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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU, No. 51 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES A STUDY OF HOURS AND WORKING : CONDITIONS [Public—No. 259—66th Congress.] [H. R. 13229.] An Act To establish in the Department of Labor Women's Bureau a bureau to be known as the Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be established in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the Women’s Bureau. Sec. 2. That the said bureau shall be in charge of a director, a woman, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, who shall receive an annual compensation of $5,000. It shall be the duty of said bureau to formulate standards and policies which shall promote the welfare of wage-earning women, improve their working conditions, increase their efficiency, and ad vance their opportunities for profitable employment. The said bureau shall have authority to investigate and report to the said de partment upon all matters pertaining to tho welfare of women in industry. The director of said bureau may from time to time publish the results of these investigations in such a manner and to such extent as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe. Sec. 3. That there shall be in said bureau an assistant director, to be appointed by the Secretary of Labor, who shall receive an annual compensation of $3,500 and shall perform such duties as shall be prescribed by the director and approved by the Secretary of Labor. Sec. 4. That there is hereby authorized to be employed by said bureau a chief clerk and such special agents, assistants, clerks, and other employees at such rates of compensation and in such numbers as Congress may from time to time provide by appropriations. Sec. 5. That the Secretary of Labor is hereby directed to furnish sufficient quarters, office furniture, and equipment for the work of this bureau. Sec. 6. That this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved, June 5, 1920. Per c%ni 44 hours 10Z i" and under S.l 42- 4.2—152. 4? : Over 44 . and underh' 43 hours®* Over 48 and under SO hours 84 SO hours® Over SO and under,'' S4 hours1a2 Sfhours ^ Scheduled weekhf hours OverS4 and underu a, S3 hours uSBBmjhicatjo 3/^ S3 hours and over 3.4 N>S-dOther piaces U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR JAMES J. DAVIS, SECRETARY WOMEN’S BUREAU MARY ANDERSON, Director BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU, NO. 51 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES A STUDY OF HOURS AND WORKING CONDITIONS WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1926 CONTENTS Page Past * *■ * I. Introduction___ __________________________ ___ Scope and method of investigation__ 1________________ The workers Nativity Age-----------------------------------------------------------------Conjugal condition living condition Summary of facts Conclusion II. Hours 11 Scheduled hours Daily hours Weekly hours. ; Saturday hours 19 Lunch periods 22 Hours of night and eveningworkers_____________ Actual hours worked___________________ ______________ Lost time in conjunction with overtime_________ Extent of lost time 30 Overtime 32 III. Hours of hotel and restaurant workers 33 Scope and method 33 Irregularity of restaurant hours_______________________ Daily hours 39 Over-all hours 42 Week’s hours 45 Meal periods 47 IV. Working conditions_ General plant conditions 50 Arrangement of rooms 50 Stairways 51 Cleaning 51 Heating 52 Ventilation 53 Lighting----------------------------------------------------------Seating Sanitation Drinking facilities Washing facilities Toilet equipment. Service equipment Lunch rooms Cloak rooms Rest rooms Health equipment Appendixes: • A—General tables 75 B—Schedule forms 103 1 2 6 6 6 7 7 7 9 11 11 15 23 23 26 36 49 54 56 59 59 60 63 67 68 69 70 71 TEXT TABLES Table 1. Number of establishments visited and number of men, women, and children employed therein, by industry and locality__ 2. Scheduled daily hours, by industry-—State___________________ 3. Scheduled daily hours, by locality 15 4. Scheduled weekly hours, by industry—State_________________ 5. Scheduled weekly hours, by locality 19 6. Scheduled Saturday hourB, by industry—State______________ 7. Relation of Saturday hours to daily hours, by industry group— State 22 8. Hours worked during the week, by industry—State__________ 9. Hours worked during the week, by locality__________________ in 4 12 16 20 24 26 CONTENTS IV Page Table 10. Extent to which the same employees both lost time and worked overtime in one week, by industry and locality___________ 11. Hours worked less than scheduled week, by industry—State,. 12. Hours worked in excess of scheduled day, by day of the week— State 31 13. Irregularity of restaurant days, by locality__________________ 14. Length of day’s work in restaurants, by type of restaurant, occupation, and locality 39 15. Daily hours of restaurant workers, by occupation and locality. 16. Daily hours of restaurant workers, by type of restaurant and locality 41 17. Over-all hours, by type of restaurant, occupation, and locality. 18. Relation of hours on duty to over-all hours, by locality______ 19. Hours worked in one week by restaurant employees who worked on 6 or 7 days, by locality 40 20. Adequacy of natural and artificial lighting, by locality_______ 21. Type and adequacy of seats, by occupation and locality— factories and laundries 56 22. Condition of washing facilities, by industry and locality_____ 23. Condition of toilet equipment, by industry and locality______ 28 80 35 41 43 44 54 61 64 APPENDIX TABLES Table I. Age of the women employees who supplied personal informa tion, by industry—State 75 II. Conjugal condition of the women employees who supplied per sonal information, by industry—State_____________________ III. Living condition of the women employees who supplied per sonal information, by industry—State____________________ IV. Nativity of the women employees who supplied personal in formation, by industry—State 78 V. Scheduled daily hours, by industry and locality______________ VI. Scheduled weekly hours, by industry and locality____________ VII. Scheduled Saturday hours, by industry and locality__________ VIII. Scheduled daily and Saturday hours, by industry group—State. IX. Length of lunch period, by industry—State_________________ X. Hours worked during the week, by industry and locality_____ XI. Number and duration of periods off duty for women restaurant employees who worked on uniform schedule throughout the week, by type of restaurant, occupation, and locality______ XII. Number and duration of periods off duty for women restaurant employees who worked on two different schedules during the week, by type of restaurant, occupation, and locality______ XIII. Number and duration of periods off duty for women restaurant employees who worked on more than two different schedules during the week, by type of restaurant,occupation, and locality. XIV. Length of the day’s work on various time schedules in restau rants, by type of restaurant, occupation, and locality:_____ XV. Relation of hours of duty to daily over-all hours, by type of restaurant, occupation, and locality_______________________ XVI. Hours worked during the week by women employed in restau rants, by number of days on which work was done________ 76 77 80 82 84 86 88 89 92 93 94 95 97 100 CHARTS Scheduled weekly hoursFrontispiece Scheduled daily hours 12 Working hours of women employees in one Chicago restaurant__________ 38 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL United States Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, Washington, November 12, 1925. There is transmitted herewith a report of an investigation of hours and working conditions of women in industry in the State of Illinois. This survey was made at the request of the Illinois League of Women Voters. We appreciate the cooperation given by a number of agencies in the State, and especially that of tire manu facturers, through whose aid the investigation was much facilitated. The survey was made under the direction of Ethel L. Best, indus trial supervisor, and the report was written by Ruth I. Voris, as sistant editor. Sir: Mart Anderson, Hon. James J. Davis, Secretary of Labor. Director. WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES PART I INTRODUCTION Illinois ranks as one of the leading industrial States of the country. At the suggestion of the Illinois League of Women Voters and be cause of the industrial importance of the State, the Women’s Bureau of the United States Department of Labor undertook a survey of hours and wages of the women workers of Illinois, which was carried on during the late winter and spring of 1924. Especially valuable assistance was given by the State department of labor, the Federal and State employment service, and the State bureau of social welfare. Helpful advice was also given by local sec retaries of the Young Women’s Christian Association in some of the towns visited. Most prominent among the cooperating agencies were the employers themselves. In almost every instance they gave free access to their records, and it was their readiness to supply the infor mation desired and to grant access to their plants that made possible the collection of the data presented in the bulletin. The work of carrying on a representative survey of the women engaged in industry in a State of the industrial importance of Illinois is very considerable. There are large numbers of women employed in Illinois, and, while many are concentrated in or near Chicago, there are plants of real importance employing large numbers of women scattered over the State, even to the extreme southern end. As a manufac turing center Illinois ranks third among the States of the country when rated according to the value of the manufactured product,1 and recent years have seen a marked and continuous increase in its indus trial activities. If the number of wage earners be used as a measure, the rate of growth of manufacturing industries in Illinois during the 10 years from 1909 to 1919—with practically a 40 per cent increase in the number of wage earners engaged in manufacturing within that period of years -was greater than in the United States as a whole.3 Industry in Illinois has not narrowed down to any one type which has an overwhelming importance in the State. According to the Census of Manufactures, 23.7 per cent of the total value of manufac tured products of the State was accredited to slaughtering and meat packing, but when the value added by manufacture, a figure perhaps more indicative of the amount of industrial activity, is alone con sidered the percentage drops to only 7.3 per cent of the total for the State. Fifteen other industries contributed more than 1 per cent each to the total value added by manufacture in the State, but a large part of the industrial activity was more or less hidden under the classi fication of “all other industries,” the establishments under this classification contributing more of the value added by manufacture and also employing a larger proportion of the wage earners than did any one industry.3 i U. S. Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth Census: 1930. v. 8, Manufactures, 1919, p. 18, Table 10. * U. S. Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth Census: 1920. v. 9, Manufactures, 1919, p. 310, Table 1; v. 8, Manufactures, 1919, p. 14, Table 2. ' U. S. Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth Census: 1920. v. 9, Manufactures, 1919, p. 312, Table 3. 1 2 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES The women of Illinois contribute very considerably to the indus trial life of the State. Over one-half million females 10 years of age and over were gainfully employed, or over one-fifth of all the women in the State. Fifteen other States had a larger proportion of their women gainfully employed, but only two others, New York and Pennsylvania, had a larger number of women gainfully employed.4 Over one-fourth of the gainfully employed women were in clerical occupations, almost a fourth in domestic and personal service, wliile 22.7 per cent were engaged in manufacturing and mechanical indus tries. Trade claimed over one-tenth of the women who worked, and professional service almost an eighth.5 SCOPE AND METHOD OF INVESTIGATION It was impossible with the time and funds available to make a complete survey of all the women working in Illinois, but an attempt was made to include representative plants employing women. Stores, laundries, factories, hotels, and restaurants were visited in the follow ing 50 cities and towns of the State : Alton. Aurora. Belleville. Belvidere. Bloomington. Cairo. Centralia. Charleston. Chester. Chicago. Danville. Decatur. , De Kalb. Dixon. East Alton. East St. Louis. Effingham. Elgin. Fairfield. Freeport. Galesburg. Granite City, Greenville. Hillsboro. Hoopeston. Jacksonville. Joliet. Kankakee. Kewanee. La Salle. Lincoln. Litchfield. Marseilles. Mattoon. Moline. Morris. Mound City. Mount Vernon. Murphysboro. Ottawa. Paris. Paxton. Peoria. Pittsfield. Pontiac. Quincy. Rockford. Rock Island. Springfield. Streator. Definite information as to numbers of employees and their hours, together with facts concerning the conditions under which they worked, was scheduled by investigators, who secured the data from interviews with employers and managers, from clock-card or timebook records of the number of hours worked, and from personal inspection of the plants. In order to obtain exact information on the actual time worked, all data were copied from the written records of the firm by the investigators. An attempt was made to obtain these attendance records for the same week in all establishments, the cal endar week ended January 26, 1924. In cases, however, where plants had been running slack during that week, or time records for that period had been destroyed before the date on which the agent called, another week wras chosen at the suggestion of the firm, livery effort was made to obtain records for a week in which no unusual situation had affected the number of hours which the women nad worked. Questionnaires were distributed in all of the plants visited, on which the employees were asked to furnish information as to age, nativity, experience in the trade, and conjugal and living condition. The number of establishments in the survey, the industries covered, and the number of women employed are given in Tablet. Although, for the sake of completeness, all employees are included in this table, elsewhere in the report only adult women—those 16 years of age and over—are considered. 4U. S. Bureau of the Census. *U. S. Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth Census: 1920. v. 4, Population, p. 47, Table 8. Fourteenth Census: 1920. v. 4, Population, p. 64, Table 14. WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 3 In all, 429 establishments, employing a total of 142,745 workers, were visited throughout the entire State. A very large proportion of the women actually covered by the survey (59.7 per cent) were employed in Chicago. This proportion, however, is a normal and representative one, for according to the census in 1920 almost onehalf of all the people over 10 years of age who were gainfully employed in Illinois were located in Chicago; and 57.6 per cent of the gainfully employed women of the State were grouped in that one center. Over one-third (35.1 per cent) of the workers employed in the plants visited were women or girls. It is to be expected that the propor tion of women on the pay rolls of the establishments visited would exceed that for the State as a whole. As the study was concerned primarily with facts relating to women in industry, those industries were included in which women constituted a relatively important part of the labor force. The women surveyed were employed in 31 manufacturing indus tries, in stores, in laundries, and in hotels and restaurants. There were 14 industry groups in each of which more than a thousand women were reported. The 10 industries employing most of the women included, arranged in the order of the number of women employees, are as follows: Electrical appliances; general mercantile establishments; jewelry, including clocks and watches; men’s cloth ing; boots and shoes; metal products; slaughtering and meat pack ing; “ other textiles ”; printing and publishing; and knit goods. Table 1.—Number of establishments visited and number of men, women, and children employed therein, by industry and locality Number of women Other places Chicago State Other places Chicago ate i 19 3 1 23 11 8 9 4 6 3 5 7 5 9 12 6 3 8 3 3 7 2 3 2 3 3 8----2 3 3 1 36 1] 11 10 2 5 68 6,314 27 33 41 794 5,520 3,441 19 5,123 2,614 2,509 321 895 574 5 479 966 5 1, 445 4 32, 723 31,130 1, 593 1,938 184] 189] 21,830 1,315 1,137 178 769 2 18,983 16,314 12C 10 2,152 3 2,1GC 1,534 3 2,077 64( 6 1,801 662 662 1,743 1,743 — 8 8,367 3& 45( ] 286 lfr 2 3,357 25 15,591 1,04< 1,021 ] 605 3 1,279 2,669 2,032 566 2,077 1,161 ........... 2 12! _ 2| 9’ 1,343,____ 2! 156 1 133| 1 20. 624!.... *- 59. 28 56 1,206 676! 58'. 63. 202 2,412 1 963 1,508 1,633 778 541 338 14 10 7 3 7 2,471 1,116 13 7 6 3,928 1,485 2,443 2,321 Chicago I 1 State State bC z 711 108 498 . 6 2, 596 1,262 404 695 __50 9, 751 1,898 284 423 386 50 442 12 19 7 43 219 19 29 1 13 294 289! 1 13 294 527 93 78 483 4,439 51 —.! 106 1510,172 1 4 187 “ 572! 540 ......... 1,093!. 78.......... 463^ 677 29 240 1 543!. 11,318 5,342 9,754 4,538| 1,564' '1,731 — 1 55; 1 1,676 14. 410 92 1,258! 1, 668 483!...........1,234 1, 234 22 297| 22| 189 486 109! 4511 109.......... 451 10 946; 10 946 8, 367 4, 439 109 66 169 122 12, 234 12, 584 111 28 674 1,070 z 0 Chicago Other I places . 1 18 W hite Negro W hite O ther places C hicago S tate O ther places S tate Manufacturing: Awnings, tents, and sails------------Boots and shoes.................................. ClothingMen ’s--------------------------------Women’s-------------------- -------Corsets (including garters) .............. Electrical appliances......................... FoodBread and bakery products... Slaughtering and meat pack ing......................... ..................... Other................... ......................... Furniture and wood veneer--------Glass----- ------------ --------------- -----Gloves and mittens........................... Glue....................... .............................. House furnishings........................... Jewelry (including clocks and watches) Lamps and reflectors............ ............ Leather products________ _______ Metal products.................................. Millinery, lace, and embroidery... Musical instruments......................... Paper products— Boxes------ --------------------------Other............................................. Patent medicines, chemical prod ucts, and soap............................... Printing, publishing, and book binding............................................ Professional and scientific instru ments_____ — & 2, 214 46, 706 2,024 27, 252 1,831 19, 454 193 671 520 151 1,309 1,141 168 429 160 269 142,745 87,838 54,907 84,371 All industries.. 0 £ 1, 644 16 10 6 5,270 4,636 634 3,519 25 3,078 441 3 1 2 3,000 2,579 421 2,124 1,800 324 Sc 318 73 8: 53 3...... 663 274 11 351 68' 1C 238 122 883 39 lr 442 779.......... 8 7 7 3 4 3 3 254 254 11 15 3 12 1 9 17 134 451 2 10 134 451 7 7 6 6 5 2 3 79 5 96 28 51 .... 165 184 97 16 3 16 3 14 14 41 1 79 3 1 79 3 4 409 314 407 V 620 .... 19 So 3, 925 ' 15 13 1,842 25 102 302 101 873 1 14 3 5 96 24 24 57 53 20 20 2 ] 17 13 6 9 83 5 12 3 29 2 14 4 5 14 5 2 3 1 6 88 38 3 25 —- 4 4 .... 4 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES C hicago 1 Industry Number of Number of girls boys under under 16 years 16 years of of age age Other places Total number of employees 1 Number of men Number of establish ments 1 Textiles— General mercantile.................................- 8 2 4 6 2 16 20 9 4 9 4 4 31 IS 28 19 540 306 2, 610 983 2, 610 3, 662 2,794 ' 868 1,441 647 158 285 728 1, 340 1,833 1,105 295 414 414 8,050 6,439 1, 611 3,540 97 654 325 329 938 365 1,876 938 881 2,030 1,727 303 42 2 262 20 216 965 271 741 262 20 216 11 3,075 49 11 78 139 802 50 i 10 68 44 264 295T 983 476 14 599 295 465 48 226 79 2 1,555 1,529 478 234 119 10 4,391 541 1 10 1,042 1,053 6 19 132 1,183 22 334 42 106 132 22 42 49 3,263 261 389 364 836 46 42 5 366 45 276!___ 1 1, 555!.... 346___ 144 128----119j___ 1,128 7 280 .... 678: 23 2171 1 22 40 1 21 1 14 22 19 .......... 48 258 231 45 45 2 1 48 27 1 13 1 — 1 1 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES 9 12 4 8 4 37 20 44 39 62 Cn 6 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES THE WORKERS In order to obtain some idea of the type of women employed in Illinois an effort was made to secure from as many women as pos sible information on age, nativity, and conjugal and living conditions. Questionnaires, distributed in the plants and filled in by the women themselves, were returned by not far from 19,000 women. In some cases the record was incomplete, and thus the number reporting on the different items varies. Nativity. Of the 18,376 women reporting on nativity, 76.7 per cent were native-born whites, 4.6 per cent were native-born negroes, and 18.7 per cent were foreign born. (Appendix Table IV.) Although the printed table does not give figures for Chicago and other places sepa rately, the material was so tabulated and, as would be expected, showed a marked contrast between the women workers of Chicago and those of the smaller places. Practically all the negro women returning personal history records were employed in Chicago plants, and 28.7 per cent of all the women reporting on nativity in Chicago were foreign bom, while only 8.7 per cent of those who returned such information from the plants in the smaller towns were born in foreign countries. Over 90 per cent of the women employed in the smaller towns of the State were native-born white women. The majority of the negro women were employed in slaughtering and meat-packing establishments, in the manufacture of house fur nishings and of miscellaneous textiles, and in laundries. Foreignborn women formed over a third of the total number reporting in each of the following industries: Slaughtering and meat packing and the manufacture of bread and bakery products, of glue, and of tobacco products. It will be noticed that both the foreign-born women and the negro women formed a considerable proportion of the total num ber reporting in the slaughter and packing houses. In fact, only a fourth of the women reporting in the industry were native-born white women. Age. Reports on age were secured from 18,256 women, and the figures are presented in Table I in the appendix. Of these women, 32.2 per cent were less than 20 years old, 27.6 per cent were 20 but less than 25, 13.3 per cent were 25 but less than 30, and 26.9 per cent were 30 or older. In other words, the women workers in the industries surveyed were pretty well distributed among the various age groups, and women of 20 or over formed the majority of those reporting. The largest proportions of women 30 years of age and over were found in men’s clothing, glue, and tobacco manufacturing in the miscellane ous groups, in slaughtering and meat-packing houses, and in general mercantile establishments. The younger women assumed greater importance in the following industries: 5-and-10-cent stores and the manufacture of bread and bakery products, corsets, glass, gloves and mittens, lamps and reflectors, jewelry, paper boxes, and signs and ad vertising novelties. In each of these industries, the girls of under 20 formed more than 40 per cent of the women reporting. WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 7 Conjugal condition. Many of the women surveyed in Illinois had continued to work outside the home after marriage. According to Table II in the appendix, of the 17,966 women who gave information about marital status, 22.4 per cent were married and 12.3 per cent were widowed, separated, or divorced, making a total of 34.8 per cent who were or had been married. In this conjugal group were reported more than one-half of the women in each of the following industries: The man ufacture of glue, house furnishings, and tobacco; slaughtering and meat-packing establishments; and laundries. On the other hand, single women formed at least 80 per cent of the women workers in each of the following industries: The manufacture of corsets, jewelry, lamps and reflectors, musical instruments, and signs and advertising novelties. Living condition. There were 18,466 women who reported on whether they were living with their families or independently. (Table III in the appen dix.) Of these, 83 per cent were living at home, 6.4 per cent with relatives but not at home, and 10.6 per cent independently. There is no marked difference in living arrangements of the various industrial groups, although the establishments in the millinery, lace, and em broidery group and the general mercantile establishments show a con siderably higher proportion of their women workers living inde pendently (24.1 per cent and 17.9 per cent, respectively) than do most of the others. SUMMARY OF FACTS Extent of survey. Number of cities and towns visited, 50. Number of establishments visited, 429. Number of women employed in these establishments, 48,730. Scheduled hours. Hour data for 388 factories, stores, and laundries may be sum marized as follows: 1. Weekly schedule— Chicago. 54 hours or over for 1 per cent of the women. 48 hours or less for 82.7 per cent of the women. Other places. 54 hours or over for 17.1 per cent of the women. 48 hours or less for 32.9 per cent of the women. 2. Daily schedule— Chicago. 10 hours for 0.4 per cent of the women. 8 hours or less for 35.8 per cent of the women. Other places. 10 hours for 12.5 per cent of the women. 8 hours or less for 24.4 per cent of the women. 3. Saturday hours— Saturday hours shorter than the daily schedule for 90.5 per cent of the women in factories. Saturday hours longer than the daily schedule for 33.8 per cent of the women in stores. 8 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES Actual hours worked. Detailed attendance records for 35,636 women employed in fac tories, stores, and laundries may be summarized as follows: Hours less than the scheduled week worked by 46.3 per cent of the women. Less than 5 hours lost by 36.5 per cent of the women who lost time. The largest proportion of women losing time (79.5 per cent) w'ere in the manufacture of millinery, lace, and embroidery. The smallest proportion of women losing time (22.2 per cent) were in the manufacture of tobacco. Less than 44 hours worked during the week by 30.1 per cent of the women. Hour data for women employed in hotels and restaurants may be summarized as follows: 1. Weekly hours— Dining-room employees. 60 hours and over worked by 8.8 per cent of the women employed on 6 or 7 days of the week. 48 hours and under worked by 60.5 per cent of the women employed on 6 or 7 days of the week. Kitchen employees. 60 hours and over worked by 19.1 per cent of the women employed on 6 or 7 days. 48 hours and under worked by 36.5 per cent of the women employed on 6 or 7 days. 2. Daily hours— Dining-room employees. Hours amounting to less than 8 for 57.9 per cent of the employee days of dining-room workers. Hours amounting to 10 and over for 6.3 per cent of the employee days of dining-room workers. Kitchen employees. Hours amounting to less than 8 for 30.6 per cent of the employee days of women working in kitchens. Hours amounting to 10 and over for 7.8 per cent of the employee days of women ivorking in kitchens. Working conditions. For 428 factories, stores, laundries, and hotels and restaurants visited in Chicago and other places. 1. General workroom conditions— Chicago. a. 58 factories and laundries with aisles narrow or obstructed. b. 33 factories, stores, and laundries unsatisfactorily ventilated in part or throughout. c. Natural light unsatisfactory throughout or in part in 75 factories, stores, laundries, and hotels and restaurants. Artificial light unsatisfactory in 68 factories, stores, laundries, and hotels and restaurants. d. In 39 factories and laundries no seats provided for women who stood at their work; in 58 establishments seats without backs furnished for at least some of the women who sat at their work. Other places. a. 82 factories and laundries with aisles narrow or obstructed. b. 74 factories, stores, and laundries unsatisfactorily ventilated in part or throughout. c. Natural light unsatisfactory throughout or in part in 95 factories, stores, laundries, and hotels and restaurants. Artificial light unsatisfactory in 95 factories, stores, laundries, and hotels and restaurants. d. In 81 factories and laundries no seats provided for women who stood at their work; in 67 establishments seats without backs furnished for at least part of the women who sat at their work. 9 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 2. Tlie need for improved sanitation is shown by the following C/ucaf/o.^he common drinking cup found in 14 establishments; no cups ’ provided in 37 establishments; insanitary bubble fountains m 78 establishments. , ... , b. No towels in 45 establishments; common towels in 52 establishc. An inadequate number of toilet facilities in 42 establishments. a The common drinking cup found in 39 establishments; no cups provided in 45 establishments; insanitary bubblers in 142 establishments. . , , b. No washing facilities in 1 establishment; no towels in 88 estab lishments; common towels in 113 establishments. c. No toilet facilities in 1 establishment; an inadequate number of toilet facilities in 84 establishments. _ 3. The record of service facilities disclosed the following Chicago. , , . . a. No lunch room m 90 establishments. b. No cloak room in 35 establishments. c. No rest room in 105 establishments. Other places. a. No lunch room in 177 estalishments. b. No cloak room in 66 establishments. c. No rest room in 170 establishments. Workers. 1. Nativity of 18,376 women employees— Native-born white-.---------- ------------------------Native-born negro--------------------------------------Foreign-born white-------------------------------------2. Age of 18,256 women employees— Under 20 years of age.-------------------------------20 and under 30 years of age----------------------30 years of age and over-----------------------------3. Conjugal condition of 17,966 women employees— Single_____________________________ _____ _ Married___________________________________ Widowed, separated, or divorced----------------4. Living condition of 18,466 women employees— Living independently---------------------------------Living at home-----------------------------------------Living with relatives but not at home--------- Per cent 76. 7 4. 6 18. 7 . 32. 2 40. 8 26. 9 22. 4 12. 3 10. 6 83. 0 6. 4 CONCLUSION In the matter of scheduled hours of work for women employed in factories, stores, and laundries the contrast between Chicago and the other cities of the State was marked. While less than 1 per cent of the women reported in Chicago were employed for the 10-hour day permitted by the law of the State, an eighth of all the women reported in these types of establishments elsewhere in the State were so employed. Even in the smaller cities, however, actual practice was much in advance of the law. The attendance records showed that lost time assumed considerable importance, for almost one-half of the women had worked less than their scheduled week. Turnover, absence for personal reasons, lost time because of slack work—all these affected the amount by which tlie time worked fell below the scheduled hours for the week and make it impossible to draw any definite conclusions from the material obtained. While workdays of less than 8 hours were much more common for women employed in restaurants than for those who worked in fac tories, stores, and laundries, so also were long workdays more fre76820°—26-----2 10 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTBIES quently found among the restaurant employees. In addition the working periods of the restaurant employees were more often stretched over a longer time. The irregularity of the restaurant workers schedules and the length of their over-all hours are matters ot almost as great importance as the actual length of time which they worked. There was no marked difference between the establishments in the smaller places and the plants located in Chicago in regard to standards for working conditions. Neither group of establishments Under 8 hours ... 8 hours Over 8 and under 7 hours ... gjlaifi ? hours Over ? and under heduled daily hours 10 hours /4sS2S$3 ^^^Other place $ was uniformly good nor bad. Modern factories, satisfactory on the whole, were found both in Chicago and in the smaller community; so also were establishments which were poorly arranged and badly managed. Probably there was a greater proportion of large modern plants in Chicago than in the smaller towns, but even in such estab lishments matters important from the point of view of the workers’ comfort and health often had been overlooked, and standards of general workroom conditions or of sanitation failed to come up to a satisfactory level. PART II HOURS The hours of women workers have been recognized as of such social importance that many States have assisted in the raising of general hour standards by limiting the number of hours which women employed in certain industries are permitted to work in a day or a week. There are only five States in this country which have no legal regulation of the number of hours which women may be employed, although there is considerable variation in the standards which the different States have established. Eight States and the District of Columbia limit the working-day of women in most industries to 8 hours. While the majority of the States establish a 9 or a 10 hour limit, the laws of four States permit a day of over 10 hours, and another a day of 12 hours for its mercantile workers. The legal standard of hours for women in Illinois falls considerably behind that set by many States, since it permits a day of 10 hours for women employed in' most occupations other than clerical. No limitation is placed on weekly hours, however, and women in Illinois industries may be employed as long as 70 hours in a week. In studying the hours of the women working in Illinois industries, the Women’s Bureau was interested both in scheduled hours and in actual hours worked, as well as in the relation of the hours worked to the scheduled hours. The first part of this section of the report will consider only the scheduled hours of the plants visited—that is, the hours which are expected regularly of the workers when the plant is gunning normally; the second part will present a discussion of the actual hours worked by the women employees. The material on hours given in this chapter covers only the women employed in factories, stores, and laundries, for the restaurant workers’ hours are much less regular, and it is impossible to combine figures con cerning their working schedule with those for the women who worked more uniform hours. Accordingly, the hours of hotel and restaurant employees will be discussed in a separate section. SCHEDULED HOURS Daily hours. The length of the working-day for the women employed in the industries studied is shown in Table 2. Although the State law permits its women workers to be em ployed 10 hours a day, only 35 establishments, employing 5.4 per cent of the women reported, had a scheduled day of that length. There was no overwhelming piling up of establishments or of women at any one hour group. Very few women had a regular working-day of less than eight hours, but somewhat over a fourth of the women reported in factories, stores, and laundries had a daily schedule of eight hours. The largest proportion of the women, or 36.9 per cent, were in the over-8-and-under-9 hour group, while the largest number of establishments were reported with a schedule of nine hours. 11 Table 2.—Scheduled daily hours, by industry—State to Nuinber of establishments and number of women whose scheduled daily hours were— Number reported Manufacturing: Awnings, tents, and sails....................................... Boots and shoes.....................................!!_!” ClothingMen’s....................... .......................................... Women’s_____________ !!!!!!!!!!!!!! Corsets (including garters)...........!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Electrical appliances________________ _ FoodBread and bakery products............................... Slaughtering and meat packing_______ ”!” Other________ ____ ____ _____ _________ Furniture and wood veneer._!!!!!!!” Glass............... !!!!!! Gloves and mittens_____ Glue__________ ___„_!!!!”"”!”" House furnishings_________ III!!”!””””” Jewelry (including clocks and watches)”!!!!!!' Lamps and reflectors.................... ....................... Leather products___ ____ ______ __________11. Metal products................. -..!!!!!”” Millinery, lace, and embroidery_____I”........... Musical instruments................................ Paper products— Boxes.............................. ............................. other...........................-_!!!IIII!II”!I!!!”III Patent medicines, chemical products, and soap Printing, publishing, and bookbinding........... I Professional and scientific instruments________ fiigns and advertising novelties................ III!!!! Estab lish ments Wo men 1388 46,070 100.0 4 19 35 2,837 i 23 3, 160 688 1.118 9,191 11 8 9 12 1i 36 8 i3 I3 8 3 3 36 II5 * 14 10 12 16 3 5 Estab lish ments Wo men Estab lish ments 1,888 4.1 96 506 2,307 413 326 239 1,173 96 612 3, 925 317 114 2, 719 935 175 816 573 826v 1,436 876 295 Estab lishmonts Wo- 12.405 26.9 96 17, 014 36.9 136 10, 754 23.3 3 5 29 621 1 11 1,700fi 2 441 1,919 493 144 3 1 3 4 235 23 695 8, 742 5 2 3 2 2 598 172 279 313 15 2 231 4 235 2 1 39 26 m 1 2 2 1 7 2 1 6 294 1,066 302 101 520 43 54 242 63 178 1,173 2 1 5 2 3 8 3 2 1 1 17 2 4 318 625 15 8 1,183 129 121 1 1 1 5 10 22 6 1 4 8 341 4 405 1,216 6 5 1 1 1 364 395 1 42 90 2,234 6! 97 741 217 -----| 4 10 Wo men 2.307 41 3 i Over 9 and under 10 349 200 805 dUO ------4 Estabments — 278 1 Women Estab ! wolishments | men ! 22 : 1 1,499 3.3 Women ments 35 2,510 5.4 87 1 321 2 97 2 39 1 6 2 66 49 905 2 20 71 .................... .................... — ______ « Estab- _ 1 ■ 111 115 17 17 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES All industries................ ............................ ....... Per cent distribution of women.!!!!”””! Over 8 and under 9 Under 8 Industry % t Manufacturing—Continued. Textiles— 4 19 12 4 8 4 37 20 M3 1, 555 1,647 500 276 119 4,393 546 1,326 5 2 4 1,714 38 27 i 72 1 2 13 7 5 69 54 1, S96 123 2 2 1 1 115 591 127 12 12 616 i 5 6 3 2 1 7 783 691 373 56 33 67 35 1 1 245 89 267 2 412 4 1 139 32 83 1 Details aggregate more than total because some establishments appear in more than one hour group. W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES i CO 14 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES As is usually the case in any locality there was considerable varia tion among the different industries in the length of the day’s work. Ihe industries listed below are the five which had the largest propor tions ol women who were scheduled to work eight hours a day, to gether with the percentage of women in each industry who had a day ol that length. Industry Slaughtering and meat packing______ Glue________________________________ Professional and scientific instruments. Millinery, lace, and embroidery______ Women’s clothing____________________ Per cent 100. 93. 91. 79. 71. 0 8 9 3 7 Not only did those industries have a large proportion of 8-hour workers, but in only one of them—the manufacture of millinery, lace and embroidery—were any women expected to work regularly’more than 9 hours a day. Moreover, there were no glue plants reported with a day as long as 9 hours. In 17 other industries there were some plants employing their women only 9 hours a day or less. Three other industries—the manufacture of electrical appliances, of lamps and reflectors, and of signs and advertising novelties—had a rela tively high standard of daily hours, for although no plants in these groups had an 8-hour day, practically 95 per cent of the women in each industry worked on a schedule of between 8 and 9 hours daily. Representative of long hours are those industries in which a very considerable proportion of the women had a 10-hour day. The five industry groups with the largest percentage of women so employed are listed below, with the percentage of women in each reported on a 10-hour schedule. Industry Wooden boxes.__ Metal products _ .. Miscellaneous manufacturing Knit goods . . Miscellaneous paper products. - Per cent 26 9 90 1 - Because of the marked differences in industrial conditions between a city the size of Chicago and other cities and towns in Illinois, the hour data have been tabulated separately for Chicago and for other places in the State. The details for the various industries may be tound m Appendix Table V, and a summary is given in Table 3. 15 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES Table 3.—Scheduled daily hours, by locality Per cent of women having scheduled daily hours as specified in— Scheduled daily houra State Under 8....... ........................... _.......................................... .......... ................ - 4.1 26.9 36.9 23.3 3.3 5.4 Chicago 5.9 29.9 61.0 19 6 1.9 .4 Other places 1.6 22.8 16.7 41.2 5.2 12.5 A larger proportion of tlie Chicago women than of the women employed throughout the State had a daily schedule of 8 hours or less, 35.8 per cent and 24.4 per cent, respectively. Over one-half of the women reported in Chicago were working on a schedule of more than 8 but less than 9 hours, whereas only one-sixth of the women in the rest of the State belonged in this hour class. Only one-tenth of the Chicago women workers had a 9-hour daily schedule, although the great bulk (41.2 per cent) of the women employed in the other places in the State had a day of that length. One-eighth of the women in the smaller places, as contrasted with less than 1 per cent of the Chicago women, had a regular working day of 10 hours. Within the same industry there was often a marked difference in practice regarding the length of the working day between those plants which were located in Chicago and those which were located elsewhere in the State. All of the Chicago workers on men’s cloth ing had an 8-hour day, while only one-third of the women employed in the same industry in smaller cities had the benefit of so short a day. Practically the same difference obtained in the women’s clothing industry. In the manufacture of metal products none of the Chicago women workers had a day of more than 9 hours, although over onehalf of them regularly worked that long, while practically one-half of the women employed in the industry outside that city worked on a 10-hour schedule, and most of the others had a 9-hour day. The longest daily hours reported for mercantile establishments in Chicago were between 8 and 9, and the longest in the other cities were 9. In both cases a large proportion of the women were on an 8-hour schedule. Weekly hours. The number of hours which constituted the weekly schedule of the women employed in the Illinois industries covered by the survey are given in Table 4. Table 4. Scheduled weekly hours, hy industry—State k—l o Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled weekly hours were— Electrical appliances... Food— Bread and bakery prod ucts... Slaughtering and meat packing............. Furniture and wood veneer. Glass____ Gloves and mittens... House furnishings. Jewelry (including clocks and watches). Lamps and reflectors. Leather products Metal products. Millinery, lace, and embroidery....... ........... Paper products— Boxes.......... Other.......... Patent medicines, chemical products, and soap... i 388 46, 031 100.0 52 0.1 3,731 8.1 4 19 35 2,837 123 n 3,160 19 1,118 9,191 17 506 9 12 i6 13 8 3 13 2,307 413 326 239 1,173 96 612 8 3 3 36 3,925 317 114 2,719 11 5 935 175 14 10 816 573 1 217 U3 861 1 5 8 59 8.250 17.9 1 2 12 1,887 6 389 1 70 688 1 1 15 26 1 3 57 16,504 35.9 4 121 1 3 1 1 96 193 3 638 1 1 127 131 2 1 180 1 51 9 2,307 105 26 61 1 13 1 ...... 76 1 288 2 61 3 234 1 13 7 771 57 1 1 1 4 13 14 101 178 1 1 8 1 54 1 154 4 4 642 61 5 138 *78 7, 362 16.0 © a o tt *48 2,674 5.8 8 G © a o is 39 920 2.0 8 1,047 3 714 1 2 380 500 2 2 87 1 38 64 424 2 1 102 172 215 310 97 1 3 3 209 1 6 1 26 2 63 o 2 165 98 2 1 1 35 23 80 13 15 8 709 1 610 1 15 2H 622 1 10 1 3 59 88 1 1 70 33 4 1 204 13 3 3 286 146 G a o * 35 1,974 1 1 1 Establish ments G Establish ments a © g o £ 7 ~T ’*496’ ...... "ilff .......... .......... 1 ----1 53 3,910 8.5 17 479 2 4 1 2 s s o £ Over 54 anc under 58 58 and over 54 Establish ments c © a o £ Establish ments a © a o * Over 50 and under 54 50 Establish ments fl © a o rf Establish ments ! a To Sc : © ! a «2 ta a O £ K Establish ments © a o (i Establish ments Establish ments Manufacturing: Awnings, tents, and sails Boots and shoes. . Clothing— Men's................. "Women's. _ a Over 48 and under 50 48 G © a o £ 12 654 2 39 2 1 50 25 321 16 24 .......... .......... -........ ........ 1 5 811 94 1 2 1 1 78,. 2 2 115 1 4 2 17 W O M EN IN ILLIN O IS IN D U STR IES All industries Per cent distribution.......... Over 44 and und er 48 14 | Establish ments Under 44 Industry I Number rep orted I Manufacturing—Con. Printing, publishing, and bookbinding... _ Professional and' scientific instruments............................. Signs and advertising novel ties................................. Textiles— Knit goods......................... Other______ _________ Tobacco........... Wooden boxes_____ 1,436 6 139 3 876 1 779 1 26 ’*"54' 1 2 324 81 5 9 12 4 8 4 37 20 1 42 532 745 ...... 295 1,555 1,647 500 276 119 .......... .......... 4,393 546 1,252 4 33 1,589 17 5 90 1 .......... — 3 1,461 1 127 115 127 159 285 202 234 5 2 1 2 1 9 } 4 1 783 1 245 422 2 209 1 22 17 56 ___ 33 .......... —. .......... .......... 538 11 453 85 7 109 1 10 145 * 10 333 6 212 includes 1 Ann, with 32 women, which worked every alternate Sunday, making 1 week of 51 hours and 1 of 57H hours. __ J 412 2 204 4 1 7 3 139 32 .......... .......... 67 ...... 25 78 3 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES Miscellaneous___ General mercantile_____ 5-and-10-cent stores____ Laundries_____ I 16 18 WOMBS IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES The 48-hour week was more common than any other single schedule, for 35.9 per cent of the women reported fell into this classification. There were 17.9 per cent who had a scheduled week between 44 and 48 hours in length and 16 per cent with a 50-hour week. Those industries in which the largest proportion of the women were working on a 44-hour weekly schedule are listed below, with the percentage of the women employees included in each industry who had such a week. Industry Per cent 88. 60. 56. 45. 37. 9 2 5 4 9 One of these industries, the manufacture of women’s clothing, reported no -women on a schedule of more than 50 hours, while m the manufacture of professional and scientific instruments the longest week was between 48 and 50 hours. In the other three industries, however, there were some women who were employed for a much longer week—one of between 54 and 58 hours in length. The'following industries are the five which reported the largest percentage of women with a weekly schedule in excess of 54 hours: Industry Miscellaneous paper piuuupto-----------—--------- Per cent 50. 33. 26. 26. 20. 4 3 9 5 1 ------------ Even though these industries had the largest proportions of women working on a long schedule, they are not necessarily the industries with the poorest hour standards. Two of the groups, the manu facture of miscellaneous paper products and miscellaneous manufac turing, were also among the five industrial groups with the largest percentages of women reported on a 44-hour weekly schedule. In weekly hours as well as in daily hours there is a marked contrast between Chicago and the other places in the distribution of the women among the various hour groups. The summary of the situation is presented in Table 5, the details being given m Appendix Table VI. WOMEN" IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 19 Table 5 —Scheduled weekly hours, by locality Per cent of women having scheduled weekly hours as specified in— Scheduled weekly hours State Under 44........... 44_ _....................... Over 44 and under 48 48____ ■; Over 48 and_____ under go"' 50_ _.................. __..........___ Over 50 and under 54 64________ ______ Over 54 and under 58 ’ 58 and over...................... ........... .......... ......... — — - Chicago 0.1 8.1 17 9 35.9 16.0 5. 8 2.0 4.3 1.4 0.1 10.3 66.2 5.0 2.7 .5 .5 Other places 0.1 5.1 20.5 7.3 8.4 31.4 10.2 ' 4. 1 9.6 3.4 Saiitt-jfSSwSrS&wS °t cMird4t«rK inc?r“ smaller towns had a 50-hour week anZnt^i Vn 6 W?Aei? ? the 44-hour schedule. ’ 3L3 per cent w°rked on a Saturday hours. wlt'repS whS Ja4"feCX“‘e mefble s.3„ fizz from‘less than 4 to over 10 hours. ’ ' the various Plants ranged ratol^nAppSen0dLCTS0VIIdflnW Smf°[ dties are tabulated sepa- places had a Saturdav of that length ° Th! qT6^ H1 ?e smaller ^svsskshh Table 6.—,Scheduled to o Saturday hours, by industry—State Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled Saturday hours were 45,996 100.0 All industries....................... .................. 1 387 Per cent distribution of women........ 100.0 Manufacturing: Awnings, tents, and sails............. Boots and shoes..................... ...... ClothingMen’s------- --------------------------Women’s----------------------------Corsets (including garters)........... Electrical appliances........... ............. Food— , , Bread and bakery products.----- Slaughtering and meat packing.. Other.................................................. Furniture and wood veneer................ Glass....................... ...................................... Gloves and mittens........... ..................... Glue..............7......... ..................-............. House furnishings------------------------- Jewelry (including clocks and watches)-------------------------------- -----Lamps and reflectors--------- ------------Leather products.......... .......................... Metal products-------- ------- - ------------Millinery, lace, and embroidery........ Musical instruments............................. Paper products— Boxes................................ -................. Other-------------- ------- ------------- -- Patent medicines, chemical prod ucts, and soap--------------- ' Printing, publishing, and bookbinding . 336 0.7 150 35 2,837 21 727 123 11 8 9 3,160 688 1,118 9,191 2,612 516 903 8,839 i7 9 12 506 2, 307 413 326 239 1,173 96 612 195 5 3,925 317 114 2, 719 935 175 3,262 317 109 .934 843 142 14 10 816 573 362 234 112 826 16 1,436 8 133 8 3 3 36 11 4 75 138 33 202 . 118 10,221 7 8 1 1,457 4 2 2 189 172 215 310 i 321 266 1 19 3 .......... i 1, 687 .......... ----l 70 33 — 32 j 5,291 11.5 1 j 2,307 ”‘”25" 34 1 125 ....... 1 57 2 28 — 4 ........... 22 ........... 454 339 i. . . . . . . . i i 11 a0 W om en a £ 34 1,647 3.6 1 2 6 380 1 38 1 26 ...... 1,142 2.5 40 35' -T ’”~50 - ___ .......... §o £ 9 228 ........... 163 ........... ........... ........... 1,088 1 6 410 435 1,425 1,806 3.9 :r: 11 1 12 505 1.1 22.2 a j W 24,981 54.3 4 19 16 »3 £o 10 and over E stab lish m en ts 5to SH $2 I * E stab lish m en ts la w la E sta b lish m en ts ■gs Is w E stab lish m e n ts 3g &S W om en a 3s E stab lish m en ts g Industry 9 and under 10 8 and under 9 7 and under 8 6 and under 7 | 5 and under 6 3 253 1 1 80 85 ........... — ........... ........... ...... .........5' 94 — 2 ........... J 2 ___ — 17 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES 4 and under 5 W om en Under 4 None 1 Number reported 4 Manufacturing—Continued | Professional andscientific instru- i ments ! Signs and advertising novelties Textiles— Knit goods_______ ________ Other.._.................................... 12 Tobacco................................. 4 Wooden boxes........._________ 8 Miscellaneous________________ 4 General mercantile....................._________ 37 5-and-10-cent stores.............................. 20 Laundries......................... ! 142 1 876 295 876 278 1, 555 1,647 590 276 119 4, 393 546 1,252 115 863 159 321 6 1,028 5 642 1 17 12 7 264 54 2 65 .......... —........ .......... ___ ...... 300 j 13 ”’354’ ..... ""l54" appear in more than one hour group 1 1 ...... 1,538 '”'92’ 1 120 6 2 5 1, 784 266 144 17 *22 5 8 4 178 101 129 25 10 893 179 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTKIES 1 Details aggregate more than total because some establishments 10 [ to WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 22 five industries in which none of the establishments surveyed required as much as 5 hours from their women employees on Saturday. Out side Chicago there was less uniformity in the length of the Satur day’s work. Only one industry, the manufacture of wooden boxes, showed a Saturday schedule of the same length in all the plants visited. In order to see more clearly the relation between the length of the Saturday’s work and that of the other days in the week, a table has been compiled correlating Saturday hours with daily hours. Although the-table does not present figures for all the individual industries, it does show separate correlations for xnanuiacturing establishments, stores, and laundries, because of the different prac tices in force in these three industrial groups. This material is summarized in the following table: Table 7.—Relation of Saturday hours to daily hours, by industry group—State Industry gr^ip Number of women reported 39,805 1,252 4,939 Number of women whose Saturday, in relation to daily hours, was— Shorter 36, Oil 940 Same 3,470 300 3,270 Longer Number of women with no Satur day hours 324 12 1,669 Nine-tenths of the women working in the factories and threefourths of those employed in the laundries surveyed had a Saturday shorter than the other days of the week. Only a third ol the mer cantile workers of Illinois were expected to put in longer hours on Saturday than on the other five working-days. The majority of these women who had a long Saturday were found in the smaller places, according to unpublished tabulations. Only 13.6 per cent of the Chicago mercantile workers reported were scheduled to put in longer hours on Saturday, whereas over five-sixths of the women who worked in the stores of the smaller cities had longer hours on Saturday than on the other days of the week. Lunch periods. Records on lunch periods (Appendix Table IX) indicate that, for the most part, adequate time was allowed for the workers to eat lunch. Only 12 women were reported as having no lunch period, although there were 16 others with lunch periods of less than half an hour. °Over one-third of the women had a full hour, another third had 30 minutes, and the majority of the rest were given from 45 minutes to an hour. Although no tables showing separate figures for Chicago and the other localities are presented in this report, unpublished material reveals considerable difference between lunchhour practices in Chicago plants and those in the smaller places. Outside Chicago almost three-fifths of all the women reported had an hour for lunch, while a small group had e,ven longer. On the other hand, the two establishments in which the women either had no lunch period or had only 20 minutes were found in the smaller towns. Lunch periods in the Chicago establishments were shorter, on the whole, tlian elsewhere, although no women were reported with less than a 30-minute break for lunch in their day’s work. Less WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 23 f»dTiTSicPhs „r Zztttsgizr*’ ■ “* p— Hours of night and evening workers. There were over 1,300 women employed on night shifts in the factories and stores surveyed in Illinois ln tbe S^S^Wfi£*£gK5S iT.:!aTe«“--"S rn lhe WeckJ? tl0UP of ,tlie night workers ranged from less than 44 to of rnlpS‘ than three-fourths of the women were on a schedule Tt ! "?’,?6 °nly 3'3 Per cent had a longer week?y schedSe 48 houm 178 'TOm“' °r 13'7 P“ “Wed on a LSI of „„Tl"'l'lltl“t' Lz■ oe nigllt O’orkers there were 165 women emDloved ments, and as cleaners in one large store. A schedule of between from 1T then 25 to orer so .5,^tjt «7 9 Jer centtTjf per c^mdhonai8b“w»5e0n soTdTa ^ ^ *"»* (33'9 ACTUAL HOURS WORKED sChLedutredthhoursIlttl!ief<liSCifi0n of1ilours has b^n based entirely on In any on. wS, -fi&t, ft ^yVZTok^ SeWsTtu FnX rir8-ns 0r because WOrk in the pl«nt or department isTlack In the Illinois survey records were secured of the hours aeSiv The pianb ££Ji3'sof t" W“k '“t,™? “f the ^men mpmffi me plants visited. So far as possible the figures were obtained W 1924SamWheene^h^t’wegk°htd:t® SUrVey’ ,the week ended January 26, Triini 0"^™ tbat week bad bee« one of slack work in the establish z^FBTTr^^1 — rte£Pt;^“« rcasoSteld, CVCrj sec,ond or tbird woman as' a sample. For this inutile*scheduledChour0tdbles?re obtained ^or ^ewer women than appear Table 8.—Hours worked during the week, by industry to Slate Number of women who worked during the week 55 | 52 I 46 1 48 1 ber of 54 50 60 44 33 j 36 and j, women and I and and 10 and I and and and | and lours report Under! and under under under 1 under under. under and under under under under ; under 60 ! 55 10 under under under under under 54 52 50 48 46 36 39 hours hours j 15 hours 1 hours hours over hours hours hours hours hours ] hours hours hours worked hours hours hours hours hours NTum Industry Manufacturing: Awnings, tents, and sails Boots and shoes ClothingMen’s___ W omen’s----------Corsets (including garters) Electrical appliances. F ood— , . , Bread and bakery products. Slaughtering and meat pack ing....... ..................................... Other..............-............-............. Furniture and wood veneer Gloves and mittens. Glue -- House furnishings----------Jewelry (including clocks ana watches) —......... Lamps and reflectors. Leather products Metal products----Millinery, lace, and embroidery Musical instruments Paper products— Boxes Other....--- Patent medicines, chemical proa ucts, and soap.............------- Printing, publishing, and book binding...... ............ ----------- Professional and scientific instru ments...................... ----- Signs and advertising novelties-. 5,343 3,386 6,311 4,699 1,920 1,036 2,075 3 153 5 135 11 556 522 178 o 306 124 541 213 128 86 45 33 55 221 217 25 393 679 100 81 11 12 351 49 10 150 35, 636 2. 932 1,039 2. 593 83 64 32 54 108 40 28 24 146 43 361 43 10 4 119 26 176 152 107 33 11 490 17 45 154 43 47 70 63 2 45 41 39 77 17 134 8 27 2 15 1 36 44 62 3 30 250 691 7 1 151 111 11 939 2 146 42 616 14 S3 137 69 6 180 27 100 129 136 143 585 5 341 3 25 298 9 40 1 13 74 2 258 308 7 18 96 34 28 13 43 113 1 5 15 35 2 1 37 i 2 5 134 3 1 9 21 68 48 3 26 87 3 4 274 27 15 187 308 36 51 88 24 27 1 2. 872 57 398 1 ...... 24 14 29 14 17 18 1 ii 9 12 42 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES All industries t 76820° — 26 Textiles— Knit goods.................. .............. 1,525 Other............................ ............ 1,654 Tobacco............................... .............. 370 .............. 267 — 119 .............. 3,918 5-and-10-cent stores.................. .............. 481 Laundries................................. .............. 1,346 9 4 2 3 26 22 13 1 1 56 6 26 18 1 8 70 6 17 21 13 2 3 3 81 8 19 34 22 13 9 2 32 5 17 18 27 1 7 3 134 11 37 43 28 1 7 2 40 9 18 55 31 19 13 5 210 9 48 106 103 2 14 11 243 35 137 46 82 1 5 2 125 18 87 183 44 275 67 38 793 24 134 48 62 1 2 7 391 47 170 131 304 5 5 22 983 112 215 310 406 30 38 14 446 89 148 179 133 61 32 228 317 18 9 1 21 12 31 66 8 120 15 66 155 74 136 i 32 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STK IES 26 24 5 x to Crt 26 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES There were 35,636 women in factories, stores, and laundries for whom record was obtained of the actual number of hours which they had worked during the week. The range in actual hours worked was from less than 10 hours to over 60, and at no one classification in the table is there an overwhelming piling up of numbers. The largest proportion (17.7 per cent) had worked 48 but under 50 hours during the week, while 15 per cent had worked 44 but less than 46 hours, and 13.2 per cent had worked 50 and under 52 hours. A comparison of the hours worked by the women employed in Chicago with those employed in the smaller cities may be found in Table 9, the details being in Appendix Table X. Table 9.—Hours worked during the week, by locality Per cent of women who worked during the week— Locality 44 and 52 and Under 60 hours 44 hours under 52 under 60 and over hours hours Chicago..................................................... Other places.............................................. . 30.1 35.8 23.5 55.4 64.3 56.8 14.1 19.1 .8 Lost time in conjunction with overtime. Table 10 indicates to what extent the women surveyed both lost time and worked overtime on different days of the same week. Less than one-tentli of all the women for whom time worked was reported had worked less than their scheduled hours on some days of the week and overtime on others. Of the 16,443 women (Table 11) whose week had fallen short of their schedule, 2,397 women, or 14.6 per cent, had worked overtime on one or more days, but not to such an extent as to balance the time they had lost. Only 1,035, or less than 3 per cent, of the women for whom hour records were obtained, had lost time on some day of the week, but were not included in the 16,443 women who worked less than the scheduled week. This small percentage had put in sufficient overtime to bring up their hours worked during the week to the point where they either equaled or exceeded the scheduled hours. A larger proportion of the women reported in Chicago had worked overtime and also lost time in the same week than of the women in the other places. There was also a very considerable difference between the various industries in respect to the proportion which had fallen short of the scheduled hours on some days and worked overtime on other days of the same week. Of the women employed in slaughtering and meat-packing establishments, 37.3 per cent had worked overtime and lost time during the week reported, while 31.5 per cent of those in the manufacture of house furnishings and 26.9 per cent in the manufacture of bread and bakery products also had this combination of overtime and time lost. These three industries showed overtime for considerable numbers of their employees during the period surveyed. (Table 12.) Probably the workers in these industries were as subject to personal reasons for losing time as were those in other industries and were, perhaps, even more likely to be WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 27 late in starting the day. It is easy, therefore, to understand the presence in these industries of a large proportion of the women working overtime and losing time in the same week. On the other hand, less than 1 per cent of the women engaged in the handling of tobacco and in the manufacture of paper boxes, and only 2.5 per cent of those employed in the manufacture of profes sional and scientific instruments had exceeded their scheduled daily hours part of the week and fallen below part of the week. Only about 3 per cent of the women in each of the following seven indus tries had worked overtime and lost time in the same week: The manufacture of awnings, tents, and sails, of knit goods, of jewelry, and of miscellaneous paper products; printing, publishing, and book binding; and the two branches of the mercantile industry. All these were industries which were making very little demand for overtime during the period for which the records were taken. Table 10.—Extent to which the same employees both lost time and worked overtime in one weekf by industry and locality State Chicago Women who both lost time and worked overtime in one week Total num ber All industries.......................................................... 35,484 3,432 W'omen who both lost time and worked overtime in one week W'omen who both lost time and worked overtime in one week Num ber of women report ing Wore Equal com Ex less plete ceeded than ed data sched sched sched uled uled uled weekly weekly weekly hours hours hours Number whose hours worked— 939 Other places Num ber of women report ing Were Equal com Ex less plete ceeded than ed sched sched sched data uled uled uled weekly weekly weekly hours hours hours Number whose hours worked— Number whose hours worked— Total num ber 2,397 96 18,980 2,167 1 134 4 28 235 1 1 593 Were Equal Ex less ceeded than ed sched sched sched uled uled uled weekly weekly weekly hours hours hours 16,504 1,265 346 868 51 1 1 5 2,234 182 45 133 4 1, 713 282 381 381 116 76 23 11 34 12 4 7 80 63 18 4 2 1 1 82 263 343 73 300 875 6 149 37 3 32 70 2, 872 14 13 1,130 25 100 1,529 45 Total num ber Manufacturing: Clothing— Women’s............................................................ Corsets (including garters)...................................... Food— Slaughtering and’meat packing................... . Musical instruments................................................ i a 33 2,469 1 183 2,932 '667 1,039 2,593 145 146 48 355 42 39 8 112 101 103 38 242 2 4 2 1 1, 219 385 658 2, 212 29 70 25 344 8 27 4 105 21 40 20 238 475 2,168 398 320 300 1,153 89 600 2,872 '315 111 1,975 '498 172 128 809 49 49 32 79 5 189 102 15 2 150 73 13 45 279 4 15 5 27 1 28 43 3 81 511 42 34 27 52 4 159 53 12 2 93 60 8 2 19 3 393 1,905 55 247 122 660 12 46 45 201 15 75 446 12 31 278 89 600 9 5 189 5 1 28 4 4 159 301 98 845 473 72 15 2 30 73 3 12 2 21 60 46 11 4 2 6 11 2 1 9 11 3 1 1 2 13 2 2 * 5 22 6 65 30 3 27 48 102 43 53 6 120 37 72 11 13 4 8 1 78 4 6 3 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES Num ber of women report ing com plete data Industry £0 * Paper products— Patent medicines, chemical products, and soap. 4 19 118 51 22 20 1,525 1,654 370 267 119 3,921 481 1,217 51 161 1 16 23 141 17 215 4 20 15 6 12 Textiles— • . 5 39 1 4 17 59 4 14 96 34 16 g 45 121 1 15 17 113 6 150 1 2 1 1 2 11 11 6 402 258 694 1,236 774 19 2 13 111 49 9 1,283 354 141 86 1 14 32 2,863 202 661 125 7 117 12 4 20 14 3 1 45 2 9 89 33 6 2 2 54 1 13 102 4 69 11 3 3 403 312 139 177 95 242 1,525 371 16 126 119 1, 058 279 556 2 13 20 1 3 12 2 5 7 1 10 8 51 75 5 7 45 67 1 1 2 23 16 10 98 4 5 2 17 11 2 81 8 3 2 6 14 1 2 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 805 570 833 1,413 869 261 ts3 CO 30 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES Table 11.—Hours worked less than scheduled week, by industry—State Num- Number of women who worked less than scheduled ber of hours to the extent of— Industry Num ber of wo men re ported * wo- men who work ed 5 and 10 and 15 and 20 and 25 and 30 less Under under under under under under hours 5 than hours 10 15 20 25 30 and sched hours hours hours hours hours over uled hours All industries....... .......................... 35, 484 16,443 Per cent distribution................... 100.0 Manufacturing: Awnings, tents, and sails................ Clothing— Men’s________ ____________ Women’s................................... Corsets (including garters)............. Electrical appliances........................ Food— Bread and bakery products... Slaughtering and meat packing............................. ................ Other......... .................................. Furniture and wood veneer............ Class........ .............-............................. Gloves and mittens.......................... Glue........... ....................................... . House furnishings........ ............... Jewelry (including clocks and Lamps and reflectors..................... . Metal products........ ......................... Millinery, lace, and embroidery. _ Musical instruments........................ Paper products— Boxes............................................ Other________ ____ _________ Patent medicines, chemical products, and soap............................ Printing, publishing, and bookbinding Professional and scientific instruments...................................... Signs and advertising novelties.-Textiles— Knit goods.................................. Other....... .................. ............. . Tobacco________________ Wooden boxes................................... Miscellaneous-.................................. General mercantile.................................. 5-and-10-cent stores.................................. Laundries................................................. 6,005 36. 5 4, 927 30.0 1,780 10.8 1, 218 7.4 816 5.0 554 3.4 1,143 7.0 33 2,409 15 1,090 4 434 334 2 90 1 48 1 52 53 79 2, 932 667 1,039 2,593 1, 852 399 464 980 602 188 122 460 457 90 116 245 320 47 119 87 186 29 44 66 125 24 24 30 72 11 12 35 90 10 27 57 475 241 107 66 12 17 17 7 15 2,168 398 320 300 1,153 89 000 1, 286 192 184 165 546 23 262 483 50 49 40 194 6 65 471 57 65 71 164 13 91 127 19 21 18 52 47 15 6 7 29 19 15 9 2 30 65 19 15 17 38 28 74 17 19 10 39 3 22 19 6 31 2,872 '315 111 1,975 498 172 807 110 35 892 396 48 445 41 8 244 147 18 198 28 14 349 106 16 10 5 92 54 2 10 4 67 28 6 4 9 8 40 22 2 27 20 2 73 19 2 805 570 321 262 136 53 72 123 54 24 22 23 13 12 14 4 10 23 833 466 186 120 46 42 31 12 29 1,413 794 285 163 61 50 47 62 126 809 261 227 60 90 27 65 12 28 5 19 5 10 7 7 3 8 1 1, 525 1, 654 370 267 119 3,921 481 1,217 894 516 82 115 59 1,608 193 859 181 169 23 33 10 656 72 377 398 150 21 36 28 456 64 263 122 62 2 14 8 89 15 85 58 43 13 9 6 149 15 38 38 24 2 12 4 95 7 23 21 21 10 4 1 25 8 26 76 47 11 7 2 138 12 53 Extent of time lost. In Table 11 figures are presented on the number of women whose hours worked during the week fell below the schedule, together with the amount of time lost. Of the 35,484 women for whom complete time records were obtained not far from one-half (46.3 per cent) had fallen short of their weekly schedule in the total number of hours they had worked. The largest proportion of* those who had lost time (over one-third) had lost less than 5 hours, although not far from that proportion (30 per cent) had fallen short of their weekly schedule by between 5 and 10 hours. Only about one-tenth had lost 31 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 25 hours or more. The following five industry groups are those in which the smallest proportions of women had worked less than their scheduled week: Per cent of women losing time Industry Tobacco Signs and advertising novelties___________ Glue Professional and scientific instruments__________ Musical instruments______ _ . _ __ __ __ _ 22. 23. 25. 26. 27. ________ 2 0 8 1 9 In all these industries except one, the manufacture of glue, the largest group of women in any classification in the table showing the hours worked less than the scheduled week lost less than 5 hours. At the other extreme stand the following five industries with the largest proportion of women losing time: Per cent of women losing Industry time Millinery, lace, and embroidery_____________________________ Laundries.___ _____ ____ __ __________________ . Men’s clothing. ____________ __________ ________________ Women’s clothing________ ______ __________________________ ______ Slaughtering and meat packing.. __ ______________ _ 79. 5 70. 6 63. 2 59. 8 59. 3 Since in each of these industries, also, the largest group of women in any of the classifications in Table 11 lost less than 5 hours, the amount of time lost was not great. Table 12.—Hours worked in excess of scheduled day, by day of the week—State Number of women who worked specified number of hours in excess of scheduled day on— Hours worked in exoess of scheduled day 1 and under 2............................................................ 3 and under 4......................................... ................ 5 6 7 8 and and and and under 6............................................................ under 7...................................... under 8................. ............................. over................................................................ Sun day Mon day * 127 3,406 3,785 2,691 3,898 3,647 4,092 3 3 6 13 27 5 2 48 14 1,201 1,984 203 7 11 1,175 2,374 234 2 980 1,542 162 7 1,189 2,447 259 3 1,173 2,189 277 8 766 714 428 1,483 597 104 Tues Wed Thurs day nesday day Fri day Satur day 1 Includes six overtime workers with no scheduled Sunday hours and amount of overtime not reported. 32 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES Overtime. Overtime assumed much less importance during the week surveyed than did lost time. There were over 35,000 women who reported on time worked; yet the largest number to work overtime on any day of the week recorded was somewhat over 4,000, who worked overtime on Saturday, and who constituted not far from one-half the number of women who had worked less than the scheduled hours on that day. Both the number working overtime and the amount of overtime was greater on Saturday than on any other day. Appar ently rush of work frequently caused firms that were scheduled for a short Saturday to run a full day. The majority of those who worked beyond their regular time on Saturday put in three but less than four hours of overtime. On all the other days the majority of the women working overtime exceeded their normal schedule by one but less than two hours, while the next largest proportion put in less than one hour of overtime. There was a very marked difference between the industries, both in respect to the proportions of women working overtime and the days on which overtime was most common. In the manufacture of bread and bakery products the percentage of women who had worked overtime on Saturday was one of the highest for any day in any industry (43.1 per cent), while on each of the other days of the week less than one-half that many women had worked more than their scheduled hours. Although in the miscellaneous manufactur ing group not far from one-half of tire women employed had exceeded scheduled hours on Saturday, on the other days of the week there was practically no overtime. In the tobacco industry less overtime was reported than in any other, for there was none among the women employed on any of the days except Saturday, and on this day only 1.6 per cent of the women worked overtime. In some industries, however, there was less overtime on Saturday than on any other day of the week. PART III HOURS OF HOTEL AND RESTAURANT WORKERS The hours of restaurant workers can not be classified and treated in the same manner as those of employees in either factories or stores. When the factory whistle blows, all the workers are supposed to start work at the same time. Although stores are like restaurants in that many of the employees therein come directly in contact with the public, the hours during which they are at the service of the public are within regular time limits, and the shoppers accommodate them selves to the schedule of the stores. But when it comes to satisfying the hunger of the public the owner of the restaurant can not be quite so arbitrary as the owner of the store. People may want to eat breakfast at 7 a. m. or earlier, while, on the other hand, they seldom dine before 6 p. m., and many prefer a later hour. Restau rants which serve three meals daily can hardly be open less than 13 or 14 hours. Many restaurants serve not only the three regular meals a day but also cater to those who want after-theater supper parties. To other restaurants the person in search of food may go at any hour of the day or night. The restaurants included in the survey ranged all the way from those in stores, which served only luncheon, luncheon and afternoon tea, or late breakfast in addition to these meals, to those which displayed signs announcing to the passer-by, “Open all night.” Of the 19 restaurants surveyed in Chicago, 5 kept either all or some of their dining rooms open from 6 or 7 a. m. until from 10 to 1 o’clock at night. Two others were 24-hour restaurants. Thus the manager of a restaurant has before him a very distinct problem connected with the distribution of his labor force. Not only does he have to provide service over a long period of hours but he has very definite peaks of demand with periods in between when very few people desire to be served. Some restaurants are entirely closed in this period between meals and give no service at all at odd hours. As a result there is considerable irregularity in the working week of the restaurant employee. The restaurant owner may have solved his problem by having one woman employee work on a certain schedule for one week or more and then change off with some one on another schedule, or he may have her work so arranged that she comes on duty at different hours on the various days of the same week. Often, too, the day of the restaurant worker, from the time when she comes to work to the hour when she finishes for the day, is broken by rather long periods when she is off duty. SCOPE AND METHOD These general statements relating to the problem of hours in restaurants will serve to show why the material concerning the hours of restaurant workers has been treated differently from that for other workers. It is impossible to talk of daily scheduled hours, since the number of hours a day expected from a woman employed in a restau rant may vary with each day in the week. Nor is it always possible to get data on the woman's schedule showing the arrangement of shifts for each day. Consequently, an attempt was made to secure for each 33 34 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES woman employee an exact record of one week’s work, taking into account not only the actual number of hours she had worked each day, but the time of beginning and of ending her duties, as well as the number and the length of the periods when she was off duty each day. These records were not always available in the same form. In some instances employees punched a time clock, just as do the workers in a factory or store, and in such cases records of the exact time worked were quite easily obtained. For these workers variations of as little as half an hour from day to day are revealed. In more instances the records were kept in a time book, and any time lost less than one half-day did not show up in the records, although even a small amount of overtime was ordinarily recorded. It must be emphasized that these time records for restaurant workers show hours actually worked rather than a schedule of ex pected work. Except for absences of whole days, the time worked probably coincides fairly closely with the scheduled hours. Thus the daily records are likely to be very nearly the same as the schedule, while the week’s hours, being affected by lost days, would probably often be lower than the number of hours which would constitute a full week’s work. In all, 39 restaurants and cafeterias employing 1,099 women furnished hour information during the survey; one-half of these establishments were located in Chicago and one-half in the other cities and towns of the State. In the tabulation of the data the restaurants were classified according to whether they were run as independent enterprises or in connection with hotels or stores. Of the establishments visited, 15 were hotel restaurants, 5 were in stores, and 19 were independent restaurants and cafeterias. Although the women reported were working as waitresses, counter girls, glass girls, silver girls, vegetable and fruit girls, pantry girls, and cleaners, no fine division of occupations has been used in the report, the only attempt at classification being to keep the reports for kitchen workers separate from those for waitresses and counter girls in dining rooms. As with other industries, the material has been tabulated separately for Chicago and for other places, although in some instances the numbers in any one group in towns outside Chicago are so small as to make comparison with Chicago findings unsatisfactory. Because of the fact that a considerable proportion of the women reported did not have a uniform schedule throughout the week it was impossible to tabulate satisfactorily daily hours or any facts relating to the individual day’s work, by using the individual woman worker as a unit. Consequently it seemed advisable to take each day’s work as a unit, calling it for the sake of convenience the em ployee day. The number of units is considerably increased by this method of handling, amounting altogether to between six and seven times the number of women reported. When discussing the subject in terms of percentages, however, there is but little difference whether they are based on the number of women working a specific number of hours or on the number of days of that same length. Material on daily hours, on lunch periods, and on the relation of the hours on duty to the over-all hours is presented in this latter form. Most of the material on irregularity of the working schedule and all of that on week’s hours are given in the more usual way with the women affected taken as the unit of measure. Table 13.—Irregularity of restaurant days, by locality Number of women with same schedule each day whose work was— Number of women reported Locality Type of restaurant One unbroken shift Broken by 1 period off duty Broken by 2 Broken by 3 or periods off duty 4 periods off duty Total number on uniform schedule Number of women working on two dif ferent schedules Number of women working on more than two different schedules 15 State............ Total----- 698 396 139 106 202 122 20 Chicago___ Total--.......... . 559 322 131 83 166 96 17 12 Hotel restaurants__ Store restaurants___ Independent restau rants and cafeterias 145 182 143 41 20 70 21 14 40 30 30 2 1 282 138 41 53 112 36 15 11 8 23 36 26 3 2 1 2 2 2 35 22 1 Other places Total.............. Hotel restaurants . _ _ Store restaurants___ Independent restau rants and cafeterias. 139 74 47 11 10 13 81 51 11 4 12 14 4 .......... 15 4 376 246 178 83 144 67 314 191 141 69 104 62 36 110 52 39 41 21 40 2 68 1 51 168 100 79 27 35 11 62 55 37 14 40 5 6 37 2 13 3 11 40 23 8 3 3 7 2 15 4 55 2 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES Dining Kitchen Dining Kitchen Dining Kitchen Dining Kitchen Dining Kitchen Dining Kitchen Dining Kitchen Dining Kitchen room workers room workers room workers room workers room workers room workers workers room room workers workers workers workers workers workers workers workers workers CO ca 36 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES IRREGULARITY OF RESTAURANT HOURS Table 13 serves to give some idea of the irregularity of the restaurant worker's week. Of 1,094 women for whom records were obtained, only 622 had worked the same schedule each day of the week. On the other hand, 261 women had two different arrangements of working hours, while 211 had worked according to more than two different schedules during the week. A somewhat larger proportion of the dining-room workers (46.1 per cent) than of the kitchen workers (37.9 per cent) did not work according to the same schedule each day in the week. The practice of so arranging the work that one person was employed on different schedules throughout the week seemed about as prevalent in small as in large places, for there was very little variation between Chicago and the other cities and towns, but there was considerable difference between the several types of restaurants in this respect. Over four-fifths of the women employed in store restaurants and lunch rooms for whom data were secured had worked on the same schedule each day of the week recorded. Only one woman showed more than two different arrangements of hours in one week, and that situation may have been due to an irreg ularity in attendance for that one week rather than to any permanent policy of a varied schedule. Almost two-thirds of the women dining room and kitchen workers in the independent restaurants and cafeterias had been employed on a uniform schedule throughout the week, while not much over a fourth of the hotel restaurant workers had had such regular work. Not only does the restaurant employee often come to work at different times on the various days of the week, but she often has her day’s work in broken shifts. For the factory or store worker whose day’s work is broken only long enough to allow for lunch, the number of hours between her time of going on duty in the morning and the time when her day’s work is over is only one-half to an hour longer than the time actually worked. Often the hours of the res taurant worker are arranged with much less compactness. She may actually be on duty 8 or 9 hours and yet not be free for the day for 11 or 12 hours from the time when she first went on duty. Ordi narily, a free period of two or three hours in the middle of the day is of comparatively little use to the worker, for it is usually too short for her to change her clothing, go home, and get back on duty at the time she is due. Additional material on the length and number of periods off duty is given in Appendix Tables XI, XII, and XIII. One-fifth of the women on a uniform schedule had two hours or more off duty during the day. A somewhat larger percentage (23.3) of the working days of those women who had two different schedules during the week had an interruption of. at least two hours, while over a third of the em ployee days of those women who worked on more than two schedules were interrupted by comparatively long free periods during the day. Single periods off duty within the restaurant day often amounted to three hours or more. The kitchen workers more often had a straight day’s work than did the waitresses or other dining-room employees. The most irregular week and most badly broken days were those of the wait resses in hotel restaurants outside Chicago, although material is WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 37 available for only a small number of women. There were 37 women included who were working as waitresses on more than two schedules in hotel restaurants in the smaller cities and towns of Illinois, showing altogether a total of 248 employee days. Of these 248 working days, 55 (22.2 per cent) were broken by one period off duty of three hours or over, and 151 (60.9 per cent) were broken into three periods on duty, with the time off totaling four hours or more within the over-all. The problem of the spread of the restaurant worker’s day can probably be brought out more clearly by pointing out some concrete cases. On the next page is presented a chart depicting the arrange ment of the day’s work in one large and well-organized restaurant in Chicago. This particular restaurant, open from 7 in the morn ing until midnight, shows a spread of 17 hours. It gave practically continuous service during that period. The restaurant was open seven days a week, but all of the waitresses employed there had one day off each week. Of the girls who worked in the kitchen, some were on the basis of a six-day week, some on a seven-day week, while others had one day off in two weeks. The waitresses were divided into only three groups, so far as hours were concerned. One group worked on two different schedules, alternating each day. The other groups had the same arrangement of hours for each day in the week. While in part of the cases there were breaks of an hour and a half or two hours, still the over-all hours did not in any case exceed nine and one half. The various kitchen employees worked on a great variety of shifts, but each worker had the same schedule for each day in the week. In this particular restaurant the kitchen cmplo3,'ees had a straight day’s work, uninterrupted by long periods off duty. Some of them had a definite half-hour break for lunch, and the others ate on duty as opportunity presented itself. In another restaurant the arrangement of shifts was so irregular that no satisfactory chart can be made for the restaurant as a whole. The women employed in the kitchen and three of the waitresses had the same schedule for each day in the week, but for the other workers the week was most irregular. The following week’s schedule of one waitress will serve as an .example: Sunday-------------------------------------------- 5 p. m. to 9 p. m. Monday-------------------------------------- ---- Day off duty. Tuesday------------------------------------------- 7.30 a. m. to 5 p. m. Wednesday.................................................. 10.30 a. m. to 2 p. m.; 5 p. m. to 8 p. m. Thursday----------------------------------------- 7 a. m. to 2 p. m.; 6 p. m. to 8 p. m. Friday----------------------------------------------7.30 a. m. to 5 p. m. Saturday........................................................10.30 a. m. to 2 p. m.; 5 p. m. to 8 p. m. A day such as this woman worked on Thursday would be trying from the point of view of the worker. On that day she had to be on duty as early as 7 a. m. and was not free from her work until 13 hours later, at 8 in the evening. Although she was off duty from 2 in the afternoon until 6 o’clock, even as much as four free hours in a stretch are likely to be of but little use to the worker in a down-town restau rant in a city the size of Chicago. In this restaurant, as in most others, no place was provided for the girls to spend any of these free periods resting on the premises. In view of the systems which have been established in other restaurants it seems possible that a more regular arrangement of hours might be worked out that would permit of greater uniformity for the individual and still provide adequate 38 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES WorKing hours oi women empl oyee s1 in one Chicago resTaurawT, dumber of vomen on £ i :ach schedule // 'R n¥l~ia TFlz Waitresses ( z s/ 21 Kitchen worKers I 1 2 Z r z z t i / / / 4 i / i z z 1 4 S' 2 2 / I '1 VS fl-'T ■te~g~?sJVH WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 39 service at the time most needed. A system might he adopted allowing for a possible rotation of shifts over definite periods of time less frequently than daily. DAILY HOURS The records taken show the number of hours which each woman was on duty each day of the week. Since the length of the day’s work often varied with the days in the week for the same employee, the usual system of tabulating the number of women working certain specified number of hours was possible for only a part of the material, only for the records of the women who had the same schedule each day they had worked. Consequently the unit of tabulation through out the tables on daily hours is the day’s work. The material for those workers who had the same number of hours on each day they worked was tabulated both on the basis of the number of women employed for a specified number of hours and on the basis of the num ber of hours in each workday. When the results were summed up in terms of percentages, the distribution among the various hour groups was practically identical, indicating that there was no tendency for either basis to weight the distribution. The following table on daily hours is a summary of Appendix Table XIV: Table 14.—Length of day’s work in restaurants, by type of restaurant, occupation, and locality Per cent distribution of employee days according to length of the day in state Length of working day Hotel restaurants Total Store restaurants Independent restaurants and cafeterias Dining Kitchen Dining Kitchen Dining Kitchen Dining Kitchen room room room room workers workers workers workers workers workers workers workers Number of employee days reported............................... 4,106 2,414 1,158 926 818 323 2,130 1,165 Under 5 hours............... .............. . 5 and under 6 hours......................... 6 and under 7 hours____________ 7 and under 8 hours......................... 8hours._........................................... . Over 8 and under 9 hours.. 9 hours________ ___________ Over 9 and under 10 hours............ 10 hours. __.................................... Over 10 hours_________ ________ 23.4 3.3 11.8 19.4 9.7 9.9 10.3 6.9 5.3 .1 8.4 3.3 7.5 11.4 13.1 20.1 20.1 9.2 4.3 2.0 16.0 3.9 15.1 17.9 10.3 13.1 10.7 7.9 3.5 1.8 1.1 3.2 11.2 12.4 10.2 26.2 21.0 7.9 3.0 3.8 59.2 4.4 .6 13.7 5.6 15.9 .1 .5 24.1 1.9 5.5 3.7 22.9 39.0 2.8 8.3 .8 13.7 2.6 14.4 22.5 11.0 5.8 14.0 0.8 8.3 .8 9.9 3.7 5.4 13.6 12.8 10.0 24.2 12.8 6.6 1.0 40 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES Table 14.—Length of day’s work in restaurants, by type of restaurant, occupation, and locality—Continued Per cent distribution of employee days according to length of the day in— Chicago Length of working day Hotel restaurants Total Independent restaurants and cafeterias Store restaurants Dining Kitchen Dining Kitchen Dining Kitchen Dining Kitchen room room room room workers workers workers workers workers workers workers workers Number of employee days reported............................... Under 5 hours................................... 5 and under 6 hours........................ 6 and under 7 hours.......................7 and under 8 hours......................... 8 hours................. . ................. Over 8 and under 9 hours.............. 9 hours................................................. Over 9 and under 10 hours............ 3,230 1,934 847 859 752 245 1,631 830 26.2 2.8 12.2 22.9 10.4 9.2 10.3 3.4 1.8 .7 7.0 2.9 8.6 12.6 16.0 24.4 20.5 4.5 1.7 1.8 16.6 2.2 14.3 19.7 9.2 14.0 10.4 7.3 4.3 1.9 1.0 3.5 11.6 11.6 10.9 27.6 19.3 8.5 1.7 4.1 64.4 4.8 .7 14.9 6.1 8.5 .1 .5 7.4 13.5 2.2 16.5 28.4 13.1 6.9 15.0 2.6 1.4 .4 13.1 3.1 7.3 15.9 17.1 13.0 26.6 1.7 2.0 2.4 4.9 30.2 51.4 3.3 • Per cent distribution of employee days according to length of the day in— Other places Length of working day Hotel restaurants Total Independent restaurants and cafeterias Store restaurants Dining Kitchen Dining Kitchen Dining Kitchen Dining Kitchen room workers room workers room workers room workers workers workers workers workers Number of employee days reported............................... Under 5 hours.................................. 6 and under 6 hours....................... 6 and under 7 hours......................... Over 8 and under 9 hours........... . Over 9 and under 10 hours............ 876 480 311 13.2 6.3 10.4 6.6 7.1 12.6 10.2 14.9 18.0 1.8 14.1 4.9 3.8 8.6 1.3 3.0 18.4 28.3 15.2 2.5 14.1 8.4 17.0 12.9 13.2 10.6 11.6 9.3 1.3 1.6 67 66 1.5 6.0 22.4 9.0 . 100.0 41.8 78 499 336 76.9 7.7 15.4 14.4 4.0 7.6 ......... 4.2 2.2 10.8 20.2 30.9 22.2 1.8 5.2 .6 7.9 1.8 2.4 17.9 40.7 18.2 3.4 19.4 3.6 In Chicago 5,164 employee days were recorded for restaurant workers, and in the other cities of Illinois, 1,856. In each case some what less than two-thirds of the employee days were from the records of waitresses or counter girls, the remainder covering the kitchen workers. The contrast between the practices in respect to restaurant hours in Chicago and the other localities included is easily apparent from the following summary: Length of working day Percentage of workdays of each specified length in— Other places Chicago Under 8 hours___ _ _ Over 8 and under 10 hours _______ _____ -______ — 10 hours and over. . _ . ________ ______ ____________ 51. 12. 32. 2. 9 5 8 8 33. 5. 42. 19. 8 0 1 0 41 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES Over one-half of the working days recorded in Chicago were less than 8 hours in length, while only one-third of the days of the restau rant workers outside Chicago were as short as that. Chicago re ported more 8-hour days for its restaurant worker’s than did the smaller towns, but in neither case was such a day very common. In the two longer-hour groups the reports for other places showed the higher percentages, with 19 per cent of the workdays of restaurant employees in the smaller places as long as 10 hours, whereas only 2.8 per cent of the Chicago restaurant days were that long. Table 15.—Daily hours of restaurant workers, by occupation and locality Per cent of employee days of each specified number of hours in— State Other places Chicago Length of employee days Dining room workers Kitchen workers Dining room workers Kitchen workers Dining room workers 4,106 2,414 3,230 1,934 876 480 67.9 9.7 26. 1 6.3 30.6 13.1 49.4 7.8 64. 1 10.4 22.9 2.5 31.1 16.0 49.4 3.4 35.4 7.1 37.7 19.8 30.2 1.3 43.2 25.3 Number of employee days reported. Kitchen workers Tire difference between the hour standards of dining-room and kitchen workers (summarized in Table 15) is perhaps less marked than that between the standards of the two localities already dis cussed, but it is, nevertheless, quite noticeable. The longer hours of work were more prevalent among the kitchen workers than among the waitresses or other dining-room workers. Table 16.—Daily hours of restaurant workers, by type of restaurant and locality Per cent of employee days of each specified number of hours iw>Chicago State Length of employee days Other places Inde Inde pend pend ent ent Hotel Hotel Store Store restau restau restau restau restau restau rants rants rants rants rants rants and and cafe cafe terias terias Inde pend ent Store Hotel restau restau restau rants rants rants and cafe terias Number of employee Over 8 and under 10 hours. _ 2,084 1,141 3,295 1,706 997 2,461 378 144 834 41.7 10.2 42.1 6.0 65.8 10.5 23.7 45.8 11.6 30.4 12.2 40.3 10.1 43.7 6.0 67.5 12.0 20.5 53.5 14.5 30.3 1.8 48.4 10.8 34.9 5.8 54.2 23.7 3.2 44.7 28.3 45.8 The hours in the store restaurants were shorter than those in either the hotel or the independent restaurants, as might be expected from the fact that store restaurants ordinarily are open for a shorter period each day. Although there was a larger proportion of working 76820°—20——4 42 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES days of less than 8 hours among the workers in the independent restaurants than among those in the hotel restaurants, there was also a larger proportion of days of 10 hours and more in length in the former than in the latter. When the situation in Chicago is con sidered separately from the other places of the State, the relative position of the hotel hours and the hours in independent restaurants is somewhat changed. In Chicago the proportion of the working days which fell below 8 hours was considerably higher in the independent restaurants (53.5 per cent) than in those connected with hotels (40.3 per cent), and at the same time the proportion amounting to 10 hours or more was less in the former (1.8 per cent) than in the latter (6 per cent). In the smaller places, on the other hand, the hotel restaur ants showed better standards in respect to the length of the working day than did the independent restaurants and cafeterias. Almost one-half of the days of the hotel restaurant workers and less than onefourth of the days worked by the employees in independent res taurants and cafeterias were less than 8 hours in length, while only 5.8 per cent of hotel restaurant days and 28.3 per cent of the inde pendent restaurant days were 10 hours or over. Some of the extremes in daily hours are not brought out in the table because the instances of clays of over 10 hours in length were suf ficiently scattered to make it impractical to present them in separate classifications. Nevertheless, attention may be called to some of the instances of extraordinarily long hours which were found to exist. The longest day’s work of which any record was found was one of 15 hours, worked by a woman employed in the kitchen of a Chicago hotel. This woman had not had to work such long hours any other day in the week surveyed, hut she had been employed seven days during the week, her shortest day being 8 hours in length. On the day slie had worked 15 hours, this woman was on duty continually for that whole period, eating her meals on duty when she could get a chance. Another kitchen worker in a Chicago hotel had worked 13 Ta hours each of six days during the week, making a weekly total of 81 hours. The record of a third hotel worker revealed very long hours of wffrk on some days and short hours on others. She had had Sun day free, worked 10hours on Monday, 12on Tuesday, 5% on Wednesday, 13J^ on Thursday, 13 on Friday, and 2 on Saturday. Although these examples are unusual records and not many such instances were found, their existence seems of sufficient importance to merit attention. The distribution of the workdays for the restaurant workers is very different from that for the women in the other industries in cluded. Not far from one-half of the restaurant workers’ days were shorter than 8 hours, while only 4.1 per cent of the women surveyed in other industries had a scheduled day of less than 8 hours. At the other extreme, with the long daily schedule, there was also a larger proportion of the restaurant workers’ days. Of the restaurant days reported, 70, or somewhat more than 1 per cent, were over 10 hours in length, while none of the workers in the other industries were sched uled to work more than 10 hours a day. OVER-ALL HOURS It has been pointed out already in connection with the discussion of the irregularity of restaurant hours that the number of hours 43 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES between the time of first going on duty and that when the day’s work is over is often considerably in excess of the number of hours when the worker is on duty. Consequently, attention must also be given to the number of over-all hours in each working day. There was a greater tendency for the working day to spread out over a long period of time in the smaller cities and towns than in Chicago, even though the difference in the hours actually on duty was not great. The summary below shows the percentages of work days having over-all hours of specified length. Percentage of work days with over-all hours of specified length in— Number of over-all hours Other places Chicago Under 8 _______________________ ______ IQ and under 12________________________ -,,___ 35. 49. 13. 2. 17. 17. 22. 43. 1 1 0 8 1 5 3 1 On over two-fiftlis of the working days the over-all hours amounted to 12 or more for the workers in the restaurants throughout the State; less than 3 per cent of the working days in Chicago restau rants fell within this class, while for over a third the over-all hours were less than 8. Table 17.—Over-all hours, by type of restaurant, occupation, and locality Per cent of employee days with over-all hours of specified length in— Occupation Over-all hours All restau rants Hotel restau rants Store restau rants Inde pendent restau rants and cafeterias CHICAGO Dining-roam workers___ Under 8 hours......................................... 8 and under 10 hours............................ 10 and under 12 hours........................... 41.0 42.4 13.8 2.8 36.4 46.4 8-. 4 8.9 69.9 29.8 .3 30.1 46.1 22.9 .9 8 and under 10 hours........................... 25.3 60.2 11.5 2.9 25.3 65.7 . 4.8 4.3 12.2 87.8 29.2 46.5 21.9 2.4 12.7 21.5 17.6 48.3 11.3 26.7 3.9 5&2 100.0 25. 2 10.2 31.0 33.5 11.9 100.0 17.9 70.1 12 hours and over................................... OTHER PLACES Dining-room workers___ 8 and under 10 hours .......................... 12 hours and over.............. .................... 15.2 7.8 28.5 48.5 10.4 14.6 40.9 34.0 Table 17 makes possible a comparison of the length of over-all hours in the various types of restaurants of Chicago and in the other places in Illinois. As would be expected, the shortest over-all hours were found in the restaurants connected with stores. For none of 44 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES the kitchen workers in these restaurants were there any days with over-all hours as long as 10, while in an inappreciable number of cases were the over-all hours for the dining-room workers in this class of restaurants that long. For the dining-room workers in inde pendent restaurants in Chicago there was greater concentration in the 8-to-12-hour groups than for the dining-room workers in the hotel restaurants. While on 36.4 per cent of the workdays the over-all hours of these workers in hotels were less than 8, 30.1 per cent of the over-all days of the waitresses in the independent restau rants were as short as this. But, on the other hand, long over-all hours were more commonly found for this class of workers in the hotels than in the independent restaurants. In the independent restaurants of Chicago there was very little difference in the length of the over-all hours for the kitchen workers and for the dining-room employees, while in the hotels fewer of the kitchen workers’ days showed short over-all hours and fewer showed long hours than did the days of the dining-room workers. I£*cept for the store restau rants the over-all hours of the restaurants outside Chicago were con siderably longer than those of Cliicago establishments. Table XV m the appendix gives the distribution of over-all hours in greater detail than does the summary included in the text and is of especial interest in the range of hours over 12. Only two instances of an over-all of more than 15 hours were recorded, but a consider able number of days with over-all hours of 13 and 14 were reported, most of them in restaurants outside Chicago. Table 18.—Relation of hours on duty to over-all hours, by locality Number of days on which hours on duty formed of over-all hours— Num ber of days re Under 60 and ported 60 per under 70 per cent cent Locality Occupation Chicago.............. Total........................... Dining-room workers............. Kitchen workers...................... 5,164 3, 230 1,934 47 47 143 125 18 549 488 61 863 550 313 1,111 504 607 2,451 1,516 935 Other places... Total......................... . Dining-room workers............. Kitchen workers................... . 1, 356 876 480 174 162 12 223 187 36 292 183 109 147 59 88 192 142 50 328 143 185 70 and under 80 per cent 80 and 90 and under under 100 per 90 per 100 per cent cent cent The same table in the appendix reveals the percentages which the hours actually on duty formed of the time between the beginning of work and the end of the day. The proportion which the hours on duty formed of the total over-all hours was more apt to be lower for the dining-room workers than for the kitchen workers, and for the women employed in the restaurants outside Chicago than for the women employed in that city. On one-fifth of the working days of the Chicago dining-room workers the hours on duty formed less than 80 per cent of the over-all, while only on less than 5 per cent of the days of the kitchen workers in the same city was this the case. On over three-fifths of the days reported for dining-room workers and on less than a third of the days of kitchen workers in other places the hours on duty amounted to less than 80 per cent of the total over-all hours— WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 45 an indication of the amount of time which is often practically useless to the worker herself and for which she receives no compensation. WEEK’S HOURS While the number of hours worked during the week may be of less interest than the length of the day, it is, nevertheless, important to consider that phase of the question as well. Obviously, in discussing the subject of week’s hours, we return to the more usual basis of the number of women affected rather than the number of employee days. Table XVI in the appendix furnishes detailed figures on this subject. Of practically 1,100 women working in restaurants for whom infor mation was received, almost 45 per cent had worked 44 hours or less during the week recorded. Only 12.9 per cent had worked over 44 but not more than 48 hours, 31.3 per cent between 48 and 60 hours, and 11 per cent 60 hours or more. While the printed tables do not show the details above 65 hours, there were a few instances of ex tremely long hours. One hotel worker in Chicago had worked 81 hours in the week surveyed, while two women in Chicago and four in smaller places had worked 70 and 71 hours. The percentages in the preceding paragraph are based on the total number of women reported, irrespective of the number of days on which they had worked. Thus, the proportion of women working the shorter hours was increased because those who worked less than their normal week were included. For some restaurant workers the normal week is six days and for some seven, but for very few is it less than six. Of the 1,094 women reported, 949, or 86.7 per cent, had worked six or seven days during the week, and the hours worked by these women were probably near enough to their normal hours to.be satisfactorily compared with the weekly scheduled hours of the women employed in the other industries surveyed. Threeeighths of these six-and-seven-day restaurant employees had worked 44 hours or less, while practically 8 per cent of the women in stores, factories, and laundries were scheduled for so short a week. Less than 14 per cent of these full-time restaurant workers had had a week of over 44 but not longer than 48 hours, while over one-half of the other women reported had been working on a schedule of that length. About 36 per cent of the restaurant women who had been on duty six or seven days had worked more than 48 but less than 60 horn's, and 12.6 per cent of them had worked 60 hours or more. Only 38 per cent of the women in other industries had had a weekly schedule of more than 48 hours, while in only five establishments with 70 women was there a weekly schedule as long as 60 hours. Although there was a larger proportion of restaurant workers than of other women workers who had the shorter hours, there was also a larger proportion of them who had worked the extremely long hours. In Table 19 the comparison is made between the hours worked in a week by the full-time workers in the two occupational groups according to the different types of restaurants. An analysis of the situation as a whole shows that the weekly hours of the women who worked in the kitchen were longer than those of the women who worked in the dining room, that the horn's of the women in the smaller places were longer than those in Chicago, and that a short week was more common in the store restaurants than in either of the other two types. There was a larger proportion of the women in 1 Table 19. Hours worked in one week by restaurant employees who worked on 6 or 7 days, by locality Number of women reported who worked full week and per cent working each specified number of hours during week in— State Type of restaurant Dining-room workers Total full-time workers___ 592 48 hours and under.............. Over 48 and under 60 hours__ 60 hours and over...................... Hotel restaurants Total full-time workers ..T. Total full-time workers___ Total full-time workers___ 48 hours and under..................... Over 48and under 60hours___ 60 hours and over... * 100.0 Num ber 356 158 100.0 126 43.0 50.0 7.0 120 100.0 100.0 61.1 25-8 13.1 100.0 Num ber 466 100.0 116 19.8 58.0 53 100.0 iooF 41.8 ! 35.6 1 22.6 | 100.0 100.0 Kitchen workers Num ber 284 .......... ......... — 117 47.4 46.6 109 100.0 Dining-room workers Per cept 100.0 Num ber 100.0 42 100.0 11 100.0 11.3 100.0 40 100.0 Per cent 126 Kitchen workers Num ber 72 9~ 9J> 55.0 100.0 127 100.0 100.0 73 100.0 71.0 1.7 100.0 100.0 10.1 100.0 100.0 66.7 13 89.9 241 Per cent 5o!o 32.5 21.4 is! 8 6.0 58.5 41.5 177 Per cent 69.5 28.1 2.4 22.0 81.7 18.3 314 Per cent Dinin ;-room wor £ers 36. 5 44.4 19.1 8.8 48 hours and under____ Over 48 and under 60 hours 60 hours and o ver_______ . Independent restaurants and cafeterias. Per cent Kitchen workers 60.5 30.7 48 hours and under_____ Over 48 and under 60 hours.._ . 60 hours and over, a____ Store restaurants........................ Other places 50 100-0 18.0 7.9 60.7 60. 0 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES Num ber All restaurants............................ Chicago Hours worked during the week WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 47 independent restaurants who had short hours, and a larger propor tion who had a week of 60 hours or over than in the hotel restaurants. Of those restaurant workers who might be considered to have put in a full week, practically one-fourth had worked on all seven days of the week. A larger proportion of the waitresses and other dining room workers than of the kitchen workers had had one day off dur ing the week. The contrast between Chicago and other places of the State in this respect was marked. Practically five-sixths of the full-time women working in Chicago restaurants had had one day off during the week recorded, while only a little over two-fifths of the full-time workers reported in the other places had had one day free. None of the women in store restaurants were employed for more than six days, for none of these restaurants were open on Sundays. A larger proportion of the women working in the inde pendent restaurants than of those in the hotel restaurants had worked on only six days, a difference due at least partially to the fact that the former group of restaurants regularly closed on Sunday, while the hotel dining rooms were always open seven days a week. MEAL PERIODS Meal periods for restaurant workers have not been standardized to the extent to which they have been for women working in stores, factories, or laundries. Women engaged in public housekeeping are still handicapped by lack of standardization carried over from private housekeeping. In many restaurants no definite amount of free time is allowed during which the workers are expected to eat their meals. In such cases the employees snatch a meal as opportunity offers and are said to eat “on duty,” for they are subject to interruption if press of work demands it. In other restaurants the employees are allowed a definite interval but without a regular time appointed for taking it. It is hard to say to what extent the situation of these workers would differ from that of the women who were said to eat on duty, and prob ably it would vary with the restaurant. However, the group of estab lishments which allowed a free period, even though at no specified time, is counted as giving a meal period, while the others are not. The meals with which this summary is concerned are only those which come within the total over-all hours of the worker. Twofifths of all the women in hotels and restaurants ate any meals that fell within the limits of their day’s work on duty; practically another fifth ate part of their meals on duty and part during free periods. Over one-fiftli of the women reported ate their meals during an interval of from 20 minutes to one hour in length. A larger pro portion of the women who were employed at kitchen occupations than of the waitresses and other dining-room workers ate their meals on duty. The practice of having no break for meals was much more common in the smaller cities of the State than in Chicago and in the hotel restaurants than in the other two types of restaurants. A small proportion of the women were expected to eat their meals in free periods of more than one hour, intervals which were meant primarily to shorten the day’s working hours rather than to provide a lunch period. The daily hours of more than one-eighth of the women were short enough so that no meal periods necessarily fell within their working day. PART IV WORKING CONDITIONS Industrial life has developed with such strides that in many instances it has difficulty to keep up with itself in an orderly way. When business is active and a factory has an increasing number of orders coming in, production must be made to expand quickly to take advantage of the opportunity presented. Additional work units are added in the same space; sections of the buildings ordinarily held for other uses are given up to active production, or additional rooms are used in adjoining buildings. When a business is crowding on itself in this fashion, the manager too seldom takes into consideration what the changes may mean for the worker. He is engrossed with the idea of more orders, more money, more expansion, and it is not strange if he overlooks the fact that the addition of an extra work room lias cut off much of the natural light in one of the original rooms or that such additions overcrowd existing toilet and rest-room facilities. When business slackens, expenditures are cut down, and, even though the rush is over, perhaps nothing is done toward the better organiza tion of the plant. It is true that many industrial establishments do not grow in such haphazard fashion, and that there are owners and managers who realize the value of well-planned, light, airy workrooms, with the equipment and the routing of work so arranged as to make for the minimum of confusion. Factories are occupied by human beings, men and women, and even children, many hours a day. The health of these workers is affected inevitably by the conditions of the room in which they spend their day, by the position in which they must work, and by the relation of light supply to their bench or machine. The adequacy and condition of the toilet, wash room, and drinking facilities have a tremendous effect on the general health of the employees, specifically through the possibility of the spread of infec tious diseases. While the provision of rest rooms and lunch rooms is less obviously necessary, they, too, play a very important part in the health program. Noon hours should refesh the worker for the return to the job in the afternoon, and that result is possible only if the worker has some opportunity to get away from the machine and the workroom to some place that is reasonably comfortable. . Not only are the physical conditions in a factory of tremendous personal importance to the workers, but they also react on the effi ciency and prosperity of the business itself. In the investigation of the plants of various types throughout Illinois an attempt was made to note the extent to which the essentials in sanitation had been met, to see what attention had been given to the important problems of seating, lighting, and ventilation, to evaluate the adequacy of the service equipment provided for the women workers and the plant as a whole, and to make a general survey of plant conditions so far as they directly affected the women employed. 49 50 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES GENERAL PLANT CONDITIONS Arrangement of roQms. Crowded and poorly arranged workrooms slow up production and make work more difficult. Narrow and cluttered aisles tremendously increase the hazard from fire. Of the 132 factories and laundries visited in Chicago, there were 44 in which the aisles were narrow either in part of the plant or throughout. In 16 the aisles were too narrow even if they had been kept clear, but in addition they were obstructed by trucks or supplies. In 88 Chicago firms the aisles were sufficiently wide, but in 14 of these plants at least some of the aisles were obstructed. There were 59 factories and laundries of the 201 visited in the other cities of the State in which some or all of the aisles were too narrow. In 20 of these all the aisles were too narrow, and part or all of them wore obstructed as well. On the other hand, 119 were wide and clear as to aisles, while in 23 other plants the arrangement of worktables or machines allowed sufficient room, but the aisles had not been kept clear in all places. In Chicago 8 stores were visited, and in only 2 of these were the aisles too narrow. Only 6 of the stores had workrooms, and in 2 of these some of the workrooms were too crowded to be satisfactory. In the smaller cities 49 stores were included, in 10 of which the aisles were too narrow throughout and in 6 part of the aisles were narrow. Only 28 of these stores in the smaller places had any workrooms, and in 7 of them part or all the workrooms were crowded. Floor space is often limited in restaurant kitchens or pantries. There were 17 restaurants in Chicago for which information was supplied in regard to crowding. In 8 of these all the kitchen and pantry space was too crowded; in 2 others part of it was so reported. The restaurants visited in the smaller places more often had sufficient room for their activities than had those in Chicago. Of 17 reported in these localities, only 5 had too little room in their kitchen and pantry space, and in 1 some of the kitchens and pantries were over crowded. Thus far attention has been called to those plants in which the work rooms were poorly arranged, because those were the establishments in which changes wrere needed. There were factories, however, in which the location of worktables and machines had been well planned. For example, the description of the workroom arrangement in one paper-box factory reads as follows: The machinery was exceptionally well placed so that even good-sized trucks did not close the aisles. As a contrast, however, is the following description of another fac tory in the same industry: Factory was in old store and saloon building thrown together. The place was unspeakably crowded, and aisles were filled with packing eases and rubbish. Sometimes units of machinery are so placed that they obstruct the aisles, a situation illustrated by the following description of the workrooms in a shoe factory: Racks on wheels completely filled the room. Where there were rows of ma chines, the aisles were very narrow. Als-o, the cross aisles were obstructed by a pipe carrying the shafting, which was continuous for a whole row of machines and crossed the aisles about a foot from the floor. WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTKIES 51 Stairways. There were 133 factories, stores, and laundries of those visited in Chicago which had more than one floor and in which stairways were inspected. In 66.9 per cent of these the construction of all stairways in the building was satisfactory; they were neither too narrow nor too steep; they were not winding; they were adequately lighted and were built with handrails. In 21.8 per cent of the plants, all the stairways were unsatisfactory, cither because they were winding, narrow, steep, or dark, or because of a combination of these condi tions. In over one-fifth of the establishments part of or all the stair ways were narrow, and in almost one-fourth part or all were steep. In only three plants were any of the stairways winding, in one the stair way was not adequately lighted, and in another there was no hand rail. There were 199 factories, stores, and laundries of those visited in the other places which were not located exclusively on the ground floor. The standard in these plants was lower than it was for those in Chicago. In only 53.8 per cent of these plants were all the stairways satisfactory so far as construction went. In 37.2 per cent of the plants all stairways were unsatisfactory in one respect or another, while in practically one-tenth of the others part of the stairways fell below the construction standards set. For over one-third of the plants part of or all the stairways were reported too narrow, and in six plants they were not adequately lighted. Frequently, one stairway combined several bad features, as was the case in the following description of the situation in a laundry: The treads were so narrow that one stubbed the toes going up, and there was not room enough for a foot. In addition the stairs were narrow and steep. Of another stairway the schedule reports: This stairway was almost like a ladder; it was so steep and the treads were so warped. Cleaning. The desirability of keeping a plant clean and in order was recog nized in many establishments hut not in all. Of 132 factories and laundries visited in Chicago, 22 were dirty throughout and 13 others in part. Among the establishments inspected in the other cities the proportion of plants rated as clean was higher than it was in Chicago. In only 21 of the 201 factories and laundries in these cities was all of the workroom space dirty, and in 16 part of the workrooms had not been kept satisfactorily clean. Some plant managers took the matter of cleaning very casually, making no definite provision for it. In 11 Chicago factories and laun dries the women employed for other work were expected to keep the workrooms clean, and in 16 of the factories visited elsewhere in the State the women employed for the regular work of the plant were given the additional responsibility of cleaning the workrooms. Often dirt on the walls and ceilings of plants was allowed to accu mulate for too long a time before given any attention, or sometimes the construction material was such that it presented a dark and dingy appearance. In 65 of the 132 Chicago factories and laundries all the workrooms had walls and ceilings that were either dark or dirty, frequently so dirty that they were dark in spite of having been painted light. In 12 other plants part of the workrooms had walls and ceilings that were dark or dirty. Naturally it was easier to keep buildings 52 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES clean in tlie smaller cities than in Chicago, and a larger proportion of the plants in these localities had workrooms with walls and ceilings that were light and clean—111 out of 201. Even among the plants outside Chicago, however, there were 54 in which all the workrooms had walls and ceilings that were dark or dirty, and 30 others had walls and ceilings in such condition in part of the plant. In 2 establish ments in Chicago and in 2 located in other places the walls and ceilings were in bad repair. Ordinarily it was the old buildings that were most poorly kept. The description of the workrooms in one plant states: Building was old, and floors, ceilings, and walls were very dirty. The floors were covered with talc dust in some rooms, witli soap scraps in others—looked like the accumulation of years. Ceilings and walls were very dingy except where white from talc. The description of another plant reads: The building was very old. Workrooms were dingy and dirty. When cleaned at all, the men workers did the sweeping, and they were never scrubbed. In some industries the processes of the work make it more difficult to keep the floor clean and free from litter than in others, but it is probable the differences in cleanliness are due rather to the differences m adequacy of the cleaning system. As an example, contrast the following descriptions of conditions in two printing and publishing plants: Plant was in absolute order; continuous cleaning during hours. Floor covered with litter, chiefly trimmings from paper, some of which looked as though it were the accumulation of several days. Everything was dirty looking; ceilings and walls dingy. Heating. Plants were visited under varying weather conditions—from the winter weather of February through the warmer weather of May, and the adequacy of heating equipment could not be judged equally in all the plants on the basis of the effectiveness in operation. Ordinarily, however, plants were adequately heated, and the problem of tempera ture was more often in the direction of excessive heat. There were a few establishments, located in the smaller places, which were heated only by large stoves. In cold weather such an arrangement is seldom satisfactory, for the workers near the stove are overly hot, while those in the far corners of the room shiver. In some plants the work itself demanded that the temperature be kept down Iowa' than was desirable for comfort. The packing rooms of the slaughtering and meat-packing establishments were kept at a low temperature always, and the workers in these rooms wore sweaters and coats at their work. The arrangement of the heating apparatus in the workroom means a good deal in its effect on the comfort of the workers. Of the 132 factories and laundries in Chicago there were 14 establishments in which some of the workers had to sit too close to steam pipes or radi ators for comfort. In 33 of the 201 factories and laundries located outside Chicago some of the women had to work uncomfortably near the source of heat. In 2 stores in Chicago and in 4 in the other places steam pipes or radiators were so located behind counters or in other quarters that saleswomen on duty were unable to get away from the heat. WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 53 Ventilation. Ventilation becomes a serious problem, needing more than hap hazard attention whenever a large number of people are gathered together in one room; and when such a group is engaged in industrial processes even more careful provision is needed. Lint or dust from the materials worked on; heat, steam, or moisture from the work itself—these factors make special ventilating facilities particularly essential in many plants. There were 28,202 women employed in the 140 factories, stores, and laundries visited in Chicago. Threefourths of these establishments, employing an even larger portion of the women, were reported as being satisfactorily ventilated through out. In over one-half of these plants this result was accomplished by means of windows and skylights, without the assistance of any •sort of artificial ventilation; these were, on the whole, the smaller establishments. However, 10 other plants supplied only local artificial ventilation, such as hoods over certain machines or special devices for drawing off the dust from some operations, and found these aids sufficient to keep the air in the room reasonably satisfactory. In 12 of the Chicago establishments the air was satisfactory in only part of the workrooms, and 21 others were inadequately venti lated throughout. In two-thirds of the plants that were altogether unsatisfactory on this ground no attempt had been made to provide any type of artificial ventilation. In 5 there was some general system, but it was not adequate. There is a wide difference in results between the complete washed-air system with frequent vents into the room and a ventilation system which depends only upon a small exhaust fan in the side of the building. All told, between two-thirds and three-fourths of the factories, stores, and laundries in Chicago made no special provision for artificial ventilation. Not far from 20,000 women were employed in the 250 factories, stores, and laundries visited in the smaller cities of the State. In seven-tenths of the establishments, employing slightly more than that proportion of the women, the ventilation was considered satis factory throughout at the time of the inspection. In one-fifth of the plants visited all the workrooms were inadequately ventilated, and in the remaining tenth part of the workrooms had inadequate air. In two-thirds of the establishments in which the ventilation was satisfactory for the whole plant this result was achieved without any artificial means, and it is uncertain whether the ventilation would have been satisfactory under all weather conditions. There were general artificial ventilating systems in 32 of these plants, almost a third having some local devices in addition. On the other hand, there were 20 establishments in which the air was unsatisfactory throughout in spite of some attempt at artificial ventilation. In 27 others which were unsatisfactory throughout, no attempt had been made to provide any means other than doors and windows. Some industries create special problems in their need of a particular type of ventilation. Of the 132 factories and laundries in Chicago there were 50 in which fumes, heat, or dust constituted a special difficulty connected with air conditions. Of these, 31 had made an attempt to alleviate the situation by some method of artificial venti lation. In 19, however, nothing had been done to improve the con dition of the air. Of 201 factories and laundries in the other towns, 54 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 74 were reported with some special ventilation problem arising from the nature of the work, 29 of which had made no attempt to improve the condition by means of either general or local artificial ventilation. A few examples serve to show the types of situation which may arise. In the plating room the fumes were very strong from the chemical bath. There were no hoods over the bath and no general ventilating system. Fumes in the lacquer room almost suffocating. Room was very small, with no windows in walls. There was a skylight, but the windows in it were not open. Women had' to bend directly over the lacquer machine to turn small parts. By way of contrast is the following statement concerning another plant which had practically the same problem to meet: Lacquer ovens were completely inclosed. All fumes from lacquer room were carried off through the aid of fans in the ventilating pipes. In a burlap-bag plant the dust from the burlap was most inade quately taken care of. The girls who were stitching were furnished with cheese cloth to tie over the mouth and nose, and practically two-thirds of them were using it. In hotels and restaurants the heat and steam from cooking neces sitate adequate methods of ventilation. Of 19 restaurants for which working conditions were reported in Chicago, only 4 had no special ventilating devices whatsoever—no hoods over ranges and no general exhaust system. At the other extreme were 6 restaurant kitchens in which there were hoods over the ranges, hoods over dish-washing machines, and a general exhaust system as well. Four others had hoods over the ranges in addition to a general exhaust system. In the smaller towns also 19 restaurants were inspected. There were only 3 kitchens in which there was no artificial ventilation. Only 3, however, had any general exhaust system and 1 of these relied on that alone, without hoods over the ranges. Ordinarily, however, a hood over the range seemed to be the first and most likely step taken to supplement natural means of ventilation. Lighting. No detailed analysis of the adequacy of such a technical matter as lighting in the plants visited can he made in a survey of this type. Two factors, however, can be summarized—the general adequacy of light for the work to be done and the presence or absence of glare. Eyestrain may result either when workers have insufficient light or when they face a strong light from unshaded windows. Table 20.—Adequacy Type of lighting Locality Other places___ Other places of natural and artificial lighting, by locality Number Number of establishments with unsatisfactory light due to— of es tablish Number ments in which Both of es inadequacy tablish lighting Glare Inadequacy and glare ments was satis reported factory through In Through In Through In Through out out part out part out part 154 247 157 248 79 152 89 163 20 22 2 2 27 13 2 6 1 . 4 .2 18 55 52 68 : 6 2 2 5 S s 6 12 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 55 There were 154 factories, stores, laundries, and restaurants in Chicago for which information on natural lighting was obtained. The summary of figures includes only those stores with workrooms, since the lighting of such rooms and not that of salesrooms was considered. " The natural lighting throughout was satisfactory in one-half of these establishments and unsatisfactory in not far from one-third. In the rest of the plants some of the rooms had adequate natural light and some did not. Wrong natural lighting in the Chicago plants was more often due to inadequacy than to glare, although in some plants there was insufficient light from natural sources and a glare as well. In 56 establishments the natural light was inadequate either in part of the plant or throughout, and in only 28 was there glare, the 9 establishments in which both conditions existed being included in each group. There were 247 establishments in the smaller cities for which in formation on natural light was reported. Of these, over three-fifths were satisfactory throughout and more than one-fourth had unsatisfac tory natural light in all the workrooms. In the remaining tenth of the plants some of the rooms were satisfactory and some were not. In the plants located in the smaller towns a larger proportion of wrong light conditions were due to glare rather than to inadequacy. Buildings more often were completely detached than in Chicago, and light could reach them more readily than when they were crowded in closely among others. In only 40 establishments was there insuf ficient natural light throughout the plant or in some of the work rooms, while glare was present in some workrooms of at least 60 plants. It may be difficult to assure adequate natural light in all parts of a building located in a congested district, but there is no excuse for unsatisfactory artificial light. Industrial lighting fixtures have been given sufficient attention, so that it should be possible for every establishment to be equipped with lighting systems suited to its need. Inspection of plants, however, shows that too many managers treat this matter casually. In summing up the matter of artificial lighting only workrooms of stores were included. There were 157 factories, stores, laundries, and restaurants in Chicago for which report was made on the character of the artificial lighting. Of these, 89 were satisfactorily lighted throughout, a proportion larger than that with satisfactory natural light for the whole plant. On the other hand, there were 60 establishments in which artificial lighting had been given inadequate attention through out the whole plant, and in practically all cases the difficulty was due to glare. There was enough light, but either the lights were not shaded or they were placed at such a height that they shone in the worker’s eyes. In only a few cases was artificial light insufficient. For 248 factories, stores, laundries, and restaurants in the other places of the State information was available on the character of the artificial lighting. In respect to artificial as well as natural lighting a little over three-fifths of these establishments were satis factory throughout, there being sufficient light and no glare. In a few uniform conditions did not exist, but in over a third none of the artificial lighting in the plant was satisfactory, in the majority of instances because of glare. . WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 56 Seating. Industrial seating has been given less attention by employers than have most other working conditions. Many manufacturers ac customed to regard certain occupations in their plants as standing jobs accept the situation as inalterable, and for other kinds of work at which the operators usually sit they consider as satisfactory any type of seat that is not in the way. Of recent years, however, some factory managers have begun to give attention to the suitability of the chair provided. It is being realized, also, that satisfactory seating can not always be achieved merely by changing the type of seat itself. No one style is satisfactory for all classes of work, and often simple changes in the arrangement of the supply of material or of the height of the worktable are needed to make a normal and healthful posture possible. _ , It is difficult to summarize the material in regard to the seating equipment furnished by the establishments visited. The occupa tions have been roughly classified as those at which the workers sat to operate, those at which they stood to perform their jobs, and those at which it was possible for them to work in either position. In making this classification the practice in the plant visited has been taken as the only criterion although it is realized that the different arrangement of worktable or machine in the different plants may cause the same occupation to fall sometimes into one group and some times into the other. Many jobs classed as standing jobs could have been done as well with the worker seated if only the manage ment had realized the desirability of providing chairs so designed that the woman could sit to work during part, of the day. Often it was lack of chairs that placed the women in the group of workers reported with a standing occupation rather than in the group of women who could either sit or stand at their job. In summing up the situation concerning seats in the factories and laundries of Illinois account has been taken only of whether seats were provided and whether or not they had backs. It is realized that the backs provided for seats are not always satisfactory, but any seat at all is better than none, and almost any seat with a back has some advantages over a plain stool. Table 21.— Type and adequacy of seats, by occupation and locality—factories and laundries Locality Position of women when operating Num ber ©f estab lish ments report ing women in each speci fied group Sitting or standing___ 114 96 46 Standing Sitting or standing___ 153 50 Other places.. Number of establishments in which— Sufficient seats were Insufficient seats were provided provided No seats With With were and With and With pro With with out Total with out vided Total With backs backs out backs out backs backs backs 39 26 5 4 2 81 41 4 13 1 170 3 22 3 114 31 41 56 10 8 30 3 3 28 18 30 25 3 170 31 46 103 13 19 40 5 5 27 13 22 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 57 In 114 factories and laundries visited in Chicago women regularly sat at their work. Of these, 56 provided some sort of seat with a back for all the women who sat continuously at their occupations. In 30 other plants some of the sitting workers had chairs with backs, and some had only stools or benches. In 28 establishments stools or benches and even boxes and upturned kegs were the only seats pro vided for the women who sat all day at their work. The plants out side Chicago more frequently furnished seats with backs than did those in Chicago. In 103 of the 170 establishments in which women had sitting jobs there were backs on all the seats for this class of work ers, and in 40, backs on only some of the seats. In 27 establishments all the sitting workers had benches or stools or some other form of seat which offered no support to the back. In 46 of the Chicago establishments women were employed at work for the performance of which they could either sit or stand. Of these, there were 5 in which too few seats were provided to make the choice very real, and in only 10 establishments were therebacks on all the scats used by these workers. Of the 50 establishments located in the other places in the State in which women could shift their position from sitting to standing, there were 4 in which the number of seats provided was insufficient and only 20 in which all the seats supplied had backs. In 96 Chicago establislnnents there were women who stood at thenwork continuously, and in 39 of these no seats at all were provided for the use of the workers in the intervals between supplies, or when the machines were running smoothly enough to need no attention. The number of seats was adequate in only 31 of these 96 plants. In the majority of cases the seats provided had no backs. There were 153 factories and laundries of those visited elsewhere in the State in which at least some of the women stood to work. As many as 81 of these furnished no seats for these workers, and only 46 were equipped with an adequate number of seats. There seems to have been a conspicuous lack of attention given to seating in some industries; for example, in the manufacture of wooden boxes. In this industry either in Chicago or elsewhere there were no establishments which were equipped with seats for an occasional rest for any of the workers who stood at their jobs. No seats were pro vided for any of the standing workers in the plants in Chicago manufacturing glue or bread and bakery products, nor in the factories in other cities and towns making women’s clothing or lamps and re flectors. Even in cases where the women had to stand when actually at work there wrere often times when they could have sat had there been anything to sit on. In one veneer plant, for example, there was considerable opportunity for the women who were stacking or hanging pieces of veneer to rest, but no regular seats were provided. Women were perched on boxes or lying on the long frames on which the sheets of veneer came from the saws. In one plant in which all the workers were standing the manager volunteered the information that “the girls had plenty of time to sit down, as they were not busy all the time.” He seemed quite unconscious of the fact that there were no seats of any description in the whole factory. In another establishment which employed only a few women, all standing at 76820°—26----- 5 58 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES work, there was a 10-minute rest period in the middle of the after noon. As there were no seats in the workroom and no restroom, even during their rest period the girls could only stand or lean on their workbenches. The girls who worked at ‘'peeling” in one paper carton factory were free to sit down probably a third of their time while they waited for a pile of the stamped cartons to accumulate, and yet no seats were provided for these girls. Sometimes they stood while they waited and sometimes they sat on a corner of a truck. On the other hand, there were factories in which it had been made possible for girls to sit at work which would ordinarily have been considered a standing job. Usually the worker who had to tend a row of machines had but little opportunity to sit down. In two of the factories visited, however, seats were built with wheels and were easily moved along a track which extended in front of the machines, so that one woman could tend four machines and still remain seated if she wished. In many cases seats provided were but poorly adapted to the work at which they were to be used. Frequently, improvised backs had been attached to ordinary round-topped stools. Workers who had chairs too low for their work place sometimes put boxes on them to raise themselves so that they could sit while working. In one plant the girls had placed a chair over a stool, the legs of the chair coming outside the legs of the stool, and the seat of the chair resting on the seat of the stool. Thus they obtained for themselves the height of the stool with the added comfort of the broader seat and the back of the chair. The round-back kitchen chair was the type of seat most commonly used in the clothing factories in Illinois. Such a chair can give no support when the worker is leaning forward at her machine and is not altogether satisfactory even for the moments of relaxation. In one factory women stitchers were seated on ordinary folding chairs, a seat neither stable nor comfortable even though coming under the class of a “seat with back.” In some plants chairs of the sodafountain type were found in use, this sort of back also being unsatis factory. Chairs with a back consisting of a cross piece attached to two metal uprights were found very frequently, and the adequacy of these was largely determined by the height and angle of the back, the shape of the seat, and the adjustment of the seat to the machine or worktable. Plants were visited in which attempts were being made to adjust both the workers and the work. The height of ordinary kitchen chairs was raised or lowered for the comfort of the worker. In one factory the agent noticed one woman using a chair different from that used by all the other workers in that occupation. Upon inquiry it was learned that she had been bothered with backache, and it had been found that she could work more comfortably in such a chair. In some plants the desirability of change of position had been recognized, and where it had not seemed possible to shift the position on the same job, workers at sitting operations changed places with those who stood to work. In a few plants adjustable chairs were being installed. In such cases it was sometimes difficult to get workers accustomed to a cramped position to shift to one more nearly normal, but experience seemed to show that they liked the new posture after they had tried it. WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES' 59 Often the provision of suitable footrests would have greatly im proved the worker’s position, but ordinarily a box, a bar on a table or machine, or the rungs of a stool were the only footrests available. Workers in some cases utilized an overturned stool for this purpose. SANITATION The question of plant sanitation is of quite as much importance as the conditions which affect the worker while actually on * the job. Drinking, washing, and toilet facilities need to be suitable in type, easily accessible, and sufficient in number. In addition systematic attention must be given to the repair and cleaning of such facilities. Drinking facilities. The provision of sanitary drinking facilities in industrial estab lishments is one of the important principles of industrial hygiene. Fresh drinking water is exceedingly necessary to the person engaged in physical activity all day. Cool, pure water easily accessible to all parts of an establishment and either individual cups or sanitary bubble fountains are essentials of adequate drinking facilities. There were 140 factories, stores, and laundries in Chicago for which the type of drinking facility was reported. Investigation showed that in almost two-thirds of these establishments some effort had been made to look after the comfort and health of the workers in this respect, water from bubble fountains or with individual cups being supplied. In 14 establishments, however, the common drinking cup was found, although in one instance some of the workers were supplied with individual cups and in another bubble fountains furnished part of the supply. In 37 establishments no cups wore provided, although in no section of the plant were there any drinking fountains and the only water supply was from faucets connected either with the regular water supply or with coolers. In these plants it was left to the workers to supply their own cups or glasses. There were 21 establishments in which bubble fountains furnished only part of the supply, and some of the workers in these plants also had to bring their own cups. There were 82 plants with bubble fountains, although in only 57 did they contribute the whole supply of drinking water. Unfor tunately, only 6 of the 82 establishments had any sanitary fixtures, those in which the stream of water could not fall back on the orifice from which it came. It has been proved by bacteriological investiga tion of the hygiene of the bubble fountain that it is not a sanitary type of drinking facility unless the water emerge at an angle of from 15° to 60° from the vertical and the orifice be adequately protected from contact by a collar. The fact that the installation of any drinking fountain was hailed originally as an improvement over past methods and a guaranty of uncontaminated drinking water makes it more important that this distinction between the satisfactory and unsatisfactory types be noted. In a slightly larger proportion of the firms located in other places in the State than of those located in Chicago had sufficient considera tion been given to the problem of drinking facilities resulting in the provision of either bubble fountains or individual drinking cups—175 out of a total of 250. The common drinking cup, however, was more frequently found in the establishments which were located in 60 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES the smaller places than in the Chicago establishments. There were 39 plants in which a common drinking cup was provided, although in 3 of these bubblers constituted a part of the facilities. In 45 estab lishments neither cups nor drinking fountains were provided, and the workers had to bring their own cups or glasses. There were 18 plants in which bubble fountains furnished only part of the drinking water, and yet there were no cups provided. Of the 152 plants in the smaller cities and towns of Illinois in which bubble fountains supplied part of or all the drinking water, only 10 had fountains of the sanitary type. In a few plants in some of the smaller towns a pail of water and a dipper or a pitcher and a common cup were the only drinking facilities. In one glass plant that relied upon the pail and dipper an interesting contrast was seen between the arrangement in the rooms under different foremen. As the factory made jelly tumblers, glasses were easily available, and one foreman had placed a pigeonholed rack near the pail of water, and each worker had one pigeonhole labeled with his or her name in which the glass was to be kept. The em ployees were instructed to dip the water out of the pail with the dipper and pour it into the glass, and, as far as the agent could judge from observation at the time of inspection, the instructions were followed out. The other foreman at the suggestion of the first, had tried the same scheme, but, unsuccessful in gaining the cooperation of his employees, had returned to the use of the common dipper. Washing facilities. In some industries the manufacturer recognizes the necessity of cleanliness from the point of view of the condition of the product and sees to it that satisfactory provision is made in regard to washing facilities. Many other plants recognize the desirability of furnishing such equipment simply as a necessary convenience for the employees. In other establishments, however, facilities have been given but little thought, and it is felt that with the provision of a faucet all responsi bility has been met. Common towels or no towels at all, cold water only, and no soap—such conditions often exist. In practically one-fifth of the 132 Chicago factories and laundries cold water only was available in the wash basins or troughs provided; for almost one-half of the similar establishments located in other places of the State thore was no hot water. For workers in some occupations cold water is but little more useful than none at all. Almost one-third of the establishments in Chicago furnished no soap, and over two-fifths of those elsewhere fell short in this respect. In Chicago the lack of hot water was a thing more prevalent in the small plants than in the large, for the proportion of women affected was much smaller than the proportion of establishments in which the condition obtained. Soap was omitted from the equipment even in many of the larger plants, for almost three-fifths of the women in Chicago were employed in establishments which provided either no soap at all or at some of the basins only. Over a third of the factories and laundries reported in Chicago and the same proportion of those located elsewhere in the State furnished common towels for the use of some of or all their workers. In over three-tenths of the Chicago plants and in more than fourtenths of the plants located elsewhere in the .State no towels at all, either common or individual, were provided. Often this lack of ( Table 22.—Condition of washing facilities, by industry and locality Number of establishments in which washing facilities were unsatisfactory in part or throughout and number of women employed therein Number re ported Industry Wo men Estab lish ments Wo men No hot water Not clean Estab lish ments Wo men Estab lish ments Wo men Estab lish ments Common towel No towel No soap Wo men Estab lish ments Wo men Estab lish ments Wo men Basin out of repair Estab lishments Wo men CHICAGO All industries............................................ 132 24,631 3 1,262 404 695 9,801 Manufacturing: 21 2,648 1 123 33 29 Clothing— Food— 7 3 3 11 10 Paper products— Patent medicine, chemical products, Printing, publishing and book-binding 2,022 248 96 612 873 910 3 1 3 203 1,638 53 96 2 231 6,371 31 2,649 26 1,003 43 14,433 42 11, 678 47 2 21 1 4 2 21 1 4 1 17 4 5 2 1 1, 262 371 113 424 2 157 1 55 1,314 87 13 2 3 60 57 2 191 1 63 1 31 4 9,770 3 9,223 16 1 1 70 587 2 1 2 86 7 87 1 3 39 150 22 257 1 3 2 410 187 77 5 2 491 72 173 4 2 1 192 38 5 215 227 818 34 1,790 202 2 1 2 2 7 9 41 52 227 34 702 422 2 6 3 2 3 64 907 265 114 141 7 407 1 43 1 4 1 4 7 10 8 4 14 16 702 1,442 1,315 148 2,222 730 2 1 10 52 3 1 4 166 329 27 16 72 14 423 6 17 16 22 299 278 3 4 2 10 5 1 1 6 6 2,010 29 90 3 1 1 1 1 8 5 2 1 1 4 3 115 1 13 2 102 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES Estab lish ments Location not convenient 05 r Table 22.—Condition of washing facilities, by industry and locality—Continued 05 to Number of establishments in which washing facilities were unsatisfactory in part or throughout and number of women employed therein Number re ported Location not convenient Industry Wo men Estab lish ments Wo men Estab lish ments No hot water Wo men Estab lish ments Wo men No soap Estab lish ments No towel Wo men Estab lish ments Common towel Wo men Estab lish ments Wo men Basin out of repair Estab lish ments Wo men OTHER PLACES All industries............................................ Manufacturing: Boots and shoes. Clothing— Men's....... ............................................. Women’s________ _____ _______ Corsets (including garters)................ ....... Electrical appliances................................... Food............... ........................... Furniture.................................. Glass. ................... Gloves and mittens Jewelry (including clocks and watches) Metal products....... ..................................... Musical instruments...............................r.. Paper products— Boxes...................................................... Other...____________ ______ _____ Patent medicines, chemical products, and soap____ Printing, publishing, and book-binding. Signs and advertising novelties Textiles— Knit goods............................................. Other____ Wooden boxes........... Miscellaneous............ Laundries.................................. 200 17,999 18 19 5 5 4 10 3 3 6 17 25 3 20 835 42 2,931 2,597 4 693 9 1,898 284. 423 386 351 78 360 883 3,910 1,846 1 151 8 2 953 172 14 4 1 22 4 85 24 64 102 7 7 409 314 6 6 4 179 184 276 9 4 4 17 28 1, 555 346 128 789 701 1 1 4 51 4 11 25 220 108 13 73 2 1 2 2 2 5 2 12 3 2 65 2,015 14 2,180 895 7 383 2 138 386 59 25 20 24 49 220 860 623 1,181 ' 102 3 4 2 2 1 3 13 1 1 1 2 120 2 176 4 3 2 7 7 6 6,079 220 2 1 53 140 2, 544 2 38 772 87 1 2 2 87 3 2 27 1 3 1 2 23 2,557 1,326 ' 54 2 12 2 666 7 3 3 4 293 3 5 13 59 121 428 6 144 ’ 263 285 4 220 705 346 59 411 215 4 3 70 4 3 22 138 366 77 49 5 4 3 7 19 13 86 14 10 1 2 442 324 45 155 196 1 4 950 1,183 133 151 25 13 1 8,114 1 1 1 I 304 83 27 123 263 25 1 6 9,560 2 1 14 217 36 84 359 50 13 2 7,480 4 i 'Not including one firm, with 15 women, having no washing facilities. 1 1 2 2 1 95 559 177 1 1 24 156 119 75 269 918 56 7 319 165 i 71 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES Estab lish ments Not clean WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 63 attention to furnishing towels for the workers is due largely to thoughtlessness. In one modern factory which manufactured paper products the girls used the paper scraps for drying their hands, but since the paper was of the nonabsorbent variety this method was not particularly successful. When the agent, at the request of the manager, was enumerating some of the things about the plant which seemed unsatisfactory to her, she mentioned the lack of towels and expressed surprise at this oversight in a plant which had given more than average attention to the comfort of its workers. The manager had not thought it especially important, although in the past paper towels had been provided. According to his statement, these were often thrown down the toilets, and on one occasion the pipes had become clogged, causing a considerable loss in paper stock stored on the floor below. As the simplest remedy the paper towels had been removed without any further experimentation. In spite of this neglect the manager showed considerable curiosity as to what other firms were doing and what system might be adopted which would not involve too great expense. No attempt has been made to summarize information as to the adequacy of washing facilities, but an example of extreme inadequacy was found in a factory engaged in the preparation of food. There was one enameled basin of ordinary household size for the use of 99 women, and one common towel daily was supplied for this same group of women. In another food-manufacturing plant there was neither hot water, soap, nor towels. In one establishment located in one of the smaller cities, no washing facilities whatsoever were provided, so that the workers could not wash before eating lunch nor before going home. In laundries workers were often expected to use the net bags in which laundry was placed and in other instances they were free to take towels sent in to be laundered, which were then washed again. Definite provision for towels was seldom made. One laundry visited, however, was equipped with the “pull-over” type of indi vidual towel. Towel service would seem to be less of a burden in laundries than elsewhere, and yet it was seldom found in these establishments. Reports on towel equipment were obtained for 18 restaurants in Chicago and for 19 in other places. In 4 restaurants in Chicago a common towel was supplied for some of or all the workers, and in 9 restaurants located elsewhere in the State that condition obtained. In Chicago there were 8 restaurants and in the other places 2 in which no towels were furnished. Toilet equipment. Certain standards for toilet facilities in factories, stores, laundries, and other places of work have been laid down by the laws of the State of Illinois. Separate toilet rooms must be provided for men and women, and such rooms must be plainly designated. One toilet seat must be provided for every 25 women, the rooms must be properly inclosed, and there must be separate ventilation for each room when direct outside ventilation is impractical. Artificial light is to be provider! wherever the natural light is not adequate.1 'Revised statutes of Illinois, 1917, ch. 48, sec. 108. Table 23.—Condition of toilet equipment, by industry and locality Oi Number of establishments in which toilet equipment was unsatisfactory in part or throughout and number of women employed therein Seat not inclosed 71 2 214 36 3,044 9 156 2 21 3 29 0 157 W om en 2 2,788 E stab lish m en ts 66 29 K W om en 1 122 W VI 11 Is E stab lish m en ts 4 3 § s o (S W om en 1 W om en 13 E stab lish m en ts 917 E stab lish m en ts E stab lish m e n ts 18 W om en W om en la W om en '53 co W om en E stablishm en ts W om en W om en E sta b lish m en ts Cleaning done by women employed for other work 16 1,994 CHICAGO All industries............... ....................................... 132 24,631 38 14,359 31 2,059 17 1 4 28 4,089 1 123 727 Manufacturing: Clothing— Men’s............................................................. . Corsets (including garters)......... ....................... 3 29 4 6 3 5 1,262 404 695 9, 801 5 3 3 3 11 10 454 2,022 248 96 612 873 910 7 3 1 2 1 2 191 582 9,192 1 1 1 63 57 66 2 3 1 203 954 161 2 2 1 235 109 34 1 4 2 410 ISO 547 2 462 1 59 407 259 1 1 57 38 3 126 7 702 10' 1,442 8 1,315 4 148 14 2, 222 16 730 1 1 358 630 2 10 42 212 575 3 1 4 6 167 22 385 260 Foods— Furniture and wood veneer............................. House furnishings............................................ .. Metal products_______________ __________ Millinery, lace, and embroidery...................... Paper products— Boxes._____ Other_____________ _____ _ _________ Patent medicines, chemical products, and Printing, publishing, and bookbinding......... Textiles........ ......................................... ................... Miscellaneous................................................ ......... Laundries.......................................................................... v 1 3 11 1 5 4 2 o 454 1,906 ' 87 39 2 231 1 43 3 3 1 1 2 1 69 717 92 22 254 52 1 1 2 2 1 63 180 5 1 59 3 111 1 6 79 309 1 1 1 1 1 59 52 92 12 2 145 220 1 31 66 71 1, 319 87 13 1 2 1 1 3 27 57 1 1 38 3 2 1 47 2 88 31 4 3 4 1 1, 420 161 1 2 33 88 4 57 2 3 2 2 1 118 1 7 94 162 108 54 19 398 3 8 79 4 1 393 1 32 17 2 3 93 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STRIES 11 Ia Ventilation Room not Room not Room not Light not unsatis ceiled clean screened adequate factory 1 Location not con venient 1 Industry Number of seats in Room not adequate designated E stab lish m en ts Number reported OTHER PLACES All industries......................... .............................. 1200 18,001 68 11,343 Manufacturing: 18 Clothing— 19 Paper products— 11 31 3,931 154 22 144 20 35 78 i 24 5 825 3 376 l’846 102 i ’ 147 7 1 375 54 5 '749 409 314 2 2 220 95 1 2 45 115 2 49 1 2 1 423 386 351 78 360 883 2 4 10 3 3 6 25 3 7 7 31 2,335 2,176 4 1 2 1 2 3 1,898 12 2,804 1,613 151 145 1 151 1 3 2 1 22 67 53 156 5 381 2 138 1 1 93 24 15 908 33 2, 584 2 225 1 2 1 1 1 34 106 29 156 23 4 1 846 2 1 31 13 259 10 179 4 276 2 256 2 75 252 9 4 4 17 28 1,555 '346 128 789 701 7 1 1 5 10 1,137 120 69 320 359 3 2 387 176 Textiles— Laundries • Not including one firm, with 13 women, having no toilet equipment. 2 17 53 418 1 1 2 4 56 14 285 149 374 120 45 38 199 4 1 475 148 3 9 262 203 1,936 8 1,319 8 1 909 151 2 5 129 284 6 396 35 25 220 143 1, 934 908 i 1 16 25 1 2 310 24 1 23 5 297 3 3 3 6 360 166 836 258 1 11 2 2 139 115 80 61 7,334 o 313 10 37 1,770 1 71 5 619 1 74 1 1 2 74 34 125 2 2 220 108 2 1 2 2 1 5 825 7 2 31 . 65 I 1 13 2 51 2 29 i 7 4 276 1 17 1 4 1 3 5 41 346 14 102 101 3 3 3 5 12 821 198 114 183 307 1 16 • 25 104 13 .... 3 1 2 2 8 5,643 3,078 Patent medicines, chemical products, and 6 65 42 1 6 8 90 2 333 l i 245 120 4 13 90 277 8 13 326 297 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES Metal products---------- -------- ------------- ------- - 2,597 55 Ci Cn 66 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES In summing up the findings in regard to toilet facilities in Illinois account has been taken of convenience as to location, adequacy, privacy, and cleaning. In setting standards of adequacy, however, the Women’s Bureau has taken one facility to every 15 women as representing a satisfactory condition. Conditions of toilet rooms were recorded for 132 factories and laundries in Chicago, and for 200 factories and laundries elsewhere in.the State. On the whole, better conditions prevailed in Chicago than in the other cities of the State. In the table on the conditions of toilet equipment all those establishments are included under the heading of “ number of seats inadequate ” in which the average num ber of women per seat exceeded 15. On this basis over a fourth of the Chicago establishments and slightly over one-third of the plants in other places were inadequately equipped. For the most part, it was large plants in which the ratio ran too high, and thus the proportion of women affected by this inadequacy was considerably greater than the proportion of plants providing too few facilities, for not far from two-thirds of the women in Chicago and elsewhere were working in establishments which provided less than one toilet facility for every 15 persons. In over one-fourth of the Chicago establishments and in threetenths of those located elsewhere some of or all the toilet rooms were dirty. Although in Chicago the proportion of women employed under such conditions was considerably smaller (12.3 per cent) than the proportion of plants for which such conditions were reported, in the other localities two-fifths of the women were working in plants in which this condition obtained. In Chicago there were only a few plants in which the women regularly employed for other work were expected to look after the cleaning of the toilet rooms; not far from one-fifth of the plants surveyed elsewhere had no special employee for this purpose, but the regular women employees were expected to be responsible for the cleanliness of the toilet rooms. In plants where both men and women are employed it is important that the toilet rooms should be clearly designated by sex, yet in not far from one-fourth of the Chicago establishments and in more than a fourth of those elsewhere, some of or all the toilet rooms were not so designated. Since in the other cities toilet rooms, unsatisfactory in one respect, often fell short in another as well, the same plants fre quently appear in more than one column of the table. For example, the description of the toilet room in one laundry is as follows: Toilet room located in middle of workroom, with no artificial ventilation. It was disorderly, littered, and needed cleaning. It was not screened from the workroom, and seats were not inclosed. There was neither natural nor arti ficial light. The girls employed for regular work in the laundry were supposed to clean it. In another laundry in which there was only one toilet scat to 36 women the toilet room was scheduled to be cleaned only twice a week. The room was dirty and ventilated only into the workroom. Standards of cleanliness varied from those of some plants in which the toilet rooms were in charge of a matron and scrubbed twice daily to that represented by the following description: Toilet room was located in a partly excavated cellar. It had not been cleaned for about eight months, according to the manager’s statement. The floor was thick with paper, the water box out of order, the bowl was filthy. It was venti lated by a hole in the wall. WOMBS' IS ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 67 One factory located in a small town made no provision for toilet facilities whatsoever, and the workers went across the street to the public toilets in the courthouse. There the women’s toilet was located in the basement and was very unsatisfactory. In one plant where there was neither natural nor artificial light in the women’s toilet and both floor and plumbing were dirty, the manager frankly felt no concern about the conditions. He said he did not want the room light as the employees might use it for reading or resting. No rest room was provided, however. Eight stores were visited in Chicago and in 1 of these the only toilet equipment available for the workers was that provided for the public as well. In 3 others some of the toilet rooms were shared with the public. In the smaller places separate provision for the workers was less frequent than in the Chicago stores. Of 49 stores visited, 13 provided no separate toilet rooms for their women em ployees, and in 12 other stores some of the workers used toilet rooms which were shared with the public. The woman working in a store can not be away from her counter long without being reprimanded, and if she must wait in a crowded toilet room shared with shoppers she is seriously inconvenienced. The data on cleanliness of toilets reveals that 1 store of the 8 included in Chicago had a dirty toilet room and 7 of the 49 in the smaller places were dirty. In Chicago, however, regular cleaners were responsible for the care of the rooms in all cases, whereas in the other places 6 stores were visited in which the saleswomen cleaned their own toilet room. The number of seats was inadequate in 4 of the Chicago stores and in 16 of those located in other places. In restaurants also the employees often have to put up with the unsatisfactory arrangement of sharing toilet rooms with the public. In 1 Chicago restaurant the public toilet room was the only one avail able for the women workers, while in 7 some of the employees used the public room. In 9 restaurants in smaller places no provision was made except that of the public toilet room, and in 2 others some of the rooms w'ere so shared. Standards of cleanliness were lower in the toilet rooms for the women in Chicago restaurants than ill those for women in the restaurants visited elsewhere. There were 19 restaurants visited in each group, and in 7 of those located in Chicago the women’s toilet rooms were dirty, and in only 3 of those located in the smaller places did this situation exist. SERVICE EQUIPMENT There are other features of a plant which are not so directly connected with production as the workroom conditions nor quite so obviously essential as adequate sanitary provision, but which have a considerable effect on the comfort of the workers and on the general efficiency of the plant. The provision of satisfactory cloak rooms, rest rooms, and hospital rooms and of some place for the employees to spend their noon hour is looked upon as a responsibility of the modern industrial establishment. The extent to which the plants visited met this need varied considerably. 68 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES Lunch rooms. In all cities of any size and in many smaller ones employees find it necessary to eat their midday meal in or near their place of work. Ordinary commercial restaurants and lunch rooms outside the plant are usually prohibitive in price. Eating a cold lunch every day at the regular place of work is the only alternative unless the manage ment appreciates the need and furnishes some place where the workers may spend their noon hour. The type of provision varied widely in the establishments visited, some plants provided cafeterias which offered a selection of food at reasonable prices, while others con sidered that enough had been done when an empty room had been placed at the disposal of their employees. The plants located in Chicago were more apt to be equipped with lunch rooms than were those in the other cities. Probably this was due, at least partially, to the fact that in smaller places the women were often able to go home for lunch. Only about a third of the establishments (factories, stores, and laundries) in Chicago failed to make any provision in the way of lunch facilities, and these were relatively small plants, em ploying altogether less than one-tenth of the women reported. In the other cities of the State, however, almost two-thirds of the establishments, employing one-half of all the women reported in these localities, had taken no account of the possible convenience afforded the workers by a lunch room. In Chicago 29 firms, employing a total of almost 18,000 women, or not far from two-thirds of all the women surveyed in that city, ran regular cafeterias for the use of their employees. The plants located elsewhere in the State were not entirely without such equip ments, for in 33 establishments, in which worked almost threetenths of the women, there were cafeterias connected with the plants. In addition to the establishments with workers’ cafeterias there were 20 Chicago firms and 40 plants elsewhere in the State which provided some place other than the workrooms where the workers might eat their lunches. Some of these firms furnished a gas or electric plate on which the women could warm their own lunches, and others supplied hot coffee, in some cases free and in some for a slight charge. One firm which provided cooking facilities had furnished more complete equipment than was customary. In this establishment there was a room apart from the workroom on each floor with an electric stove, an ice box, in which the girls kept their lunches, and steel lockers for china and cooking utensils. There were 25 Chicago plants and 11 in the other placc-s which provided some cooking facilities in the workroom itself, and the women heated their lunches and ate them in the room where they worked. In 25 Chicago establishments and in 12 elsewhere a hot drink or food was prepared by the firm and distributed in the workroom; such provisions ranged from coffee to a variety of food equal to that usually found in the cafeterias maintained by other plants. It was quite common under such a system for the employees to place their orders in a box as they came into the plant in the morning. The lunches were then pre pared during the morning and distributed throughout the plant when the workers stopped at noon. Although such arrangements solve the problem of getting food, they do not help the worker to combine rest with lunch and add to the difficulties of keeping work rooms clean. WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 69 In one establishment that provided no lunch room, and seats in only part of the cloak rooms, the agent of the bureau who was in specting the plant during the lunch period, found the girls sitting on the floor in the cloak room while eating their lunches. Even when lunch rooms are provided they are not always satisfactory, as the following example illustrates: Women’s room bad. It was a fair-sized room but used for lockers, for dressing room, for toilet room, as well as for kitchen and lunch room. It was crowded and disorderly. Hotels and restaurants seldom made any special provision in the form of lunch rooms for the use of their employees. Ordinarily, the women who worked in the kitchen ate there, either on a corner of a regular worktable or at a table assigned for that use, while the waitresses ate either at a table in the public dining room or in the kitchen. Obviously, employee lunch rooms were more often found in large restaurants than in small. In Chicago six of the establishments recognized the desirability of giving some attention to an eating place for some of or all their workers. The management of one of these simply closed off one side of the public dining room during certain periods of the day and kept it for the exclusive use of the employees. In one hotel and in one store there was a special dining room for all those working on the premises, including the restaurant employees. One establishment provided a small room adjoining the locker room, and another had a room next to the kitchen in which the employees could eat. In a third plant there was a regular lunch room on the second floor, but it was unattractive, dirty, and cluttered with debris. One large Chicago restaurant had "an adequately equipped workers’ cafeteria, well located and well kept. There was natural lighting from two opposite sides and satisfactory artificial lighting as well. In only two of the restaurants located in the smaller places of the State was any attention given to providing a special place where the worker might eat. One of these was run in connection with a store, which had two cafeterias, one for the public and one for the em ployees. In another restaurant a small room between the kitchen and dining room was available for those whose shift ended while the public was still being served. Cloak rooms. It seems reasonable to expect that any plant, no matter how small, should provide some adequate place for the employees to keep wraps and other personal possessions during working hours. How ever, there were five of the establishments visited in which no pro vision whatsoever was made, not even hooks in workroom walls. Under such circumstances the workers hung their wraps on any nail or post they could find or on chairs, while lunches and packages were put as far out of the way as possible on machines or worktables. In almost three-fourths of the factories, stores, and laundries visited in Chicago, cloak rooms were provided, over one-half of them were equipped completely or partially with lockers, and the others had hangers or hooks. A slightly larger proportion of the firms located in the other cities furnished cloak rooms for at least part of their employees, although lockers were less common in the establish ments throughout the State than in those located in Chicago. 70 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES The mere provision of a cloak room, however, does not necessarily indicate that the needs of the workers have been adequately met. Unless the room is clean, well ventilated, and well lighted, and unless it affords reasonable protection for the workers' possessions, it may be considered less desirable then the situation in a plant where no room is provided. Frequently, cloak rooms are built in corners considered useless for anything else and are deficient cither in light or ventilation. An agent of the bureau described one cloak room as— So dark that agent couldn't tell whether it was clean or not. There was no window, and the electric-light bulb was gone. The only light came from the doorway. A cloak room which is not under the supervision of some designated person and which does not provide lockers is ordinarily unsatis factory, a fact illustrated by the following report: No one was in charge, and ns the girls were afraid to leave their things, most of them kept their wraps hanging by their machines. All of the hotels and restaurants in Chicago provided a room where the women could change from street clothes and where they could leave their wraps. In some cases, however, the cloak rooms in restaurants, where space is often at a premium, were screened off in the basement or in small areas left over on the main floor. Ventila tion in basement cloak rooms was usually bad, and often either the room itself or the approach to it was dirty and cluttered. Seldom was the space provided realty adequate for the number of people using it, even though the room was otherwise satisfactory. Of the 19 hotels and restaurants visited in the places outside Chicago there were 9 in which no cloak rooms were found. In 2 of these, however, the girls lived in the building and had their own rooms. In 3 cases the women dressed and hung their clothes up in the wash or toilet room. In one restaurant they were expected to dress and keep their clothes behind a screen in the corner of the room, and the- workers in another restaurant hung their wraps on any nail or hook they could find. Rest rooms. Gradually manufacturers are coming to realize that an entirely efficient establishment must include more than workrooms and office. Loss is involved for both the management and the individual worker if the remainder of a day must be lost because the worker, ill or exhausted for a few hours, is forced to go home for lack of a chance to rest in the plant. It is worth while for both when a place for rest is available near the workroom. Nevertheless, of 140 factories, stores, and laundries visited in Chicago, 94, or over two-thirds of the total number, made no provision whatsoever of this kind, not even a cot in the corner of a workroom or cloak room. Of the 46 which did furnish some place to rest, only 32 were considered adequate in this respect by the agent who made the inspection. Of the 250 factories, stores, and laundries that were visited outside Chicago, 156, or somewhat less than two-thirds of them, supplied no place for the workers to rest. On the other hand, the majority of the rest rooms reported seemed to fill the need adequately. When no satisfactory place to rest is available, workers often try to improvise a place where they can lie down until they feel able WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 71 to return to their machine or worktable. As one of the agents was going through a good-sized shoe factory she came upon one woman lying on a coat spread out on the concrete floor of a toilet room. There may be times when even a concrete floor seems preferable to standing or sitting at one’s machine, but it certainly is a very unsatis factory makeshift. Rest rooms are even more needed by the women employed in hotels and restaurants than by those who work in factories or laundries, because the restaurant worker’s day is so often broken into two or more periods of work with free stretches in between. Yet in only 8 of the 19 Chicago restaurants and in only 5 of the 19 restaurants reported in the other cities and towns of Illinois was any sort of rest room provided. Health equipment. Accidents of greater or less seriousness are always possibilities in any industrial establishment, and among any large group of people there is always the likelihood of at least slight illnesses. Some sort of emergency and first-aid equipment is necessary to meet both of these requirements. The extent to which these needs had been met varied greatly throughout the plants visited. In some places a bottle of iodine and a roll of gauze seemed to be all that was thought neces sary, whereas some larger establishments had well-equipped hospital rooms with a full-time doctor and nurse, who gave attention to general health as well as to emergency needs. Of the 132 factories and laundries visited in Chicago, 37 were equipped with emergency hospital rooms. Of these, there were 20 with doctors in charge, 14 of whom also were assisted by nurses. In 11 the responsibility was intrusted to nurses, in most instances with arrangements for a doctor on call. Six plants provided hospital rooms with a matron or welfare worker, instead of a doctor or nurse, in charge. In 81 plants a lirst-aid kit of one type or another was reported, and in most of these plants some one person—nurse, foreman, or welfare worker—was responsible for its care and use. In 11 establishments which had an emergency kit, however, there was no one person in charge, or no one who was expected to under stand its use. Almost one-half of the firms which kept their own emergency cases had a doctor on call as well. There were 14 Chicago firms visisted, however, which had no emergency equipment, and 9 of these had no special arrangements with any outside doctor. There were 201 factories and laundries visited in the other cities and towns of the State. In the majority of these, 143, the only health equip ment was a first-aid kit, for which some one person in the plant was responsible in all but 15 cases. There were 24 establishments in which no provision was made for the care of illness or accidents and in 10 of these there was not even any arrangement for having a doctor on call. On the other hand, there were 34 establishments which had hospital rooms, although in only 9 instances was a doctor regularly in charge. Nurses were responsible for the management of 16 of the hospital rooms, all of which had a doctor on call. One factory reported a hospital room with no one definitely in charge; it was available for the use of a doctor from outside, who was called in case of emergency. APPENDIXES APPENDIX A—GENERAL TABLES APPENDIX B—SCHEDULE FORMS 76820°—26-----6 - ■ ■ ? s v f 1 i ■ , ; - ■ ■ • ^ ;ni*t ■ -h- h ' . • ■ :.f ■ ■ -■? -m. i%.. .. , ••• ■ : •- APPENDIX A ■GENERAL TABLES Table I.—Age of the women employees who supplied personal information, industry—State Industry hy Number of women who were— Number of women 16 and 18 and 20 and 25 and 30 and 40 and 50 and 60 report under under under under under under under years 20 ing 18 25 30 40 60 60 and years years years years years years years over All industries.................................. 18,256 Per cent distribution................- - 100.0 2,377 13.0 3,508 19.2 5,032 27.6 2,424 13.3 2,890 15.8 1,437 7.9 1 224 307 485 170 3 184 2 1,527 104 40 13 992 292 636 234 67 150 576 145 42 74 244 228 59 56 198 136 32 46 44 14 221 115 36 162 371 56 1,668 64 30 128 295 56 84 55 21 37 28 12 2 677 268 167 123 526 60 291 18 33 19 19 128 65 50 39 35 132 139 36 25 89 29 15 15 2 100 6 27 16 5 1 1 74 61 9 44 10 8 19 217 35 28 14 57 14 52 2 1, 986 209 346 51 470 55 618 56 3 296 27 19 212 192 106 4 31 11 132 10 6 217 19 7 82 7 3 16 3 4 3 475 2.6 113 0.6 Manufacturing: 6 Boots and shoes................................ Clothing— Men's........................................... Women's................... ............... Corsets (including garters)....... . Electrical appliances...................... . Food— Bread and bakery products... Slaughtering and meat packing---------------------------------Other........................ ....... ......... Gloves and mittens..................... ..... Glue.................... ............................ . House furnishings................... ....... Jewelry (including clocks and watches).................. ........................ Lamps and reflectors......................... 10 Metal products___________ _____ Millinery, lace, and embroidery. _ Paper products— Other............................................ Patent medicines, chemical products, and soap_______________ Printing, publishing, and bookbinding___ __________________ Professional and scientific instruSigns and advertising novelties... Textiles— Knit goods......................... ......... Other........................... ................ Tobacco-..................... ....................... Wooden boxes.................................... Miscellaneous......................... .......... General mercantile.................................. Laundries................................................... 2 66 42 30 142 7 84 11 23 20 2 17 13 10 6 3 1 4 1,093 93 56 145 1 201 5 16 16 542 322 97 34 168 52 178 101 47 39 40 57 to 29 2 8 2 561 57 91 183 74 93 47 9 7 487 54 114 136 71 86 18 7 1 354 181 20 100 44 69 42 57 59 13 69 18 33 7 4 676 945 223 180 56 1,889 233 632 130 164 16 28 3 128 41 37 135 215 40 41 9 178 69 82 188 276 34 53 82 119 23 23 92 127 44 25 30 40 48 9 14 4 15 5 99 3 44 8 2 12 6 20 11 8 11 8 419 67 134 331 28 435 16 138 284 101 8 83 1 75 5 3 1 15 13 76 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES Table II.—Conjugal condition of the women employees who supplied personal information, by industry—State Number of women who were— Industry Number of women report ing 17,966 Widowed, Married separated, or di vorced Single 100.0 11,727 65.3 5 1,514 1 2 2 1,023 320 171 980 203 614 1,629 533 501 295 45 69 292 152 36 44 135 180 189 137 91 90 379 23 129 1, 597 171 9 637 79 46 72 310 80 49 13 104 27 105 252 34 153 51 26 17 41 3 300 19 7 138 13 421 88 22 41 73 42 4,032 22.4 2,207 12.3 Manufacturing: Clothing— Food— 286 658 268 166 120 524 60 279 1,973 207 12 1,076 111 Paper products— Textiles— 54 122 1,202 22 531 317 549 479 348 178 202 74 366 348 282 150 110 664 930 219 178 54 1,921 231 629 472 630 87 125 31 1,117 178 229 139 228 107 38 17 397 27 260 89 50 16 10 45 124 14 1 66 12 53 72 25 15 6 407 26 140 77 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES Table III.—Living condition of the women employees who supplied personal information, by industry—State Number of women who lived— Industry Number of women reporting With At home relatives Inde pend ently 18,466 100.0 15.334 o3.0 1,176 6.4 1,956 10.6 6 1,637 5 1,270 1 96 171 1,007 212 644 1,650 813 171 572 1,282 68 11 36 171 126 30 36 197 295 672 270 160 123 498 61 294 2,001 209 12 1,085 116 56 265 584 215 135 102 427 57 234 1,716 186 10 950 17 53 39 13 11 45 2 44 190 52 13 35 16 12 10 26 2 16 95 14 1 58 13 1 542 321 558 493 355 181 487 260 465 435 295 165 18 28 36 27 17 14 37 33 57 31 43 12 673 946 224 181 66 2,154 236 638 560 782 204 160 52 1,637 209 512 48 94 8 9 2 131 11 38 65 70 12 12 2 386 16 88 Manufacturing: Clothing— Food— ** Paper products— Textiles— 9 1 77 28 3 Table IV.—Nativity of the women employees who supplied personal information, by industry~~State tSI Number of women who were born in— United States Foreign countries p, o Industry 17 1 1 2 8 3 15 6 18 32 ? 2 8 17 4 1 10 10 26 49 7 18 9 8 1 1 13 4 6 8 1 1 1 1 1 7 4 8 7 1 1 1 14 301 131 56 36 6 4 15 20 5 1 9 2 4 2 7 1 17 1 3 1 1 1 4 5 2 5 5 3 1 16 53 507 3 3 6 1 | 163 Other countries 17 58 Sweden 1 3 366 Russia 14 142 158 Poland 1 2 4 2 109 Norway 22 20 13 Netherlands 7 212 Lithuania 2 342 Jugoslavia 6 17 Italy 4 19 Ireland 282 H ungary 66 Greece Canada 119 Great Britain Belgium 321 Germany Austria 849 3,434 France Total © 1 g O Negro s 3 & > W hite M D enm ark <8 1 All industries...................................... 18, 376 14,093 111 Manufacturing: Clothing— Food— Slaughtering and'meat packing.. Jewelry (including clocks and 6 1,530 2 1,448 4 82 1,011 201 640 1,639 765 164 532 1,150 246 37 108 466 293 662 270 159 122 525 59 292 186 162 215 90 116 485 23 85 1,996 209 12 1,063 Millinery, lace, and embroidery___ 117 Musical instruments............................. 56 1,844 ' 168 10 788 91 45 23 239 12 20 10 142 3 4 54 107 261 43 49 6 40 26 65 5 99 2 5 152 41 2 272 26 11 17 4 1 13 6 1 6 8 4 5 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 2 1 1 3 18 60 1 12 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 1 9 1 4 1 4 2 2 2 8 1 43 2 29 3 25 2 1 14 2 3 3 1 1 65 14 12 5 1 1 9 10 7 3 1 17 2 2 1 44 2 1 4 2 16 12 1 9 8 17 15 14 13 20 7 21 3 5 3 3 4 1 12 4 1 1 31 1 1 3 2 36 2 7 66 2 2 3 1 10 4 37 3 6 1 3 39 2 1 1 1 2 1 7 7 1 13 9 16 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES a Roum ania s o £ o Country not specified e>o a 485 291 55 29 1 2 103 11 424 68 2 270 165 83 15 5 1 591 545 91 113 53 1,731 217 320 83 305 121 47 3 384 16 78 428 27 92 12 16 23 230 40 5 10 7 2 1 5 1 1 11 4 2 5 3 1 17 3 2 1 2 8 7 3 2 3 5 1 23 1 1 5 I 1 1 3 30 4 25 22 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 2 ___ 1 1 16 12 1 3 34 - 12 __ 6 2 2 5 10 2 7 17 4 16 4 3 4 1 1 2 24 2 9 7 6 4 8 15 12 8 12 2 14 8 5 56 5 3 7 1 1 55 7 1 2 4 11 15 2 ....... 2 3 22 1 7 1 3 1 6 1 1 5 8 2 2 1 2 92 .... 31 12 3 .... 14 48 13 2 To 1 116 9 5 7 8 12 ~~3 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES Paper products— Boxes___________________ ____ 540 Other________________ ______ 320 Patent medicines, chemical pro ducts, and soap________ ________ 558 Printing, publishing, and book binding_______________ ____ ____ 492 Professional and scientific instru ments_______________________ _ 353 Signs and advertising novelties___ 180 Textiles— Knit goods........................................ 674 Other.............................................. 942 Tobacco.............................. .................. . 224 Wooden boxes......... ............................... 176 Miscellaneous. ....................................... 56 General mercantile....................................... 2,138 5-and-lO-cent stores................. ..................... 233 Laundries....................................................... 628 to Table V.—Scheduled daily hours, by industry and locality 1 Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled daily hours were— Number reported Under 8 Industry Over 8 and under 9 8 Over 9 and under 10 9 10 CHICAGO * 140 26,872 100.0 5 1,578 5.9 47 8,031 29.9 4 6 1, 262 404 33 2,839 10.6 231 3 165 1 6 1 1 1 5 1 26 6 294 362 18 1 34 2 188 3 5 2 318 456 129 1 22 6 1 3 6 2 1 6 2 3 341 4 368 1,127 591 12 683 185 125 1 l1 66 38 1 4 1 6 20 549 22 719 1 89 5 323 2 50 13,805 51.0 3 29 3 3 695 8, 708 2 9 505 1.9 2 97 2 114 0.4 2 114 Manufacturing: Clothing— Food— Paper products— 3 29 4 6 3 6 1,262 404 695 8,805 *5 23 23 *3 11 10 421 2,022 248 96 612 873 910 7 3 •7 10 8 4 14 8 216 407 259 699 1,252 1,301 148 2,222 3, 524 683 1 1 3 19 1, 538 21 7 2,022 3 90 1 6 741 1 4 3 1 217 331 105 72 2 5 4 820 1,801 111 103 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES ! Estab Estab Estab Estab Estab Estab Estab lish- Women lish Women lish Women lish- ; Women lish Women lish Women lish Women ments ! ments ments ments ments ments ments 1 1 OTHER PLACES All industries............................................................. ............... Per cent distribution.................................................. ........... 2 248 19,198 11 100.0 310 1.6 49 4, 374 22. 8 46 3, 209 16.7 103 7,915 41. 2 13 ■ 994 5. 2 33 2.396 1 321 Manufacturing: Clothing— Other.......... .................... ............................ ..................... Wooden boxes......................................... .................................... General mercantile............................................................................ 5-and-10-cent stores__________ _____________ _______ ______ Laundries....................................................... ............ 2,597 1 1.898 284 423 386 351 78 239 883 3,925 1,846 9 10 3 23 6 8 25 3 7 7 25 6 4 29 4 4 17 31 18 *27 2 2 1 2 1 102 1 34 18 2 5 2 3 2 59S 172 279 313 3 4 6 2 12 5 4 298 157 4 2 176 38 6 6 10 5 1 1 For State as a whole, see Table 2, p. 12. * Details aggregate more than total because some establishments appear in more than one hour group. * Includes two 5-and-10-eent stores. 235 23 61 1 i 381 29 178 883 625 727 48 4 4 4 3 1 1 2 2 89 144 25 409 314 127 184 276 1,555 '346 128 789 1,135 280 643 75 2,234 42 18 95 69 380 461 98 12 9 2 1 1 2 1. 066 158 54 1 3 37 89 259 2 115 5 2 9 152 431 109 48 7 4 87 2 2 49 905 1 10 7 1 42 2 2 21 1 1 10 441 7 4 13 17 245 142 34 67 35 330 2 2 1 32 • 5 164 i 4 83 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES Women's_____________ ____________ Corsets (including garters)_______________________ ___ Electrical appliances............................................................... Food.......................................... ..................... ............................. Furniture........................... ....... .............. ................................... Glass................ ....... ..................................... .............. ........... Gloves and mittens_________________________ ________ Jewelry (including clocks and watches).................... ......... Metal’products______________ _______ ______ _____ ___ Musical instruments____________ ____________________ Paper products— Boxes..................................................................................... Other.__________________ _____ ___ _____ ________ Patent medicines, chemical products, and soap............. . Printing, publishing, and bookbinding............. .............. . Signs and advertising novelties............................ ................. Textiles— 18 119 5 5 24 Co Table VI.—Scheduled weekly hours, by industry and locality Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled weekly hours were— Number reported Under 44 Over 44 and under 48 44 Over 48 and under 50 48 Over 50 and under 54 50 Over 54 and under 58 54 o> a o £ a 1 "33 sc •—* -ts o £ w il Manufacturing: Awnings, tents, and sails........... Clothing— Men s................ ..................... Women’s ______ _________ Corsets (including garters) Electrical appliances............... Food— Bread and bakery products Slaughtering and meat packing................................. Furniture and wood veneer___ Glue____________________ _ House furnishings....................... Metal products Millinery, lace, and embroidery Paper products— Boies.... ............... Other.............................. ......... Patent medicines, chemical products, and soap_________ Priming, publishing* and bookbinding-------------------- --------Textiles____________ _________ Wooden boxes__ Miscellaneous................... ............. Mercantile........... ........... ................ Laundries............................................. 2140 20. 372 100.0 3 29 4 3 5 1,262 404 695 8,805 *5 421 7 23 3 23 2,022 6 3 34 0.1 17 2. 762 10.3! 4 1,262 4 300 1 19 11 10 248 96 612 873 910 7 3 407 259 1 217 7 699 1 10 8 1,252 1,301 148 3 4 14 2,222 *16 3,524 683 48 1 1 1 1 2 15 26 33 4,327 16.1 1 4 2 1 104 57 1 180 1 1 26 13 38 56.3 1 17 8. 6 1 2 638 2 8, 284 1 424 51 3 5 1 496 528 59 1 126 2 61 3 1 154 4 5 4 101 2 593 105 3 471 2 656 575 1 20 2 127 374 4 3 1,508 4 3 105 293 779 674 4 1 1,538 2 58 3 0.5 3 0.5 97 2 139 6 26 1 34 165 23 1 1 27 70 1 3 88 12 2.7 7 2,022 194 746 2 1 >12 5.0 8 1 6 55 131 15 1 69 1 22 2 114 66 38 2 2 2 1 2 422 290 120 171 92 Women Establish m ents E stablish m ents Women Establish m ents W omen Establish m ents Establish m ents W omen Establish m ents Women Establish m ents Women E stablish m ents : Women Establish m ents W omen sf a W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES Establish m ents 8 CHICAGO All industries_____ _________ Per cent distribution_______ 58 and over i Industry OTHER PLACES AH industries............................. Per cent distribution............. 2 248 19,159 100.0 2 18 18 0.1 969 5.1 Manufacturing: ClothingMen’s................................... 18 219 5 5 Furniture and wood veneer___ 3 *3 6 Jewelry (including clocks and Metal products............................. Paper products— Patent medicines, chemical 8 25 3 Laundries............................................... 3, 925 1,846 1 1 625 89 70 76 6 409 314 26 162 6 4 184 276 29 4 4 17 31 18 2 26 1,555 346 128 789 1,135 280 569 31 1,608 8.4 2 121 2 239 1 i 2 193 3 l 32 23 74 2 43 2 61 i 1 102 7 7 Printing, publishing, and bookSigns and advertising novelties. Textiles— 1,898 284 423 386 351 78 239 883 8 2 1 19 1,391 7.3 4 3,211 2 40 1 1 1 34 64 1 13 34 13 109 54 1 37 2 49 2 61 2 89 259 3 3 69 1 2 i 1 2 18 3 69 51 51 17 32 500 1 31.4 714 2 380 2 87 1 38 172 215 310 194 29 1 2 3 35 5 798 1 1 80 85 610 595 33 3 78 13 2 2 220 2 115 5 221 3 9 4 1 4 4 1 16 5 2 160 34 118 779 4.1 3 102 1 *10 1 285 51 16 10.2 2 2 2 1 2 1 181 15 2 1 36 1,961 8 1,047 1 3 1 2 96 5 63 6, 018 2 108 783 1 For State as a whole, see Table 4, p. 16. 2 Details aggregate more than total because some establishments appear in more than one hour group. 3 Includes one firm, employing 32 women, which worked every alternate Sunday, making one week of 51 hours and one of 573^. 1 1 16 24 2 2 1 39 50 25 2 94 2 17 1 1 15 10 5 811 78 2 2 111 2 1 55 1 4 1 1 245 120 1 22 1 6 9 7 6 268 109 162 1 16 5 120 654 3.4 321 98 34 12 1 2 120 538 85 25 32 1,838 9.6 2j 2 2 7 3 3 115 204 25 37 67 25 78 1 17 2 412 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES 24 10 2,597 26 3,923 20.5 * Includes twn s-and-10-cent stores. * Includes out firm, with 45 women, which had a 54-hour week every alternate week during winter. 8 Table VII.—Scheduled Saturday hours, by industry and locality1 Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled Saturday hours were Number reported 4 and under 5 5 and under 6 6 and under 7 7 and under 8 8 and under 9 9 and under 10 Under 4 None 10 anc over Industry Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom Estab Wom lish lish lish lish lish lish lish lish lish lish en en en en en en en en ments ments en ments en ments ments ments ments ments ments ments Per cent distribution of women...................... Manufacturing: Awnings, tents, and sails. Clothing— nr | Corsets (including gar- 2140 26,872 1 324 1 29 21 4 6 1,262 404 4 6 1, 262 404 3 5 695 8,805 3 5 695 421 1 180 3 Furniture and wood IIouse furnishings......... — Meidl products..---- .... Millinery, lace, and cmPaper products— Othpr------ --------------Patent medicines, chem ical products, and soap. Printing, publishing, and Laundries................................ . 29 2, 189 1 8 3 196 7 2,022 23 23 3 11 248 96 612 873 1 2 2 9 138 33 202 747 10 910 8 818 1 70 7 3 407 259 5 2 284 221 2 1 123 38 7 699 3 398 3 66 10 8 4 14 8 2 16 1,252 1, 301 148 2,222 3, 524 683 10 5 1 11 1,252 863 12 1,608 3 3 2 438 136 290 2 137 3 172 1 324 1 42 3 3 1 1 2 65 5 0.2 7.8 68.3 2 Food— Bread and bakery Slaughtering and 82 18,080 0.2 1.2 100.0 42 1 1,610 4,259 1 1 3 2 7 2,022 1 57 1 235 5 5 1, 801 144 118 2 1 26 1 92 185 0.7 0.4 15.3 19 110 6 410 126 2 19 5.9 22 1,538 50 2 185 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U ST R IE S CHICAGO OTHER PLACES All industries Per cent distribution of women__________ _____ 1 100.0 1 12 0.1 ............ 25 68 5 4 1,898 284 10 I 423 386 351 !............ 236 | 78 239 S83 4 89 8,032 487 11 1, 457 14 1,350 4 *> 189 172 1 34 13 2i 4 215 310 228 2 53 - 798 * 18 635 1.561 33 3,925 1,846 ' 187 1 102 4 409 314 440 7 196 1,032 273 321 i 25 3 125 1 4 *32 1 1 25 34 2 28 2 18 1,529 38 957 5.0 8.0 5.4 1 ' . 1 13 1.0 2.3 42.0 36.1 0.1 18 1 2.597 219 5 6,901 42 380 1 38 2 2 42 35 1 1 80 85 ______ ........ . 2 94 2 50 301 37 25 1 55 184 276 259 1, 555 346 128 17 789 31 I 1.135 18 | 280 226 I 569 2 115 9 341 ....... 1 12 1 25 — 163 8 ............ 1 _____ 6 2 4 4 1.028 204 128 152 10 182 2 2 17 11 108 2 42 i 17 i 1 3 23 10 708 179 1 120 1 409 22 2 3 285 249 2 3 8 3 n 178 101 37 .........- W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES- Manufacturing: Boots and shoes................. ClothingMen’s............................ Women’s.................... Corsets (including gar ters) .............. ....... ............ Electrical appliances-----Food___ P Furniture and wood veneer. ................. .......... Glass.................. ................. Gloves and mittens------Jewelry (including clocks and watches)................ Metal products------------Musical instruments Paper products— Boxes____ _____ ____ Other.......................... Patent medicines, chem ical products, and soap Printing, publishing, and bookbinding_________ Signs and advertising novelties........ ............... . Textiles— Knit goods.................. Other...... ..................... Wooden boxes------------- Miscellaneous............. — General mercantile------------5-and-10-cent stores.................. Laundries..................................: * 248 119,124 ............. 1 For State as a whole, see Table 6, p. 20. * Details aggregate more than total because some establishments appear in more than one hour group. 4 Includes erne firmfwith6^women, which worked 5 hours during summer and each alternate week during winter, and 9 hours on other weeks in winter. * Two firms had a 4-hour Saturday during summer months. OO Ox WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 86 Table VIII.—Scheduled daily and -Saturday hours, by industry group—Stale Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled Saturday hours were— Over 5 and un der 6 5 6 Over& and un der 7 la W Women Is 1 Establish m ents Women Establish m ents | Women j W omen Women CO M W Establish m ents ju s 1 $ a W omen Is w Over 4 and un der 5 i Establish m ents 3a W omen Women Establish m ents j Daily hours Under 4 Establish m ents None J Number reported MANUFACTURING Total. >28939,805 Over 7 and under 35 3,731 15,030 Over 8 and under 9... Over 9 and under 10-- STORES Total. Over 7 and under Over 8 and under 9... LAUNDRIES Total................ - i 43 1,326 1 Over 7 and under 8_.. Over 8 and under 9__j 7 6 17 Over 9 and under 10.. 4 6 9 12 123 173 579 267 83 1 12 f 2. 67 2 15 8 285 » 338 1 Ui 1 30 3 124 1 1 12 1 25 1 42 1 10 1 5 2 3 3 25 152 108 2 0 2 2 59 192 39 48 S 1 40 1 16 1 78 1 30 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 87 Table VIII.—Scheduled daily and Saturday hours, by industry group—State— Continued Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled Saturday hours were— W omen Establish m ents W omen W omen Over 10 10 Establish m ents co co H la Establish m ents Over 9 and un der 10 9 Women « Women CD II Women J3 Establish m ents Over 8 and un der 9 s Women Women Establish m ents E stablish m ents Over 7 and un der 8 Daily hours MANUFACTURING Total. 19 3,097 Over 7 and under 8. 14 2,630 Over 9 and under 10. STORES Total.......................... 1 1, 538 Over 7 and under 8........... 8___________________ Over 8 and under 9___ 9____ ________ 1 1,538 4 * 1,559 4 3 1,559 4 491 6 126 3 328 1 163 1 1 3 1 51 13 52 10 4 129 4 129 7 153 34 1,016 2 80 4 1 67 6 3 12 10 9 83 460 387 86 \ " L 56 1 56 LAUNDRIES Total.......................... 3 80 7—.......... ............................ Over 7 and under 8........... 1 9 Over 8 and under 9.......... 9................................ 2 12 4 111 4 111 1 33 I 33 2 2 71 1 ™ai‘s aggregate more tnan total because some establishments appear in more than one hour er 2 Includes one firm, with 45 women, which worked 9 hours every alternate Saturday during winter Includes two firms, with 380 women, which had a 4-hour Saturday during summer * Includes one firm, with 76 women, which worked only 7 hours during shortest days of winter. •Includes one firm, with 3/4 women, with afternoon off in July and August. • One firm, with 74 women, did not report Saturday hours. WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 88 Table IX.—Length of lunch period, by industry—State Number of establishments and number of women whose lunch period was— Number reported Over 30 and under 45 min utes 30 minutes and Corsets (including garFood— Bread and bakery Slaughtering Over 1 hour 1 hour (including Millinery, lace, and em- No regular lunch period 29.4 1 283 1 4 8 507 .... 35.1 3 2 305 100 8 1,870 224 3 11 6 873 364 8 1,118 9,191 6 4 914 153 3 8, 708 2 2 204 330 7 4 182 3 324 4 153 1 2 3 29 98 376 12 '413 326 239 1,173 96 3 612 3 ■ 9 2, 307 8 '260 1 16 272 125 739 70 612 1 25 1 1 58 26 14 1 13 2 27 2,163 2 1 2 303 101 128 4 2 4 2 3 Women Establishm ents | 0.9 — (0 2 112 b 3,925 £ 3,925 317 114 36 2,719 7 428 5 1 728 33 194 267 11 935 175 6 4 207 142 14 K16 573 11 8 602 306 1 20 10 2 2 i 12 826 7 352 2 372 2 9C 16 1,436 3 481 6 711 7 231 3 876 5 85( 1 ■2( j 295 2 26 3 26! 4 85( 22 17 publishing, Textiles— 1,555 15 1,647 500 276 IK 37 4,393 20 ' 546 43 1,32( 2 12 12 435 — I o £ 6 1 9 1,495 123 3,160 688 506 j j Women Establishm ents Establishm ents Women Women | .... 21 552 Patent medicines, chemical products, Signs and advertising 41 13,559 153 16,151 0.7 2 5 Paper products— Professional and scien- —- 2 339 33.8 35 4 19 2, 837 6 i3 Printing, (*> and Furniture and wood Jewelry 1 16 181 15,558 — Establishm ents Establishm ents j Women Establishm ents ® 0 o £ Women Establishm ents Establishm ents a All industries---------- 388 46,070 Per cent distribution of women.................. — 100.0 Manufacturing: Awnings, tents, 45 minutes and under 1 hour 1 Industry U nder 30 min utes __ m 4 9 1,421 356 2 8 276 28 1 26 1,037 1 56 1 1 1 41 148 127 1 163 1 11 1 1 3 9] 29 3, 954 491 17 270 16 i. 2 12 7 276 .... i' 47.... __ i i 1 Details aggregate more than total because some establishments appear in more than one hour group. * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table X.—Hours worked during the week, by industry and locality1 76820 Industry Number of women who worked during the week— Num ber of women 55 50 52 54 42 46 48 39 44 33 36 30 15 25 20 60 report Under 10 and hours and and and and and and and and and and and ing under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under and under 10 hours 60 52 54 55 48 50 44 46 39 42 33 36 20 30 15 25 over worked hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours j All industries.. __...... ................... 18,977 Manufacturing: Awnings, tents, and sails.............. Boots and shoes............................... Clothing— Men’s—...................................... Women’s.................................... Corsets (including garters)............ Electrical appliances...................... Food— Bread and bakery products. _ Slaughtering and meat pack- 311 133 403 522 629 517 990 9 28 1,747 1,220 3,012 1, 795 4,147 1,329 1 13 5 30 11 132 2 13 1 901 308 647 23 5 22 76 13 10 24 154 12 10 25 105 4 20 46 140 23 J4 40 146 31 14 45 198 52 53 133 171 77 38 150 140 131 19 69 4 19 52 186 5 9 342 631 1 1 50 242 10 349 3 78 1 2 133 2 8 4 13 16 6 13 21 20 46 31 39 77 40 28 24 28 7 25 30 37 9 4 17 7 6 3 21 12 2 6 10 22 10 14 16 31 9 23 GO 1 72 5 22 54 1 31 107 4 10 57 26 376 25 67 400 14 56 R 89 17 45 3 18 5 135 39 25 23 3 30 177 2 113 28 2 142 2 3 122 o 11 8 3 26 22 96 8 3 77 9 13 10 3 19 23 1 46 285 4 2 59 1 15 5 276 2 4 1 5 4 54 3 4 4 3 17 1 4 28 27 332 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 9 19 10 9 16 2 2 39 25 24 38 15 38 123 61 5 12 3 14 19 26 37 23 36 64 44 89 1.219 385 658 2,212 18 3 7 23 16 3 7 11 393 5 1,905 Furniture and wood veneer.......... 247 Gloves and mittens 278 Glue........................................ .......... 89 House furnishings...... .................... 600 Lamps and reflectors------ --------301 Leather products............................ Metal products 845 Millinery, lace, and embroidery. 473 Musical instruments.................. Paper products— Boxes______ _______ _______ 402 Other....... ...................... ............ 258 Patent medicines, chemical products, and soap---------------694 Printing, publishing, and book binding 1,236 Professional and scientific instru 774 ments.-.......................................... * For State as a whole, see Table 8, p. 24. 343 45 6 10 6 25 24 8 61 7 10 68 30 23 24 27 7 70 . 28 36 60 56 35 46 79 86 99 81 6 1 4 9 18 27 2 59 47 38 562 67 9 61 124 15 41, 7 45 1 77 17 2 14 1 36 ___1 4 1 2 1 3 334 9 56 13 93 131 37 33 23 10 242 260 25 10 34 8 W OM EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES CHICAGO ...... 1 1 00 CO Table X.—Hours worked during the week, by industry and locality—Continued Industry CO o Number of women who worked during the week— Num ber of women 10 15 20 30 33 36 25 39 42 44 48 46 50 52 54 55 report Under and 60 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and hours ing under under under under 10 under under under under under under under under under under under under hours hours and 15 20 25 30 33 36 39 42 44 46 54 48 50 55 60 52 worked hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours over Manufacturing—Continued. Signs and advertising novelties.. Textiles.............................................. Tobacco............ ............................. Wooden boxes........................... ....... Genera] mercantile...... .......................... 5-and-10-cent stores........ .................. . Laundries.......... ...................................... 19 1,283 354 141 2,860 202 661 15 4 51 5 18 1 2 3 13 1 3 1 16 12 1 61 3 10 9 2 1 74 6 6 2 13 13 5 24 2 6 1 25 1 5 110 8 20 18 6 25 4 11 21 19 7 190 7 17 1 95 2 4 191 30 87 1 71 1 5 94 10 56 4 24 274 9 777 13 70 394 19 10 17 1 50 96 13 122 332 21 93 9 301 5 4 793 90 125 18 23 9 5 48 9 54 80 1 31 1 1,428 127 49 OTHER PLACES All industries................................. 16,659 Manufacturing: Awnings, tents, and sails.......... Boots and shoes............................... ClothingMen’s Women’s................................... Corsets (including garters) Electrical appliances...................... FoodBread and bakery products.. Slaughtering and meat packFurniture and wood veneer......... Glass________________________ Gloves and mittens Jewelry (including clocks and watches)........................__............ Lamps and reflectors.............. 173 94 186 228 343 350 397 627 991 512 2,331 1,591 2,164 3,370 1,019 728 30 12 30 27 72 33 22 1 44 107 58 2 wo 105 424 522 178 2 306 1,713 282 381 381 19 1 2 12 3 1 1 26 1 6 3 42 9 6 10 38 7 15 2 42 17 16 10 84 17 16 6 84 18 94 5 132 25 35 17 74 16 6 8 401 82 109 17 41 14 3 35 212 16 51 48 99 6 7 156 81 11 2 2 49 10 82 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 4 18 1 15 31 263 343 73 300 875 5 9 2 7 12 4 4 3 23 1 9 26 2 . 12 * 2 5 12 5 14 2 31 20 22 32 1 12 61 11 4 2 44 39 56 107 25 11 401 12 2 47 63 2 2 17 6 32 38 6 51 65 76 43 5 15 3 8 1 3 38 15 1 3 9 5 2 4 6 7 41 38 10 8 25 2 1 2,872 14 11 8 16 25 42 37 96 89 2 150 100 691 939 250 12 341 25 13 37 5 2,234 1 * 4 62 5 124 274 26 13 54 3 4 35 2 2 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES CHICAGO—Continued. Professional and scientific inStruSigns and advertising novelties.. Textiles— Other.____________________ Tobacco___.....................................-■ Laundries________ _________ ______ 13 1 15 3 5 1 1 1 403 312 2 163 3 Printing, publishing, and book- 11 1 9 1 3 23 1 2 27 20 47 5 i 1 4 17 4 3 2 7 1 38 3 120 4 7 33 14 216 15 6 45 8 6 2 11 177 1 1 1 2 7 13 6 62 95 242 1 4 3 2 5 4 1 4 2 11 1 12 23 1 i, 525 371 16 126 119 1,038 279 085 26 9 1 21 4 34 9 IS 2 55 10 106 46 183 2 3 7 2 13 4 2 3 24 3 17 43 10 Ii 10 11 15 6 5 20 5 7 31 50 1 5 1 8 9 3 5 5 26 6 1 9 3 7 8 3 11 2 ........2 8 31 1 58 16 11 64 74 133 3 24 1 68 48 50 1 1 3 3 4 43 11 231 36 48 2 5 46 18 164 36 7 16 48 7 17 87 5 5 5 5 1 2 71 1 6 48 13 1 2 131 3 59 26 190 22 90 1 4 29 10 17 179 61 310 37 19 12 11 28 «****» ~‘aT 16 132 429 74 12 88 12 42 ii 228 i 195 12 *-— 8 40 14 js» k ©a Patent medicines, chemical prod- 15 m Musical instruments....................... Paper products— 1,132 25 100 % s io s m i Metal products......... . w smaisncM i w CD Table XI.—Number and duration of periods off duty for women restaurant employees who worked on uniform schedule throughout the week, by type of restaurant, occupation, and locality Number of women with uniform schedule throughout week whose day's work was— Locality Type of restaurant Broken by 2 periods off duty aggre gating— Broken by 1 period off duty of— Number of Total Under 1 hour 1 and under 2 hours 2 and under 3 hours 3 hours and over Total Under 2 hours 2 and under 3 hours 3 and under 4 hours DINING-ROOM WORKERS State............................ Total.......................................—................ 376 139 202 62 49 64 27 20 8 8 Chicago...................- Total-------------------- ------------------------ 314 131 166 61 34 63 8 17 7 8 4 13 17 4 6 2 27 34 59 2 15 7 8 1 15 1 19 3 1 19 2 1 1 Other places.............. Independent restaurants and cafeterias......... 168 41 14 40 112 Total............................................................. 62 8 36 55 4 4 1 35 Independent restaurants and cafeterias.......... 1 1 15 4 .......... . 15 2 2 2 15 2 15 KITCHEN WORKERS State............................ Total............................................................. 246 106 122 67 40 4 11 14 4 6 2 2 Chicago....................... Total............................................................. 191 83 96 65 25 4 2 12 2 6 2 2 52 21 9 53 23~ 30 36 26~ 27 22 16 1 8 16 4 11 2 6 2 2 15 2 2 4 11 12 2 2 22 2 2 4 Independent restaurants and cafeterias------Other places.............. ■Total............................................................. Hotel restaurants.................................................. Store restaurants..................... ............................. 100 55~ 2 13 40 2 9 4 1 1 1 2 2 15 7 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STRIES un broken shift reported Broken by 3 or 4 periods 4 hours off and duty over Table XII.—Number and duration of periods off duty for women restaurant employees who worked on two different schedules during the week, ■ —— ---------— ------- - Locality by type of restaurant, occupation, and locality ■■■■ Type of restaurant Number of employee days on which work was— Number Number of emOne ployee women un days reported reported broken shift Broken by 2 periods off duty aggregating— Broken Broken by 1 period off duty of— Total 1 and 2 and 3 hours Under under and under 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours over Total or 4 3 and 4 hours periods Under 2 and under and off 2 hours 3under 4 hours hours over duty State........................... Total 178 1,051 535 371 109 115 69 78 145 29 71 Chicago..................... Total.............-........................... 141 823 447 271 43 115 68 45 105 29 71 3 7 5 18 25 6 5 104 65 38 100 66 1 33 40 1 3 12 12 30 28 28 Independent restaurants and cafetenas. Other places____ Total........................................... 79 469 137 16 23 232 37 228 88 100 4 Independent restaurants and cafeterias. 11 23 66 142 84 4 66 30 66 ......... 29 45 .............. 5 5 71 40 KITCHEN WORKERS State........................... Total-........................................ 83 499 219 220 107 47 15 51 54 22 31 1 Chicago..................... Total.......................................... 69 409 190 165 107 47 3 8 54 22 31 1 Hotel restaurants...................-......... 40 2 27 239 11 159 141 5 44 96 6 63 90 6 11 2 4 2 2 47 1 4 52 20 31 1 14 90 29 55 12 43 6 6 8 39 61 6 23 33 22 6 6 27 16 6 Independent restaurants and cafe terias. Other places.............. Total........................................... Independent restaurants and cafe terias. 6 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES DINING-ROOM WORKERS Table XIII.—Number and duration of periods off duty for women restaurant employees who worked on more than two different schedules during the week, by type of restaurant, occupation, and locality 50 Number of employee days on which work was— Locality Type of restaurant Broken by 2 periods off duty aggregating— Broken by 1 period off duty of— Total 1 and 2 and 3 hours Under under under 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours and over Total 3 and 4 hours 2hoursj3hoJrs under and 4 hours over DINING-ROOM WORKERS State............................ Total...................................................... . 144 883 Chicago....................... Total............ ....................................... i04 618 Hotel restaurants............................................ Store restaurants____________ ____ ______ Independent restaurants and cafeterias___ 68 1 35 419 6 193 287 41 Total....... .................................................. 40 265 Hotel restaurants Independent restaurants and cafeterias___ 37 3 248 17 Other places.............. 340 356 63 60 48 6 128 6 53 52 60 31 22 22 24 12 92 3 14 13 62 161 158 9 3 85 7 3 7 7 7 ~ 62 144 74 187 24 82 158 24 24 13 KITCHEN WORKERS State............................ Total......................................................... 67 425 254 121 65 13 10 Chicago...... ................ Total......................................................... 62 390 244 96 65 13 10 Hotel restaurants_____ ____________ ____ Independent restaurants and cafeterias___ 51 11 324 66 244 72 24 59 6 1 12 6 Total.............. .................... ..... ................ 5 35 10 25 25 Hotel restaurants_____ _________________ Independent restaurants and cafeterias..*.. 2 3 14 21 2 8 12 13 13 Other places.............. 33 8 50 33 17 50 33 17 8 42 25 17 ... ----------- W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES Number Number of em of ployee One women days un reported reported broken shift Table XIV.—Length of the day’s work on various time schedules in restaurants, by type of restaurant, occupation, and locality Other places Chicago Occupation and type of restaurant ALL SCHEDULES 15 6 28 6 6 17 2 26 6 8 65 134 64 383 1 6 2 14 41 12 65 101 141 43 1 28 7 7 109 8.0 Dining-room workers—Total... 3, 230 850 91 394 740 337 296 333 109 58 22 876 116 46 847 141 19 121 167 112 78 46 119 64 88 1 02 36 16 311 66 44 26 1, 631 225 36 268 461 213 113 244 43 22 6 499 72 167 244 310 471 396 87 32 35 480 67 94 74 237 126 166 9 73 15 35 67 78 142 108 221 14 17 335 26 61 132 77 4 12 69 5.1 109 154 134 1 60 183 13.5 830 101 6 1, 356 100.0 100 54 93 21 41 57 1. 1 30 11 14 17 18 90 1.7 9 18 5 38 196 3.8 245 16 4 23 729 14.1 I ndependent restaurants and cafeterias..................... - 158 29 20 767 14.9 100 12 130 36 41 647 12.5 56 90 33 62 40 984 19.1 136 110 57 53 561 10.9 1,934 23 91 147 2.8 Kitchen workers—Total........ . 235 17.3 124 9. 1 986 19.1 and cafeterias___________ 264 19. 5 68 5.0 5,164 100.0 Hotel restaurants............... 183 13.5 7.2 Total number____ ______ Per cent distribution. 7 13 UNIFORM SCHEDULE THROUGHOUT WEEK Dining-room workers—Total... Independent restaurants and cafeterias....................... Kitchen workers—Total............- Independent restaurants and cafeterias.......... ............ 235 493 166 125 179 40 57 37 18 41 11 56 30 112 175 355 107 58 149 12 1 113 181 310 258 26 3 6 355 130 120 56 19 3 6 12 13 72 14 78 92 96 60 196 7 1,789 542 193 969 1,135 118 36 30 90 234 605 100 18 36 12 1 340 263 60 6 2 14 13 5 48 101 141 12 12 18 6 7 65 129 40 14 60 6 6 12 18 6 7 51 40 10 6 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES Number or employee days of— Number of employee days of— Num ber of Number em Over Over ploy Un 5 and 6 and 7 and Over Over of em Un 5 and 6 and 7 and Over 9 and 8 and Over 9 and 10 8 and 9 ployee ee under under 8 under 9 under 10 der under under under 8 under der under 1C days 10 days hours 9 hours 10 hours hours 8 7 hours under hours hours 6 hours 9 8 7 5 6 0 10 reported hours re hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours port ed r 1 Table XIV.—Length of the day’s work on various time schedules in restaurants, by type of restaurant, occupation, and locality—Continued <£> Other places Chicago Num Number of employee days of— ber of em ploy Over Over Over Un 5 and 6 and; 7 and ee 9 and 8 and 9 and 10 Over days 10 Over der under underlunder g under 9 under under hours 10 10 , . hours hours 6 hours 7 | 8 hours 10 9 10 hours hours re hours hours hours hours port hours hours hours ed i Number of employee days of— Occupation and type of restaurant Un 5 and 6 and 7 and der under under under 8 6 ; 7 8 hours 5 hours hours; hours hours I Over 8 and under 9 hours TWO DIFFERENT SCHEDULES DURING WEEK Dining-room workers—Total,-Hotel restaurants................. Independent restaurants and cafeterias..................... - 823 223 23 61 138 100 ; 113 91 26 35 13 ! 228 78 235 119 58 94 6 25 2 34 11 7 5 59 6 16 1 5 17 8 ! 20 66 7 14 469 71 17 34 93 88 48 74 21 18 5 j 142 71 14 36 Kitchen workers—Total............- 409 14 18 63 57 62 81 73 17 20 4 90 6 11 6 Hotel restaurants................... 239 11 5 10 40 36 32 2 48 6 48 3 12 4 4 39 1 159 9 8 23 21 28 27 22 5 16 51 5 Independent restaurants and cafeterias....................... ...... 1 11 8 36 71 12 1 7 5 66 6 1 1 6 19 5 21 6 12 6 8 16 4 13 2 3 6 1 1 3 7 5 18 MORE THAN TWO DIFFERENT SCHEDULES DURING WEEK Dining-room workers—Total... 618 85 32 98 109 71 58 63 | 71 22 Hotel restaurants................... 419 6 43 13 39 96 53 49 2 42 57 4 19 193 42 Independent restaurants and cafeterias....................... Kitchen workers—Total.............. 390 324 Independent restaurants and cafeterias........ ............. 66 4 19 8 8 59 13 18 7 21 14 74 67 80 65 12 55 49 59 2 19 18 21 3 | 9 | 265 8 i 248 37 26 53 43 13 27 23 28 10 5 36 26 53 40 13 21 23 28 3 5 10 3 1 1 17 1 44 9 25 | 35 1 8 25 14 2 1 21 .......... ___ 3 6 7 1 2 1 5 ...... 1 7 9 16 2 10 7 6 1 1 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES Number of em ployee days reported Table Daily over-all hours XV.—Relation of hours of duty to daily over-all hours, hy type of restaurant, occupation, and locality Independent restaurants and cafeterias Store restaurants Number of employee days on which the hours on Num duty formed of the over-all hours— ber of em ployee days and 70 and 80 and 90 and Under 60 re under under under under 100 per ported 60 per 70 per 80 per 90 per 100 per cent cent cent cent cent cent Number of employee days on which the Num hours on duty formed ber of of the over-all hours— em ployee days 80 and 90 and re under 100 per ported under 90 per 100 per cent cent cent NumI ber of em ployee ! days i rei ported Number of employee days on which the hours on duty formed of the over-all hours— and Under 60 under 60 per 70 per cent cent 70 and 80 and 90 and under under under 100 per 80 per 90 per 100 per cent ' cent cent cent CHICAGO—DINING-ROOM WORKERS Total......................... s 9 ... 10................... 11 . 12 . 13 ... 14 ......... ........... 847 133 6 23 146 69 135 112 77 53 13 5 7 9 29 17 12 1 47 76 54 56 2 30 8 2 2 7 16 12 9 4 30 8 1 6 19 18 14 8 6 2 1 2 3 13 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 612 752 133 6 23 116 52 112 66 58 33 9 4 m IS 23 1 111 62 49 2 2 81 35 46 176 12 18 1 76 62 3 2 2 495 1,631 484 6 5 221 31 224 121 39 477 115 122 180 58 14 3 6 49 5 18 16 5 1 4 434 15 17 333 35 6 7 12 2 1 5 1 413 326 16 1 2 14 25 9 38 47 55 154 38 12 2 12 23 180 9 4 31 • 6 41 17 3 409 205 2 30 72 4 57 11 15 l 5 1 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES Hotel restaurants CD Table XV.—Relation of hours of duty to daily over-all hours, by type of restaurant, occupation, and locality—Continued 90 Independent restaurants and cafeterias Hotel restaurants Store restaurants Number of employee days on which the hours on Num duty formed of the over-all hours— ber of em* ployee days GO and 70 and 80 and 90 and Under re under under under 100 per ported GO per under 70 per 80 per 90 per 100 per cent cent cent cent cent cent Number of employee days on which the Num hours on duty formed ber of of the over-all hours— em ployee days 80 and 90 and re under 100 per ported under 90 per 100 per cent cent cent .............. . Daily over-all hours CHICAGO-KITCHEN WORKERS Total......................... 869 7 20 16 8 8 97 102 88 9 ... 298 10 12 7 6 4 23 8 6 8 8 5 7 1 15 1 1 8 76 16 16 16 143 13 9 508 245 8 2 22 79 72 90 149 18 14 6 2 4 3 13 14 308 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 7 1 12 32 115 68 48 48 138 6 6 115 11 59 830 18 81 49 43 G9 50 40 258 38 109 48 16 9 13 4 7 7 6 26 9 11 41 249 161 6 1 3 12 12 1 12 6 14 26 65 19 46 45 12 9 1 35 5 5 7 13 46 44 2 4 368 75 14 38 58 29 140 7 7 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STR IES Number of employee days on which the hours on Num duty formed of the over-all hours— ber of em ployee days 60 and 70 and 80 and 90 and Under under under under under 100 per re ported 60 per 70 per 80 per 90 per 100 per cent cent cent cent cent cent OTHER PLACES—DINING-ROOM WORKERS 311 14 4 17 38 13 31 1 1 Over 12 and under 13............ 13 Over 13 and under 14___ 14.................. ............................................. Over 14 and under 15___ 7 4 11 20 43 74 33 113 120 29 11 3 35 66 66 499 14 5 19 13 1 1 3 18 1 3 4 5 2 5 1 3 14 7 11 33 20 1 10 10 47 29 67 154 1 1 3 | 73 108 7 5 1 a 49 7 86 4 4 48 14 11 7 4 10 8 49 72 2 2 21 5 13 a 18 42 21 32 114 49 13 7 6 1 8 28 6 1 7 13 12 335 12 13 a 43 1 38 108 12 32 73 30 ..............I............... OTHER PLACES—KITCHEN WORKERS Total......................... 67 Under 5................................ 5 and under 6.......... ........... a and under 7................. 7 and under 8..................... 8______________________ Over 8 and under 9........... 9_________ ____________ Over 9 and under 10____ 10_______ ______ _______ Over 10 and under 11 11___________________ Over 11 and under 12........ 12............................. ........... Over 12 and under 13. 13....................... Over 13 and under 14___ 14........................................... 1 1 4 3 4 3 19 31 6 6 14 13 20 6 11 6 6 C 7 11 7 13 3 78 60 6 12 12 66 60 6 12 6 16 11 78 82 6 16 .............. ..............| 13 a 8 28 7 40 13 84 30 11 7 IT 13 1 13 13 6 1 5 7 26 W O M EN IN IL L IN O IS IN D U STK IES Total......................................... Under 6_______ ________ 6 and under 7..................... 7 and under 8_._............... 8..._______________________________ Over 8 and under 9........... 9 Over 9 and under 10......... 10_____ __________ _________ Over 10 and under 11______ 11____________________ _______ ____ Over 11 and under 12______ 2 3 11 27 6 o 100 Table WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES XVI.—Hours worked during the week by women employed in restaurants, by number of days on which work was done Number of women who worked on the specified number of days in— Number of Locality Hours worked during the week Dining room Kitchen Dining Kitchen Under 6 days 7 days Under 6 days 7 days 6 days 6 days room A.—ALL TYPES OF RESTAURANTS State................... Total....................... 40 and under. ........ ........... Over 40 and under 44___ 44 Over 44 and under 48___ 48 _______ 50 64 ___________ 68 60 ________ ______ 65 and over........................ Chicago.;........... Total........................ 40 and under. ................. . Over 40 and under 44... 44 . ....... . _ Over 44 and under 48. _. 48 . _______ 50........... .................. ........... 54............................... ......... 58 60. Other places....... ___________ .............................. 65 and over.................. . Total...................... 698 294" 83 4 52 30 23 18 52 39 35 3 13 15 23 14 559“ 261 77 4 45 29 17 6 48 32 21 2 6 1 6 4 139 33 6 44____________________ 48 50 . . 54............... ......................... 58____________ ________ 60 65 and over................ ....... 7 1 6 12 4 7 396 87 22 1 29 30 35 3 40 35 29 17 2 42 24 322 71 17 1 28 29 35 3 37 30 24 106 96 4 1 4 1 93 87 1 1 3 1 f74 186 72 3 38 28 15 15 41 36 19 2 1 15 2 1 420 170 72 3 38 27 15 4 40 30 16 2 15 22 10 74 16 5 i 1 14 3 5 5 1 7 14 17 10 2 2 20 14 1 2 13 9 3 1 54 16 1 118 12 7 39 31 3 10 2 8 2 11 3 16 1 12 6 21 13 46 4 4 4 2 2 1 8 2 5 38 30 3 5 6 4 4 72 8 3 1 1 240 43 14 1 21 30 31 3 34 35 21 117 13 6 2 2 1 2 205 28 9 l 21 29 31 3 33 30 17 16 3 4 6 8 41 22 79 13 6 2 4 4 7 1 14 1 1 35 15 5 21 9 38 1 6 1 6 1 3 1 11 1 6 1 5 4 2 1 2 1 1 17 9 1 20 13 86 32 7 72 10 6 27 21 2 65 6 2 61 3 5 5 4 4 2 6 2 20 6 14 6 11 1 6 3 1 14 1 B—HOTEL RESTAURANTS State................... Total........................ 40 and under.................... Over 40 and under 44___ 44 Over 44 and under 48___ 48 ___ 50...................... .................. 54.. 58_________ ____ ______ 192 72 13 1 12 3 6 5 32 9 21 1 6 153 30 9 8 3 18 10 10 3 7 2 26 6 21 34 30 1 1 1 6 3 1 2 22 6 6 11 6 2 10 3 15 1 6 3 2 6 3 7 11 60________ ____ _______ 66 and over...... ................. 1 1 1 17 9 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES Table 101 XVI.—Hours worked during the week by women employed in restaurants, by number of days on which work was done—Continued Locality Hours worked (luring the week Number of women reported Number of women who worked on the specified number of days in— Dining room Kitchen | Dining Kitchen Under 6 days! 7 days Under 6 days 7 days 6 days 6 days room j B.-IIOTEL RESTAURANTS—Continued Chicago............... 4 Total .................... 40 and under Over 40 and under 44___ 44. ______________ ____ Over 44 and under 48___ 48_____________ Over 48 and under 50___ 50-................................. _ Over 50 and under 54__ 54____________ ___ ____ Over 54 and under 58___ 58.______________ Over 58 and under 00__ 60________ ____________ Over 60 and under 65___ 65 and over................. 29 84 32 26 65 62 29 9 31 7 2 3 20 2 6 2 3 5 10 3 7 2 24 6 20 25 1 1 1 3 4 2 11 4 3 14 8 47 10 1 6 3 2 21 6 6 4 2 1 1 8 20 4 5 14 2 11 2 5 2 40 1 40 and under..................... 14 1 5 Over 40 and under 44___ 2 *1............... . Over 44 and under 48___ 2 48____________ Over 48 and under 50___ 5 50_____ ____ __________ 1 Over 50 and under 54___ 3 2 54_______ __ 1 Over 54 and under 58___ 10 1 58__________ 1 Over 58 and under 60___ 4 60..................... Over 60 and under 65__ 4 4 65 and over................... . 2 — C.—STORE RESTAURANTS 1 8 2 1 Total................... . Total............ .......... 40 and under...... .............. Over 40 and under 44.. 143 98 5 54 15 4 Over 44 and under 48___ 48....... . . Over 48 and under 50___ 50__________ Over 50 and under 54__ 54_____________ Over 54 and under 58___ Chicago............... Total........................ 40 and under............. Over 40 and under 44. . 44_________ . Over 44 and under 48__ 48______________ Over 48 and under 50__ 50......... .................... Over 50 and under 54__ St----------------------------Over 54 and under 58___ Other places...... Total........................ 40 and under__________ Over 40 and under 44__ 44... Over 44 and under 48.. 48_____________ Over 48 and under 50__ 50............................. . 12 6 10 11 12 19 44 .. 1 143 58 11 1 10 3 1 4 29 8 11 2 Other places___ State.................... 145 4l“ 4 2 12 6 10 1 12 19 23* * 23 1 5 1 2 2 10 1 4 1 4 120 75 5 1 109 — 75 5 12 6 10 2 1 13 11 2 9 2 1 1 12 6 10 11 2 1 98 5 ii 23 23 1 1 132" 1 1 .53 15 3 1 12 19 2 1 _ 4(T 1 1 1 12 19 2 1 11 13 11 mm 11 111......... 102 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES Table XVI.—Hours worked during the week by women employed in restaurants, by number of days on which work was done—Continued Number of women reported Locality Hours worked during the week Number of women who worked on the specified number of days in— Kitchen Dining room Dining Kitchen Under 6 days 7 days Under 6 days 7 days 6 days 6 days room D—INDEPENDENT RESTAURANTS AND CAFETERIAS Total........................ 363 189 49 268 46 11 122 56 40 and under..................... 42 9 1 18 15 9 1 12 28 8 43 3 79 60 3 20 19 5 2 19 30 12 2 1 15 2 2 10 22 10 1 16 15 6 1 12 28 7 3 6 o 2 4 65 and over........................ 124 65 3 28 21 7 2 20 30 13 2 7 15 15 11 1 15 10 1 24 13 Total....................... 282 138 41 227 14 11 100 27 40 and under........ ............. 105 61 3 23 20 6 2 19 24 9 2 4 1 2 1 38 6 1 17 14 9 1 11 23 4 39 64 60 3 20 18 5 2 19 24 9 2 2 1 10 10 1 2 1 1 18 6 1 16 14 6 1 11 23 3 1 3 81 51 8 41 19 4 4 3 4 3 15 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 4 1 5 4 3 14 13 10 2 2 16 12 State.................... 44. Over 44 and under 48__ 48________ ____ _______ 50___ 54_ 58. 60......... Chicago............... 44.............. Over 44 and under 48__ 48___ 50______ 54______ 58_____ C0-___................... Other places___ Total..................... 44_________________ 48. 50. 54___ 3 6 2 24 14 2 4 1 8 2 5 2 2 1 1 1 4 9 2 1 1 3 1 8 2 32 22 1 4 3 4 1 1 29 1 1 1 1 6 3 1 1 5 4 58_________ _______ _ 60........................ 1 14 2 1 13 9 1 2 1 1 16 11 A APPENDIX B SCHEDULE FORMS USED IN THE SURVEY Schedule I This schedule was used for recording the firm’s scheduled hours, the number of employees, and data on working conditions in factories and laundries. U. S. D L , W ’ B epartment of abor omen s ureau FACTORY SCHEDULE 1. Name of factory.............. Persons interviewed ... 2. Product . 3. Number employed: * Day W. Men ............... Women................ . Total .......... C. W. c. w. c. Total w. c. Total Night 1 Meu .......... AVomen_____ Total .......... 4. Firm’s scheduled horn's: Daily: Begin................ End............. Lunch period................ Restperiod................ Total Saturday “ ** ““ «« ** .« Shifts “ .............. “ .............. “ “ ............. « « ”* u ‘ Regular weekly number of days........_’............ ............. .7 Total weekly hours*........... ' Shifts weekly number of periods............................... . Total shifts weekly hours_____ 77 Daily: Begin................ End............... Lunchperiod----------- Restperiod_______ Total Saturday “ “ ““ << « << ' Shifts “ “ «“ 7.............. “ “ «' Regular weekly number of day3.........................................77’Total weekly hours’........... Shifts weekly number of periods ................. ................. Total shifts weekly hours........... 777 5. Seasonal..................................................... G. Employment policy: Employment manager.......... Or centralized method.......... Foremen Records kept.................................................................................... .................................. ' 7. Subcontract shop.......... Home work given out Date........ . Agent.......... 8. Halls: Indirect.......... Cl............. Nat. It. o. k......... Art. prov. ----- Other.......... 9. Stairway: No. Location Wind Nat. It. Art. It. Hand ing adqt. prov. rl. o. k. Narrow Steep Cle. opk. Workrooms. Number . 10. Floors 11. Aisles Loc. Mat. Repr. Cle. Other Loc. Obst. Nar. 12. Walls Loc. Rpr. Cl. 13. Ceilings Lt. Loc. Rpr. Cl. Lt. Low Notes. 14. Clned. By girls------- men---------jant............ . janitress.......... other............no resp 15. Natural lighting: Type of windows—on how many sides of workroom—occupatio occupations where women face the light—shades—awnings, etc................................................................... 16. Artificial lighting: Kind (general, individual). Shades or reflectors (general individual). 17-18. Glare or reflection: describe............_.................................. 103 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 104 19. Heating system....................................... .......... -.......................... 20. Ventilation: App. o. k-------- Art............. Kind................ ..................................... ....................... ........................ Loc.................... 21. Special prob.: Heat—Cold—Dust—Lint—Humid.—Fumes Other............................... ....... ...................................-............................... 22. Sanitation: Drinking facilities, loc.................................................... Conv.......... ............ .............. Bblr______ San.____ Tank Cooler.......... Faucet.......... Other.......... Cup, common Individual_____ Kind.......... J If none, where wash 23. Washing facilities Towels No. Conv. Kind. Cln. Repr. Hot water Soap fur. Fur. 24. Toilets: Kind.......... Sep............ If none, arrangment.......... Repr............. Plb. .......... Cl............. Paper.......... Instrt............. No. No. FI. Loc. Conv. Scrn. Deg. T. R. seats Ind. Paper Flush, hand.......... Sngl. Row Room Seat Nat. Vnt. Art, in vnt. oth. vnt. St. ceil. end. o. k. rm. o. k. rm. rm. Com mon Often Auto. seat. Lgt. nat. o. k. Lgt. art. Cl. o. k. ! . i i Total No. seats.......... No. wmn. per seat------- Clng. by girls------- Men------- Jan Janitress .......... Other.......... No. resp............. Swept reg............. Freq........... Wrk. hrs. Scrub reg______ Freq--------- Work hrs............. 25. Service and welfare: Lunchroom, combined with.......... Prov........... Kind------- Loc.............. Equip, o. k._____ Cln._____ Lt. Nat............. Art. .......... Vent. o. k............. Prov. hot food, drink only_____ Cooking convnes.------- Supr........... If none.......... 26. llestroom, comb, with _____ Prov. ------- Loc. ------- Equip, o. k. ------- Cln.------ . Ltg. nat._____ Art............. Vent. o. k.......... Supr. .......... If none------27. Cloakroom, combined with------- Prov--------- Loc............ Conv.------- Lkr.------- Shiv............ . . hngr. Wl.hkSeats ........... .........Cln. ............Lgt. nat.............. Art.............Vent. o. k........... . Supr._____ If nonelkr.............shiv.---------hngr.-------- Wl. hk............. 28. Health Service: Hosp............. Chg. of.......... Dr. reg......... . On call.......... 1st aid.......... Chg of_____ Med. exam.............Health rec.............. Acc. rec.---------Comp.............. 29. Other welfare: 30. Occupations: Uniform Foot rest Seats Needed Kind Kind Sit or stand. Describe: Opportunity to sit, etc. Furn. by Co. by Co. Kept by Misc. by r 105 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTKIES Schedule II This schedule was used for recording the firm's scheduled hours, the number of employees,and data on working conditions in mercan tile establishments. U. 8. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau MERCANTILE SCHEDULE 1. Name of store.............................................................. 2. Type............................................................................. 3. Number employed: Address .. ________ _____ ____ _________ ____ Person interviewed..................................... ............. Position ....................................................................... Day W. . C. Men ................................ ............................... Women..................... .............................................. Total ..................................................................... W. G. Total Boys............ ................ ............................. ....................... Girls........................... . ......................................................... Total........................................ .................................... ............. Evening W. 0. Men ..................................................... Women—............ .............. ................ Total _______________ ________ 4. Firm's scheduled hours: Daily: Begin_______ End .............. Saturday 44 ............... 44 ............. Shifts 44 ................ “ ______ Regular weekly number of days____ Shifts weekly number of periods........ Daily: Begin............... End.............. Saturday 44 _______ 44 ........ . Shifts 44 ................ 44 .............. Regular weekly number of days___ Shifts weekly number of periods___ 5. Overtime or seasonal hours_____ W. O. Total Boys ....................................................................................... Girls............................. _................................... _ Total............................................... ............................... Lunch period............ — •< <« Rest period................ Total (l u Total weekly hours................... ...................... --------- --------- ................. _________ ___ Total shifts weekly hours ................... . Lunch period............... Rest period............... Total Total weekly hours............ Total shifts weekly hours 6. Employment policy: Employment manager.......... Other.......... Records kept.......... Date Agent 7. Halls: Indirect ...... 01............ Nat. It. o. k............. Art. prov............. Other.......... 8. Stairway: Wind Nat. It. Art. It. Hand Nar Rpr. '"Other No. Location Cle. Steep ing adqt. o. k. prov. rl. o. k. row Elevators for operators......................... ............................................................. 9. Workrooms: Describe—Cleanliness—Seats—Ventilation—Crowding 10. Salesroom: Aisles............................................. Tables in center, etc. Describe..................... ................ ............................. ................................................ 11. Natural lighting: Describe—Salesrooms WTorkrooms .......................................................... 12. Artificial lighting: Describe—Salesrooms Workrooms ____________________ ________ 13. Heating system 14.• Ventilation: Salesrooms. 15. Sanitation: a. Drinking facilities: ........ Bblr. ........ San.......... Tank____ Cooler...... . Used by workers only___ Faucet....... Other...... . Cup common___ Indiv...... . Kind— b. gashing facilities: For workers only----For public and workers........ Where located........ Clean ------ By whom___ Freq.......... Hot water___ Soap___ Towels c. Toilets: Kind........ For workers only ___ For workers and public........ Location__— Screened........ Room ceiled----- Nat. Vent......... Nat. light........ Art. light....... Clean.—. By whom....... Freq.----- Number of seats........ No. of seats per woman...... . 76820°—26------ 8 106 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 16. Lunchroom: combined with.......... Prov._____ Kind_____ Loc........... Equip, o k._____ Cln- .......... Lt. nat.............. Art.............. Vent, ok............. Prov. food, drink only .......... Cooking convncs._____ Supr........... If none........... * 17. Restroom: combd. with _____ Prov.............. Loc............. Equip, o. k. .......... Cln............ Lgt. nat........... Art........... Vent. o. k._____ Supr............. If none ........... 18. Cloakroom: Combd. with.......... Prov___ ... Loc...........1 Conv............ Lkr............ Shiv. Hangr............ Wl. hk.------- Seats_____ Clen._____ Lgt. nat............ Art. .......... Vent. o. k. Supr. .......... If none.......... Lkr.............Shiv............ . Hngr............ Wl. hk........... 19. Health service: First aid.......... Dispensary______ 20. Other welfare..................... ......................................... ............ 21. Seats: Type App. suf. No .......... Rules for use.......... Room to pass behind seats and"counters" 11”"”....................... Schedule III This schedule was used for recording the general hour and working conditions data for hotels and restaurants as well as the individual hour schedule for each worker. U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau RESTAURANT SCHEDULE 1. Firm name ---------------- --------- ---------------—... Person interviewed Address........................................................................ Agent....................... 2. Type of restaurant.............................................................................................. 3. Hours open for business: Daily.......... Sunday.......... Extra.......... 4. No. of men................................................. Boys......................................... “ of women.............................................. Girls.......................................... Total .............................................. 6. Location of building________ ________________ _____ ________ ____ Date Total ............... .IIII'II 6. Workroom conditions: (a) General description of use of floors. (6) General impression of workrooms (c) Cleaning (<f) Heating (e) Lighting (/) Ventilation 7. Occupations: Describe general duties of various employees: 8. Sanitation: (a) Drinking facilities (t>) Washing facilities Hot water Soap Towels WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES 107 <e) Toilets— 1. Location............................................................................................................... ......................................... 2. Ventilation......................................._........................................ ___....................11111111111111113111111 3. Lighting: Daylight....................................................... Artificial .................3111133111131111111111 4. Screened from workroom.................................................................... ....................................................... 5. Describe: Ventilation—Cleanliness—Cleaned when and by whom—Type of toilet—Type of seat_________ ______ ____ ____ _____ ____________________ _____ _____________ ________ 6. No. of seats.......... No. of seats per woman_____ (d) Uniforms: Supplied____required........... laundering 9. Service and welfare facilities: (a) Lunchroom ............................................................................ (6) Rest room. (c) Cloakroom and locker facilities (d) Health service: Medical examination.......... Health record.......... first-aid equipment (e) Other welfare equipment................................................................................................................. . 10. Employment management: (g) Hiring and discharge centralized Other............ ........................................... (b) Record kept.................................... (c) ............................................................. Establishment. Worker...............................-........................ Race................. Occupation Hours Meals Total hours Sunday. Monday. Tuesday Total weekly............................. ■Worker. Race................ Occupation Hours Meals Total hours Wednesday. Thursday-Friday........ Saturday... Total weekly Worker. Race . Occupation % 108 WOMEN IN ILLINOIS INDUSTRIES Hours Meals M M 12 1 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 On duty Off duty Total hours Sunday.............. Monday............ Wednesday___ Thursday.......... Friday............... Saturday........... _ Total weekly Date Agent Schedule IV Day-by-day-record of time worked was taken on this card, one card being used for each woman employee. U. S. Department Labor, Women's Bureau of Firm......................................................................... City..............................................................................._................ Employee......................................................................... ............................................... ........................ Day Night Occupation..... ................................................................................................... ............................................. T-P-B Product.............................................................................................. ......................................... ...................................... Week ending Sun Mon. Wed. Tues. Agent................... ................................................................ Thurs. Fri. Sat Total. Date Schedule V This card was distributed in the plant to be filled out by each woman employee. U. S. Department Establishment of Labor, Women's Bureau Employee's No. Department Name.................................... ....................................................................... Address Single, married, widowed, separated, Country of birth............................. ................................... ...................... How old were you when you began to work for wages................... How long have you been in this trade or business..................... . How long have you been working for this firm................................ What is your regular work here. ........................................................ Schooling—last grade completed........................................................................................................................................ Do you live with your family..................... W ith other relatives ........................................................................... Do you board or room with persons not relatives ...................................................................................................... V O PUBLICATIONS OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU [Any of these bulletin! will bo sent free of ohargt upon request] No. 1. Proposed Employment of Women Daring tbe Wor In the Industrie* of Niagara Falls, N. T. No. 2. No. 8. No. 4. No. S. No. 6. No. 7. No. 8. No. 9. No. 10. No. 11. No. 12. No. 13. No. 14. No. 15. No. 16. No. 17. No. 18. No. 19. No. 20. No. 21. No. 22. No. 23. No. 24. No. 25. No. 26. No. 27. No. 28. No. 29. No. 30. No. 31. No. 32. No. 23. No. 34. No. 36. No. 86. No. 37. No. 38. No. 39. No. 40. No. 41. No. 42. No. 43. No. 44. No. 45. No. 46. No. 47. Nt>. 48. No. 49. No. 50. ■ IS pp. 1918. Labor Laws for Women to Industries In Indiana. 29 pp. 191S. Standards for the Employment of Women In Industry. 7 pp. 1919. Wages of Candy Makers In Philadelphia In 1919. 46 pp. 1919. The Eight-Hour Day in Federal and State Legislation. 19 pp. 1919. The Employment of Women In Hazardous Industries in the United States. 8 pp. 1910. Night Work Laws in the United States. 4 pp. 1919. Women in the Government Service. 37 pp. 1920. Home Work in Bridgeport, Conn. 35 pp. 1920. Hours and Conditions of Work for Women in Industry in Virginia. 32 pp. 1920. Women Street Car Conductors and Ticket Agents. 90 pp. 1920. The New Position of Women in American Industry. 158 pp. 1920. Industrial Opportunities and Training for Women and Girls. 48 pp. 1929. A Physiological Basis for the Shorter Working Day for Women. 20 pp. 1921. Some Effects of Legislation Limiting Hours of Work tor Women. 26 pp. 1921. See Bulletin 40. Women’s Wages in Kansas. 104 pp. 1921. Health Problems of Women in Industry. (Reprint of paper published in the Nation's Health, May, 1921.) 11 pp. 1921. Iowa Women in Industry. 73 pp. 1922. Out of print. Women In Rhode Island Industries. 73 pp. 1922. Women in Georgia Industries. 89 pp. 1922. The Family Status of Breadwinning Women. 43 pp. 1922. Women in Maryland Industries. 96 pp. 1922. Women in the Candy Industry in Chicago and St. Louis. 72 pp. 1923. Women in Arkansas Industries. 86 pp, 1923. The Occupational Progress of Women. 37 pp. 1922. Women’s Contributions in the Field of Invention. 51 pp. 1923. Women In Kentucky Industries. 114 pp. 1923. The Share or Wage-Earning Women in Family Support. 170 pp. 1923. What Industry Means to Women Workers. 10 pp. 1923. Women in South Carolina Industries. 128 pp. 1923. Proceedings of the Women’s Industrial Conference. 190 pp. 1923. Women in Alabama Industries. 86 pp. 1924. Women In Missouri Industries. 127 pp. 1924. Radio Talks on Women in Industry. 34 pp. 1924. Women in New Jersey Industries. 99 pp. 1924. Married Womeh in Industry. 8 pp. 1924. Domestic Workers and Their Employment Relations. 87 pp. 1924. State Laws Affecting Working Women. 65 pp. 1924. (Revision of Bulletin 16.) The Family Status of Breedwinning Women in Four Selected Cities. 144 pp. 1925, List of References on Minimum Wage for Women in the United States and Canada. 42 pp. 1925. Standard and Scheduled Hours of Work for Women in Industry. 68 pp. 1926. Women in Ohio Industries. 136 pp. 1924. Home Environment and Employment Opportunities of Women in Coal-Mine Workers’ Families 61pp. 1925. Facts About Working Women—A Graphic Presentation Based on Census Statistics 94 pp 1925. Women In the Fruit-Growing and Canning Industries in th* State of Washington. (In press.) Women in Oklahoma Industries. (In press.) Women Workers and Family Support. (In press.) Effects of Applied Research Upon th# Employment Opportunities of Amerioen Woman. (In press.) Annual Reports of the Director, 1919,1920. (Out of print.) Annual Reports of the Director, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1928.