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Women in the Labor Force: A Databook U.S. Department of Labor Elaine L. Chao, Secretary . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Kathleen P. Utgoff, Commissioner May 2005 Report 985 27 Contents Page Women in the Labor Force: A Databook ........................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 Highlights .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Statistical Tables 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2004 annual averages ......... 4 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970-2004 annual averages .............................................................................................................................. 7 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 annual averages ..................... 10 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2004 annual averages .............................................................. 12 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 ....... 13 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 ................................................................................................................................... 16 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 1975-2004 ......................................... 19 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 2004 annual averages ....................................................................................................... 22 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970- 2004 ......................................................................................................................................................... 23 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2003-04 annual averages ................................................... 26 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages .................................................... 28 12. Percent distribution of employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 annual averages ............................................................................................................................................... 35 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2003-04 annual averages .................................................................. 36 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2004 annual averages ......................................................... 39 15. Percent distribution of employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 annual averages ....................................................................................................................................... 45 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2004 annual averages .................................................................. 46 17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over by educational attainment and sex, 2004 annual averages .................................................................................... 48 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages ....................................................................................................................................... 50 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 2004 annual averages ........................................................................................................................................................... 57 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2004 annual averages .................................... 58 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2004 annual averages .............................................................................................................................. 61 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970-2003 ............. 62 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2003 .................................................... 63 24. Contribution of wives’ earnings to family income, 1970-2003 .......................................................................... 65 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987-2003 .................................................................................... 66 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2004 annual averages ................................................................................. 67 27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003 .................................................................................................................... 68 28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and noncontingent status, February 2001 ................................................................................................................................................... 70 29. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangement, February 2001 .... 71 30. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2001 ...................... 72 iii Contents—Continued Page Statistical Tables— Continued 31. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age of children, sex, and pay status, May 2001 ................................................................................................................................ 73 32. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in January 2004 ..................................................................................................................................................... 74 33. Labor force status of 2004 high school graduates and 2003-04 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2004 ......................................................................................................... 75 34. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment, October 2004 .................................................................................................................................................... 76 35. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years, 1970-2004, not seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................................................... 77 36. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2004 annual averages .... 78 37. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2003 annual averages .............................................................................................................................. 79 38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2004 ......................... 81 Technical Note ................................................................................................................................................................ 83 iv Women in the Labor Force: A Databook Both figures were the lowest in 30 years. From 2000 to 2003, unemployment rates for both sexes rose but then declined in 2004. (See table 2.) Introduction A major development in the American workforce has been the increased labor force participation of women. In 1970, only about 43 percent of women age 16 and older were in the labor force; by 1999, that figure had risen to 60 percent. From 1999 to 2004, women’s labor force participation rate receded slightly to 59.2 percent, still well above the rates that prevailed throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and much of the 1990s. Along with rising labor force participation, women also made substantial inroads into higher paying occupations. In 2004, half of all management, professional, and related occupations were held by women. Women’s earnings relative to men’s also have risen. From 1979 to 2004, women’s earnings as a percent of men’s increased by 18 percentage points, from 62 to 80 percent. The movement of women into the labor force and into higher paying occupations has gone hand in hand with their pursuit of higher education. For example, in 1970, only 11 percent of women age 25 to 64 had completed 4 or more years of college; by 2004, nearly 33 percent held a college degree. This report presents historical and current labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the Technical Note at the end of this report. • From 1975 to 2000, the labor force participation rate of mothers with children under age 18 rose from 47 to 73 percent. From 2000 to 2004, the rate receded slightly to 71 percent. Mothers with older children (6 to 17 years of age) are more likely to participate in the labor force than are mothers of younger children (under 6 years of age). Unmarried mothers have higher participation rates than do married mothers. (See tables 6 and 7.) • The educational attainment level of women age 25 to 64 rose substantially from 1970 to 2004. About 3 in 10 women in the labor force held college degrees in 2004, compared with about 1 in 10 in 1970. About 8 percent of women in the labor force were high school dropouts in 2004, compared with 34 percent in 1970. (See table 9.) Data from 1970 were from the March supplement to the CPS. • Women held half of all management, professional, and related occupations in 2004. However, women’s share of specific occupations within this broad category varied. For example, only 14 percent of architects and engineers and 29 percent of physicians and surgeons were women. In contrast, 86 percent of paralegals and legal assistants and 89 percent of dieticians and nutritionists were women. (See table 11.) • Employed Asian women were more likely than employed Highlights white, black, or Hispanic women to work in management, professional, and related occupations (about 44 percent compared with 39, 31, and 22 percent, respectively). Hispanic and black women (30 and 27 percent, respectively) were more likely than white or Asian women (19 percent each) to work in service occupations. (See table 12.) • In 2004, about 59 percent of women were in the labor force. Although the unemployment rate for women rose from 4.1 percent in 2000 to 5.4 percent in 2004, it remained relatively low by historical standards. The unemployment rates for white and Asian women were much lower than those of their black and Hispanic counterparts. (See tables 1, 2, and 3.) • In 2004, women accounted for more than half of all workers in each of the following industries: Financial activities, education and health services, and leisure and hospitality. Women were underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment) in mining, construction, and transportation and utilities. (See table 14.) • Since the early 1980s, women’s and men’s unemployment rates have been roughly similar. In 2000, the jobless rates for women and men were 4.1 and 3.9 percent, respectively. 1 1973, wives’ earnings accounted for 26 percent (median) of their families’ incomes; by 2003, that share had grown to 35 percent. The proportion of wives earning more than their husbands also grew. In 1987, 18 percent of working wives whose husbands also worked earned more than their spouses; in 2003, this proportion was 25 percent. (See tables 24 and 25.) These data were collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience of the prior calendar year. • In 2004, women who worked full time had median weekly earnings of $573. Asian and white women earned more than their black and Hispanic counterparts ($613 and $584 compared with $505 and $419). In 2004, women’s median weekly earnings were 80 percent of men’s. Women’s-tomen’s earnings ratios were higher among black and Hispanic workers (89 and 87 percent, respectively) than among white and Asian workers (80 and 76 percent, respectively). (See table 16.) (Users should note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are made on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences.) • In 2004, about 1.3 million female workers paid at an hourly rate had earnings at or below the Federal minimum wage of $5.15 an hour; nearly half of these women were age 16 to 24. Among workers age 25 years and over who were paid hourly rates, about 2 percent of women had earnings at or below the minimum wage, twice the rate for men. (See table 26.) • Female college graduates age 25 and over earned about 76 percent more than women with only a high school diploma in 2004. This difference in earnings by education has increased sharply since 1979, when female college graduates earned 43 percent more than female high school graduates. Nonetheless, female college graduates who were full-time wage and salary workers had median weekly earnings that were only 75 percent of those of their male counterparts in 2004, $860 versus $1,143. (See table 17.) • Women who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more in 2003 were slightly more likely than men to live in poverty; 6.0 percent of women were in poverty versus 4.7 percent of men. Moreover, among those who worked or looked for work for 27 weeks or more, black and Hispanic women were more than twice as likely as white and Asian women to live below the poverty level. Poverty rates generally decline with age; among those in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, about 1 in 10 women between the ages of 16 and 24 lived below the poverty level in 2003, compared with about 1 in 20 women age 25 and older. (See table 27.) Data are from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience of the prior calendar year. • In 2004, approximately 26 percent of employed women usually worked part time, compared with about 11 percent of employed men. Over the past 35 years, the proportion of women who worked part time has changed little, and the proportion for men has edged up slightly. (See table 20.) (Part-time workers are defined as those who usually work less than 35 hours a week.) • From 1976 to 2004, women in nonagricultural industries increased their average workweek by about 2 hours to 35.9 hours. Men’s average workweek remained relatively unchanged over the same period and was 41.6 hours in 2004. (See table 21.) • Men were slightly more likely than women to have flexible schedules on their jobs in May 2001, and white women were more likely to have flexible schedules than either black or Hispanic women. Unmarried women were more likely to have flexible schedules on their jobs than married women, although the reverse was true for men. (See table 30.) Data are from the May 2001 Work Schedules supplement to the CPS. • Nearly 60 percent of all women who worked at some time in calendar year 2003 worked full time and year round, compared with 41 percent in 1970. During the same period, the proportion of men who worked full time and year round grew from 66 to 73 percent. (See table 22.) These data were collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and refer to work experience during the prior calendar year. • About 15 percent of both women and men reported working at home at least once per week as part of their main job in May 2001. Working at home was more common for parents than for nonparents. Women were slightly more likely than men were to be paid for work they did at home. Self-employment was fairly common among those who worked at home in May 2001: about 27 percent of women who worked at home were self-employed; the comparable figure for men was 33 percent. (See table 31.) Data are from the May 2001 Work Schedules supplement to the CPS. • Both wife and husband had earnings from work in 58 percent of married-couple families in 2003, compared with 44 percent in 1967. (See table 23.) These data were collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience of the prior calendar year. • Working wives’ contributions to family income grew by about 9 percentage points between 1973 and 2003. In 2 • About 2.3 million women and 3.0 million men experienced • In 1970, 2.2 percent of employed women were multiple job displacement between January 2001 and December 2003. Women who were displaced were roughly twice as likely as men to have left the labor force by January 2004 (20 percent versus 12 percent). (See table 32.) Data are from the January 2004 Displaced Worker supplement to the CPS. jobholders, but by 1995, the rate had nearly tripled to 6.5 percent. Subsequently, the multiple jobholding rate for women trended downward, falling to 5.6 percent by 2004. The multiple jobholding rate for men also has declined in recent years, from 6.3 percent in 1998 to 4.9 percent in 2004. (See table 35.) Data were collected in the May CPS. • In 2004, among recent high school graduates, young • In 2004, 5.6 percent of employed women were self-em- women were more likely than young men to enter college (72 percent versus 61 percent). (For information on the labor force status of recent high school graduates and dropouts by school enrollment and sex, see table 33.) Data are from the October 2004 School Enrollment supplement to the CPS. ployed compared with 8.0 percent of men. During the 1976-2004 period, the percentage of women who were selfemployed increased by 1.2 percentage points, while the percentage of men who were self-employed edged down by less than half a percentage point. In 2004, women made up about 38 percent of self-employed persons, compared with nearly 27 percent in 1976. (See table 36.) • Almost 48 percent of women age 16 to 24 who were enrolled in either high school or college in October 2004 were in the labor force. This is slightly above the labor force participation rate of men enrolled in school. Young women not in school were less likely than their male counterparts to be in the labor force (73 percent versus 87 percent). Among young women who were not in school, labor force participation rates were dramatically lower and unemployment rates four times higher for those who had not completed high school than for those who had graduated from college. (See table 34.) Data are from the October 2004 School Enrollment supplement to the CPS. • In 2003, foreign-born women (54 percent) were less likely to be in the labor force than native-born women (60 percent). The reverse was true for men. (See table 37.) • Thirteen percent of female wage and salary workers were represented by unions in 2004, compared with 15 percent of men. Union attachment for both groups has fallen since 1983, when unions represented 18 percent of female wage and salary workers and nearly 28 percent of men. (See table 38.) 3 Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2004 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Age Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Percent of labor force Total Not in labor force Total, both sexes 16 years and over ……... 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956 16 to 19 years …….…… 16,222 7,114 43.9 5,907 36.4 1,208 17.0 9,108 16 to 17 years……… 8,574 2,747 32.0 2,193 25.6 554 20.2 5,827 18 to 19 years……… 7,648 4,367 57.1 3,714 48.6 653 15.0 3,281 20 to 24 years………... 20,197 15,154 75.0 13,723 67.9 1,431 9.4 5,043 25 to 54 years……….… 123,410 102,122 82.8 97,472 79.0 4,650 4.6 21,288 25 to 34 years……… 38,939 32,207 82.7 30,423 78.1 1,784 5.5 6,732 25 to 29 years…… 18,985 15,569 82.0 14,615 77.0 955 6.1 3,415 30 to 34 years…… 19,954 16,638 83.4 15,808 79.2 829 5.0 3,317 35 to 44 years……… 43,226 36,158 83.6 34,580 80.0 1,578 4.4 7,068 35 to 39 years…… 20,573 17,169 83.5 16,370 79.6 799 4.7 3,404 40 to 44 years…… 22,653 18,989 83.8 18,210 80.4 779 4.1 3,664 45 to 54 years……… 41,245 33,758 81.8 32,469 78.7 1,288 3.8 7,488 45 to 49 years…… 21,886 18,310 83.7 17,586 80.4 724 4.0 3,577 50 to 54 years…… 19,359 15,448 79.8 14,883 76.9 565 3.7 3,911 55 to 64 years………… 28,919 18,013 62.3 17,331 59.9 682 3.8 10,906 55 to 59 years……… 16,327 11,603 71.1 11,166 68.4 437 3.8 4,724 60 to 64 years……… 12,592 6,410 50.9 6,166 49.0 245 3.8 6,182 65 years and over……. 34,609 4,998 14.4 4,819 13.9 179 3.6 29,611 65 to 69 years……… 9,800 2,710 27.7 2,614 26.7 96 3.5 7,090 8,381 1,280 15.3 1,234 14.7 46 3.6 7,100 16,429 1,007 6.1 971 5.9 36 3.6 15,421 70 to 74 years……… 75 years and over…… 4 Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2004 annual averages —Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Age Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Percent of labor force Total Not in labor force Women 16 years and over ……... 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225 16 to 19 years …….…… 7,989 3,498 43.8 2,955 37.0 543 15.5 4,491 16 to 17 years……… 4,257 1,418 33.3 1,156 27.2 262 18.5 2,838 18 to 19 years……… 3,732 2,080 55.7 1,799 48.2 281 13.5 1,652 20 to 24 years………... 10,072 7,097 70.5 6,477 64.3 619 8.7 2,975 25 to 54 years……….… 62,636 47,150 75.3 45,003 71.8 2,147 4.6 15,486 25 to 34 years……… 19,581 14,409 73.6 13,605 69.5 804 5.6 5,172 25 to 29 years…… 9,506 6,952 73.1 6,532 68.7 420 6.0 2,555 30 to 34 years…… 10,075 7,457 74.0 7,073 70.2 384 5.1 2,618 35 to 44 years……… 21,970 16,619 75.6 15,880 72.3 739 4.4 5,352 35 to 39 years…… 10,438 7,772 74.5 7,403 70.9 369 4.7 2,666 40 to 44 years…… 11,532 8,847 76.7 8,477 73.5 370 4.2 2,686 45 to 54 years……… 21,085 16,123 76.5 15,518 73.6 605 3.7 4,962 45 to 49 years…… 11,158 8,729 78.2 8,393 75.2 335 3.8 2,429 50 to 54 years…… 9,927 7,394 74.5 7,125 71.8 269 3.6 2,533 55 to 64 years………… 15,025 8,466 56.3 8,157 54.3 309 3.6 6,559 55 to 59 years……… 8,411 5,463 65.0 5,266 62.6 197 3.6 2,948 60 to 64 years……… 6,614 3,002 45.4 2,890 43.7 112 3.7 3,612 65 years and over……. 19,925 2,211 11.1 2,135 10.7 75 3.4 17,714 65 to 69 years……… 5,227 1,220 23.3 1,178 22.5 42 3.5 4,007 70 to 74 years……… 4,660 560 12.0 541 11.6 19 3.3 4,100 10,038 431 4.3 416 4.1 14 3.4 9,607 75 years and over…… 5 Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2004 annual averages —Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Age Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Percent of labor force Total Not in labor force Men 16 years and over ……... 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730 16 to 19 years …….…… 8,234 3,616 43.9 2,952 35.9 664 18.4 4,617 16 to 17 years……… 4,318 1,329 30.8 1,037 24.0 292 22.0 2,989 18 to 19 years……… 3,916 2,288 58.4 1,915 48.9 372 16.3 1,628 20 to 24 years………... 10,125 8,057 79.6 7,246 71.6 811 10.1 2,068 25 to 54 years……….… 60,773 54,972 90.5 52,468 86.3 2,504 4.6 5,801 25 to 34 years……… 19,358 17,798 91.9 16,818 86.9 980 5.5 1,560 25 to 29 years…… 9,478 8,618 90.9 8,083 85.3 535 6.2 861 30 to 34 years…… 9,879 9,180 92.9 8,735 88.4 446 4.9 699 35 to 44 years……… 21,255 19,539 91.9 18,700 88.0 839 4.3 1,716 35 to 39 years…… 10,135 9,397 92.7 8,967 88.5 430 4.6 738 40 to 44 years…… 11,121 10,142 91.2 9,733 87.5 409 4.0 979 45 to 54 years……… 20,160 17,635 87.5 16,951 84.1 684 3.9 2,525 45 to 49 years…… 10,729 9,581 89.3 9,193 85.7 388 4.1 1,148 50 to 54 years…… 9,432 8,054 85.4 7,758 82.3 296 3.7 1,378 55 to 64 years………… 13,894 9,547 68.7 9,174 66.0 373 3.9 4,347 55 to 59 years……… 7,916 6,139 77.6 5,899 74.5 240 3.9 1,776 60 to 64 years……… 5,978 3,408 57.0 3,275 54.8 133 3.9 2,570 65 years and over……. 14,684 2,787 19.0 2,683 18.3 104 3.7 11,897 65 to 69 years……… 4,573 1,490 32.6 1,436 31.4 54 3.6 3,082 70 to 74 years……… 3,721 721 19.4 693 18.6 28 3.8 3,000 75 years and over…… 6,391 576 9.0 554 8.7 22 3.8 5,814 6 Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970-2004 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Year Employed Civilian noninstitutional population Total Percent of population Unemployed Percent of population Total Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total, both sexes 1970…….… 137,085 82,771 60.4 78,678 57.5 4,093 4.9 54,315 1971…….… 1 1972 ……. 140,216 84,382 60.2 79,367 56.6 5,016 5.9 55,834 144,126 87,034 60.4 82,153 57.0 4,882 5.6 57,091 1973 ……. 147,096 89,429 60.8 85,064 57.8 4,365 4.9 57,667 1974…….… 150,120 91,949 61.3 86,794 57.8 5,156 5.6 58,171 1975…….… 153,153 93,775 61.2 85,846 56.1 7,929 8.5 59,377 1976…….… 156,150 96,158 61.6 88,752 56.8 7,406 7.7 59,991 1977…….… 1 1978 ….... 159,033 99,009 62.3 92,017 57.9 6,991 7.1 60,025 161,910 102,251 63.2 96,048 59.3 6,202 6.1 59,659 1979……… 164,863 104,962 63.7 98,824 59.9 6,137 5.8 59,900 1 1980……… 167,745 106,940 63.8 99,303 59.2 7,637 7.1 60,806 1981…...… 170,130 108,670 63.9 100,397 59.0 8,273 7.6 61,460 1982…...… 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067 1983…...… 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665 1984…...… 176,383 113,544 64.4 105,005 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839 1985…...… 1 1986 ….... 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744 180,587 117,834 65.3 109,597 60.7 8,237 7.0 62,752 1987……… 182,753 119,865 65.6 112,440 61.5 7,425 6.2 62,888 1988…...… 184,613 121,669 65.9 114,968 62.3 6,701 5.5 62,944 1989……... 186,393 123,869 66.5 117,342 63.0 6,528 5.3 62,523 1 1990 …..... 189,164 125,840 66.5 118,793 62.8 7,047 5.6 63,324 1991…...… 190,925 126,346 66.2 117,718 61.7 8,628 6.8 64,578 1992…...… 192,805 128,105 66.4 118,492 61.5 9,613 7.5 64,700 1993…...… 1 1994 ….... 194,838 129,200 66.3 120,259 61.7 8,940 6.9 65,638 196,814 131,056 66.6 123,060 62.5 7,996 6.1 65,758 1995…...… 198,584 132,304 66.6 124,900 62.9 7,404 5.6 66,280 1996…...… 1 1997 ….... 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385 1 1998 …..... 1 1999 …..... 1 2000 ….... 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4.0 69,994 2001 …….. 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359 2002 …….. 1 2003 …..... 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6.0 74,658 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956 1 2004 …..... See footnote at end of table. 7 Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970-2004 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Year Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Unemployed Percent of population Total Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Women 1970…….… 72,782 31,543 43.3 29,688 40.8 1,855 5.9 41,239 1971…….… 1 1972 ……. 74,274 32,202 43.4 29,976 40.4 2,227 6.9 42,072 76,290 33,479 43.9 31,257 41.0 2,222 6.6 42,811 1973 ……. 77,804 34,804 44.7 32,715 42.0 2,089 6.0 43,000 1974…….… 79,312 36,211 45.7 33,769 42.6 2,441 6.7 43,101 1975…….… 80,860 37,475 46.3 33,989 42.0 3,486 9.3 43,386 1976…….… 82,390 38,983 47.3 35,615 43.2 3,369 8.6 43,406 1977…….… 1 1978 ……. 83,840 40,613 48.4 37,289 44.5 3,324 8.2 43,227 85,334 42,631 50.0 39,569 46.4 3,061 7.2 42,703 1979…….… 86,843 44,235 50.9 41,217 47.5 3,018 6.8 42,608 1980…….… 88,348 45,487 51.5 42,117 47.7 3,370 7.4 42,861 1981…….… 89,618 46,696 52.1 43,000 48.0 3,696 7.9 42,922 1982…….… 90,748 47,755 52.6 43,256 47.7 4,499 9.4 42,993 1983…….… 91,684 48,503 52.9 44,047 48.0 4,457 9.2 43,181 1984…….… 92,778 49,709 53.6 45,915 49.5 3,794 7.6 43,068 1985…….… 1 1986 ……. 93,736 51,050 54.5 47,259 50.4 3,791 7.4 42,686 94,789 52,413 55.3 48,706 51.4 3,707 7.1 42,376 1987…….… 95,853 53,658 56.0 50,334 52.5 3,324 6.2 42,195 1988…….… 96,756 54,742 56.6 51,696 53.4 3,046 5.6 42,014 1989…...… 97,630 56,030 57.4 53,027 54.3 3,003 5.4 41,601 1 1 1990 …..... 98,787 56,829 57.5 53,689 54.3 3,140 5.5 41,957 1991…...… 99,646 57,178 57.4 53,496 53.7 3,683 6.4 42,468 1992…...… 100,535 58,141 57.8 54,052 53.8 4,090 7.0 42,394 1993…...… 1 1994 ….... 101,506 58,795 57.9 54,910 54.1 3,885 6.6 42,711 102,460 60,239 58.8 56,610 55.3 3,629 6.0 42,221 1995…...… 103,406 60,944 58.9 57,523 55.6 3,421 5.6 42,462 1996…...… 1 1997 ….... 104,385 61,857 59.3 58,501 56.0 3,356 5.4 42,528 105,418 63,036 59.8 59,873 56.8 3,162 5.0 42,382 106,462 63,714 59.8 60,771 57.1 2,944 4.6 42,748 108,031 64,855 60.0 62,042 57.4 2,814 4.3 43,175 2000 ….... 110,613 66,303 59.9 63,586 57.5 2,717 4.1 44,310 2001 …...... 111,811 66,848 59.8 63,737 57.0 3,111 4.7 44,962 2002 …….. 1 2003 …..... 112,985 67,363 59.6 63,582 56.3 3,781 5.6 45,621 114,733 68,272 59.5 64,404 56.1 3,868 5.7 46,461 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225 1 1998 …..... 1 1999 …..... 1 1 2004 …..... See footnote at end of table. 8 Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1970-2004 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Year Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Unemployed Percent of population Total Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Men 1970…….… 64,304 51,228 79.7 48,990 76.2 2,238 4.4 13,076 1971…….… 1 1972 ……. 65,942 52,180 79.1 49,390 74.9 2,789 5.3 13,762 67,835 53,555 78.9 50,896 75.0 2,659 5.0 14,280 1973 ……. 69,292 54,624 78.8 52,349 75.5 2,275 4.2 14,667 1974…….… 70,808 55,739 78.7 53,024 74.9 2,714 4.9 15,069 1975…….… 72,291 56,299 77.9 51,857 71.7 4,442 7.9 15,993 1976…….… 73,759 57,174 77.5 53,138 72.0 4,036 7.1 16,585 1977…….… 1 1978 ……. 75,193 58,396 77.7 54,728 72.8 3,667 6.3 16,797 76,576 59,620 77.9 56,479 73.8 3,142 5.3 16,956 1979…….… 78,020 60,726 77.8 57,607 73.8 3,120 5.1 17,293 1980…….… 79,398 61,453 77.4 57,186 72.0 4,267 6.9 17,945 1981…….… 80,511 61,974 77.0 57,397 71.3 4,577 7.4 18,537 1982…….… 81,523 62,450 76.6 56,271 69.0 6,179 9.9 19,073 1983…….… 82,531 63,047 76.4 56,787 68.8 6,260 9.9 19,484 1984…….… 83,605 63,835 76.4 59,091 70.7 4,744 7.4 19,771 1985…….… 1 1986 ……. 84,469 64,411 76.3 59,891 70.9 4,521 7.0 20,058 85,798 65,422 76.3 60,892 71.0 4,530 6.9 20,376 1987…….… 86,899 66,207 76.2 62,107 71.5 4,101 6.2 20,692 1988…….… 87,857 66,927 76.2 63,273 72.0 3,655 5.5 20,930 1989…...… 88,762 67,840 76.4 64,315 72.5 3,525 5.2 20,923 1 1 1990 ……. 90,377 69,011 76.4 65,104 72.0 3,906 5.7 21,367 1991…….… 91,278 69,168 75.8 64,223 70.4 4,946 7.2 22,110 1992…….… 92,270 69,964 75.8 64,440 69.8 5,523 7.9 22,306 1993…….… 1 1994 ……. 93,332 70,404 75.4 65,349 70.0 5,055 7.2 22,927 94,355 70,817 75.1 66,450 70.4 4,367 6.2 23,538 1995…….… 95,178 71,360 75.0 67,377 70.8 3,983 5.6 23,818 1996…….… 1 1997 ……. 96,206 72,087 74.9 68,207 70.9 3,880 5.4 24,119 97,715 73,261 75.0 69,685 71.3 3,577 4.9 24,454 98,758 73,959 74.9 70,693 71.6 3,266 4.4 24,799 99,722 74,512 74.7 71,446 71.6 3,066 4.1 25,210 1 1998 ……. 1 1999 ……. 1 2000 ……. 101,964 76,280 74.8 73,305 71.9 2,975 3.9 25,684 2001..……. 103,282 76,886 74.4 73,196 70.9 3,690 4.8 26,396 2002…….… 104,585 77,500 74.1 72,903 69.7 4,597 5.9 27,085 106,435 78,238 73.5 73,332 68.9 4,906 6.3 28,197 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730 1 2003 ….... 1 2004 ….... 1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an expla- nation, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical. 9 Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Not in Percent of labor force labor force White Total, 16 years and over…………... 16 to 19 years………………..…… 20 to 24 years……………..……… 25 to 54 years………………..…… 55 to 64 years………………..…… 65 years and over…………..…… 182,643 12,599 15,817 99,434 24,549 30,245 121,086 5,929 12,192 83,034 15,522 4,408 66.3 47.1 77.1 83.5 63.2 14.6 115,239 5,039 11,233 79,741 14,965 4,260 63.1 40.0 71.0 80.2 61.0 14.1 5,847 890 959 3,293 557 148 4.8 15.0 7.9 4.0 3.6 3.3 61,558 6,669 3,626 16,400 9,026 25,837 Women, 16 years and over……….. 16 to 19 years………….....……… 20 to 24 years…………….….…… 25 to 54 years……………..……… 55 to 64 years…………….....…… 65 years and over…………....….. 93,599 6,169 7,794 49,710 12,627 17,299 55,092 2,879 5,606 37,480 7,197 1,930 58.9 46.7 71.9 75.4 57.0 11.2 52,527 2,486 5,207 36,016 6,947 1,870 56.1 40.3 66.8 72.5 55.0 10.8 2,565 393 399 1,463 250 60 4.7 13.6 7.1 3.9 3.5 3.1 38,508 3,290 2,188 12,231 5,430 15,369 Men, 16 years and over…………... 16 to 19 years…………….……… 20 to 24 years…………………..… 25 to 54 years……………..……… 55 to 64 years………………..…… 65 years and over…………….….. 89,044 6,429 8,024 49,724 11,922 12,946 65,994 3,050 6,586 45,555 8,326 2,478 74.1 47.4 82.1 91.6 69.8 19.1 62,712 2,553 6,026 43,724 8,018 2,390 70.4 39.7 75.1 87.9 67.3 18.5 3,282 497 560 1,830 307 88 5.0 16.3 8.5 4.0 3.7 3.5 23,050 3,379 1,438 4,169 3,596 10,468 Black or African American Total, 16 years and over…………... 16 to 19 years…………………...… 20 to 24 years………………...…… 25 to 54 years………………...…… 55 to 64 years…………………...… 65 years and over……………….… 26,065 2,423 2,821 15,095 2,827 2,899 16,638 762 1,926 12,033 1,538 380 63.8 31.4 68.3 79.7 54.4 13.1 14,909 520 1,572 11,006 1,452 359 57.2 21.5 55.7 72.9 51.4 12.4 1,729 241 353 1,027 86 21 10.4 31.7 18.4 8.5 5.6 5.5 9,428 1,661 896 3,062 1,290 2,519 Women, 16 years and over……….… 16 to 19 years…………………...… 20 to 24 years…………………...… 25 to 54 years…………………...… 55 to 64 years…………………..… 65 years and over………………... 14,409 1,227 1,495 8,321 1,577 1,789 8,865 403 999 6,448 824 192 61.5 32.8 66.8 77.5 52.3 10.7 7,997 289 833 5,912 784 179 55.5 23.6 55.7 71.0 49.7 10.0 868 114 166 536 40 13 9.8 28.2 16.6 8.3 4.8 6.8 5,544 824 497 1,873 753 1,597 Men, 16 years and over…………… 16 to 19 years………………...…… 20 to 24 years………………...…… 25 to 54 years…………………...… 55 to 64 years…………………...… 65 years and over………………... 11,656 1,195 1,326 6,774 1,250 1,111 7,773 359 927 5,585 714 188 66.7 30.0 69.9 82.5 57.1 17.0 6,912 231 739 5,094 668 180 59.3 19.3 55.7 75.2 53.4 16.2 860 128 188 491 46 8 11.1 35.6 20.3 8.8 6.4 4.2 3,884 837 399 1,189 537 922 10 Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Not in labor force Percent of labor force Asian Total, 16 years and over…………... 16 to 19 years………………….…. 20 to 24 years…………………...… 25 to 54 years…………………...… 55 to 64 years………………...…… 65 years and over…………….…… 9,519 606 876 5,944 1,052 1,041 6,271 172 539 4,748 676 137 65.9 28.4 61.5 79.9 64.2 13.1 5,994 152 493 4,570 649 130 63.0 25.1 56.3 76.9 61.7 12.5 277 20 46 178 27 6 4.4 11.5 8.6 3.7 4.0 4.7 3,248 434 337 1,196 376 904 Women, 16 years and over………… 16 to 19 years…………………...… 20 to 24 years………………...…… 25 to 54 years……………………… 55 to 64 years……………...……… 65 years and over……………..…. 4,990 293 442 3,098 562 596 2,876 81 262 2,165 315 53 57.6 27.7 59.3 69.9 55.9 8.8 2,751 74 238 2,086 302 51 55.1 25.3 54.0 67.3 53.7 8.6 124 7 24 79 13 1 4.3 8.7 9.0 3.7 4.1 2.7 2,114 212 180 932 248 543 Men, 16 years and over………….... 16 to 19 years…………………...… 20 to 24 years……………...……… 25 to 54 years…………………...… 55 to 64 years…………………...… 65 years and over………………... 4,529 313 434 2,846 490 445 3,396 91 277 2,582 361 84 75.0 29.0 63.8 90.7 73.8 18.9 3,243 78 255 2,484 347 79 71.6 24.9 58.6 87.3 70.9 17.8 153 13 23 98 14 5 4.5 14.0 8.2 3.8 3.9 5.9 1,133 222 157 264 129 361 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total, 16 years and over…………... 16 to 19 years……………….……. 20 to 24 years…………………...… 25 to 54 years…………………...… 55 to 64 years…………………...… 65 years and over………………..… 28,109 2,608 3,666 17,512 2,208 2,115 19,272 995 2,732 13,955 1,284 306 68.6 38.2 74.5 79.7 58.1 14.5 17,930 792 2,477 13,163 1,210 288 63.8 30.4 67.6 75.2 54.8 13.6 1,342 203 255 792 74 18 7.0 20.4 9.3 5.7 5.8 6.0 8,837 1,612 934 3,557 924 1,809 Women, 16 years and over………… 16 to 19 years…………………….… 20 to 24 years………………….…… 25 to 54 years………………….…… 55 to 64 years………………...…… 65 years and over……………...… 13,692 1,272 1,685 8,352 1,162 1,221 7,685 429 1,060 5,521 556 119 56.1 33.7 62.9 66.1 47.8 9.8 7,098 346 964 5,151 523 114 51.8 27.2 57.2 61.7 45.0 9.3 587 83 97 370 32 5 7.6 19.3 9.1 6.7 5.8 4.6 6,007 843 625 2,831 606 1,102 Men, 16 years and over………….... 16 to 19 years…………………...… 20 to 24 years………………...…… 25 to 54 years………………...…… 55 to 64 years………………...…… 65 years and over……………..…. 14,417 1,336 1,981 9,160 1,046 894 11,587 567 1,671 8,434 728 186 80.4 42.4 84.4 92.1 69.6 20.8 10,832 446 1,514 8,011 687 174 75.1 33.4 76.4 87.5 65.7 19.4 755 120 158 423 41 13 6.5 21.2 9.4 5.0 5.7 6.9 2,831 769 309 726 318 708 11 Table 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2004 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Marital status and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total Total, 16 years and over………... 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956 Married, spouse present………. 119,690 82,395 68.8 79,684 66.6 2,711 3.3 37,296 Unmarried, total……………..…… 103,666 65,006 62.7 59,568 57.5 5,439 8.4 38,660 Never married……………….… 60,650 41,392 68.2 37,390 61.6 4,002 9.7 19,258 Other marital status…………… 43,016 23,614 54.9 22,178 51.6 1,437 6.1 19,402 Divorced……………………..… 21,546 15,578 72.3 14,676 68.1 902 5.8 5,968 Separated………………….… 7,718 5,367 69.5 4,961 64.3 406 7.6 2,351 Widowed……………….…….. 13,752 2,670 19.4 2,541 18.5 129 4.8 11,083 Women Total, 16 years and over………... 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225 Married, spouse present………. 59,278 35,845 60.5 34,600 58.4 1,244 3.5 23,433 Unmarried, total……….………… 56,369 32,576 57.8 30,127 53.4 2,449 7.5 23,792 Never married…………...……. 28,228 18,616 65.9 16,995 60.2 1,621 8.7 9,612 Other marital status…………... 28,141 13,961 49.6 13,133 46.7 828 5.9 14,180 Divorced…………………….… 12,680 9,066 71.5 8,580 67.7 486 5.4 3,615 Separated……………………. 4,340 2,814 64.8 2,570 59.2 244 8.7 1,526 Widowed………………….….. 11,121 2,081 18.7 1,982 17.8 99 4.7 9,040 Men Total, 16 years and over………... 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730 Married, spouse present………. 60,412 46,550 77.1 45,084 74.6 1,466 3.1 13,862 Unmarried, total……………….… 47,298 32,430 68.6 29,440 62.2 2,989 9.2 14,868 Never married……………….... 32,422 22,776 70.2 20,395 62.9 2,381 10.5 9,646 Other marital status……….….. 14,875 9,654 64.9 9,045 60.8 608 6.3 5,222 Divorced……………………… 8,865 6,512 73.5 6,096 68.8 416 6.4 2,353 Separated……………….…… 3,379 2,553 75.6 2,391 70.8 162 6.3 826 Widowed…………………..…. 2,631 589 22.4 558 21.2 30 5.2 2,043 12 Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Not in Percent of labor force labor force Total Women, 16 years and over……………...…… 115,269 68,202 59.2 64,412 55.9 3,789 5.6 47,067 With children under 18 years old…………… 36,642 25,913 70.7 24,413 66.6 1,501 5.8 10,729 With children 6 to 17, none younger……… 20,364 15,782 77.5 15,006 73.7 776 4.9 4,582 With children under 6 years old………….… 16,278 10,131 62.2 9,407 57.8 724 7.1 6,147 Under 3 years old………………….……… 9,424 5,401 57.3 4,983 52.9 417 7.7 4,024 With no children under 18 years old………. 78,627 42,289 53.8 40,000 50.9 2,289 5.4 36,338 Men, 16 years and over……………………..… 107,241 77,860 72.6 72,739 67.8 5,121 6.6 29,381 With children under 18 years old………….… 28,177 26,475 94.0 25,422 90.2 1,053 4.0 1,702 With children 6 to 17, none younger……… 15,521 14,427 92.9 13,854 89.3 573 4.0 1,095 With children under 6 years old…………… 12,656 12,048 95.2 11,568 91.4 480 4.0 608 Under 3 years old……………………….… 7,478 7,108 95.1 6,824 91.3 284 4.0 370 79,063 51,385 65.0 47,317 59.8 4,068 7.9 27,678 93,364 54,961 58.9 52,306 56.0 2,655 4.8 38,403 With children under 18 years old………….… 28,721 20,148 70.2 19,157 66.7 991 4.9 8,573 With children 6 to 17, none younger…….… 16,067 12,416 77.3 11,879 73.9 537 4.3 3,651 With children under 6 years old…….…...… 12,654 7,732 61.1 7,278 57.5 454 5.9 4,922 Under 3 years old…………………….…… 7,394 4,168 56.4 3,895 52.7 273 6.5 3,226 With no children under 18 years old………… 64,644 34,813 53.9 33,149 51.3 1,664 4.8 29,831 Men, 16 years and over……………………...… 88,600 65,136 73.5 61,263 69.1 3,873 5.9 23,463 With children under 18 years old………….. 23,469 22,216 94.7 21,399 91.2 817 3.7 1,253 With children 6 to 17, none younger……… 12,935 12,115 93.7 11,679 90.3 436 3.6 820 With children under 6 years old…………… 10,534 10,102 95.9 9,720 92.3 382 3.8 432 With no children under 18 years old………… White Women, 16 years and over………………...… Under 3 years old………………………..… With no children under 18 years old………. 6,262 6,006 95.9 5,773 92.2 233 3.9 257 65,131 42,920 65.9 39,864 61.2 3,056 7.1 22,211 See note at end of table. 13 Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 —Continued (Numbers in thousands) Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Civilian labor force Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Not in Percent of labor force labor force Black or African American Women, 16 years and over……………...…… 14,343 8,842 61.6 7,984 55.7 858 9.7 5,501 With children under 18 years old………….… 5,143 3,945 76.7 3,541 68.8 405 10.3 1,198 With children 6 to 17, none younger……… 2,888 2,330 80.7 2,146 74.3 184 7.9 558 With children under 6 years old………….… 2,256 1,615 71.6 1,395 61.8 220 13.6 640 Under 3 years old……………………….… 1,221 822 67.3 695 56.9 127 15.4 399 With no children under 18 years old……..… 9,199 4,896 53.2 4,443 48.3 453 9.3 4,303 Men, 16 years and over…………………..…… 11,589 7,521 64.9 6,633 57.2 888 11.8 4,068 With children under 18 years old………….… 2,526 2,228 88.2 2,065 81.7 163 7.3 298 With children 6 to 17, none younger…..… 1,478 1,289 87.2 1,197 81.0 92 7.1 190 With children under 6 years old…………… 1,048 940 89.6 868 82.8 71 7.6 109 Under 3 years old…………………..……… 563 497 88.2 463 82.2 34 6.8 67 With no children under 18 years old………… 9,062 5,292 58.4 4,568 50.4 725 13.7 3,770 Asian Women, 16 years and over………………...… 4,913 2,833 57.7 2,671 54.4 163 5.7 2,079 With children under 18 years old………….… 1,823 1,209 66.3 1,151 63.1 58 4.8 614 With children 6 to 17, none younger……… 932 694 74.4 666 71.5 28 4.0 238 With children under 6 years old…………… 892 516 57.9 485 54.4 31 5.9 376 Under 3 years old………………………… 517 271 52.4 259 50.2 12 4.3 246 With no children under 18 years old………… 3,090 1,624 52.6 1,520 49.2 104 6.4 1,466 Men, 16 years and over……………………..… 4,516 3,340 74.0 3,186 70.5 155 4.6 1,176 With children under 18 years old…………… 1,476 1,389 94.1 1,353 91.6 36 2.6 87 With children 6 to 17, none younger……… 764 723 94.6 697 91.2 26 3.6 41 With children under 6 years old………….… 712 666 93.5 656 92.1 10 1.6 46 Under 3 years old……………………….… 425 393 92.5 389 91.7 3 0.9 32 With no children under 18 years old………. 3,040 1,951 64.2 1,833 60.3 118 6.1 1,089 See note at end of table. 14 Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 —Continued (Numbers in thousands) Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Civilian labor force Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Not in Percent of labor force labor force Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Women, 16 years and over………………...… 13,543 7,526 55.6 6,930 51.2 595 7.9 6,018 With children under 18 years old………….… 6,209 3,711 59.8 3,408 54.9 303 8.2 2,498 With children 6 to 17, none younger……… 2,993 2,073 69.2 1,930 64.5 143 6.9 921 With children under 6 years old…………… 3,215 1,638 51.0 1,478 46.0 160 9.8 1,577 Under 3 years old………………………… 1,824 817 44.8 721 39.5 96 11.8 1,007 With no children under 18 years old………… 7,335 3,815 52.0 3,523 48.0 292 7.7 3,520 Men, 16 years and over……………………..… 14,240 11,337 79.6 10,490 73.7 848 7.5 2,903 With children under 18 years old…………… 4,692 4,380 93.3 4,171 88.9 209 4.8 313 With children 6 to 17, none younger……… 2,127 1,955 91.9 1,867 87.8 88 4.5 172 With children under 6 years old………….… 2,565 2,425 94.5 2,304 89.8 121 5.0 140 Under 3 years old……………………….… 1,520 1,436 94.4 1,361 89.5 74 5.2 85 With no children under 18 years old………. 9,548 6,957 72.9 6,319 66.2 638 9.2 2,590 NOTE: Children are "own children" and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African Ameri- can, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race. 15 Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Presence and age of children Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total, 16 years and over………………………………... With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 115,269 36,642 20,364 16,278 9,424 78,627 68,202 25,913 15,782 10,131 5,401 42,289 Total, all marital statuses 55.9 59.2 64,412 70.7 24,413 66.6 77.5 15,006 73.7 62.2 9,407 57.8 57.3 4,983 52.9 53.8 40,000 50.9 3,789 1,501 776 724 417 2,289 5.6 5.8 4.9 7.1 7.7 5.4 47,067 10,729 4,582 6,147 4,024 36,338 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 59,008 26,329 14,339 11,990 7,128 32,679 35,918 17,953 10,846 7,107 3,927 17,965 Total, married, spouse present 60.9 34,582 58.6 1,336 68.2 17,215 65.4 738 75.6 10,441 72.8 406 59.3 6,774 56.5 332 55.1 3,738 52.4 189 55.0 17,367 53.1 598 3.7 4.1 3.7 4.7 4.8 3.3 23,090 8,376 3,492 4,884 3,201 14,714 2,454 762 370 392 228 1,691 7.6 9.6 7.5 13.0 15.5 7.0 23,977 2,353 1,090 1,263 823 21,624 1 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 56,261 10,313 6,025 4,288 2,296 45,947 32,284 7,960 4,936 3,025 1,473 24,324 Total, other marital statuses 57.4 29,830 53.0 77.2 7,198 69.8 81.9 4,565 75.8 70.5 2,633 61.4 64.2 1,245 54.2 52.9 22,632 49.3 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 93,364 28,721 16,067 12,654 7,394 64,644 54,961 20,148 12,416 7,732 4,168 34,813 White, all marital statuses 58.9 52,306 56.0 70.2 19,157 66.7 77.3 11,879 73.9 61.1 7,278 57.5 56.4 3,895 52.7 53.9 33,149 51.3 2,655 991 537 454 273 1,664 4.8 4.9 4.3 5.9 6.5 4.8 38,403 8,573 3,651 4,922 3,226 29,831 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 50,801 22,145 12,055 10,089 6,043 28,657 30,677 14,986 9,090 5,896 3,292 15,691 White, married, spouse present 60.4 29,625 58.3 1,052 67.7 14,408 65.1 578 75.4 8,770 72.8 320 58.4 5,638 55.9 258 54.5 3,136 51.9 156 54.8 15,217 53.1 474 3.4 3.9 3.5 4.4 4.7 3.0 20,125 7,159 2,965 4,194 2,750 12,966 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 42,563 6,576 4,011 2,565 1,351 35,987 24,285 5,162 3,326 1,836 876 19,122 White, other marital statuses 57.1 22,681 53.3 78.5 4,749 72.2 82.9 3,109 77.5 71.6 1,640 64.0 64.8 759 56.2 53.1 17,932 49.8 6.6 8.0 6.5 10.7 13.3 6.2 18,278 1,414 686 728 475 16,864 See footnote at end of table 16 1 1,603 413 217 196 117 1,190 Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Presence and age of children Civilian noninstitutional population Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 14,343 5,143 2,888 2,256 1,221 9,199 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old…………………….. With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old……………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………. 4,152 2,006 1,182 823 430 2,147 Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Percent of labor force Total Not in labor force Black or African American, all marital statuses 8,842 61.6 7,984 55.7 858 3,945 76.7 3,541 68.8 405 2,330 80.7 2,146 74.3 184 1,615 71.6 1,395 61.8 220 822 67.3 695 56.9 127 4,896 53.2 4,443 48.3 453 9.7 10.3 7.9 13.6 15.4 9.3 5,501 1,198 558 640 399 4,303 Black or African American, married, spouse present 2,818 67.9 2,663 64.1 155 1,572 78.4 1,488 74.2 83 954 80.7 908 76.8 46 618 75.1 580 70.5 38 307 71.3 288 66.9 19 1,247 58.1 1,175 54.7 72 5.5 5.3 4.8 6.1 6.2 5.7 1,334 434 229 205 123 900 11.7 13.5 10.0 18.3 20.9 10.5 4,167 764 329 435 276 3,403 163 58 28 31 12 104 5.7 4.8 4.0 5.9 4.3 6.4 2,079 614 238 376 246 1,466 92 51 21 30 11 41 5.3 5.0 3.6 6.8 4.5 5.7 1,191 560 211 349 230 631 71 8 7 1 1 63 6.5 4.0 6.0 1.0 2.9 7.0 889 54 27 27 16 835 Black or African American, other marital statuses 6,023 59.1 5,321 52.2 703 2,374 75.7 2,052 65.4 321 1,376 80.7 1,238 72.6 138 997 69.6 814 56.9 183 515 65.1 408 51.5 108 3,650 51.7 3,268 46.3 381 Total, 16 years and over……………………………….… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 10,190 3,138 1,705 1,432 791 7,053 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 4,913 1,823 932 892 517 3,090 2,833 1,209 694 516 271 1,624 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 2,940 1,582 790 791 475 1,358 1,749 1,022 579 443 245 727 Asian, married, spouse present 59.5 1,657 56.4 64.6 971 61.4 73.3 558 70.6 56.0 413 52.2 51.7 234 49.4 53.5 686 50.5 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… With children under 18 years old……………………… With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 1,973 242 141 100 42 1,731 1,084 187 114 73 26 897 Asian, other marital statuses 55.0 1,014 51.4 77.6 180 74.4 80.9 108 76.0 72.9 72 72.1 61.2 25 59.4 51.8 834 48.2 See footnote at end of table 17 Asian, all marital statuses 57.7 2,671 54.4 66.3 1,151 63.1 74.4 666 71.5 57.9 485 54.4 52.4 259 50.2 52.6 1,520 49.2 1 1 Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Presence and age of children Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Hispanic or Latino, all marital statuses Total, 16 years and over………………………………… 13,543 7,526 55.6 6,930 51.2 595 7.9 6,018 With children under 18 years old……………………… 6,209 3,711 59.8 3,408 54.9 303 8.2 2,498 2,993 2,073 69.2 1,930 64.5 143 6.9 921 With children under 6 years old……………………… 3,215 1,638 51.0 1,478 46.0 160 9.8 1,577 With children under 3 years old…………………… 1,824 817 44.8 721 39.5 96 11.8 1,007 With no children under 18 years old…………………… 7,335 3,815 52.0 3,523 48.0 292 7.7 3,520 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… 6,679 3,555 53.2 3,300 49.4 255 7.2 3,124 With children under 18 years old……………………… 4,342 2,357 54.3 2,176 50.1 181 7.7 1,986 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… 1,992 1,284 64.5 1,197 60.1 87 6.8 707 With children under 6 years old……………………… 2,351 1,072 45.6 979 41.6 94 8.7 1,279 With children under 3 years old…………………… 1,373 552 40.2 495 36.1 56 10.2 821 With no children under 18 years old…………………… 2,336 1,198 51.3 1,125 48.1 74 6.1 1,138 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… Hispanic or Latino, married, spouse present Hispanic or Latino, other marital statuses 1 Total, 16 years and over………………………………… 6,865 3,971 57.8 3,630 52.9 341 8.6 2,894 With children under 18 years old……………………… 1,866 1,354 72.6 1,232 66.0 122 9.0 512 1,002 788 78.7 733 73.1 55 7.0 214 865 566 65.5 499 57.8 67 11.8 298 452 265 58.7 225 49.9 40 15.1 186 4,998 2,617 52.3 2,398 48.0 219 8.4 2,382 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger……… With children under 6 years old……………………… With children under 3 years old…………………… With no children under 18 years old…………………… 1 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed. for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race. NOTE: Children are "own children" and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail 18 Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 1975-2004 (Numbers in thousands) With own children under age 18 Civilian labor force Year Total With own children ages 6 to 17 Unemployed Percent of population Employed Total Civilian labor force Percent of labor force Total Percent of population Unemployed Employed Total Percent of labor force 1975...… 14,616 47.4 13,069 1,548 11.0 8,917 54.9 8,218 700 7.9 1976...… 15,073 48.8 13,725 1,346 8.9 9,388 56.2 8,769 621 6.6 1977…… 15,669 50.8 14,276 1,393 8.9 10,040 58.3 9,389 650 6.5 1978…… 16,385 53.0 15,142 1,242 7.6 10,401 60.0 9,845 556 5.3 1979...… 16,883 54.5 15,624 1,259 7.7 10,646 61.6 10,030 615 5.8 1980…… 17,790 56.6 16,526 1,264 7.1 11,252 64.3 10,640 612 5.4 1981...… 18,422 58.1 16,952 1,471 8.0 11,490 65.5 10,725 765 6.7 1982...… 18,744 58.5 16,854 1,890 10.1 11,377 65.8 10,440 936 8.2 1983...… 18,924 58.9 16,792 2,131 11.3 11,340 66.3 10,303 1,037 9.1 1984…… 19,555 60.5 17,782 1,773 9.1 11,538 68.1 10,739 799 6.9 1985…… 20,041 62.1 18,306 1,735 8.7 11,826 69.9 10,984 842 7.1 1986…… 20,620 62.8 18,922 1,698 8.2 12,075 70.4 11,320 756 6.3 1987…… 21,422 64.7 19,798 1,624 7.6 12,438 72.0 11,661 778 6.3 1988…… 21,545 65.1 20,141 1,404 6.5 12,683 73.3 12,042 641 5.1 1989…… 21,936 65.7 20,647 1,289 5.9 12,800 74.2 12,168 632 4.9 1990...… 22,196 66.7 20,865 1,331 6.0 12,799 74.7 12,133 666 5.2 1991...… 22,327 66.6 20,774 1,552 7.0 12,691 74.4 12,017 674 5.3 1992...… 22,756 67.2 21,052 1,704 7.5 13,183 75.9 12,391 793 6.0 1993…… 23,063 66.9 21,521 1,541 6.7 13,441 75.4 12,757 684 5.1 1994…… 24,191 68.4 22,467 1,724 7.1 13,863 76.0 13,074 789 5.7 1995…… 24,695 69.7 23,195 1,500 6.1 14,300 76.4 13,608 691 4.8 1996…… 24,720 70.2 23,386 1,334 5.4 14,427 77.2 13,794 633 4.4 1997…… 25,604 72.1 24,082 1,522 5.9 14,993 78.1 14,282 711 4.7 1998...… 25,647 72.3 24,209 1,438 5.6 15,028 78.4 14,370 658 4.4 1999…… 25,472 72.1 24,307 1,165 4.6 15,150 78.5 14,633 516 3.4 2000...… 25,795 72.9 24,693 1,102 4.3 15,479 79.0 14,931 549 3.5 2001...… 26,269 72.7 25,030 1,239 4.7 15,839 79.4 15,220 619 3.9 2002…… 26,140 72.2 24,612 1,529 5.8 15,948 78.6 15,171 777 4.9 2003...… 26,202 71.7 24,598 1,603 6.1 15,993 78.7 15,166 828 5.2 2004…… 25,913 70.7 24,413 1,501 5.8 15,782 77.5 15,006 776 4.9 See note at end of table. 19 Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 1975-2004—Continued (Numbers in thousands) With own children under age 6 Civilian labor force Year Total Percent of population With own children under age 3 Unemployed Employed Total Civilian labor force Percent of labor force Total Percent of population Unemployed Employed Total Percent of labor force 1975...… 5,699 39.0 4,851 848 14.9 2,824 34.3 2,326 500 17.7 1976…… 5,684 40.1 4,957 727 12.8 2,702 34.1 2,285 418 15.5 1977…… 5,629 41.2 4,887 742 13.2 2,795 35.4 2,371 424 15.2 1978…… 5,983 44.0 5,297 687 11.5 3,179 39.4 2,768 411 12.9 1979…… 6,238 45.7 5,594 644 10.3 3,380 41.1 2,979 401 11.9 1980...… 6,538 46.8 5,886 652 10.0 3,565 41.9 3,167 398 11.2 1981...… 6,933 48.9 6,227 706 10.2 3,826 44.3 3,380 446 11.7 1982…… 7,367 49.9 6,414 953 12.9 4,133 45.6 3,542 591 14.3 1983...… 7,583 50.5 6,489 1,094 14.4 4,233 46.0 3,551 682 16.1 1984…… 8,017 52.1 7,043 974 12.1 4,401 47.6 3,839 562 12.8 1985...… 8,215 53.5 7,322 893 10.9 4,601 49.5 4,089 513 11.1 1986...… 8,545 54.4 7,602 943 11.0 4,786 50.8 4,227 559 11.7 1987...… 8,983 56.7 8,137 846 9.4 5,064 52.9 4,570 494 9.8 1988…… 8,862 56.1 8,099 763 8.6 4,947 52.4 4,477 470 9.5 1989…… 9,136 56.7 8,478 657 7.2 5,053 52.4 4,671 381 7.5 1990...… 9,397 58.2 8,732 664 7.1 5,216 53.6 4,823 393 7.5 1991…… 9,636 58.4 8,758 878 9.1 5,417 54.5 4,868 550 10.1 1992…… 9,573 58.0 8,662 911 9.5 5,329 54.5 4,776 553 10.4 1993…… 9,621 57.9 8,764 857 8.9 5,349 53.9 4,857 492 9.2 1994...… 10,328 60.3 9,394 935 9.0 5,724 57.1 5,165 559 9.8 1995…… 10,395 62.3 9,587 809 7.8 5,650 58.7 5,172 478 8.5 1996…… 10,293 62.3 9,592 701 6.8 5,619 59.0 5,222 397 7.1 1997...… 10,610 65.0 9,800 810 7.6 5,839 61.8 5,366 473 8.1 1998...… 10,619 65.2 9,839 780 7.3 5,882 62.2 5,454 428 7.3 1999…… 10,322 64.4 9,674 648 6.3 5,645 60.7 5,285 359 6.4 2000…… 10,316 65.3 9,763 553 5.4 5,670 61.0 5,350 320 5.6 2001…… 10,430 64.4 9,810 620 5.9 5,743 60.7 5,350 393 6.8 2002…… 10,193 64.1 9,441 752 7.4 5,600 60.5 5,160 440 7.9 2003...… 10,209 62.9 9,433 776 7.6 5,568 58.7 5,112 456 8.2 2004…… 10,131 62.2 9,407 724 7.1 5,401 57.3 4,983 417 7.7 See note at end of table. 20 Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 1975-2004—Continued (Numbers in thousands) With no own children under age 18 Civilian labor force Year Total Unemployed Percent of population Employed Total Percent of labor force 1975…… 22,365 45.1 20,381 1,984 8.9 1976…… 23,327 45.7 21,389 1,938 8.3 1977…… 24,385 46.4 22,348 2,037 8.4 1978…… 25,362 47.0 23,631 1,731 6.8 1979…… 26,962 48.6 25,285 1,677 6.2 1980...… 27,144 48.1 25,375 1,769 6.5 1981…… 27,992 48.7 25,934 2,059 7.4 1982…… 28,351 48.6 26,041 2,311 8.2 1983…… 28,856 48.7 26,373 2,483 8.6 1984…… 29,684 49.3 27,652 2,032 6.8 1985…… 30,850 50.4 28,814 2,036 6.6 1986…… 31,112 50.5 29,107 2,005 6.4 1987…… 31,538 50.5 29,688 1,850 5.9 1988…… 32,490 51.2 30,911 1,580 4.9 1989…… 33,255 51.9 31,761 1,495 4.5 1990...… 33,942 52.3 32,391 1,551 4.6 1991...… 34,047 52.0 32,167 1,880 5.5 1992…… 34,487 52.3 32,481 2,006 5.8 1993…… 34,495 52.1 32,476 2,020 5.9 1994…… 35,455 53.1 33,345 2,110 6.0 1995…… 35,843 52.9 34,054 1,789 5.0 1996…… 36,509 53.0 34,698 1,811 5.0 1997…… 37,295 53.6 35,572 1,723 4.6 1998…… 38,253 54.1 36,680 1,573 4.1 1999…… 39,314 54.3 37,587 1,727 4.4 2000…… 2001…… 40,142 40,996 54.8 54.4 38,408 39,363 1,733 1,633 4.3 4.0 2002…… 41,278 54.0 39,038 2,241 5.4 2003...… 42,039 54.1 39,667 2,372 5.6 2004…… 42,289 53.8 40,000 2,289 5.4 NOTE: "Own children" include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey. 21 Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 2004 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Employed Educational attainment and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Total Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Not in Percent labor force of labor force Total 152,329 120,135 Less than a high school diploma………… 1 High school graduates, no college …… 18,537 47,218 11,702 36,137 Some college or associate degree……… 41,078 33,322 College graduates, total………………... 45,496 38,975 Bachelor's degree……………………… 30,149 Master's degree………………………... Professional degree…………………… Doctoral degree………………………… Total, 25 to 64 years………………...…… 78.9 114,803 75.4 5,332 4.4 32,193 63.1 10,683 57.6 1,019 8.7 6,835 76.5 34,310 72.7 1,827 5.1 11,081 81.1 31,899 77.7 1,423 4.3 7,756 85.7 37,912 83.3 1,064 2.7 6,520 25,515 84.6 24,758 82.1 756 3.0 4,634 10,922 9,468 86.7 9,229 84.5 238 2.5 1,455 2,460 2,208 89.8 2,172 88.3 36 1.6 252 1,965 1,785 90.8 1,752 89.2 33 1.8 180 77,661 Women 55,616 71.6 53,160 68.5 2,456 4.4 22,045 Less than a high school diploma………… 1 High school graduates, no college …… 8,800 4,288 48.7 3,841 43.6 446 10.4 4,513 23,881 16,361 68.5 15,551 65.1 809 4.9 7,520 Some college or associate degree……… 22,185 16,815 75.8 16,103 72.6 713 4.2 5,370 College graduates, total………………… 22,794 18,152 79.6 17,665 77.5 487 2.7 4,642 Bachelor's degree……………………... 15,410 12,004 77.9 11,659 75.7 345 2.9 3,407 Master's degree………………………... 5,782 4,798 83.0 4,684 81.0 114 2.4 984 Professional degree…………………… Doctoral degree………………………… 915 756 82.7 738 80.7 18 2.3 158 687 594 86.5 584 84.9 10 1.8 93 Total, 25 to 64 years……………………… 74,667 64,519 86.4 61,643 82.6 2,877 4.5 10,148 Less than a high school diploma………. 1 High school graduates, no college …… 9,737 7,414 76.1 6,841 70.3 573 7.7 2,323 23,337 19,776 84.7 18,758 80.4 1,017 5.1 3,561 Some college or associate degree……… 18,893 16,506 87.4 15,796 83.6 710 4.3 2,386 College graduates, total………………… 22,701 20,823 91.7 20,246 89.2 577 2.8 1,878 14,739 13,511 91.7 13,100 88.9 411 3.0 1,228 Master's degree…………………...…… 5,140 4,670 90.8 4,545 88.4 124 2.7 471 Professional degree…………………..… Doctoral degree………………………… 1,545 1,452 94.0 1,433 92.8 19 1.3 93 1,277 1,191 93.2 1,168 91.5 22 1.9 87 Total, 25 to 64 years……………………... Men Bachelor's degree……………………..… 1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 22 Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970-2004 Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) High school Total College Less than 4 4 years, no years college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more Total, both sexes 1970¹…...… 61,765 100.0 36.1 38.1 11.8 14.1 1971…...… 62,344 100.0 34.5 38.4 12.3 14.8 1972…...… 63,704 100.0 33.3 38.8 12.4 15.5 1973…...… 64,775 100.0 30.9 39.7 13.0 16.4 1974…...… 66,527 100.0 29.3 39.5 13.7 17.5 1975…...… 67,774 100.0 27.5 39.7 14.4 18.3 1976…...… 69,243 100.0 25.8 39.6 15.2 19.4 1977…...… 71,324 100.0 24.9 39.2 15.7 20.2 1978…...… 73,504 100.0 23.7 39.2 16.5 20.6 1979…...… 75,781 100.0 21.8 39.5 17.3 21.3 1980…...… 78,010 100.0 20.6 39.8 17.6 22.0 1981…...… 80,273 100.0 19.7 40.6 17.7 22.0 1982…...… 81,516 100.0 18.8 40.8 17.3 23.1 1983……... 83,615 100.0 17.8 39.9 18.1 24.2 1984……... 86,001 100.0 16.7 40.2 18.4 24.7 1985…...… 88,424 100.0 15.9 40.2 19.0 24.9 1986…...… 90,500 100.0 15.5 40.2 19.5 24.8 1987…...… 92,966 100.0 14.9 40.2 19.7 25.3 1988……... 94,870 100.0 14.7 39.9 19.7 25.7 1989…...… 97,318 100.0 14.0 39.6 20.0 26.4 1990……... 99,175 100.0 13.4 39.5 20.7 26.4 1991…...… 100,480 100.0 13.0 39.4 21.1 26.5 Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) Total Some Less than a High school college, no College high school graduates, degree, and 3 graduates 2 diploma associate no college degree Total, both sexes 4 1992 ……. 103,018 100.0 12.1 35.7 25.6 26.6 1993…...… 104,237 100.0 11.3 35.1 26.6 27.0 1994…...… 105,610 100.0 10.8 33.9 27.7 27.6 1995……... 107,032 100.0 10.4 33.2 28.1 28.3 1996…...… 108,932 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.8 28.7 1997……... 110,945 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.5 29.0 1998……... 111,932 100.0 10.5 32.4 27.4 29.8 1999…...… 113,095 100.0 10.0 31.8 27.6 30.5 2000…...… 115,750 100.0 10.1 31.4 27.8 30.7 2001…...… 2002…...… 2003……... 2004…...… 116,893 118,028 119,621 120,135 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.1 10.0 9.9 9.7 30.9 30.7 30.3 30.1 28.0 27.7 27.6 27.7 31.0 31.6 32.1 32.4 See footnotes at end of table. 23 Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970-2004—Continued Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) High school Total College Less than 4 4 years, no years college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more Women 1970¹…...… 22,462 100.0 33.5 44.3 10.9 11.2 1971…...… 22,804 100.0 32.2 44.2 11.9 11.8 1972……... 23,606 100.0 30.7 45.1 11.8 12.4 1973……... 24,158 100.0 28.4 45.9 12.4 13.3 1974…...… 25,203 100.0 26.7 45.3 13.4 14.6 1975…...… 26,146 100.0 26.5 45.5 13.9 14.1 1976…...… 27,166 100.0 24.0 45.1 14.7 16.2 1977…...… 28,369 100.0 22.8 45.1 15.2 16.9 1978…...… 29,738 100.0 22.0 44.9 16.1 17.0 1979…...… 31,151 100.0 20.1 45.0 17.1 17.8 1980…...… 32,593 100.0 18.4 45.4 17.4 18.7 1981…...… 33,910 100.0 17.4 46.1 17.9 18.6 1982…...… 34,870 100.0 16.6 45.6 18.3 19.5 1983…...… 35,712 100.0 15.6 44.8 18.8 20.9 1984……... 37,234 100.0 14.5 44.9 18.9 21.7 1985……... 38,779 100.0 13.7 44.4 19.9 22.0 1986…...… 39,767 100.0 13.2 44.3 20.3 22.2 1987…...… 41,105 100.0 12.5 44.0 20.7 22.8 1988…...… 42,254 100.0 12.4 43.3 21.2 23.1 1989…...… 43,650 100.0 11.9 42.9 20.9 24.3 1990…...… 44,699 100.0 11.3 42.4 21.9 24.5 1991…...… 45,315 100.0 10.9 41.6 22.2 25.2 Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) Total Some Less than a High school college, no College high school graduates, degree, and 3 graduates 2 diploma associate no college degree Women 1992 ……. 4 46,589 100.0 10.3 37.4 27.3 1993…...… 47,245 100.0 9.3 36.6 28.4 25.7 1994……... 48,405 100.0 9.0 35.0 29.8 26.2 1995…...… 49,247 100.0 8.8 34.1 30.2 26.9 1996…...… 50,240 100.0 8.8 33.6 29.9 27.8 1997…...… 51,261 100.0 8.7 33.5 29.4 28.4 1998…...… 51,678 100.0 8.8 32.7 29.4 29.2 1999……... 52,525 100.0 8.5 32.1 29.5 29.9 25.0 2000…...… 53,749 100.0 8.5 31.6 29.8 30.1 2001……... 54,229 100.0 8.4 31.0 30.2 30.4 2002…...… 54,710 100.0 8.1 30.6 29.9 31.3 2003……... 55,596 100.0 7.9 30.0 29.9 32.2 2004…...… 55,616 100.0 7.7 29.4 30.2 32.6 See footnotes at end of table. 24 Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 1970-2004—Continued Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) High school Total College Less than 4 4 years, no 4 years or 1 to 3 years years college more Men 1970¹ ...... 1971 ........ 1972 ........ 1973 ........ 1974 ........ 1975 ........ 1976 ........ 1977 ........ 1978 ........ 1979 ........ 1980 ........ 1981 ........ 1982 ........ 1983 ........ 1984 ........ 1985 ........ 1986 ........ 1987 ........ 1988 ........ 1989 ........ 1990 ........ 1991 ........ 39,303 39,539 40,098 40,617 41,344 41,628 42,077 42,954 43,766 44,630 45,417 46,363 47,144 47,903 48,767 49,647 50,733 51,860 52,616 53,668 54,476 55,165 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 37.5 35.9 34.8 32.4 30.8 28.9 27.0 26.3 24.8 23.0 22.2 21.5 20.3 19.4 18.4 17.7 17.2 16.8 16.5 15.7 15.1 14.7 34.5 35.1 35.1 36.0 36.0 36.1 36.0 35.3 35.3 35.7 35.7 36.5 36.8 36.3 36.7 36.9 37.0 37.1 37.3 36.9 37.2 37.5 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.4 13.9 14.8 15.5 16.1 16.9 17.5 17.7 17.4 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.3 18.9 18.9 18.5 19.2 19.7 20.2 15.7 16.5 17.3 18.2 19.3 20.2 21.5 22.3 23.0 23.8 24.3 24.6 25.5 26.6 26.9 27.1 26.9 27.2 27.8 28.2 28.0 27.6 Percent distribution Year Civilian labor force (thousands) Total Some Less than High school college, no College a high graduates, degree, and graduates 3 school 2 no college associate diploma degree Men 19924 ............ 1993 ........ 1994 ........ 1995 ........ 1996 ........ 1997 ........ 1998 ........ 1999 ........ 2000 ........ 2001 ........ 2002 ........ 2003 ........ 2004 ........ 56,428 56,992 57,205 57,784 58,692 59,684 60,255 60,570 62,001 62,664 63,318 64,025 64,519 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 13.7 12.9 12.4 11.8 12.2 12.2 12.0 11.4 11.5 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.5 1 34.2 33.9 33.0 32.4 32.3 32.4 32.1 31.6 31.2 30.9 30.8 30.6 30.7 24.3 25.1 25.9 26.3 26.1 25.9 25.6 26.0 26.1 26.2 25.8 25.6 25.6 27.8 28.1 28.8 29.4 29.4 29.6 30.3 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.8 32.1 32.3 Data from 1970-1991 are based on the March Current Population Survey. Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. 4 Beginning in 1992, data on educational attainment are annual averages and are based on the "highest diploma or degree received" rather than the "number of years of school completed." 2 25 Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2003-04 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Year Occupation and sex 2003 Number 2004 Percent Number Percent Total Total, 16 years and over…………….……………………………… 137,736 100.0 139,252 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations ....................... 47,929 34.8 48,532 34.9 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ...... 19,934 14.5 20,235 14.5 Professional and related occupations ............................................ 27,995 20.3 28,297 20.3 Service occupations ......................................................................... 22,086 16.0 22,720 16.3 Sales and office occupations ........................................................... 35,496 25.8 35,464 25.5 Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 15,960 11.6 15,983 11.5 Office and administrative support occupations .............................. 19,536 14.2 19,481 14.0 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ....... 14,205 10.3 14,582 10.5 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................... 1,050 .8 991 .7 Construction and extraction occupations ....................................... 8,114 5.9 8,522 6.1 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ......................... 5,041 3.7 5,069 3.6 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .......... 18,020 13.1 17,954 12.9 Production occupations ................................................................. 9,700 7.0 9,462 6.8 Transportation and material moving occupations .......................... 8,320 6.0 8,491 6.1 64,404 100.0 64,728 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations ....................... 24,194 37.6 24,396 37.7 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ...... 8,400 13.0 8,517 13.2 Professional and related occupations ............................................ 15,794 24.5 15,879 24.5 Service occupations ......................................................................... 12,626 19.6 12,894 19.9 Sales and office occupations ........................................................... 22,645 35.2 22,660 35.0 Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 7,823 12.1 7,878 12.2 Office and administrative support occupations .............................. 14,823 23.0 14,781 22.8 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ....... 665 1.0 652 1.0 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................... 231 .4 204 .3 Construction and extraction occupations ....................................... 223 .3 216 .3 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ......................... 211 .3 231 .4 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .......... 4,274 6.6 4,126 6.4 Production occupations ................................................................. 3,004 4.7 2,875 4.4 Transportation and material moving occupations .......................... 1,270 2.0 1,251 1.9 Women Total, 16 years and over.……………………………………………… 26 Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2003-04 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Year Occupation 2003 Number 2004 Percent Number Percent Men Total, 16 years and over.…………………………………………… 73,332 100.0 74,524 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations ....................... 23,735 32.4 24,136 32.4 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ...... 11,534 15.7 11,718 15.7 Professional and related occupations ............................................ 12,201 16.6 12,418 16.7 Service occupations ......................................................................... 9,460 12.9 9,826 13.2 Sales and office occupations ........................................................... 12,851 17.5 12,805 17.2 Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 8,137 11.1 8,105 10.9 Office and administrative support occupations .............................. 4,714 6.4 4,700 6.3 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ....... 13,541 18.5 13,930 18.7 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................... 819 1.1 786 1.1 11.1 Construction and extraction occupations ....................................... 7,891 10.8 8,306 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ......................... 4,830 6.6 4,838 6.5 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .......... 13,745 18.7 13,827 18.6 Production occupations ................................................................. 6,696 9.1 6,587 8.8 Transportation and material moving occupations .......................... 7,049 9.6 7,240 9.7 27 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Total employed Percent women Total, 16 years and over……………………...…………………………………………………………………… 139,252 46.5 Management, professional, and related occupations ................................................................................... Management, business, and financial operations occupations ................................................................. Management occupations .................................................................................................................... Chief executives ............................................................................................................................... General and operations managers .................................................................................................... Advertising and promotions managers .............................................................................................. Marketing and sales managers ......................................................................................................... Administrative services managers .................................................................................................... Computer and information systems managers ................................................................................. Financial managers .......................................................................................................................... Human resources managers ............................................................................................................ Industrial production managers ......................................................................................................... Purchasing managers ....................................................................................................................... Transportation, storage, and distribution managers .......................................................................... Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers .................................................................................. Farmers and ranchers ...................................................................................................................... Construction managers .................................................................................................................... Education administrators .................................................................................................................. Engineering managers ...................................................................................................................... Food service managers .................................................................................................................... Lodging managers ............................................................................................................................ Medical and health services managers ............................................................................................. Property, real estate, and community association managers ............................................................ Social and community service managers.......................................................................................... Business and financial operations occupations .................................................................................... Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products .......................................................................... Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products ....................................................... Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators .............................................................. Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health, safety, and transportation .................. Cost estimators ................................................................................................................................ Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists ............................................................... Management analysts ...................................................................................................................... Accountants and auditors ................................................................................................................. Appraisers and assessors of real estate ........................................................................................... Personal financial advisors ............................................................................................................... Insurance underwriters ..................................................................................................................... Loan counselors and officers ............................................................................................................ Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents ................................................................................ Tax preparers ................................................................................................................................... Professional and related occupations ...................................................................................................... Computer and mathematical occupations ............................................................................................ Computer scientists and systems analysts ....................................................................................... Computer programmers ................................................................................................................... Computer software engineers ........................................................................................................... Computer support specialists ........................................................................................................... Database administrators ................................................................................................................... Network and computer systems administrators ................................................................................ Network systems and data communications analysts ....................................................................... Operations research analysts ........................................................................................................... 48,532 20,235 14,555 1,680 795 70 806 87 337 1,045 262 280 170 241 199 817 851 757 106 916 152 508 604 280 5,680 212 285 281 126 98 694 554 1,723 138 331 98 425 81 88 28,297 3,140 700 564 813 325 94 190 312 90 50.3 42.1 36.7 23.3 26.7 60.3 40.4 34.6 31.0 56.6 64.4 18.0 39.1 14.9 20.1 25.2 6.4 62.6 5.9 41.2 51.3 71.7 48.5 67.0 55.8 51.0 54.2 65.9 51.5 17.7 67.9 41.8 60.5 31.2 26.6 71.2 56.7 63.6 63.1 56.1 27.0 29.4 26.7 25.0 29.7 33.6 20.3 21.9 43.0 See note at end of table. 28 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Total employed Percent women Architecture and engineering occupations ............................................................................................ Architects, except naval .................................................................................................................... Aerospace engineers ........................................................................................................................ Chemical engineers .......................................................................................................................... Civil engineers .................................................................................................................................. Computer hardware engineers .......................................................................................................... Electrical and electronics engineers ................................................................................................. Industrial engineers, including health and safety .............................................................................. Mechanical engineers ....................................................................................................................... Drafters ............................................................................................................................................ Engineering technicians, except drafters .......................................................................................... Surveying and mapping technicians ................................................................................................. Life, physical, and social science occupations ..................................................................................... Biological scientists .......................................................................................................................... Medical scientists ............................................................................................................................. Chemists and materials scientists .................................................................................................... Environmental scientists and geoscientists ...................................................................................... Market and survey researchers ........................................................................................................ Psychologists ................................................................................................................................... Chemical technicians ........................................................................................................................ Community and social services occupations ........................................................................................ Counselors ....................................................................................................................................... Social workers .................................................................................................................................. Miscellaneous community and social service specialists .................................................................. Clergy ............................................................................................................................................... Directors, religious activities and education ...................................................................................... Religious workers, all other ............................................................................................................... Legal occupations ................................................................................................................................ Lawyers ............................................................................................................................................ Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers ............................................................................... Paralegals and legal assistants ........................................................................................................ Miscellaneous legal support workers ................................................................................................ Education, training, and library occupations ......................................................................................... Postsecondary teachers ................................................................................................................... Preschool and kindergarten teachers ............................................................................................... Elementary and middle school teachers ........................................................................................... Secondary school teachers .............................................................................................................. Special education teachers ............................................................................................................... Other teachers and instructors ......................................................................................................... Librarians .......................................................................................................................................... Teacher assistants ........................................................................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ................................................................ Artists and related workers ............................................................................................................... Designers ......................................................................................................................................... Producers and directors .................................................................................................................... Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers .............................................................................. Musicians, singers, and related workers ........................................................................................... Announcers ...................................................................................................................................... News analysts, reporters and correspondents .................................................................................. Public relations specialists ................................................................................................................ Editors .............................................................................................................................................. Writers and authors .......................................................................................................................... Miscellaneous media and communication workers ........................................................................... Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators .................................................. See note at end of table. 29 2,760 207 113 63 293 96 343 177 311 206 416 80 1,365 123 93 141 86 124 185 84 2,170 643 687 283 403 55 99 1,554 954 64 322 215 7,900 1,176 656 2,580 1,151 384 667 217 920 2,687 222 792 137 239 179 54 81 133 164 194 74 92 13.8 24.0 11.3 15.8 11.7 12.7 7.9 18.8 5.8 23.7 19.7 12.2 43.0 45.2 53.2 32.5 27.3 48.2 66.7 33.3 61.1 69.1 77.7 65.6 15.0 64.8 65.9 48.9 29.4 56.7 86.4 76.6 73.4 46.0 98.1 81.3 55.3 83.3 64.7 83.2 91.6 47.0 50.7 54.0 32.3 31.6 36.4 21.6 53.7 61.1 53.9 55.1 70.3 12.1 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Total employed Percent women Photographers .................................................................................................................................. Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ................................................................................ Chiropractors .................................................................................................................................... Dentists ............................................................................................................................................ Dietitians and nutritionists ................................................................................................................. Pharmacists ..................................................................................................................................... Physicians and surgeons .................................................................................................................. Physician assistants ......................................................................................................................... Registered nurses ............................................................................................................................ Occupational therapists .................................................................................................................... Physical therapists ........................................................................................................................... 158 6,721 73 167 84 233 830 70 2,464 84 173 37.6 73.2 22.7 22.0 89.2 47.0 29.4 67.3 92.2 92.7 65.4 Respiratory therapists ....................................................................................................................... Speech-language pathologists .......................................................................................................... Veterinarians .................................................................................................................................... Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians .............................................................................. Dental hygienists .............................................................................................................................. Diagnostic related technologists and technicians .............................................................................. Emergency medical technicians and paramedics ............................................................................. Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians ....................................................... Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses ........................................................................... Medical records and health information technicians .......................................................................... 103 93 58 333 130 284 139 397 517 91 54.7 95.1 39.1 72.0 98.8 71.8 32.7 84.1 94.3 88.6 Service occupations .................................................................................................................................... Healthcare support occupations ............................................................................................................... Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides .................................................................................... Physical therapist assistants and aides ............................................................................................ Massage therapists .......................................................................................................................... Dental assistants .............................................................................................................................. Protective service occupations ................................................................................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives .................................................................. Fire fighters ...................................................................................................................................... Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers ............................................................................................ Detectives and criminal investigators ................................................................................................ Police and sheriff’s patrol officers ..................................................................................................... Private detectives and investigators ................................................................................................. Security guards and gaming surveillance officers ............................................................................. Food preparation and serving related occupations ................................................................................... Chefs and head cooks ...................................................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers ......................................... Cooks ............................................................................................................................................... Food preparation workers ................................................................................................................. Bartenders ........................................................................................................................................ Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food ............................................... Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop ..................................................... Waiters and waitresses .................................................................................................................... Food servers, nonrestaurant ............................................................................................................. Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers ............................................................ Dishwashers .................................................................................................................................... Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop ............................................................... 22,720 2,921 1,806 61 106 242 2,847 133 268 373 121 664 81 798 7,279 299 644 1,791 621 360 296 327 1,892 165 379 267 237 56.8 89.3 89.3 67.3 84.6 96.5 21.7 21.2 5.1 28.4 20.2 13.3 33.1 22.6 56.1 18.9 59.0 40.6 57.5 58.2 68.6 64.9 73.1 64.9 45.0 23.8 90.1 See note at end of table. 30 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Total employed Percent women Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ................................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers ........................................... First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers ............ Janitors and building cleaners .......................................................................................................... Maids and housekeeping cleaners .................................................................................................... Pest control workers ......................................................................................................................... Grounds maintenance workers ......................................................................................................... Personal care and service occupations ................................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers .......................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers ............................................................ Nonfarm animal caretakers ............................................................................................................... Gaming services workers ................................................................................................................. Barbers ............................................................................................................................................. Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists .................................................................................. Miscellaneous personal appearance workers ................................................................................... Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges ...................................................................................... Transportation attendants ................................................................................................................. Child care workers ............................................................................................................................ Personal and home care aides ......................................................................................................... Recreation and fitness workers ......................................................................................................... 5,185 191 227 2,047 1,365 75 1,280 4,488 140 174 128 95 101 722 200 70 116 1,332 630 314 40.5 40.6 8.1 33.2 90.0 7.1 7.1 77.6 42.3 67.3 62.0 52.8 18.4 91.5 85.4 17.5 71.4 94.5 87.6 64.9 Sales and office occupations ....................................................................................................................... Sales and related occupations ................................................................................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers ..................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers .............................................................. Cashiers ........................................................................................................................................... Counter and rental clerks .................................................................................................................. Parts salespersons ........................................................................................................................... Retail salespersons .......................................................................................................................... Advertising sales agents ................................................................................................................... Insurance sales agents ..................................................................................................................... Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents ........................................................... Travel agents .................................................................................................................................... Sales representatives, services, all other .......................................................................................... Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing ....................................................................... Models, demonstrators, and product promoters ................................................................................ Real estate brokers and sales agents ............................................................................................... Telemarketers .................................................................................................................................. Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers ..................................... Sales and related workers, all other .................................................................................................. Office and administrative support occupations ......................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers ................................... Switchboard operators, including answering service ......................................................................... Telephone operators ......................................................................................................................... Bill and account collectors ................................................................................................................ Billing and posting clerks and machine operators ............................................................................. Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks .................................................................................. Payroll and timekeeping clerks ......................................................................................................... Tellers .............................................................................................................................................. Court, municipal, and license clerks ................................................................................................. Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks ........................................................................... ............... Customer service representatives .................................................................................................... 35,464 15,983 3,299 1,390 2,971 186 147 3,130 211 508 382 95 476 1,416 68 912 180 312 260 19,481 1,631 66 56 229 441 1,567 153 424 102 65 1,749 63.9 49.3 43.0 28.1 76.1 55.2 12.4 50.8 49.2 44.7 28.5 82.0 39.4 25.5 86.4 54.5 63.8 63.6 60.3 75.9 71.4 86.5 81.6 70.2 91.6 91.8 91.9 88.1 88.2 75.0 71.1 See note at end of table. 31 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages —Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Total employed Percent women Eligibility interviewers, government programs ................................................................................... File clerks ......................................................................................................................................... Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks ................................................................................................. Interviewers, except eligibility and loan ............................................................................................. Library assistants, clerical ................................................................................................................ Loan interviewers and clerks ............................................................................................................ Order clerks ...................................................................................................................................... Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping .......................................................... Receptionists and information clerks ................................................................................................ Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks ......................................................... Couriers and messengers ................................................................................................................. Dispatchers ...................................................................................................................................... Postal service clerks ......................................................................................................................... Postal service mail carriers ............................................................................................................... Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators .................................... Production, planning, and expediting clerks ...................................................................................... Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks ............................................................................................... Stock clerks and order fillers ............................................................................................................. Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping ........................................................ Secretaries and administrative assistants ......................................................................................... Computer operators .......................................................................................................................... Data entry keyers ............................................................................................................................. Word processors and typists ............................................................................................................ Insurance claims and policy processing clerks ................................................................................. Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service ......................................................... Office clerks, general ........................................................................................................................ Office machine operators, except computer ..................................................................................... 66 387 106 143 117 186 114 64 1,373 161 293 257 167 336 116 288 584 1,350 64 3,522 191 504 319 277 154 982 61 76.5 79.8 75.3 84.7 83.2 82.9 71.9 80.6 92.4 65.7 14.8 55.6 48.0 37.1 43.2 53.1 28.1 37.4 46.5 96.9 55.1 80.3 93.5 87.2 52.2 83.5 56.9 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .................................................................. Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ............................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers ......................................... Graders and sorters, agricultural products ........................................................................................ Logging workers ............................................................................................................................... Construction and extraction occupations .................................................................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers ................................. Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons ................................................................................ Carpenters ........................................................................................................................................ Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers .................................................................................... Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers ............................................................ .. Construction laborers ....................................................................................................................... Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators .................................................... Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers ........................................................................... Electricians ....................................................................................................................................... Painters, construction and maintenance ........................................................................................... Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ........................................................................... Roofers ............................................................................................................................................. Sheet metal workers ......................................................................................................................... Structural iron and steel workers ...................................................................................................... Helpers, construction trades ............................................................................................................. Construction and building inspectors ................................................................................................ Highway maintenance workers ......................................................................................................... 14,582 991 59 68 92 8,522 887 239 1,764 268 115 1,234 367 213 781 719 635 269 152 66 121 104 96 4.5 20.6 11.3 76.4 2.9 2.5 2.2 .9 1.8 1.9 .2 3.2 1.0 1.1 2.1 5.8 .9 1.3 4.0 .8 5.3 12.4 2.7 See note at end of table. 32 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Total employed Percent women Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers ........................................... Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers ................................................................ Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers ................................................... Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers ............................................................................... Security and fire alarm systems installers ......................................................................................... Aircraft mechanics and service technicians ...................................................................................... Automotive body and related repairers ............................................................................................. Automotive service technicians and mechanics ................................................................................ Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists ................................................................... Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics ........................................ Small engine mechanics ................................................................................................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers ................................................ Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics ................................................................................. Maintenance and repair workers, general ......................................................................................... Millwrights ......................................................................................................................................... Electrical power-line installers and repairers ..................................................................................... Telecommunications line installers and repairers ............................................................................. Precision instrument and equipment repairers .................................................................................. Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers ..................................................... 5,069 327 369 235 56 65 135 169 936 325 205 58 351 434 300 59 120 142 53 54 4.6 7.1 12.0 13.6 3.2 3.9 3.4 2.4 1.3 .6 .3 .7 1.5 3.7 4.1 3.1 1.1 4.8 20.0 16.5 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ...................................................................... Production occupations ............................................................................................................................ First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers ............................................... Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers ............................................................... Bakers .............................................................................................................................................. Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers ........................................................ Food batchmakers ............................................................................................................................ Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ................ Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............................................................................................................................ Machinists ........................................................................................................................................ Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............................ Tool and die makers ......................................................................................................................... Welding, soldering, and brazing workers ............................................................................ ............. Job printers ....................................................................................................................................... Prepress technicians and workers .................................................................................................... Printing machine operators ............................................................................................................... Laundry and dry-cleaning workers .................................................................................................... Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials .............................................................................. Sewing machine operators ............................................................................................................... Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers .................................................................................................... Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters .............................................................................................. Stationary engineers and boiler operators ........................................................................................ Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators .......................................................... Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders ......................................................... Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers ............................................................. Cutting workers ................................................................................................................................. Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers ........................................................................ Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers ............................................................................... Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians .................................................................... Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders ....................................................................... 17,954 9,462 921 226 188 304 85 139 23.0 30.4 20.1 54.9 45.6 19.6 52.5 28.4 74 445 70 86 572 65 55 195 195 76 281 101 86 105 56 63 111 83 690 59 92 318 11.0 4.4 24.9 3.0 5.0 21.2 51.2 19.3 60.0 66.0 77.7 69.9 4.4 1.0 6.1 14.0 20.1 25.6 38.0 31.1 52.0 54.9 See note at end of table. 33 Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages —Continued (Numbers in thousands) Occupation Total employed Percent women Painting workers ............................................................................................................................... Photographic process workers and processing machine operators .................................................. Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders ...................................................................... Helpers--production workers ............................................................................................................. Transportation and material moving occupations ..................................................................................... Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers ................................................................. Aircraft pilots and flight engineers ..................................................................................................... Bus drivers ....................................................................................................................................... Driver/sales workers and truck drivers .............................................................................................. Taxi drivers and chauffeurs ............................................................................................................... Railroad conductors and yardmasters .............................................................................................. Parking lot attendants ....................................................................................................................... Service station attendants ................................................................................................................ Crane and tower operators ............................................................................................................... Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators ........................................................................ Industrial truck and tractor operators ................................................................................................ Cleaners of vehicles and equipment ................................................................................................. Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand ................................................................... Machine feeders and offbearers ....................................................................................................... Packers and packagers, hand .......................................................................................................... Refuse and recyclable material collectors ......................................................................................... NOTE: Data for occupations with fewer than 50,000 employed and for certain other occupations are not published separately but 191 59 53 64 8,491 220 118 602 3,276 277 58 77 120 65 80 530 316 1,797 55 432 81 13.1 68.2 19.3 21.1 14.7 17.8 5.3 48.5 4.5 12.9 7.8 13.3 8.7 4.0 .1 7.5 11.9 16.2 39.9 60.8 8.2 are included in the totals for the appropriate categories shown. Thus, detailed occupations may not sum to the broader categories. 34 Table 12. Percent distribution of employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 annual averages Occupation Black or African American White Total, 16 years and over (thousands)……………..……………………… Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Asian 52,527 7,997 2,751 7,098 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations ............................... 38.6 30.6 43.8 22.4 Percent……………………………………………………..………………… Management, business, and financial operations occupations ............. 13.6 9.9 14.6 7.8 Professional and related occupations .................................................. 25.0 20.7 29.2 14.6 Service occupations ................................................................................ 18.8 27.0 18.8 30.3 Sales and office occupations ................................................................... 35.6 33.3 28.2 33.2 Sales and related occupations ............................................................. 12.4 10.6 11.5 12.3 Office and administrative support occupations ..................................... 23.2 22.7 16.7 20.9 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .............. 1.0 .9 .6 2.0 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................... .3 .1 .3 1.2 Construction and extraction occupations .............................................. .4 .3 .1 .4 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ................................ .3 .5 .3 .5 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .................. 6.0 8.2 8.6 12.2 Production occupations ........................................................................ 4.1 5.4 7.6 8.6 Transportation and material moving occupations ................................. 1.9 2.8 1.1 3.6 35 Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2003-04 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Year Industry and sex 2003 Number 2004 Percent Number Percent Total, both sexes Total, 16 years and over…………….…………………………………… 137,736 100.0 139,252 100.0 1.6 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................. 2,275 1.7 2,232 Mining .................................................................................................. 525 .4 539 .4 Construction ......................................................................................... 10,138 7.4 10,768 7.7 Manufacturing ...................................................................................... 16,902 12.3 16,484 11.8 Durable goods .................................................................................... 10,520 7.6 10,329 7.4 Nondurable goods .............................................................................. 6,382 4.6 6,155 4.4 Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................... 20,706 15.0 20,869 15.0 Wholesale trade ................................................................................. 4,486 3.3 4,600 3.3 Retail trade ......................................................................................... 16,220 11.8 16,269 11.7 Transportation and utilities ................................................................... 6,950 5.0 7,013 5.0 Transportation and warehousing ........................................................ 5,758 4.2 5,844 4.2 Utilities ............................................................................................... Information ......................................................................................... 1,193 .9 1,168 .8 3,687 2.7 3,463 2.5 Financial activities ................................................................................ 9,748 7.1 9,969 7.2 Finance and insurance ....................................................................... 6,834 5.0 6,940 5.0 Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................................... 2,914 2.1 3,029 2.2 Professional and business services ..................................................... 13,879 10.1 14,108 10.1 Professional and technical services ................................................... 8,243 6.0 8,386 6.0 Management, administrative, and waste services........................... 5,636 4.1 5,722 4.1 Education and health services ............................................................. 28,260 20.5 28,719 20.6 Educational services .......................................................................... 11,826 8.6 12,058 8.7 Health care and social assistance ..................................................... 16,434 11.9 16,661 12.0 Hospitals .......................................................................................... 5,652 4.1 5,700 4.1 Health services, except hospitals .................................................... 7,964 5.8 8,118 5.8 Social assistance ............................................................................. 2,818 2.0 2,844 2.0 Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................... 11,607 8.4 11,820 8.5 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................... 2,587 1.9 2,690 1.9 Accomodation and food services ....................................................... 9,021 6.5 9,131 6.6 Other services ...................................................................................... 6,815 4.9 6,903 5.0 Other services, except private households ........................................ 6,050 4.4 6,124 4.4 Private households ............................................................................ 764 .6 779 .6 Public administration ............................................................................ 6,243 4.5 6,365 4.6 36 Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2003-04 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Year Industry and sex 2003 Number 2004 Percent Number Percent Women Total, 16 years and over…………….…………………………………… 64,404 100.0 64,728 100.0 .8 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................. 580 .9 546 Mining .................................................................................................. 73 .1 55 .1 Construction ......................................................................................... 975 1.5 1,041 1.6 Manufacturing ...................................................................................... 5,168 8.0 4,998 7.7 Durable goods .................................................................................... 2,855 4.4 2,728 4.2 Nondurable goods .............................................................................. 2,312 3.6 2,270 3.5 Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................... 9,272 14.4 9,289 14.4 Wholesale trade ................................................................................. 1,347 2.1 1,355 2.1 12.3 Retail trade ........................................................................................ 7,925 12.3 7,934 Transportation and utilities ................................................................... 1,702 2.6 1,671 2.6 Transportation and warehousing ........................................................ 1,422 2.2 1,395 2.2 Utilities ............................................................................................... Information ......................................................................................... 280 .4 276 .4 1,603 2.5 1,501 2.3 Financial activities ................................................................................ 5,434 8.4 5,572 8.6 Finance and insurance ....................................................................... 4,061 6.3 4,149 6.4 Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................................... 1,373 2.1 1,424 2.2 Professional and business services ..................................................... 5,966 9.3 6,039 9.3 Professional and technical services ................................................... 3,699 5.7 3,746 5.8 Management, administrative, and waste services........................... 2,267 3.5 2,293 3.5 Education and health services ............................................................. 21,269 33.0 21,497 33.2 Educational services .......................................................................... 8,218 12.8 8,306 12.8 Health care and social assistance ..................................................... 13,050 20.3 13,191 20.4 Hospitals .......................................................................................... 4,390 6.8 4,366 6.7 Health services, except hospitals .................................................... 6,240 9.7 6,383 9.9 Social assistance ............................................................................. 2,420 3.8 2,441 3.8 Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................... 5,961 9.3 6,037 9.3 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................... 1,172 1.8 1,230 1.9 Accomodation and food services ....................................................... 4,788 7.4 4,807 7.4 Other services ...................................................................................... 3,504 5.4 3,573 5.5 Other services, except private households ........................................ 2,799 4.3 2,854 4.4 Private households ............................................................................ 705 1.1 719 1.1 Public administration ............................................................................ 2,899 4.5 2,908 4.5 37 Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2003-04 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Year Industry and sex 2003 Number 2004 Percent Number Percent Men Total, 16 years and over…………….…………………………………… 73,332 100.0 74,524 100.0 2.3 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................. 1,695 2.3 1,687 Mining .................................................................................................. 452 .6 483 .6 Construction ......................................................................................... 9,164 12.5 9,727 13.1 Manufacturing ...................................................................................... 11,734 16.0 11,485 15.4 Durable goods .................................................................................... 7,665 10.5 7,600 10.2 Nondurable goods .............................................................................. 4,069 5.5 3,885 5.2 Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................... 11,434 15.6 11,580 15.5 Wholesale trade ................................................................................. 3,139 4.3 3,245 4.4 Retail trade ........................................................................................ 8,295 11.3 8,335 11.2 Transportation and utilities ................................................................... 5,248 7.2 5,342 7.2 Transportation and warehousing ........................................................ 4,335 5.9 4,449 6.0 Utilities ............................................................................................... Information ......................................................................................... 913 1.2 892 1.2 2,084 2.8 1,962 2.6 Financial activities ................................................................................ 4,314 5.9 4,396 5.9 Finance and insurance ....................................................................... 2,773 3.8 2,791 3.7 Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................................... 1,541 2.1 1,605 2.2 Professional and business services ..................................................... 7,914 10.8 8,068 10.8 Professional and technical services ................................................... 4,544 6.2 4,639 6.2 Management, administrative, and waste services........................... 3,369 4.6 3,429 4.6 Education and health services ............................................................. 6,991 9.5 7,222 9.7 Educational services .......................................................................... 3,608 4.9 3,752 5.0 Health care and social assistance ..................................................... 3,383 4.6 3,470 4.7 Hospitals .......................................................................................... 1,263 1.7 1,333 1.8 Health services, except hospitals .................................................... 1,723 2.3 1,735 2.3 Social assistance ............................................................................. 397 .5 403 .5 Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................... 5,647 7.7 5,783 7.8 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................... 1,414 1.9 1,460 2.0 Accomodation and food services ....................................................... 4,232 5.8 4,323 5.8 Other services ...................................................................................... 3,311 4.5 3,330 4.5 Other services, except private households ........................................ 3,252 4.4 3,270 4.4 Private households ............................................................................ 59 .1 60 .1 3,343 4.6 3,458 4.6 Public administration 38 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2004 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Total, 16 years and over……………………...…………………………………………………… Percent women 139,252 46.5 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................................................. Crop production ............................................................................................................ Animal production ......................................................................................................... Forestry, except logging ................................................................................................ Logging ......................................................................................................................... Fishing, hunting, and trapping ....................................................................................... Support activities for agriculture and forestry ................................................................ 2,232 860 957 74 128 55 159 24.4 22.9 26.0 36.5 8.9 14.2 33.6 Mining .................................................................................................................................. Oil and gas extraction ................................................................................................... Coal mining .................................................................................................................. Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying .................................................................... Support activities for mining .......................................................................................... 539 66 87 107 256 10.2 25.2 7.1 8.1 7.9 Construction ......................................................................................................................... 10,768 9.7 Manufacturing ...................................................................................................................... Durable goods .................................................................................................................. Nonmetallic mineral products ........................................................................................ Glass and glass products .......................................................................................... Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum products ......................................................... Primary metals and fabricated metal products .............................................................. Iron and steel mills and steel products ...................................................................... Aluminum production and processing ....................................................................... Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing .............................. Foundries .................................................................................................................. Metal forgings and stampings ................................................................................... Cutlery and hand tools .............................................................................................. Structural metals and tanks and shipping containers ................................................ Machine shops; turned products; screws, nuts, and bolts ......................................... Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities ................................................ Machinery manufacturing .............................................................................................. Agricultural implements ............................................................................................. Construction, mining, and oil field machinery ............................................................ Commercial and service industry machinery ............................................................. Metalworking machinery ............................................................................................ Computers and electronic products .............................................................................. Computer and peripheral equipment ......................................................................... Communications, audio, and video equipment .......................................................... Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments ............................ Electrical equipment and appliances ............................................................................. Household appliances ............................................................................................... Transportation equipment ............................................................................................. Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment ............................................................ Aircraft and parts ....................................................................................................... Aerospace products and parts .................................................................................. Ship and boat building ............................................................................................... 16,484 10,329 507 150 208 1,906 285 90 66 116 86 58 396 321 95 1,211 97 112 125 195 1,570 330 185 242 483 95 2,282 1,415 338 292 168 30.3 26.4 20.1 28.7 9.1 19.3 13.5 17.1 20.6 10.1 23.5 32.1 18.8 16.1 18.6 22.2 19.1 14.8 30.1 18.6 32.4 31.3 36.1 31.2 35.0 36.0 23.9 25.6 23.4 22.4 16.7 See note at end of table. 39 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2004 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Wood products ............................................................................................................. Sawmills and wood preservation ............................................................................... Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products ..................................................... Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes ...................................................... Miscellaneous wood products ................................................................................... Furniture and fixtures .................................................................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing ....................................................................................... Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing ........................................................ Toys, amusement, and sporting goods manufacturing .............................................. 513 135 66 73 239 649 1,208 475 137 19.2 13.6 24.0 20.1 20.7 28.2 40.2 46.2 37.4 Nondurable goods ............................................................................................................ Food manufacturing ...................................................................................................... Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling Sugar and confectionery products ............................................................................. Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty Dairy products ........................................................................................................... Animal slaughtering and processing .......................................................................... Retail bakeries .......................................................................................................... Bakeries, except retail ............................................................................................... Beverages and tobacco products .................................................................................. Beverages manufacturing ......................................................................................... Textiles, apparel, and leather ........................................................................................ Fabric mills, except knitting ....................................................................................... Carpet and rug mills .................................................................................................. Textile product mills, except carpets and rugs ........................................................... Cut and sew apparel ................................................................................................. Paper and printing ........................................................................................................ Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills ............................................................................. Paperboard containers and boxes ............................................................................. Miscellaneous paper and pulp products .................................................................... Printing and related support activities ........................................................................ Petroleum and coal products ........................................................................................ Petroleum refining ..................................................................................................... Chemicals ..................................................................................................................... Resins, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments .................................................... Pharmaceuticals and medicines ................................................................................ Paints, coatings, and adhesives ................................................................................ Soaps, cleaning compounds, and cosmetics ............................................................ Plastics and rubber products ........................................................................................ Plastics product manufacturing ................................................................................. Tire manufacturing .................................................................................................... Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing ............................................................... 6,155 1,566 144 80 162 134 487 149 198 246 217 927 149 100 150 343 1,324 231 174 118 801 161 137 1,216 121 438 83 133 714 529 86 100 36.9 36.4 30.3 54.9 35.0 21.6 34.8 56.8 32.6 30.0 30.3 55.5 43.7 45.0 48.8 67.2 32.6 21.1 25.2 32.2 37.6 22.3 20.6 35.2 26.3 46.1 21.1 57.8 30.2 32.8 11.7 32.7 Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................................................... Wholesale trade ............................................................................................................... Motor vehicles, parts and supplies ................................................................................ Furniture and home furnishings .................................................................................... Lumber and other construction materials ...................................................................... Professional and commercial equipment and supplies ................................................. Metals and minerals, except petroleum ......................................................................... 20,869 4,600 234 109 233 478 84 44.5 29.5 25.7 37.6 15.0 35.6 26.1 See note at end of table. 40 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2004 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Electrical goods ............................................................................................................ Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies ........................................... Machinery, equipment, and supplies ............................................................................. Recyclable materials ..................................................................................................... Miscellaneous durable goods ........................................................................................ Paper and paper products ............................................................................................ Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products ....................................................... Apparel, fabrics, and notions ........................................................................................ Groceries and related products ..................................................................................... Farm product raw materials .......................................................................................... Petroleum and petroleum products ............................................................................... Alcoholic beverages ...................................................................................................... Farm supplies ............................................................................................................... Miscellaneous nondurable goods .................................................................................. 301 222 508 93 183 114 277 128 886 71 148 131 70 240 28.3 22.8 28.2 14.3 34.9 32.4 43.1 46.4 24.6 26.9 29.0 13.2 27.5 44.3 Retail trade ....................................................................................................................... Automobile dealers ....................................................................................................... Other motor vehicle dealers .......................................................................................... Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores ........................................................................ Furniture and home furnishings stores .......................................................................... Household appliance stores .......................................................................................... Radio, TV, and computer stores ................................................................................... Building material and supplies dealers .......................................................................... Hardware stores ........................................................................................................... Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores ......................................................... Grocery stores .............................................................................................................. Specialty food stores .................................................................................................... Beer, wine, and liquor stores ........................................................................................ Pharmacies and drug stores ......................................................................................... Health and personal care, except drug, stores .............................................................. Gasoline stations .......................................................................................................... Clothing and accessories, except shoe, stores ............................................................. Shoe stores .................................................................................................................. Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores .................................................................. Sporting goods, camera, and hobby and toy stores ...................................................... Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores ............................................................... Music stores ................................................................................................................. Book stores and news dealers ...................................................................................... Department stores and discount stores ........................................................................ Miscellaneous general merchandise stores .................................................................. Retail florists ................................................................................................................. Office supplies and stationery stores ............................................................................ Used merchandise stores ............................................................................................. Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops .................................................................................. Miscellaneous retail stores ............................................................................................ Electronic shopping ...................................................................................................... Mail order houses ......................................................................................................... Vending machine operators .......................................................................................... Fuel dealers .................................................................................................................. 16,269 1,363 153 521 666 87 673 926 205 271 2,606 285 106 758 289 520 831 145 225 422 69 139 190 2,396 403 169 179 221 256 413 56 84 67 82 48.8 20.1 23.6 20.1 45.2 35.5 28.7 26.2 34.6 35.9 50.1 43.4 31.8 63.9 65.4 48.0 70.8 57.9 61.0 46.9 77.4 35.5 64.5 64.1 62.4 68.6 44.4 57.6 74.5 53.5 54.5 62.0 23.7 30.0 See note at end of table. 41 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2004 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Transportation and utilities ................................................................................................... Transportation and warehousing ...................................................................................... Air transportation .......................................................................................................... Rail transportation ........................................................................................................ Water transportation ..................................................................................................... Truck transportation ...................................................................................................... Bus service and urban transit ....................................................................................... Taxi and limousine service ............................................................................................ Services incidental to transportation ............................................................................. Postal Service .............................................................................................................. Couriers and messengers ............................................................................................. Warehousing and storage ............................................................................................. 7,013 5,844 571 273 50 1,917 514 203 553 842 633 233 23.8 23.9 37.2 8.4 20.4 12.4 40.1 10.5 27.5 39.2 19.8 25.8 Utilities ............................................................................................................................. Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution .............................................. Natural gas distribution ................................................................................................. Electric and gas, and other combinations ..................................................................... Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems .................................................. Sewage treatment facilities ........................................................................................... 1,168 585 113 101 259 103 23.6 23.9 20.9 30.5 24.4 16.4 Information ........................................................................................................................... Newspaper publishers .................................................................................................. Publishing, except newspapers and software ............................................................... Motion pictures and video industries ............................................................................. Radio and television broadcasting and cable ................................................................ Wired telecommunications carriers ............................................................................... Internet service providers .............................................................................................. Data processing, hosting, and related services ............................................................. Libraries and archives ................................................................................................... 3,463 479 325 376 521 923 81 79 206 43.3 46.1 54.4 35.3 35.1 40.9 29.1 48.5 76.8 Financial activities ................................................................................................................ Finance and insurance ..................................................................................................... Banking and related activities ....................................................................................... Savings institutions, including credit unions .................................................................. Non-depository credit and related activities .................................................................. Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments ........................ Insurance carriers and related activities ........................................................................ 9,969 6,940 1,889 288 1,151 1,115 2,496 55.9 59.8 68.4 76.5 56.6 38.3 62.4 Real estate and rental and leasing ................................................................................... Real estate ................................................................................................................... Rental and leasing services .......................................................................................... Automotive equipment rental and leasing ................................................................. Video tape and disk rental ......................................................................................... Other consumer goods rental .................................................................................... Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing ..................... 3,029 2,515 514 174 126 96 118 47.0 49.7 33.6 33.9 52.1 22.5 22.5 Professional and business services ..................................................................................... Professional and technical services .................................................................................. Legal services ............................................................................................................... Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services ................................... 14,108 8,386 1,591 910 42.8 44.7 57.9 61.0 See note at end of table. 42 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2004 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Architectural, engineering, and related services ............................................................ Specialized design services .......................................................................................... Computer systems design and related services ............................................................ Management, scientific, and technical consulting services ........................................... Scientific research and development services .............................................................. Advertising and related services ................................................................................... Veterinary services ....................................................................................................... Other professional, scientific, and technical services .................................................... 1,361 346 1,637 967 509 515 241 310 27.0 59.2 26.1 42.8 44.9 55.1 73.2 53.9 Management, administrative, and waste services ............................................................ Employment services ................................................................................................... Business support services ............................................................................................ Travel arrangement and reservation services ............................................................... Investigation and security services ............................................................................... Services to buildings and dwellings .............................................................................. Landscaping services ................................................................................................... Waste management and remediation services ............................................................. 5,722 974 778 274 666 1,184 1,180 404 40.1 57.9 63.0 71.7 24.8 50.9 9.2 12.7 Education and health services ............................................................................................. Educational services ........................................................................................................ Elementary and secondary schools .............................................................................. Colleges and universities, including junior colleges ....................................................... Business, technical, and trade schools and training ...................................................... Other schools, instruction, and educational services .................................................... 28,719 12,058 8,178 3,277 114 490 74.9 68.9 75.0 54.2 57.9 68.4 Health care and social assistance .................................................................................... Hospitals ....................................................................................................................... Health services, except hospitals .................................................................................. Offices of physicians ................................................................................................. Offices of dentists ..................................................................................................... Offices of chiropractors ............................................................................................. Offices of optometrists .............................................................................................. Offices of other health practitioners ........................................................................... Outpatient care centers ............................................................................................. Home health care services ........................................................................................ Other health care services ........................................................................................ Nursing care facilities ................................................................................................ Residential care facilities, without nursing ................................................................. Social assistance .......................................................................................................... Individual and family services .................................................................................... Community food and housing, and emergency services ........................................... Vocational rehabilitation services .............................................................................. Child day care services ............................................................................................. 16,661 5,700 8,118 1,727 780 156 93 274 885 750 976 1,858 618 2,844 955 74 258 1,557 79.2 76.6 78.6 75.4 79.8 59.8 73.8 74.7 77.1 91.3 67.9 86.5 73.5 85.8 78.6 71.2 58.3 95.5 Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation .................................................................................. Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries ............... Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions .................................... Bowling centers ............................................................................................................ Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries ................................................ 11,820 2,690 747 387 61 1,494 51.1 45.7 44.3 42.4 54.9 46.9 See note at end of table. 43 Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2004 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry Total employed Percent women Accommodation and food services ................................................................................... Accommodation ............................................................................................................ Traveler accommodation ........................................................................................... Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses .............. Food services and drinking places ................................................................................ Restaurants and other food services ......................................................................... Drinking places, alcoholic beverages ........................................................................ 9,131 1,513 1,420 93 7,618 7,384 234 52.7 57.5 57.8 53.7 51.7 51.5 58.0 Other services ...................................................................................................................... Other services, except private households ....................................................................... Repair and maintenance ............................................................................................... Automotive repair and maintenance .......................................................................... Car washes ............................................................................................................... Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance .................................... Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance ......... Personal and household goods repair and maintenance ........................................... Personal and laundry services ...................................................................................... Barber shops ............................................................................................................ Beauty salons ........................................................................................................... Nail salons and other personal care services ............................................................ Drycleaning and laundry services .............................................................................. Funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematories ........................................................... Other personal services ............................................................................................ Membership associations and organizations ................................................................ Religious organizations ............................................................................................. Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services ............. Labor unions ............................................................................................................. Business, professional, political, and similar organizations ....................................... Private households ........................................................................................................... 6,903 6,124 2,078 1,205 153 166 310 236 2,130 111 895 327 370 140 287 1,916 1,056 609 67 184 779 51.8 46.6 13.2 9.4 16.2 14.6 10.8 31.9 70.7 24.4 90.8 75.0 57.8 37.9 53.8 56.1 48.7 69.1 40.5 60.8 92.2 Public administration ............................................................................................................ Executive offices and legislative bodies ........................................................................ Public finance activities ................................................................................................ Other general government and support ........................................................................ Justice, public order, and safety activities ..................................................................... Administration of human resource programs ................................................................ Administration of environmental quality and housing programs .................................... Administration of economic programs and space research ........................................... National security and international affairs ..................................................................... 6,365 868 383 95 2,635 880 302 553 648 45.7 55.0 64.2 44.7 34.8 70.9 42.1 43.4 36.4 NOTE: Data for industries with fewer than 50,000 employed and for certain other industries are not published separately but are included in the totals for the appropriate categories shown. Thus, detailed industries may not sum to the broader categories. 44 Table 15. Percent distribution of employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 annual averages Industry Black or African American White Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Asian Total, 16 years and over (thousands)……………..……………… 52,527 7,997 2,751 7,098 Percent……………………………………………………..……… 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Agriculture and related industries ................................................. 1.0 .1 Mining .......................................................................................... .1 .1 .3 - 1.2 - Construction ................................................................................ 1.8 .6 .7 1.4 Manufacturing .............................................................................. 7.6 7.1 11.7 10.8 Durable goods ........................................................................... 4.2 3.5 6.8 4.5 Nondurable goods ...................................................................... 3.4 3.6 4.9 6.3 Wholesale and retail trade ........................................................... 14.8 11.5 13.4 15.0 Wholesale trade ......................................................................... 2.2 1.2 2.5 2.7 Retail trade ................................................................................ 12.6 10.3 10.9 12.3 Transportation and utilities ........................................................... 2.4 3.8 2.2 2.4 Transportation and warehousing ................................................ 2.0 3.4 2.0 2.2 Utilities ....................................................................................... Information ................................................................................... .4 .4 .2 .3 2.3 2.6 2.1 1.8 Financial activities ........................................................................ 8.7 8.2 8.9 6.6 Finance and insurance ............................................................... 6.3 6.9 7.1 4.8 Real estate and rental and leasing ............................................. 2.4 1.3 1.8 1.9 Professional and business services ............................................. 9.6 7.1 10.3 9.7 Professional and technical services ........................................... 6.1 3.0 8.3 3.5 Management, administrative, and waste services....................... 3.5 4.1 2.0 6.2 Education and health services ..................................................... 32.7 38.7 27.2 27.9 Educational services .................................................................. 13.3 11.2 8.8 9.8 Health care and social assistance .............................................. 19.4 27.5 18.9 18.1 Hospitals .................................................................................. 6.4 8.2 8.4 4.8 Health services, except hospitals ............................................. 9.4 13.3 8.5 8.6 Social assistance ..................................................................... 3.5 5.9 1.9 4.7 Leisure and hospitality ................................................................. 9.3 7.9 11.5 12.4 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................................ 2.0 1.3 1.8 1.4 Accommodation and food services ............................................ 7.4 6.6 9.7 11.0 Other services .............................................................................. 5.5 5.0 7.5 7.1 Other services, except private households ................................. 4.4 3.8 6.7 3.9 Private households .................................................................... 1.1 1.2 .7 3.2 Public administration .................................................................... 4.1 7.4 3.6 3.5 - Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. 45 Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2004 annual averages Total, both sexes Year Total White Black or African American Women Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 1979…… $241 $248 $199 - $194 $182 $184 $169 - $157 1980…… 262 269 212 - 209 201 203 185 - 172 1981…… 284 291 235 - 223 219 221 206 - 190 1982…… 302 310 245 - 240 239 242 217 - 203 1983…… 313 320 261 - 250 252 254 232 - 215 1984…… 326 336 269 - 259 265 268 241 - 223 1985…… 344 356 277 - 270 277 281 252 - 230 1986…… 359 371 291 - 277 291 294 264 - 241 1987…… 374 384 301 - 285 303 307 276 - 251 1988…… 385 395 314 - 290 315 318 288 - 260 1989…… 399 409 319 - 298 328 334 301 - 269 1990…… 412 424 329 - 304 346 353 308 - 278 1991…… 426 442 348 - 312 366 373 323 - 292 1992…… 440 458 357 - 321 380 387 335 - 302 1993…… 459 475 369 - 331 393 401 348 - 313 1994…… 467 484 371 - 324 399 408 346 - 305 1995…… 479 494 383 - 329 406 415 355 - 305 1996…… 490 506 387 - 339 418 428 362 - 316 1997…… 503 519 400 - 351 431 444 375 - 318 1998…… 523 545 426 - 370 456 468 400 - 337 1999…… 549 573 445 - 385 473 483 409 - 348 2000¹… 576 590 474 $615 399 493 502 429 $547 366 2001…… 596 610 491 639 417 512 522 454 563 388 2002…… 608 623 498 658 424 529 547 473 566 397 2003…… 620 636 514 693 440 552 567 491 598 410 2004…… 638 657 525 708 456 573 584 505 613 419 See footnotes at end of table. 46 Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2004 annual averages— Continued Men Year Total White Women's earnings as a percent of men's Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 1979…… $292 $298 $227 - $219 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7 - 234 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5 251 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7 269 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5 274 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5 287 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7 296 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7 299 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6 306 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0 308 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4 315 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4 - 318 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4 323 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4 339 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1 346 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5 343 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9 350 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1 356 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8 371 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7 390 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4 406 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7 1980…… 313 320 244 1981…… 340 350 268 1982…… 364 375 278 1983…… 379 387 294 1984…… 392 401 303 1985…… 407 418 305 1986…… 419 433 319 1987…… 434 450 327 1988…… 449 465 348 1989…… 468 482 348 1990…… 481 494 361 1991…… 493 506 375 1992…… 501 514 380 1993…… 510 524 392 1994…… 522 547 400 1995…… 538 566 411 1996…… 557 580 412 1997…… 579 595 432 1998…… 598 615 468 1999…… 618 638 488 2000¹… 641 662 510 $685 417 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8 2001…… 670 689 529 732 440 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2 2002…… 679 702 524 756 451 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0 2003…… 695 715 555 772 464 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4 2004…… 713 732 569 802 480 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3 ¹ The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical. selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000-02 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. For more information, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) include persons who 47 Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over by educational attainment and sex, 2004 annual averages Total employed (in thousands) Median weekly earnings Total……………….……………………………… 90,348 $683 Less than a high school diploma…………...… 8,533 401 Less than 1 year of high school………….… 3,249 371 1-3 years of high school………….………… 4,327 416 4 years of high school, no diploma……….. 957 456 High school graduate or more…………….… Educational attainment and sex Total, both sexes 81,815 722 High school graduates, no college……….… 27,141 574 Some college, no degree…………….……… 15,953 642 Associate degree………………….………… 8,893 694 Occupational program…………...………… 4,845 677 Academic program…………….…………… 4,048 714 College graduates…………………..……… 29,828 986 Bachelor's degree……………….………… 19,474 916 Master's degree…………………...………. 7,475 1,102 Professional degree…..……………..……. 1,512 1,377 Doctoral degree…………...………………. 1,367 1,398 39,590 599 Women Total……………………………..……………… Less than a high school diploma…………...… Less than 1 year of high school………….… 1-3 years of high school…………………...… 2,785 334 927 314 1,523 344 4 years of high school, no diploma……….. 336 367 High school graduate or more………….…… 36,805 620 High school graduates, no college………… 11,628 488 Some college, no degree……………….…… 7,405 553 Associate degree……………………….…… 4,442 608 Occupational program…………….……… 2,319 589 Academic program…………….…………… 2,124 632 College graduates……………….…………… 13,329 860 Bachelor's degree……………...…………. 8,707 792 Master's degree………………...…………. 3,638 957 Professional degree……………….……… 540 1,055 Doctoral degree……………………..……… 444 1,188 48 Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over by educational attainment and sex, 2004 annual averages—Continued Total employed (in thousands) Median weekly earnings Total……………………….……………………… 50,758 $762 Less than a high school diploma…………..… 5,748 446 Less than 1 year of high school………….… 2,322 399 1-3 years of high school……………...……. 2,804 483 622 500 Educational attainment and sex Men 4 years of high school, no diploma………… High school graduate or more…………..…… 45,010 818 High school graduates, no college……….. 15,513 645 Some college, no degree………………….… 8,548 749 Associate degree…………….……………… 4,450 788 Occupational program………….………… 2,526 775 Academic program………………….……… 1,924 807 College graduates…………….……………… 16,499 1,143 Bachelor's degree………………….……… 10,767 1,044 Master's degree……………...……………. 3,837 1,287 Professional degree…………...………….. 972 1,628 Doctoral degree………………….………… 923 1,544 49 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Occupation Women Median Total Total weekly employed employed earnings Total, 16 years and over………………………….……………………… 101,224 Management, professional, and related occupations ......................... Management, business, and financial operations occupations .................................................................................. Management occupations............................................................ Chief executives....................................................................... General and operations managers........................................... Advertising and promotions managers..................................... Marketing and sales managers................................................ Administrative services managers........................................... Computer and information systems managers......................... Financial managers.................................................................. Human resources managers.................................................... Industrial production managers................................................ Purchasing managers.............................................................. Transportation, storage, and distribution managers................. Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers.......................... Construction managers............................................................ Education administrators......................................................... Engineering managers............................................................. Food service managers........................................................... Lodging managers................................................................... Medical and health services managers.................................... Property, real estate, and community association managers... Social and community service managers................................. Business and financial operations occupations............................ Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products.................. Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products................................................................................ Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators..... Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health, safety, and transportation........................................................ Cost estimators........................................................................ Human resources, training, and labor relations specialist……… Management analysts.............................................................. Accountants and auditors........................................................ Appraisers and assessors of real estate.................................. Personal financial advisors...................................................... Insurance underwriters............................................................. Loan counselors and officers................................................... Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents....................... Professional and related occupations.............................................. Computer and mathematical occupations.................................... Computer scientists and systems analysts.............................. Men Median weekly earnings Total employed Median weekly earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's $638 44,223 $573 57,001 $713 80.4 36,149 918 18,168 780 17,981 1,098 71.0 14,778 10,221 1,050 727 57 770 80 325 961 261 269 163 220 103 425 651 99 568 102 451 304 241 4,558 146 965 1,052 1,663 1,129 924 1,213 937 1,439 986 1,051 1,107 1,092 741 621 1,027 1,019 1,807 657 733 973 681 819 847 808 6,609 3,995 248 175 34 298 27 96 535 171 49 59 34 16 23 405 6 232 50 328 186 156 2,613 71 812 871 1,310 872 (1) 898 (1) 1,228 839 958 (1) 946 (1) (1) (1) 905 (1) 598 659 943 623 768 746 609 8,170 6,226 802 552 23 472 53 228 427 90 220 104 187 86 402 246 94 336 52 123 118 85 1,944 75 1,158 1,215 1,875 1,166 (1) 1,441 958 1,547 1,397 1,259 1,172 1,153 753 612 1,036 1,172 1,783 713 778 1,135 767 1,014 1,007 935 70.1 71.7 69.9 74.8 (1) 62.3 (1) 79.4 60.1 76.1 (1) 82.0 (1) (1) (1) 77.2 (1) 83.9 84.7 83.1 81.2 75.7 74.1 65.1 267 257 782 762 141 171 694 677 125 85 883 952 78.6 71.1 116 88 612 317 1,385 78 229 89 381 77 21,371 2,793 604 922 888 803 1,017 851 863 1,062 859 799 818 883 1,114 1,027 62 14 415 146 842 29 61 65 216 49 11,560 757 186 835 (1) 755 922 757 (1) 773 772 695 (1) 767 972 902 54 73 198 170 543 50 167 24 165 28 9,811 2,037 418 1,070 915 952 1,215 1,016 1,021 1,170 (1) 1,001 (1) 1,049 1,155 1,092 78.0 (1) 79.3 75.9 74.5 (1) 66.1 (1) 69.4 (1) 73.1 84.2 82.6 See footnotes at end of table. 50 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Occupation Computer programmers........................................................... Computer software engineers.................................................. Computer support specialists................................................... Database administrators.......................................................... Network and computer systems administrators........................ Network systems and data communications analysts.............. Operations research analysts.................................................. Architecture and engineering occupations................................... Architects, except naval........................................................... Aerospace engineers............................................................... Chemical engineers................................................................. Civil engineers......................................................................... Computer hardware engineers................................................. Electrical and electronics engineers......................................... Industrial engineers, including health and safety...................... Mechanical engineers.............................................................. Drafters.................................................................................... Engineering technicians, except drafters.................................. Surveying and mapping technicians......................................... Life, physical, and social science occupations............................. Biological scientists.................................................................. Medical scientists..................................................................... Chemists and materials scientists............................................ Environmental scientists and geoscientists.............................. Market and survey researchers................................................ Psychologists........................................................................... Chemical technicians............................................................... Community and social services occupations............................... Counselors.............................................................................. Social workers......................................................................... Miscellaneous community and social service specialists……… Clergy...................................................................................... Legal occupations....................................................................... Lawyers................................................................................... Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers....................... Paralegals and legal assistants................................................ Miscellaneous legal support workers........................................ Education, training, and library occupations................................ Postsecondary teachers.......................................................... Preschool and kindergarten teachers....................................... Elementary and middle school teachers.................................. Secondary school teachers...................................................... Special education teachers...................................................... Other teachers and instructors................................................. Librarians................................................................................. Teacher assistants................................................................... Women Median Total Total weekly Employed Employed earnings 516 757 297 76 178 233 84 2,500 142 105 65 264 86 311 178 292 178 394 66 1,073 109 83 133 75 90 75 89 1,846 513 620 261 351 1,111 621 58 280 152 5,941 813 484 2,206 1,013 325 297 159 545 See footnotes at end of table. 51 $1,118 1,350 840 1,105 1,038 1,027 1,083 1,098 1,141 1,347 1,221 1,135 1,328 1,277 1,152 1,187 768 829 672 957 929 1,025 1,048 1,008 937 1,012 827 707 735 698 639 771 1,070 1,561 1,333 731 707 781 1,034 521 806 885 804 776 834 377 145 184 88 22 33 44 41 331 38 10 10 32 13 24 32 16 38 73 9 426 49 45 42 20 43 47 27 1,082 338 472 166 47 603 208 33 244 117 4,273 337 473 1,772 555 271 158 136 500 Median weekly earnings $1,006 1,149 813 (1) (1) (1) (1) 880 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 696 (1) 884 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 661 689 689 596 (1) 845 1,255 (1) 713 695 729 886 515 776 824 795 654 823 373 Men Women's Median earnings as Total percent of weekly Employed men's earnings 371 572 209 53 145 189 43 2,170 105 94 55 232 73 287 146 276 140 320 57 647 60 38 91 55 47 28 62 764 175 148 95 304 508 412 25 36 34 1,668 476 11 435 458 54 139 23 45 $1,151 1,429 850 1,121 1,064 1,097 (1) 1,139 1,242 1,369 1,242 1,159 1,487 1,336 1,195 1,201 797 867 711 1,012 946 (1) 1,146 1,144 (1) (1) 869 766 832 720 747 795 1,561 1,710 (1) (1) (1) 956 1,162 (1) 917 955 841 873 (1) (1) 87.4 80.4 95.6 (1) (1) (1) (1) 77.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 80.3 (1) 87.4 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 86.3 82.8 95.7 79.8 (1) 54.1 73.4 (1) (1) (1) 76.3 76.2 (1) 84.6 86.3 94.5 74.9 (1) (1) Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Occupation Women Median Total Total weekly Employed Employed earnings Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations…… Artists and related workers....................................................... Designers................................................................................ Producers and directors........................................................... Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers..................... News analysts, reporters and correspondents......................... Public relations specialists....................................................... Editors..................................................................................... Writers and authors................................................................. Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators............................................................................... Photographers......................................................................... Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations....................... Dietitians and nutritionists........................................................ Pharmacists............................................................................. Physicians and surgeons......................................................... Physician assistants................................................................ Registered nurses.................................................................... Occupational therapists........................................................... Physical therapists................................................................... Respiratory therapists.............................................................. Speech-language pathologists................................................. Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians..................... Diagnostic related technologists and technicians..................... Emergency medical technicians and paramedics.................... Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians............................................................................. Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses................... Medical records and health information technicians................. Service occupations............................................................................ Healthcare support occupations...................................................... Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides............................ Dental assistants..................................................................... Protective service occupations........................................................ First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives……… Fire fighters.............................................................................. Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers................................... Detectives and criminal investigators....................................... Police and sheriff's patrol officers............................................ Private detectives and investigators......................................... Security guards and gaming surveillance officers.................... Food preparation and serving related occupations.......................... Chefs and head cooks............................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers...................................................................... Cooks...................................................................................... Food preparation workers........................................................ Men Median weekly earnings Women's Median earnings as Total percent of weekly Employed men's earnings 1,426 65 480 98 99 64 102 110 86 $768 865 714 1,030 745 835 823 856 760 618 24 230 35 17 33 61 54 44 $688 (1) 646 (1) (1) (1) 739 759 (1) 808 41 250 63 82 31 40 56 42 $862 (1) 818 1,211 792 (1) (1) 946 (1) 79.8 (1) 79.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) 80.2 (1) 75 53 4,680 57 162 555 57 1,800 56 121 79 65 267 225 121 857 650 852 669 1,578 1,660 901 904 923 925 782 879 727 884 690 8 17 3,470 49 72 173 38 1,651 51 70 38 62 188 150 37 (1) (1) 808 (1) 1,432 978 (1) 895 906 900 (1) 869 710 836 (1) 67 36 1,210 8 90 382 19 148 5 50 41 3 79 75 84 871 (1) 1,062 (1) 1,684 1,874 (1) 1,031 (1) 955 (1) (1) 763 961 717 (1) (1) 76.1 (1) 85.0 52.2 (1) 86.8 (1) 94.2 (1) (1) 93.1 87.0 (1) 280 385 81 516 637 501 236 362 71 508 629 513 44 23 10 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 13,763 1,985 1,261 144 2,509 134 263 370 114 654 63 641 3,863 266 411 407 388 474 700 1,015 933 622 995 844 812 457 360 508 6,773 1,755 1,113 139 471 27 13 107 26 83 21 138 1,908 51 374 402 383 469 557 (1) (1) 558 (1) 841 (1) 418 339 416 6,989 230 148 5 2,038 107 250 263 88 571 41 502 1,955 215 476 453 420 (1) 733 1,055 942 654 1,048 845 (1) 471 384 524 78.6 88.7 91.2 (1) 76.0 (1) (1) 85.3 (1) 99.5 (1) 88.7 88.3 79.4 504 1,167 278 435 341 321 282 443 158 418 319 323 222 723 120 464 356 319 90.1 89.6 101.3 See footnotes at end of table. 52 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Occupation Bartenders............................................................................... Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food.................................................................. Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop....................................................................................... Waiters and waitresses............................................................ Food servers, nonrestaurant.................................................... Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers… Dishwashers............................................................................ Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........ First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial work......................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers.................................... Janitors and building cleaners.................................................. Maids and housekeeping cleaners........................................... Pest control workers................................................................ Grounds maintenance workers................................................ Personal care and service occupations........................................... First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers................. First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers… Gaming services workers......................................................... Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists......................... Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges............................. Transportation attendants........................................................ Child care workers................................................................... Personal and home care aides................................................ Recreation and fitness workers................................................ Women Median Total Total weekly Employed Employed earnings Men Median weekly earnings Women's Median earnings as Total percent of weekly Employed men's earnings 197 $426 102 $392 95 $482 81.3 123 311 85 308 39 (1) (1) 91 799 94 152 141 3,436 292 348 363 340 306 385 56 538 60 61 30 1,208 282 327 333 356 (1) 335 35 261 34 91 111 2,228 (1) 399 (1) 326 311 412 (1) 82.0 (1) 109.2 (1) 81.3 139 479 50 410 89 531 77.2 106 1,460 818 65 848 1,969 88 64 75 291 60 76 413 360 153 641 405 331 478 372 402 600 597 558 398 498 575 334 358 498 6 379 723 4 46 1,431 33 36 41 267 11 54 387 308 89 (1) 343 324 (1) (1) 380 (1) (1) (1) 394 (1) 473 334 350 473 99 1,081 95 61 803 538 55 28 34 24 50 22 26 52 65 661 425 402 489 371 500 673 (1) (1) (1) 491 (1) (1) 434 585 (1) 80.7 80.6 (1) (1) 76.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 80.6 80.9 Sales and office occupations ............................................................. 24,950 Sales and related occupations ....................................................... 9,984 First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers ........... 2,246 936 First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers…… Cashiers ................................................................................. 1,355 Counter and rental clerks ........................................................ 97 Parts salespersons ................................................................. 120 Retail salespersons ................................................................ 1,865 Advertising sales agents ......................................................... 180 Insurance sales agents............................................................ 360 305 Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents… Travel agents........................................................................... 69 Sales representatives, services, all other................................. 412 1,233 Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing............... Real estate brokers and sales agents...................................... 431 93 Telemarketers.......................................................................... Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers...................................................................... 61 558 604 613 860 322 429 530 496 772 726 973 576 800 867 744 380 15,540 4,422 985 284 1,016 46 13 766 84 190 95 59 157 296 233 61 512 464 505 678 313 (1) (1) 386 643 615 651 544 740 754 663 355 9,410 5,562 1,260 652 339 51 107 1,100 97 170 210 10 255 937 197 32 669 747 737 927 380 514 554 597 942 970 1,168 (1) 875 895 834 (1) 76.5 62.1 68.5 73.1 82.4 (1) (1) 64.7 68.3 63.4 55.7 (1) 84.6 84.2 79.5 (1) 442 23 (1) 38 (1) (1) See footnotes at end of table. 53 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Occupation Women Median Total Total weekly Employed Employed earnings Men Median weekly earnings Women's Median earnings as Total percent of weekly Employed men's earnings Office and administrative support occupations................................ First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support................................................................................... Switchboard operators, including answering service................ Bill and account collectors....................................................... Billing and posting clerks and machine operators.................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks................................................ Tellers...................................................................................... Court, municipal, and license clerks......................................... Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks.................................. Customer service representatives............................................ Eligibility interviewers, government programs.......................... File clerks................................................................................ Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks......................................... Interviewers, except eligibility and loan.................................... Library assistants, clerical........................................................ Loan interviewers and clerks.................................................... Order clerks............................................................................. Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping. Receptionists and information clerks....................................... Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks..................................................................................... Couriers and messengers........................................................ Dispatchers.............................................................................. Postal service clerks................................................................ Postal service mail carriers...................................................... Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators................................................................. Production, planning, and expediting clerks............................. Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks....................................... Stock clerks and order fillers.................................................... Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping........................................................................ Secretaries and administrative assistants................................ Computer operators................................................................. Data entry keyers..................................................................... Word processors and typists.................................................... Insurance claims and policy processing clerks......................... Mail clerks and mail machine operators except postal service................................................................................... Office clerks, general............................................................... Office machine operators, except computer............................. 14,966 $535 11,118 $522 3,848 $587 88.9 1,441 55 200 363 1,004 136 301 82 51 1,379 63 264 67 102 51 170 90 53 847 670 450 536 518 543 554 405 526 600 516 622 528 349 497 468 536 529 635 462 1,001 50 139 330 916 123 265 76 38 967 48 205 41 89 47 143 67 42 795 636 459 539 510 542 541 401 518 (1) 504 (1) 525 (1) 498 (1) 522 512 (1) 463 440 4 61 32 88 13 35 6 13 412 15 58 27 12 4 28 23 11 52 792 (1) 529 (1) 563 (1) (1) (1) (1) 571 (1) 543 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 454 80.3 (1) 101.9 (1) 96.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) 88.3 (1) 96.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 102.0 125 200 232 162 314 502 648 586 768 791 85 24 122 73 112 489 (1) 516 778 743 40 176 109 89 203 (1) 663 701 761 834 (1) (1) 73.6 102.2 89.1 103 266 537 946 741 686 501 429 41 143 144 349 (1) 613 469 420 62 123 393 597 749 767 512 438 (1) 79.9 91.6 95.9 55 2,657 170 394 239 252 543 552 579 495 527 536 23 2,570 91 315 223 216 (1) 550 580 486 525 534 31 87 79 78 16 36 (1) 598 575 556 (1) (1) (1) 92.0 100.9 87.4 (1) (1) 127 667 51 457 503 433 59 559 31 479 499 (1) 68 109 20 433 523 (1) 110.6 95.4 (1) Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations......... Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations...................................... Graders and sorters, agricultural products............................... Logging workers....................................................................... 11,280 718 61 61 621 356 355 465 445 133 46 2 453 322 (1) (1) 10,835 585 15 59 626 367 (1) 470 72.4 87.7 (1) (1) See footnotes at end of table. 54 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Occupation Women Median Total Total weekly Employed Employed earnings Construction and extraction occupations......................................... First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers.................................................................. Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons....................... Carpenters............................................................................... Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers............................ Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers…… Construction laborers............................................................... Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators............................................................................... Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers................... Electricians.............................................................................. Painters, construction and maintenance.................................. Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters................... Roofers.................................................................................... Sheet metal workers................................................................ Structural iron and steel workers.............................................. Helpers, construction trades.................................................... Construction and building inspectors....................................... Highway maintenance workers................................................ Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........................... First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................................................................... Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers....... Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers............................................................................. Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers................................................................................ Security and fire alarm systems installers................................ Aircraft mechanics and service technicians............................. Automotive body and related repairers..................................... Automotive service technicians and mechanics....................... Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists........... Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians mechanics............................................................................. Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and 6,232 $604 579 164 1,170 147 95 986 812 577 576 517 556 492 335 156 668 410 483 188 132 53 99 87 81 4,330 689 529 719 494 690 480 606 694 386 718 565 704 326 309 123 Men Median weekly earnings 6,109 $606 (1) 568 164 1,149 146 95 965 822 577 576 518 556 492 689 529 718 495 690 482 614 695 386 724 572 707 21 - Women's Median earnings as percent of weekly men's earnings $504 11 - Total Employed (1) - 21 (1) (1) (1) 4 10 2 190 (1) (1) (1) 611 876 723 22 38 (1) (1) 304 271 877 735 (1) (1) 221 877 31 (1) 190 891 (1) 52 52 116 107 735 298 668 661 856 630 637 706 2 2 3 5 12 1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 50 51 113 102 723 297 676 666 856 638 639 707 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 189 708 2 (1) 188 708 (1) installers................................................................................ Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics........................ Maintenance and repair workers, general................................ Millwrights................................................................................ Electrical power-line installers and repairers............................ Telecommunications line installers and repairers..................... 298 419 281 59 112 134 682 707 665 839 804 755 5 11 10 1 2 7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 293 408 270 58 111 127 683 708 668 844 813 771 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Production, transportation, and material moving occupations............. Production occupations................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers.................................................................. Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers....... Bakers..................................................................................... 15,082 8,478 523 526 3,296 2,454 406 405 11,786 6,024 578 597 70.2 67.8 874 213 126 726 443 410 169 117 53 546 397 364 706 96 73 765 515 454 71.4 77.1 80.2 55 - (1) (1) - 331 156 655 395 480 184 126 53 94 77 79 4,140 See footnotes at end of table. 4 83.2 14 15 2 3 6 - (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) - (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 86.4 Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages-- Continued (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Occupation Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers.................................................................................. Food batchmakers................................................................... Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators and tenders............................................................................ Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators and tenders, metal and plastic................... Machinists................................................................................ Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic...................................................... Tool and die makers................................................................ Welding, soldering, and brazing workers.................................. Job printers.............................................................................. Printing machine operators...................................................... Laundry and dry-cleaning workers........................................... Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials..................... Sewing machine operators....................................................... Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers............................................ Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters...................................... Stationary engineers and boiler operators................................ Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders.................................................................................. Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers…… Cutting workers........................................................................ Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers............... Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians........... Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders.............. Painting workers...................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations............................ Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers........ Aircraft pilots and flight engineers............................................ Bus drivers............................................................................... Driver/sales workers and truck drivers..................................... Taxi drivers and chauffeurs...................................................... Railroad conductors and yardmasters...................................... Parking lot attendants.............................................................. Service station attendants........................................................ Crane and tower operators....................................................... Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators................ Industrial truck and tractor operators........................................ Cleaners of vehicles and equipment........................................ Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand........... Packers and packagers, hand.................................................. Refuse and recyclable material collectors................................ 1 Women Median Total Total weekly Employed Employed earnings Men Median weekly earnings Women's Median earnings as Total percent of weekly Employed men's earnings 260 68 $454 466 51 30 $369 (1) 209 39 $488 (1) 75.6 (1) 139 517 42 (1) 97 557 (1) 78 408 516 670 8 16 (1) (1) 70 392 527 679 (1) (1) 69 80 539 54 174 136 67 242 50 61 102 459 764 606 563 592 360 293 327 376 498 704 19 2 26 12 32 74 42 186 33 3 1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 323 (1) 319 (1) (1) (1) 50 78 513 42 142 62 24 56 17 58 101 489 769 614 (1) 622 460 (1) 381 (1) 503 701 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 70.2 (1) 83.7 (1) (1) (1) 65 107 73 638 76 299 180 790 587 519 585 524 368 509 7 20 17 240 41 168 27 (1) (1) (1) 474 (1) 341 (1) 58 87 56 398 35 131 154 809 600 563 663 (1) 410 530 (1) (1) (1) 71.5 (1) 83.2 (1) 6,604 180 95 366 2,587 165 57 52 78 66 57 525 258 1,342 349 67 520 655 1,418 500 610 486 881 378 319 732 607 486 384 443 349 508 842 33 5 152 93 22 5 8 2 2 410 (1) (1) 440 476 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 5,762 147 90 215 2,494 143 52 44 76 64 57 485 230 1,146 143 62 549 688 1,472 588 613 494 903 (1) 319 721 607 487 387 457 373 512 74.7 (1) (1) 74.8 77.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. - Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. 56 - 40 28 196 206 5 (1) (1) 402 333 (1) (1) (1) 88.0 89.3 (1) Table 19. Median usual weekly earning of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 2004 annual averages Both Sexes Industry Total, 16 years and over…………….………………… Women Total Employed Median Weekly Earnings 101,224 Men Total Employed Median Weekly Earnings $638 44,223 $573 Total Employed Median Weekly Earnings Women's earnings as percent of men's 57,001 $713 80.4 90.0 Agriculture and related industries ............................... 915 417 158 387 757 430 Mining ......................................................................... 481 875 42 (1) 440 896 (1) Construction ............................................................... 7,440 620 633 591 6,806 623 94.9 Manufacturing ............................................................. 15,100 662 4,386 518 10,714 729 71.1 Durable goods ........................................................ 9,550 691 2,418 557 7,132 747 74.6 69.9 Nondurable goods ................................................... 5,550 612 1,968 486 3,581 695 Wholesale and retail trade .......................................... 14,391 550 5,638 458 8,753 625 73.3 Wholesale trade ...................................................... 3,784 677 1,068 561 2,717 736 76.2 Retail trade ............................................................. 10,607 509 4,571 430 6,036 592 72.6 Transportation and utilities .......................................... 5,717 730 1,282 623 4,435 762 81.8 Transportation and warehousing ............................. 4,584 702 1,032 605 3,552 731 82.8 Utilities .................................................................... Information ................................................................. 1,133 883 250 716 884 940 76.2 2,775 821 1,150 693 1,625 935 74.1 Financial activities ...................................................... 7,730 705 4,431 614 3,299 907 67.7 Finance and insurance .......................................... 5,857 738 3,594 619 2,263 1,060 58.4 Real estate and rental and leasing ........................ 1,873 616 838 589 1,036 647 91.0 Professional and business services ............................ 9,509 711 3,943 621 5,566 807 77.0 Professional and technical services ...................... 5,659 931 2,504 731 3,155 1,131 64.6 Management, administrative, and waste services.. 3,850 482 1,439 455 2,411 496 91.7 Education and health services .................................... 20,754 664 15,208 617 5,546 831 74.2 Educational services ............................................. 9,036 749 6,085 706 2,951 870 81.1 Health care and social assistance ......................... 11,718 599 9,123 566 2,595 766 73.9 Leisure and hospitality ................................................ 6,451 411 2,926 378 3,525 451 83.8 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ....................... 1,407 528 558 485 849 588 82.5 86.4 Accommodation and food services ....................... 5,044 391 2,368 361 2,676 418 Other services ............................................................ 3,982 528 1,778 445 2,204 617 72.1 Other services, except private households ............ 3,613 559 1,440 473 2,172 621 76.2 Private households ............................................... 369 349 337 350 32 (1) (1) Public administration................................................... 5,979 787 2,647 682 3,332 893 76.4 1 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. 57 Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2004 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes Year Total employed Usually full time 1 2 Usually part time Percent usually full time Percent usually part time 1970…………...…… 78,678 66,753 11,925 84.8 15.2 1971………...……… 3 1972 ………...…… 79,367 66,973 12,393 84.4 15.6 82,153 69,214 12,939 84.3 15.7 1973 ………...…… 85,064 71,803 13,262 84.4 15.6 1974……...………… 86,794 73,093 13,701 84.2 15.8 1975…………...…… 85,846 71,586 14,260 83.4 16.6 1976………...……… 88,752 73,964 14,788 83.3 16.7 1977………...……… 3 1978 …………...… 92,017 76,625 15,391 83.3 16.7 96,048 80,193 15,855 83.5 16.5 1979………..……… 98,824 82,654 16,171 83.6 16.4 3 1980……..………… 99,303 82,562 16,740 83.1 16.9 1981……..………… 100,397 83,243 17,154 82.9 17.1 1982………..……… 99,526 81,421 18,106 81.8 18.2 1983…..…………… 100,834 82,322 18,511 81.6 18.4 1984…..…………… 105,005 86,544 18,462 82.4 17.6 1985……...………. 3 1986 ….…..……… 107,150 88,534 18,615 82.6 17.4 109,597 90,529 19,069 82.6 17.4 1987……...….……. 112,440 92,957 19,483 82.7 17.3 1988……...………… 114,968 95,214 19,754 82.8 17.2 1989……...………… 117,342 97,369 19,973 83.0 17.0 3 1990 ……...……… 118,793 98,666 20,128 83.1 16.9 1991……...………… 117,718 97,190 20,528 82.6 17.4 1992………...……. 118,492 97,664 20,828 82.4 17.6 1993……….……… 3 1994 ………...…… 120,259 99,114 21,145 82.4 17.6 123,060 99,772 23,288 81.1 18.9 1995………...……. 124,900 101,679 23,220 81.4 18.6 1996….…………… 3 1997 ………..……. 126,708 103,537 23,170 81.7 18.3 129,558 106,334 23,224 82.1 17.9 3 1998 ……...……… 3 1999 …………….… 3 131,463 108,202 23,261 82.3 17.7 133,488 110,302 23,186 82.6 17.4 2000 ………...…… 136,891 113,846 23,044 83.2 16.8 2001…………..…… 136,933 113,573 23,361 82.9 17.1 2002………………. 3 2003 …………..…… 136,485 112,700 23,785 82.6 17.4 137,736 113,324 24,412 82.3 17.7 139,252 114,518 24,734 82.2 17.8 3 2004 ……………… See footnotes at end of table. 58 Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2004 annual averages―Continued (Numbers in thousands) Women Year Total employed Usually full time 1 2 Usually part time Percent usually full time Percent usually part time 1970…………...…… 29,688 21,929 7,758 73.9 26.1 1971………...……… 3 1972 ………...…… 29,976 21,950 8,026 73.2 26.8 31,257 22,842 8,416 73.1 26.9 1973 ………...…… 32,715 23,960 8,756 73.2 26.8 1974……...………… 33,769 24,714 9,055 73.2 26.8 1975…………...…… 33,989 24,598 9,391 72.4 27.6 1976………...……… 35,615 25,814 9,799 72.5 27.5 1977………...……… 3 1978 …………...… 37,289 27,076 10,213 72.6 27.4 39,569 28,912 10,658 73.1 26.9 1979………..……… 41,217 30,227 10,990 73.3 26.7 1980……..………… 42,117 30,845 11,270 73.2 26.8 1981……..………… 43,000 31,337 11,664 72.9 27.1 1982………..……… 43,256 31,086 12,170 71.9 28.1 1983…..…………… 44,047 31,679 12,367 71.9 28.1 1984…..…………… 45,915 33,473 12,441 72.9 27.1 1985……...………. 3 1986 ….…..……… 47,259 34,672 12,587 73.4 26.6 48,706 35,845 12,862 73.6 26.4 1987……...….……. 50,334 37,210 13,124 73.9 26.1 1988……...………… 51,696 38,398 13,298 74.3 25.7 1989……...………… 53,027 39,484 13,544 74.5 25.5 3 3 1990 ……...……… 53,689 40,165 13,524 74.8 25.2 1991……...………… 53,496 39,783 13,713 74.4 25.6 1992………...……. 54,052 40,301 13,751 74.6 25.4 1993……….……… 3 1994 ………...…… 54,910 40,991 13,919 74.7 25.3 56,610 40,940 15,670 72.3 27.7 1995………...……. 57,523 41,743 15,779 72.6 27.4 1996….…………… 3 1997 ………..……. 58,501 42,776 15,725 73.1 26.9 59,873 44,076 15,797 73.6 26.4 3 1998 ……...……… 3 1999 …………….… 3 60,771 45,014 15,757 74.1 25.9 62,042 46,372 15,670 74.7 25.3 2000 ………...…… 63,586 47,916 15,670 75.4 24.6 2001…………..…… 63,737 47,950 15,788 75.2 24.8 2002………………. 3 2003 …………..…… 63,582 47,494 16,088 74.7 25.3 64,404 47,946 16,459 74.4 25.6 64,728 48,073 16,654 74.3 25.7 3 2004 ……………… See footnotes at end of table. 59 Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2004 annual averages―Continued (Numbers in thousands) Men Year Total employed Usually full time 1 2 Usually part time Percent usually full time Percent usually part time 1970…………...…… 48,990 44,825 4,166 91.5 8.5 1971………...……… 3 1972 ………...…… 49,390 45,023 4,367 91.2 8.8 50,896 46,373 4,523 91.1 8.9 1973 ………...…… 52,349 47,843 4,507 91.4 8.6 1974……...………… 53,024 48,378 4,646 91.2 8.8 1975…………...…… 51,857 46,988 4,870 90.6 9.4 1976………...……… 53,138 48,150 4,988 90.6 9.4 1977………...……… 3 1978 …………...… 54,728 49,551 5,178 90.5 9.5 56,479 51,281 5,198 90.8 9.2 1979………..……… 57,607 52,427 5,180 91.0 9.0 1980……..………… 57,186 51,717 5,471 90.4 9.6 1981……..………… 57,397 51,906 5,492 90.4 9.6 1982………..……… 56,271 50,334 5,937 89.4 10.6 1983…..…………… 56,787 50,643 6,145 89.2 10.8 1984…..…………… 59,091 53,070 6,020 89.8 10.2 1985……...………. 3 1986 ….…..……… 59,891 53,862 6,028 89.9 10.1 60,892 54,685 6,207 89.8 10.2 3 1987……...….……. 62,107 55,746 6,360 89.8 10.2 1988……...………… 63,273 56,816 6,457 89.8 10.2 1989……...………… 64,315 57,885 6,430 90.0 10.0 3 1990 ……...……… 65,104 58,501 6,604 89.9 10.1 1991……...………… 64,223 57,407 6,815 89.4 10.6 1992………...……. 64,440 57,363 7,077 89.0 11.0 1993……….……… 3 1994 ………...…… 65,349 58,123 7,226 88.9 11.1 66,450 58,832 7,617 88.5 11.5 1995………...……. 67,377 59,936 7,441 89.0 11.0 1996….…………… 3 1997 ………..……. 68,207 60,762 7,445 89.1 10.9 69,685 62,258 7,427 89.3 10.7 70,693 63,189 7,504 89.4 10.6 71,446 63,930 7,516 89.5 10.5 3 1998 ……...……… 3 1999 …………….… 3 2000 ………...…… 73,305 65,930 7,375 89.9 10.1 2001…………..…… 73,196 65,623 7,573 89.7 10.3 2002………………. 3 2003 …………..…… 72,903 65,205 7,697 89.4 10.6 73,332 65,379 7,953 89.2 10.8 74,524 66,444 8,080 89.2 10.8 3 2004 ……………… 1 Prior to 1994, total includes persons who usually work part-time but who worked 35 or more hours during the reference week; for 1994 and later years, such persons were included in the part-time total. In all years, the total includes those who usually work full time but who worked less than 35 hours during the reference week for noneconomic reasons, such as illness or holiday, and those absent from work for the entire reference week who usually work full time. These groups are not shown separately. 2 For all years, total includes those who usually work less than 35 hours a week but who were absent from work for the entire reference week and for 1994 and later years, those who worked 35 or more hours during the reference week. These groups are not shown separately. 3 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical. 60 Table 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2004 annual averages All industries Nonagricultural industries Year Total Women Men Total Women Men 1976……... 38.7 34.1 41.7 38.4 34.1 41.4 1977……... 38.8 34.2 41.9 38.5 34.2 41.6 1978……... 39.0 34.5 42.1 38.7 34.4 41.8 1979…...… 38.9 34.5 42.0 38.6 34.4 41.7 1980……... 38.5 34.5 41.5 38.3 34.4 41.2 1981……... 38.1 34.1 41.1 37.9 34.1 40.7 1982…...… 38.0 34.1 40.9 37.7 34.0 40.6 1983……... 38.3 34.5 41.2 38.1 34.4 41.0 1984……… 38.8 34.9 41.8 38.6 34.9 41.5 1985…...… 39.0 35.2 42.0 38.9 35.2 41.8 1986……... 39.1 35.4 42.1 38.9 35.3 41.9 1987……... 39.0 35.3 42.0 38.8 35.3 41.8 1988……... 39.4 35.7 42.4 39.3 35.7 42.2 1989…...… 39.6 35.8 42.6 39.4 35.8 42.4 1990……... 39.4 35.8 42.3 39.3 35.8 42.1 1991…...… 39.2 35.8 42.0 39.1 35.8 41.9 1992……... 38.9 35.6 41.7 38.8 35.6 41.6 1993……… 1 1994 …….. 39.4 36.0 42.2 39.3 36.0 42.1 39.2 35.5 42.2 39.1 35.6 42.1 1995……... 39.3 35.6 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2 1996……… 39.3 35.7 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2 1997……... 39.5 36.0 42.4 39.4 36.0 42.3 1998……... 39.3 35.8 42.2 39.2 35.9 42.2 1999…...… 39.6 36.2 42.4 39.5 36.2 42.4 1 2000 …….. 39.7 36.4 42.5 39.6 36.4 42.4 2001…...… 39.2 36.1 41.9 39.2 36.1 41.8 2002……... 39.2 36.0 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7 2003…...… 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6 2004……... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6 1 The comparability of historical data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical. 61 Table 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970-2003 (Percent distribution) With work experience Year Population (in thousands) Total (in thousands) Percent of population With work experience Usually work full time Total Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Usually work part time Total 50 to 52 weeks 1 to 49 weeks Total, both sexes 1970………….……… 138,953 93,850 67.5 100.0 79.4 55.6 23.8 20.6 6.7 13.9 1975………….……… 153,180 102,603 67.0 100.0 78.9 54.3 24.6 21.2 7.5 13.7 1980…….…………… 169,452 115,752 68.3 100.0 78.5 56.1 22.4 21.4 7.7 13.7 1985………….……… 179,944 123,466 68.6 100.0 78.2 58.7 19.5 21.9 8.3 13.6 1990……….………… 189,238 132,562 70.1 100.0 78.8 60.4 18.4 21.3 8.7 12.6 1995………….……… 1 2000 ………...……… 199,925 138,971 69.5 100.0 78.6 62.9 15.7 21.3 9.1 12.2 214,292 150,787 70.4 100.0 80.4 66.7 13.7 19.5 9.3 10.2 2003………….……… 222,509 150,689 67.7 100.0 79.8 66.3 13.5 20.2 10.2 10.0 1970………….……… 73,657 38,809 52.7 100.0 67.9 40.7 27.2 32.2 10.1 22.1 1975…….…………… 80,834 43,511 53.8 100.0 67.1 41.4 25.7 32.8 11.7 21.1 1980……….………… 89,259 51,492 57.7 100.0 67.7 44.7 23.0 32.3 11.9 20.4 1985…….…………… 94,490 56,165 59.4 100.0 68.1 48.9 19.2 31.8 12.3 19.5 1990………….……… 98,970 61,494 62.1 100.0 69.8 51.5 18.3 30.2 12.8 17.4 1995……….………… 1 2000 ………...……… 104,058 65,304 62.8 100.0 70.2 54.3 15.9 29.7 13.3 16.4 111,440 71,341 64.0 100.0 72.9 58.4 14.5 27.1 13.4 13.7 2003……….………… 115,269 71,150 61.7 100.0 72.1 58.8 13.3 27.9 14.5 13.4 1970………….……… 65,296 55,041 84.3 100.0 87.6 66.1 21.5 12.4 4.4 8.0 1975………….……… 72,346 59,091 81.7 100.0 87.5 63.8 23.7 12.5 4.4 8.1 1980……….………… 80,193 64,260 80.1 100.0 87.2 65.2 22.0 12.8 4.4 8.4 1985……….………… 85,454 67,301 78.8 100.0 86.5 66.8 19.7 13.5 4.8 8.7 1990………….……… 90,269 71,068 78.7 100.0 86.4 68.0 18.4 13.5 5.1 8.4 1995……….………… 1 2000 ………...……… 95,867 73,667 76.8 100.0 86.2 70.6 15.6 13.9 5.5 8.4 102,853 79,446 77.2 100.0 87.5 74.2 13.3 12.6 5.5 7.1 2003………….……… 107,241 79,539 74.2 100.0 86.8 73.0 13.8 13.2 6.3 6.9 Women Men 1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical. NOTE: See Technical Note for an explanation of the work experience concept. 62 Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2003 (Numbers in thousands) Married-couple families One earner Year Total No earners Total Husband only Two earners or more Other family member Wife only Total Husband and wife Husband and other family member Wife and other family member Husband and wife are not earners 1967……..… 43,292 2,943 16,490 15,429 716 345 23,859 18,888 4,639 - - 1968……... 43,842 2,888 16,375 15,310 730 335 24,579 19,743 4,522 - - 1969……... 44,436 3,022 16,268 15,133 797 339 25,145 20,327 4,517 - - 1970…...… 44,832 3,252 16,117 14,931 867 320 25,464 20,510 4,622 - - 1971…...… 45,939 3,471 16,847 15,502 1,004 340 25,621 20,641 4,651 - - 1972……... 46,594 3,632 16,787 15,387 1,003 398 26,175 21,279 4,553 - - 1973…...… 47,185 4,027 16,080 14,547 1,110 423 27,078 22,152 4,535 - - 1974…...… 47,438 4,325 15,795 14,122 1,216 457 27,319 22,451 4,442 - - 1975…...… 47,878 4,943 16,217 14,343 1,394 481 26,717 22,338 3,861 - - 1976……... 48,150 4,962 15,630 13,690 1,424 516 27,559 23,104 3,829 - - 1977…...… 48,131 5,177 15,119 13,153 1,456 512 27,835 23,474 3,812 - - 1978…...… 48,532 5,226 14,456 12,434 1,509 513 28,850 24,655 3,609 - - 1979…...… 49,132 5,559 13,912 11,934 1,499 480 29,660 25,595 3,476 - - 1980……... 49,316 5,903 13,900 11,621 1,707 573 29,513 25,557 3,380 - - 1981……... 49,669 6,213 13,832 11,524 1,680 628 29,624 25,729 3,212 - - 1982……... 49,947 6,427 14,235 11,575 2,048 613 29,285 25,387 3,149 - - 1983…...… 50,134 6,549 13,692 11,100 1,944 647 29,893 26,119 2,996 - - 1984……... 50,395 6,630 12,952 10,472 1,852 628 30,814 27,035 2,891 - - 1985…...… 50,978 6,693 12,961 10,406 1,897 658 31,324 27,787 2,764 - - 1986……... 51,574 6,731 12,565 9,984 1,917 664 32,278 28,811 2,730 - - 1987……... 51,847 6,741 12,435 9,787 1,946 702 32,671 29,369 2,576 - 1988……... 52,149 6,754 11,876 9,463 1,777 636 33,519 30,536 2,303 532 148 1989…...… 52,385 6,812 11,748 9,212 1,840 695 33,825 30,879 2,373 435 138 1990……... 52,241 6,770 11,630 9,107 1,826 698 33,841 30,829 2,369 479 164 1991……... 52,549 7,091 11,523 8,873 1,993 657 33,935 31,049 2,161 527 197 1992……... 53,254 7,256 11,977 9,114 2,145 718 34,021 31,268 1,940 624 199 1993…...… 53,248 7,282 11,842 8,745 2,411 687 34,123 31,302 2,051 614 156 1994…...… 53,929 7,227 11,774 8,719 2,374 681 34,928 32,125 2,048 603 151 1995……... 53,621 7,278 11,739 8,821 2,253 664 34,604 32,061 1,878 539 127 1996……... 53,654 7,148 11,556 8,671 2,214 671 34,950 32,406 1,899 522 123 1997……... 54,362 7,289 11,728 8,792 2,302 634 35,345 32,764 1,853 569 158 1998…...… 54,829 7,257 12,279 9,198 2,419 662 35,293 32,810 1,726 616 141 1999……... 55,352 7,163 12,328 9,093 2,595 640 35,861 33,360 1,815 519 167 2000…...… 56,643 7,463 12,717 9,515 2,601 600 36,463 33,892 1,865 566 139 2001……... 56,798 7,666 12,907 9,621 2,698 588 36,224 33,696 1,898 501 129 2002……... 57,362 7,803 13,487 10,109 2,818 560 36,071 33,547 1,845 558 121 2003……... 57,767 8,043 14,051 10,469 3,026 557 35,673 33,220 1,789 548 117 See note at end of table. 63 - Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2003—Continued (Percent distribution) Married-couple families One earner Year Total No earners Total Husband only Other family member Wife only Total Two earners or more Husband and wife Husband and other family member Wife and other family member Husband and wife are not earners 1967…..…… 100.0 6.8 38.1 35.6 1.7 0.8 55.1 43.6 10.7 - - 1968…...… 100.0 6.6 37.4 34.9 1.7 .8 56.1 45.0 10.3 - - 1969…...… 100.0 6.8 36.6 34.1 1.8 .8 56.6 45.7 10.2 - - 1970…...… 100.0 7.3 35.9 33.3 1.9 .7 56.8 45.7 10.3 - - 1971…...… 100.0 7.6 36.7 33.7 2.2 .7 55.8 44.9 10.1 - - 1972…...… 100.0 7.8 36.0 33.0 2.2 .9 56.2 45.7 9.8 - - 1973……… 100.0 8.5 34.1 30.8 2.4 .9 57.4 46.9 9.6 - - 1974…...… 100.0 9.1 33.3 29.8 2.6 1.0 57.6 47.3 9.4 - - 1975…...… 100.0 10.3 33.9 30.0 2.9 1.0 55.8 46.7 8.1 - - 1976…...… 100.0 10.3 32.5 28.4 3.0 1.1 57.2 48.0 8.0 - - 1977……... 100.0 10.8 31.4 27.3 3.0 1.1 57.8 48.8 7.9 - - 1978……... 100.0 10.8 29.8 25.6 3.1 1.1 59.4 50.8 7.4 - - 1979……... 100.0 11.3 28.3 24.3 3.1 1.0 60.4 52.1 7.1 - - 1980……... 100.0 12.0 28.2 23.6 3.5 1.2 59.8 51.8 6.9 - - 1981……... 100.0 12.5 27.8 23.2 3.4 1.3 59.6 51.8 6.5 - - 1982……... 100.0 12.9 28.5 23.2 4.1 1.2 58.6 50.8 6.3 - - 1983……... 100.0 13.1 27.3 22.1 3.9 1.3 59.6 52.1 6.0 - - 1984……... 100.0 13.2 25.7 20.8 3.7 1.2 61.1 53.6 5.7 - - 1985……... 100.0 13.1 25.4 20.4 3.7 1.3 61.4 54.5 5.4 - - 1986……..… 100.0 13.1 24.4 19.4 3.7 1.3 62.6 55.9 5.3 - - 1987……... 100.0 13.0 24.0 18.9 3.8 1.4 63.0 56.6 5.0 - 1988……... 100.0 13.0 22.8 18.1 3.4 1.2 64.3 58.6 4.4 1989……... 100.0 13.0 22.4 17.6 3.5 1.3 64.6 58.9 4.5 1990…...… 100.0 13.0 22.3 17.4 3.5 1.3 64.8 59.0 1991…...… 100.0 13.5 21.9 16.9 3.8 1.3 64.6 59.1 1992…...… 100.0 13.6 22.5 17.1 4.0 1.3 63.9 1993…...… 100.0 13.7 22.2 16.4 4.5 1.3 1994……... 100.0 13.4 21.8 16.2 4.4 1995……... 100.0 13.6 21.9 16.5 1996……... 100.0 13.3 21.5 1997……... 100.0 13.4 1998……... 100.0 1999……... 1.0 0.3 .8 .3 4.5 .9 .3 4.1 1.0 .4 58.7 3.6 1.2 .4 64.1 58.8 3.9 1.2 .3 1.3 64.8 59.6 3.8 1.1 .3 4.2 1.2 64.5 59.8 3.5 1.0 .2 16.2 4.1 1.3 65.1 60.4 3.5 1.0 .2 21.6 16.2 4.2 1.2 65.0 60.3 3.4 1.0 .3 13.2 22.4 16.8 4.4 1.2 64.4 59.8 3.1 1.1 .3 100.0 12.9 22.3 16.4 4.7 1.2 64.8 60.3 3.3 .9 .3 2000…...… 100.0 13.2 22.5 16.8 4.6 1.1 64.4 59.8 3.3 1.0 .2 2001……... 100.0 13.5 22.7 16.9 4.8 1.0 63.8 59.3 3.3 .9 .2 2002…...… 100.0 13.6 23.5 17.6 4.9 1.0 62.9 58.5 3.2 1.0 .2 2003……... 100.0 13.9 24.3 18.1 5.2 1.0 61.8 57.5 3.1 .9 .2 - Dash indicates data not available. NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. 64 Table 24. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970-2003 Year Contribution to family income (median percent) 1970………………….…………… 26.6 1971…………………….………… 27.5 1972…………...………………… 26.7 1973……………….……………… 26.0 1974……………….……………… 25.4 1975…………….………………… 26.3 1976………………….…………… 26.4 1977………………….…………… 26.1 1978……...……………………… 26.1 1979……………...……………… 26.0 1980………….…………………… 26.7 1981……...……………………… 27.3 1982……………...……………… 28.4 1983……………….……………… 28.8 1984………………….…………… 28.4 1985……………….……………… 28.3 1986………………...…………… 29.0 1987……………………...……… 29.5 1988……………………...……… 29.6 1989……………………….……… 29.9 1990………………….…………… 30.7 1991………………….…………… 31.3 1992…………………….………… 32.4 1993………….…………………… 32.2 1994…………….………………… 31.9 1995……………….……………… 31.9 1996……………………….……… 32.6 1997…………………….………… 32.7 1998……………….……………… 32.8 1999……………………….……… 32.8 2000……………………….……… 33.5 2001……………………….……… 34.4 2002……………………….……… 34.8 2003……………………….……… 35.2 65 Table 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987-2003 (Numbers in thousands) Families in which wives have earnings but husbands may not Families in which both wives and husbands have earnings Married-couple families in which wife (but not necessarily husband) had earnings from work Wives who earn more than their 1 husbands Percent of wives who earn more than 1 their husbands Married-couple families in which both wife and husband had earnings from work Wives who earn more than their 2 husbands Percent of wives who earn more than 2 their husbands 1987…...… 32,025 7,581 23.7 29,755 5,311 17.8 1988…...… 32,810 7,827 23.9 30,503 5,520 18.1 1989…...… 33,119 8,068 24.4 30,848 5,796 18.8 1990…...… 33,093 8,221 24.8 30,794 5,923 19.2 1991…...… 33,516 8,983 26.8 30,998 6,465 20.9 1992…...… 33,987 9,715 28.6 31,221 6,948 22.3 1993…...… 34,286 10,000 29.2 31,264 6,978 22.3 1994…...… 35,066 10,184 29.0 32,091 7,209 22.5 1995…...… 34,819 9,822 28.2 32,030 7,033 22.0 1996…...… 35,120 10,070 28.7 32,389 7,340 22.7 1997……... 35,613 10,309 28.9 32,745 7,441 22.7 1998……... 35,806 10,467 29.2 32,782 7,443 22.7 1999……... 36,454 10,548 28.9 33,340 7,434 22.3 2000……... 37,037 11,070 29.9 33,873 7,906 23.3 2001……... 36,864 11,329 30.7 33,665 8,130 24.1 2002……... 36,905 11,765 31.9 33,531 8,391 25.0 2003……... 36,761 11,923 32.4 33,189 8,351 25.2 Year 1 Includes families in which husband had no earnings from work. 2 Excludes families in which husband had no earnings from work. NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. 66 Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2004 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Workers paid hourly rates Total at or below prevailing minimum wage Characteristic Percent of hourly paid workers Total Total At prevailing Below prevailing Federal Federal minimum wage minimum wage Age and sex Total, 16 years and over………………..………………. 16 to 24 years………………………..…………………. 25 years and over……………………..……………….. 73,939 16,174 57,765 2,003 1,022 982 2.7 6.3 1.7 520 272 249 1,483 750 733 Women, 16 years and over……………..……………… 16 to 24 years………………………..…………………. 25 years and over……………………..……………….. 37,133 7,869 29,265 1,323 655 668 3.6 8.3 2.3 310 145 166 1,013 510 502 Men, 16 years and over………………………..………… 16 to 24 years…………………………………..………. 25 years and over…………………………..………….. 36,806 8,305 28,500 680 366 314 1.8 4.4 1.1 210 127 83 470 239 231 White……………………………..………………….……… Women………………………..………………….……… Men………………………..………………….…………… 59,877 29,621 30,255 1,681 1,126 554 2.8 3.8 1.8 395 234 161 1,286 892 393 Black or African American……………………………… Women………………………..………………….……… Men………………………..………………….…………… 9,417 5,174 4,243 227 138 89 2.4 2.7 2.1 99 59 40 128 79 49 Asian……………….………………………………..……… Women………………………..………………….……… Men………………………..………………….…………… 2,672 1,378 1,295 38 23 15 1.4 1.7 1.2 8 5 3 30 18 12 Hispanic or Latino ………………………………………… Women………………………..………………….… Men………………………..………………….……… 12,073 4,890 7,183 250 151 98 2.1 3.1 1.4 82 49 32 168 102 66 Full-time workers……………………..………………….. Women……………………………….…………………… Men……………………………………..……………….. 55,739 24,788 30,951 760 460 300 1.4 1.9 1.0 177 100 77 583 360 223 Part-time workers…………………..……………………. Women……………………………...…………………… Men…………………………..………………………….. 18,046 12,276 5,770 1,240 861 378 6.9 7.0 6.6 343 210 132 897 651 246 Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 1 Full- and part-time status 1 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. his or her sole or principal job, and pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly workers are not included. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race. NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour in 2004. Data are for wage and salary workers, excluding the incorporated self-employed. They refer to a person's earnings on 67 Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003 (Numbers in thousands) Total Age and sex Black or African American Below poverty level Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total White Black or African American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total White Asian Total, 16 years and older…… 140,007 115,359 15,605 5,817 17,743 7,429 5,329 1,564 280 16 to 19 years…………… 4,215 3,550 410 106 574 369 288 85 6 68 20 to 24 years…………... 13,277 10,788 1,632 408 2,387 1,334 922 321 34 264 1,935 25 to 34 years…………... 30,961 24,722 3,821 1,553 5,559 2,180 1,560 482 56 757 35 to 44 years…………… 35,318 28,584 4,314 1,619 4,685 1,872 1,369 365 81 532 45 to 54 years…………… 33,270 27,872 3,470 1,315 2,937 1,031 727 202 76 207 55 to 64 years…………… 17,847 15,293 1,579 699 1,280 514 387 92 23 89 65 years and older……… 5,118 4,550 378 116 322 102 77 17 4 17 Women, 16 years and older… 64,706 52,180 8,399 2,651 6,995 3,889 2,566 1,048 136 764 16 to 19 years…………… 2,057 1,742 188 56 243 209 157 43 2 27 20 to 24 years…………... 6,185 4,894 854 216 905 779 506 224 14 131 25 to 34 years………...… 13,865 10,706 2,100 683 1,995 1,108 685 341 39 269 35 to 44 years…………… 16,150 12,735 2,346 708 1,881 971 647 253 35 199 45 to 54 years…………… 15,828 13,038 1,870 637 1,291 489 323 120 34 81 55 to 64 years…………… 8,341 7,040 858 316 545 282 207 59 11 48 65 years and older……… 2,279 2,025 182 35 135 52 41 8 1 8 Men, 16 years and older……… 75,301 1,171 63,179 7,205 3,166 10,749 3,539 2,763 516 144 16 to 19 years…………… 2,157 1,807 221 50 331 187 131 42 4 41 20 to 24 years…………… 7,091 5,894 778 192 1,482 555 416 97 20 133 488 25 to 34 years…………… 17,096 14,016 1,721 870 3,563 1,072 875 141 17 35 to 44 years…………... 19,168 15,849 1,968 911 2,804 901 722 112 46 333 45 to 54 years…………… 17,443 14,834 1,599 678 1,646 542 404 81 42 126 55 to 64 years…………… 9,506 8,253 721 382 735 232 180 33 12 41 65 years and older……… 2,839 2,525 196 81 187 50 36 9 4 9 See footnotes at end of table. 68 Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Rate Age and sex Total White 1 Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total, 16 years and older…… 5.3 4.6 10.0 4.8 16 to 19 years…………… 9.4 8.1 20.7 5.8 10.9 11.9 20 to 24 years…………... 10.0 8.5 19.7 8.2 11.1 25 to 34 years…………... 7.0 6.3 12.6 3.6 13.6 35 to 44 years…………… 5.3 4.8 8.5 5.0 11.4 45 to 54 years…………… 3.1 2.6 5.8 5.8 7.1 55 to 64 years…………… 2.9 2.5 5.8 3.4 7.0 65 years and older……… 2.0 1.7 4.5 3.9 5.2 Women, 16 years and older… 6.0 4.9 12.5 5.1 10.9 16 to 19 years…………… 10.1 9.0 22.6 20 to 24 years…………... 12.6 10.3 26.3 6.4 14.4 (2) 11.3 25 to 34 years………...… 8.0 6.4 16.2 5.8 13.5 35 to 44 years…………… 6.0 5.1 10.8 4.9 10.6 45 to 54 years…………… 3.1 2.5 6.4 5.3 6.3 55 to 64 years…………… 3.4 2.9 6.9 3.6 65 years and older……… 2.3 2.0 4.1 Men, 16 years and older……… (2) 8.7 6.1 4.7 4.4 7.2 16 to 19 years…………… 8.7 7.2 19.1 4.5 20 to 24 years…………… 7.8 7.1 12.4 10.3 9.0 25 to 34 years…………… 6.3 6.2 8.2 1.9 13.7 35 to 44 years…………... 4.7 4.6 5.7 5.0 11.9 45 to 54 years…………… 3.1 2.7 5.1 6.2 7.7 55 to 64 years…………… 2.4 2.2 4.6 3.2 5.6 65 years and older……… 1.8 1.4 4.8 4.7 4.6 (2) 10.9 12.3 1 Beginning with data for 2002, which were collected in the 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2002, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as the main race. Also beginning in 2002, Asians no longer include Pacific Islanders. 2 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 80,000. NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as race. 69 Table 28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and noncontingent status, February 2001 (Numbers in thousands) Contingent workers Age and sex Total employed Total, 16 years and over………… Estimate 1 Estimate 2 1 Estimate 3 Noncontingent 1 workers 134,605 1.7 2.2 4.0 96.0 16 to 19 years……………….…… 6,597 6.3 6.7 9.1 91.0 20 to 24 years………………...… 13,259 4.6 4.9 7.9 92.1 25 to 34 years…………………… 30,079 1.8 2.3 4.0 96.0 35 to 44 years………………….… 36,740 .9 1.5 3.0 97.0 45 to 54 years………………...… 29,946 .8 1.3 2.8 97.2 55 to 64 years…………………… 13,955 .8 1.2 2.8 97.2 65 years and over……………… 4,029 1.2 1.7 4.9 95.1 Women, 16 years and over……… 63,229 1.8 2.4 4.2 95.8 16 to 19 years…………………… 3,277 7.5 7.9 10.7 89.3 20 to 24 years…………………… 6,481 4.6 5.0 7.9 92.1 25 to 34 years…………………… 13,844 1.5 2.3 4.0 96.0 35 to 44 years…………………… 17,071 1.1 1.7 3.2 96.8 45 to 54 years……………….…… 14,379 .9 1.4 2.9 97.1 55 to 64 years……………….…… 6,506 .9 1.3 3.2 96.9 65 years and over…………...…… 1,671 1.1 1.7 5.9 94.1 Men, 16 years and over…………… 71,376 1.6 2.1 3.8 96.2 16 to 19 years…………………… 3,320 5.1 5.6 7.4 92.6 20 to 24 years…………………… 6,778 4.7 4.7 7.8 92.2 25 to 34 years………………….… 16,235 2.0 2.3 4.1 95.9 35 to 44 years…………………… 19,668 .8 1.3 2.7 97.3 45 to 54 years…………………… 15,567 .7 1.3 2.7 97.3 55 to 64 years…………………… 7,449 .8 1.1 2.5 97.5 65 years and over……………… 2,358 1.2 1.7 4.2 95.8 1 Contingent workers are those who do not have an implicit or explicit contract for ongoing employment. Persons who do not expect to continue in their jobs for personal reasons, such as retirement or returning to school, are not considered contingent workers, provided that they would have the option of continuing in the job were it not for these personal reasons. Estimate 1 includes wage and salary workers who expect their jobs will last for an additional year or less and who had worked at their jobs for 1 year or less. Estimate 2 includes wage and salary work- ers, the self-employed, and independent contractors who expect their employment to last for an additional year or less and who had worked at their jobs (or been self-employed) for 1 year or less. Estimate 3 includes all workers who do not expect their jobs to last. This is the broadest definition of contingency and estimates 1 and 2 of contingency are included in estimate 3. Noncontingent workers are those workers who do not fall into any of the three definitions of contingency. 70 Table 29. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangements, February 2001 Percent of workers with alternative arrangements 1 Total employed (in thousands) Total Total, 16 years and over………..… 134,605 100.0 6.4 1.6 0.9 0.5 16 to 19 years……………..……… 6,597 100.0 1.6 3.1 .6 .1 94.2 20 to 24 years…………...……… 13,259 100.0 1.8 2.3 1.7 .5 93.2 25 to 34 years…………….……… 30,079 100.0 4.4 1.2 1.0 .5 92.8 35 to 44 years……………..……… 36,740 100.0 6.8 1.5 .8 .5 90.3 45 to 54 years………..…………… 29,946 100.0 8.0 1.2 .6 .5 89.6 55 to 64 years………………..…… 13,955 100.0 9.7 1.4 .9 .3 87.6 65 years and over………….…… 4,029 100.0 16.9 3.0 .4 .7 79.3 Women, 16 years and over……… 1.1 .3 92.1 Age and sex Independent contractors On-call workers Temporary help agency workers Workers with traditional arrangements Workers provided by contract firms 90.6 63,229 100.0 4.8 1.6 16 to 19 years…………………..… 3,277 100.0 1.3 3.7 .8 - 94.0 20 to 24 years……………..……… 6,481 100.0 1.8 2.0 2.1 .2 93.6 25 to 34 years……………..……… 13,844 100.0 3.9 .8 1.3 .2 93.7 35 to 44 years…………………..… 17,071 100.0 5.0 1.7 .8 .3 92.2 45 to 54 years………………...… 14,379 100.0 6.0 1.3 .8 .5 91.2 55 to 64 years…………..………… 6,506 100.0 6.9 1.4 1.3 .1 90.3 65 years and over…………….… 1,671 100.0 11.3 2.6 .7 .8 84.9 Men, 16 years and over……….… 89.2 71,376 100.0 7.8 1.6 .7 .6 16 to 19 years……………..……… 3,320 100.0 1.8 2.5 .5 .2 94.5 20 to 24 years…………..………… 6,778 100.0 1.8 2.6 1.2 .8 92.8 25 to 34 years……………..……… 16,235 100.0 4.8 1.5 .8 .7 92.0 35 to 44 years……….…………… 19,668 100.0 8.3 1.3 .8 .7 88.8 45 to 54 years………….………… 15,567 100.0 9.9 1.2 .3 .5 88.0 55 to 64 years………………….… 7,449 100.0 12.2 1.3 .6 .5 85.3 65 years and over…………….… 2,358 100.0 20.8 3.2 .3 .6 75.3 1 Independent contractors are workers who were identified as independent contractors, independent consultants, or freelance workers, whether they were self-employed or wage and salary workers. On-call workers are workers who are called to work only as needed, although they can be scheduled to work for several days or weeks in a row. Temporary help agency workers are workers who were paid by a temporary help agency, whether or not their job was temporary. Workers provided by contract firms are workers who are employed by a company that provides them or their services to others under contract and who are usually assigned to only one customer and usually work at the customer's worksite. - Dash represents zero. NOTE: Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. Detail may not sum to totals because the total employed includes day laborers (an alternative arrangement, not shown separately) and a small number of workers who were both "on call" and "provided by contract firms." 71 Table 30. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2001 (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Characteristic Women With flexible schedules2 Total1 Number Total1 Percent of total Men With flexible schedules2 Number Percent of total With flexible schedules2 Total1 Number Percent of total Age Total 16 years and over………………… 99,631 28,724 28.8 43,566 11,931 27.4 56,066 16,792 1,761 339 19.2 773 171 22.2 988 167 16.9 20 years and over…………..……… 97,871 28,385 29.0 42,793 11,760 27.5 55,078 16,625 30.2 16 to 19 years……………..………. 20 to 24 years………………… 30.0 9,343 2,327 24.9 4,124 1,124 27.2 5,219 1,203 23.0 25 to 34 years………………… 24,552 7,434 30.3 10,494 3,064 29.2 14,058 4,370 31.1 35 to 44 years…………..……… 28,702 8,578 29.9 12,180 3,458 28.4 16,522 5,120 31.0 45 to 54 years………………… 23,946 6,990 29.2 11,044 2,958 26.8 12,902 4,032 31.2 55 to 64 years………………… 9,971 2,633 26.4 4,440 1,043 23.5 5,531 1,590 28.8 65 years and over……………. 1,357 423 31.2 510 112 22.0 847 311 36.7 16 to 24 years……..…………….… 11,104 2,665 24.0 4,897 1,295 26.4 6,206 1,370 22.1 25 to 54 years……..……...……….. 77,200 23,002 29.8 33,718 9,481 28.1 43,482 13,521 31.1 55 years and over……………………11,328 3,056 27.0 4,950 1,155 23.3 6,377 1,901 29.8 Race and Hispanic origin White………………………………… 82,205 24,647 30.0 34,707 9,913 28.6 47,498 14,734 31.0 Black………………..……………… 12,390 2,629 21.2 6,614 1,420 21.5 5,776 1,209 20.9 Hispanic origin……………………… 11,919 2,356 19.8 4,614 1,011 21.9 7,305 1,344 18.4 Married, spouse present…………… 57,728 17,264 29.9 22,789 6,032 26.5 34,939 11,231 32.1 Never married….……..….….……… 24,877 6,817 27.4 10,847 3,081 28.4 14,030 3,736 26.6 Other marital status………………… 17,026 4,643 27.3 9,930 2,818 28.4 7,096 1,825 25.7 With no own children under 18…… 60,026 16,927 28.2 26,461 7,306 27.6 33,565 9,621 28.7 With own children under 18…..…… 39,605 11,796 29.8 17,105 4,625 27.0 22,500 7,171 31.9 With own children 6 to 17………… 22,697 6,648 29.3 10,737 2,813 26.2 11,960 3,836 32.1 With own children under 6……… 16,908 5,148 30.4 6,368 1,812 28.5 10,540 3,336 31.6 Marital status Presence and age of children 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules. 2 Persons with flexible schedules are able to vary or make changes in their beginning and ending hours of work, whether or not they have a formal flexitime program on their job. week and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers who were at work during the survey reference 72 Table 31. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age of children, sex, and pay status, May 2001 (Numbers in thousands) Persons who usually worked at home Characteristic Total employed Percent distribution by class of worker 3 Wage and salary 1 Rate Total 2 Paid Unpaid Self-employed 4 Total Total, 16 years and over…………………… 131,803 19,759 15.0 17.4 52.0 Married, spouse present………...…… 75,248 13,916 18.5 16.9 51.1 30.9 Not married……………...……………… 56,555 5,843 10.3 18.6 54.2 26.7 Never married……………………. 35,196 3,086 8.8 19.8 60.0 19.6 Other marital status……………… 21,358 2,757 12.9 17.2 47.6 34.7 With own children under 18…………. 50,744 8,638 17.0 19.6 51.6 27.9 21,517 3,580 16.6 21.8 49.9 27.2 81,059 11,121 13.7 15.7 52.3 31.0 With own children under 6……… With no own children under 18……… 29.7 Women Total, 16 years and over…………………… 62,144 9,468 15.2 18.9 53.7 26.5 Married, spouse present………...…… 33,095 6,300 19.0 18.6 51.2 29.1 Not married……….....………………… 21.3 29,049 3,168 10.9 19.7 58.6 Never married……………………… 16,253 1,516 9.3 19.7 67.3 12.6 Other marital status……………… 12,796 1,652 12.9 19.6 50.6 29.3 With own children under 18………..… 24,710 4,111 16.6 21.6 50.0 27.4 With own children under 6……… 9,699 1,705 17.6 24.8 43.1 30.7 37,434 5,357 14.3 16.9 56.5 25.8 Total, 16 years and over…………………… 69,659 10,291 14.8 16.0 50.5 32.6 Married, spouse present………….…… 42,153 7,616 18.1 15.5 51.1 32.3 Not married…………..……...………… 27,506 2,675 9.7 17.3 48.9 33.2 Never married……………………… 18,943 1,571 8.3 19.8 52.9 26.4 Other marital status……………… 8,562 1,104 12.9 13.7 43.2 42.8 With own children under 18…….…… 26,034 4,527 17.4 17.7 53.1 28.4 11,818 1,875 15.9 19.1 56.1 23.9 43,625 5,763 13.2 14.6 48.5 35.8 With no own children under 18……… Men With own children under 6……… With no own children under 18……… 1 1 4 Includes persons who did not provide information on work at home. 2 Persons who usually work at home are defined as those who work at home at least once per week as part of their primary job. 3 Unpaid family workers and wage and salary workers who did not report pay status are included in total but not shown separately. Includes the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed. NOTE: Data refer to employed persons in nonagricultural industries. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. 73 1 Table 32. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in January 2004 (Numbers in thousands) Age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Percent distribution by employment status Total Total Employed Unemployed Not in labor force Total Total, 20 years and over…………...……… 5,329 100.0 64.8 20.2 15.0 20 to 24 years…………………...………… 149 100.0 65.0 19.6 15.3 25 to 54 years……………...……………… 4,087 100.0 68.9 19.5 11.6 55 to 64 years…………...………………… 887 100.0 55.5 24.9 19.6 65 years and over…………...…………… 206 100.0 23.8 12.9 63.3 Women, 20 years and over…………..…… 2,319 100.0 20 to 24 years……………………...……… 53 100.0 61.1 (2) 19.3 (2) 19.6 (2) 25 to 54 years………………..…………… 1,715 100.0 65.9 17.7 16.4 55 to 64 years…………………..………… 426 100.0 52.7 27.7 19.6 65 years and over………………..……… 125 100.0 17.5 15.8 66.7 Men, 20 years and over……………..…… 3,010 100.0 67.7 20.8 11.5 20 to 24 years……………………..……… 96 100.0 59.8 24.5 15.7 25 to 54 years……………..……………… 2,372 100.0 71.0 20.8 8.1 55 to 64 years…………..………………… 461 100.0 58.1 22.3 19.6 65 years and over…………..…………… 81 100.0 33.5 8.5 57.9 White Total, 20 years and over…………..……… 4,273 100.0 65.6 18.9 15.5 Women…………………………………… 1,810 100.0 61.9 17.5 20.6 Men……………………………….……… 2,463 100.0 68.4 19.8 11.8 Black or African American Total, 20 years and over…………………. 695 100.0 61.6 27.1 11.2 Women…………………………….……… 350 100.0 57.1 27.9 15.0 Men…………………………….…………… 345 100.0 66.3 26.4 7.3 Asian Total, 20 years and over…………………. 215 100.0 63.2 22.6 14.2 Women…………………………….……… 100 100.0 61.6 16.9 21.5 Men………………………………..……… 115 100.0 64.5 27.5 8.0 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total, 20 years and over………….……… 608 100.0 64.6 20.8 14.6 Women………………………………..…… 236 100.0 55.3 23.0 21.7 Men…………………………..…………… 372 100.0 70.5 19.4 10.1 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race. 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2001 and December 2003 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. 74 Table 33. Labor force status of 2004 high school graduates and 2003-04 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2004 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total, 2004 high school graduates……….… 2,752 1,533 55.7 1,282 46.6 251 16.4 1,219 Women…………………….……………………. 1,425 768 53.9 636 44.6 132 17.2 657 Men……………………….……………………… 1,327 764 57.6 645 48.6 119 15.6 562 Enrolled in college………...…………………… 1,835 821 44.8 712 38.8 109 13.3 1,013 Women…………………………..……………. 1,020 475 46.6 420 41.1 55 11.6 545 Men………………………….…………………. 815 347 42.6 293 35.9 54 15.6 468 Not enrolled in college……………..…………… 918 711 77.5 569 62.1 142 20.0 206 Women…………………………………..……. 406 294 72.4 217 53.5 77 26.2 112 Men……………………………………….……. 512 418 81.6 353 68.9 65 15.6 94 496 267 53.7 160 32.3 106 39.9 229 Total, 2003-04 high school dropouts1 Women…………………………..……………. 218 100 45.9 61 28.1 39 38.9 118 Men………………………………….…………. 278 166 59.9 99 35.6 67 40.4 112 1 Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between October 2003 and October 2004. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 75 Table 34. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment, October 2004 (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Enrolled in school…………………...…… Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Total Percent of labor force Not in labor force 20,173 9,293 46.1 8,283 41.1 1,010 10.9 10,880 Enrolled in high school …………...……… 9,372 2,982 31.8 2,490 26.6 493 16.5 6,389 Women……………………………….…… 4,459 1,437 32.2 1,231 27.6 205 14.3 3,022 Men……………………………….………… 4,913 1,545 31.5 1,258 25.6 287 18.6 3,367 Enrolled in college……………..…………… 10,801 6,311 58.4 5,794 53.6 517 8.2 4,490 Women…………………….……………… 5,867 3,560 60.7 3,291 56.1 269 7.6 2,307 Men…………………….…………………… 4,934 2,751 55.8 2,503 50.7 248 9.0 2,183 16,331 13,191 80.8 11,564 70.8 1,627 12.3 3,140 Women…………………………….………… 7,771 5,706 73.4 4,986 64.2 720 12.6 2,066 Less than a high school diploma .......... 2 High school graduates, no college ...... 1,626 867 53.3 662 40.7 205 23.6 759 3,265 2,384 73.0 2,050 62.8 334 14.0 881 Some college or associate degree ....... 1,799 1,478 82.2 1,352 75.2 126 8.5 321 Bachelor’s degree and higher ............... 1,081 976 90.3 921 85.2 55 5.6 105 Men……………………………………...…… 8,560 7,485 87.4 6,578 76.9 907 12.1 1,075 Less than a high school diploma .......... 2 High school graduates, no college ...... 2,140 1,668 77.9 1,334 62.3 334 20.0 472 3,978 3,540 89.0 3,110 78.2 429 12.1 438 Some college or associate degree ....... 1,658 1,532 92.4 1,425 86.0 106 6.9 126 Bachelor’s degree and higher ............... 784 746 95.1 708 90.4 37 5.0 38 1 Not enrolled in school……………..…….. 1 Includes a small number of persons enrolled in grades below high school. 2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 76 Table 35. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years, 1970-2004, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Year Total employed Multiple jobholding rate¹ Multiple jobholders Women Total Number Percent of all multiple jobholders Men Total Women Men White Black or African American² 1970…..…. 78,358 4,048 636 15.7 3,412 5.2 2.2 7.0 5.3 4.4 1971…...… 78,708 4,035 765 19.0 3,270 5.1 2.6 6.7 5.3 3.8 1972…...… 81,224 3,770 735 19.5 3,035 4.6 2.4 6.0 4.8 3.7 1973……... 83,758 4,262 869 20.4 3,393 5.1 2.7 6.6 5.1 4.7 1974…...… 85,786 3,889 867 22.3 3,022 4.5 2.6 5.8 4.6 3.8 1975…...… 84,146 3,918 956 24.4 2,962 4.7 2.9 5.8 4.8 3.7 1976……... 87,278 3,948 911 23.1 3,037 4.5 2.6 5.8 4.7 2.8 1977…...… 90,482 4,558 1,241 27.2 3,317 5.0 3.4 6.2 5.3 2.6 1978…...… 93,904 4,493 1,281 28.5 3,212 4.8 3.3 5.8 5.0 3.1 1979……... 96,327 4,724 1,407 29.8 3,317 4.9 3.5 5.9 5.1 3.0 1980…...… 96,809 4,759 1,549 32.5 3,210 4.9 3.8 5.8 5.1 3.2 1985…...… 106,878 5,730 2,192 38.3 3,537 5.4 4.7 5.9 5.7 3.2 1989…...… 117,084 7,225 3,109 43.0 4,115 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.5 4.3 1991…..…… 116,626 7,183 3,129 43.6 4,054 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.4 4.9 1994…..…. 122,946 7,316 3,343 45.7 3,973 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 4.9 1995….…… 124,554 7,952 3,727 46.9 4,225 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.6 5.2 1996…..…. 126,391 7,846 3,494 44.5 4,352 6.2 6.0 6.4 6.4 5.1 1997…..…. 129,565 8,197 3,800 46.4 4,398 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.5 5.7 1998…..…. 131,476 8,126 3,688 45.4 4,438 6.2 6.1 6.3 6.3 5.5 1999…..…. 133,411 7,895 3,778 47.9 4,117 5.9 6.1 5.8 6.0 5.5 2000…..…. 136,685 7,751 3,667 47.3 4,084 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.9 4.9 2001..……. 137,121 7,540 3,626 48.1 3,914 5.5 5.7 5.3 5.6 5.3 2002…..…. 136,559 7,247 3,511 48.4 3,736 5.3 5.5 5.1 5.5 4.7 2003..……. 137,567 7,338 3,498 47.7 3,841 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.5 4.3 2004…..…. 138,867 7,258 3,605 49.7 3,653 5.2 5.6 4.9 5.3 5.1 ¹ Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed persons in specified group. ² Data for years prior to 1977 refer to the black-and-other population group. NOTE: Data from 1994-2004 are not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” in Employment and Earnings. Comprehensive surveys of multiple jobholders were not conducted in 1981-84, 1986-88, 1990, and 1992-93. 77 Table 36. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2004 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Total Year Total employed Selfemployed Women Selfemployed as Total a percent of employed total Men SelfSelfemployed as Total employed a percent of employed total Selfemployed women as SelfSelfemployed as percent of employed a percent of total selfemployed total 1976…… 85,421 5,782 6.8 35,027 1,549 4.4 50,394 4,233 8.4 26.8 1977….. 88,734 6,115 6.9 36,677 1,692 4.6 52,057 4,423 8.5 27.7 1978….. 92,661 6,428 6.9 38,900 1,814 4.7 53,761 4,614 8.6 28.2 1979….. 95,477 6,792 7.1 40,556 1,982 4.9 54,921 4,810 8.8 29.2 1980….. 95,938 7,001 7.3 41,461 2,097 5.1 54,477 4,904 9.0 30.0 1981….. 97,030 7,097 7.3 42,333 2,192 5.2 54,697 4,905 9.0 30.9 1982….. 96,125 7,263 7.6 42,591 2,309 5.4 53,534 4,954 9.3 31.8 1983….. 97,450 7,575 7.8 43,367 2,439 5.6 54,083 5,136 9.5 32.2 1984…… 101,685 7,785 7.7 45,262 2,566 5.7 56,423 5,219 9.2 33.0 1985….. 103,971 7,810 7.5 46,615 2,603 5.6 57,356 5,207 9.1 33.3 1986….. 106,435 7,881 7.4 48,054 2,610 5.4 58,381 5,271 9.0 33.1 1987….. 109,232 8,201 7.5 49,668 2,778 5.6 59,564 5,423 9.1 33.9 1988…… 111,800 8,519 7.6 51,020 2,955 5.8 60,780 5,564 9.2 34.7 1989….. 114,143 8,605 7.5 52,341 3,043 5.8 61,802 5,562 9.0 35.4 1990…… 115,570 8,719 7.5 53,011 3,122 5.9 62,559 5,597 8.9 35.8 1991….. 114,449 8,850 7.7 52,815 3,150 6.0 61,634 5,700 9.2 35.6 1992….. 115,246 8,576 7.4 53,380 2,963 5.6 61,866 5,613 9.1 34.5 1993….. 1994….. 117,144 8,959 7.6 54,273 3,065 5.6 62,871 5,894 9.4 34.2 119,651 9,003 7.5 55,755 3,443 6.2 63,896 5,560 8.7 38.2 1995….. 121,460 8,901 7.3 56,642 3,440 6.1 64,818 5,461 8.4 38.6 1996….. 123,264 8,971 7.3 57,630 3,506 6.1 65,634 5,465 8.3 39.1 1997….. 126,159 9,056 7.2 59,026 3,550 6.0 67,133 5,506 8.2 39.2 1998….. 128,085 8,962 7.0 59,945 3,482 5.8 68,140 5,480 8.0 38.9 1999….. 2000….. 130,207 8,790 6.8 61,193 3,424 5.6 69,014 5,366 7.8 39.0 134,427 9,205 6.8 62,983 3,631 5.8 71,444 5,573 7.8 39.4 2001….. 134,635 9,121 6.8 63,147 3,594 5.7 71,488 5,527 7.7 39.4 2002…… 134,174 8,923 6.7 62,995 3,499 5.6 71,179 5,425 7.6 39.2 2003….. 135,461 9,344 6.9 63,824 3,609 5.7 71,636 5,736 8.0 38.6 2004…… 137,020 9,467 6.9 64,182 3,607 5.6 72,838 5,860 8.0 38.1 NOTE: Beginning in 2000, data reflect the introduction of the 2002 Census industry classification system derived from the 2002 North American Industry Classification System into the Current Population Survey (CPS). 78 1 2 Table 37. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2003 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Country of birth, age, and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Percent of labor force Total Not in labor force Both sexes 1 Native born: 16 years and over……..…. 189,837 125,393 66.1 118,005 62.2 7,389 5.9 64,444 16 to 24 years………..…. 31,762 19,642 61.8 17,148 54.0 2,494 12.7 12,120 25 to 34 years………….… 31,237 26,418 84.6 24,832 79.5 1,585 6.0 4,819 35 to 44 years………...…… 36,296 30,669 84.5 29,207 80.5 1,462 4.8 5,626 45 to 54 years………….… 35,277 29,071 82.4 27,979 79.3 1,092 3.8 6,207 55 to 64 years………...…… 24,533 15,296 62.3 14,696 59.9 600 3.9 9,237 65 years and over…….…. 30,733 4,298 14.0 4,143 13.5 155 3.6 26,435 2 Foreign born: 16 years and over……..…. 31,331 21,117 67.4 19,731 63.0 1,385 6.6 10,214 16 to 24 years……….…… 4,135 2,456 59.4 2,203 53.3 252 10.3 1,680 25 to 34 years……..……. 7,784 5,925 76.1 5,551 71.3 375 6.3 1,859 35 to 44 years……..……. 7,450 6,026 80.9 5,673 76.1 353 5.9 1,424 45 to 54 years………….… 5,245 4,200 80.1 3,935 75.0 264 6.3 1,045 55 to 64 years……….…… 3,195 2,016 63.1 1,903 59.6 113 5.6 1,180 65 years and over……….. 3,521 494 14.0 465 13.2 28 5.8 3,027 Women 1 Native born: 16 years and over……..…. 99,072 59,790 60.4 56,523 57.1 3,267 5.5 39,282 16 to 24 years…………..… 15,944 9,672 60.7 8,564 53.7 1,108 11.5 6,273 25 to 34 years……...……. 15,972 12,405 77.7 11,710 73.3 695 5.6 3,567 35 to 44 years……...……. 18,649 14,459 77.5 13,797 74.0 662 4.6 4,190 45 to 54 years……….…… 18,090 14,058 77.7 13,579 75.1 480 3.4 4,032 55 to 64 years………..…… 12,739 7,300 57.3 7,045 55.3 255 3.5 5,438 65 years and over……..... 17,677 1,896 10.7 1,829 10.3 66 3.5 15,781 2 Foreign born: 16 years and over……..…. 15,662 8,482 54.2 7,881 50.3 601 7.1 7,179 16 to 24 years………..…… 1,913 905 47.3 805 42.1 100 11.1 1,008 25 to 34 years……...……. 3,702 2,171 58.7 2,004 54.1 167 7.7 1,531 35 to 44 years……...……. 3,633 2,475 68.1 2,309 63.6 165 6.7 1,159 45 to 54 years……….…… 2,648 1,860 70.3 1,748 66.0 113 6.1 788 55 to 64 years………….… 1,684 867 51.5 821 48.7 46 5.4 817 65 years and over……….. 2,081 204 9.8 194 9.3 10 4.7 1,877 See footnotes at end of table. 79 1 2 Table 37. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2003 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Country of birth, age, and sex Civilian noninstitutional population Employed Total Percent of population Total Unemployed Percent of population Percent of labor force Total Not in labor force Men 1 Native born: 16 years and over………... 90,766 65,603 72.3 61,481 67.7 4,122 6.3 25,162 16 to 24 years………….… 15,818 9,970 63.0 8,584 54.3 1,387 13.9 5,848 25 to 34 years………...…. 15,264 14,013 91.8 13,123 86.0 890 6.3 1,252 35 to 44 years………...…. 17,646 16,210 91.9 15,410 87.3 800 4.9 1,436 45 to 54 years……….…… 17,187 15,012 87.3 14,400 83.8 612 4.1 2,175 55 to 64 years……….…… 11,794 7,996 67.8 7,651 64.9 345 4.3 3,798 65 years and over……..... 13,056 2,402 18.4 2,314 17.7 89 3.7 10,654 16 years and over……….... 15,669 12,634 80.6 11,850 75.6 784 6.2 3,035 16 to 24 years……….…… 2,222 1,550 69.8 1,398 62.9 152 9.8 672 25 to 34 years……...……. 4,082 3,754 92.0 3,547 86.9 207 5.5 328 35 to 44 years………...…. 3,817 3,552 93.0 3,364 88.1 188 5.3 265 45 to 54 years………….… 2,597 2,340 90.1 2,188 84.3 152 6.5 257 55 to 64 years……….…… 1,511 1,149 76.0 1,082 71.6 67 5.8 362 65 years and over……..... 1,440 290 20.1 271 18.8 19 6.5 1,150 2 Foreign born: 1 Native-born persons are those who were born in the United States or a U.S. Island Area such as Puerto Rico, or born abroad of a U.S.-citizen parent. 2 Foreign born refers to people residing in the United States who were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. This group primarily includes legally admitted immigrants, but also includes refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented aliens. 80 Table 38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2004 (Numbers in thousands) Total, both sexes 1 Year Total employed Members of unions Percent of Total employed Women Represented by unions Percent of Total employed 2 1 Total employed Members of unions Percent of Total employed Represented by unions Percent of Total employed 2 1983……… 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3 40,433 5,908 14.6 7,262 18.0 1984…...… 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6 42,172 5,829 13.8 7,100 16.8 1985……. 3 1986 …… 94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 20.5 43,506 5,732 13.2 6,910 15.9 96,903 16,975 17.5 19,278 19.9 44,961 5,802 12.9 6,961 15.5 1987…...… 99,303 16,913 17.0 19,051 19.2 46,365 5,842 12.6 6,907 14.9 1988……. 101,407 17,002 16.8 19,241 19.0 47,495 5,982 12.6 7,109 15.0 1989…...… 103,480 3 1990 …… 104,876 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6 48,691 6,141 12.6 7,243 14.9 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2 49,323 6,179 12.5 7,330 14.9 1991...…… 103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1 49,105 6,142 12.5 7,247 14.8 1992……. 104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7 49,842 6,274 12.6 7,411 14.9 1993……. 3 1994 …… 106,101 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6 50,626 6,516 12.9 7,610 15.0 107,989 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5 51,419 6,642 12.9 7,740 15.1 1995……. 110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7 52,369 6,430 12.3 7,479 14.3 1996…...… 111,960 3 1997 …… 114,533 3 1998 …… 116,730 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2 53,488 6,410 12.0 7,397 13.8 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6 54,708 6,347 11.6 7,304 13.4 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4 55,757 6,362 11.4 7,280 13.1 1999 …… 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0 2000……. 120,786 16,258 13.5 17,944 14.9 57,933 6,680 11.5 7,590 13.1 2001……. 3 2002 …… 122,482 16,387 13.4 18,114 14.8 58,726 6,809 11.6 7,704 13.1 122,007 16,107 13.2 17,771 14.6 58,624 6,772 11.6 7,636 13.0 2003……. 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9 2004……… 123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8 59,408 6,593 11.1 7,450 12.5 3 See footnotes at end of table. 81 Table 38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2004—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Men 1 Year Total employed Members of unions Percent of Total employed Represented by unions Percent of Total employed 2 1983……… 47,856 11,809 24.7 13,270 27.7 1984……. 50,022 11,511 23.0 12,832 25.7 1985……. 3 1986 …… 51,015 11,264 22.1 12,448 24.4 51,942 11,173 21.5 12,317 23.7 1987…...… 52,938 11,071 20.9 12,144 22.9 1988…...… 53,912 11,019 20.4 12,132 22.5 1989……. 3 1990 …… 54,789 10,820 19.7 11,955 21.8 55,553 10,597 19.1 11,775 21.2 1991……… 54,618 10,470 19.2 11,542 21.1 1992……. 54,826 10,144 18.5 11,167 20.4 1993…...… 3 1994 …… 55,475 10,112 18.2 11,072 20.0 56,570 10,106 17.9 11,110 19.6 1995……. 57,669 9,929 17.2 10,868 18.8 1996……… 3 1997 …… 58,473 9,859 16.9 10,761 18.4 59,825 9,763 16.3 10,619 17.7 60,973 9,850 16.2 10,638 17.4 1999 …… 61,914 9,949 16.1 10,758 17.4 2000…...… 62,853 9,578 15.2 10,355 16.5 2001……. 3 2002 …… 63,756 9,578 15.0 10,410 16.3 63,383 9,335 14.7 10,135 16.0 2003……. 63,236 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6 2004……. 64,145 8,878 13.8 9,638 15.0 3 1998 …… 3 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not members but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract. 3 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” in Employment and Earnings. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. 82 Technical Note T he estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 households, which provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. Over its history, numerous changes have been made in the CPS questionnaire, methodology, and estimation procedures to improve the quality of the data that the survey produces. In January 2003, several major changes were introduced to the CPS. As a result, most data for 2003 forward are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. These changes include the following: new occupational and industrial classification systems effectively created a break in series from 2000 forward for data disaggregated by class of worker status—that is, the classification of workers as either self-employed or wage and salary. This change resulted in a slightly lower estimate of the number of wage and salary workers and in minor revisions to the earnings measures for 2000-2002. Users therefore may note some differences with previously published women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios for those years. Additionally, data for 2004 are not strictly comparable with data for 2003 and earlier years because of the introduction in January 2004 of further revisions to the population controls used in the CPS. For more information about these and other recent changes to the survey, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” in the February 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings on the Internet at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf or the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of the February 2005 and subsequent issues of Employment and Earnings. Material in this report is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. This information is available to sensory-impaired individuals on request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. • Population controls were updated by the Census Bureau to incorporate new intercensal information and assumptions about the growth of the population, especially estimates of net international migration. • The survey questions on Hispanic ethnicity and race were modified to comply with new standards on race and ethnicity data from Federal agencies. In accordance with the new standards, individuals now are asked whether they are of Hispanic ethnicity before being asked about their race. Also, individuals now are asked directly if they are Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino, instead of being asked a general question on country of origin. With respect to race, the response category of Asian and Pacific Islanders was split into two categories: Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders. In accordance with the new standards, individuals were allowed to choose more than one race category. Prior to 2003, individuals who considered themselves to belong to more than one race were required to select a single primary race. In this report, data by race for 2003 forward include only those who choose a single race category. Concepts and Definitions Concepts used in this report are defined below. Civilian labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed. Employed persons. Employed persons are those who, during the survey week, (a) did any work at all as paid civilians; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family business; or (d) were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, vacation, bad weather, or another reason. • New occupational and industrial classification systems Unemployed persons. Unemployed persons are those who had no employment during the survey week, were available for work at that time, and made specific efforts to find employment sometime in the prior 4 weeks. Persons laid off from their former jobs and awaiting recall did not need to be looking for work to be classified as unemployed. were introduced. These systems were derived from the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) and the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The new classification systems differ substantially from the previous systems. The introduction of the 83 Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is the civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. in the medians for specific groups may not necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for the overall group boundary. The most common reasons for this possible anomaly follow: (1) There could be a change in the relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the medians of both 16- to 24-year-olds and those 25 years and over may rise, but if the lower earning 16-to-24 age group accounts for a greatly increased share of the total, the overall median could actually fall. (2) There could be a large change in the shape of the distribution of reported earnings. This could be caused by survey observations that are clustered at rounded values, for example, $250, $300, or $400. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster, or “spike,” tends to change more slowly than one in other intervals. Medians, for example, measure the central tendency of a multipeaked distribution that shifts over time. As the distribution shifts, the median does not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, the median takes relatively more time to move through a frequently reported interval but, once above the upper limit of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next frequently reported earnings interval. BLS procedures for estimating medians mitigate such irregular movements of the measures; however, users should be cautious of these effects when evaluating short-term changes in the medians, as well as in ratios of the medians. Unemployment rate. This rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. Race. White, black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe the race of persons. Persons in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Data for the remaining race categories—American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, and persons who selected more than one race category—are included in totals but are not shown separately because the number of survey respondents was too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality for publication. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent. Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to persons who identified themselves in the CPS enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Family. A family is a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses. Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked during the reference week. For example, persons who normally work 40 hours a week but were off during Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even though they were paid for the holiday. Usual weekly earnings. Data are collected on wages and salaries before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the principal job in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings of self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether their businesses are incorporated. Prior to 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Usual hours, or usual full- or part-time status. Data on persons “at work” exclude persons who were temporarily absent from a job and therefore classified in the zero-hoursworked category, “with a job but not at work.” These are persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week for reasons such as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. To differentiate a person’s normal schedule from his or her activity during the reference week, persons also are classified according to their usual full- or part-time status. In this context, full-time workers are those who usually worked 35 hours or more (at all jobs combined). This group includes some individuals who worked less than 35 hours in the reference week for either economic or noneconomic reasons and those who were temporarily absent from work. Similarly, part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. This may include some individuals who actually worked more than 34 hours in the reference week, as well as those who are temporarily absent from work. Medians of weekly earnings. The median is the amount that divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median, and the other having earnings below the median. The BLS estimating procedure for determining the median of an earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50wide interval that is centered on a multiple of $50. The value of the median is estimated through a linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies. Over-the-year changes Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors but, for purposes of the earnings series, ex84 nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the “true” population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. Standard errors included in this report were rounded for presentation purposes, as were the earnings estimates. Consequently, a precise confidence interval cannot be constructed using these data. CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment and Earnings publication. cludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether their businesses are incorporated. Hourly paid workers. Workers who are paid an hourly wage are a subset of wage and salary workers, representing approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers. Workers paid by the hour are, therefore, included in the full- and part-time worker tables in this report, along with salaried workers and other workers not paid by the hour. (Data for workers paid at hourly rates are presented separately.) Work experience. These data reflect the work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population Survey. Persons who worked were those who answered “yes” to the following questions from the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or business at any time during (the year)?” or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during (the year)?” Since the reference period is a full year, the number of persons with some employment or unemployment greatly exceeds the average levels for any given month, which are based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly estimates. Reliability Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and 85
@FedFRASER