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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS. SECRETARY
WOMEN'S BUREAU
MARY ANDERSON, Director
WOMEN'S BUREAU, NO. 26
,WOMEN IN ARKANSAS
INDUSTRIES
,·
A Study of Hours, :Wages, and
Working Conditions
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·
[PUBuc-No. 259-66TH CoNoREss.]
[H. R. 13229.]
An Act To establish in
the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the
Women's Bureau.
Be it enacted by the SeMtte and House of Represen-tatives of the
United States of ll.merwa im Oong111ess a,ssenwled, That there shall be
established in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the
Women's Bureau.
SEO~ 2. That the said_ bureau shall be in charge of a director 1 a
woman, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice
and consent of the Senate, who shall receive an annual compensation of $5,000. It shall be the duty of said bureau to formulate
standards and policies which shall promote the welfare of wageear~ng women, improve t~eir working. conditions, increase their
efficiencL and advance their opportumties for profitable employment. The said bureau shall have authority to investigate and
report to the said department upon all matters pertaining to the
welfare of women in industry. The director of said bureau may
from time to time publish the results of these investigations in such
a manner and to such €xtent as the Secretary of Labor may pre-
. scribe.
.....
SEO. 3. That there shall be in said bureau an assistant director, to
be appointed by the Secretary of Labor, who shall receive an
annual compensation of $3,500 and shall perform such duties as
shall be prescribed by the director and approved by the Secretary
of Labor.
SEO. 4. That there is hereby authorized to be employed by said
bureau a chief clerk and such special agents, assistants, clerks, and
other ·employees at such rates of compensation and in such numbers
as Congress may from time to time provide by appro_priations.
SEO. 5. That the Secretary of Labor is hereby directed to furnish
sufficient quarters, office :furniture, and equipment, :for the work of
this bureau.
SEo. 6.. That this act shall take effect and be in force from and
after its passa_ge.
Approved, June 5, 1920.
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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, SECRETARY
WOMEN ' S BUREAU
MARY ANDERSON, Director
BULLETIN
OF THE WOMEN'S
BUREAU, NO. 26
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS
INDUSTRIES
· A Study of Hours, Wages, and
·Working Conditions
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1923
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ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C,
AT
10 CENTS PER COPY
PURCHASER AGREES NOT TO RESELL OR DISTRIBUTE THIS
COPY FOR PROFIT.-PUB, RES, 57, APPROVED MAY 11, 1922
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CONTENTS.
I. Introduction:
Page.
Scope and method __________________________ ,___________________
2
Conclusions___________ _________________________________________
4
PART
II. Hours :
Weekly hou:rs_________________________________________ _________
Time lost and overtime_________________________________________
Daily hours_________________________________________________
Saturday hours_______________________________________________ _
Hours in telephone exchanges ___________________._____________ ___ _
Hours in hotels and restaurants_____________________________
PART III. Wages:
Week's earnings__________________________________________________
Earnings of negro women______________________________________
Earnings in Fort Smitll__________________________________________
Earnings and houFs___ ____ ___ ___ ____ _______ __ ___ _________ __ ___ __ _
Earnings and experience_________________________ ______ _________
Rates and methods of :payment____________________________________
Year,.s earnings __________________________,______________________
Earnings of telephone ope1rato1·s________________________________
Earnings in hotels and restam·ants_____ __________________________
p ART IV. Working Conditions :
General workroom conditions___________________ ___ _______________
Hazard and strain_____________________________________________
Sanitation______________________________________________________
Service facilities_______________________________________________
PART
V. The Workers:
Nativity___________________________________________________ ______
Age_________ ___ ____ ______ __ _______ ___ ________________ ____________
Conjugal condition and family :responsibilities______________________
Education______ ·----------------------------- ------- ·_____
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18
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35
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PART
59
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TEXT TABLES.
1. Number of establishments inspected and number of white and negro
women employed, by industrY---------~-------------------------
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Scheduled weekly hours, by industry_______________________________
Hours worked less than scheduled, by scheduled weekly hours_____
Scheduled daily hours, by industry---------~------------------ ---Scheduled Saturday hours, by industry_____________________________
Length of lunch period, by industry________________________________
Days worked in the telephone industry-half-monthly period________
Days worked in hotels and restaurants, by occupation_______________
Weekly hours in hotels and restaurants, by occupation______________
10. Scheduled daily hours in hotels and restaurants, by occupation___ ___
III
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3
10
12
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15
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19
20
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IV
CONTENTS.
Pa.ge.
11. Time off duty for meals or rest in hotels and restaurants, by number
of oYerall hours------ ---------------------- -------------------12. Week'·s earnings, by industrY--------------- ----- -------~-------13. Weekly rates, by scheduled weekly hours___________________________
14. Year's earnings of women for whom 52-week payroll records were
secured, by industry______________ ____________ __________________
15. Year's earnings, by weeks worked _________________________________ . :.
16. Week's earniI1gs in hotels and restaurants, by occupation___________
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29
36
39
40
45
GENERAL TABLES.
I. Week's earnings, by industrial group-Fort Smith ____ ____ ~- - --II. Week's earnings, by industrial group--State exclusive of Fort
Smith___________________________________________ __________
III. Week's earnings, by hours worked ______________ ____ _: ________ _: _
IV. Wee.k ' earnings, by days worked____________________ __________
V. Week's earnings, by time in the trade_____________ _____________
VI. Week' earnings of women on time work, on piece work, and on
both time and piece work___________________________________
VII. Number of women on time work, ·on piece work, and on bOth time
and piece work, by industry __________ :______________ _________
VIII. Earnings ancl rates, all industries___________ __________________
IX. Week's rates·, by industry_______________________________ ______
X. Earnings for half-month period in the telephone industry, by days
worked____________________ ___ ________________ _____________
XI. Extent to which Sunday or night work affects earnings in . the
telephone industry-120 women receiving more than straight
. rate for 13 days' work ( one company)----------------------XII. Earnings and rates for half-month period in the telephone industry ________________________________________________ ·_
XIII. Earnings for half-month period in the telephone industry, by time
in the trade___________________________________________ ____
XIV. Week's earnings in hotels and restaurants, by hours worked_____
XV. Week's earnings in hotels and restaurants, by days worked______
XVI. Weekly wage rates in hotels and restaurants, by accommodations
in the form of room and meals furnished by employer________
XVII. Week's earnings in hotels· and restaurants, by time in the trade_
XVIII. Nativity of the women employees who supplied personal information, by industry________________________________________
XIX. Age of the women employees who supplied personal information,
by industry ___________________________________________ _____ ·
XX. Conjugal condition of the women employees who supplied personal
information, by industry_______________________________ _____
XXI. Living condition of the women employees who supplied personal
information, by industry____________________________________
XXII. Living condition of the women employees who supplied personal
information, by week's earnings_.:.___________________________
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
u. s.
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
wOME N ' S B REAU,
Washington, August 17, 1922.
Sm : I am submitting a report on an investigation of hours,
wages, and working condition of women in industry in the State
of Arkansas. A request for such a survey was made by the commissioner of labor and statistics of that State, because, while Arkansas i not large indus.trially, it is constantly growing in importance in this field, and it w~s the desire of the commissioner that this
investigation should give data on the workinJ:?; conditions of the
women now employed.
This survey was made by Miss Caroline Manning and Mrs. Ethel
L. Best during February and March, 1922. Valuable assistance
was given by the commissioner of labor. The report was written
by Mrs. Best, and a manuscript copy submitted to the commission
on labor and statistics.
Very respectfully,
MARY ANDERSON'
Director.
HoN. JAMES J. DAvr ,
Secretary of Labor.
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PART I.
INTRODUCTION.
·T his study of the hours, wages, and working conditions of women
in Arkansas was made at the request of the commissioner of labor
and statistics o:f that State, who realized that the well-being of working women is of vital importance to the public welfare and that information regarding the conditions under _which the women of Arkansas work should be collected and made available.· In fact, the
duties of the commissioner of labor and statistics, according to the
law, require that such statistics be collected and published, but an
insufficient force in his bureau renders such a task impossible. Therefore, the assistance of the Women's Bureau of the United States Department of Labor was requested.
The survey extended over a period of two months, beginning February 1, and ending March 31, 1922. Establishments were visited
in 14 cities and towns 1 of the State, and facts were obtained regarding hours, wages, and working conditions of women employed in
manufacturing establishments, stores, laundries, hotels, and restaurants, and telephone exchanges. D ata on hours and wages for telephone operators were kindly :furnished by one telephone company
for the exchanges operating in the towns included in this study.
Similar information was obtained from two other telephone companies operating. in the State.
During the course of the survey the agents of the bureau kept
in close touch with the State bureau of labor and statistics and also
received help from members of the State Federation of Women's
Clubs, the Women's Christian Temperance Union, and the Young
Women's Christian Association. Thanks are due also to the managers of the establishments visited for their courtesy and helpfulness in supplying the desired information.
· According to the most recent census figures, the State of Arkansas
has a total population of 1,752,204, and of this number 36.2 per
cent are engaged in gainful occupations. 2 Exclusive of children
under 10 years of age, who- are not possible workers, nearly one-half
( 48.7 per cent) of the remaining population are gainfully employed.
1 Benton, Blytheville, Camden, Crosette, Eldorado•
, Fort Smith, Helena, Hot Sp·r ings,
Jonesboro, Little Rock, Monticello, Paragould, Pine Bluff, and Texa.J:kana.
2
U. S. Bureau of the Census. Preliminary occupation statistics-Arkansas; 1920.
News release, August 26, 1921.
1
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2
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
By far the largest number of women workers were engaged in agriculture as farmers on geneqtl farms and as farm laborers, either ,
working out or on home farms.3 The second largest number were
employed in domestic and personal service as servants, waitresses,
and laundresses. These two groups contain 74.2 per cent, practically three-fourths, of the women worke·r s of the State. In contrast to the large number of workers on farms and in domestic and
personal service is the small number of those engaged in manufacturing and-in stores. In 1919 there were 3,123 manufacturing establishments in the State, and 1,791 of these ( 57.3 per cent) employ
only from one to five people. 4 This large proportion of small estab~
lishments would seem to indicate a young and growing industrial life.
In Massachusets, where manufacturing has been established for
_more than a century, there is a much smaller per cent (40.4) of establishments with from one to five employees and a large per cent15.3 compared to 5.8 in Arkansas-with more than 50 employees.
Reports of the Bureau of the Census show that women employed in
manufacturing industries in Arkansas have increased between 1910 and
1920 from 1,029 to 2,844, or 176.4 per cent, while in stores the number
of saleswomen has increased 75.6 per cent. 5 These figures plainly
show that women are entering industry in rapidly increasing num~
bers and that problems connected with their employment are assuming increased_ importance in the life of the State. As they are employed more and more in industry the prosperity of Arkansas
will depend to an increasing extent on the working and living conditions provided for them; and for that reason the information
gi, en in the following pages has a very real bearing on the industrial
as -well as the social welfare of the community.
SCOPE AND METHOD OF INVESTIGATION.
This survey was made in February and March, 1922, a period
of cons:iderable economic depression throughout the State which
was due both to the general business depression existing everywhere at tha.t time and to certain local conditions. Industry in
the State as a whole suffered considerably from the combination
of general and local causes. A suri: ey made at such a time would,
therefore, show the effect of depressed conditions in fewer workers
employed, shorter hours worked, and, in some instances, lower wages
paid.
In the study just completed the investigators secured definite
figures as to numbers of employees, hours, wages, and working con1
3 U. S. Bureau of the Census.
Principal occupations in Arkansas; 1920. News release, December 29, 1921.
4 U. S. Bureau of th e Census.
Census of manufactur es ; 1919, Arkansa s, pp. 10, 18.
6 U. S. Bureau of the Census.
Principal occupations in Arkansas.; 1920. News release,
December 29·, 1921.
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e;,._
3
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
ditions through interviews with employers, managers, and foremen,
from inspection of plants, and from examination of pay rolls.
Data were ta.ken personally from pay rolls by the investigators
except in the case of one telephone company. A special form was
used for recording the weekly earnings, rates, and hours of each
woman for a one-week period between the middle of January and
the middle of March, 1922. With this information were combined
the facts obtained from cards filled out by the employees, giving
age, nativity, experience in the trade, and conjugal and living conditions. Individual yearly earnings for a· representative number
of women, usually 10 per cent in each establishment, were recorded
on 52-week schedules. Furthermore, the human side of the situation, the necessary supplement to the data described, was disclosed
by home visits to a number of the women in each industry. Information was obtained about their educational and industrial history as well as their home responsibilities.
The industries included in the investigation, the number of establishments, and the nun:iber of women, white and negro, are shown
in the accompanying table. The group designated "miscellaneous"
in this table comprises several important industries not usually
placed in a miscellaneous group but treated so here because of the ,
small number of establishments visited and the inadvisability of •
separa.te tabulations. 6
.
TABLE
1.-Number of estabUshments inspected and number of w hite an(l negro
icomen employed, by inclustry.
Establishments.
Industry.
Manufacturing:
Candy ......... . .....................•.... . .....................
Drugs ... ... ......•..... •.......................................
Garments...................................................... .
Mattressesd. tents, and awnings ... ...... ... ... .................. .
~~in~~~o~~t;;_aiiuiacturiii°g::::::::::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
Printing and publishing ........................................... .
General mercantile ... . ............. . ................ . ......... .. .. .
5-and-10-cent stores ....................... . ..... ... ......... . ...... .
Laundries ......................................................... .
5
4
3
5
15
14
8
32
11
ii:~tfi:~~'J i:estam-ants·.~:::::::::::::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
23
15
54
Total. ............................ . . . ...... .. . .. . ............ .
189
White
women.
Negro
women.
73
2
13 . ............
252 . ................
66
144 ··········66
130
3
83
-----·······
2,636
4.81
811
13
2
161
230
180
4.44 ··--·-···· · ·
229
217
:
In the 189 establishments for which information was secured, there
were employed at the tirp.e of the survey 2,636 white women and 481
negro women, a total of 3,117. The fact that Arkansas is not primarily an industrial State, but ranks thirty-sixth among the States
o This group consists of cotton-compress and coffee establishments and of industries
manufacturing the following products : Biscuits, tin cans, glass, scissors, mop beads,
cotton yarn, paper boxes, ciga1;s, cotton duck, coffins, - metal beds.
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4
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
in the value of manufactured products,7 is emphasized by the figures
in this table. Only 761 white women were employed in manufacturing establishments, and the_se women _ were scattered through 54
plants. Negro women were employed in manufacturing to an even
less extent than were white women, only 71 of 481 negro women
being found in manufacturing establishments. This small number
of both white and negro women engaged in manufacture was without
doubt partly due to depressed economic conditions, for several establishments reported fewer employees than formerly and in some
'i nstances plants were temporarily closed.
Stores, including both general mercantile and 5-anq.-10-cent stores,
employed the largest number of white women of any group, and
their employees comprised more than one-third (36.9 per cent) of
the entire number of white women included in the survey. Telephone
exchanges, with 444 women, ranked second in importance so far as
numbers are concerned. Of those engaged in manufacturing, the
largest number of white women were employed in garment making
and the largest :Q.Umber of negro women in wood products manu:fac'turing.
Negro women were found in greatest numbers in restaurant and
hotel service and in laundries, both industries akin to domestic
service and requiring but little additional training.
In laundries, white and negro women were generally employed in
the same establishments but u~ually on different work, the white
women being chiefly markers, checkers, mangle operators, starchers,
and menders, and the negro women hand ironers and steam-press
operators.
In hotels and restaurants white women were more frequently found
as waitresses and negro women as chambermaids and kitchen help,
but this grouping was not invariable and in some establishments
work was apportioned regardless of color, white and negro women
working together as chambermaids or as kitchen help.
CONCLUSIONS.
The character of a. State largely determines its business int6r~sts.
In a thickly settled community where land is scarce and high the
manufactures are the principal support of the population. In a
State that is barren and rocky, situated on the sea coast, fishing and
commerce will offer the chief opportunities of support to the people.
A State like Arkansas, however, where the climate is mild and the
land fertile and not yet thickly populated, offers the greatest opportunities in agriculture. It is therefore to be expected that the greatest number of workers should be :found in agricultural pursuits, and
7
Monthly Labor Review, v. 14, No. 3, March. 1922, p. 75.
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WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
that the industries should be those which minister to the needs 0£ a
farming people, such. as stores, telephones, hotels, restaurants, and
laundries, and a group 0£ growing manufactures. The largest industries of the State are lumber and timber-working establishments,
cotton-seed oil, and flour and grist mills, all dependent on thei prod.:. ,
uct of the land and employing but few women.
Owing to these conditions the problems which come with the employment in industrial pursuits of large numbers of women are still
in their inrancy. The laws safeguarding the health and safety of
women workers are comprehensive and satisfactory. The la.w limiting the weekly hours to 54 and the daily hours to 9 is generally obsel'ved. It must be remembered, however, that at the time these
figures were taken there was no pressure of business and therefore
no incentive toward working hours in excess of the legal limitation.
In spite. of this general de'pression, scheduled weekly hours in a. few
stores, manufacturing establishments;, and hotels and restaurants
were longer than the 54 hours permitted by law.
Conditions. as to cleanliness, sanitation, and seating accommodations frequently were unsatisfactory. Both hours and working conditions show the need of an adequate inspecting force, which under
the guidance and supervision of the commissioner will permit of
frequent and careful inspections. Bricks can not be made without
straw, and to expect careful collecting of facts and enforcement of
the laws without providing the means by which these things shall
be accomplished is not only unreasonable but impossible. The will
of the people of Arkansas is shown by their laws; that these laws,
to be thoroughly effective, must have sufficient supervision and en~
:forcement, is shown by the figures presented in this report.
The following summary gives the outstanding facts of the survey.
Extent of survey.
Number of cities and towns included, 14. Number of establishments for which information was secured, 189. Number of women
and girls employed in these establishments, 3,117.
Hours.
Hour· data for 115 plants 8 showed:
W eekly.-A schedule of 48 hours or less for 11.6
women. A schedule of more than 54 hours for 5.6
women. Hours less than scheduled worked by 29.1
women.
Dawy.-A schedule of less than 9 hours for 48.6
women. A schedule of more than 9 hours for 4.5
women.
8
per cent of the
per cent of the
per cent of the
per cent of the
per cent of the
'l'elephones, hotels and restaurants are not included in this number.
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6
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
Scheduled Saturday hours of less than 6 in 37 .7 per cent of the
manufacturing establishments. Scheduled Saturday hours: the same
as daily ·hours or longer in all stores.
·
The shortest lunch period was 25 minutes; the longest was 1 hour.
Eighty-nine establishments, employing 74 per cent of the women,
had a 1-hour lunch period; 13 establishments, employing 5.8 per cent
·of the women, ha.d 25 or 30 minutes for lunch.
Scheduled hours of all telephone operators ( excluding those who
were on night shifts ) were 8 or 9.
·
In hotels and r ~staurants scheduled weekly hours were more than
54 for 28.4 per cent of the women, and scheduled daily hours were
more than 9 for 10.9 per cent of the women.
·Wages.
Wage data for 120 plants showed:
Weelcly.-Median earnings for white women were $11.60, for negro
women $8.85.
Highest earnings for white women were in the printing and pub·1ishing industry, with a median of $15.65.
Highest earnings for negro women were in laundries, with a
.median of $9.35.
Lowest earnings for negro · women were in wood products manufacturing, with a median of $4.80.
Yearly .-Median earnings for white women were $698 and for
negro women $450.
E~ings in 15 telephone ewohanges.-Median earnings for a halfmonth period for telephone operators were $28.05. ·
Earnings in 54 hotels ancl restaurants-Median weekly earnings
for white women were $9.65 and for negro women $7.85.
Workroom conditions.
General workroom conditions in 120 plants were reported as
follows:
Cleaning arrangements unsatisfactory in 26 plants.
Heating unsatisfactory in some respect in 19 plants.
Ventilation not sufficient in 34 plants.
Natural lighting decidedly inadequate in 17 plants.
Artificial lighting unsatisfactory in 26 plants. ·
Seats not provided in 13 establishments; seats either insufficient
in number or makeshifts in 27 establishments.
Fire hazards, such as doors opening in and obstructed passageways, were frequently found, and 26 buildings had insufficient stairways or exits; 11 establishments were decidedly inadequate in equip- ·
ment for fire prevention.
Occupational hazards, often only slight, were reported in 32 establishments, and occupational strain was reported in 52 establishments.
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WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
Sanitation.-Common drinking cups were found in 63 establishments.
Washing facilities were lacking m 6 establishments and unsatisfa ctory ( without individual towels, soap, or hot water) in 115
establishments.
Toilets were insufficient in number (more than 15 women to 1
seat) in 80 establishments, and unsatisfactory as t o cleanliness in 49
establishments. Men and women used the same accommodations in
21 establishments.
Service facilitie s.-0£ 120 plants reported, there were no cloakrooms in 50 establishments, no restroom facilities in 108 .establishments, no lunchroom in 108 establishments, no first-aid equipment
in 63 establishments, no centralized agency for employment in 22
establishments.
The workers.
The number of foreign born was 18 in a total of 2 1634- women.
The age of the largest number of white women was 20 to 25 years,
and of the largest number of negro women 30 to 40 years.
Over one-half (54.5 per cent) of the white women but less than
one-third (30.4 per cent) of the negro women were under 25 years
of age.
Women who were or had been married comprised 50.2 per cent of
· the 2,518 women reporting.
The women who lived at home comprised 83 per cent of t he total
number reporting on livin·g conditions.
One-half of the 58 women reporting on schooling had finished
grammar school. One-half had left school between the ages of 14
and 16 years.
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PART II.
HOURS.
In a study of the hours of labor in different establishments certain
facts are of special significance: The maximum hours of labor as
fixed by the laws of the State, the scheduled hours of the firms investigated, and the hours actually worked by the employees in these
establishments during a definite payroll period. The Arkansas State
law sets a maximum of 54 hours a week and 9 hours a day for women
" employed in any manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, laundry, or by an express or transportation company, in
this State." 9 All but five States in the Union have enacted legislation limiting in one or more industries the number of daily and
weekly hours which women may work. Exclusive of Arkansas, 13
States have a 54-hour weekly limitation and 12 States a 9-hour day.
Changes in legislation during the past ten years show the increasing
demand for a shorter day. Ten years ago only one State had an 8hour law for women, while now 8 States, the District of Columbia,
and Porto Rico have such a limitation.
The Arkansas law, although declaring for a straight 9-hour day,
permits the industrial commission to grant exemption " to any industry engaged in handling products, such as canning factories and
candy factories," where the enforcement of the law would work
" irreparable harm." 1 0 It is, however, specified that time and a half
shall be paid for hours worked in excess of a 9 a day and that the
number of days on which overtime is worked shall not exceed 90 in
any one year. An exception to the law is found in the case of cotton factories which are especially exempted from inclusion in any
limitation of hours.11 The heat, noise, lint, and constant standing
render work in textiles especially fatiguing and there would seem
to be no reason why this group of workers should be exempt from
the protection of the hour la-w.
The hour legislation of Arkansas was enacted in 1915 and has
therefore been in force for seven years. The personnel of the bureau
of labor and statistics has been too small to allow of frequent inspections, which accounts for the fact that occasionally plants were
11 Annotated digest of the lab-Or laws of the State of Arkansas ••• 1919', p. 34.
Issued by the Arkansas Bureau of Labor and Statistics.
10 Op. cit., p. 35.
u Op. cit., p. 36.
9
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10
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
found whose daily or weekly hours were iri excess of those permitted
by law.
In the following discussion it must ·be remembered that the hours
given are those scheduled in the plant and not necessarily the hours
actually worked by each woman. The scheduled hours represent the
normal hours o:f the establishments and do, not take into account
overtime or time worked les than the normal schedule. They give
correct picture of the plans of the industry or establishment reporting and they show the prevailing standards for periods of nor- ·
mal operation. Because of the irregularities and special problems
eonnected with hours of work in telephone exchanges, restaurants,
and hotels, hours in such establishments are discussed separately in
this report .
a
WEEKLY HOURS.
Four factors govern to a great extent the number of hours established by the management as scheduled or normal hours : First, the
legal limitation in the State ; second, the practice in the industry;
third, the custom in the city or town where the establishment is
located; and fourth , the personal standard of the employer.
· The scheduled weekly hours in Arkansas shovyn in the following
table illustrate the fact that legislation often lags behind the standard set by mutual agreement or individual action of the employers.
TABLE
2.-Sch ediil ecl weekly hoitrs, by indits try.
Number of establishments and number of women whose
weekly hours wereNumber
reported.I
Industry.
48hours and
uncfer .
Over 48 and
under 54
hours.
54 hours.
Over 54 hours.
- - -- - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - -1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Manufacturing:
Candy ........... .. . .. ... .
Drugs ....... .. .... . ...... .
Garments . . .. .. . ......... .
Mat tresses, tents, and
awnings .... .. .......... .
Wood products ... . .. .. . .. .
Miscellaneous manufacturing ...... .. . .. ... . ... .
-Printing and publishing . .. . . . .
General mercantile . . ...... .. . .
5-and-10-cent stores ....... . ... .
Laundries ... ................. .
5
4
3
5
75 ............. .
13 .... .. ... ····-- 25<::
1
101
i
2
66
2
4
2
~
19
3
56 •••••• • ... . .. .
13 .... .. ........ ·• ··•·· ···•· ••
151
rn
~
1~~
2 •• .. 13
14
202
14
8: ..... ..... ..... ii ... .625..... i3. ... is.3. ·-···g· ..... iii
8
32
11
19
133
4
10
~
~
163 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
363
2
30
6
39
2
2
1
11
11
9
15
27
2
57
152 ... ...... .. .. .
286
2
36
1 - - - - 1 - -- t -- - J - - - - i - - - t - - -1- - - - - - - 2
906
T otal....................
115 2, 174
Per cent distribution . .... . ... . 2100. O 100. O
17
14. 8
252
11. 6
32
28. 7
894
41. 1
53
46. 1
41. 7
15
13. 0
122
5. 6
1 Excludes five establishments with hours irregular or unobtainable.
2 Details add to more than total because two establishments, not employing all their women the same
hours, appear in more than one group .
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,....-
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
11
According to Table 2, over one-half ( 52.7 per cent) of the woIYlen
and 42.6 per cent of the establishments were scheduled for shorter
weekly hours than the 54-hour limit fixed by law. However, the
largest group of workers .( 41.7 per cent of the total number) and
the largest group of the plants ( 46.1 per cent) were in the 54-hour
division. Fifteen plants, employing 122 women, had weekly hours
in excess of the legal maximum, but two of these were cotton mills
exempt in · the law from any restriction on working hours. The
largest group of establishments with scheduled hours of more than
54 a week was composed of stores. This group, however, can
hardly be considered significant, as it is obvious that they were all
small establishments, the total number of women employed in the
nine stores being only 16-not quite two women to a store. It is
important to note that no 5-and-10-cent stores were in this longesthour group and that no store of any sort had hours as short as 48.
The printing and publishing industry is conspicuous as being the
only one with no example of scheduled hours in excess of 48 a
week. Garment· and drug manufacturers had the next shortest
schedules, with none so long as 54 hours.
Time lost and overtime.
The actual number of hours worked does not always correspond
with the scheduled hours. There are avoidable and unavoidable causes both within the plant and resting with the worker which either
decrease or increase the hours of the individual. The total number
of women for whom were reported the actual number of hours
worked in a giv~n week and those who worked less than their regular or scheduled hours are shown in Table 3.
18060°-23-2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1-l
t,O
TABLE
3.-H01tr s w orked zes-s than sahed1tled, by scheduled weekly hours.
Scheduled w eekly hours.
Number of
women working less than
scheduled
hours.
Number of
women
reported.
Number of women working less than scheduled hours to the extent of-
1 and
Under under
2
1 hour.
hours.
White. Negro. White. Negro.
2and
under
3
hours.
3 and
under
4
hours.
4and
under
5
hours.
44 and under 45... ..................................
169 . . . . . . . .
42 . . . . . . . .
1
2
1
1
7
45 and under 46.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ........
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
::~:~!L::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
ig :~~::~:~ gL::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
51 an d under 52.....................................
~:~~
138
52 and under 53.... . .. . . .. ..... .. ...... ..... . ...... .
356
204
g~:~t~~~:~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
M
4sr
under 56.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
under 57. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
under 58... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
under 59 ..... . . . ... .. .. . .. . ............ ............ . .
under 60............ . . . .. .... . ......... ......
17
over ........... .. . ... _. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
T otal.. ...... ....... ....... .. ...... . . ... . .....
hours.
lOand 15 and 20and 25and
under under under under
15
20
25
30
hours. hours. hours. hours.
30
hours
and
over.
14
6
7 ........
2
1 .................................... . . . .
1,477
:::::::: ..... .2. ···--·s· ...... i. ······3· ...... 5....... i.
1
:::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::
~
16 ...... i. :::::::: :::::::: ...... i' ········
2
28 .............. 5....... i ....... i.
9
4
58
1 ........ ........
2 ........
63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1f
······o· ......
4
3
22
21
o! .....
6
8
13
1
1
11
8
11
9
69
13! ·····50· :::::::: ·· ·· ··2·
2...... ia·
ia· ..... i4 ...... ia· ······1· ...... ii
................................ .............. .. ................ . . ....... . . ...... . ...... ....................... .
... . .... . ......... . .... . ....................................................................................... .
.... ...... .. .. . .. . ........................................................ . .................................... .
............... . ... .... . .. ... .. ..... ................. .. ........................ . ................... . ........... .
12
15
12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
8
9
1
3
1
3
34
4
1
2
1
10
3
2
2
9
97
394
64
10
15
White women.................................... . . ... ..... . . . . . . . . ........ . .. . . . . .
10
6
15
Negro wom en .... . .... . . ...... ... ... ....... .... .. ...•....... . ..... .. . . ..... ... .. ... . . . .... ... ..... ........ ..
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10
½ ········ ...... i. ····· ··· ······ ·· ········ ··· ····· ···· ···· ·· ···· ·· ········ ········ ········ ········ ········ ··· ····i
48 and under 49... .. . .. ..... ... ..... .... ......... ...
55 and
56 and
57 and
58 an d
59 and
60 and
5and
under
8
34
190
34
47
30
31
53
32
157
33
25
9
39
8
28
30
1
47
6
2
2
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
13
In this table two things are conspicuous: The considerable number of women who worked less than their scheduled time (29.1 per
cent) and the many women among those who worked less than
scheduled hours who lost from 5 hours to 30 or more during the week
(84.1 per cent). As a rule the womell: who lost time did not lose a
couple of hours a week, but from half a day to three or more days,
an amount of time that would very seriously affect their weekly
wage. In one establishment girls were asked to take one day a week
"vacation," while in another plant there had not been a full week
worked for four months. It is impossible to determine how much of
the lost time wa~ due to business depression and how much to other
causes, but a comparison of the 84.1 per cent losing 5 hours or more
with the corresponding figure for Rhode Island, 52.1 per cent obtained in 1920, a period prosperous over the entire country, would indicate that the figure for Arkansas is too large to be due to purely
local or personal reasons. The candy industry had the greatest number of women who lost time, 52 of the 60 women, all but two of them
losing 5 hours and over.
Very few women were ·found during the period taken who had
worked more than their scheduled hours. Only 26 women of the
1,574 worked overtime, and 13 of these worked less than two hours
beyond their schedule in the week recorded. The greatest amount
of overtime was worked by two women employed in printing establishments, who worked :from 5 to 10 hours extra. Thirteen of the
26 women who worked over-time were in garment manufacturing,
but none of these worked as much as five hours in excess of their
weekly schedule.
The fact that business conditions were depressed doubtless
lessened the number of women who normally would have worked
overtime. Frequently, when the management was asked about overtime work, the reply would be "none in the past year," and in
several laundries where formerly extra hours were worked the
women in .the past year or two had adhered to the regular schedule.
DAILY HOURS.
Daily scheduled hours are fully as important as weekly hours, if
not more so. The weekly hours may adhere strictly to a 54-hour
schedule and yet, if the daily limitation is not observed, a woman
may work such exhausting hours on one day that even short
hours on the following will not give sufficient opportunity for her
to recover. In one establishment where this occurred a girl complained of the fact and said, "It doesn't seem right to work too much
for two days and then no work the next; it would be so much easier
divided."
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
14
WOMEN IN ARKA'NSAS INDUSTRIES.
The daily limitation of hours in Arkansas is nine. · The following
table shows that nearly one-half of the women ( 48.6 per cent) had
scheduled hours less than these, but that the largest g·roup of women,
1,019, and the greatest number of plants, 73, had a nine-hour day ,
the legal limitation.
TABLE
4.-Schecluled clwily hours, by industry.
Number of establishments and number of women whose
daily hours wereNumber
reported.
Over 8 and
under 9 hours .
8 hours.
Industry.
9 ·h ours.
Over 9 hours.
Estab- Wo Estab- Wo- Estab- Wo- Estab- Wo- Estab- W olishlishlishlishlishments. men. ments. men. ments. men. ments. men. ments. men.
-Manufacturing:
g~~L
~::::::::::::::::::
Garments .... . ......... . ..
1
3
101
2
151
1
3
2
1
36
11
4
7
1
10
82
1
2
1
10
1
8
1
624
9
19
133
83
824
163
363
1
17
Total. ..... . .. . ..........
115
Per cent distribution ..... . .... 100. 0
2,174
100.0
15
13.0
214
9. 8
1
2
75
13
252
5
14
66
202
14
8
32
······· ,. ......
1
M~ttresses, tents,andawn1ngs .....................
Wood products . ....... . ..
Miscellaneous manufacturing .................••
Printing and publishing ...•...
General mercantile .... . .......
&-and-IO-cent stores .......... . .
Laundries ........ . ..... . .... . .
5
4
3
11
.. .. ..... -------2 - - - - - - - - - 20
17. 4
843
38. 8
3
56
1
16
3
30
175
2
.. ... ia
51
13
64
4
13 ...... . . .......
----··· ......... ·· ····- --·····
10
* .. ·--io4 ·
····20·
10
1$
73
63.~
1
154 .... ...
346 --···-·
1,019
46. 9
5
--- ····
- 17
- ---------98
6.1
4.5
One establishment employs 15 women between 10 and 11 hours, and one emplclys 42 women 11 hours.
Excludes 5 establishments with hours irregular or unobtainable.
,
:
It is surprising to find any scheduled hours of mor,e than the legal
length, and yet seven firms, two of them cotton mills and therefore
exempt, had regular hours of more than 9 a day. One of the textile
establishments, employing 15 women, had hours between 10 and 11,
and one employing 42 women had an 11-hour schedule. Besides the
textile manufacturing establishments, one store and four :factories
had scheduled hours longer than the legal maximum. The inadequacy of a State law which £ails to protect one group of its women
and does not provide for frequent inspection to protect the others,
is illustrated by those 98 women working long hours. The garment
and printing trades were the only ones that had all establishments
with daily scheduled hours under 9 and, with the exception of one
plant employing 1 woman, all printing plants had an 8-hour day.
Saturday hours.
~s a rule Saturday hours are not the same as those worked Monday to Friday. Manufacturing establishments generally have a
shorter day and mercantile establishments a longer one on Saturday.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5.-Sclieduled, Saturday h01trs, by industry.
TABLE
Number of establishments and number of women whose Saturday hours wereNumber
reported.
Under 4
hours.
Industry.
d
~
a
0
~
- --
Manufacturing:
Candy .................. .
Drugs ..... __ ........... .
Garments .•.. ___ ........ .
Mattresses, tents, and
awnings .... __ -·--·---Wood products. __ ...... .
Miscellaneous manufac•
turing ______ .. __ . _. .. __
Printing and publishing..... _
General mercantile ..... _.... _
5-and•lO-cent stores ......... .
Laundries .••................
5
4
3
5
14
14
8
32
11
19
/4
~~
,o d
al~
~a
ril
-- -
4 and under
5 and under
6 hours.
6 and under
7 hours.
~
/4rn
~-
5 hours.
a
z~
~
~
ril
~
0
d
~
0
i~ ::::::: ::::::: ···--2· ·····1·
252 . .•.... .•.•.•.
.
O!~
d
a ~~
~a
~
3
252
~a
al~
1
2
d
~~
~
a
,Q d
al~
~s
0
~
ril
i:i~
a
0
~
16 ······- ·······
7 and under
8 hours.
/4
~~
,o d
al~
~a
ril
1
/4
d
~.ri
,o d
~
a
al~
~a
0
~
ril
,0 d
~
""I
3 .•...•. ..••••.
26 ....•....•..•••...... ···•·•· .....•. •··•···
13 .......••...•....•... •······
1
3
133 . . . . . . . . . . • • • .
3
10
4
64
2
16
3
8: ::::::: ::::::: ..... ~ ......~. ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: :::::::
~ig
/4
~.ri
a
0
under
10 hours.
al~
~a
3
d~
10 and under 11 hours and
11 hours.
over.
/4rn.
:.::l~
a
.Od
~
ril
0
al~
~a
.cl
~~
d
~
a
.0 d
al~
~a
0
~
ril
d~
s0
~
--- - - - ----
56 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
6 ······- ••••••••••••••••••• •• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• •••••••
2
2
Total. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 115 2 2,161
Per cent distribution of
women ................... _ ...... _ 100. 0
d
~
9 and
.............. --·,···· ······-······· ····················· ····················· ..................... .
202
66
and under
9 hours. ·
11
2
11
3
13
2
29
186
27 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••••••
~
g~
15
147
9
6.8
0.4
··--22· ···110· ·····4· .....f .... T ...... 6
::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ··---i· ··--i1· ::::::: :::::::···········ii ..... -~ ......~. ~~
13
309
14. 3
8
103
4.8
2
16
20
o. 7
0.9
m::::::: ::::::: ::::::: :::::::
4
6
0.3
1 Excludes 5 establishments with hours irregular or unobtainable. Details add to more than total because 2 establishments, not employing all their women the same hours
appear in more than one group.
2 Excludes 13 women not working on Saturday in a laundry whose other women worked 9 hours.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
..
16
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
Of the manufacturing establishments included in this survey over
one-third (37.7 per cent) reported a short day-that is, one of less
than 6 hours-on Saturday. The opposite condition was reported
in stores and laundries, where all of the stores and all but two laundries had 8 hours or more on Saturday. Most stores were open
throughout the evening on Saturday, and in order not to exceed the 9hour limitation the women worked in shifts of 9 hours each. In 5and-10-cent stores the shift arrangement was planned most carefully
and no establishment was found where girls worked more than 9 hours.
Most of the stores in the general mercantile group used this same
method, but nine stores were reported as having a day longer than
9 hours and four as employing six girls 11 hours and over.
Lunch period.
The scheduled daily hours, as given in the foregoing pages, are
exclusive of the lunch period, which, according to the Arkansas law,
must be not less than 45 minutes.
TABLE
6.-Length of lunch period, by industry.
Number ·
reported.
Number of establishments and number of women with
lunch period as specified.
25 or 30
minutes.
Industry.
40 or 45
minutes.
50 minutes.
1 hour.
Estab- w o- t - - - c -- -i - - - - , - - - 1- - - - , - - - 1 - - - - , - - lish- men.
W omW om- EJJ::>- W omments.
EJ;~~- w omments. en. ments. en- ments. en. ments. en.
~~;~!r
Manufacturing:
Candy ............. . ..... .
Drugs .................... .
Garments ................ .
Mattresses, tents, and awnings .................... .
Wood products .......... .
Miscellaneous manufacturing ........... _.... __ _
Printing and publishing ...... .
General mercantile .......... ;.
5-and-10-cent stores ........... .
Laundries .................... _.
5
4
3
75
2
16 . . ..... .. ..... ... . ... .... .•.
5
14
14
8
32
11
18
4
59
13
2
7 ...................•• ·•··•·•
2
6
252 . . ..... .. ... . .
3
252 ...••••••••••••••••••••.••••
133
2
21
1
11 .........••.•.
3
73
3
62 .•...........•
1
1
83 ...•..... • .......•••. ······· .•...•.••...•.
824 ••••••• ••••••• ·•••••· •••••••••••••• ······-
~~ ·····3·
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 114 2, 162
Per cent distribution of women . . . . . . . 100. o
1
1
~f;~:>-
13
····sii· ..... i. ····:is·::::::::::::::
125
11
5. 8 • . • . . . .
436
20. 2
4
5
9
8
32
11
14
55
103
50
83
824
163
257
1
(2)
Excludes 5 establishments with hours irregular or unobtainable and 1 with lunch period not reported.
Less than 0.05 per cent.
~
The largest number of establishments, including nearly threequarters (74 per cent) of the women, had a lunch period of an
hour's duration. All of the stores and printing establishments gave
an hour for lunch, as did some plants in every industry but garment manufacturing. Of the 13 establishments where the lunch
period was either 25 or 30 minutes, five were plants engaged in the
manufacture of wood products and three were laundries, both industries where the conditions surrounding the worker are fatiguing and
where, therefore, a longer period would be beneficial. The other
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
17
five establishments reporting a shorter "lunch period than that specified in the law were scattered through three industrial groups, candy,
drugs, and miscellaneous manufacturing. In these industries the
shorter lunch period may sometimes be desirable, but no exception
is made for them in the law.
Hours in telephone exchanges.
There are three telephone companies included in this survey in
Arkansas, one of which is large and covers most of the towns and
cities in the State. The two smaller companies each operate in only
one town. For the purposes of this sur-vey, hours, wages, and the
general conditions pre-vailing in the exchanges were recorded, the
last named from direct obser-vation, and hours and wages from figures furnished by the companies. Conditions of work were good,
pleasant rest rooms containing couches and chairs, racks £or coats
and hats, and washing facilities with hot water, soap, and indi-vidual
towels were usually supplied. In the majority of exchanges the
lighting was good, but occasionally the natural or artificial light
was reflected from the black surface o:f the switchboard, causing
considerable strain on the eyes. The seats were usually chairs with
round seats and curved backs, and in most instances the girl's feet
rested on a bar under the switchboard or upon the rungs of the
chairs.
The largest company, employing 396 women, had a 6-day week
and an 8-hour day for most of its employees, although in some of its
smaller exchanges the 9-hour day pre-vailed. One 15-minute relief
was included in each work period, but the lunch period, usually of
1 hour, was not included. Sometimes these daily hours were in a
straight shift, with a break only for lunch, and sometimes in two
shifts with several hours between. The hours of the night operators
varied with different exchanges from 9 to. 10, the 9-hour shift having
a 1-hour lunch period and the 10-hour shift having an allowance of
2 hours for lunch.
Hours in the two smaller 12 companies were longer. One had a
9-ho1=1r day and a 6-day week for day and night operators, while the
other had a 9-hour day and a 59-hour week, alternating with a 9-hour
day and a 60-hour week. The night operator worked on a 13-hour
schedule 7 nights a week. Her work was, of course, not continuous.
She was busy from 7 to 9 p. m., then had a few calls between 10 _and
11 .and between 6 and 8 in the morning; from 12 to 5 she slept,
"fairly well." This schedule permits of only about 6 hours' sleep,
and with no night off makes a total time on duty of 91 hours a weeka bad arrangement from the viewpoint o:f the wor k, the workers,
and the public. The need for a careful adjustment of hours for
12
One company employed 45 women and the other 3.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
18
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
telephone operators has been pointed out in a number of investigat ions, typical of which is a report on the telephone industry 1 3 pubfahed by the Industrial Commission of New Y ork in 1920, in .which
it was recommended that the number of days be limited to 6 a week,
and that a 7-hour shift be installed for the day and night operators.
This was recommended for the State as a whole and not merely for
the congested centers such as _New York City. The testimony of 26
physicians in Canada appearing before a royal commission in a
hearing at Toronto was unanimous that the telephone industry subjected the operators to great nervous strain and that short hours
with continuous work probably results in less harm than longer
hours where the operator is "expecting and awaiting calls." 14
The effect of nervous strain in an industry is probably shown to
some extent by the amount of time lost, and although there was no
record in Arkansas of actual hours lost by telephone operators, but
only of days, in a half-month period 42.6 per cent of the girls lost
from 1 to 10 days. The greatest number lost only one day, but over
one-third (39 per cent) of those losing time lost from 2 to 6 days
out of a period of 13 working days. Few women had a ,recor1 :-of
working more than their regular number of days. On!y 29 women,
6.6 per cent of the total number, are reported as having worked 14
days in a half-month period of 13 working days.
TABLE
7.-Days u;orlced in the t el,ep hone industry-half-moothly period.
-Number of women.
Extent of undertime and overtime.
Total.
'l'otal working undertime.............. ......... ............... .. . . . . . . . .
1 day. . . .... .... ..... ................. . .............................
2 days . ............... ............ .. .. . _... _. _. .. _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 days .. ___. ... ..... .. _.. . .. _. _.. . _.... __ .. . __.... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 days _. ........... _. . ___ . ___ . __ . ___ .. _. . ______ .. ______ . __ . _.... __ . .
5 days .... . ....·.... .. ... ....... __ .... __.. _......... __ ..... ..... __ .. .
189
102
36
17
11
9
187
2
100
2
36 · ··· ·· ••••
17 ·- ······ ··
11 ... . . .... .
~
2 ··--·· ····
~im::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
8 days .... ........ _______ ___ . _. . _______ ._._ . . ___________ . ____ .. _. __ .
9 days ..... __ .... . .... __ ....... __ ........ _... _....... .. .. . .... . _....
.;~~~~i1l~iii~id~tia~j: :: :::::: :::: :: ::::: :::: :::: ::: :::: ::: ::: :: :::: :
13-day
14-day
schedule. schedule.
5
3
2
~!
9 ··· ·· ••·• •
2
5
3
2
···· ··•·••
.. · · · · •·• •
........••
......... .
223
29
3
- - - f - - -1-- - - Grand total._ .. . . _. _. .. ....... ... . ... . ...... . .. . ...... .. . ...........
444
439
5
Hours in hotels and restaurants.
The present survey included the hours and wages of women in
hotels and restaurants, but the conditions surrounding their work,
such as cleanliness, the provision of uniforms, rest, and sanitary
13 New York State Departm ent of Labor.
Bu reau of Women in Industry. The · telephone indu try. Special Bul. 100, 1920, p. 5.
14 Canada-Tor onto
Telephone Commi.ssion. Report of the Royal Commission on a
di sput e. affecting hours of employm ent between. the Bell T elephone Co. Ltd., and ope·r ato•r s
at Toro,n,to, Ontario. Ottawa, 1907, p. 65.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES .
:facilities, although important, could not be properly recorded in
the short time available for a study of the entire State, which in·clude<l so many other groups of women. Workers in hotels and restaurants have in the past been so closely associated in the public
mind with domestic service as to have inherited the lack of standardi·zation distinctive o:f that type of occupation. "The attention of
the hotel management, so far, has been directed toward standards of
service to the public. It has only begun to think of standardization
of conditions of employment for workers" is the opinion of the Consumers' League of New York State, which lias recently made an investigation of conditions in hotels. 15 The State of Arkansas, through
its minimum wage and maximum hour commission, has endeavored
to regula_te hours in hotels and restaurants for women by an order
issued May 20, 1919, whereby -" no female shall be employed or be
permitted to work in any hotel or restaurant in the State more than
9 hours in any one day, or more than 54 · hours in any one week, or
more than six days in any one week." 16 The allowance of one day
of rest in seven was found by the managements difficult to arrange,
· especially in small establishments, but that such a regulation is practicable is shown by the fact that such a provision is required in
seven States and the District of Columbia.17 Indeed, in a number of
hotels in Arkansas, the 9-hour day ~nd six-day week was being observed successfully, one hotel keeper having remarked to an investigator that although the six-day week has added somewhat to his expenses for labor, he felt more than compensated in the spirit of appre. ciation shown by his employees.
T ABLE
8.-Days worked in hotels and restaurants, by occupation.
Occupation.
Number of women who
worked during the
weekSix days. Seven days.
Housekeeper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Linen girl... . . ............. ... .... .. ... ... . .. . ................ .. .. .... ... . ..... .
Maid.. ....... . .. ... . .. .................... .. . . .. .... .. . .. .. ......... ............
1
9
1
i~tfr~ss:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .........1455.
Counter girl........... .. ..... . . .... ...... . .. .. .................................. ·
P antry girl... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Cook . .... .... ........ ... ... ... ..... . ... . . .. . ... .. . . ........................ ... ............. .
~~~~~ete~~:::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
~~
Telephone operator .. _. .. . ........................................................
12
Elevator operator ... ....... ..... .. .... . .... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . . ....... .. ... . ......... . ... . ... .
Chambermaid. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Total. ..... ........... .. . .... .. ... ............ .... . .. . . ............... . ... .
15
176
5
2
8
24
6
16
15
19
15
6
5
118
239
,Consumers' League of New York. Behind the scen es in a hotel. New York, 1922_ p. 5.
1..nnotated digest of labor laws of the State of .Arkansas. 1919, p. 36. I ssued by
the .Arkansa Bureau of Labor an d Statistics.
17 Colo,r a do, California, Delaware, North Dakota, P e1msylvan ia, Wa shington , .Arkan sas,
and District of Columbia.
'16 •
0
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20
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
In Arkansas less than one-half ( 42.4 per cent) o:f the women employed in hotels and restaurants had a 6-day week. A majority
(67.2 per cent) of the office girls, waitresses, and counter girls had
a 6-day week, but among chambermaids, cleaners, cooks, pantry
girls and kitchen help, and elevator girls the 7-day week predominated. All of the cooks and most of the kitchen help had the long
week, and of the chambermaids, who constituted the largest single
group investigated, over three-quarters (78.1 per cent) worked 7
days a week. Frequently the work on Sunday was so arranged that
the maid would be free to leave at one or two o'clock in the afternoon, but no day during the week was entirely free. The remark of
one of the women who said, "It would be so nice to stay home a
~ay, and rest and get caught up," showed that the need for a day off
was realized.
Table 9 shows that the total number of hours worked varied from
less than 44 worked by 37 women to 75 hours and over worked by 11.
TABLE
9.-Weelcly hours in hotels ancl restaurants, by occupation.
Number of women whose weekly hours wereNumber 1 - - - - , . - - - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - , - - - , - - - - - . - - - . . , . - - - , - - - - , - - - - , - - - - - , - - -
Occupation.
;~-
Over
Over
Over
Over 65
70
~
«
~
M
ro ~ ~
~
reder
« and . 48 and M and 60 and under under hours
port- « hours. under hours. under hours. under hours. under 70
and
75
ed. hours.
h;tii-s.
ho~s.
ho~rs.
ho~rs. hours. hours. over.
~
- - - - - - - - l- - -1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Housekeeper... . . . . . .
Linen girl...........
Maid . . .. ,...........
Cleaner ... ...... _. . . .
Waitress.............
Counter ~irl. . . . . . . . .
Pantry girl.·-- ····· ·
Cook .. ······--······
Kitchen help. • • . . . . .
Office help .. _..... ...
T elephone operator..
Elevator.............
Chambermaid. . . . . . .
1
14
3
8
76
20
24
14
34
37
18
5
119
...... ......
7 ......
1 .............................. .. .... ....... ....... ··-·
1
1
4 ... . . .............
1 ............... .. •
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ...... ......
1 ......
1 ....••
8 ..••....•.•.••• •..••• ••..•• • •• ·•••·· •.•••..••. .. ..••. . ..••.••..••••
.....• ......
5
:::::: :::::: .... ~.
4
g
10
~
2 ...... ...... ...... ......
····a":::::: ····6·
·•···· ......
4
1~
5
···i1· :::::: ... ii. ····g·
····s·
47
7 ......
2
1 ...........•
1
1
! .... s. :::::: .... 6. . . . . . . . ... i. . .. "i3
1 ..... . ......
1
~
~ ····i·
4
1
5
13 ·--·~- --- ·~- ..... ~-
9 .•......... .......... ....•...............•
lg
···30· ···22· ...... ····g· ····1· ........... i
- - - - - - - - - 1 - - - ~ - l - - 1 - - ---1---1----1---11--
Total....... . . .
1
373
37 . . . . . .
32
41
51
106
38
36
10
10
11
One works 84 hours.
Seven women with the excessively long hours of 75 or more worked
in the kitchen, three in the pantry, and only one was a chambermaid.
The largest group who reported weekly hours, 106 women, worked
54 hours a week, the legal limitation. While about the same number
were reported in the groups that worked more thari 54 hours, 161
women were in the groups who worked less than 54. Among the pantry girls, cooks, and kitchen help more than one-half (56.9 per cent)
had hours of over 60 a week. Weekly hours may be worked in a
great number of ways, such as a straight 8-hour day with time allowed
_ifor lunch, or a two-shift day of 9 or 10 hours with a break of a
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
couple of hours, or, as frequently was found in the hours of telephone or elevator operators, with alternating long and short days.
The important fact in every case is that the actual hours of work
shall not be overlong, that regular meal periods shall be given, and
that the over-all or total time from beginning to ending work shall
- not extend over too great a period.
Table 10 shows that the scheduled daily hours in hotels and
restaurants ranged from 5 to 12 and over. These hours were in some
cases exclusive of a regular meal period, and in others, where no
regular time off was given, they included of necessity any time spent
by the workers at meals.
r:
1
f
·.,;_:..:t\~H\,
(;I((;• ;· ,Ir
I'
.. \
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
10.-Scheduled daily hours in hotels and restaurants, by occupation.
[See supplementary statement which follows for irregular Sunday hours.]
Occupation.
Number of women whose daily hours wereN u m b e r o f 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - , - - - - - - - - - women reOver l0and 12 hours
Over 9 and
Over 8 and
ported.
5 and under 6 and under 7 and under 8 hours.
wider 12
under 10
10 hours.
under 9
9 hours.
and over.
6 hours.
7 hours.
8 hours.
hours.
hours.
hours.
7-
6-
6-
7-
6-
7-
6-
7-
6-
7-
6-
7-
6-
7-
6-
-7-
6-
7-
6-
7-
6-
7-
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~
- - · l - - - f - - - 1- - - - - -
i~~~~~r:e:::::::::::::::::::::::::
!
1.Iaid................................
1
Cleaner .................................. .
Waitress.. ..........................
53
Cowiter girl.........................
14
Pantry girl...........................
7
Cook ..................................... .
Kitchen help....... .. ... . ...........
15
Office help. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Telephone o:pePator.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
35
Chambermaid.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total.........................
14
13 ... ... ...... ... .. .
1
~ .... i ·
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-
· 1 -- - t - - - -- t - --
l•- - 1- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2 .............................. ······ ......
r } ··.. i · :::::: ....: .
~
1 ... .. . . .. .. . . . ... .
6 . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. .
: : : : : : : .... ~ . : : : : : : ... . ~.
1
4
··:· · · · . · : . . . . : .: · :·:· : · ·: · · · :· · ·:· · ·;:· · ·: · : : : .·:·: : : : :_:; :::l ~ :: : · · :
One woman has every other Sunday off.
Every seventh day 16 workers have a 9½-hour shift.
s One 13-hour day a week for each of 7 workers.
1
2
-
······ ....... ..... ...... ...... ... ... ......
1 ······ .................................... ······ .... . ........................ .
3..................
1 ......
2
1
1 ............
1 ............................................... .
2 . .. .. . ... ... ...... .... .. ...... ...... ... .. .
1 . ..... ......
1 ...... ...... ...... . .. ...
1 ..... .................. .
7 ... ...
1 .....................................••••..••••...............................................•.
1 ...... ...... ...... ......
5
6
4
6
1
1
43
3 ......
1 ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
1
6 ......... .....................
6
4 ......
1 ......
9 ••.......... ............... ...... ... ...........•......
16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2
5
2 ......
3
6 ...... ...... ......
1
1 ......
2
: : : : : : : :: : : : · · · ·i · · -- ·i ·
. •.. ~. . . . . : . : : : : : : .•.•• :
1-4
~
t:,
q
lfl
8
~
!fl
t,,j
WOMEN
23
IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
Simday hours of hotel and restaurant employees hav ing shorter hours on tha.t
day.
.
SEVEN-DAY WEEK.
Number of women whose Sunday hours wereWeek-day hours.
3½ hours. 4 hours.
5 hours .
6 hours. 6½hours. 8 hours. 9½ hours.
5 and under 6.. .. .... .... .... ... .. ... ... . .
1 .............................................. ···6 and under 7.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
4
2 .......................................•
7 and under 8........ . . . . . . . . . . .
1 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. .
L::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::: ........ ~: ....... ~~.
?~ :::::::::: ·· ······2· ::::::::::
Over 9 and under 10..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ............................. .
10.... .. .. . . . . . .......... .. . ... . .. . ... . . .. . . ........ .... . ..... .......... .......... .. ........
1
12 and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a6
1
Total. ................... .
7
12
2
37
3
6
SIX-DAY WEEK.
Week-day hours.
Number of women
whose
Sunday
hours were.
5 hours. 5½hours.
8 hours •.•............ . ..•........ .. ••• •• ••• .. ••.••.. :: •. _..•••••..•• ; •.• . •• •••• . •••• .
1
2
4
8
Five hours on Saturday for 6 women.
One 11-hour day each week for 3 women.
a Seven hours on Saturday.
The greatest number 0£ women ( 59.9 per cent) had hours 0£ either
eight or nine. Slightly over 10 per cent (10.9) reported a day 0£
more than nine hours. In this group of 39 women who worked a
long day all but five had a seven-day week. The nine-hour day was
:found most frequently among the 71 waitresses, of whom 46 had such
a schedule while only 2 had scheduled hours 0£ more than nine.
In the housekeeping department, that is,. among housekeepers, line-nroom girls, maids, cleaners, and chambermaids, hours were shorter
than for either waitresses or kitchen help. The most usual day
was 0£ eight hours duration and among the chambermaids, who
comprised by far the largest group, 84.8 per cent had hours of less
than nine a day. Cooks and kitchen help showed long scheduled
hours, one-half working more than nine hours a day. Most telephone operators and all elevator girls worked an alternate long and
short day. In most cases the long day consisted of nine hours and
the short one of six to seven, but in nine instances the long day was
10 hours, alternating with one of from five to six hours. Four
girls had a maximum day of 12 hours, alternating with one of from
two to three hours.
The hardship of a long day may be increased or lessened by the
length of the work period and the way it is divided. If a. day of
10 hours is broken by a iunch period of an hour, or if a day of 11
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
24
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
or 12 hours has two such rest or meal periods, the strain is considerably lessened. ·when the day has no such regular breaks and
odd times must be taken to eat or rest, the fatigue is much greater.
· It has been stated that "rest periods, whether several five-minute
periods, or one half-hour period, should be regularized and enforced
in order to be effective in preventing fatigue." 18 Table 11 shows
that such regular periods, either for rest or for eating, were provided
for only 229 women, comprising one-half (51.6 per cent) of the
women employed in the hotels and restaurants reported in this survey. Where time off was allowed between shifts it was in many
cases so long
to make the work day extend over an excessively
long period.
as
TABLE
11.-Tinie off dtuty for meals or rest in hoteis and restaurants, by number of over-all ho1trs.
Overall hours (6-day week).
7 and nnder 8 hours. ___ ....... .
8 and under 9 hours ............ .
9 and under 10 hours ... .... .. . .
10 and under 11 hours ......... .
11 and under 12 hours ..... . ... .
12 and under 13 hours ......... .
13 and under 14 hours ......... .
14 and under 15 hours ......... .
15 and under 16 hours ........ _.
16 and over .................... .
Total. _...... -- .......... -
Nu~ber of women having a period off duty ofNumber
of women1-----:-------,-----,-----:-------;----having
5 and
6 hours
2and
3 and
4and
time off 1 hour.
and
under
under
under
under
duty.
3 hours. 4 hours. 5 hours. 6 hours.
over.
11
7
42
17
16
48
43
22
14
11
11 ·········· ·- · ·······
6
1 ·······-··
40
2 --···· -· ·9
4
1
4
1
10
2
28
·····---·- ··-····--7
·------·-· --·------·
2
. ·- _........ _.. ··· - · ... ·-·-. -·
-· ......•. __ ··--. ·-. -- __ ·- _...
a 229 '
70
10
48
······· ..................... . .
·-----··-· ·---·····- ----······
·-····-·-- --···-·- · · ---·--····
3 -·-·-··--- -·--·-··-·
1 _. __ .. _...
15
3 .•.•••..••
25
5
6
4
11
5
_.... ·--- _ -·········
14
4
7
51
20
32
a Details add to more than total number reporting because two women with irregular over-all hours are
included in more than one classification.
Almost two-thirds of the women in hotels and restaurants had
over:-all hours of 12 or more for their day or alternate day schedules,
and 11 women reported 16 hours between the beginning and end o:f
work. A 16-hour over-all means going to work at 6 a. m. and not finishing until 10 p. m., allowing i~suflicient time for a good night's
rest. 19 The amount of time between shifts varied from 1 hour to
7 hours allowed for rest and meal time. The most common break
was 1 hour for lunch, nearly a third of the women ( 30.6 per cent)
who reported time off having this allowance on each day or alternating days according to their schedule. Women with excessiYely
long over-all hours of 12 or more reported from 2 to 7 hours off,
the time off depending to a great extent on the length of the over-all.
Only four workers, 8.3 per cent of the total, who had over-all hours
18 Frankel, L. K. and Fleicher, Alexander.
The Hum an F actor in I ndus t ry . Ne w Yor k,
1920, p. 130.
19 In three establishments in Arkansas lodging was furni shed at the pl a ce of work.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
25
of from 12 to 13 had more than 4 hours off, while all of the women
with over-all hours of 15 and over had more than 4 hours off. These
long rest times were frequently broken into two periods, and unless
the worker's home was near her place of work it was not always
possible to utilize such time to advantage, especially when the free
periods were not the same each day but only on alternating days.
The situation is summed up in a paragraph from the study of the
telephone industry already quoted which was made by the Consumers' League of New York:
Broken shifts distributed over a long period of time with scheduled hours
of work changing from day to day are a great hardship to the woman worker.
Aside from the fact that two hours in the middle of the afternoon are useless
to a woman if she must dress and take a car to go home and take a car to
return and dress again on r eaching the hotel, broken shifts mean that meals
and sleep must be snatched at irregular intervals. Such a hit-or-miss existence, with no regular hours for work, rest, and recreation, does not make for the
physical well-being of the ,Yorker. 20
20
Consumers' League of New York.
p. 27.
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Behind the scenes in a hotel.
New York, 1922,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PART III.
WAGES.
The £act that to a great extent human labor is still regarded as a
commodity t o be bought £or the lowest possible price makes necessary some means 0£ safeguarding the health and efficiency of the
woman worker against too low a wage. In many States this is done .
by establishing a minimum-wage rate, below which women may not
be hired for work in industry. This wage is theoretically based on
th e cost 0£ living of a single woman, fixed by a wage board or commission after a budget 0£ a woman's expenditure, made by a study
or merely by estimate, has been compiled. Unfortunately this minimum rate is often so low that when the cost of living increases it
becomes totally inadequate. The Minimum Wage and Maximum
Hour Commission of Arkansas established in 1915 a minimum rate
which provided that "All female workers who have had six months'
practicable experience in any line of industry or labor shall be paid
not less than $1.25 per day. The minimum wage £or inexperienced
female workers who have not had six months' experience in any line
0£ industry or labor shall be paid not less than $1 per day." 21
Whether a woman could live on that amount in 1915 is uncertain,
but with the great increase since that time in the cost of almost every
ar ticle 0£ food or clothing and 0£ lodging a minimum fixed before
such increase would obviously be inadequate. The United States
Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that the cost 0£ food alone 2 2
has increased 41 per cent in the United States since 1915, ·w hile the
general cost of living, 23 including such items as food, clothing, housing, fuel and light, furniture and furnishings, and rent, increased
69.2 per cent from December, 1915, to December, 1921. The only
increase of the minimum-wage rate during this period in Arkansas
occurred in mercantile establishments in Fo!'t Smith, where, on
request, a hearing of the industrial wage commission was held in 1920
and a rate of $13.25 a week was established £or workers with six
months' experience. This higher minimum was based on an investi21 Annoted digest of the labor law s of t he State of Arkansa s, 1919, p. 35.
by the Ar kan sas Bureau of L abor and St atistics.
22 Monthly Labor Review, vol. 14, no. 4, April, 1922, p,. 40.
T.J Monthly Labor Rf:view, vol. 14, no. 2, February, 1922, p,. 64.
18060° -23--3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
27
I ssued
28
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS_ INDUSTRIES.
gation into the living conditions of employees in Fort Smith, and
the following budget of the necessities of life was compiled:
Items.
Cost per
week.
Board and room _____________________ ___ ____________ _____ $8.00
Glothing ------------------------------------------------ 3.00
Laundry-----------------------------------------------.45
Street-car fare___________________________________________ .72
Church__________________________________________________ .10
Recreation - --------------------------------------------Insurance__________________ _____ ____________________ ____
·s-a-vings ------------------------------------------------I:ncidenta:ls ----------------------------------------
.30
.15
. 20
. ·3.3
Total, ______________________________________ 13.25
The :budget ·hem :g,iven wnuld not see.m ito be extrav-acgant in .any
:item, .and ·t"he q-uesti0n ;ar-ises ;as :to the budg t :for .the ,girl who ·mu.st
.]ii:ve on ;$7. 50 .a iWeek. If -the :geinsr.al minim.um for ithe State .od:
Arkansas is c.ompar.ecl. with raee.ntly ,established minimum r:ates in
-ether States 1tlhr.0ughouit the .eoutltry, .the cli:ff.e r:ence is as sta,:rr,tli~g as
tlhat hetwVieen the two .minimums in ArkaJ1sas-$7J~O aind .$13..25~ 24
.Reoent .s tudies o.f the cos.t ,of .liwing ~:Y v.ai:r.ious wage .b.o.ards in .Mas;saclmsetts 25 have .r.esulte.d .in .or.ciers .b y the minimum w~e board
11r0vidi11:g for .an inCTease ol the minimum ·w age r:ates in five indusrtries. T,hese inc.r--eased r..ates v:aried from $13.50 .to $14~ In Calii.o.rnia .t he indnstrial commission has 1ixed a minimum of $16 a week
for manu:factur-ing, caJ1n1ng, ana c1assifie-a 1ndustries, and for mercantile industries, laundries, r.estaurants, .and hotels.26 The Kansas
Court of Industrial Relations ·has iss~ect .an order increasing the min1.mum wage rate :r7.6 per cent in manufacturing, meTcantile, and
laundry establisbments, and ma:lring ·$11 the minimum -foT -experienced workers 'in these h1d11Btries. 'The present min'imum of $7.'50 'a
week for Arkansas is, therefore, very low ·compared to the minimum
prevailing in dther States.
W eelc's ,earnings .
.Actual earnings, howe:ver., .do not remain .a.t the rate set for the
minimum i:n .an industry, ,as is shown by the fact that in Arkansas
,t he .nu~<il.ian eanni~gs .of white women in all industries were $11.60.
The·cearnings :included in this .median :represent the amount actual1y
rncei V£d ·b y l,.793 women m th.e week for which ;records were secured,
..details ,of which .are given in Table 12.
_ ..24--Sinue the pt•ep.a;rafion ·of this •report the :industrial ·w..age comniission has i:iwised the
,i:ate of -$13.25. In Dec.ember, 1922, it was .changed to $11.00 for e~perienced workers
;and '$10!J}0 for inexper.ien,ced worke1's, .and Little R ock has ·been included with Fo.rt S.mith
in this ruling.
25 Massa.cbuset ts, Department of J;,abo1· and Industr:ies.
Division of Minimum Wage.
May, 1922.
26 In April, 1922, a reduction, to $15 was made for women em.ployed in, the n eedle
trades and certain other ma.nufacturing industries1. This order ·:was -h~ld ·up 'by .:am injunction and the Indus trial Welfare Commis.s:ion in. December, 1922, sustained the $16 ruling.
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TABLE
12.- Week's earnings, by industry.
Number of women earning each specified amount in-
The manufacture ofWeek's earnings.
Under$i.. ....... . ...... .
$1 am} under $2 ......... .
$2 and under $3 ......... .
S3 and under $4 ......... .
/Mand utlder $5 .... ..... .
$5 arid under $6 .. .. ..... .
$ti and under $7 ...... • ...
7 and under $8 .. . ...... .
$8 arid under $9 . ... .. ... .
9 atid under $10 ........ .
lOand Rnder $11 . ..... .
$11 afid Under $12 .. . . ... .
12 and under Sl3 ...... .
$13 and tinder 14 ....... .
14 ahd tinder 15 ...... ..
$15 and U11 der $16 . . ..... .
$16 and under 17 ...... ..
$17 and Uhder $18 ....... .
$18 and tinder $19 ... .... .
$19 and WJ.der 20 .. . .... .
20 and tlhder $21. .... .. .
s21 and under $22 ....... .
$22 and Ufider $23 ....... .
$23 and tlhder $24 ...... . .
$24 and under $25 ....... .
25 and under i30 .•......
$30 and under $35 ....... .
$35 and under $40 ••.•••••
$40 afid over •...••.... , ••
All
industries.I
3
15
18
19
30
49
111
104
142
163
1
88
130
ml
71
51
22
74
12
16
15
4
37
18
10
4
Garments.
Mattresses,
tents1 and
awnmgs.
--~--:· ·:....T·· ·······
····:· ·--·-r2 .........
--::·· :······
·--·:·
:::::i:
::::::: ::::.:
T :·::.:
1~
4 :::::: ::::::: ::::::
~ ······ ··--·r ......
i! 11 ...........r :::::: ~r
~
46
31
83
45
8
2
1
2!
13
29
11
1
7
15
5
3
8
3 .. .. ..
8
1 .... , .
8 .. .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .
? ...... .. ....... .. , .
6 .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..
3
1 .. . • • .
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
15
22
23
16
11
1
24
r ...........~. :::::: rn
l
1 . . . . •.
13
......
1 ......
1 , .. . ..
20
11
2 ..... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...... .. , ................. , .....
Ii
. ........... ... ........... .. .. , .
6
. ............ ······ ....... ......
4
...... ···· · ·· ...... ....... . •..•.
2
...... ..... . . · • ···· ....... .... •.
5
...... ....... ...... ....•.. ......
2
.. , ....................... , .... .
5
...... .. ..... ...... ....... . .....
2
............. ······ ....... ···· •·
1
. . , ....................................
68
$8. 50
2
(2 )
7
5
9
10
4
5
3
~
l>liscellaneous manufacturing.
Wood
products.
~
9
Total.,. , .......... 1, 793
296
Medlan earnings . ••..• , . . $11. 60 $8. 85
1
2
Drugs.
~
1
131
59
Candy.
~
4
1
~
1i
1
~
4
2
1
...... ·--··r ::::::
:a ::'.:::
::::::: :::::: -- ·--2·6 ..--::·..· ·:··
::: :: :: :: .. •··r ::::::
.... , .. ,.. .. ......
..• 1
1 . . . ..•
~
:::::: ::::::: : : ::: :
i ...... ·····r:.::::
9 ........... , . . . . ..
12 ..... ,
1 .. . .. .
21
1 .. • . . .. . • .. ..
14
1
2
7
2
10
11
10
3
g
. . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . .. • . . . . . . • . . .
2
. . ....... . ..... .... .... . . . .... ..
l
1 ......
1
1
1
2 ... .. ....... . .......... , ..
2 ...................... , .. .
1 ... . ... . ... .. . . ........ , ..
.. . ... ··· •·• · ...... ...... .. ......... ,..
...... •···•·· .... .. ....... ...... .......
....... . ....... ........... ··•··· .......
............. · • ···· ..... . . ...... ... . . • .
...•.......... , .. , . ....... ...... .......
..•• . ..... •... , .. ,. ....... ... •. . .......
.. ..... . .... ........ ......... . . ·· · ····
11 . . . . . .
294 . . . . . .
60 • . . . ..
144
66
(2) ...... $11. 65 ... •. . $10. 20 • . . . . • $8. 55 $4. 80
Printing and
General
5-and-10-cent Laundries.
publishing. mercant ile.
stores.
129
$9. 60
~
10
8
.....•
4
...... . . .•...
,.....
1
•• ···• ..... ..
...... ..... ..
•..... .......
• .... . .......
•.•..• .......
•.....
1
...... .......
.. ... .
1
. .. . . .
......
. .. .. .
......
... . . .
......
......
......
......
. .. .. .
~!
29
39
3
9
61
7
14
10
2
31
14
9
3
.
2
5
1
1
3
1
I
1
5
8
2
24
25
7
10
12
2
18
19
34
15
5
5
16
:
8
3'7
28
80
4-0
7
1
lg
··--·2
202
$10, 35
208
$9. 35
... •. . . ... . , . . • . . . .
3
.. .... . ... . . .......
I
1 . , ..........•
.. ,
• . . .... ........... , .•
. . . . . .. i . . . . . .
3 ..... .
............................... .
······ ...... ... ...... . .. . ...... .
...................... . ....... ..
................... ··••··· ·····1 ......
...... •······ .. . .. .
1 • ... ,.
...... ·•····· ..... .
.. .. . .. . ... ... ... . ............. .
.................. , , .......... ,.
2
55 . . . .. .
693
16
(') $15. 65 ...... $15. 15 $8. 00
Exclusive of telephones 1 reported on a half-mbnthly basis, and hotels and restaurants, oillitted because of.the custom of giving m eals.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
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! ....1 ! - --------i~- .....i
16
29
21
32
28
36
61
52
137
$9. 50
2
(1)
30
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTR,IES.
The figures given in this table relate to ·the earnings. of all of the
women included in the investigation, irrespective of the number of
hours they worked during the week for which figures were secured.
Some of these women worked the entire week, others only a part of
it. Whatever the hours worked, however, the amounts earned represented the actual amounts the women in question had to spend during the week. If these figures are compa,r ed with those from three
other States where similar surveys were made by the Women's
Burea:u during the past year (1921), we find that Arkansas ranks
second in wages earned by its white women workers..
Median earnings.
Georgia w________________________________________________ 12.20
Arkansas ___________ ____________________________________ 11.60
Kentucky (preliminary figures)------ --- - - --------------South Carolina (prelimina ry figures)_____ ___ _______ _____
11. 05
9. 55
The earnings of the white woinen in Arkansas varied from less
than $1 to $40 and over, but the great mass of women; 58.1 per cent,
·were in the groups earning from $6 to $14. In several of the industries this massing of the women does: not occur around the same
wage groups . .In wood products and candy manufacture more than
one-half of the white women, 59 per cent and 55.9 per cent, respectively, had earnings under $9, while in printing and general mercantile establishments more than one-half, 63.6 per cent and 57 per
cent, respectively, earned $14 and over. Few women were found in
any industry who earned $20 and over, but of those the majority
were in two industries, general mercantile and garment manufacturing, where 23.2 and 9.2 per cent, respectively, of the women employees earned $20 or more.
The following summary gives the median earnings of the white
. women, one-half receiving more and one-half less than these amounts
in the industries specified:
Number· of white M edian
women.
earnings.
Candy ______________________ .________________________
68
Garments____________________________________________
294
Mattresses, tents, and awnings_________________________
60
Printing and publishing_______________________________
55
Food products-----------------~---------------------144
Miscellaneous_________________________________________
129
General mercantile----------------------------------693
5-and-10-cent stores----------------------------------137
Laundries____________________________________________
202
All industries ________________________________ :_ _______ 1, 793
$8.50
11.65
10.20
15.65
8.55
9.60
15.15
9.50
10.35
11.60
Earnings of negro women.
The earnings o:f negro women were considerably less than those of
white women. They were employed in laundries, in only three man27
U. S. Dept. of ~abor, Women's Bureau, Women in Georgia Industries, Bul. 22, 1922.
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31
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
ufacturing groups, 28 and in stores; in the last named only as cleaners
or maids where, of course, their work was not comparable with that
done by white women. The greatest number of negro women, 70.3
per cent, worked in laundries, where their median earnings were $9.35.
In this industry their work was much the same as that of white
women, varying only in that it was a little heavier and did not include supervisory activities. The checking and marking were usually,
but :r:10t invariably, done by white workers, as was the mangle work,
while the operating of presses and the hand ironing were done by
negro women. Median earnings were only $1 more for white than
for negro workers in laundries. The only other industry in Arkansas
employing negro women to any extent was wood-products manufacturing. Here the work was heavy and the worker frequently exposed to the weather, yet earnings were astonishingly low. The
median for the industry was $4.80, and only one woman earned more
than $10.
Earnings in Fort Smith.
The higher minimum rate prevailing in mercantile establishments
in Fort Smith rendered it desirable to tabulate separately figures for
Fort Smith and the rest of the State. This separation makes it
possible to note the immediate effect of the minimum wage on earnings in stores, and also the indirect effect on other groups of white
workers. The details from which the following medians ar·e taken
will be found in Tables I and II in the appendix.
Medi an earnings.
All
indust ries.
General 5-and-10All
manufac- mercancent
stores.
turing.
tile.
Laundries.
- - Fort Smith ....... . ..... . ....... ·-----·· -- -··········
State, exclusive of Fort Smith ...•••••.•.•.••....••••
$12.35
11.io
$10.10
10. 10
$15.95
14.95
$13.30
9.20
$10.05
10.30
The foregoing figures show clearly that the higher minimum wage
rate for general mercantile and 5-and-10-cent stores in Fort Smith
raised the earnings in these· industries, but did not affect , even indirectly, the earnings of women in manufacturing and laundry establishments.
Earnings and hours.
Earnings vary not only with the kind of work done, whether in
candy or garment factory, laundry, or store, but also with the number of days or hours worked. In some establishments a record is
kept of the number of days and in others of the number of hours
worked, which makes possible a correlation between earnings and
time worked. This is an important correlation, as it indicates very
clearly what returns an industry offers for a full week's work, and
28
Wood p,r oducts, ca.ndy, and miscellaneous manufacturing.
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82
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
also affords a basis :for judgment as to the effect 0£ increased hours
on ~arnings. In this investigation, acording to Tables III and IV
in the appendix, the number 0£ days worked was reported for 268
white women and the median earnings for this entire group were
:$10.15. A large number 0£ these women (187) worked practically
a full week of 5-½ or more days and their earnings were much greater
than those who worked 5 days or less-the median for these fulltime workers being $10.50, compared to $6.95 for those who had not
worked the full week. More than five times as many white women
had records o:f hours worked as there were women for whom days
worked were reported, and the median for the hour group, $12.45,
was $2.30 higher than that in the other tapulation. Practically the
same proportion of women worked 4-8 hours and over where hours
were recorded as worked 5½ days and more when days only were reported. The earnings of the approximately full-time workers
showed a median 0£ $13.55 which was $1.10 higher than that reported :for all workers in the group whose hours were reported~
It is obvious that full-time workers earn more than part-time
workers but the difference is not so great as would be expected.
This is probably due to the small number of women, 6.5 per cent
of the total, who worked a decidedly short week of less than 30 hours.
More than one-half, 54.9 per cent of the women, worked a week of
from 51 to 55 hours, and only a small number (2.9 per cent) worked
55 hours or more. These workers in the long hours group had a
median of $12.85, but little higher than for the entire group regardless of hours, and lower than for women working 48 to 54 hours,
-who show median earnings of $14.75.
· Days worked were reported for a larger number of negro women
than were hours worked, and the median for this larger group was
$9.25. This median was only $0.90 less than for white women in a
similar group and was $0.40 higher than the median for all negro
wage earners. This was probably due to the large proportion . (75.5
per cent) 0£ the negro women who worked a full week of 5½ or more
days. This large number of full-time workers would naturally raise
the total and that such is the case is shown by the median 0£ $9.45
for women who worked .5f days and over, which median is only $0.20
higher than that for the entire group.
In establishments where the number of hours worked was recorded
a smaller proportion of negro women ( 50.9 p·e r cent) worke.d the
approximately full number of hours, 48 hours a week or over.
Nevertheless, earnings were considerably higher for this full-time
group than for the entire number of negro women with hours reported.
The median for the women working 48 hours and over was $7 .25,
an amount $1.45 J:iigher than the median of $5.80 for all negro women.
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WOMEN IN ARJ{ANSAS INDUSTRIES.
Only 2 women worked 54 hours .a nd over and the massing of women
who worked from 51 to .54 hours was not so great as in the case of
the white women.
Earnings and experience.
The value of experience to a worker varies with the industry and
-0ecupation in which she is engaged, but that there is a distinct
money value placed on experience in all industries is shown in
Arkansas by the fact that the minimum wage and maximum hour
commission has fixed a lower rate for the worker during her first
six months in a trade. This arrangement is common in all States
where minimum wage rates are prescribed. To what degree earnings increase after six months' experience depends to a great Bxtent
on the amount of skill required in the work and the value placed
hy the employer on a, stable and contented labor force.
In Table V in the appendix .t he earnings of white and negro women
are recorded in relation to the length of service which they reported
in a single industry. Comparatively few white women, only 7.4
per cent of the total, remained in the saine industry for 15 or
more years, whilB almost twice that number (13.9 per cent) had
worked less than 6 months in the same industry, and one-half had
worked less than 3 years. The earnings for workers with less than
6 months' experience were naturally the lowest. For white women
the median earnings for this group were $8.10. Earnings increased
until, after 15 or more years of service, the median was $17.20, a
gain of 112.3 per cent. As shown in the following summary the
gain was greater in the early than in the late years of service.
'I. and
Under 6 ~months
under under 3
mont hs. and
1 year.
years.
Actual medians ......... . ......
Increases in medians .. ___ ·- ...
SS.10
.................
'$ 9.30
1.20
Sll.00
l. 70
5and
lOand
15 years
3 and
under 5 10 years. under 15
and
years.
years.
years.
over.
$13.15
2.15
$14.80
1. 65
$16.25
1.45
--$17. 20
.95
In the five-year periods fr~m .5 to 10 years and 10 to 15
yeaFs, the increase per year was only an average 0£ $0.33 and
$0.29, compared to $1.20 in the first year. The following summary,
taken from more detail~d figures than are presented in this report,
shows the lowest and highest median with the per cent increase and
the length of experience required to reach the maximum earnings,
in manufacturing establishments, stores, and laundries.
Median Hig~t
earnings median Per eent
·of beearnings increase.
ginners. . reached.
All m.anuf-aeturing ... . .. . . __.. ... ...... .... .. .. ...
General mercantile ... .. . . . .. . . ... . . . ..... . .... .. . .... ·
:5-and-l<kent stor.es ..... . .. .. . .. ...... . . • ... . ..... ....
Laundries .... . .... . .. . ........................ . .... . .
•
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U
$7. 55
9. 65 .
8.50
9.00 .
$13. 75
20.40
10.30 .
11.65
-82. l
111. 4
21. 2
29. 4
Len~h ofexpenence requiredt o Teach
maximum.
5 to 10 years.
15 t o 20 years.
2 to 3 years.
10 to i'5 years.
34
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
Earnings for women with less than 6 months' experience were
lower in manufacturing establishments than in general mercantile,
5-and-10-cent stores, or laundries. Highest earnings for experienced
workers were in general mercantile and the lowest in 5-and-10-cent
stores.
The median earnings for negro women in the beginners' group
were $7.50, only $0.60 less than for white workers. The increase,
however, for length of service was much lower than for white
workers. After 10 years in the same industry the negro women
reached their highest earnings, which showed a median of $10.15.
The following, summary shows that during the first five years earnings were variable and apparently were not affected by the length
of service.
1 and
Under 6 6 months
under under 3
months. and
years.
1 year.
Actual medians ....................••....
Variations in median ......•..•••••......•
$7.50
................. -
$9.20
+1.70
$8.40
-.80
3 and
5 and
10 and
under 5 under 10 under 15
years.
years.
years.
$7.95
-.45
$9.40
+I.45
$10.15
+.75
The proportion of negro women who had be~m less than three
years in an industry is 44 per cent, somewhat lower than that for
white women, whose proportion is 50.6 per cent. A little over a
tenth (11.5 per cent) remained for 10 years or longer in the same
trade and only 4.7 per cent remained 15 years and over.
Very few negro women were employed in stores and only 10 of
these reported their length of service, too few to be of any significance
for the industry as a whole,. The greatest number of negro women
were employed in laundries, and about one-fourth as many were in
· manufacturing establishments. Ten women in laundries reported
earning of from _$8 to $10 with less than six month_'s experience. These
, initial e~rnings compared very closely with those. of white women
who had a median of $9 for this same beginners' group. Highest
earnings for negro women in laundries were reached after 10 years'
service. The earnings of the 15 women in this group showed a median
of $10.05,. which is $1.60 less than that for white. women with the ,
same length of experience. In manufacturing establishments earnings of negro women were uniformly low . . The median for workers
regardless of .time worked was only $5.40, and very little increase in
· earnings resulted from experience. Women who worked less than
three years had earnings with a median of $4.65, while those who
. remained from three to ten years in the same industry showed earn- ings whose median was $5.25-an increase of only $0.60. Only one
w·o man, with an experience record of from five to ten years, earned
~refuw~
··
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35
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
Rates and methods of payment.
There are two general bases of payment of wages. One is for the
time worked and the other for the amount of work done. Occa. sionally these two are combined or an addition to them is made in
the shape of a bonus or ( in stores') a commission, but t:be two general
divisions remain the same-" time" or "piece" payments. In Arkansas, payment for time worked was the more usual system. The
following summary from Table VI in the appendix shows the number of women receiving pay under each method and their median
earnings:
Time work.
White.
Number of women.............................................
Median.........................................................
1,348
$12.10
Piece work.
Negro.
269
$9. 10
White.
431
$10. 40
Negro.
23
$3.95
It is clear from these figures that over three times as many white
women were paid by time rates as by piece rates and that their
earnings, as shown by the medians, were almost one-fifth higher.
The large number of women on time rates was due to the fact that
all worker in stores and laundries were on these rates and that these
workers constituted 57.5 per cent of all the white women for whom
rates were reported. The median for pieceworkers compared to the
median for time-workers was. lower than would probably have been
the case in a more normal year. The depression of all industry was
greater in manufacturing where piecework occurred than in stores
and laundries, and the lost time and irregularity due to this condition was reflected in the low earnings 0£ the women who were on
a piece rate.
A large proportion of negro women, 90.9 per cent, were on timework, and the small number employed on piece rates, 7.8 per cent,
were all in one industry, wood-products manufacturing, where earnings were very low, the median rate for the negro women on piecework being only $3.95.
It is difficult to estimate the possible earnings of pieceworkers, as
so much depends on the quality of the material, the organization
of the plant, and the speed of the worker. For time-workers, however, their . weekly rate, or their hourly rate multiplied by their
scheduled hours, gives a basis for their possible and expected earnings. Following this method Table 13 shows the weekly rate of
1,350. white and 246 negro workers and their weekly ·schedule of
hours. This table should not be confused with the preceding tables
and discussions of actual earnings.
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13.-Weekly rates, by schediued weelcly hours.
TABLE
Weekly rate.
Number or women receiving each specified rate whose scheduled weekly hours wereNumber or women l - - - - - - - - - - r - - -- - - - - , -- - - - - - - - r - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - reported.
65 and over.
52 and under 54.
54 and under 55.
Under 48.
48 and under 50.
50 and under 52.
White.
Negro.
White.
Negro.
White.
Negro.
White.
Negro.
White.
Negro.
White.
Negro.
White.
Negro.
Under$4 ................ : ......................................................................................................................................... ·•·•······
$4 and under $5 .. ................... .......... ... ........................................ .. ... . ... .. .................... ... • ......... • •- • • -• •·· •········ • • • •·· •··· • · · • · · · · ·· ·
1~
~~ ........ i. ·········· ·······T ·········· ········2· ..... ... i. ········4· .......... ········g·
1~ •••••••• ~ ..••••••• ~~
$7 and under $8. .. .. ...... .......
80
35
2
15
4
10
4
16
9
47
7
1
Sand under 9..................
94
14
3
1
4
15
10
1
51
11
11
1
9 and under SlO........ .. . . .. . . .
169
66
2
2
14
r
17
122
55
12
9
2
$10 and under 11... .. . . . . . . . . . . .
12-6
37
6
2
16
2
10
1
81
31
11
$11 and under $12. ... ............
73
44
19
8
11
12
1
38
23
4
1
$12 and under $13 ... .. ...........
141
14 . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . .
13
6
88
25
1
62
7
3
$13 and under $14. ..... ... . . . . . . .
92
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . • . . .
9
48
8
25
2
$14 and under 15...... . . . . . . . . . .
49 . . . . . . . . . .
1 ..... _. . . .
2
18
8
17
3
$15 and under $16.. ... ...... . ....
144
3 • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. .
13
60
18
52
3
1
$16 and under $17 .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
54
5 . .........
10
19
9
10
1
1
:~~
2
~
~
~
~
$19 and under S20................
10 •.......................... _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
3
3 ........•.....•••••...........
$20 and Under $21... .......•.....
70 . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . • . . • . . .
3 . •. . . . . . . .
28
17
21
1 ..••......
$21 and under $22 .. ......... •. .. :
8 •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ••. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
1
2 ..........•....••..•..•.......
$22 and under $23............. . . .
16 . . . . • . . • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
3
2 ..................•........•..
$23 and under $24......... . . . . . . .
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1
5 ............................. .
S24 and under $25. ______ ........ .... .
2 ..... _...................... _............ _.... __ ....... __ ...... ...... _. __ ............. __ ....... _. .. _.. _
1
1 ..... .. ........................... ... ........... ..
$25 and under $30. ........... ....
40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . • . . .
23
10
7 .......•....................•.
$30 and under $35. .. . . ...........
17 . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. ....... . .. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
6
3 ......•...........•...........
:~:~~~~:~IL:::::::::::::::
m
~~:~ttL::::.·:.:::::::
i ::::::::::
g~
ib ···· --·:r
S35and under$40..................... ...
12 ............. ............ ..............
8
$40andover.....................
6 .........• .......... ... .......
1
Total......................
Median rate............. . .......
1
1,350
$12. 80
246
$9.65
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
23
$10. 60
35
$11.10
89
14. 25
8
382
$15. 30
3 ............................. ... .................. .. ..... ... . .
4 ................•.•.........................•.....
9
205
$14. 05
(1)
13
595
$10. 85
156
S9. 0
56
$10. 20
25
$8.50
37
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
According to this table the median rate for the entire group of
white women was $12.80, considerably above the minimum wage fixed
by the State. The relation-or, ra_ther, lack of it-which long or
short hours bear to wages is clearly shown in this table. A group
of workers whose scheduled hours were from 50 to 52 a week had
higher rates than those whose schedules were from 54 to 55 hours.
The highest figures were reported for women whose schedules were
from 50 to 52 hours. Women whose scheduled hours were long, 55
hours and over, had lower rates of pay than any of the groups with
Jess than 55 hours. For two white women and 12 negro women who e
scheduled hours were from 59 to 60 the week's rate was from $5 to
$6. The negro women had a median rate for the entire number of women reported of $9.65, and with them as with the white
women rates did not increase with the length of the scheduled week.
The highest median for negro women, $11.10, was for the group
whose scheduled hours were less than 48 and the lowest median, $8.50,
for those whose hours were 55 and over.
The fact that a higher minimum wage rate was in force in mer•
cantile and 5-and-10-cent stores in Fort Smith than in the rest of the
State renders their comparative rates interesting. The following
summary taken from more detailed figures than are given in this
report shows the median rates for white women in the two localities:
Median rates .
.All ip.- ma~~ac- o::::_al 5-ac~~"lOduStnes. turing.
cantile.
stores.
Fort Smith... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State exclusive of Fort Smith.............. ...........
$13. 10
12. 65
SlO. 45
10. 90
$16. 05
15. 35
$13. 40
9. 50
Latmdries.
$10. 70
9.85
The most pronounced effect of the higher mip.imum rate was
shown in 5-and-10-cent stores, where the median was found to be
$3.90 higher in Fort Smith than throughout the State. The median
for" all manufacturing" was lower in Fort Smith than in the rest
of the State, but £or general mercantile establishments and laundries
it was higher. It is impossible, however, to discover whether the
higher rate in laundries was due to the competition with the higher
pay in 5-and-10-cent stores and mercantile establishments, to the
organization of the laundry workers in Fort Smith, or to other
causes.
According to Table VIII in the appendix, rates of pay for white
and negro women were slightly higher than their earnings. Weekly
rates of :white women had a median of $12.75, and the largest group
of women were employed at rates of $9 and under $10. The women
in the high-wage groups had earnings and rates more nearly iden•
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
38
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTR,IES.
tical than those in the low-wage groups. Among all white women
the result of time lost-whether from conditions in the establishment
or personal reasons-was that less than $11 were the earnings of
about 600 women, whereas only about 500 women had such an .
amount for their rate. Practically equal proportions had rates. and
earnings of $20 and over. Table IX in the appendix shows that
the highest rates of pay were in the printing and general mercantile
industries, and the lowest in wood-products manufacturing, candy
establishments, and 5-and-10-cent stores.
Negro women showed rates higher than their earnings, but the
difference was less than that for white workers. Contrary to the
condition found among white women, the greatest difference between
earnings and rates for negro women came in the higher paid groups,.
64 women having rates of $11 and over, while only 15 women actually
received $11 and over. For all negro women the median rate was
. $9.65; their highest median, $9.95, was in laundries, and the lowest,
$6.25, in wood-products manufacturing.
Year's earnings.
It has been seen in the section on " week's earnings" that hours
and even days were lost by many of the workers during the one
week for which information was secured. In order, therefore, to
obtain the annual earnings of any group of women it would be obviously inaccurate merely to multiply their week's earnings by 52 and
declare that to be the amount they earned for the year. Instead, to
secure an estima.te of the year'~ earnings, a representative group of
the women who reported week's earnings-a little more than a tenth
(11.9 per cent) of the white women and 6.8 per cent of the negro
women-was selected, and their earnings were recorded for each
week in the ye.ar preceding the week for which current earnings were
taken. The earnings of these were, without doubt, above the average, for although care was taken to select women from different
occupational groups, yet the older women and those with steady
records were selected in order to show not only the actual earnings
for some but also the possible earnings for all steady workers within
each industry.
'
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
14.-Year's earnings of women for w hom 52-weelc pay-roll records were secured, by industry.
Number of women receiving each specified amount in-
Year's earnings.
The manufacture ofAll
industries.I 1 -- ----,---- -- - - - , - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - r - - - - - - - , - - - - - 1 Printing
and pubMattresses,
M. 11
Wood
neo~!c~a~u- lishing.
Garments. tents, and
Drugs.
Candy.
Prod ucts .
Iacturing.
awnmgs.
General
mercantile.
5 and 10
cent
stores.
Laundries.
:El
0
~Whit~Whit~Whit~Whit~Whit~Whit~Whit~Whit~Whlt~Whit
~
Whit e. gro.
e. gro.
e. gro.
e. gro.
e. gro.
e. _gro.
e. gro.
e. gro.
e. gro.
e. gro.
e. gro.
- - - -- -- - -- - - - - ,- - - - - - - - - -- 1 - - - 1 - - 1 1- - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 1 - - -
Under $400.............. ........... .
$400 and under $450 ................ .
M.50 and under S500 . ............... .
S500 and under $550 . .. ...... ... ... . .
$550 and under $600 . ............... .
S600and under 650 ....... ......... .
$650 and under $700 ........... . .... .
$700 and under $750 . . ..... ... ... ... .
$750 and under $800 .... . ........... .
$800 and under $850 ........... . .... .
$850 and under $900 ................ .
$900 and under $1 ,000 ....... .... .... .
Sl,000 and under $1,100 ............. .
Sl,100 and under $1,200 ........... . . .
$1,200 and over .... ......... . ....... .
13
7
3
4
11
6
19 . ... .
13 . . ...
12
15
24
....... .....
3 ..... ....... .....
1
3 . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
1
... .......... ..... .. . .. . ... .........
2
3 . .. ... .... ... . ...... ~... . . . . .
1
....... ..... .. •.. ... ....
2 .. .. . .......
.... .. . ..... ......... ... . ... .. . ...... ... .. .
1 . . ... . ... . . . . . . . .
1 . . . . . . . . . .. .
~i8 ..........
i. : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : :
.............................
i5 ::::: ::::::: ::::: ..... ~. :::::
14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....
.....
.. . ..
.....
7
6
3
.......
1
.......
. . . . .. .
5 . •. ••••
. ... . . . .. .. .
1
..... .......
.....
2
.. ...
2
..... .......
•••••
. ... .
.....
. . .. .
. ....
.....
. . . ..
!3 ..........
~. ::::: ..... ~. ::::: i1 .....
.....
. .. .................. .... ....
~
3
1
• • • • • • • • • • • • . •••••••••••
.. .. •. • . •. . .
1
1 .....
3
•. . . •. .
· •·····
2
. •.. .. .
.....
... ..
.....
. ... .
.....
..........
~. ::::: ::::::: ::::: ..... ~. ::::: ····-~- :::::
.. . .. .. .. .. . . ... . .. .. .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . . . ...
3
6
2
2
7
6
8
1
1
8
3
2
3
4
6
1
6
2
1
2 •• ••• • •••••• •••••
.·.··..... 2. ::::: · · .. ·i :: :::
:::::
::::::: ::::: .....1i. :::::
. . .. . . . .. . . . . ... .
.....
~
~
1 .. ...
3 .•. .... .. •..•.......•.... . ..•
5 .•.. . ...... . .. .. .....• .. ......... . . . .• . ......•.... . .. ·· • ·•·• ...... •.. ..•....• ···••·• .. .. .
11 ...... · ····. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . . ... . . ...... .... .. ...... .. ...
~
10
5 . •• • • . .. .. • •.•••••..••.• ··•·•
10 ·•··· ....................... .
- -- 1- - - 1 - - --1 - -
Total. .. . ..................... .
Median earnings .................... .
1
213
20
698 $450
4
( 2)
(2)
Exclusive of telephones and hotels and restaurants.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
27
$842
18
$417
5
(2)
12
(2)
(2)
9
85
808
~
t_,rj
z
19 .....
496 . . . . .
24
$533
15
$481
1-4
z
tj
cl
Ul
~
1-4
t_,rj
r:n
2
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
WO.MEN .IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES..
The year's earniD:gs £or white women ranged from $200 to $2,000,
but in these extreme groups there were few women-only 13 earning
less than $400 and 11 earni~g $1,200 and over. Between the $400
and $1,200 limits the women we~e quite regularly .distributed, with
no very large groupings. The median £or all women was $698,
one-half earning more than this amount and one-half less.
If the Fort :Smith minimmn mercantile wage of $13.25 for one
week is multiplied by 52, the result is a yearly budget of $689. This
is very nearly the same as the median -earnings -of '$698 for all women,
and brings out the fact that nearly one-half of the white women
earned less than the minimum based on the Fort Smith budget.
Year's earnings in the different industries showed that the workers
in garment manufacturing had the .h ighest earnings, with a median
of $842, and women in general mercantile establishments were sBcond,
with a median of $808. Lowest year's earnings were in the woodworking industry, where dl but two women earned less than $500
and one-half earned less than $417. Low -earnings were also reported
in 5-and-10-cent stores and laundries. The former had a median of
$496 and the latter $533.
The earnings of negro women were about one-third (-35~5 per
cent) below those of white women, with a median of $450 for all
industries. The largest group of negro women were in laundries,
where earnings were slightly higher than those for all industries
and where the earnings of negro and white women were more nearly
alike than in any other industry .
.In the records of even the steadiest workers .a considerable amount
of lost time iS' :found. In the yearly period taken only a full week's
absence was noted, so th-at occasional d-ays lost, although affeeting
the earnings, can not he considered in connection with year's earnings. On the whole, however, the figures in Table 15 show that the
earnings given represent a fairly :complete year of work.
T.ABLE
15.-Yecar's earnings, by 1,.oeelcs workecl.
Numb.er o:t: w.omen earning eacb specified amollilt who worked-
Number
Year's earnings.
,of women
-r eported.
30-a-ndu-nder 48and under 50andunder
48 weeks..
50 weeks.
52 weeks.
52 weeks ·
White. Ne- White Ne- White Ne- White Ne- Whit
gro.
f~!~~~a.ei-·s250:: ..... 2.
$250 and under $300..
S300and under$350..
$3$4 50 andd undder !400..
00 an un er ..,450_.
$450 and under $500..
$500 and under $550..
$550andunder$600..
$600-and under $650..
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
3
7
15
~
· gro.
·····2·
ii.
1
2
3
41
6
'24
11
19 • ••.• .i
13 ,. .....: ••
~
·
· gr-0.
· gro.
<... ..
Ne- Whit
Nee. gro.
e. gre.
....... ··-··· ............. ····-·· ······ ······· ······
• • •• •• • • • • • •• • • •• •• • ••• • • • • • •• •• • • •• • •• •• ••• •·• • • • • ••
l .... i ..... T :::::: ::::::: ::::::
4
2 • .• .. ... .....•
2 .... ..
7·
1
4 .. ..•.
2
1
.4
1
5
8
1
i
"3 : • • • • i ·
·5
1
3 .......:
-0 ·......
7 ......
2 . .• . . .
1 ......
•H ••
48 weeks
and over.
..... i. ::::::
·····r ..... .
J. • •••••
'2
1
7
2
2
4
4 ......
10 . . . . . .
3 ..... .
8
2
20
3
10
6
16 .....•
13 .....•
41
WQ.MiEN IN AiRiK,ANS:A:S · INDUSTRiliE£.~
TABLE
15.-Yiear''-8 lfJUr.ni'i WS, .by ·w eek s 1,.00.r.lc.ed----OMtinue.d.
l
.Numher of women earning each sp.eci.fied.am.ount w,ho WDrked-
Nmno-er
ofwomen ,
reported. 30 and under !18 and unaer 50 and under 52 weeks
48 .week&. . 50 w,a.eks. 1 .52 weeks . . ·
·
'Year's e:arJ1U1gs.
'
i
Whit
! •
48 weeks
and .over.
'
.Ne- ' u rw
Ne- urhit 'Ne- W'"' t
Ne- Whit I Ne- W.hit N .ee'. gro. ' ,., tel grn. n
e . ,gEO,
J..ll e:
gi:o.
e. ·gro.
e. _gro.
- - - - - - - 1- - ~ 1 -- 1- ~ - - 1-- ~-1 -- 1 - -- 1 - - - 1 - ~ -- - - - - - ,
S650 and under $700 • •
$700 and ·under .l71iQ..
$750 and under $800 ••
$800 -and under : 85IL.
$850 and under $900 . .
$900 and under $1,000.
Sl,000 and
under
$1 ,100 •• .• ·- ••... -· . .'
Sl,100 and
under
Sl,200 ............. .
$1,200 and
under
12 . • • • • .
· 118 ·-··. __.
20 .......
8 · ... ·- · .. .
I
19 ·· - ··
:10 . ·--- •
.2 - - • -- ·
13 ····-·
3 ' ... ··-·
11 • . . .••
·4 -~ -
·3 - - -·
,5 -,... .--
rn ·- ···- ·
3 ·-- ·- ·
4 ! •. .• ·'6 ! ___ _ _
5 .. .. -
3 __,_ __
1 - ·-··
tl : ,.... • ___:
1• . •» ~ 2 , ··--
5 ···- ·
'.3 • - ·-
.!l 1. _
1 ..... .
4 ••••••••••••• -····· •••••••••••••
.3 - • u-•
'$1,-:600_ ·--· •.• · - -~-- . _ _ _ _ _ ,___
J.
2 - ···-
,o:•.,•. •.
-- » • -~ '
"1,4M. ... ·- ---·- · - ·
Sl,400 and
under
'.Media~~t;!nings·::·:::
4 ••••••
----
2 ••••••
»
s~
$~~ :
i
•
6 , _ •••••
2 ' ••••••· • ····- · • • • • • •
3 ; -- --3 •.••.••• ·
10 ···•·•
10 ....••
18 . ····•
8 . ·-·····
18 ..... •
6 . - ··- -
,9 1 ·- ·- -
:2 · ···- ·1 .... . .
1 ,_
- . __
·-·· _I :- - -1- - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - _,__ _ ,_ _ _
s4ti'
cl)J)
J
s61~
11. :
(1)
f>7
$679
B
(1) .
719 I
$.760
,7
(1)
-:3 ·· - ·--
l7B I
$715
l!I.
(1)
Not comp11ted,,ow.:ing to.small·nuni:ber.inv..dlved.
Over one-third of the white and more than one-half of tne negro
women worked 52 weeks during the year, and the earnrngs for this
group ID.aturall_y were higher than for all women, regardless .of-weeks
lost . White women earned ,a median <l>f $76'()) :for tlire -fuU y.e.a;r, and
the seven nogro women had a median rof ·appr<:>ximately '$504. When
the women who worked from 48 to 52 weeks were included with the
full-time workers, earnings were practical1y the same, the median for
white workers being '$715..
Earnings of telepllone operators.
The ;earnings .of telephone .operators included in thi~ .survey .are
for .a half month 's period. The schedlliled number of days for this
period. is 13., except in the .case :of .5 girls w:ho had a schedule of
14 days.
For the 444 o_p erators in telephone excha11:ges for whom information was secur.ed, earnings and days on which work was done a_re
shown in th.e folkrwing summary of Table X in the .appendix :
Number of women.
Time-worked.
..Median
earnings.
14 .. ... .... ···- .. . ......... -On -l ess -than 8 dgys •••••••••••••• •.. •••.... .• .............• · - -•-·· ··
176 . ... ....... . .......... ·On 8 and l:ess -than 13 days •••..... .. .·................. . . ... .......••
254 ....... . . •...... .. ... . ,on 13 and 14 days . .....• •...••...... . .. .. .......... .. . ..... . ·--- .•.••.
·$11.65
-25. 60
29.-95
From this smn:mary it is apparent that more than one-half D!f ;the
women worked a full hair month and that 3.2 per cent worked
~ss than 8 days "of their time. Median earnings for the full-time
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
workers were $29.95, which median was $1.90 higher than that for
all the women, regardless of time worked. In a continuous industry,
such as the telephone, there is considerable overtime as well as
undertime. This was clearly shown by the number of girls in the
14-day group. Only 5 girls had regular scheduled days of 14 in
this period, and yet 30 operators were found working on 14 days.
The majority of operators who worked on Sundays, in the evening,
or at night, as well as those working overtime, received extra compensation. Table XI in the appendix shows that 120 operators, a little
over one-fourth of the total number, received this extra pay, the
greatest number of them, 33, having had their earnings increased
by from $2 to $3; but 29 received a surplus of from $3 to $4 and 19
from $4 to $5.
· ·
The effect of both lost time and extra compensation was shown by
the facts that fewer women had rates of less than $20 than actually
earned less than $20, and more women earned $30 and over than had
rates of $30 and over.
The following summary of Table XII in the appendix shows the
distribution of_women by their rates a:pd earnings:
Women.
Rates less than $20-------------------~-------------------Earnings less than $20___ __________________________________
Rates $20 and less than $30 _______________________________ _
Earnings $20 and less than $30 _____________________________
Rates $30 and over _______ _________________________________
Earnings $30 and over _____________________________________
10
43
283
235
151
166
It is interesting to note in the following statement that in Fort
Smith, where there was a higher minimum wage for women in mercantile establishments than elsewhere in the State, no telephone
operator had a rate of less than $23, while throughout the State 95
operators were reported with rates under $23. The median rate for
telephone operators in Fort Smith was $30.05, a figure $3 higher
than that for operators in the rest of the State.
Half-monthly rate.
Number of women inNumber
of women
reporting. F 0 rt 8 "th
Other
rm · places.
Under$15 ..... .'................ . ......... . ....... . ..................... ...... .. ........ : ... ........... .
$15 and under $16..................... . .. . ........ . .................
3 .... ........
3
$16 and under $17 ...................................... ·- ............•.•.•..............................
Sl 7 and under $18 ... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 ............
2
SIS and under $19.... . ...... . ........ . ...... . ... . ...................
1 ............
1
$19 and under $20.... . .... . . . ................................. . .....
4 . . . . . . . .. . . .
4
$20 and under $21.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 . . . . . . . . . . . .
IQ
$21 and under $22.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39 . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
$22 and under $23.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36 . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
$23 and under $24..... . ... .. ... . .. . ......................... . .......
33
3
30
S24 and. under $25...... . ....... .. ............................. . .... .
25
2
23
$25 and under $26.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
8 ............
8
$26 and under $27... . ..................................... . . . .......
37
8
29
S27 and under $28.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
10
18
$28 and under $29..................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. •
40
5
35
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
43
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
H alf-monthly rate .
Number of women inNumber
of women
Other
reporting, Fort Smith.
places.
$29 and under $30_____ .... .... .. ...... ... . . ..... .... .. . _.. .. .... .. . .
27
8
19
S30and under S3 L.----··· ... . ..... . .. . . . . .... . .... ... . .. . .. .. . .. ...
37
8
29
$3landunder S32•••• _. . .... ...... ..... .. . .. -. ... . .. . . . ... . .. .. . . . ..
22
6
16
S32 andunder $33-.. . .. .. .. . .. .... . . . ..... . ... . ... . . . . ..... . .. . .....
23
2
21
$33 and under $34•• •• • _... . .. ... .. . .... .. ... . ... ... . .. ...... . .. . . . . .
13
7
6
$34 ancl under $35.. _•.. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
3
6
S35andunder$36·------····· · · · ····· ····· · ··· ·· ··· · · ····· · · · ···· · · ·
8
2
6
S36andunderS37--··-- ·· · · ···· · · ·· ·· ····· · ·· ·· ···· ······· · · · ·· · · ·· ·
4 ···-·······4
$37 and under $38. _. _•. • . ... . .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
1
2
$38 and under $39. _•••.•. . . . . .... . . .. .. ... ......... .. .. . . . . • . ...... . .•....••• ~ .• ____ .. _...•..•••.•••••••
$39 and under $40......... . . . . . .. . .. ..... . ... . . . . .. .. ......... . . . . ..
7
1
6
$40 and under $45.•...... . .... _. . . . ... .... . . . ..... .. _.. . . ... . ... .. . .
13
4
9
$45 and over .............. . . ..... ... ..... . . :. .. ... . ..... ... .. ... . ...
12
3
9
Total. .. . ... . . . . .. .... . . .... . _.... .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. _. _.. . . . _.. . .
Median rate .... . _... _...... . . . ......................... . ......... . .
444
$27. 85
73
$30. 05
371
$27.05
In accordance with the practice in the telephone industry of
periodic increases in r ates by length of service, earnings for telephone workers show a marked relation to the experience of the
worker. The details of this relationship are given in Table XIII
in the _appendix, which shows that there was, with one exception, a
steady rise in earnings with each additional 6 ·months or year of
experience up to the group of workers who had been in the industry
:from 5 to 10 years. 29 The increase for the first two years was not
great, and there was a slight decline in the median of the group of
workers with from 1 to 2 years' experience, but for the opera.tors
who stayed in the trade 2 years and over tlie. median steadily rose
until at 5 and under 10 years it was 65.3 per cent higher than for
beginners. The proportion of workers, however, who remained in
the industry a sufficient length of time to benefit by this increase
was only 11.4 per cent of the total number o:f women. The largest
group of operators had been in the industry from 1 to 2 years, and
over three-quarters (77.9 per cent) had had less than 4 years' experience in the telephone industry. In the hearings before the Toronto
commission 3 0 it was reported that "after these girls have gone on
£or four or five years and served the· company, they get married or
for other purpose leave." Apparently in Canada in 1907, as in
Arkansas in 1922, four or five years marked the end of service for
many telephone operators.
Earnings in hotels and restaurants.
The earnings reported in this survey are the sums paid during a
given week in the winter of 1922 by the management to employees.
Groups above 10 years were too small to be significant.
Repo-r t of the Royal Commi ssion on a dispute r specting hours of employment between the Bell Telephone Company of Canada,
Limited, and Operators at Toronto, Ont. Ottawa, 1907, p. 65.
29
so Canada-Toronto Telephone Commission.
]8060°- 23--4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
44
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUST RIES.
In .hotels and restaur ants this does not represe nt the entire sum
received by some employees, as it was impossible to ascerta in the
additio nal amounts received in tips or to estimat e accurat ely the
value of the meals which were sometimes furnished. This would
affect chiefly waitresses and, to a much less degree, chambe rmaids
and elevato r girls. The followi ng Table 16 shows that the median
earning s for all white women for whom recordSI were secured in
hotels and restaur ants were $9.65, and nearly one-hal f ( 48.4 per
cent) earned between $7 and $11.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TAB:LE
1~-Week'.s earnings in-hotels and restaurOllits, by occupation.
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked as-
Number
of women
reported.
Week's earnings.
i
0
:a
6b
<D
¥i~~8J~ciei-·s2::::
o5
:a
0
61,
<D
Assistant
housekeeper.
o5
;a
0
61,
<D
z ts z ts z
--
~
$2and under$3....
$3 and under $4.. ..
$4 and under $5....
Housekeeper.
~
1
5
6
1
-
Linen
maid.
~
ts
Maid.
0
61,
<D
z
o5
:a~
0
61,
<D
Cleaner. Waitress.
o5
:a
0
6b
<D
z ts z
~
ts
0
61,
<D
z
Counter
girl.
o5
:a
ts
0
6b
<D
Cook.
Kitchen
help.
o5
~
:a z~-- ~
~
ii::
:a
0
6b
<D
z ts z
~
0
61,
<D
z
o5
0
ElevaTelephone tor
opoperator. erator.
Office
help.
Pantry
girl.
0
6b
<D
z
o5
~
0
~
o5
:a
0
~
Chambermaid.
o5
0
:a
6b
<D
z ts z ts z
- - --
.... 2i. ::::
:::: :::: :::: ::::::: :::: :::: :::: :::: :::: ···-r :::: ::::::: :::: .. ~. :::::: :::: :::: :::: ::::::
f :::: ·····i· :::: :::: :::~ :::::: .... 2i
.... .... .... .... ..•.... .... .... .... 1 •... ...... . . .. .•••... .... .... ...... .... .... . . .. ...... ..••... .... ..•.... .... .... .... ......
2 . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
1 .... . ...
17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . .. • . . .
1 .... ....
1
1 . .. .
3 ....
1 . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . ....... . . . . . ... .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . •••.. . .• . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . .
4
2 . . . . . . . .•. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
4
1
~
--··
--2--·i·
~
17 ::::
··i·
3 .... •... ....
8
1 ......•. . .......... 2
1
fg:~a ~a:~:L:: 25g i~59 ...............................
-·i· :::: :::: :::: ::::::: :::: :::: :::: :::: ·-r
i .. ~.
i ..... ~. :::: ::::::: :::: :::: ::::
2
4 1
····-r ::::
~:~a~g:~i~o::: 25~g ~~8 ::::
:::: :::: :::: 9~ ::::
-·~- :::: :::: :::: f61 . . g. . ·····r3 ::::
f t1 ...... 2i .... .:.. . ···-~~ .... ·--··s· :::: :::: ··3·
$10 and under $11. .
.... .... ... . ....
.. .. 1 . .. . 1 ... .
. . •. •. . .
......
3
2 .... .... ....
S7andunder$8....
~
1
11
1
~
43
g
4
4
5
$11 and under $12..
17
6 . . . . . .•. . . . . •••.
1 1 • .. . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . .• . . . . . •. .• .• . . . . . 1
2
1 1 . . ... .
9
4 .... .... ....
1
2
$12 and under $13..
l:.l
2 . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •.
2 . . . . . . ••. . . . . . . 2
1 2
1 . . . . . . . . •.
3 ....
2 ..... . ................ .
$13 and under $14..
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . .
2 .. .................... .
$14 and under $15..
11
2
1 . .. .
1 .. .. . . . . . ... ..•. . . . .
3 ....
1 .... 2
2 . .. . • .. . 1 . . ..••
1 ....
1 ...................... .
$15 and under $16..
16
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . •. •. . . . . . . •. . . •. . . •. . . . .
7 . .. .
3 . .. . 1 ... .. . ... . 2 . .. .
2
4 ....
1 ...................... .
$16 and under $17 .•
3
1 ........ .. ...... •.••.............•.........•.•.•.........•.....·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . . . . . .
2 ..•...••.•........................
$17 and under $18. .
3
1 ... ... ............•..•.... .. .....•........ , . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . • . . .
3 ......•..•.......................•
$18and under $19..
2 . . ... . .... . . .. .... .... ..••... .... ..•. .... .... .... ..•... . . .. ..••... .... 1 ...... ..•. .... 1 ........••..... .... •..•...................· .... .
$19 and under $20..
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. •. ••. . . . . . . . . •. •. •. . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . .
1 ..................................•..........•...........................
$20 and under $21..
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •.
2 ..•.......•..•...................•
$21 and under $22 .............. ... ...................................................................................................................... . .......... .
$22 and under $23..
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • .•. ..••••. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .•. . .•. . . . . . .
1 ..•••••.....................•.....•... . .... .. .. . ........................•
$23 and under $24..
3 . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . •. . . ••. •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . •. . . . . . . . . • . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 ... .. ..... . ....................•..
$24 and over .•...•.. ... ... .... .... ... ............•.............•.. ........ ..... ..... .................... - ... • • .. • ........ • - • • • • • • • • • • • • -• · · · • • • • • • • • • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · •
Total........ 219
217
2 ... . 2 . .. .
17 1 2
Media'D. earnings ... $9.65 $7.85 (1) .... (1) . .•. $10.30 (1) (1)
1 Not
computed, owing to smallmumber involved.
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4
7
(1) (1)
2
73
(1) $8.35
11
20 ..•. 13
18
(1) $10.35 ..•. (1) $8.50
4
12
(1)
(1)
7
28
38 . . . .
18 . . . . . . . .
5
16
136
(1) $6.80 $11.80 .... $11.25 ........ (1) $9.00 $7.80
46
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES,.
This table shows that, of all women hotel employees studied here,
office workers had the . highest earnings, with a median of $11.80,
and telephone operators were second with a median of $11.25.
Waitresses were paid less than counter girls and even a little less
than pantry girls, probably because of the tips which they were
likely to receive. The kitchen help were better paid than the
chambermaids, but that the lower pay was not entirely based on
expected tips is shown by the fact that cleaners and parlor maids
who received no tips were paid less than helpers in the kitchen
or than chambermaids. The amount of lost time and the degree
to which it modified earnings is difficult to determine, as in several
instances the entire week's wages were paid when only part of the
week was worked. This point is illustrated in Table XIV by the
:fact that median earnings for women who worked 54 hours were
only $8.70, compared with $10 for the entire group. For the women
who worked more than 54 hours_the median was $10.65. The median
:for· workers whose time worked was reported in days but not hours,
was $8.40 (Table XV, appendix). When a full week of six or seven
days was worked the median was considerably higher, $12.10, but
here again it i? dangerous to draw too definite deductions as to the
effect of lost time. Among the women who worked but one day,
three were reported as receiving from $6 to $8, which amounts were
probably their full week's wage. In some establishments one, two,
or three meals were ·g iven in addition to the regular weekly wage,
and in other establishments rooms as well as meals were furnished.
It would be natural to suppose that when meals were not furnished
wages would be considerably higher than when food was supplied.
Table XVI gives the figures on this subject. From this table it appears that where three meals a day were furnished weekly earnings
were only $2.55 less than when no meals or room were given, and that
where a room and three meals were supplied wages were but $1.40 below those where nothing was supplied. It is apparent that although
a somewhat higher rate was paid where meals were not furnished nor
rooms supplied, the equivalent of meals or room was not given
when these features were not included.
Earnings increased with the experience of the worker in hotels
and restaurants, as in all other industries, and culminated after 5
years' experience in an increase of 43.8 per cent over the beginning
wage ( Table XVII, appendix). After this period earnings declined
from the maximum of $11.50 to $10.50. This may have been due to
the fact that younger women are preferred both :for waitresses and
chambermaids, and that additional experience does not compensate
for the loss of youth. The Consumers' League Report already
quoted sums up the importance to the hotel worker of experience
in these words:" It is her appearance which counts, not her experience.
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·•
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
47
If the candidate is young and nice looking, undeformed,. and there
is a job open, she will get it. I:£ she is older and getting fat, all the
experience in the world will do her no good." This statement does
not, 0£ course, refer to kitchen help and those who have no contact
with the public.
The weekly earnings of all negro . women in restaurants and
hotels showed a median of $7.85, almost $2 less than that for white
workers. For negro women employed in this industry who worked
6 days or more a week median earnings of $8.25 are shown. This
seems to indicate either that very little time was lost or, as in the
case of some white workers, that payment was not made invariably
according to the amount of time worked. Negroes were employed in
every occupation except as office girls and telephone operators,
housekeepers, and counter girls in cafeterias. Of all the negro
women included, cooks earned the highest wages and pantry girls
the next highest, one-half of the cooks earning more than $11 and
7 of the 18 pantry girls earning $9 or over. The kitchen help had the
lowest earnings, with a little more than one-half of the workers
earning less than $7.
In addition to the regular wages meals were furnished for some
of the negro women. Ninety-three women, or 44.1 per cent of
the total number, had one or more meals supplied by the hotel or
restaurant. The allowance made for these was slight. Where no
meals were furnished wages were but $0.80 a week higher than when
three meals were provided, certainly a small 'amount with which to
purchase 18 or 21 meals.
The value of experience would seem to be less to a negro worker
than to a white one, and the length of time required to arrive at her
maximum rate was also longer. The increase from her initial to her
highest earnings was only 20.8 per cent, compared to an increase of
39.3 per cent for the white worker, and while the maximum was
reached for the white worker in 5 years it was necessary for the
negro woman to work 10 years before her maximum was reached.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PART
IV.
WORKING CONDITIONS.31
• In order to realize the importance 0£ working conditions it is
necessary to consider the many details such as heating, lighting, seating, ventilation, and sanitation which constitute "working conditions" and their vital effect on the lives of the workers and the well
being 0£ the community. The facts included in this report under
the heading in question may be divided into five groups. First, conditions which comprise general workroom equipment, such as cleaning, heating, ventilation, lighting, and seating; second, conditions
showing obvious hazard or strain; third, sanitary facilities, such as
drinking, washing, and toilet provisions; fourth, service facilities,
such as lunch, cloak, and rest rooms and first-aid equipment; fifth,
employment methods.
The provision made along these lines for the efficiency and cdmfort
0£ the employees varies tremendously with the industry and establishment. For instance, it is obvious that cleanliness 0£ the workroom is more difficult to maintain in a candy factory than in a garment factory and that lighting is a more important factor in the latter than in the former. The problem 0£ the employer of three women
differs from that of the employer of 300 when it comes to fire-hazard
and service facilities. But whateyer the industry in which they
work the workers themselves, without doubt, show the result 0£ good
working conditions, both in their ability and in their health. In a
recent book by two students of industry the statement is made that
"conditions of work which include poor lighting or ventilation,
noise or floor vibrations, overcrowding or· insanitary conditions,
hasten fatigue and may cause it even when hours are short and work
light and varied." 32 That results from such conditions do not stop
with the worker but affect her family and community life is clear.
It is also a well-known fact that poor working conditions are often
directly responsible for poor output. An excellent example of this
is found in a recent study of output in silk weaving during the
winter months, in which it was found that production falls under
artificial illumination, even if electric light of sufficient intensity is
81 Restaur an ts, hotels, and telephones are not included in the section on " Working
Conditions."
8~ Frankel, L . K. , and Fleisher, Alexander.
The Human factor in indust ry, New Yot·k,
1920, p. 113.
49
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50
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
provided. The report of this study states that "the magnitude of
this £all is of the order of 10 per cent of the daylight value of the
rate of output." 33 · Very little of the work performed by women in
Arkansas was of equal fineness with silk weaving, but the same principle which affected output on· fine work with sufficient artificial light
would probably operate on coarser work with insufficient or badly
·placed light.
The long, hot summers in Arkansas render the subject of ventilation especially important. The effect of temperature and ventilation
upon output is well recognized by scientific experts, although the
conditions indicate that employers have not yet realized the relation
between them. In an English study made of this subject 34 it was
found that "in the two unventilated factories the average output
was, respectively, 11 and 18 per cent less in the hottest weeks of the
year (when the mean temperature was 65° F. or more) than in the_
-coldest weeks ( when it was 40° or less). It is probable that thoroughly efficient ventilation may increase the average output of an
unventilated factory by 12 per cent. * * * In a factory where a
good ventilation was affected by means of large vertical fans or
paddles the mean output in the summer months (May and September) was only 2.9 per cent less than in the winter months (December
and ·M arch) * * * whilst in two other factories which had no
·artificial ventilation at all, it was 6.8 and 9.2 per cent less." It would
·seem, therefore, if only from the point of view of efficiency, that
.good ventilating equipment, especially in a warm climate, would
soon pay for itself by increased output and by less fatigued an~
therefore steadier workers.
GENERAL WORKROOM CONDITIONS.
Cleaning.
The first and most obvious condition which qualifies the standard
of an establishment is· the cleanliness of its workrooms and equipment Naturally the very same standard can not apply to every industry, as the requirements of manufacturing different products
must result in making conditions in one type of establishment
totally impractical for another type. Taking into consideration the
needs of the industry, ii was found in this survey that the workrooms
of 94 of the 120 plants had clean floors, walls, windows, work tables,
and other equipment. In 78 per cent of the plants the responsibility
for cleaning was definitely placed upon some special person-a janitor or cleaner hired for the job-but in others it was done very casually, sometimes by the girl employees" when they had time" or by a
aa Industrial Fatigue Research Board. A study of output in silk weaving- during the
winter months. Report Great. Britain Industrial Fa.tigue Research Board, no. 9.
34 Ibid.
The influen ce of hour s of work and of ventilation. on output 1n tinp,I ate manufacture, no. 1, 1919, p. 29.
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WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
51
boy "supposed to clean " once a week. A large number of plants
· were swept daily and a few were scrubbed regularly, but in plants
where no person was responsible and no time scheduled for the cleaning it was in almost all cases unsatisfactory. The special importance
of having systematic and thorough cleaning, especially in food establishments, is apparent, and yet but one o·f the five candy pJants
visited was swept and scrubbed regularly.
Heating.
The problem of heating the various plants is in many ways a far
simpler one in Arkansas than in States where the winters are longer
and more severe. In the larger establishments in cities the heat
occasionally was supplied by steam pipes or radiators, but a more
common method was to use gas stoves or, in laundries, the heat from
the equipment in the industry. The heating appeared adequate in
101 plants and in 9 more it was partially satisfactory; that is, some
part of the building was sufficiently heated, but in other parts the
provision was plainly inadequate. Fourteen plants either had no
· equipment or the entire arrangement was unsatisfactory. In one
such establishment, where no heat was provided, the women spread
newspapers on the floor to keep their feet warm; in another, worke,J"s
took turns going over to the stove to get warm. The difficulty of
heating such establishments as woodworking plants, which have
many openings and are loosely boarded, is plain, but the discomfort
and risk to persons working in a cold.. room all day are equal_ly
: apparent.
Ventilation.
In States like Arkansas where the hot weather extends over at
least half the year the question of the proper ventilation of workrooms is an important one. This is realized by the management in
many plants and every effort made to install cooling devices. Electric fans and exhaust$ in the wall and ceiling are the most frequent
methods used. In a plant which was only one story high the roof ·
was painted white, which, the manager explained, lowered the
temperature in the workroom to a considerable extent. The survey
was made during the cooler months, so only ·those establishments
· where ventilating facilities were obviously inadequate were noted
in this study. In 14 plants ventilation was thoroughly unsatisf~ctory and in 20 the provision for fresh air was so inadequate that hot
weather would result in excessive discomfort to the workers. The
other plants either were provided with windows in sufficient numbers or had electric fans or exhausts to give · proper circulation of
air. The ventilation of laundries is · an especially difficult problem
in hot weather, owing to _the heat and steam incident to the industry. In some laundries every effort haq been made to minimize
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WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
the discomfort by the installation 0£ hoods over mangles, exhausts over washing machines, and circular £ans in walls, but in
others where such care had not been taken the heat in summer was
reported to be" fierce." One woman said "the heat is awful, worse
than any sweatshop, we're just dripping wet all day long,"
Lighting.
Lighting, in order to be satisfactory, should be sufficient in quantity and well arranged so that the worker is not exposed to glare or
to bright lights with surrounding dark shadows. Judged by these
standards the natural lighting was satisfactory in 81 plants, partly
satisfactory in 22, and decidedly unsatisfactory in 17. In several
plants the work could not have been performed even in the middle
0£ the day without artificial light, and .in one establishment located
in a basement, there was no daylight and all work had to be done
by electric light. Good artificial lights were provided in 71 plants,
while in 7 the artificial light was satisfactory in some rooms and poor
in others. In 26 plants the artificial lighting was unsatisfactory.
The £act, however, that much 0£ the industrial work 0£ Arkansas is
not close work, makes the problem 0£ artificial lighting less important
than when the work is 0£ a more exacting nature.
Seating.
The problem 0£ seating is not simply that all women should sit at
their work but rather that provision shall be made that those whose
work necessitates standing may sit occasionally £or a few minutes'
rest, and that wherever possible women may either sit or stand while
at work. It is generally accepted that continuous sitting and continuous standing both are harmful, and there are comparatively £ew processes where either is really necessary. That women realize this double
need is shown by contrasting points 0£ view 0£ two girls. One of
them was leaving her work and going to another plant, because" the
girls get to sit down there," and the other stood at her work 0£ inspecting because she "always had found it hard to sit." The
Arkansas law 35 closely :follows this standard when it provides that
"In every manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, . or other establishments in this State, wherein girls or women are employed, there
shall be provided, and conveniently located, seats sufficient to comfortably seat such girls or women, and during such time as such
girls or women are not necessarily required by their duties to be
upon their feet, shall be allowed to occupy the seats- provided." Of
62 plants, where the work was done standing, 13 provided no seats
for their employees, who were obliged to use tables, boxes, baskets,
piles of lumber, or bales 0£ cotton whenever opportunity offered to
35
Annotated digest of the labor laws of the State of Arkansas, 1919, p. 37.
the Bureau of Labor and Statistics of Arkansas.
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Issued by
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
53
sit, even when eating their lunches. Several stores were in this
group, and their employees were seen sitting on the counter or balancing on the edge of the shelf behind it.
Of 57 plants, where women sat while they worked, 37 supplied
chairs, 21 stools or benches, and 6 boxes. Frequently in the same
establishment some girls had chairs and some stools or boxes. It is
important that seats should have backs and should be adjusted to a
proper height, and that such a condition as the following, described
in one report, should not occur: " Girls sat on stools so high that their
knees would not go under the table-had to sit sideways." Such a
cramped position as this, held for 8 or 9 hours, can not £ail to result
in fatigue to the worker, and therefore in lessened capacity for work.
HAZARD AND STRAIN.
It is very difficult to determine what conditions constitute a hazard
or a strain, and expert opinions are needed in any adequate report
on these questions. In this survey all that has been attempted is
to report obvious fire risks and conspicuous occupational hazards.
Strain was reported only where conditions of work plainly ·appeared
detrimental to the health of the women workers.
Fire ha.zard.-Over one-third of the buildings included in this
survey were only one story high and therefore the chief fire risks
were from narrow and obstructed passageways and entrance doors
opening in instead of out. Other risks reported in buildings of
two or more stories in height were an inadequate number of stairways or less than two exits· from each floor above the second. Such
conditions were found in 26 buildi~gs. In 11 instances the stairways were narrow, while in 2 they were winding and in 7 they had
no handrail. In one establishment the stairs were da-rk at the turn
and the inspector was warned to be careful as a girl had stumbled
and fallen there recently. The only other exit froJI}. this floor was
a perpendicular ladder fire escape. In still another plant there
was no handrail and the lower treads of the stairs were broken.
The problem of fire prevention had received more attention than
that of fire exits. Automatic sprinklers were provided in 79 plants,
fire buckets in 16, and only 11 establishments were reported as having
decidedly inadequate equipment of this type.
Occupational hazards or strains.-In 32 establishments occupational hazards of some kind were reported. Frequently the risk
was o:f burns (six of the 32 establishments were laundries) or of
running slivers into the fingers. This latter accident is not serious
if the injury is properly treated, but o:ften there is no first-aid
equipment in readiness and more than one worker reported having
had an infected finger. Very much the same danger occurs in
operating a power machine, where, the needle occasionally pierces
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54
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
the finger. Two of three sisters working in the same plant had
pierced their fingers during the week preceding the survey and
seemed to consider it a not unusual occurrence.
Strains incident to the job were reported greatest in laundries
and woodworking establishments. 0£ the 52 establishments where
some strain was reported, 16 were laundries and 12 were woodworking establishments. Laundry machinery, if properly adjusted,
should not be difficult to operate, but too often there is found a condition of which the following description is typical; " One press very
hard to clamp-necessary to jump on treadle." This report is probably 0£ a badly adjusted press and the harm resulting from jumping
on the treadle many times a day could easily be obviated if proper
care were taken. In woodworking and some 0£ the" miscellaneous"
industries heavy lifting was sometimes required. In one plant
women were reported lifting, every 2 to 10 minutes, weights o:f from
45 to 60 pounds. In another plant constant lifting and pulling of
heavy materials had resulted, according to a physician, in very
definite phys1cal harm to the woman who was employed on this work.
It should be emphasized that although hazards and strains are not
always avoidable in industrial occupations, their risks and dangers
can_be reduced by · the installation of guards on mach~nes, by proper ·
_a djustment of weights to the strength of the workers, and by firstaid facilities.
.
SANITATION.
The equipment of each establishment with proper drinking, washing, and toilet facilities is important from two points of view: That
of the workers who spend more· than half their waking hours in the
building, and that of the management whose production is liable
to suffer if the health of the worker is not considered. It is clear
from the results _of this survey that a proper equipment of drinking,
washing, and toilet :facilities has not been considered by the majority
of employers in the State.
Drinkitng fcrcilities.-The most desirable provision for drinking
water is cooled water with individual glasses or paper cups or sanitary bubblers. The danger to the health of the workers through.
use of a common drinking cup is illustrated by an order of the State
board 0£ health which provides that ":factories, stores and all other
places where people eat and drink, congregate or patronize, shall
not provide any drinking cup, glass or vessel for common use." 3 6
Nevertheless, the common cup or glass was found in 63 establish~
ments, showing plainly the need for better education of both employer
and employee as to the risk of the common drinking cup. Eight
36 Arkansas State Board of Health.
January, 1918, p•. 35.
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Revised bulletin of the rules and regulations,
WOMEN IN AR.KANSAS INDUSTRIES.
55
plants of the 120 had bubblers, 4 of which were of an insanitary
type-that i~, the unconsumed water £ell back on the fresh supply.
The remaining plants had faucets and tanks, with the exception of
two where the workers used the hydrant in an outside shed, and
three where only the primitive pail and common dipper were provided.
Washing facilities.-The rules of the Arkansas State Board of
Health declare that in manufacturing establishments and "all stores,
shops or places catering to the public " 37 there shall be provided " a
sink or lavatory with an· abundance of towels, water and soap," and
·in another section 38 that a " common towel, or towel to be used in
common, is forbidden." The standards of the Women's Bureau
recommend not only the above ·provisions but also that hot water
and individual towels shall be supplied.39 Nevertheless, the reports
for many establishments read "no hot water, soap, nor towels," while
one merely says "Water 0. K. in engine room." In six plants there
were no washing facilities furnished. When one superintendent was
asked where the workers washed he replied laconically, " They~wash
at home." Many plants, especially stores, supplied fairly good
equipment in this regard. Soap was furnished in 54 plants and hot
water in 11 (9 of these last were l aundries). Only 5 establishments
supplied individual towels, 44 supplied common towels. Usually
common towels were furnished each clay, but in some cases the
number was inadequate, as ..in the establishment where · two towels
a day were provided for 79 women. In many instances, of course,
the worker furnished her own towel rather than conform to such
standards.
Toilet facilities.-Toilet ·facilities should be sufficient. in number,
clean, accessible, and well screened and ventilated. This standard
is supported by the State law which declares 4 0 that "there shall
be provided in every :factory, manufacturing establishment, workshop, or other place where six or more women are employed, separa.te toilet and wash rooms for men and women." · This law is supplemented by rules and regulations of the State Board of Health,41
which declares that "there shall be provided sufficient and suitable
privy accommodations, having regard to the number of people employed or in attendance." In order to estimate the number needed
in an establishment the standard of one seat to every 15 women
employed has been use~ in this report. According to this standard
Arkan sas State Board of Health. Op cit., p. 36.
Arkansas State Board of Healtb. Op. cit., p. 35.
89 U. S. Dept. of Labor, Women's Bureau.
Standards for tbe employment of women
in industry. BuL 3, ed. 3, 1921, p. 5.
40 AnnotattKI. digest of tbe labor laws of the State of Arkansas, 1919, p. 37.
Issued
by the Arkansas Bureau of Labor and Statistics.
41 Arkansas State Board of Health.
Op,, cit., p. 30.
37
38
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56
WOME N IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
there was an insufficient number of seats in 80 est ablishments. Three
of these plants had no toilet accommodations, the others all had
more than 15 workers to a seat, the number of women sometimes
running as high as 40 or 50. In some stores where the public
used the same toilet this inadequacy was especially felt. On one
door the girls had put a placard reading "Closed; out of order,"
and in addition t ook the precaution to keep the door locked in
order to keep out the public. In 21 establishments men and women
used the same toilet, and in 17 the toilet seats were not inclosed so
as to insure p rivacy. The ventilation was poor in 32 plants; frequently the only air came over the partition or through the doorway from the workroom. In one case a brick had been knocked out
of the inclosing wall of the toilet "for ventilation." The most
unsatisfactory condition was that of cleaning. Toilets in 49 establishments showed the result of neglect and · bad cleaning arrangements. In one plant the door was off the hinges, the plumbing was
out of order, and the floor was water-soaked. In many establishments
cleaning was not supervised and no one was responsible for condi~
tions. One manager did not know just when cleaning was done; he
thought " men probably " did it. Another manager, equally vague,
said that the women workers were supposed to clean, and when asked
how often the cleaning was done, replied, "Oh, as happens." This
method naturally is spasmodic. One girl apologized for the condition in her plant where the workers were supposed to clean by saying, "We've been too busy to clean lately." The need in every plant
was summed up unconsciously by one manager when he said," Never
knew girls to keep the toilet clean ; seems to need a woman just to do
such work." The general findings on this subject show clearly the importance of additional education as to standards and the enforcement of the p~esent law by means of a sufficient force of inspectors.
SERVICE FACILITIES.
In every establishment where women are employed there should
be provided a room or rooms where wraps may be hung and lunches
eaten, and where, in case of illness, the patient may lie down.
The necessity of a cloak room where girls can leave their wraps
and their street clothes is especially important where the work is
heavy or heating, as in woodworking or laundries. That this necessity is realized in laundries is shown by the fact that 18 of the 23
laundries supplied cloak rooms. The woodworking establishments
were not so well equipped, as but 6 of 15 plants had made special
provision for wraps. Among all the establishments visited during
this survey, cloak rooms were provided in 70 plants. Many of these
cloakrooms were makeshift, such as spaces partially cur.fained off
from the workroom, or closets without light or ventilation.
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WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
57
The refreshment, physical and mental, of eating the noon meal
away from one's work has not been sufficiently considered in Arkansas establishments, and although without doubt many women were
able to go home to their lunch, for most of them who must remain
the only choice offered was the~ workroom or the street. Only 12
establishments provided hroch rooms, and these frequently were
equipped with chairs and tables in a combination cloak, lunch, and
rest room. This provision of one room for several :facilities was
found in a number of 5-and-10-cent stores, where frequently a hot
plate or gas flame and cups and saucers were furnished for the use
of the employee. It is desirable that these accommodations should
be in separate rooms, but in small establishments this is obviously
impossible. The absence of any provision for resting frequently
means the loss of an entire day £or a girl who is compelled to go home
for a slight indisposition when a short rest is all that is necessary.
The provision of either a separate rest room or a couch in a lunch
and cloak room was found in 12 establishments, all but 1 of which
were stores.
First-aid equipment.
Most of the accidents reported in this study were of a minor character, such as needles or slivers in fingers, or burns on hands and
arms. These injuries are slight, but without immediate attention they
may become serious. First-aid equipment was provided for such
cases as these in 57 plants, and in 42 of these establishments some special person was in char.ge and administered it. Only one firm maintained a hospital with a trained woman in charge.
Employment management.
It is perhaps· a truism to state that the quality of the work in a
plant depends to a very large extent on the efficiency and stability of
the working force. This efficiency and stability can be attained in
some degree by careful hiring and fitting the girl to the job. In
order to do this most successfully a single agent, such as an employment manager, a superintendent, or 'a foreman, should control the
hiring, transferring, and discharging. This is the custom in most
small plants where one foreman or superintendent is in charge, and
as the majority of establishments in Arkansas were of this character
it is not surprising that 98 had this centralized system. The more
_haphazard method of hiring and discharging by several foremen
was found principally in the woodworking and printing industries.
The former is a loosely organized industry with little centralization
and the latter is very highly organized, frequently with each foreman
estimating and being responsible for a special job, and with very
complete authority in his own department.
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PART V .
THE WORKERS.
vVhen the wages, hours, and working conditions of women are
under consideration questions naturally arise concerning the: central
figure which all these things affect-the woman hersel:f. Is shenativeborn or foreign, young or old, married or singlei Does she live at
home and have home duties and responsibilities, or does she board
and have only her own livelihood to consided During this survey
an effort was made to throw light on these :facts by means of questionnaires which the worker was asked to fill out, and also by home
visits where detailed information could be obtained about home
responsibilities and previous education and training. All or part
of 2,634 questionnaries were filled out and 95 personal interviews
were obtained.
Nativity.
According to Table XVIII in the appendix, among the 2,634 women repo•r ting country of birth the number born outside of the
United States was remarkably small; only 0.7 per cent being foreign
born. This is in marked contrast to certain co,a st States, such as
Rhode Island, where in a survey recently made by the Women's
Bureau, 21.2 per cent of the women ~eported were born in foreign
countries.
Age.
Records of age were filled out by 2,523 women, whose ages varied
from 16 to oYer 60 years. From these records, as shown .in Table
XIX in the appendix, it would seem that the white women engaged
in industry in Arkansas were younger than the negro women, for over
one-half of the white women ( 54.5 per cent ) and less t han a third
of the negro ( 30.4 per cent) were under 25 years of age. The
largest number of white women was the 20 to, 25 year age group,
while that of negro women was the 30 to 40 year group. The greatest proportion of white women under 20 years of age in any one
jndustry ( 49.0 per cent) were working in candy and the largest
proportion of women 40 years of age and over · (24.9 per cent) were
in hotels and restaurants. Negro women also showed their greatest
proportion of women 40 year s of age and over (25.1 per cent) to
be in hotels and restaurants, but, unlike the white women, the largest
18060°-23-5
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59
60
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
· proportion of . young negro women (10.4 per cent) were found in
laundries.
0£ the women reporting, no white or negro woman 50 years of
age and over worked in candy or drug manufacture, printing, or
5 and 10 cent stores.
Conjugal condition and family responsibilities.
The census figures 42 o:f 1920 show that of the total number of
women 15 years o:f age and over who wern gainfully employed in the
United States 23 per cent were married. The per cent o:f all women
who were married in the west South Central States, in which Arkansas
is included, was higher than :for the United States as a whole. When
this special group of 2,518 working women is considered, the figures
in Table XX in the appendix show the proportion of married women
to be 25.3 per cent. This group, i£ compared with figures collected
in a similar st1rvey of Rhode Island, appears to be large, the Rhode
I sland group showing 14.8 per cent married. However, when compared with the survey o:f Georgia industries the figures are found
to be nearly the same. Although 25.3 per cent of the Arkansas women
were married an almost equally large number, 24.9 per cent, were
widowed, separated, or divorced. For this large number of wome.n
left without a husband and usually with children, the problem o:f
making both ends meet was especially hard. One woman had supported herself and two children ever since her husband died-four
and one-half years ago. "In the morning," she explained, "I get
up and get breakfast and prepare their lunches and start to work,
and then there is nothing to do when I ·get home at night but get.
supper and put the house in order." A particularly hard case was
that of a woman with four children from 9 to 15 years old and a bedridden grandmother. She earned but $10.50 a week, but the grandmother owned the house, so they " got along."
The difficulty o:f meeting expenses even when the work is steady
was shown by the record o:f a woman who had missed only seven days
in five years and yet could not make expenses :for her family of
three-her child, her mother, and herself. In a survey 43 made by
·the Women's Bureau on family responsibilities and wage-earning
women, it was found that practically 100 per cent of husbands and
wives, mothers and fathers, contributed all of their earnings to
meet the expenses of the family, and in other groups where wage
and relationship to the family were similar the women contributed
a larger proportion of their earnings than did the men. Of course,
the women, as a rule, had less to contribute. In the present study,
o:f the women living at home and trying, presumably, to bear their
42
43
U. $. Burea u of the Census.
Not yet published.
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Census, 1920 Abstract.
WOME]f IN ARKAN.SAS INDUSTRIES.
•
61
share .o f the family expenses, nearly one-half of the white women
(4€>.6 per cent) and nearly three-fourths o:f the negro women (72.2
per eent) earned in a .s ingle week less than $11:00. 44 (See Table
XXII, Appendix.) A widow who was supporting two .children, 13
.a nd 15 years old, said that their food alone ·c ast $-9 a ·week and that
after her rent was paid ther.e was -'' just nothing left." In order to
"help out," .o ne woman had :a hoarder and a roomer, but she found
it difficult '"' to work out and kee-p up the house.~'
The proportion .o f w-0111.en. living at home was '83 per cent.4 5
Among the women who were living independently-that is, boarding
with people to whom they were not related or renting rooms :from
them-nearly three-quarters of the whi~e women and all but three of
the negro women were earning less than $11 ·a week. 46 Three sisters
were visited whose combined earnings averaged $22.20 a week. They
were living in a rented room, all sleeping in one bed and buying their
food at the delicatessen or grocery, because they could not afford to
eat in restaurants, and in the one room there were not facilities for
cooking. A large proportion ( 45.7 per cent of the girls living away
:from home were employed m telephone exchanges, restaurants, and
hotels.
Education.
No attempt was- made to secure information by means of que tionnaires on the educational history of the various women. All facts
on this subject were obtained by personal conversation with the
worker, and therefore a much smaller number-95 visits were madeare ·c ontained in this group than in the groups of those who reported
on nativity and age.
The three questions asked of the worker were: What grade were
you in when you left school i How old were you i ·what was your
reason for leavingi Such riecords o:f schooling were obtained from
58 women, and of those almost one-half (26) had finished grammar
school, 47 while 7 had entered high school and 4 had graduated from
high school. Ten girls left grammar school before they reached the
sixth grade and three reported practically no schooling and could
barely read and write, their reason for leaving being, in the majority
of cases, "to go to work." Twenty-five of a total of 56 gave the
need of going to work as the reason for leaving school, and 17 others
said they left "to- help at home." This mason often was accompanied by an explanation, such as that, given by the girl who- said,
"Mother died when I was 13, so some one had to take care of the
children. I was the oldest." One girl who left school in the :fourth
grade said her "folks didn't think school awful important," but that
Does not include women «'mployed in t elephone exchanges a,nd hotels and re tauran ts.
Telephone exchanges and restaurants and hotels included.
46 Telephone exchanges and· restaurants aniI hotels not included·.
47 Parochial and country schools are included.
41
45
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62
WOlYIEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES,.
she wished now she had" finished." Nine girls said they left because
they had "finished," three left to get married, and two to take business courses. Three-fourths of the girls, however, left school for
economic reasons, either to go to work or because it was necessary to
help at home. \Vith so many leaving school in order "to go to
work," it is not surprising that over one-half of the girls for whom
ages were reported left school when they were between 14 and 16
years of age. Those leaving under 14 were mostly older women
who went to work years ago, ·b efore the State or Federal child-labor
la 1'S were enacted. ·
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APPENDIX.
TADLE
I.-1Veek's earnings, by industrial group-Fort Smith.
Number of women earning each specified amount in5-and-10-cent
stores.
General mercantile.
Week's earnings.
·Laundries.
·white. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro.
- - - - - - - - 1 - - - -1- - - - 1 - - - - l -- - - l-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Under $1. .......................................................................................... .
$1 and under $2.. ...
4
4 ..................... . .. .. ......... ............... .. ... .
$2 and under $3. . . . .
4
3
1 ....................................... .
$3 and under $4.....
3
3 ................... . ...... .. ........................... .
$4 and under $5. . . . .
5
. 5 ..... . ......................... . ..................... .. .
$5 end under $6. . . . .
9
7
1 ........
1 ............... .
$6 and under $7. . . . .
36
36 .................. ... .................................. .
$7 and under $8.....
17
1
15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 ................. .... .. .
$8 and under $9. . . . .
35
l
33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1
$9 and under $10. . . .
35
4
30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
4
$10 and under $11.. .
50
9
28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
9
$11 and under $12. . .
29
1
13
8
5 ........
3
1
$12 and under $13...
30
23
5 ........ ........ ........
.2
$13 and under $14...
64
15
34
14 . . . . . . . .
1
$14 and under $15...
14
9
2
1 ........
2
$15and under$16...
29
2
11
17 ........ ....... . ........
1
.2
$16 and under $17...
19
9
9 . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
$17 and under $18. . .
21
10
11 .. .. ... .... ..................•..........
$18 and under $19. . .
13
7
5
1 ................. . ..... .
$19 and under $20...
7
6
.1 ......... .. ... ......... . ............... .
$20 and under 21. . .
16
4c
11 . . • . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ....... .
$21 and under $22. . .
5
1
4 ...................... ..... ............ .
$22 and under $23 . . .
5
1
4 . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .
$23 and under $24.. .
3
1
2 ........... . .. . ........................ .
$24 and under $25. . .
1 ........ ........ ........
1 ........ . . ............................. .
$25 and under $30. . .
15
3 ........
12 . . . . . . ................................ .
$30 and under $35. . .
2 ........ ........ ........
2 .......... .. .... . . .. . .. . ............... .
$35 and under $40. . .
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . .
4 .................. ...... . .. ............ .
$40 and over ................................... , ........... _ ............... _ ..... __ .... _. _____ ___ .. .
- - -1- - -1- - - + - - - - 1 - - - - J - - - - + - - - - - 1 - - - - - - -- - - -
Total.. . ......
475
Median earnings..... $12. 35
1
2
19
$10. 30
277 • . . . . . . .
134
$10. 10 . . . . . . . . $15. 95
1
(2)
24 .. .. ... .
40
$13. 30 . . . . . . . . $10. 05
18
$10. 35
Exclusive of telephone exchanges and hotels and restaurants.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TAmaE IL-Week 's earnings , by indus'trial group-State excl1.isive of Fort Sm;ith.
Number of women earning each specified amount in·week's earnings.
All industries.1 Manufacturing
industries.
General mercantile.
5-and-10-cent
stores.
Laundries.
White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro.
- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - 2
2 ....... . ··-·--- - ---·· ·· · . ....... . ......... ····· · ·U nder $1. ..... ......
3
3
2 -------- ........ . ........
~1 and under 2 . ....
11
1 ··-·-·-·
6
8
6
14
1 ---·····
7
5 ---·-·-·
2 and under $3 • ••• •
1 ········
9
9
16
1 -------$3and under 4 .. .. .
9
8
9
6 ... .. .. ..
1
25
12
11
2
Hand under $5 . .. ..
20
3 ··-·-···
.........
1
40
18
. 5 and nnder $6 .....
22
20
5
2
5 ...... . ....
2
10
i6 and under $7 .....
75
14
46
16
1
5 .... ......
5
8
8
$7 and under $8 . .. ..
87
45
40
4
29
4
16 .........
2
37
1 Exclusive of telephone exchanges and hotels and restaurants.
--------
63
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
64
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
II.-Week's earnings, by industrial group-State excTlusive of Fort
Smith-Continued.
Number of women earning each specified amount inGeneral mercantile.
Week's earning.
5-and-10-cent
stores.
L aundries.
White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro.
--------1----1-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - $8 and under $9 .....
$9 and under $10 .. ..
$10tmd under $11. ..
$11 and under $12 ...
$12 and under $13 ...
$13 and under $14 ...
$14 and under 815 ...
$15 and under $16 ...
$16 and under 17 ...
$17 and under $18 ...
$18 and under $19 ...
19 and under $20 ...
$20 and under $21. ..
$21 and uncler .$22- ..
$22 and under $23 . _ .
$23 and under $24 ...
$24 and under $25 ._. .
$25 and under $30 ...
$30 and under $35 ...
$35 and under $4D ..•
$40 and over ...•....
107
128
138
59
100
52
67
108
40
50
44
15
58
7
11
12
3
22
16
6
4
30
Total. ..... •.• 1,318
Median earnings..•.• $11. 10
277
$8.65
2
79
36
7
2
1
2
45
42
39
24
29
31
24
18
18
2
1
21
2
11
7
5
4
1
4
2
2
3
1
1
484
$10.10
22
20
56
7
10
1
27
76
31
6
1
8
8
2
., .... ~- ....... i
8
50
1 ....... .
2 ••••••·•
1
19 ::: ::: :: :: :::::: : :::::::
12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
... ···"i" :·: ::::::
3
10
8
1 • .......
5
3
70
$4. 80
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21
1
19 ....... .
32
1
34 ...... . .
28
15
1
3
1 .... .... ... . . .. .
28
5 •••.••••
1
56
18
2 ••• • ••• •
1
32
3 ..... .. .
78
4
1
20 ········ ... ..... ··· · ····
28
33 : : : : : ::: : : : ::: : : : : : : : : ::
559 - - 1 5 - ~ - - 2 - ~,~
$14. 95
$8. 50
$9. 20
(2)
$10. 30 • $9. 25
TABLE
!IL-Week's earnings by hours 'l))Orked.
Number of women earning each spedfied amount who worked during this week-
Week's earnings.
Number of
women reported.
Under 30
hours.
30 and under 33 and under 36 and under 39 and under 42 and under 44 and under 45 and under 48 and under
33 hours.
36 hours.
39 hours.
42 hours.
44 hours.
45 hours.
48 hours.
49 hours.
White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro.
-----------1--- --- --- --- --- --- --- - - - - --- --- --- --- - - - - - - --- --- ---·--Under $1. ...•.••••...........
$1 and under $2 ...•..........
S2 and under $3 ••••••••••••••
S3 and under $4 . ............ .
$4 and under $5 ...•..........
$5 and under $6 •••••••••••••.
$6 and under $7 ...•..........
S7 and under $8 ............. .
$8 and under $9 ..• : ........•..
$9 and under $10 ..........•..
810 and under $11 ...•........
$11 and under $12 ...•........
$12 and under $13 ...•........
$13 and under $14 ...•.•......
$14 and under $15 .. . •........
$15 and under $16 ...•........
$16 and under $17 ........... .
$17 and under $18 .. . •........
$18 and under $19 ...•........
$19 and under $20 ........... .
$20 and under $21 ...•........
$21 and under $22 •.........•.
$22 and under $23 ........... .
$23 and under $24 .•.•........
$24 and under $25 . . ......... .
$25 and under $30 .•.......•..
$30 and under $35 ........... .
$35 and under $40 . .......... .
$40 and over••••••............
3
2
3
13
6
9
9
9
12
14
9
11
17
20
40
90
93
103
125
103
65
114
107
68
124
52
-08
54
2 .........•..•...•.•.. ······· ..•.................. ······· .............. ····•·· ...........••• ••••··· .••.•.. ···•···
5 .........•.............•.................. ·······
1 .........•.......................•• •••••·· ·••···· ...... .
6 ..•......•....
1 ..•......•......•......•....
3 ..•.•....•.....••........ . ....••••••••......•......•....
1
1
1
1 . . .. .. . . ... . .. . . .. .. .
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
11
1
5
1
2
1 .......
1 .......
2 .•••...
1
3
1
2
2
2
1
6
~
~ ····...~
1~ ··•··•· ··--·2·
1~
~
10
10
6
4
2
1
4
4
6
13
1
4
5
4 ..••...•.•......•..•.
4
2
4
2
10
7
2
7
9
4 . . •. . . . . . •. . . . . . •. . • .
3 . . •. . . . . . •. •. . . . •. . . .
4
4
14
7
4
11
1
1 ..•.••.
3
1 ..•....
6
8
8
4
4
6
2
2
1 ..•..••
2 •••......•......•....
1
4
' 3
5
5
1
1 ..•.•.. .••. ... ..•.•.•
1 ··•···· ..••... ..•••.. ..•. .. . ..•....
2
4
5
10
1
1 ..•..............•....•••.....•....
3 ..•....
2 .......
3
8
5
9
.......
1 .....................................•......•....
2 .......
2
10
4
4
1 . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .... .. . . .. .. . .
1 . ... .. . . .•.... . .. . . . .
1
4
2
12
1.....................
···································
2
8
1
8
.......
1 . ... .. .
1 . . •. • •.
1 . . •. . . . . . •. . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . .
1 . . •. •. .
10
3
10
1 ................•...........
1 .................................................
6 ..............
1
6
. ............. · · ····· ..•.... ··•···· ..•.... .......
1 ..•......................... ··•····
3 ....•....•.... ··•·•·•
6
.......................•......•....
1 ..•.............•......•...........
2 ..•....
1
2 •••.•.•
4 .. .• ....
............................ ······· ....... .......
1 ······· ······· ··· ··· . ··•···· .......
1
2 .................... .
i~
!
rn
21
68
10
16 .......................•...........................•......•.... ·-···· ....... ..•.... .......
15
1 ..•........... ······· ....... ··•···. ··•···· ··•···· ..•..... ... .. . . ...... .......
4 ..•........... ······· ······· ........ ······ ·······
1 ..•.... ....... .......
1. ...... .
2 ··•····
1 ...... .
1 ······· ....... . ...... ....... ....... ....•.. ..•....
1
1 ....... ······· ...... .
•••••••
4 •••••••
36 •oo•--• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• • • • • • • • •••••••
1 ••••••• ••••••• •••••••
1
17 •••••••.•••••. ••••••• •·••••• •••••••..••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• •••••••••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• •••••••
4
10 ..•............................................................ ······· ..•....
1 ··•···· ..•......•.... ·······
4 ............................................•......•.................. ······· ······· ..•.... ······· ..•...........
Total.. •••.............. 1,471
'.Medianearnings .............. $12.45
110
$5.80
96
16
$5.05
$2.15
20
$6.40
5
(1)
29
$8.90
1
(1)
21
$7.50
2
(1)
35
$8.40
9
(1)
39
$10.95
( 1)
4
118
$11.65
( 1)
1
90
$9.30
••••••• ••••••• •••••••
······· ..•......•....
·······
1
16
112
$7.00 $14.25
15
$5.10
-----------''------'---'------'----'---'------'---'----'---------'---'---'--...;_--'---'---------------1.---'----~
1 Not computed, owing to small numberinvolved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
H
zt:I
q
Yl
g
t_::j
?2
TABLE
III.-Weel.;'s earnings by hours worked-Continued.
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked during this week-
Week's earnings.
49 and under 50 and under 51 and under 52 and under 53 and under 54 and under 55 and under 57 and under
50 hours.
51 hours.
52 hours.
53 hours.
54 hours.
55 hours.
57 hours.
60 hours.
60 hours.
and over.
48hours
and over.
White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. ·white. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. ·
- - - - - - - - - - ~1- - - - --
- - - - -- - - - - -- 1 - - - 1 - - - - t - - - i- - - - t - -- 1 - - - - 1 - - - 1- --
--- --- --- - -- - -- -
Under $1. ..... _........................•...............•.......................................•. •· • • •·· •· • •·· • • • • • • •· • • • • • • • • • • • • •· •· • • •·· • • • · · · • • • • • • •· ·· •
$1 and under $2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . .
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .
$2 and under $3 ••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
S3 and under $4. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . .
1 .....................................•........................................ . ............
S4 and under $5. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 .......•.................•.... . ........•.... .. ............•...................... .. .............................
S5 and under S6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . .
1 . . •. . . .
1
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .
S6 and under $7. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . .
1
1
4 ......• ....... .......
6
4 ........... .....•............. ..... .. .....
$7 and under $8. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
1
7
3
13 . . . . . . .
2 .......
18
5
1 ..•........ . ...... .... ... .. .... ....
$8 and under $9.. . • • . . . . . . . . .
4
1
8
9
1 . . .. . . . . ... .. .
38
1
2 ....... ....... .......
1 ..•....
9 and under $10. . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
2
2
9
1
10
4 . . . . .•.
49
3
2
2 ................•....
$10 and under $11. • . • • . . . . . . .
3
2
6
2
5
1 ....... .......
40
3
1
• 5 .......
3
$11 and under $12.. ... . ......
6
1
6
11
1 •.• . .. . . .•....
16
1
1 . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
$12 and under $13. . • . . . . . . . . .
3
2
25
16
1 . . •. . . . . . •. . . .
~
1 . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .
2
$13 and under $14. . . • . . . . . . . .
2 ....... ....... .......
41
7 ....... ....... .......
20
1
4
$14 and under $15. • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
16
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1
2 .......
3 ......•
$15 and under $16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
49
12
1 .......
37
1
1
1 ............. .......•
$16 and under $17. . . • . . . . . . . .
1 .......
1
16
4
2 .......
5
2 ..............................•.•..
$17and ·under$18............
1 .......
1
16
7 ....... ....... .......
15 . .•.....••.......... , ....... .. . . ...
1 ......•
$18 and under $19. . .•. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
1 .......
16
7 . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .
14
2 .......
1 . .................•..
$19 and under $20. . • • • . . . . . . .
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . .
5
2 ....... ....... .......
3 ..•...........................................•..
$20 and under $21. • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 . . • • • • • . . • . . . . . . • . . . .
1 .. ....... .. .......•..
$21 and under $22. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . .
4 ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
2 ................................................ .
$22 and under $23. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
2 ....... ....... .......
2 ................................... . ............ .
$23 and under $24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1 ....... ....... .......
5 .. ................ ......................... ..... .
$24 and under $25. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . .
1 . ... .. . ... .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. ... .
1 ................................................ .
$25andunder$30............ ....... ....... . ...... .... .. .
19
5 ....... ....... .......
6 ...............................................•.
$30 and under $35 ............... -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
5 ....... ....... .......
1 ............. . ......................... . . ....... .
$35 and under $40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .
$40 and over.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .
Total..... . ... ...... . .. .
44
Medianearnings ....... . .. .... $9.30
1
4
(1)
16
$12.50
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
(I)
301
$15.60
10
( 1)
151
[$14.05
(1)
4
9
( 1)
1
( 1)
347
$12.15
19
15
$7.90 $12.50
(1 )
2
13 .. . . .. .
(1)
................
2 •.•••••
30
53
70
89
71
47
· 101
85
49
115
39
51
47
17
62
5
4
12
5
8
2
8
7
2
1
1
H
~
t:,
0
Ul
H
6
15
11
~
2
92
t_:rj
34 . ........,
13
9
4
15 ....... 1, 023
....... $13.15 ....... $13.55
·56
$7.25
,
TABLE
Number of women
reported.
IV.-Week's earnings, by days worked.
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked during this week on-
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __
1
Week's earnings.
Less than 4 days.
White.
egro.
White.
Negro.
4½ days.
4 days.
White.
Negro.
White.
Negro.
5 days.
White.
6 days and over. , •
5½ days.
Negro.
White.
Negro.
White.
Negro.
- - - - - - -- - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - 1- - -- - + - - - - 1 - - - -1-----1- - ---1--- ~,-- - - - - -- - - - Under $1. ..•. •..•................. ....... . ..... '. ........................................ -.............................................
$1audunder$2 ........... ·-·· · ·
4
3
1 -········· .............................. ········-S2aud underS3······---····--··
4
4 .......... ····-···-- -·-······· .................... ·········- ······-·-·
$3 and under$4 .. . ......... _....
2
1 .•.•• •.•.•.• ••.•.... -·---·· ··· ······-··· •.••••.•. • .•..••••.• .•.•. ... ..
S4andunder$5 .......... ·-·-···
7
1
4
1 ······---· .......... .......... ..........
3 ········-$5 and under $6............ .. .. .
9
1
4
1 . . . . . . ... .
3 ........ _. . .. .. .. . . .
1
$6 and under 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
4
1 ..........
4
2
5
7
1
$7andunder$ ········· -· ·······
11
35 ...... ....
1 ········-· .. . .......
1
3
4
S8 and under $9 ............. _...
34
20
2 ..........
3
2
1
8
1
S9andunder$10................
33
4 .............................. -········ ·
1 .•••..•••• .•...•....
12
SlOandunder 11. ............. _
71
27 .......... -········· ···-······ -·········
1
10
1
Sllandunder$12........ .. .....
18
6 .................... -·-······· ... ... .... ········-·
1
2 .. .. . ... . .
$12 and under 13 ......... _.....
13
1 ...... _.... . _... _... _. ___ .... _ . . . . . . . . . .
1 . .. .. . .. .. . .. ... . .. . .. .. . .. .. .
S13andunderS14 .............. _
7 ····-····· .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... . .........
1
8
sig~~ ::~: iL :::::::::::::
S16andunder$17...............
m
:~~ ::~: iL:::::::::::::
19 and under 20 ....•.... . _. . . .
1g -·-·-·· ·i :::::::::: :::::::::: ::::: :::::: :::::: :: : ::: :: ::::: :::: ::: :::
5 ········-· -·····-·-- ···· ··-- -- · ·······-- ...•...... .......... ...•......
~
_............................. _........ .
......... . -········· . .................. .
····-····· ............ . ................ .
1 .................... ··-·······
.................... · ·····-··· ····-···-·
1 .......... ... ................ .
. . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
3
14
4
16
4
4
16
5
9
4
23
32
2
1
5
25
4
4
12
1
.......... ..........
12
1
2
4
2
··· ··· ··-2
1 -·········
2
2
f ::::::::::
········2· :: :: ::::: : : : :: ::: :: : :: : ::: : ::: : :: :: :: :: : : :: :: : ::: : : : :: : :: :: : : :: : :: :: :: : :: :: : ::: :
1 ............ _. _. _.. _ . .. _. _. ___ ..... . . _........................ _............. . ........... _.
;
~ : :: :: :: : : : : :: : ::: : :: --· · · · · · -2
1 .. _..... _. _........... __. __ .. .
S20 and under 21 .. ... .... _. _. _.
5 _••••• _. _•• _••• _. _•• .•. _.• _••• _• _•••••• _ ••• ____ •• _ ••.••• ____ . __ • _• • • • •
2 ... ___ . __ .
1
2 . __ . _.. .. .
321 and under 22. _ ....... _.. . . .
1 ............ _..... __ ...... _....... . ..... __ ............ _. __ ... ___ . _...... ___ . __ ....... _.. __
1 ____ .... _. _.. __ .. _........... .
22 and under $23 ....•.• . . . •.•...•.....•.......... •.. _....... __ .... _... _ . _... _.............. _. _.. _.. . ... _. _........ ___ .... _. _..... __ ... ... .... _..... _•... __ .......... __ ..•..
:: :~~ ::~:~s~L ::::::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::·::::: :::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: ::.:::::::: ::::::::::
$25 and under $30 ....•.... _. _. . .
$30 and under $35. . . . • • . . . . . . . . .
1 . ... .. _.. .
1 . __ ...... .
$35 and over .. ..... ......... · · -·· -·- --·- ... _.... ·-· ......... -· _ . .. .... -· _ . -· .. -· .......... -· ................... -· ... __ ............... -·- ....... -···· .......... ·-. _... _·- . . .. .
Total............ ... ... ....
Median earnings ......... _...... _
1
1 . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _... _... _. . ... _... _. . ..... _.. _ _. ___ . __ . . _....... _. . ... _. _. __ . . . . __ . . . .
1 . • . • . • . • . . . . _. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. _. . . . . . .. _.. _. _. . .... _. • . . . •.•.. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . _. . . . ..... _.. _ ........ _.
268
$10. 15
147
$9.25
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19
4.40
2
13
4
(1) '
(1)
40
20
S . 90
9.25
40
$11.00
27
7.95
147
$10. 50
84
S9.65
TABLE
V.-Week's earnings, by time in the trade.
Number of women earning eacli specified amount who had been in the trade-
Week's earnings.
Number of
women
reported.
6monthsand
under 1 year.
U nder6
months.
1 and under
3 years.
5 and under
10 years.
3 andunder
5 years.
lOand under
15 years.
15 years and
over.
White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- ·1 - - - - - 1 -- - 1 - - -1- - Under $1. ................................. .
$1 and under $2 .•..........................
$2 and under $3 ........................... .
$3 and under $4 • • ••••••••••••••• •• •• ••••• ••
S4 and under$5 ........... . ........ . .. . . .. .
$5 and under $6 .. ................... . ..... .
S6 and under $7 ..•.••..••.•............••••
$7 and under $8 ........................ . • ..
$8 and under S9 ....................... .. .. .
$9 and under $10 . .. . . ........... . ..... . ... .
$10 and under $11. ...................•...•.
Sll and under $12 ....................... .. .
$12 and under 13 .... ..................... .
$13 and under$14 ...... ........ : .......... .
$14 and under 15 ..... . ................... .
$15 and under 16 ...................... .. . .
$16 and under $17 ..... . ................... .
$17 and under $18 ... ................. . .... .
$18 and under $19 ..... .. . ... .............. .
$19 and under $20 ......................... .
$20 and under $21 .. .. ..................... .
21 and under $22 ......................... .
$22 and under 23 . .. . ....... . ............. .
$23 and under $24 .••••• • ..••.•.....•.•......
$24 and under $25 ......................... .
$25 and under $30 ......................... .
$30 and under $35 ......... ... ............. .
$35 and under $40 ......................... .
$40 and over .......... ..... . ......... . .. ... .
2
9
9
13
20
31
·· ·· ··4· ······4· .............. i. :::::::: ······3· ...... i. ::: ::::: ····· ·3· ......~.
1
2
~
~
! 1
······5· ····--f
~
1
8
15
85
80
109
134
162
72
106
96
72
101
51
55
48
19
51
11
14
11
4
28
15
6
4
J
9
17
t
2
27
68
38
37
27
15
4
5
2
Not computed, owing t o small number involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
~
4
3
~
15
21
17
~
1i
1
1
6
1
6
3
2
5
2
1
2
1
2
4 . . • • . •• • . • . . . • . .
···· ·· •· •····· · ·········
3
1 .. ...... . ..... ..
.•....................•. ········
. .... • .• ... • .... ........ ........
······•· .••..•.. ........ ........
. ... ... . ....... . ........ . .......
··· · · ····· · ····· · ······· ·· ······
··· ···· · · · ···· ··· ······ ·
1
........ ········ · ······ · . · ··· ···
........ ····· · ·· ... ....... .... ..
f
234
$9.00
100. 0
1
1
197
$8.10
13. 9
24
$7. 50
10. 3
137
$9.30
9. 7
1
4
1
10
2
4
4
2
4
33
45
60
1~
11
15
5
l
~
~
. . •. . • •.
......•.
· · ······
········
........
........
........
· · · ···· ·
........
........
·· ·· · ·· ·
38
23
19
13
8
6
4
1
2
3
. • . . ....
1
4
2
..... . . .
···· ····
20
$9. 20
8.5
383
$11. 00
2'1.0
1
4
1
8
10
21
30
1~
3
15
7
~
~
1
2
~
5
13
26
~~
14
28
13
19
31
29
9
14
15
15
1
12
12
4
5
4
22
3
1
........ .•...... ........
5
........
3
1
........
2 ···•·•·· ········
........
1 .. .... ..
8
... .....
1 ........
4
...... . .
1 ........
1
................................
59
$8. 40
25.2
247
$13. 15
17.4
53
$7. 95
22.6
242
$14. 80
17.1
::::::i: ...... ~. :::::::: ······i· ::::::::
1
3
1
~
5
13
14
2
·· ······
........
.... •..•
........
········
51
$9. 40
21. 8
······r ::::::::
1 ·•······
1 ..••••........ ... ..•...•
1 .••.. • ••.•...... .• ..... .
! ·····T ..... T ·······(
5
1
2
5
8
7
: •••••• i.
6
4
6
1
6
6
10
1
12
3
2
3
...... . . ···•· • ··
7
3
1
1
107
$16. 25
7. 5
16
Sl0.15
6. 8
4
5
6
2
5
1
2
:
3
6
9
6
8
4
2
11
2
4
4
1
8
4
3
3
105
$17. 20
7. 4
11
(1)
4. 7
69
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
VI.-Week's earnlings of women 011, tim,e work, on 1.Jiece worlc., and on
both time• and piece work.
Number of women earning each specified amount
who were on-
Number of
women
reported.
t..,
Week's earnings.
Piece work.
Time work.
Both time and
piece work.
White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro.
3
15
18
19
30
49
111
104
142
163
188
88
130
116
81
137
59
71
57
22
74
12
16
15
4
37
18
Under$1. ................ .... ....... .
$1 and under $2 ..................... .
$2 and under $3 ..................... .
S3 and under $4 ..................... .
Mand under $5................•.....
S5 and under S6 .. .......... . ........ .
$6 and under 7 ..... . ............... .
$7 and under $8 ..................... .
S8 and under $9 ..................... .
$9 and u.nder $10 .................... .
$10 and under $11 •..............•....
$11 and under S12 ................... .
$12 and under $13 ........ ·........... .
$13 and under $14 ................... .
$14and under$15 ....... . ......... . . .
S15 and under $16 •................ . ..
$16 and under $17 ................... .
S17 and under $18 ................... .
S18and under$19 ................... .
$19and under$20 ............ ........ .
$20 and under $21. .................. .
$21 and under $22 ................... .
$22and under$23 ................... .
$23 and under $24 ................... .
$24and under$25 ................... .
$25 and under $30 ................... .
S30 and under $35 ................... .
S35 and under $40 ................... .
$40 and over ........................ .
2
6
9
9
12
23
14
46
31
83
45
8
2
1
······r
······2·
2
5
5
6
12
12
13
26
69
81
99
120
160
65
110
78
57
2
7
17
14
45
30
82
45
8
2
1
124
46
3
49
47
12
67
7
3 ..••.•.•••..............
1 ............... .
9
4
6
7
7
17
5
6
22
1
38
4
22
1
1
4
42
39
28
23
19
1 ....... .
36
24
13
13
22
10
10
7
2
• .... ·.. .
14
4
2
5
2
5
2
33
4
16
2
10
9
1
4
4
Total.......................... 1, 793
Median earnings.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11. 60
296 r 1,348
$8. 85 $12. 10
1
TABLE
14
10
269
$9. 10
431
$10. 40
23
$3. 95
(1)
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
VIL-Num ber of women on time worlc, on piece work, and- on both time
and piece work, by i nd){ustry.
Number of women onNµmber of
women rep orted.
Industry.
Time work.
Piece work.
Both time and
piece work.
White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. Whi te. Negro.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -1- - -·1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Manufacturing·
.
Candy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drugs............................
Garments. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . ·
Mattresses tents, and awnings...
Wood products...... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous manufacturing.....
~~~:~r:~1cf~t~~~~~~::::::::::::::
t!~~:s~~~ _s.t.~r·e·s:::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
71
2
12
295
62
144 · · · · -Bf
130
2
6~~
~5g [
16
58
12
11
45
80
63
2
39
2
13 ............. ... ....... .
283
17
59
59
1 ....... .
·····23· ······s· ·······4
8 ···•···.
6~~ ..... i6. :::::::: ::: ::::: : :::: :: : : :: :: : : :
~5g
2 ................ ········ ...... . .
209 ......... .. ..... . . .. . .. ..... ... .
Total. ........................•. -1-,8~0-8-rL•- ·"2~97-1--1-,-36-3-1---2-7-0-1--43-l - - 23- ---14- - - - 4
r
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20~
70
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES;
TABLE
YIII.-Ea.rnings ancl rates, all indu,s tries.
Number of women for whom amount
specified was week's-
Amount.
Earnings.
White.
Negro.
Rate.
White.
Negro.
Under $1. ...................... . ........ .. .............................. .
-- - ----- .. - -----·····
$1 and under $2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
---------$2 and under $3 • • . • • • . . . • . • . • • • . . • • . . • . . . • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
12
2
S3 and ·under $4 ........... ........... . . ... ... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
2
...........
t4 and under $5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
7 ........... ······-·-·
$5 and under $6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
16
2
13
$6 and under $7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
10
18
17
$7 and under $8 ........................ . ................. , . . . . .
81
38
80
35
S8 and under $9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
30
98
15
$9 and under $10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120
81
170
66
SlO and under $11 .... .. ... ....... ..... ...... ......... ..... .... ,
160
45
126
38
$11 and under $12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
8
44
73
$12 and under $13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110
2
141
14
$13 and under $14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
1
92
1
U 4 and under $15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
49
$15 and under il6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
124
142
3
3
$16 and under $17........................ . .....................
47
51
$17 and under $18 .... . .. .... . . ... ......... .. .. ... . . : . . . . . . . . . . .
49
56
$18 and under $19.. .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . ... .. .
46
62
2
$19 and under $20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
10
68
$20 and under $21 ......................... .. .... . ........... _. . .
67
7
$21 and under $22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
16
$22 and under $23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
$23 and under $24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
8
$24 and under $25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
2
$25 and under $30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
38
$30 and under $35 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
16
$35 and under $40 ........ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
12
4
~o and over .................................................... 1 - -_ _ _4_ _ _ __,_
----------
---------- -------------------
Total. ........ .... ... . ... . . : .. . ..... .. . ..... . .............
:Median.. ....... ................................ ......... ...... .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,341
$12. 10
248
$9.20
1,341
$12. 75
248
$9.65
TABLE
IX.-Week's rates, by industry.
Number of women receiving each specified amount in-
The m anufacture of1
Week's rate.
All industries.l
Drugs.
Candy.
Garments.
Mattresses,
tents, and
awnmgs.
Wood
produ cts.
Miscellaneousmanufacturing.
Ne-: ~·v hit
Ne- Whit
NeNe- Whit
NeNeNeWhi te. gro.
~
e. gro.
e. gro.
White. gro.
e. gro. White. gro. White. gro.
Printing
and publishing.
General
mercantile
5-and-10cent stores.
Laundries.
Ne
NeNeNe
White. gro~ White. gro. White. gro. White. gro~
- -- - -- - -- -1- - - --- - - - --- - - -1----1---1---1--- - - ·- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - --- - -- --Under $3 •• __ _••• _•.• ••.. ...•••.••••• •• .••••••••.••.•••••..•.•..••. • • •. . •••••• •• ••••••••••••••• • •••• •• ••••• • •••••••.
S3 and under $4 ...•....... . .... . ..... . ..•. ..... . .....•.......... .............•.• ... ..•......• .... .............. ..•..
$4 and under $5 .•. .... ..........
S5 and under $6 .. _.. . . . . .
2
$6andunder$7...... . ...
1
$7 and under $8. _........
80
$8 and under 9..........
98
9 and under 10.........
170
10 and under 11. .... . . .
126
$11 and under 12.. . . . . . .
73
$12 and under 13. .. . . . . .
141
$13 and under $14...... ..
92
$14 and under 15. . . . . . . .
49
$15and under$16. .......
142
51
$16 and under 17.... ....
$17 and under $18...... . .
56
$18 and under $19•. _. . . . .
62
$19 and under 20... .. . . .
10
$20 and und er $21.... . . . .
68
$21 and under 22. . . . . . . .
7
$22 and under $23... . . . . .
16
$23 and under $24••• _. . . .
$24 and under $25.... . . . .
2
· 825 and under $30.... . . . .
38
16
$30 and under $35..... . . .
12
$35 and under $40. . . . . . . .
$40 and over . ...... _. . . . .
4
. ..... . ............. . ....... .. . .. . ... . ....... .. .............•.................. .. ...
13 . . . . . . .
17
35
14
15
5
66
11
38
7
44
5
14
7
1
2
. . ... . . ... .. .
2
2
3
1
. . . .. . . . . . .. .
...... .......
•. . . . . . . . . . . .
1
.. .. .. . .. . .. .
2
····~· . ..... .
1
......
1
...... ....... ...... ....... ...... .......
12
2 . . ... .
........ . ..... ... ....... ..... ...
9
14 .... . ....... .
......
1 ......
7
2
4
6
...... ....... ......
3
32
1
8
..... . ....... ......
5
6
12
...... ....... ......
12
12
12
......
1 ......
1
4
4
... . . . . . .. .. . .. .. ..
7
10
... . . . . .. . .. . .. .. ..
3
2
3
2
......
1 ...... ....... ...... ....... ......
1
3
1
.. . ... ....... . .. . ..
1 ..... ~
2 ......
3
1
......
4 ......
1 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
1
...... .......
...... ....... ...... ....... ...... ....... ......
1
2 ••. . •. • •. •. . . •. . . •. . . . . . . .
3 ......
1
1 ......
1
...... ....... ...... ....... ...... ....... ......
1 ... . .. . ............ . ........... .
...... ....... ...... ....... ...... ....... ......
1 ........... ........ . ........... .
... .. .. ........... .. ..... . .. ........ ... ....... . ... .. . .... .. . ....................... .
....... . .. . ............ .. .... . . ....................... .... ....... .... .. . ....... . . .. .
. .. ....
. .. ... .
.......
. ......
... ....
·-.. . .
.. ... .
......
. .... .
. .....
2
9
5
1
10
9
~
2
( 2)
11
( 2)
10 ... ...
43
(2)
•••• •. $10. 55
,·Bxcmsive of telephones and hotels and restaurants.
80
31
62
$8. 90 $6. 25 $10. 25
2
2
( 2)
!~ .. ,........ i. ::::::
1
10
14
25
13
64
64
38
19
19
2
3
13
4
33
43
13
2
f
2
9 . .. . .. ....•... . ... •... .•........
. .. . .. . .. . . . .
16 .... .. ...... . ...... . .... . ...... .
1 . . . .. .
3 ....••
7 . ..... ······· . .... . ........... . .
8 ... .... .... . ........ . .......... .
2 ........ ...• ....... ... .. ....... •
1 .... . .
37 .... .... .... .. .... .
15 ........ . .. . ...... .
1 ..... .
11 . ............ . ........... . ..... .
3 ..........•.• . ......• . .•.......•
55 . . . . . . .692
16
$16. 05 ...... $15. 45 $8. 00
Not computed, owing to sm all number involved.
137
$9. 75
2
( 2)
106
$10. 25
H
~
t,
q
Ul
61
. .. . . . _......... .. . . .. .... . . ...... . . . ...... . . , ....... ..... ...................... . .. . ···· •·· ... .. .
55
$9. 75
6
1 .. .. - - . . . . .. .
20
6
17
18
1
17
27
1
45
28
3
17
32
1
5
73
1
7
56
1
19
35
4
108
4
30 .... .. ..... .. ......
..•.•. . .•. ...
2 .... . •
.... . .. . . ....
. ..... ... . .. ............. . .................................... . ........... . . ....... . . ....... .. .. .
.............. _..... ... . ... . .... ......... .... .. ......... .... .. ................ . .... . ··· ···· .. ....
.... . . . ...... _.. ......... . .... .. ........... .... ... ........ . ... ..................... . . .. ... . . . . . . .
................ ..... .... . ........... . ...... ..... .. . .... .. . ..... .. ........ ... ...... .
..... .. . _. ...... ....... ....... ... ...•.... .... . .. ......................... . ..........
Total. . •. ____ .. _. . . 1,341
248
Median earnings .. ...... _ $12. 75 $9. 65
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
: :::::: ::: ::: ::::::: ....i. :::::::: :: ::: : :::::: :: ::: :
195
$9. 95
H
~
H
t:j
vi
7.2
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRJES.
TABLE
X.-Earnings for halj-,months' period in the telephone industry, by days worked.
H:;ilf-month's earnings.
Number of women earning each-~pecified amo1mt who worked onNum- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __
1
ber of
women .3and
reless
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
ported. than 8 days. days. days. days. days. days. days.
days. :
1
1 ....................................................... .
$5.and under$6..............
$6-and under ·$7..............
1
l ....................................................... .
·$7 -and under.$8..............
1
1 ....................................................... .
, -$8 and under.$9 ..................................................................................... .
$9iand nnder,$10.............
1
l .......................... . ............................ .
' ·510 and .under $11... . . . . . . . . .
1
1 ... .... . .............................•..................
.-$11 an.d under $12.. . . . . . . . . . .
3
3 .......................................................•
·$12 and under $13... . . . . . . . . .
2
2 .................................. ....................... .
,tt::~a ~~a:rnL::::::::::
·$15 and under $16............
..$16and under$17............
;·-$17 and under $18............
$18and under$19............
$19.and under $20.... ........
.$20 and under $21............
l21 and under $22. .......... .
$22and under$23............
$23 and under $24... .. .. .. .. .
$24 and under $25............
$25
and under $26...... .. .. ..
1
$26and under$27............
$27 and un(:ler $28............
. $28 and under $29............
.$29 and under $30. ...........
Uf:~i
~i:m::::::::::::
$32and under$33...........
-~
5
3
8
6·
8
13
28
:t4
29
24
23
17
19
33
.25
~ ....... i. :::::::: :::::::: :: :: :::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::
4
1 .................... : .............. . ... .
1 ........
2 ---~·--· ....................... .
. • . .. .. . .. .. .. ..
2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1
5
2
1 ........ ........
1
1
........ .... ....
3'
1
3 ........
1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2
2
3
4
2
1 . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. .
7
18
........ ........
1,
4
4
7
8
. . • .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .
3
7
3
11
5
. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2
3
5
12
2
1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .
1
2
7
12
·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·. ·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·. ·.·. ·.·.·.·.·.·....... i.
3
5
9 ....... .
1
2
8
7
.. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .
15
18
. . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
4
6
15 ·······2
~~
T
~
4
1
22 . ..... .. ........ ......... ........
3
6
12
$33 and under $34... . . . . . . . . .
19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
10
3
1
· $34 and under $35.. ..... ....
13 . ... .... ........ ........ ...... ..
1
2
9
1
$35 and under $36...... ... ...
11 .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. ..
1 ......·..
2
7
$36 and under $37.... . . .. ... . .
11 .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. ..
1
1
-9
$37 and .under $38. .... .. .. . . .
7 . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . • . . .. . .
4
3
$38 and under $39 . . ..................................................... ... ......................... .
$39 and under $40.. ..........
6 . . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .
4
2
$40 and under $4-1. ... ·. . . . .. . .
7 .. . . .. .. .. .. . • .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. ..
6
1
$4il and under $42. ..... .. ...
4 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
2
2 ....••••
:::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: .....
a
1
1
l!~:~i~i~~l!L:::::::::
~
:::::::: :::::::: ::::::::·:::::::: :::::::: ::::::::.
~
.......:
:i~:~i ~a:rnL::::::::: ······6- :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::·:::::::: ::::::::· ...... i. ······r ....... i
•$46 and under $47 .. . ............•........................................ . ................•......•••.
$47 and under $4-8. ... .. . ... . .
4 ........ '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
1
$48 and under $49 ............... ,........................... . .- ................ . ...................... .
..$49 and under $50. . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 .....•••
$5'0and over............ . ... .
3 .......• ...•.... ........ ........ ........ ........
3 ....•.••
Tota1. ........ .. . ... ...
444
Median earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . $28. 05
1
14
(1)
9
(1)
Not computed, owing to small -n umber involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11
(1)
17
$22. 90
37
$24. 50
102
$28. 20
224
$29. 55
30
.$32. 00
73
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
XI.-E:cten,t to w ·hioh Sunday or night w orlc affects earnings 1 i n the
-t elephone industry, 120 women receiving m ore th(JJJ1, strai ght ra te for 13 days'
wo'r lc ( one company).
TABLE
Number of women for whom extra payments increased earnings to the .extent of-
L
Straight half-month's earnings.
u~
~~
$3~
M~
ss~
$6~
under $2. under $3. under $4. under $5. under $6. under $7.
$21 and unde;r $22. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . • • • . . . . . . . .
1
7 ............................ ..
$22 and under $23. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . •
3
3
3 ........ s" ........ i. ::::::::::
$23 and under $24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
1
l
$24 and under $25....................... .•
1
l
3 . . . . . . . .. •
1 ......... .
$25 and under $26 .... .. ............ .... ...................... ............. .................... .. .. ... .
$26 and under .$ 27.. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .••
2
3
3
3
1 ......... .
$27 and under $28.. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . •••
7
2
2
1 ..... .... .
$28 and under $29. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . • •
5
2
1
3 .......... . ...... . . .
$29 and under $30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • . . . . . .
3
1
3 • • . . • • • . • • • ........•
$30 and under $31. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
3
4
2
1 ................... .
$31 and under $32. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
3
2
1 .......... . .........
1
$32 and under $33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . •
1
3
3
2 ...... ..... .. . ..... .
$33 and under $34.........................
2
2 .. .. . . . , .. . . . . . . . . ..
2
$34 and under $35. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
J
2 ............................ .°••..... .. .•
$35 and under $36 • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ..........
2 ......... .
$36 and under $37 •.................... •. . . . . • • . . . . . . .
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ .
$37 and under $38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ............................. .
$38 and under $39 •......... . ............................. . .. ..... .. . ............................... . ..
$39 and under $4-0. • • . . . . . . . .. . . .. • . . . . . • . .
1 ..........
l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .... .... .
$40 and under $41.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
l ........ , ........... . ................. , .
$41 and under $42. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
2 . . . . . .. . . .
2 ..... . ...... ....... .
:: :~~ ~~:~ ~: : ::: : :: : :: : : :: : :: ::: : :: : : :: : : : : :: : ... ..... 2. : :: :: :: ::: : :: : :: : :: : : : :: : :~ :: : : :: : :: : :: :
Total. ...... . ................. ..... ,
30
33
29
19
6
3
1 Girls receive extra pay for working on Sunday, in the ev.ening, or at night, and are reimbursed for
car fares to the extent of 14 cents where time off between tricks exceeds one hour.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
'fABLE
XII.-Earnings and rates for half-month period in the telephone industry.
Number of women earning each specified amount whose rate was-
Half-month's earnings .
Number
of women
reported.
1--------~----------,----'---------------------I
U ndcr $20.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
s~~:~i~i:~s~L::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
i~
24
Under
$20.
10
$20 and
$21 and $22 and $23 and $24 and $25 and $26 and $27 and $2 and $29 and
under $21. under $22. under $23. under $24. under $25. under $26. under $27. under $28. under $29. under $30.
1
:1
4
1~
1
6
6
7
22and under$23 .... ·. ........................ .. .. ...
$23 and under 24 .... ... . .. .. ... ... ....... ...........
$24and underS25 ... .. . ........ .... . ............. ....
$25 and under $26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$26 andd undder $$2287....................................
....................................
$ 27 an un er
$28 and under $29 ••... . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$29 and under $30. .. .................................
29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
1
23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . .
1
1179 .....................•...•. ·1·.
.. ....... . ..........
33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • •
25 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •• •
~~
: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: ::::::::::
:~a ~i:~~~ : :::::::: :: :::::::::::: :: :::::: :: :::
3
3
4
1
4
1 ........ ~ ......... ~ ................... ~ ......... ~. ········i· ·········i
13
2 ..........
2 ..........
4
1
1
1
4 ..........
1
..........
93
31
. ........ .
••••••••••
6
9
..........
3
3
3 •••••••••• ••••••••••
2
9
3
4
3
4
4
6
5
• •. •. •. . . .
13 •..•... ·1·.
••••••....
• •• •. . . . . .
3
4
• •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i ::::::::::
1
2
2
1
·2
1
44 .•••.•.• ·2
5
9
2
5
~
t
········i·
3
·•·••••• 6
$32 and under $33 ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
2
$33 and under $34 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2
3
$34 and under $35 .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 . •. .... .. . ... ....... . . . . . . . .. . ... •... .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . .
1 .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
1
S35 and under $36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 .•..........................•.••.............................................•.•.............................•
S36 and under $37............... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 .......... . ..................•................................................••..............................
$37 and under $38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. • •• • •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
$38 and under $39 ......... . .. .... ....... .. .. ... . .... ...... • ••................................•..•.....•.•.•.......................... . ........•..............................
$39 and under 540.... .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 ..............................•..•.......•....................................................................
$40 and under $45. ..... ..... . ... ...... .... .. ... . . ... .
16 . ..............................................................................•..............................
$45 and over........... .. ............... . .............
15 ...............................................................................•..............................
Total.... . ....... ...... .. . . .. ........ . .. . .......
Median earnings... . ..................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
444
$28. 05
39
$21. 75
36
$22.40
33
$24.15
25
$25. 10
37
$27. 50
, 28
$28. 20
40
$28.60
27
$29. 50
Number of women earning each specified amount whose rate wasHalf-month's earnings.
1-l
$30 and $31 and $32 and $33 and $34 and $35 and $36 and $37 and $38 and $39 and $40 and $45and
under $31. under $32. under $33. under $34. under $35. under $36. under $37. under $38. under $39. under $40. under $45. over.
00
8
i
0
ci.:i
l
- - - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - 1 < - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 - - - - + - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - -
Under$20 ............................ _.......... . .... ········-·
2
1
1 ........................................ ···--····· ·--······· ................••••
$20and under $21 ............. . ..... ... ............................•...•.•.•.•••••••••••............................................. ···-······ ..........................•.••
$21 and under $22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 .................•••
$22 and under $23.................. .. ................ . . . . . . . . . .
1 •.........•........................................ . ............................. ......... . ......•••
$23 and under $24 ... .................................. ....................•... . ...•............ ........... _...........................•.....................................•
$24 and under $25 .• _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........•
$25andunder$26....................................
1 ......••.. ··--······ •••...... . ............... .. ....................... ·······-·· .........•....................
$26 and under $27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .• . . . . . . . •
2 . . . . . . . . • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... _. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........•
$27 and under $28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • •
1
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... _. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . ........ .
:::~~ ~~:mt:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
$30 and under $31 _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
:~
:~~ ~~:~ m:: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
$33iand under $34... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i ··········1 ········i·1 .········i"
:::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: ::::::::::
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........
~
i5
~ ········2· :::::::::: · · · · · · · -2· :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: ::::::::::
4
3
1 .•...... . .........•••....................... _.................................. .
12
1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• •••••••••
$34 and under $35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • .
2
3 •• ••. . . . . .
4 .........•
1 ••. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 . . . . . . . . . • . ... .. ... .
$35 and under $36. • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
1 •. . . . . . . . .
4
3 ..........
2 • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . • •
1 ......... .
and under $37 •.. _.. .'...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • •
2
1
4
1
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •• •
1 •.........
$37 and under $38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
1
1 .......... ..........
2 . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . • • . _....... .
$38 and under $39 ............................... _............ _..........•••.••.....•..•................•.........•......................... _.. ...................... .... .... .
$39 and under $40. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . •.
1 ..........
1
1 .......... ..........
2 • • • • • • • • • • . •.•••••••
$40 and under $45 .... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • • • •
2 •. . . . . . . . .
2 ..........
1 ..........
3
8
12
$45and over••.••.•................ . ....................... . ......................•. ······-·····-·· ····· .......... .......... ... .... ... .......... ..........
3
$36
Total...........................................
Median earnings..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
37
$30. 80
22
$32.00
23
$33.50
13
(1)
9
8
4
3
7
(I)
13
12
TABLE
XIII.-Earningsfor half-mon th period in the telephone industry, by time in the tra<ie.
Half•month's earnings.
Under~\15....... ... ............................................
si~
:~a ~a:; siL::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
$17 and under SI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18and under 19....... ... . . . . .. ... . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .... . . .. . . ...
$19 and under $20. . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
l~~a
~a:s~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
$22 and under $23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$23 and under $24...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S24 and under $25.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$25 and under $26. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=~:~a :a:rnL::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
$28 and under $29. .... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$29 and under $30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S30 and under $31... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$31 and under $32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ra~:~a
:a:rnt:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
$34 and under $35. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of women earning each specified amount who had been in the tradeNumber
of
6months land
women
3and
4and
Sand
lOand
2and
15and
reand
Under 6
2 under 3 under 4 under 5 under 10 under 15 under 20
ported. months. 'Uilder 1 under
years.
years.
years.
years.
years.
years.
years.
year.
12 .......... ..........
g
5
~
2
2 •••••••• ••••.•••• ~. • • • • • • • •
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
5
24
28
24
23
2
4
2
7
2
1i
9
15
9
11
5
6
5
7
3
12
8
3
8
6
4
8
6
1
1
~
3
5
25
1
5
22 . . . • • • . • • •
3
24
1 . . . . . •. . . .
1 ........... . ......... ... ...•. .
3 . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . .. .
2
1 .....•...................... .... ...........• ......
1 .....•.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ .
~
g
33
1
i · :: : ::: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: : :: :: : : :: : :: :: :: :: ::: : :: :: : :::: : :: ::
7
6
8
~~
3
20 years
and
over.
•
: :::::::::: :::::::::: ········i·
~
g
2
2 ········2· ::::: ::::: ········i· :::::::::: ::: :::::: :
3
1 . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ .
4
1 .•..•...... •. . . .. .......... . ....... . . ...
2
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . .. .
2 .....•••.•.•.•.• ••...... . . . ... ........ . .... . ... ...
~
4
3
4
4
~
i
84
19.1
$28.35
77
17.5
$29.85
~
1
2
1
2
~
i2 ::::::::::
:::::::::: ::::::::::
............ . .. .. ............•
1 ..........
2 ..........
1 . .. . . . . .. .
I .• . •. ... .•
3' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . .
g :::::::::: :::::::::: ::::::::::
13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
3
3
2
3 . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .. .
$35 and under $36. .. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . .
2
2
2
5 .•.... . ..... . .................
$36 and under $37........ .......................................
11 ... . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .
1
3
3
4 ......... . .. ....... ..... ..... .
$37 and under $38.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
6 ... . ... .. . . ... . .. .. . . . .. ... .. .
2
1 ..........
3 • • • • • • • • . • . • . • . • . • . . . ... .• .•.•
$38 and under $39.... .... ...................................... . .... ... ..... .... .. .......... . .... ... ...... .... ........ . ... . .................................. ......... .... ... .
$30 and under $40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . •. •. .
1
1
1
3 . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. ...•
$40 and under $45.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
3
7
1 ....... .... ........ .
$45 and over .•••.•.•........ . ..................... . ...........·. .
15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2
6
5
I
Total. .................... ................. ........... ... .
ii';diC:~~:~~~~ ~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
1
Not computed owing to small number involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
439
100.0
$28.10
18
4.1
$21. 30
45
10.3
$24.50
118
26.9
$23.85
34
7.7
$32.50
50
11.4
$35.20
10
2.3
(1)
3
o. 7
(1)
TABLE
XIV.- Week's earnings in hotels and restaurants, by hours worked.
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked-
Number of
women reported.
Week's earnings.
Under 30
hours.
30 and under 33 and under 36 and under 39 and under 42 and under 44 and under 45 and under 48 and under
33 hours.
36 hours.
39 hours.
42 hours.
44 hours.
45 hours.
48 hours.
49 hours.
White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro.
- - - - - - - - - - -1---+----J---·1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- --- - - Under $1. ............................................................................................................................................................... .
$1 and under 2......................................................................................................... •······ ....... •······ •.•.••• •······ ....... •······
$2andunder$3..............
1
1 ...................................................................................................................... .
$3 and under $4... . . .. . . . . . ..
4
2 • . .. . . . . . . • • . . . • . . . . • . • . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • • • • • • . • . . . . . . . . .
1 ................................................ .
$4 and underS5... ...........
3
6
1 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ••.....
2 ................... ..
S5 and under$6. .............
6
10
1 ••.•.•. ....... ....... .......
2 .....•• •••.••. ....... ....... .•.... . •.•.••• .......
3 ....... ·
1 ..... ..
S6 and under $7. . . .. . . . . . . . . .
3
8 • . . • • • • • • • . • . . . • . • • .. . • . . • . . . . . .. • .
1 . . . . • • • • •• •. • . • . • . . • .
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. • • • •• ••• • •
3 . . • . • . . . .... _. .. .... .
$7and under$8............ ..
22
51 ..•..•• ....... . ••••• . .••.•..
3 ....... ....• •• ••..... ....... .......
1
4 ..•.••• .•.••••
2 •••.•.. .......
8
$8 and under $9. . . .. . .. .. . . . .
19
24 . . • . • • • . • . • • . . • • . . • • . . . . • . • . . . • . . . . . . . • .. . . . . . • • •
1
1
1 . . . . . ..
5 •. •. •. • •• •••• • •• • . • . .
2
1 ...... .
$9andunder$10.............
23
12 .....•• ..•••.. ....... ...•.•. ....... ....... ...•••• •••....
1 .... • ..
2 ..•..•. .•....• .•••.••
2 ....... .......
1
$10 and under $IL . . . . . . . . .. .
20
4 • • . . . • . • • . • . • . . . • . . .. .. . . . • •
1 ..•.• , ....••••• : • . . . .
3 .......
3 .. • . • . . . • . • . • . . . • • • • .
2 . . ••. . .
1 .......
$!land underS12. ...........
16
5 ...•••. .•••.•. .... ... .•...•. •.•. .• . ..•.... ....•.• •••.•.. ....... ....... .......
1 ....... .......
O •••••••
4 •......
$12and under$13. ...........
7
2 ...•.•. ••• .... ....... ....... .....•. ...•... ....••• •••.... ....... .... ... ....... ....... ....... ....••. •••••.• .••••..
2 ...... .
m:~a ~a:mt :::::::::::
i -··-·2· ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: · -- -- i - :: :: :: : : :: :: :: :: :: :: : : :: :: : : :: : :: :: · · -- T :::::::
:::~a~!~~~~·:.::::::::::
~
S15 and under$16. ...........
16
4 •...••. .•.•... ....... ....... ....... .•.•..• •.•.••• ...... .
1 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... •.•••.• .......
1 ...... .
$16 and under $17.. . . .. • . . . . .
2
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ...... .
S17andunderS18............
3
1 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
2 .................... .
S18and underS19. ...........
1 .................................................................................................................................... .
$19 and under $20 . .. .. . • • • . . •
1 .................................................................................................................................... .
$20 and under $21. . . .. . • . . .. •
1 .................................................................................................................................... .
$21 and underS22 ....................................................................................................................................................... .
Total. . . .. . . • • • . . . • • .. .
162
Median earnings ••........•.. SlO. 00
1
::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: .... T ...... .
130
$7, 80
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(1)
1
(1)
1
4
(1)
1
2
(1)
(1)
4
(1)
8
(1)
10 .. . .. .. . . . . . . .
(1)
2
22
........... ... $9.50
(1)
17
$12. 75
TABLE
XIV.-Week's earnings in hotels
a;n,d,
restaurwnts, by hours worlted-Continued.
Number of women earning each specified amount who workedWeek's earnings.
49 and under 50 and under 51 and under 52 and under 53 and under 54 and under 55 and under 57 and under
50 hours.
51 hours.
52 hours.
53 hours.
54 hours.
55 hours.
57 hours,
60 hours.
60 hours.
Over 60 hours. .
White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro.
- - - - - - - ----1---1-- - - - - - - - - -- ---1---1---1--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Under SL ...... ........ .......... ................................................................................................................... .................... ..
$1 and under $2 ............... ..... . ........................... .. ........... ......... .................................. . ................................................ .
$2 and under S3 ................. ... ....... ... ~ ...................................................................... ....................................................... ..
S3 and under $4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . .. .. • . . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. • • .. .. • . . .. . . .. • .. .. .. . . .. .. • .... . .. . . . . . .. .... .. . . . .. .. .. ..... • • .. .. .. •
1 ...... .
$4and underS5 .................................................................... : . ....... ....... .......
2
3 ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
1
$5andunder$6............................................................................................
1
2 .............. -....................
6
$6 and under $7. . . . . . . . . . . .. • .. • .. • . . .. .. • . . • .. .. . . .. .. . . .. • . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . • .. .. . . . . . • .. • • • .. . ..
4
$7 and under . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. • . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . • . . . . . . . . ..
3 .. .. .. .
1
10
23
6
1 .... . .. . .. . .. . .... .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. ..
11
$8 and under $9....... .. . . . . . . .. .. . .
5 . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . .. . . . .
1 .. . . . . .
2 .. .. ... .......
14
1
1 .. •. . .. ... .... .. .. ... ... .... .. •. .. .
2
6
$9 and under $10... . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . .
2 . . . . . •.
1 . . . . . ..
2
3
3
4
7
2
2 . .. . . .. • •• .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ....
1
2
$10 and under $11. . . . . . . . . . . .
1 . .. . . . .
1 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
3 . . . . . . . .. • .. . . . . .. .. .
1 . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. • .. .. .. . .. ..
4
4
Sil and under $12... . . . . . . . . .
1 . .. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 . . . . . . . .. .. . . .
1 . . .. . ..
2
2
1 . . . . •. .
1 .. .. .. • . . .. .. • .. • .. ..
1
S12and under$13... ......... ....... ..... ..
1 ....... .......
1
1 ....... ....... .......
3 ....... ....... .. ..... ....•.. ....... ....... ....... .......
1
$13 and under$14. ...........
1 ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
1 ....... ....... .......
2 ............................................................. ..
$14 and under $15... . . . . . . . . .
1 . .. • • • . . . .. .. . .. . • . . . . • . .. • . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. • . • •. . . . ..
1
2
$15 and under $16. . . . . . . .. .. .
1 .. .. .. .
1 .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
2 . .. . . . . . . . . .. .
1 .. .. .. .
1 .. . . .. .
5
2
$16 and under $17. . . . . . . ... .. ...... . . .. • •• . ... . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .• . . ... . .. . .. .. . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. ..
1 .. . . . .. • .. .. ..
1
$17 and under $18. . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ... .. .. ...... . .... .. . . • • . .. • .... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. ... .. • . •. .. . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. •. • • . .. . . . .. .. .. • .... .. •
I
$18 and under $19. . . . . . . . . .. . .. • .. . . . • .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. • .. • .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . • . . . . . . . .. . • • •
1 .... .. .
$19 and under $20... ........ ... .. . . . . .. .. • . .. .... .... .. . . . . ... • ..... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. • .. . . . . . . . ..... ...... . .. .. ...
1 ...... .
S20 and under $21. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. • . • . .. .. .. .... .... . . . . • . . .. • .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 .............................................................. .
$21 and under $22 ................... .......................................... ... ......................... ........... ... ....... ......................................... .
$22 and under 23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. • . . .. • .. .. ... • .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. .
1 ...... .
$23 and over ............................................................................................................................................... • .. • .. • • .. • • • •
Total..................
Median earnings.............
~
6
(l)
5
(l)
5
(1)
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(1)
1
(1)
3
(1)
7
(l)
8
(1)
9
(1)
5
40
$8.70
35
$7.45
11
(1)
(1)
7
(1)
1
(1)
1
(1)
2 .. . .. ..
17
....... $14.50
38
$8.15
1-1
~
t:::1
q
Ul
1-3
~
f/l
TABLE
XV.-Week's earnings in hotels and restaurants, by days worked.
Number of women earning each specified amount who worked on-
Number of women
reported.
l---------,--------~ - - - ---~-------....--------,--------
Week's earnings.
Less than 4 days.
White.
Under$1 .........·............••
$1 and under $2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
3
~:~a::~:~~:::::::::::::::::······· ·i·
Negro.
White.
Negro.
4days.
White.
5days.
4½ days.
Negro.
White.
Negro.
White.
Negro.
5½ days.
White.
6 days and over.
Negro.
White.
Negro.
2 ............................................................................................................. .
3
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ .
1
~
i ····· ·· ·i· ::::: ::::: ::::: :: ::: :: :::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: ::::::::::: :: ::::::: · · ······· i
$4and under$5.. ............ ...
3
J.1 ········2·
4 ..........
1 ..........
2
1 .......... .......... .......... ..........
4
S5 and under $6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
11
2 ..........
2 ..........
4
1
1 . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ·. . . .
1 ..........
9
$6 and under $7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
7
1 .......... .......... ..........
2 . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. .. .
1 .......... .......... ..........
6
$7 and under $8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
8
2 .......... ..........
1
1
2 . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . ... . .. ..
5
S8 and under $9.................
11
37 . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
1
6
36
$9and under$10................
3
3 .......... .......... .......... ..........
1 .......... .......... ..........
2
1 ..........
2
$10 and under $11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
4 ... ...... . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. . . ... . .. .. . . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . ... . ... . ..
1 ..........
4
4
$11 and under $12...............
I
1 . .. ...... . . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . ... . . . . . ... .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. ...
1
1
$12 and under $13. • • . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 .. ... .. ... ... .. .... . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. . . . .. ... .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .
5 ... ..... . .
$13 and under $14 ......................................................................................................•...•................................................
$14 and under $15............. ..
4 . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .
I . .. .. .. .. .
3 ......... .
$15 and under $16 ................................................................................................................................................. • • .... • • • •
$16 and under $17......... . .....
1 .. ~....... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .
1 ......... .
S17 and under $18 .................................................................................................... ...... ... ..................... ..... ....... ...... ...... .
H
!z
m:~a ::a:rnL::::::::::::: ........ ~. ::::::::~: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: ........ ~. ::::::::::
q
:: :~a ::~:~ m: ::::::::::::::........ ~. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~:::::::: :....... ~. ::::::::::
Vl
$20 and under $21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ......... .
$21 and under $22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ .
$22 and under $23 ..................... ... ................................... . .................... • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • · • · • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
$25 and under $30 ............... .............................................................................. . .............................................. • .... • •· .. •· .. .
$30 and under $35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... , ... ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ .
$35 and under $40 .............................................. : ........................................................................................................... .
$40 and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . ........ .
Total. ......••............
Median earnings ............... .
1
57
$8.40
87
$8.05
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(1)
12
8
3
2
8
5
2
9
3
23
$12.10
68
$8.25
tj
I
TABL E
XVI.- Weekly wage rates in hotels and restaurants, by accommodation ~n the form of room and meals furnished by employer.
Weekly rate.
Number of women
receiving meals
or room.
White.
~~~~~-~d~ii4::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
$4andunder 5..................................... .
$5 and under $6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$6 and under $7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$7 and under $8 ••.......................... .. ....... ,
$8 and under $9. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$9 and under $10. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sl0andunderSll. ... ................... .. . . ..... . ...
$11 andunder$12. . ............. . ...... . . ............
$12 and under $13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~
3
6
5
33
29
23
17
4
9
st!:~~~i:rnt:.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
$15 and under $16 . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~
Total. •.... . .. .. ...............•.....•........ .
Median rate ......... . ..... ..... .. . . .. .... ........ .. . .
$9.20
Negro.
Number of women receiving each specified rate who were also given3 meals and room.
Numb& of women
receiving neither
meals nor room.
White.
White.
1---------,--------,---------,-------1
2 meals.
1 m eal.
White.
Negro.
White.
3 meals.
Negro.
White.
.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Negro.
.........• ..........
..........
2
.....• ... .
4
..........
2
5
4
23
28
4 •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
3
4
1 ..•.•.....
4 •...•.•.•. •••••.•••.
2
1
2 ••••••••••
18
7
1
2 •. •• • ••• •• •• • •• • •• ••
2 ••••••••••
3
....... T4 ::::::::::
:::::::::: :::::::::: ::::::::::
. . . . . . . . . • . . . . •. . . . .
1 . ••• . •• . ••
~
2
Negro.
Negro.
·········· ········i- :::::::::: :::::: :::: ......... i
·······io· :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: ....... T :::::::::: ....... T
18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 ...... .... ..........
22
1
13 . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • • . .
00
0
18
6
17
2 11
2
3
4
2
.
2
3 .............•...... ··· ···· ···
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ .
1 . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
10 . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
42
1
1
52
2
9
12
7
S
5
1
20
2
4
3
1
a ........ ..
;
39 .. . .......
$10. 05 . . . . . . . . . .
511. 45
13
11
4
1 ..........
1
$16 and under $17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
1 . • . • • . • • . • . •• • . • • . • . . . . . . . . . •• . . . . . •• •••
2
1
1 ..........
1
S17andunderS18....................................
1
1 ....••••.• .•.••.•.•. ..•.•.•.•• .•.•.••••.
1
1 ..••.•..•. ..........
2
$18 and under $19. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. . ..
3 ••••••••.. •••••••••• •••••••••• ••••••.••• • • ••••••••
1 ..........
2 .................... ·......... .
$19 and under 20 .•............ ... .................... . ... ...............•...••...•••.••.•.......... . •....•.••.•.•••••.••••.••.••••...•..•••.................................
$20 and under $21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . .
1 .......... .......... ..........
1 . . ....... .
$21 and under $22 .. ...................................... ....................••••..•.......•.....••.....•......•.•...•.•••......................... •...... .. .................
$22 and under $23 ..... ........... . .................... ........... .. ...... . .....................................•................................................... .. ........
$23 and under $24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ..........
2 .. ...... . .
$24 and under $25 ...........................................................•...••.............................•.......................... ..... ...................... . ... ....
$25 and under $30 ...............................................................•.•......•................•....•........•....................•..•..... ... ........... .... .....
$30 and under $35 .......................................................... ..•............ ....... ...... ... ......... . .........................................................
$35 and under $4CL ........................................................................................•.....•.....••..•.••....• ........ ......... ... .... ... .. . ........ ....
$40 and over ....•...... ......... .............. ..... ......................... .. ...•.. . ..•..... . ...... . ......... ... . . . . ... .. •.................... . .... . ......... . ...............
165
93
$7.50
1 This worker is given room and board for self and child.
2 Includes one woman whose child gets some meals at the restaurant.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
14
10
(3)
(3)
115
$8. 90
78
$7.45
54
118
$8.25
TABLE
XVII.-Week's earnings in hotels and restaurants, by time in the trad,e.
Number of women earning each spe.cified amount who had been in the trade-
Week's earnings.
Number of
women
reported.
Under6
months.
6monthsand
under 1 year.
1 and under
3 years.
3and under
5 years.
5 and under
10 years.
10 and under
15 years.
15 and under
20 years.
20yearsand
over.
White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro.
- - -1 - - - 1 - - - 1-
- -1
1---1--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Under $1...... .... ........
1 . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . ....•.. . . . .. . . .
1 .................•...................•...............................•..
$1 and under $2. . . . . . . . . . . .
3 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
1 ........
1 ........
1 .... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . ......•
$2 and under $3 ..•..•.••........•••.•.•.•.•••...•...•.•.••..•...•....•••.••.•.•••.•.•••.•••...•.•••.•.•••...•.•.•.•.•...•.••••••....•.•.•...•.•..•••.••.•.•.•.•.•.•.•••••••
$3 and under $4.. . . . . . . . . . .
4
1
2 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......•
$4 and under $5.. . . . . . . . . . .
4
5
1 ........ ........ ........
1
4
1
1
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....•..
$5 and under $6............
12
5
3
2
1
1
3
1
2
3 ........
1 .......................................•
~:~~ ::~:rn::::::::::::
$8 and under $9......... . . .
$9 and under $10...... . . . . .
$10 and under $11...... .. . .
$11 and under $12...... . . . .
$12 and under $13...... . . . .
m:~~
::~:rnL:::::::
$15 and under $16...... . . . .
1~
22
20
17
10
11
~
3r
! ··----2· ...... a"
~
20
4
9
2
4
1
4 ........
1 ........
........ ........
2
. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .
........
2
........ ........
3
........
. .. .. . . .
........
........
~
i
5
8
6
3
8
1
3
4 ........
~ ······6· ········
~ ········ ...... i. ········
6
3
4
2
6
2
3
3
2
1 . .. .. ... . . . . ... .
1
1
2
1
4 ........
2
1
:::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ...... ~. :::::::: ······i· :::::::: ······2· ::::::::
~ :::::::: ·······2
···· .. a"
2 ........
1 ........
1
........
1
1 · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .
3 .•. •. . . .
1
1
2
1
. . . .. . ..
1
1 . .. . . .. .
1
1
.. . ... . . . .. . . ...
1 ....................... .
~ :::::::: ······i· :::::::: ·····-r :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::
15
4
1 ........
1 ........
5 ........
4 ........
4
1 ........ ........ ........
1 . . . •. •. •
2
$16andunder$17..........
2
1 ................................................................
2 ...........•.......•............
1 .....•.........•
$17 and under $18.... .. . . . .
2 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
1 ........
1 .......................................•................................
$18 and under $19 ...................•.•........................................................................................................................ ...•........
$19 and under $20......... .
1 ........ ........ ........
1 ....................................................................................................... .
$20 arid under $21...... . . . •
1 . •. . . • . . . . . . . . . • . •. . . • . . . . . . . •. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . • • • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ..•
$21 and under $22.......................................................................................................... ...• .....•....................... ...............
$22 and under $23......... .
1 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
1 ............. . .......................................... ............... .
$23 and over...............
2 . •. .. .. . ... ..... . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
1 .....................•................. .................
Total.... • . . . . . . . . . . .
Median earnings.... . . . . . . .
1
154
$9. 70
91
$7. 90
16
$8. 00
12
(1)
7
(1)
45
$10. 05
29
$7. 70
37
9. 40
15
$7. 90
28
$11. 50
15
$8. 25
8
(1)
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
....
00
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
82
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES..
TABLE
XVIII.-Nativity of the women employees who supplied personal information, by indrustry.
Industry.
Manufacturing:
Candy .......... ................................ .... .•.....
Drugs... ........ ....... . ................. .. .. .. ........•...
Garments ............. .... .... ... . ........................ .
Mattressesd tents, and awnings ........ .................... .
Number of women whowere-N~ber 1 - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - women
American-born.
report- ,________ , Foreigning.
born.
Negro.
White.
52
12
226
40
178
117
52
619
113
~~;Jr~~~~fi:eiit.arna~i;:: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
439
397
4.7
12
221
40
112
115
50
601
111
IBO
439
1176
Total. ............... ... ............... .................. .
2,634
12,104
Prinii~;:i~ii~~t~~~~~~:::::::::::: :·::::::::::::::::::
General mercantile ............................................ .
6-and-10-cent stores ................ ... ................. . ....... .
Laundries .. .. ............................ . .................... .
1
Includes 1 Indian.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
389
2
5
66 ......... .
2 .... -· •.. •
2
16
2
2 .... -· •...
209 ·-········
215
6
512
18
XIX.-Age of the women employees who supplied personal information, by industry .
TABLE
Number of women whose age was-
Industry.
Number of
women reporting.
Less than
16 years.
16 and under
18 years.
18 and under
20 years.
20 and under
25 years.
25 and under
30 years.
30 and under 40 and under
40 years .
50 years.
50 and under
60 years.
60 years and
over.
White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro. White. Negro.
- - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 -- - - 1 - -- 1 - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - + - - - - + - - - 1 - - - - t -- - - 1 - - -· 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - 1 - --
Manufacturing:
Candy ••... ..............
Drugs . .... ........... ... .
Garments ............ . .. .
Mattresses, tents, and
awnings ............... .
Wood products ...... ... . .
Miscellaneous manufacturing ........ ··········
Printing and publishing . ... .
General mercantile .......... .
&-and-10-cent store ... . ..... . .
Laundries .. ........... ...... .
Telephones' •.................
Hotels and restaurants .... .. .
51
11
223
2 .•••••• •·•••·•
16
3
37
9
2
29
..... i"
1i6 .... 46. ::::::: :::::::
2
14
115
19
3
31
18
8
15
5
3
104
17
155
7. 3
9
2.2
361
17.1
1 ............. .
5~~
.... if : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
111
2 ··· ···· ·······
183
183 ....... . ..... .
flg ... i67. :: :: ::: :: :: :::
T otal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 109
414
Per cent distribution......... 100. O 100.0
- - - - - - - - - -,,- - - ' - - - ' - - - . ; _ __
4
21
12
2
47
5
8
39
2
17
17
152
25
17
58
30
3
29
.... if
··--io·
33
8.0
2
4
1
41
5
2
36
4
8
21
31
205
58
34
35
19
7
101
11
26
76
32
634
30.1
84
20.3
340
16.1
5
46
7
13
17
•••••·• ·•••• • • •••••·· ··•·• ·• • ·•••·•
z15 .......
.....i" ···· ··· ..... i. :::::::
15
17
51
····29·
87
21.0
9
140
6
46
35
30
359
17. 0
5
7
7
1
2 ······· ·······
14
1
3
1 · ······
5 ••••··· ··•••·• • •• ••••
2
3
76
1 ·······
42
1
12 . ·····.
2
1
1 ······· ·· ·· ··· ······· ·······
33
·· ··-1s·
3;
31
30
109
26.3
204
9. 7
71
17. 1
8
6
48
2.3
19
4.6
2 .. ·····
1i .... ii" ..... i° ...... i
8
2
0.4
0.5
_:__ _. . ; . . _ _ - - ' - - - ~ - - ' ' - - - - ' - - - - ' - - - - - ' - - - - ' - - - ' - - - ' - - - . : . . . . . . - - = - - - . . . : . . . . . _ - - - - ' - - - . . . : . . . . - - ' - - - - \
(X)
~
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
84
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
TABLE
XX.-OonjugaZ condition of the women employees who supplied personal
information, by industry.
Industry.
Manufacturing:
Candy ... ... ... ................... .. .............. .
Drugs ............ .. ............................... .
Garments . ............... _.. ...... ................ .
Mattresses: tents, and awnings ... .... ............. .
Wood proaucts ... ................ . .. ............ . . .
Miscellaneous manufacturing ...................... .
Number of women who wereNumber o f , - - - - - - - - - - - - - women
Widowed,
reporting.
Single.
Married. divorced, or
separated.
i~:~:~~~resta.uranis:.·.·.·.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
52
11
225
40
163
117
52
593
111
366
438
350
37
8
115
9
60
57
34
300
94
92
343
105
8
2
67
14
48
37
8
169
9
122
45
108
Total. ....................... ... ................. .
Per cent distribution ........................... ... .... .
2,518
100.0
1,254
49.8
25. 3
~~~J!~f:~~iiW~~~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
5-and-10-cent stores ..... . ........ . ..................... .
Laundries............................................. .
TABLE
637
7
1
43
17
55
23
10
124
8
152
50
137
627
24.9
.XXL-Living condition of the women e1npZoyees w ho supplied personal
information, by industry.
Industry.
Manufacturing:
Candy....•........... ... .. .... ... ....... .. . ....................
Drugs ...................................................... •···
Garments .. _................. _................................. .
Mattresses, tents, and awnings ................... .. ....... . .... .
Number of women
who wereNumber of,---- - , - - - -women
reporting. At home
Living
or with
independrelatives
ently.
i~t~:~~~ restaurants·.::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::
52
12
227
41
163
117
55
612
112
366
439
365
46
11
190
36
154
108
43
521
100
312
347
258
12
91
12
54
92
107
Total. ..... ....................... .. ........... . ...... _...... .
2,561
2,126
435
Prin~~~;:}~~:~~f~~t~~~
~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
General mercantile ... ............................................. .
5-and-10-cent stores ........ . _..... .... .................. . ........ .. .
Laundries ........ _................ .. ........... . .................. .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6
1
37
5
9
9
85
WOMEN IN ARKANSAS INDUSTRIES.
TABLE XXII.-Living condition of the women employees who S'U,pplied personal
information, by week/ s earnings.
Number of women
who wereWeek's earnings.
Under$!. .......................... ..... ..... . ............ ... ...... .
$1 and under $2 .............................. . ...... ............... .
$2 and under $3 .......................... . ... . ......... ............ .
$3 and under $4 ................................ . ................... .
$4and under$5 .... .. . ... .................... . ..................... .
$5 and under 6..... . .. ....... .......... ..... . ......... .......... . . .
6 and under $7 .............................. . .....................•
7 and under $8 ..... .......... . .............. . ..................... .
$8 and under $9 .............................. . .....................•
$9 and under $10 ............................. . ........ ....... ...... .
10 and under $11. ........................... . .................•....
$11 and under $12 .•. ... ............. ... . . ... . . ••.. ....... ...........
$12 and under $13 ............... . ............ . .... . ................ .
$13 and under $14 .......... ... ...... ....... .. . ..................... .
$14 and under $15 .•................... ....... . ........ . .............
$15 and under $16 ...... ...... ....... . . ............................. .
16 and under $17 ..... ... .. : ................. . ...............·...... .
$17 and under $18 . .. . .... .. ............. ........................... .
18 and under $19 .•.................................................
$19 and under 20 .............................. ....... ............. .
20 and under $21. •....... ..... . ............................... .....
$21 and under 22 ........... .............. ....... ............ .. . .. . .
$22 and under $23 .... ............ ... . .. ... ...... . ...... . ........... .
$23 and under $24........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. .
$24 and under $25 .•......................... .. ...... .... .. .. .... ... .
$25 and under $30 .... . ................. ... ..... .. . ............ ..... .
$30 and under $35 .. ................................................•
$35 and under $40 ...... ..... .... .... ....... ... .... .................. .
$40 and over ........... ........ ........ ....... .. ....... ......... . .. .
Number
ofwomen
reporting.
2
13
15
22
29
49
95
128
144
215
202
83
116
103
75
112
55
62
57
20
57
12
15
12
4
33
15
7
5
At home
or with
relatives.
2
12
12
21
27
48
Living
independently.
······-····-1
85
118
130
186
167
73
100
94
62
97
50
53
48
15
48
11
12
10
2
26
8
2
2
i------r------r--
Total ........................................................ .
11,757
1 Exclusive of women in the telephone industry and in hotels and restaurants .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,521
3
1
2
1
10
10
14
29
35
10
16
g
13
15
5
9
9
5
9
1
3
2
!2
7
7
5
3
236
PUBLICATIONS OF THE WOMEN'S BUREAU.
BULLETINS.
No. 1. Proposed Employment of Women During the War in the Industries of
Niagara Falls, . Y. 16 pp. 1918.
No. 2. Labor Laws for Women in Industry in Indiana. 29 pp. 1918.
No. 3. Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry. 7 pp. 1919.
No. 4. Wages of Candy Makers in Philadelphia in 1919. 46 pp. 1919.
No. 5. The Eight Hour Day in Federal and State Legislation. 19 pp. 1919.
No. 6. The Employment of Women in Ha21ardous Industries in the United
States. 8 pp. 1919.
No. 7. Night-Work Laws in the United States. 4 pp. 1919.
No. 8. Women in the Government Service. 37 pp. 1920.
No. 9. Home Work in Bridgeport, Connecticut. 35 pp. 1920.
No.10. Hours and Conditions of Work for Women in Industry in Virginia. 32
pp. 1920.
No.11. Women Street Car Conductors and Ticket Agents. 90 pp. 1920.
No. 12. The New Position of Women in American Industry. 158 pp. 1920.
No. 13. Industrial Opportunities and Training for ·women and Girls. 48 pp.
1920.
No.14. A Physiological Basis for the Shorter Working Day for Women. 20 pp.
1921.
No. 15. Some Effects of Legislation Limiting Hours of Work for Women. 26 pp.
1921.
No. 16. State Laws Affecting Working Women. 1920. 104 pp. 1921.
No.17. Women's Wages in Kansas. 1920. 104 pp. 1921.
No.18. Health Problems of Women in Industry. 11 pp. 1921.
·
No. 19. Iowa Women in Industry. 73 pp. 1921.
No. 20. Negro Women in Industry. 65 pp. 1921.
No. 21. Women in Rhode Island Industries. 73 pp. 1922.
No. 22. Women in Georgia Industries. 89 pp. 1921.
No. 23. The Family Status of Breadwinning Women. 43 pp. 1922.
No. 24. Women in Maryland Industries. 96 pp. 1922.
No. 25. ,vomen in the Candy Industry. 72 pp. 1923.
No. 26. Women in Arkansas Industries. 85 pp. 1-923.
No. 27. The Occupational Progress of Women. 37 pp. 1922.
No. 28. Women's Contribution in the Field of Invention. (In press.)
No. 29. Women in Kentucky Industries. (In press.)
Jo. 30. The Share of Wage-Earning Women in Family Support. (In press.)
First Annual RQport of the Director. ( Out of print.)
Second Annual Report of the Director.
Third Annual Report of the Director.
CHARTS.1
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
YI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
Eight-hour and eight-and-a-half-hour laws for women workers.
Nine-hour laws for women workers.
Ten-hour laws for women workers.
Ten-and-a-quarter-hour, ten-and-a-half-hour, eleven-hour, and t welve-hour
laws for women workers.
·weekly hour laws for women workers.
Laws providing for a day of rest, one shorter work day, time for meals,
and rest periods for women workers.
Night-work laws for women workers.
Home-work laws for women.
Minimum wage_ legislation in the United States. 3 sections.
Mothers' pension laws in the United States. 4 sections.
1. Separate charts out of print.
No. 16.
Revised and published in pamphlet form in Bulletin
86
0
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis