 and under $12.
$12 and under $13.
$13 and under $14_
$14 and under $15.
$15 and under $16.
$16 and under $17.
$17 and under $18.
$18 and under $19.
$19 and under $20.
$20 and under $21.
$21 and under $22.
$22 and under $23.
$23 and under $24.
$24 and under $25.
$ 25 and under $30.
$?C and under $35.
$3 and under $40.
$40 and over........
18
61
80
83
146
166
248
269
343
608
911
929
1405
1213
956
1164
894
704
808
665
636
472
409
292
277
630
159
41,
17]
4
24
14
18
29
24
32
41
42
68
94
79
111
53
43
38
18
17
6
12
5
6
4
1
5
2
1
4
6
11
8
16
20
20
36
51
68
120
98
155
108
68
71
52
33
2G
21
9
12
9
5
4
13
1
1
4
4
5
8
6
16
14
19
55
79
80
111
101
60
57
36
26
29
17
24
14
14
12
11
17
1
l
1
6
4
7
5
13
14
31
28
42
32
32
19
20
16
11
10
7
7
10
2
7
5
1
1
3
11
9
11
17
32
23
49
85
113
121
190
165
101
122
97
68
80
62
60
36
39
22
17
38
9
1
7
3
3
18
17
22
31
32
88
94
127
154
174
128
161
127
112
94
90
79
60
49
35
32
58
14
2
7
12
16
20
34
26
33
51
99
85
164
167
124
150
95
89
109
81
91
72
50
52
33
61
18
7
4
8
11
28
23
23
44
53
73
127
86
84
133
101
75
90
81
77
54
28
32
27
60
14
11
22
26
36
36
48
82
151
206
195
177
226
198
158
196
159
150
107
95
168
34
9
20
37
79
90
83
47
90
69
64
121
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Taule XV.—Weeks' earnings and age of the women employees ivho supplied
personal information, all industries—Adults and minors
Number of women earning each specified amount who were—
Week's earnings
Num Minors
Adults
ber of
women
report
16 and 18 and 20 and 25 and 30 and 40 and 50 and
ing
years
under under under under under under under 60and
18
20
25
30
40
50
60
over
years
years
years
years
years
years
years
17,915
Per cent distribution.............. 100.0
Median earnings..................... $14.35
$2 and under $3.......................
$3 and under $4............ ..........
$4 and under $5........................
$5 and under $6.............. .........
$6 and under $7.......................
$7 and under $8.......................
$8 and under $9.......................
$9 and under $10............ .........
$10 and under $11............... $11 and under $12....................
$12 and under $13....................
$13 and under $14____ _____
$14 and under $15....................
$15 and under $16....................
$16 and under $17.............. .
$17 and under $18....................
$18 and under $19....................
$19 and under $20...................
$20 and under $21...................
18823°—25---- 9
24
94
97
131
195
244
351
405
534
821
1,243
1,200
1,749
1,463
1,147
1,417
1,073
825
927
736
714
524
443
331
286
700
179
43
19
1,296
7.2
$10. 20
2,750
15.4
$12. 75
4,536
25.3
$15.00
2,624
14.6
$16.00
3,690
20.6
$15. 75
1,987
11.1
$15.00
788
4.4
$13.05
4
20
12
37
31
44
72
94
139
156
185
114
115
52
43
35
42
23
25
16
7
8
9
4
3
5
1
7
19
17
18
37
46
61
69
113
179
286
268
336
275
185
181
134
91
92
67
76
59
25
24
26
47
12
6
24
18
20
42
53
65
72
95
157
270
259
466
374
341
382
298
235
277
219
191
160
131
89
74
167
39
11
2
1
12
14
14
21
26
34
44
45
76
112
136
216
199
144
215
161
160
171
163
134
104
104
67
54
143
42
9
3
3
11
15
24
37
28
50
52
66
119
176
202
305
287
225
323
248
189
222
186
204
126
113
91
88
217
55
19
9
4
7
11
8
17
24
34
37
42
75
123
113
191
167
136
189
138
96
100
70
84
56
50
49
35
100
23
3
5
1
5
8
6
14
30
26
22
40
64
84
89
87
59
73
41
19
35
13
16
9
11
7
5
18
5
1
1 .........
244
1.4
$12.15
■
5
2
4
9
5
11
12
19
27
24
31
22
14
19
11
12
5
2
2
2
1
3
2
i
122
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table XVI.—Week's earnings and extent of schooling of women who supplied
personal information, all industries—Adults and minors
Week’s earnings
Number of
women reportl ig
Number of women reporting the highest grade
attended as—
None
First
Second
Third
Adults Minors Adults Minors Adults Adults Minors Adults
Total...................
Per cent distribution.
Median earnings.........
Under $1________
$1 and under $2....
$2 and under $3...
$3 and under $4 _. _
$4 and under $5...
$5 and under $6.. _
$6 and under $7 _ _ _
$7 and under $8__
$8 and under $9...
$9 and under $10..
$10 and under $11.
$11 and under $12.
$12 and under $13.
$13 and under $14.
$14 and under $15.
$15 and under $16.
$16 and under $17.
$17 and under $18.
$18 and under $19.
$19 and under $20.
$20 and under $21.
$21 and under $22.
$22 and under $23.
$23 and under $24.
$24 and under $25.
$25 and under $30.
$30 and under $35.
$35 and under $40.
$40 and over............
13,981
100.0
$14. 65
16
65
78
83
148
176
243
271
341
552
899
922
1,416
1,190
931
1,120
864
660
762
622
579
431
363
264
243
557
141
31
13
763
100.0
$10.20
1.2
$14.00
7
2
172
5
19
19
26
53
60
76
96
105
68
63
28
27
18
24
11
13
12
6
4
6
16
12
20
11
10
12
16
5
9
3
6
4
3
5
9
1
5
8
1
7
7
1
0.1
<>>
3
3
1
5
3
45
0.3
$12. 30
67
0.5
$13.60
1
1
1
1
3
4
1
8
5
5
4
2
2
3
5
170
12
$13.25
1
(00.1
31
3
2
7
5
66
4
5
4
1
3
1
1
1
4
4
1
1
1
6
1
1
123
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table XVI.—Week's earnings and extent of schooling of women who supplied
personal information, all industries—Adults and minors—Continued
Number of women reporting the highest grade attended as—
Week’s earnings
Fourth
Sixth
Fifth
Seventh
Eighth
Adults Minors Adults Minors Adults Minors Adults Minors Adults Minors
473
Total
Per cent distribution
3.4
Median earnings___ $13. 80
1
2
4
2
$4 and under $5........
4
7
14
$7 and under $8.........
15
18
14
43
$10 and under $11 -..
$11 and under $12...
38
$12 and under $13. _.
49
32
30
37
21
$16 and under $17. _.
6
0.8
(>)
2
3
1
20
22
23
15
14
13
6
6
14
6
3
849
6.1
$14.20
1
7
6
7
7
12
15
23
19
33
62
56
87
77
58
,53
46
41
41
33
22
28
25
14
15
39
13
6
3
8
1.0
(0
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1,618
11.6
$14. 95
1
9
5
8
30
3.9
$11.00
u
16
33
27
39
58
86
in
164
150
98
2,013
14.4
$14. 90
1
139
18.2
$9.95
5
4
1
1
3
1
4
2
3
4
1
1
101
1
107
76
89
80
80
58
37
29
42
82
14
5
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
11
11
23
18
29
49
46
72
119
5,399
38.6
$14.95
7
24
30
34
58
68
88
94
116
212
336
367
505
437
34R
435
324
2
4
5
11
13
15
16
21
14
12
4
4
3
1
1
120
207
169
141
169
151
97
121
107
68
53
50
51
29
70
21
3
2
327
42.9
$10.45
6
9
8
11
17
20
29
42
31
28
11
314
3
241
186
2
1
112
1
3
57
11
Number of women reporting the highest grade_____
attended as—■
Week’s earnings
Ninth or first
year high
school
Adults
Tenth or
second year
high school
Eleventh or
third year
high school
Twelfth or
fourth year
high school
Mi Adults Mi Adults Mi
Adults Mi Adults Mi Adults
nors
nors
nors
nors
nors
Total..................... 1,178
134
831
82
314
17
657
Per cent distribution
8.4
10.7
17.6
5.9
2.2
2.2
4.7
$14.60 $10.05 $14.10 $9.45 $13.80 $10.15 $14.15
Median earnings
2
1
1
$1 and under $2.............
5
1
7
1
1
3
7
5
3
$3 and under $4.............
8
3
5
5
1
2
a
10
8
1
5
11
10
14
5
2
8
2
10
$6 and under $7.............
26
12
13
7
6
3
10
$7 and under $8.............
6
22
12
10
9
1
15
35
123
11
6
13
2
18
5T
$9 and under $10............
42
19
11
11
36
$10 and under $11..........
74
12
15
64
20
3
46
$11 and under $12
71
8
55
6
26
1
41
123
14
95
6
38
1
67
106
9
02
34
2
59
$14 and under $15
82
4
59
2
19
48
$15 and under $16..........
112
2
62
26
1
81
$16 and under $17
78
7
44
1
17
1
38
$17 and under $18..........
3
49
46
13
23
$18 and under $19..........
69
4
44
2
10
32
$19 and under $20..........
39
35
4
13
24
$20 and under $21..........
69
37
14
23
I
$21 and under $22..........
38
1
21
9
16
$22 and under $23..........
21
38
1
0
13
$23 and under $24..........
9
1
17
1
7
14
$24 and under $25..........
’
5
19
10
5
$25 and under $30..........
44
27
9
12
$30 and under $35..........
12
7
2
6
1
$35 and under $40..........
1
1
$40 and over...................
1
1
1
1 Not computed, owing to small number Involved.
College
or
higher
educa
tion
Business
training
11
78
1.4
0.6
(>> $13.90
7
0.9
«
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
117
0.8
$14.85
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
4
2
9
12
10
7
4
3
3
3
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
6
3
g
3
124
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table
XVII.—Year’s earnings of women for whom 52-iceek
STATE
Number of women earning each specified amount in—
The manufacture of—
Year’s earnings
All
Clothing
indus
Auto
tries Adver tops
tising
and
and
Suits
other other Candy Shirts Suits and
and
and
novel canvas
coats, Other
prod
over coats, wo
ties
alls men’s
ucts
men’s
Total................... 4,336
Median earnings
$726
$200 and under $250...
$250 and under $300.__
$300 and under $350.__
$350 and under $400...
$400 and under $450...
$450 and under $500.
$500 and under $550. __
$550 and under $600_._
$600 and under $650.
$650 and under $700...
$700 and under $750...
$750 and under $800..
$800 and under $850. ...
$850 and under $900...
$900 and under $1,000.
$1,000 and under $1,100
$1,100 and under $1,200
$1,200 and under $1,400
$1,400 and under $1,600
$1,600 and under $1,800
$1,800 and under $2,000
$2,000 and over............
4
13
24
70
112
160
291
425
427
428
407
405
346
303
392
221
122
135
33
13
4
1
52
$619
2
6
10
5
8
4
5
2
5
5
78
$773
1
1
2
8
9
11
15
12
7
7
3
1
1
94
$556
1
1
2
10
4
10
17
17
9
6
3
7
4
3
1 Not computed, owing to small number invloved.
121
$808
241
$972
77
$974
Glass
Elec
Food and
tric
prod
glass
prod
ucts prod
ucts
ucts
122
$740
273
$798
1
1
1
3
4
7
9
5
10
19
17
24
34
25
26
44
10
5
1
3
12
12
15
21
12
11
10
9
7
8
13
20
43
43
35
33
35
6
6
7
4
136
$604
2
1
3
3
3
11
8
9
12
10
10
17
14
7
7
4
1
. 2
177
$647
1
1
3
2
3
1
2
4
9
17
7
12
2
1
12
24
25
26
18
13
11
8
10
1
28
14
10
4
2
2
125
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTBIES
records were secured,,
by industry and
locality Adults
STATE
Number of women earning each specified amount in—
The manufacture of—
Paper
Metal and
Gloves prod paper
ucts prod
ucts
143
$560
2
6
11
17
10
22
23
13
13
7
7
9
3
429
$681
1
1
4
7
12
22
21
55
67
39
34
25
39
18
40
34
9
1
261
$685
Pot
tery
226
$719
Textiles
Rub
ber
To
and
bacco
Ho
rub Shoes
siery
Wool
and
ber
Cord and
Other cigars
en
prod
age
knit goods
ucts
goods
211
$810
168
$875
13
w
116
$714
66
$730
57
$644
335
$590
2
16
12
12
1
4
2
1
7
9
23
34
23
39
39
21
33
31
29
13
11
12
6
3
1
1
7
8
18
28
38
45
36
24
27
13
9
4
2
1
1
1
2
1
9
26
14
25
24
26
24
21
25
16
6
4
1
2
3
9
10
22
28
27
23
19
52
12
4
6
4
8
11
11
12
10
15
14
27
21
8
16
4
1
2
4
2
1
2
1
1
1
4
2
1
9
12
11
14
14
15
7
6
9
6
4
1
1
3
8
8
10
5
4
4
7
11
4
1
5
2
1
Gen
eral 5-and- Laun
mer 10-cent dries
can stores
tile
663
$801
4
2
12
24
48
47
58
54
81
61
63
68
46
30
44
13
4
3
1
81
$613
2
9
14j
12
13
9
9
6
1
5
1
196
$641
1
3
7
9
26
30
27
26
19
15
11
7
8
5
2
126
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table XVII.—Year's
earnings of women for whom 52-week
PLACES OF 25,000 AND OVER POPULATION
Number of women earning each specified amount in—
The manufacture of—
Year’s earnings
Clot hing
Auto
All Adver tops
indus tising and
tries
and other Candy
Shirts Suits Suits
other can
and
and
and
novel vas
coats, Other
over coats, wom
ties
prod
alls men’s
ucts
en’s
Total...................
Median earnings
3,752
$740
$200 and under $250__ .
$250 and under $300__.
$300 and under $350...
$350 and under $100__
$400 and under $450__.
$450 and under $500. _
$500 and under $550...
$550 and under $60U__.
$600 and under $650___
$650 and under $700...
$700 and under $750___
$750 and under $800__.
$800 and under $850...
$850 and under $900 _.
$900 and under $1,000..
$1,000 and under $1,100
$1,100 and under $1,200
$1,200 and under $1,400
$1,400 and under $1,600
$1,600 and under $1,800
$1,800 and under $2,000
$2,000 and over............
5
7
35
74
119
235
341
351
352
361
365
318
28S
381
215
122
134
32
12
4
1
46
$629
2
5
10
2
7
3
5
2
5
5
78
$773
1
1
2
8
9
11
15
12
7
7
3
1
1
72
$587
1
5
2
5
11
16
9
6
3
7
4
3
112
$822
241
$936
77
$974
Elec Food Glass
and
tric
glass
prod prod prod
ucts
ucts
ucts
122
$740
254
$811
1
1
3
177
$647
91
$587
1
3
3
3
10
7
6
11
9
9
16
14
7
7
4
1
2
4
7
9
5
10
19
17
24
34
25
26
44
10
5
1
i
l
3
2
3
1
2
4
9
17
12
7
12
2
1
3
12
12
15
21
12
11
10
9
3
c
6
4
4
8
19
40
40
35
33
35
21
4
12
20
24
25
26
18
13
8
10
9
22
9
3
2
2
127
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
records were secured, ty industry and locality—Adults—Continued
PLACES OF 25,000 AND OVER POPULATION
Number of women earning each specified amount in—
The manufacture ofTextiles
Metal
Gloves prod
ucts
Paper
and
paper
prod
ucts
365
$724
192
$672
73
$575
1
4
9
4
12
13
6
9
5
4
5
1
2
3
8
14
17
36
52
34
34
25
38
18
40
34
9
1
7
8
18
23
28
27
27
18
18
8
5
1
2
1
1
Pot
tery
139
$760
4
19
7
17
9
10
17
14
20
12
6
4
Rub
ber
and
rubber
prod
ucts
Shoes
Ho
siery
and
knit
goods
187
$832
168
$875
83
$768
2
3
6
7
15
23
24
21
18
52
12
4
6
4
8
11
11
12
10
15
14
27
21
8
16
4
1
3
7
6
10
12
12
7
6
9
6
4
1
To
bacco
Wool
and
Other * cigars
en
goods
57
$755
3
7
6
8
4
3
4
6
11
4
1
65
$627
2
3
4
17
12
12
1
4
2
5
2
1
252
$666
2
2
10
15
11
26
32
19
29
31
29
13
11
12
6
3
1
Gen
eral 5-and- Laun
10
mer cent dries
can stores
tile
640
$805
4
2
12
24
44
44
54
51
79
58
62
67
46
30
44
12
3
3
1
74
$627
187
$611
3
1
g
11
10
13
9
9
6
1
1
25
29
24
24
19
13
11
8
5
2
128
WOMEN I N OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table
XVII.—Year's earnings of women for whom 52-week
PLACES OF UNDER 25,000 POPULATION1
Number of women earning each specified amount in—
The manufacture of—
Year’s earnings
Total
Median earnings.....................
$200 and under $250................
$250 and under $300................ •
$300 and under $350................
$350 and under $400................
$400 and under $450................
$450 and under $500...............
$500 and under $550................
$550 and under $600
$000 and under $650................
$650 and under $700................
$700 and under $750................
$750 and under $800................
$800 and under $850.............. .
$850 and under $900 ..............
$900 and under $1,000.............
$1,000 and under $1,100..........
$1,100 and under $1,200..........
$1,200 and under $1,400.........
$1,400 and under $1,600..........
$1,600 and under $1,800.........
$1,800 and under $2,000.........
$2,000 and over.........................
All
indus
tries
584
$606
4
8
17
35
38
41
56
84
76
76
Adver
Cloth
tising
ing
and
Candy (shirts
other
and
novelties
overalls)
6
22
$460
1
1
1
5
2
5
6
1
1
3
1
1
40
28
15
11
6
m
9
Glass
and
glass
prod
ucts
Gloves
Metal
prod
ucts
Paper
and
paper
prod
ucts
45
$642
70
$540
64
$571
69
$708
5
7
8
4
19
1
1
3
11
10
10
3
1
1
8
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1 Not computed owing to small number involved.
* Includes “Cordage," transferred to this group to avoid identification.
1 Includes “Hosiery and knit goods/' transferred to this group to avoid identification.
2
129
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
records icerc secured, by industry und locality—Adults—Continued
PLACES OP UNDER 25,000 POPULATION
Number of women earning each specified amount in—
The manufacture of—
Textiles
Rubber
and
rubber
products
Pottery
87
$688
Cordage
24
$693
2
1
7
7
8
15
16
7
7
5
4
Woolen
goods
Other3
8
33
$575
5
0)
(>)
1
1
3
3
7
5
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
Other
Tobacco
and cigars products
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
6
5
5
4
2
3
83
$441
1
6
7
13
19
12
13
7
2
4
19
$625
3
4
5
1
3
3
General
mercan
tile
23
$708
4
3
4
3
2
3
1
1
1
1
5-and-10cent
stores
<0
Laun
dries
7
0)
1
1
3
2
9
1
1
3
2
2
Table XVIII.-—year’s earnings and weeks worked, all industries, by locality—Adults
State
Places of 25,000 or more population
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked—
Places of under 25,000 population
Number of women earning each speci*
fied amount who worked—
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked—
Year’s earnings
Total
$200 and under $250____
$250 and under $300____
$300 and under $350..........
$350 and under $400____
$400 and under $450.........
$450 and under $500..........
$500 and under $550.........
$550 and under $600____
$600 and under $650____
$650 and under $700____
$700 and under $750____
$750 and under $800..........
$800 and under $850____
$850 and under $900____
$900 and under $1,000___
$1,000 and under $1,100..
$1,100 and under $1,200..
$1,200 and under $1,400. _
$1,400 and under $1,600..
$1,600 and under $1,800..
$1,800 and under $2,000._
$2,000 and over.................
3,366
$742
155
$£97
2
11
16
54
80
118
227
304
297
305
318
333
264
251
335
175
103
126
30
12
4
1
1
8
4
10
12
5
17
27
9
21
9
7
5
11
9
2
1
2
A
Total
48 and
under
50
weeks
50 and
under
52
weeks
52
weeks
288
$658
652
$697
1,197
$767
1,074
$785
3,092
$758
1
3
17
12
26
22
39
20
26
32
19
14
14
20
10
6
6
1
1
5
5
13
81
31
64
70
55
54
77
69
39
31
38
24
19
18
6
1
1
1
4
12
19
34
68
104
111
102
105
113
101
95
146
73
40
54
8
4
2
1
1
5
5
30
55
96
192
259
261
284
307
311
262
248
331
173
103
125
29
11
4
1
n
2
6
22
56
64
102
102
95
125
105
100
122
66
37
46
15
7
1
44 and
under
46
weeks
46 and
under
48
weeks
48 and
under
50
weeks
50 and
under
52
weeks
52
weeks
137
$625
232
$696
535
$730
1,142
$778
1,046
$788
1
1
10
7
18
14
29
15
23
32
17
14
13
18
9
6
5
1
1
6
19
22
46
45
39
45
72
64
38
31
38
23
19
18
6
1
1
1
2
6
13
31
63
99
100
97
100
107
100
95
146
73
40
54
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
6
11
4
16
26
7
21#
9
7
5
10
8
2
1
2
2
5
21
53
60
100
98
94
116
105
99
121
66
37
46
15
6
1
Total
44 and
under
46
weeks
46 and
under
48
weeks
274
$563
18
$388
66
$538
117
$657
55
$602
2
6
11
24
25
22
35
45
36
21
11
22
2
3
4
2
1
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
2
2
7
5
8
8
10
5
3
1
4
4
7
12
9
18
25
16
9
5
5
1
2
6
6
3
5
6
11
5
5
6
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
48 and 50 and
under under
52
50
52
weeks
weeks weeks
28
$688
i
i
3
4
2
4
1
9
1
1
1
1
W O M EN I N O H IO IN D U ST R IE S
Total...........
Median earnings.
44 and 46 and
under under
48
46
weeks weeks
05
O
J
¥
*>
Table
XIX.—Week18 earnings, by industry—Minors
Number of women earning each specified amount in—
The manufacture of—
Week’s earnings
Clothing
o)
12
62
122
93
$7.85 $12. 20 $13. 25
w
4
24
26
15
37
$10.10 $10. 40 $10. 55 $10. 30
7
1
4
$9 and under $10.
$10 and under $11
156
185
2
2
7
4
7
7
9
£
2
4
U
3
6
8
15
1C
16
1
2
1
1
2
3
6
19
5
8
2
1
5
2
2
1
6
8
8
8
1
1
1
4
1
3
3
4
4
4
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
9
5
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
7
3
3
1
65
112
46
32
39
122
$8.80 $11. 35 $10. 35 $11.00 $11. 05 $9. 70
2
3
3
6
4
6
9
151
16
20
14
9
8 ’
3
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
4
3
3
4
13
13
21
28
6
4
1
1
1
2
Textiles
Rub
ber
Paper
and Pot and
Hosi
paper tery rub Shoes
ery Wool
Cord and
prod
ber
en Other
prod
ucts
age knit goods
ucts
goods
1
3
1
1
2
2
6
9
3
8
3
2
2
4
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
4
5
4
2
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
6
3
5
7
1
1
2
5
2
1
2
5
iii
8
5
11
3
6
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
5
1
4
2
1
2
1
3
14
3
6
4
5
2
3
1
1
i
l
3
1
1
1
l
1
3
14
10
5
25
18
11
13
13
7
7
7
6
7
10
5
9
4
5
5
6
3
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
4
22
34
31
13
9
10
3
2
1
2
2
3
1
16
3
13
1
1
1
1
7
2
6
2
2
1
1
131
1 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
43
24
22
198
134
36
24
$10. 40 $10. 70 $10. 25 $9.90 $9.05 $8. 80 $11.00
2
i
$30 and under $35
4
........ 1...........
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
(>)
Gen 5eral andTo mer 10 Laun
bacco can cent dries
and
tile stores
cigars
IN O H IO INDUSTRIES
Total.......... 1,296
Medianearnings. $10. 20
Elec Food Glass
and
Metal
tric
glass Gloves prod
Suits Suits
and
prod prod
and coats,
ucts
prod
ucts
Other ucts
coats,
ucts
wo
men’s men’s
W OM EN
All Adver
indus tising
and Can Shirts
tries
other dy
and
novel
over
ties
alls
132
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table XX.—Week's
earnings and time worked, all industries—Minors
A. WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN HOURS
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked—
Week’s earnings
Total..........
Median earnings.
Under $1________
$1 and under $2...
$2 and under $3...
$3 and under $4...
$4 and under $5...
$5 and under $6...
$6 and under $7...
$7 and under $8-..
$8 and under $9...
$9 and under $10. _
$10 and under $11.
$11 and under $12.
$12 and under $13.
$13 and under $14.
$14 and under $15.
$15 and under $16.
$10 and under $17.
$17 and under $18.
$18 and under $19.
$19 and under $20.
$20 and under $21.
$21 and under $22.
$22 and under $23.
$23 and under $24..
$24 and under $25.,
$25 and under $30..
Num
ber of
Over
Over
3®
39
wom
44
48
Under and
and
hours
en
Over
44
48
and
50
30
under under
re
60
hours and hours under hours
ported hours
39
44
under
hours
50
hours hours
48
hours
hours
817
$10.45
91
$4. 25
81
130
115
312
29
;.40 $10.25 $11. 45 $10. 90 $11.50 $16.10 $11. 75
(>)
48
hours
and
over
$12. 25
4
14
10
18
17
33
38
50
72
94
135
88
90
38
30
19
26
13
12
7
1
3
2
6
14
13
17
7
5
2
6
6
4
1
133
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Table XX.—Week’s
earnings and time xwrked, all industries—Minors—Con.
B. WOMEN WHOSE TIME WORKED WAS REPORTED IN DAYS
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked on—
NumWeek’s earnings
ber of
wom
en
re
ported
Total............
405
Median earnings.- $9.50
Under $1..................
$1 and under $2...
$2 and under $3...
$3 and under $4...
$4 and under $5...
$5 and under $6—
$6 and under $7__
$7 and under $8...
$8 and under $9...
$9 and under $10..
$10 and under $11.
$11 and under $12.
$12 and under $13 .
$13 and under $14.
$14 and under $15.
$15 and under $16.
$16 and under $17.
$17 and under $18.
$18 and under $19.
$19 and under $20.
$20 and under $21.
$21 and under $22.
$22 and under $23.
$23 and under $24.
$24 and under $25.
$25 and under $30.
$30 and under $35.
6
2
18
14
9
28
37
61
57
43
24
18
9
1
day
4
2
w
4
2
o
6
days
and
over
days
and
over
8
26
32
159
150
(>> $9.00 $9.50 $11.25 $9.35
341
$9.80
lH
2H
2
3
3M
4
4H
5
days days days days days days days days
«
5
3
11
«
1
2
2
1
4
5
1
1
1
5
w
1
3
3
1
1
8
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
4
1
2
2
1
6
10
4
2
1
3
5
5
7
4
2
2
1
1 Not computed, owing to small number Involved.
7
1
7
7
2
5
8
7
2
2
13
12
1
1
5M
days
2
10
3
40
23
18
8
8
13
2
10
5
7
4
5
1
1
5
5
2
2
1
5
4
2
2
1
i
(
w
f
APPENDIX B
SCHEDULE FORMS
Schedule
I
This schedule was used for recording the firms’ scheduled hours
and the number of employees.
U. S. Department
of
Labor, Women’s Bureau, Washington
1. Firm name............................................................................. Address................
_ _ .
Mail report to...
2. Industry----------------------------------------------------------- Position in Firm
3.
Scheduled force average---------------------------------------- less than average.
Temporarily increased________ _________________________________
Weeks closed during 52 week period....................... .................................
4.
Number employed in scheduled week (pay roll date.
White
Negro
Total | White
Men_______________ __________
Women____________ _____
Minors.......................................................
Total..................................................................
•)
Negro
Total
White
Negro
Total
6. Firm’s regular hours:
Daily
Saturday
Begin................................................. .........................
Daily
Saturday
Daily
Saturday
Lunch period....................................................................
Rest period...............................................................
Daily hours................. .......................................
Weekly number of days.
_ _
.....
Weekly hours.....................................................................
6.
Irregular hours.
7.
Wages: Length of pay period....................
Deductions________ _______________
Bonus, commissions_________ ______
Premium (piecework with guaranty)
Overtime pay............................................
Basis of payment irregular.....................
Vacation with pay, length..................................... .............. 11111111111111111111
8. Employment policy: Centralized method (employment mgr., supt., foreman)
Method not centralized______________ ___________ ___ 111111111111111111
Records kept.......... .
Labor turnover___
9. Subcontract shop:........ .
Home work process
Date................ ....... ............
...................... In plant-------- ------ Same rate.............. Var.
Company’s informant............................ ........................................
U. S. Agent......................... .........................................................
135
136
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Schedule
II
Pay-roll information was copied onto this card, one card being
used for each woman employee.
U. S. Department
Establishment
of
Labor, Women’s Bureau
Employee’s No.
Department
Name
Male
Female
Age
Address
Conjugal condition
Occupation
s
Rate
of
pay
Piece
Days
worked
Regular
weekly
hours
Hour
Day
W eek
$0.
$
$
Hours
worked
this period
Overtime
hours
U ndertime
hours
$ month
$
Began work
Month
$
D
NR
Additions
$
Deductions
Ear nings
This period Computed
for regular
time
$
Country of birth
W
M
Time at work
$
$
In this trade
*
This firm
Age
At home
Board
Pay-roll period
___ daysending
Schedule
III
This card was distributed in the plant to be filled out by each
woman employee.
U. S. Department
of
Establishment
Labor, Women’s Bureau
Employee’s No.
Department
Name.................................................................................................................. Male or female....................................
Address
Single, married, widowed, separated,
....................... -............................................................................................
or divorced............................................. .
Country of birth......................................................................................................... Age.............................................
How old were you when you began to work for wages.
How long have you been in this trade or business........
How long have you been working for this firm..............
What is your regular work here.........................................
Schooling—Last grade completed.......... ..................
Do you live with your family.................................. .
Do you board or room with persons not relatives.
With other relatives.
137
WOMEN IN OHIO INDUSTRIES
Schedule
IY
This schedule was used to record earnings of individual women
employees for each week in the year.
U. S. Department
of
Labor, Women's Bureau, Washington
Firm....................................................................................
l
2
3
Name
P. T. B.
Name
P. T. B.
Name
P. T. B.
Date
Earnings
Earnings
Earnings
1___________
23.......................
.......................
4___________
5.......................
67...................
......................
.
89.......................
.......................
10_______
11.......................
12.......................
13___________ ____ ____
14......................
15........ ...............
16................. .
17........ ............
18............... .
19.......................
20.......................
21.......... ............
22
.......................
23___________
24___________
25................... .
26___________
City...................................................
1
2
3
Occupation
Occupa
tion
Occupa
tion
Earnings
Earnings
Date
Earnings
27.................
28.............
29...............
30........
31...................
32.....................
33....
34_____
35................
36....
37............
38...............
39....
40....
41.......... .
42___
43...
44___
45....
46.
47..........
48..........
49...
50............
51..............
52...................
L
Total, $...............................................
2.
3.
Total, $............................................... Total, $.........................
Weeks worked...................................
Weeks worked.....................................
Weeks worked..........
Weeks not worked...........................
Weeks not worked .............................
Weeks not worked...
Average weekly wage......................
Average weeklywage.........................
Average for 52 weeks_________
Average for 52 weeks.......................
18823°—25----- 10
Average weekly wage.
Average for 52 weeks.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU
BULLETINS
[These bulletins and reports will be sent free of charge npon request!
No. 1. Proposed Employment of Women During the War In the Industries of
Niagara Palls, N. Y. 16 pp. 1918.
No. 2. Labor Laws for Women in Industries in Indiana. 29 pp. 1918.
No. 3. Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry. 7 pp. 1919.
No. 4. Wages of Candy Makers in Philadelphia in 1919. 46 pp. 1919.
No. 5. The Eight-Hour Day in Federal and State Legislation. 19 pp. 1919.
No. 6. The Employment of Women in Hazardous Industries in the United
States. 8 pp. 1919.
No. 7. Night-Work Uws in the United States. 4 pp. 1919.
No. 8. Women in the Government Service. 37 pp. 1920.
No. 9. Home Work in Bridgeport, Conn. 35 pp. 1920.
No. 10. Hours and Conditions of Work for Women in Industry in Virginia. 32
pp. 1920.
No. 11. Women Street Car Conductors and Ticket Agents. 90 pp. 1920.
No. 12. The New Position of Women hi American Industry. 158 pp. 1920.
No. 13. Industrial Opportunities and Training for Women and Girls. 48 pp.
1920.
No. 14. A Physiological Basis for the Shorter Working Day for Women. 20 pp.
1921.
No. 15. Some Effects of Legislation Limiting Hours of Work for Women. 26 pp.
1921.
No. 16. State Laws Affecting Working Women. 51 pp. 1921. Superseded by
Bui. No. 40. Supplement to Bulletin 16. 10 pages. 1923.
No. 17. Women’s Wages in Kansas. 104 pp 1921.
No. 18. Health Problems of Women in Industry. (Reprint of paper published
in the Nation’s Health, May, 1921.) 11 pp. 1921.
No. 19. Iowa Women in Industry. 73 pp. 1922.
No. 20. Negro Women in Industry , 65 pp. 1922.
No. 21. Women in Rhode Island Industries. 73 pp. 1922.
No. 22. Women in Georgia Industries. 89 pp. 1922.
No. 23. The Family Status of Breadwinning Women. 43 pp. 1922.
No. 24. Women in Maryland Industries. 96 pp. 1922.
No. 25. Women in the Candy Industry in Chicago and St. I.ouls. 72 pp. 1923.
No. 26. Women in Arkansas Industries. 86 pp. 1923.
No. 27. The Occupational Progress of Women. 37 pp. 1922.
No. 28. Women’s Contributions in the Field of Invention. 51 pp. 1923.
No. 29. Women in Kentucky Industries. 114 pp. 1923.
No. 30. The Share of Wage-Earning Women hi Family Support. 170 pp. 1923.
No. 31. What Industry Means to Women Workers. 10 pp. 1923.
No. 32. Women in South Carolina Industries. 128 pp. 1923.
No. 33. Proceedings of the Women’s Industrial Conference, called by the
Women’s Bureau of the U. S. Department of Labor in Washington,
D. C„ Jan. 11 12, and 13. 190 pp. 1923.
No. 34. Women in Alabama Industries. 86 pp. 1924.
No. 35. Women in Missouri Industries. 127 pp. 1924.
No. 86. Radio Talks on Women in Industry. 34 pp. 1924.
No. 37. Women ip New Jersey Industries. 99 pp. 1924.
No. 88. Married Women in Industry. 8 pp. 1924.
No. 39. Domestic Workers and Their Employment Relations. 87 pp. 1924.
No. 40. State Laws Affecting Working Women. 53 pp. 1924.
No. 41. The Family Status of Breadwinning Women in Four Selected Cities.
(In press.)
No. 42. List of References on Minimum Wage for Women in the United States
and Canada. (In press.)
No. 43. Standard and Scheduled Hours of Work for Women in Industry. (In
press.)
First Annual Report of the Director. 1919. (Out of print)
Second Annual Report of the Director. 1920. (Out of print)
Third Annual Report of the Director. 1921.
Fourth Annual Report of the Director. 1922.
Fifth Annual Report of the Director. 1923.
Sixth Annual Report of the Director. 1924.