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Wages and Related Benefits in the MACHINERY INDUSTRIES POSTWAR WAGE TRENDS S u rv e y of 20 L a b o r M a rk e ts 1 9 5 3 -5 4 B u lle t in No. 1160 U N I T E D STATES D E P A R T M E N T O F L A S O R J a m e s P. Mitchell, Secretary BUREAU or LABOR STATISTICS Iwea C b|««« C t m i M i m r Wages and Related Benefits in the MACHINERY INDUSTRIES PO STW AR Survey W AGE off 2 0 TREN D S Labor Markats, 1953-54 Bullotin N o . 1160 UNTIED STATES DEPARTMENT O F LABOR J — ■ ■ P . M itc h e ll, S t c r a t a r y BUREAU OF LABOR HAHSI1CS Ewan Cloguo, CowmiiwioiMF Digitized for For FRASER sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price 40 cents Letter of Transmittal UNITED STATES D E P A R T M E N T O F LABOR, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, Do Co, June 11, 1954, The Secretary of Labor: I have the honor to transmit herewith a bulletin on wages and related benefits in machinery manufacturing industries in 20 major labor markets in the United States. The study contains an analysis of wage trends in these industries from 1945 to 1954, as well as of a survey conducted during the winter of 1953-54. This report was prepared in the Bu r e a u s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations by Otto R. B. Hollberg and Alexander N. Jarrell under the direction of Toivo P. Kanninen. E w a n Clague, Commissioner. Hon. James P. Mitchell, Secretary of Labor. Ill Contents Page S um m ary__________________________________ __________________ ___—. ________—— 1 Purpose and scope of r e p o r t_________________________________________________ 1 Interindustry and area c h a r a c te r istic s_______________ 2 Wage trends, 1945-54 __________ _____ ________ _______________ ___________ ____ 2 Changes by a r e a ______________________________ ______-_____________________ 4 Occupational d ifferen ces___ ___ 4 Wages and supplem entary benefits, winter 1953-54 ________________ _________ 6 Occupational earnings of m e n ____________________ _________ ...__________ ____ 6 Employment and earnings of w om en____________ __________ _______ ________ 7 M achine-tool and a cce sso r ie s in d u str ie s______ __________ _______ _________ 7 Wage p la n s__________________________ __________ _________ __________________ 8 C ost-of-living and annual im provem ent ad ju stm en ts_______ _____ ________ 8 Labor-m anagem ent a g r e e m e n ts____________________________________ 9 Scheduled- w eekly hour s ________ _____________________ ______________________ 9 Overtim e p a y ____ ________________________ _ _________ . ________________ ____ 9 Shift op eration s________________________________ _ _________________ ____,___ 9 Paid holidays ____________________________ ___ ___ _______ ________________ 9 Paid v a c a tio n s__________________________ ______ ______ _____________________ 10 Health, insurance/ and pension p la n s____ _________ ______ _________________ 10 Chart: P ercent in creases in average straight-tim e hourly earnings for 3 occupations in m achinery m anufacture_____________ ______ ____ 5 Table: Indexes of average straight-tim e hourly earnings in m achinery manufacture in selected areas and occupations, January 1953 and January 1954, and percent in crea ses, January 1945January 1954 ________________________________________________ _____ 3 (A listing of tables and appendixes is presented on page vi) V Contents - Continued Tables: Occupational earnings: Average straight-tim e hourly earnings for men in selected production occupations, winter 1953-54 IA. Machinery, 20 selected areas _________ ________________________ 2A. Machinery, by method of wage payment, 10 selected areas-------3A. M achine-tools, 3 selected a r e a s ________________________ _______ 4A. M achine-tool accessories, 7 selected a re a s________________ ___ Percent distribution of workers in machinery manufacturing establishm ents, 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54 Pay plans and work schedules: IB. Wage structure characteristics and labor-management agreements __________________________________________________ 2B. Scheduled weekly h o u rs________________________________________ 3B. Shift-differential p ractices_____________________________________ 4B. Shift-differential provisions ___________________________________ Related benefits: IC. Formal provisions for paid h olid ays___________________________ 2C. Rate of pay for work on paid holidays__________________________ 3C. Vacation p o licies_____________________ 4C. Health, insurance, and pension p lan s______ -___________________ APPENDIXES A - Occupational wage relationships, 1952-53 ________________________________ B - Scope and method of su rv ey ______________________________________________ C - Occupational descriptions________________ Charts: 1. Relationship between earnings of men janitors and selected tim e-rated workers, machinery industries, by s e x __________ 2. Relationship between earnings of men janitors and selected men workers, machinery industries, by method of wage paym ent______________________ 3. Relationship between earnings of men janitors and men m achine-tool operators, production, class B, machinery industries, by method of wage payment and reg io n __ ________ Tables: 1. Occupational average hourly earnings as percentages of averages for men janitors in machinery manufacturing by region and method of wage payment, winter 1952-53 ____________________ 2. Occupational average hourly earnings for tim e-rated men workers as percentages of averages for men janitors in 9 machinery industries, winter 1952-53 __________________________________ 3* Occupational average hourly earnings for men workers as percentages of averages for men janitors in 5 machinery industries by region and method of wage payment, winter 1952-53 _____ ____________________ ___________________ VI Page 12 14 14 15 16 18 19 21 23 25 26 36 39 49 55 41 42 44 46 48 48 W a ges and R e l a t e d B e n e f i t s in t h e M a c h i n e r y I n d u s t r i e s , P ostw ar W a g e T re n d s, S u r v e y of 2 0 Labor M a rk e ts, 1 9 5 3 -5 4 Summary A v e r a g e straight-time hourly earnings of production w o r k e r s in m a c h i n e r y m a n u f a c t u r i n g plants r o s e 83 p e r c e n t during the 9 - year pe r i o d ending in J a n u a r y 1954, b a s e d o n occupational w a g e s u r v e y s condu c t e d in 20 i m p o r t a n t labor m a r k e t s . Incre a s e s r a n g e d f r o m about 67 p e r c e n t in Dallas, Detroit, JLos Angeles, a n d S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d to 101 perc e n t in St. Louis. H o u r l y earnings of l aborers i n c r e a s e d b y 98 p e r c e n t as c o m p a r e d with 71 p e r c e n t for tool-and-die m a k e r s a n d 75 perc e n t for production machinists. In the 20 a r e a s c o m b i n e d , a v e r a g e hourly earnings i n c r e a s e d nearly 5 p e r c e n t in 1953. T h e m o s t recent in a series of annual studies s h o w e d that for m o s t of the skilled jobs studied, the earnings level in Detroit w a s a b o v e the next highest a r e a p a y level b y a n appreciable m a r g i n . C o m p a r a t i v e l y high earnings w e r e also r e c o r d e d for skilled jobs in Chicago, M i l w a u k e e , St. Louis, a n d the S a n F r a n c i s c o B a y area. Janitors a n d laborers w e r e highest paid in Detroit, the S a n F r a n c i s c o B a y area, P o r t l a n d (Oregon), a n d C l e v e land. Incentive m e t h o d s of w a g e p a y m e n t w e r e u s e d extensively in a l m o s t all of the n o r t h e r n areas, but only to a limited extent in the 2 T e x a s a r e a s a n d the 3 W e s t C o a s t a r e a s studied. T h r e e - f o u r t h s or m o r e of the production w o r k e r s in 10 a r e a s w e r e e m p l o y e d b y f i r m s w h o s e w a g e scales w e r e g o v e r n e d b y l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s . S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d , Portland, Cleveland, a n d St. L o u i s h a d the highest proportions of production w o r k e r s in contract plants. P r e m i u m rates for daily o v e r t i m e w e r e applicable to the great m a j o r i t y of the w o r k e r s a n d m o s t of t h e m received 6 or m o r e paid holidays. P r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s generally qualified for a 1 - w e e k vacation after a y e a r of service a n d 2 or m o r e w e e k s after longer service. Health, insurance, a n d p e n s i o n plans w e r e also widely reported. T o o l - a n d - d i e m a k e r s w e r e the only w o r k e r s studied w h o a v e r a g e d 50 p e r c e n t a b o v e the janitor p a y level in a m a j o r i t y of the plants as w a s s h o w n b y a n e x a m i n a t i o n of occupational w a g e relationships within individual plants c o v e r e d in a study of 29 a r e a s during the winter of 1952-53. W a g e differentials b e t w e e n skilled a n d unskilled jobs w e r e greatest in the South a n d n a r r o w e s t in the F a r W e s t . Within regional groupings a s well as p r o d u c t g roupings of plants, incentive w o r k e r s held a position in the earnings scale a b o v e that for t i m e w o r k e r s in the s a m e job. P u r p o s e a n d S c o p e of R e p o r t T h e p r e s e n t study is the p r o d u c t of the ninth in a series of annual s u r v e y s of occupational w a g e s a n d related benefits in m a c h i n e r y m a n u f a c t u r i n g industries1 co n d u c t e d b y the B u r e a u of L a b o r Statistics1 Division of W a g e s a n d Industrial Relations. T h e current data, collected b e t w e e n S e p t e m b e r 1953 a n d F e b r u a r y 1954, relate to 20 m a j o r m a c h i n e r y p r o d u c i n g areas, a s against 28 to 65 a r e a s s u r v e y e d in earlier y e a r s . 2 T h e trend of w a g e s in the m a c h i n e r y industries, since 1945, as reflected in this report, is b a s e d p r i m a r i l y u p o n the 20 a r e a s presently included in the B u r e a u 1s a nnual s u r v e y s of these i m p o r t a n t industries. Occupational data a r e p r e s e n t e d herein for the m a c h i n e r y industries a s a whole, in e a c h of the 20 areas; a n d separately for the m a c h i n e - t o o l a n d m a c h i n e - t o o l a c c e s s o r y g r o u p s in a f e w of the a r e a s . 3 Distributions of w o r k e r s b y occupational e a r n ings intervals contained in the p r o c e s s e d reports are not repeated. T h e a r e a data o n w a g e practices a n d s u p p l e m e n t a r y benefits are reported only for the m a c h i n e r y industries as a 1 See a p p e n d i x B, p. 49, for the definitions of this industry group. T h e s urveys e x clude establishments p r i m a r i l y e n g a g e d in the m a n u f a c t u r e of electrical m a c h i n e r y , equ i p m e n t , a n d supplies. 2 D a t a for e a c h current a r e a ar e also available in individual p r o c e s s e d reports for e a c h y e a r since 1945, except for W o r c e s t e r , M a s s . , w h i c h w a s e x c l u d e d f r o m the 1947 survey. * Separ a t e occupational earnings data in other locally i m p o r t a n t b r a n c h e s of the m a c h i n e r y industries a r e included in the p r o c e s s e d reports for L o s A n g e l e s (oil-field m a chinery), N e w Y o r k (paper a n d printing ma c h i n e r y ) , a n d Philadelphia (textile m a c h i n e r y ) . 1 2 whole, in e a c h of the a r e a s . 4 P e r c e n t a g e relationships b e t w e e n earnings in occupations of different skills (based o n data f r o m p r e c e d i n g annual studies) ar e a n a l y z e d in a p p e n d i x A. T h e scope, m e t h o d , a n d limitations of the study, together with establishment a n d e m p l o y m e n t estimates for e a c h a r e a a r e d i s c u s s e d in a p p e n d i x B. Interindustry a n d A r e a Characteristics Exc l u d i n g establishments with 20 or less e m p l o y e e s (7 or less in the c a s e of m a c h i n e - t o o l a c c e s s o r i e s plants), nearly 4, 100 m a c h i n e r y m a n u f a c t u r i n g plants w e r e located iji the 20 a r e a s studied. E m p l o y m e n t in these establishments a m o u n t e d to nearly 650, 000 or about 40 pe r c e n t of the total in these industries. E m p l o y m e n t within s cope of the study r a n g e d f r o m less than 4, 0 0 0 in D e n v e r a n d P o r t l a n d to about 105, 000 in C h i c a g o . F o u r m i d w e s t e r n a r e a s — Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, a n d M i l w a u k e e — a c c o u n t e d for nearly half of the e m p l o y m e n t in the 20 a r e a s c o m b i n e d a n d about a fifth of the national total. C o n centrations of m o r e than 25, 000 w o r k e r s w e r e also located in N e w a r k - J e r s e y City, L o s A n g e l e s , P h i l a d e l p h i a - C a m d e n , H a r t f o r d - N e w Britain-Bristol, a n d N e w Y o r k City. A w i d e variety of m a c h i n e r y p r o d u c t s w e r e p r o d u c e d in e a c h a r e a with the greatest d e g r e e of diversification noted in the m a j o r production centers in the M i d d l e W e s t . In s o m e areas, concentrations of e m p l o y m e n t w e r e f o u n d in plants p r o d u c i n g m a chinery a n d e q u i p m e n t for particular industries located in the a r e a or region. E x a m p l e s of this w e r e : Agricultural m a c h i n e r y in Chicago, M i l w a u k e e , a n d Minneapolis-St. Paul; m i n i n g m a c h i n e r y in D e n v e r ; oil field m a c h i n e r y a n d tools in Dallas, Houston, a n d L o s A ngeles; a n d textile m a c h i n e r y in Philadelphia a n d W o r c e s t e r . Similarly large n u m b e r s of plants a n d w o r k e r s in Detroit w e r e involved in the production of m a c h i n e - t o o l a c c e s sories. Typically, h o w e v e r , the p r o d u c t s m e n t i o n e d did not require a m a j ority of the m a c h i n e r y p r o d uction w o r k e r s in these areas. E s t a b l i s h m e n t s in the m a c h i n e r y industries r a n g e d f r o m jobbing s h o p s e m p l o y i n g a f e w w o r k e r s to plants with m o r e than 10, 000 w o r k e r s . A l t h o u g h e m p l o y m e n t in individ ual plants r a n g e d u p to 1,000 or m o r e in all except one area, substantial interarea differ e n c e s in a v e r a g e plant-size did exist. In Baltimore, Hartford, H ouston, M i l w a u k e e , N e w a r k - J e r s e y City, a n d Pittsburgh, the m a j o r i t y of the w o r k e r s w e r e in plants with e m p l o y m e n t e x c eeding 1,000. In D e n v e r , L o s A ngeles, a n d N e w Y o r k , the m a j o r i t y w e r e in establishments with f e w e r than 25 0 w o r k e r s . W a g e Trends, 1945-54 A v e r a g e straight-time hourly earnings of production w o r k e r s in m a c h i n e r y m a n u f a c t u r i n g establishments in the 20 a r e a s c o v e r e d b y the s u r v e y r o s e 83 p erc e n t b e t w e e n J a n u a r y 1945 a n d J a n u a r y 1954 (see table, p. 3).5 T h i s rise closely paralleled the incre a s e in straight-time hourly e arnings for p r oduction w o r k e r s in the m a n u f a c t u r i n g industries as a whole, o v e r the 9 - y e a r period. O v e r half of this i ncrease for w o r k e r s in the m a c h i n e r y industries o c c u r r e d in the 4 y e a r s i m m e d i a t e l y following the e n d of W o r l d W a r II. T h e a v e r a g e annual rate of increase for the p e riod J a n u a r y 1945 to N o v e m b e r 1948, w a s 9 . 3 p erc e n t c o m p a r e d with 5.1 perc e n t for the p e r i o d N o v e m b e r 1948 to J a n u a r y 1954. T h e lowest annual increase w a s 1.5 p e r c e n t — -between N o v e m b e r 1948 a n d N o v e m b e r 1949. Since this p e r i o d the annual rate of increase h a s a v e r a g e d 6 percent. 4 S eparate data a r e available, h o w e v e r , in p r o c e s s e d reports for e a c h of the m a c h i n e - t o o l a c c e s s o r y g r o u p s (jobbing s hops a n d production shops) in Chicago, C l e v e land, a n d Detroit; for the m a c h i n e - t o o l a c c e s s o r y g r o u p in Hartford; a n d the m a c h i n e - t o o l g r o u p in C l e v e l a n d a n d Hartford' 5 T h e i n c rease refers to the rise in a v e r a g e hourly w a g e rates or a v e r a g e straightt i m e h o urly earnings in the c a s e of incentive w o r k e r s . It excludes the effect o n a v e r a g e earnings of a n y shifts in the relative i m p o r t a n c e of the cities studied, a n y c h a n g e s in the occupational c o m p o s i t i o n of the labor force, a n d a n y c h a n g e s in the a m o u n t of p r e m i u m p a y for o v e r t i m e or nightwork. T h e m e t h o d s u s e d in constructing the indexes o n w h i c h this article is b a s e d a r e d e s c r i b e d in a p p e n d i x B, S c o p e a n d M e t h o d of Survey. 3 Indexes of a v e r a g e straight-time hourly earnings in m a c h i n e r y m a n u f a c t u r e in selected a r e a s a n d occupations, J a n u a r y 1953 a n d J a n u a r y 1954, a n d percent increases, J a n u a r y 1 9 4 5 - J a n u a r y 1954 Indexe s (1947-49=100) P e r c e n t i n creases f r o m — January January D e c e m b e r January 1951 to 1953 to J a n u a r y J a n u a r y 1945 to 1951 to January D e c e m b e r January January 19541 1953 1 1954 1953 1951 1954 Item Area All a r e a s c o m b i n e d 2 ________ _ 125.1 131.2 83.0 5.4 6.4 4.9 B a l t i m o r e ________________________ B o s t o n ____________________________ C h i c a g o ___________________________ C l e v e l a n d ________________________ __________________________ Dallas D e n v e r ___________________________ D e t r o i t ___________________________ Hartford _ H o u s t o n __________________________ L o s A n g e l e s _______________ _______ Milwaukee _ Minneapolis-St. P a u l N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y _____________ N e w Y o r k City____________________ Philadelphia Pittsburgh _______________________ St. Lou i s _______________________ S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d _ ________ 119.1 122.5 125.7 121.7 122.3 131.5 123.3 125.8 122.2 124.6 129.1 126.0 124.6 123.2 128.8 125.7 123.8 119.8 124.3 128.7 131.8 127.9 129.5 139.4 130.0 131.6 127.7 129.0 134.3 132.4 128.5 128.8 135.5 133.6 136. 1 128.0 71.8 84.9 88.7 75.1 67.3 91.8 67.2 84. 1 72.7 67.8 97. 9 84. 8 74.8 82. 1 90. 1 92.1 101.0 67.4 2.3 3. 6 4.0 5. 1 3. 1 5.4 6.2 4.9 4.8 4.7 8.5 6. 1 6.9 1.4 5.3 1.3 6.6 9.5 6.6 6.2 7.1 5.2 5.8 10.4 4. 8 8.2 5.5 7.8 7. 1 6.8 5.7 6. 2 9.3 5.8 6.5 3.0 4.4 5. 1 4.9 5. 1 5.9 6.0 5.4 4.6 4.5 3.5 4. 0 5. 1 3. 1 4.5 5.2 6.3 9.9 6.8 129.8 122.7 136.0 130.8 98.4 75. 0 6.7 6. 1 7.2 6.0 4.8 6. 6 121.4 128.8 71.2 5. 1 6.1 6.1 Occupation L a b o r e r s , m a terials h a n d l i n g 3 _______________________ Machinists, production T o o l - a n d - d i e m a k e r s (other than tool-and-die jobbing s h o p s ) ____ 1 2 thro u g h 3 D a t a c o v e r p eriods ranging f r o m S e p t e m b e r to F e b r u a r y . Includes data for 2 a r e a s not s h o w n separately. Information for y e a r s 1945 1953 w a s b a s e d o n 29 areas. C h a n g e of title f r o m truckers, hand. A l t h o u g h the relative (percentage) increase w a s higher for the early p o s t w a r years, c o m p a r e d with later years, the actual c e n t s - p e r - h o u r incre a s e s te n d e d to b e m o r e u n i f o r m o v e r the entire period. F o r e x a m p l e , the 9.7 p e r c e n t a g e i ncrease in earnings b e t w e e n O c t o b e r 1946 a n d N o v e m b e r 1947 w a s equivalent to about 12 cents a n h o u r w h e r e a s the 7.5 p e r c e n t i ncrease b e t w e e n N o v e m b e r 1949 a n d J a n u a r y 1951 equaled about 11 cents a n hour. A v e r a g e straight-time hourly earnings for m a c h i n e r y production w o r k e r s in c r e a s e d nearly 5 p e r c e n t in 1953. T h e relative increase in w a g e s d u e to a given a m o u n t of absolute i ncrease depends, of course, o n the level of w a g e s in the p e r i o d f r o m w h i c h the p e r c e n t a g e increase is m e a s u r e d . T h u s , e v e n th o u g h the estimate of c h a n g e in 1953 w a s the lowest relative increase except for the 1.5 percent rise b e t w e e n N o v e m b e r 1948 a n d N o v e m b e r 1949, in t e r m s of actual c e n t s - p e r - h o u r it w a s equal to the 5 . 4 p e r c e n t increase during 1951. 4 S ig n ific a n t v a ria tio n s in wage changes over the 9 -ye a r p e rio d have caused some re a lig n m e n t in the wage p o sitio n o f a re a s and in wage d iffe re n tia ls among the occupations surveyed. Ch a n g e s by A r e a P o s t w a r w a g e a d j u s t m e n t s for m a c h i n e r y w o r k e r s varied substantially a m o n g the 18 a r e a s for w h i c h c o m p a r a b l e data a r e available. I n c r e a s e s in a v e r a g e straight-time h o urly earnings b e t w e e n J a n u a r y 1945 a n d J a n u a r y 1954 r a n g e d f r o m about 67 pe r c e n t in Dallas, Detroit, L o s A ngeles, a n d S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d to 101 p e r c e n t in St. Louis. E a r n i n g s a l m o s t d oub l e d in M i l w a u k e e (98 percent) a n d r o s e b y m o r e than 90 pe r c e n t in Pittsburgh, D e n v e r , a n d Philadelphia. S o m e of the largest p e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e s o c c u r r e d in a r e a s w h e r e the level of earnings after W o r l d W a r II h a d b e e n the lowest a m o n g the areas. O n the other hand, a r e a s s u c h as Detroit a n d S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d w h i c h h a v e h a d consistently higher p o s t w a r p a y scales s h o w e d l o w e r - t h a n - a v e r a g e p e r c e n t a g e in c r e a s e s during this period. D u r i n g 1953, in c r e a s e s in a v e r a g e straight-time h o u r l y earnings of production w o r k e r s in m a c h i n e r y r a n g e d f r o m 3.1 perc e n t in N e w a r k - J e r s e y City to 9.9 p e r c e n t in St. Louis, but in m o s t of the 20 a r e a s i n creases r a n g e d f r o m 4 to 6 percent. It should b e noted, h o w e v e r , that in c o m p a r i n g incre a s e s in a v e r a g e earnings a m o n g a r e a s o v e r brief periods, differences in the effective dates of w a g e a g r e e m e n t s in the respective a r e a s affect the size of the a v e r a g e increases, d e p e nding u p o n the t i m e interval u s e d for s u r v e y purposes. Occupational Differences B e t w e e n J a n u a r y 1945 a n d J a n u a r y 19$4, a v e r a g e h o urly earnings of tool-and-die m a k e r s a n d p r oduction m a c h i n i s t s — -two i m p o r t a n t skilled jobs in the m a c h i n e r y i n d u s tries— i n c r e a s e d b y 7 1 . 2 a n d 7 5 . 0 percent, respectively. In contrast, earnings of la b o r e r s in m a terials handling w o r k i n c r e a s e d b y 9 8 . 4 percent. G r e a t e r p e r c e n t a g e in c r e a s e s w e r e r e c o r d e d for laborers than for the skilled jobs in e a c h s u r v e y prior to the current o n e . 67 A rev e r s a l of this t rend w a s n oted in the J a n u a r y 1 9 5 3 - J a n u a r y 1954 period during w h i c h h o urly e arnings of tool-and-die m a k e r s a n d production m a c h i n i s t s a d v a n c e d b y 6. 1 a n d 6.6 percent, respectively, c o m p a r e d with 4. 8 p e r c e n t for laborers. In s o m e a r e a s (Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, a n d Houston) p e r c e n t a g e i n creases in l a b o r e r s 1 rates w e r e half or less of the in c r e a s e s r e c o r d e d for the t w o skilled jobs. T h e greater p e r c e n t a g e increase for the unskilled job during the p o s t w a r pe riod ending in J a n u a r y 1953 o c c u r r e d largely b e c a u s e c e n t s - p e r - h o u r i ncre a s e s w e r e applied u n i f o r m l y to both low - a n d h i g h - w a g e e m p l o y e e s in the m a c h i n e r y industries. T h e s e w a g e a d j u s t m e n t s h a d the effect of reducing the differential b e t w e e n “the a v e r a g e p a y of tool-anddie m a k e r s a n d labor e r s f r o m 63 perc e n t in 1945 to 39 p e r c e n t b y J a n u a r y 1953; for p r o duction machinists, the c o m p a r a b l e reduction w a s f r o m 51 p e r c e n t to 30 pe r c e n t d uring the s a m e period. B y J a n u a r y 1954, h o w e v e r , the differentials (over laborer rates) for tool-and-die m a k e r s a n d production machi n i s t s h a d i n c r e a s e d to 41 a n d 33 percent, r e s p e c tively. T h i s c o m p r e s s i o n of p a y differentials, as m e a s u r e d in p e r c e n t a g e t e r m s , h a s o c c u r r e d despite the fact that absolute differences, m e a s u r e d in cents-per-hour, h a v e i n c r e a s e d s o m e w h a t o v e r the s a m e t i m e interval. 6 P e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e s for l a b orers e x c e e d e d those for tool-and-die m a k e r s in e a c h p e r i o d a n d those for p roduction m a c h i n i s t s in all peri o d s except O c t o b e r 1 9 4 6 - N o v e m b e r 1947. 7 T h e c h a n g e s in p e r c e n t a g e a n d absolute differences in w a g e s - a m o n g occupations w e r e c o m p u t e d b y relating the occupational p e r c e n t a g e i nc r e a s e s to occupational a v e r a g e s for J a n u a r y 1945 a s p r e s e n t e d in the article, " W a g e Structure in the M a c h i n e r y Industries, J a n u a r y 1945, " M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , F e b r u a r y 1946 (p. 265). S e e a p p e n d i x A for a m o r e detailed discussion oi J o b P a y Differentials. 5 6 W ages and Supplementary Benefits, Winter 19 53-54 Occupational Earnings of Men Among the job classifications studied in machinery industries in the 20 selected a re a s, the highest average straight-tim e hourly earnings w ere recorded for tool-an d -d ie m akers (table 1A). Earnings of tool-an d -d ie m akers in tool-an d-die jobbing shops were higher than those of Mmaintenance" tool-an d-die m akers in 9 of the 11 areas where com parison could be made. Maintenance tool-and-die m akers, in turn, earned m ore than w orkers in any other job studied in 15 of the 20 a re a s. High level average earnings were also recorded, in m ost areas, for skilled (class A) engine-lathe and grinding-machine operators, m achine-tool operators in toolroom s, and for maintenance electricians. 8 Notable a r e a -to -a r e a variation in average earnings was recorded in each of the jobs studied, whether skilled, sem iskilled, or unskilled. Thus, Detroit was highest and Dallas low est for several jo b s. The spread in average earnings for these was 63 cents for janitors, 72 cents for skilled a ssem b lers (class A ), 69 cents for electricians, and 86 cents for skilled production m achine-tool operators (class A ). In addition to this difference among areas in the earnings level for each indi vidual job, there was an a re a -to -a r e a overlapping of earnings among the three broad skill le v e ls . Thus, average earnings in skilled and sem iskilled jo b s, in the lower pay a reas, were generally below the pay lev els recorded for jobs of le s s e r skill in the higher pay are a s. C la ss A a ssem b lers in Baltim ore, for exam ple, averaged le s s than cla ss B assem blers in 10 higher pay a rea s; " A " a ssem b lers in D allas earned le s s than nB n assem blers in all but 1 of the 19 other a rea s. Sim ilarly, " B " assem bler averages in these two areas (Baltim ore and D allas) were lower than those for the unskilled (nC n) a ssem b lers in 13 of the a re a s. A s an extrem e exam ple, average earnings of laborers in Detroit were higher than those of skilled a ssem b lers in Baltim ore and D allas. The Detroit earnings lev el, for m ost of the skilled occupations studied, was above the next highest area pay level by an appreciable m argin. The differential was 40 cents an hour (above Chicago) for skilled production m achine-tool operators; 19 cents (above Chicago) for tool-an d -d ie m akers in tool-an d-die jobbing shops; 14 cents (above San Francisco-O akland) for m achine-tool operators in toolroom s, and (Los A ngeles) maintenance electricians; and 8 cents (above Milwaukee) for skilled a sse m b le rs. T ypically, the highest average earnings in skilled occupations9 were recorded in Detroit, San F ran cisco, St. Louis, Chicago, and Milwaukee. Highest averages in sem iskilled jobs were in Milwaukee, Cleveland, Detroit, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh; in 2 unskilled production-type jobs the earnings leaders were Pittsburgh, Detroit, M il waukee, and San F ran cisco. Janitors and lab orers were highest paid in Detroit, San F ran cisco, Portland, and Cleveland. In Detroit, Chicago, and San F rancisco the earn ings averages for each of 19 jobs were consistently in the top half of an array of area averages. In Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Milwaukee, and Portland pay levels for m ost of the skilled jobs and all of the sem iskilled and unskilled jobs were also higher than average. In New York, St. Louis, and Los A ngeles skilled job averages generally exceeded the median level but sem iskilled and unskilled pay levels were generally below. In Boston, B altim ore, and Dallas (and in W orcester, except for la b o re rs), all averages were below the m edian-area le v el. 8 A study of relative wage differentials among jobs studied, based on wage re la tionship estim ates computed for individual plants rather than on area job averages, is presented in appendix A . 9 This analysis is lim ited to 19 jobs— 11 skilled, 4 sem iskilled, and 4 unskilled jobs— for which data are available inwall or virtually all are a s, thus permitting the deter mination of the m edian-area earnings level for each job. 7 The effect of incentive methods of wage payment on job averages in an area was dependent not only on the extent of their use but also on the differential between "t im e " and 'incentive11 earnings. These factors varied greatly by area and occupation. In some jobs^ the effect of a large difference between the average earnings of "t im e ” and "incen tive" workers was lim ited, because the proportion of incentive w orkers was sm all. In other jobs, although large proportions of workers were paid on an incentive b asis, their earnings average was not greatly above or below that of the tim e-rated w orkers. High earnings levels were not invariably attributable to the use of incentive pay methods as illustrated by a predominantly "t im e -r a t e " area— Detroit. Table 2A presents a 10-a rea com parison of the numbers and earnings of tim e and incentive workers in the three skill classifications of a ssem b lers and m achine-tool opera tors for which substantial numbers of w orkers were reported under incentive plans. These areas account for over 85 percent of the 2 0 -a re a incentive-worker employment in these jobs. Greatest use of incentives for assem bler classifications was, in descending order, in Hartford (66 percent of all a sse m b le rs), Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, W orcester, Boston, and Philadelphia (32 percent). Sim ilarly, Tor m achine-tool operator jobs the greatest use was in Milwaukee (55 percent), Hartford, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and N ew ark-Jersey City (37 percent). Incentive workers had higher average hourly earnings than tim e-rated workers in each job and area shown. The relationship between the amount of the tim e-incentive earn ings differential and the level of skill of the job was also a consistent one. A s in past surveys, the difference was greatest in jobs requiring the least skill (see appendix A ). The greatest effect of incentive pay system s on average earnings was in Milwaukee dnd Philadelphia where the high proportion of w orkers paid on an incentive basis earned substantially m ore than the time w orkers. In Hartford, the effect of the high proportion of incentive w orkers was largely offset by the sm all difference between their earnings and those of w orkers paid on a tim e b a sis. In Cleveland the large difference between time and incentive earnings had very little effect on the combined average because of the sm all proportion of incentive w orkers. Employment and Earnings of Women F or the 20 areas combined, women constituted le s s than 10 percent of the p ro duction work fo rc e . They slightly exceeded 10 percent in San Francisco-O akland and Milwaukee, and accounted for 16 percent of the Baltim ore, and 21 percent of the Hartford work f o r c e .10 Women in plant departments were employed p rim arily in the a ssem b ler, inspector, and m achine-tool operator classifications. M ost women were employed at tim e rates, except assem b lers in the Hartford, Philadelphia, and N ew ark-Jersey City a reas, and m achine-tool operators in Hartford and Milwaukee. Earnings of women assem b lers and inspectors of intermediate and lower skill generally averaged 13 to 25 cents under those for men in comparable jobs in the same area; women m achine-tool operators (class C) averaged 5 cents an hour le s s than men in Cleveland, Detroit, and Milwaukee, and in Hartford, 23 cents le s s . These are areawide differences; they do not represent a com parison of earnings in identical estab lishm ents. M achine-Tool and A c c e sso r ie s Industries In each of three areas in which there was a concentration of m achine-tool manu facture (table 3A ), the job earnings levels in these establishments were in alm ost all instances higher than in the a rea! s other machinery establishm ents. The earnings advantage of m achine-tools plants over other machinery plants was generally highest in Cleveland and least in W orcester. 10 Occupational earnings for women workers are not available for Baltim ore or San Francisco-O akland, because employment of women w orkers in the jobs studied was http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ centered Federal Reserve Bank ofin St. too Louisfew establishments to warrant publication. 8 In table 4A , occupational data are presented for seven important m ach in e-toola cce sso ry production a re a s. Earnings in the representative occupations are presented for this industry branch as a whole in three a re a s. In four other areas separate data are presented for jobbing-type establishments and for production-type establishments manu facturing m ore or le s s standard a ccessory item s. Earnings in jobbing shops were generally higher than in the machinery industry group as a whole, especially in the skilled and sem iskilled jo b s. W orkers in production-type a ccessory plants were generally lower paid than comparable workers in the machinery industry group. In the industrial areas where comparisons could be made, the jobbing shops generally paid higher rates than the production shops in the skilled jobs but lower rates in the unskilled job s. Wage Plans Tim e rate payment (table IB) was the predominant method of wage payment in the 20 areas studied. In 10 a re a s,fiv e -six th s or more of the production workers were paid on a tim e b a sis. Incentive methods of wage payment were used extensively in alm ost all the areas in the 3 northern regions, but only to a lim ited extent in the 2 Texas areas and the 3 W est Coast areas studied. A s previously noted, the greatest use of incentive methods was in the H artford-New B rita in -B risto l area (almost half the w orkers); in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Milwaukee (about tw o-fifths); and in Boston, W orcester, N ew ark-Jersey City, Cleveland, and Denver, where from a fourth to a third of the production workers were paid on an incentive b a sis. Of the production w orkers paid on a tim e-rate b asis, the great m ajority in each area were in firm s with form al wage structures. These were firm s in which a single rate or a range of rates was established for each job. F irm s which established rates inform ally on the basis of the individual worker*s qualifications did, however, employ substantial segments of the production work force in New York, Boston, Baltim ore, Los A n geles, Philadelphia, D allas, and N ew ark-Jersey City. A range of rates for each job was the predominant type of form al rate structure in all except five a re a s. Relatively high proportions of the production w orkers were e m ployed under rate-range system s in Houston, Chicago, Cleveland, W orcester, B altim ore, and D allas. The 5 areas in which sin gle-rate wage structures were predominant were St. Louis and the 4 Far W est a re a s. F orm ally established rates for office workers were not found to the same extent as for the tim e-ra ted production w orkers. N evertheless, m ost office workers in each area except Los A ngeles were in offices with form al wage structures and, typically, these were based on a salary scale or range for each job. In 11 other areas, as well as Los A ngeles, 30 percent or m ore of the office workers were employed in firm s with inform al wage structures. Systematic grouping of jobs in a series of labor grades was found in 152 of the 860 establishments visited in the 20 a re a s. Of these, only 64 had system s covering both p ro duction and office job s; 74 had a system for production jobs only, and 14 had a system only for office jobs. Labor-grade system s were reported in the highest proportions of the firm s visited in Milwaukee, W orcester, Hartford, Baltim ore, and N ew ark-Jersey City. No system s were reported in the firm s visited in D allas, Portland, or San F ran cisco. M ost of the production department system s in the 20 areas had from 9 to 12 grades; in offices, from 7 to 11 grades. C o st-o f-L iv in g and Annual Improvement Adjustments P rovisions for periodic co st-q f-liv in g adjustments were reported in 151 of the 860 firm s visited. In 51 firm s the adjustments were applicable both to production and office w orkers; in 98 fir m s , to production workers only, and in 2, to office w orkers only. Wage escalator provisions were reported by tw o-thirds of the firm s visited in D etroit, half of those in San Francisco-O akland, a fourth in Cleveland, and a fifth in M inneapolis-St. Paul. ^Annual improvement (productivity) adjustments w ere provided by 84 of the 860 firm s, 82 of which also had provisions for co st-o f-liv in g adjustm ents. P ro d u c tiv ity 11 http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ were Federal adjustments Reserve Bank of St. Louis reported by half the firm s in Detroit and San Francisco-O akland. 9 Labor-M anagem ent A greem ents M ost production w orkers were employed by firm s whose wage scales were governed by labor-m anagem ent agreem ents covering a m ajority of their production w orkers; in 10 areas three-fourths or m ore of the workers were in firm s with such con tracts. The highest proportions of production workers in contract establishm ents were recorded in San Francisco-O akland, Portland, Cleveland, and St. Louis. L ess than half the production work force in D allas, Baltim ore, and W qrcester was in unionized fir m s. Substantially sm aller proportions of the office w orkers were in establishm ents having agreem ents covering office w orkers. Pittsburgh, with th re^-fifth s, and Philadel phia with a third, were the only areas in which m ore than a sixth of the office w orkers were covered by labor-m anagem ent contracts. Establishm ents surveyed in seven areas reported no agreem ents covering office workers (see table IB ). Scheduled Weekly Hours In the month in which each area was surveyed (extending from September 1953 for Baltim ore and Houston to February 1954 for Hartford), the m ajority of fir s t-s h ift produc tion w orkers were on a 40-hour weekly schedule in each area except four (table 2B ). In 2 of the 4 areas a fourth of the w orkers were on a 37V2-hour schedule (Philadelphia and Baltim ore) but a slightly higher proportion worked longer than 40 hours. In Dallas and Detroit the m ajority worked longer than 40 hours a week. Between 20 and 30 percent of the fir s t-s h ift w orkers were on weekly schedules of 48 or m ore hours in N ew ark-Jersey City (Decem ber), Philadelphia (October), Dallas (January), Chicago (January), and Cleveland (Novem ber); 30 to 35 percent worked these schedules in Baltim ore (September) and Houston (September); and fully 55 percent in Detroit (October) were on schedules of 48 or m ore hours a week. Overtim e Pay P rem ium rates for work beyond normal weekly schedules were provided in firm s employing virtually all production w orkers in all areas.; The alm ost universal provision was for a rate of tim e -a n d -a -h a lf after 40 hours, except in Portland and San F ran cisco. In these a re a s, the great m ajority of production workers were employed by firm s with a policy of double tim e for weekly overtim e. P rem ium rates for daily overtim e were applicable to at least 5 of every 6 w orkers in all areas except D allas. M ost w orkers, in 18 of the a re a s, were in shops paying tim e-a n d -o n e -h a lf after 8 hours, but fou r-fifth s in Portland and tw o-fifths in San F rancisco were in shops paying double tim e after 8 hours1 work. Graduated prem ium rates were provided by em ployers of a substantial number of w orkers in N ew ark-Jersey City, New York, Philadelphia, Baltim ore, Detroit, Milwaukee, and St. Louis and for a m ajority of the San F rancisco production w orkers. Thus, although generally the policy in San F rancisco was the practice to pay double tim e, the ninth (and in some fir m s , the tenth) hour was paid at tim e-a n d -o n e -h a lf ra tes. Shift Operations The proportion of the production work force employed on late shifts, in the month of survey, ranged from 6 percent in New York (January 1954) to 35 percent in Houston (September 1953). F rom 10 to 20 percent of the work force was on late shifts in 10 are a s, between 20 and 30 percent in 7 a re a s, and 34 percent in Baltim ore (table 3B ). Virtually all shift w orkers were paid a differential over day-shift rates. In half of the a re a s, secondshift differentials were predominantly in the form of a cen ts-p er-h ou r addition to day-shift rates, usually fro m 5 to 10 cents an hour. In the other areas a percentage addition, usually 10 percent, was the m ost commonly used form . No pattern of regional preference for either form was apparent. T hird-sh ift differentials were m ost commonly of the p e r centage type, usually 10 percent, in 9 a reas; in 7 areas cen ts-p er-h ou r differentials, usually ranging from 10 to 15 cents, were the predominant type. Paid Holidays A lm ost all production and office w orkers in the 20 areas were given tim e off with pay on specified holidays (table 1C). M ajor exceptions were a third of the production http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ w orkers in Detroit and Denver, who received no pay for tim e not worked on holidays. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 0 The predominant practice in half of the areas surveyed was to give 6 paid holidays. Seven paid holidays were provided for a m ajority of the production workers in seven other a re a s. In D allas the greater proportion of the w orkers received fewer than 6 holidays; in Boston a m ajority received 7 or m ore, and in New York, 8 or m ore paid holidays. Slightly higher proportions of office w orkers generally received 6 or 7 paid holidays compared with production w orkers. Much higher proportions of office than production workers received 8 or m ore paid holidays in Boston, Houston, New York City, Portland, and W o rcester. Virtually all of the production workers receiving paid holidays (table 1C) were employed in firm s which also had form al provisions for additional pay on holidays worked. Pay at double time (including holiday pay) was provided for holiday work in firm s em ploy ing a m ajority of the production w orkers in "paid holiday" firm s, in 16 of the 20 areas (table 2C ). In Philadelphia and M inneapolis-St. Paul the m ajority were provided either double time and one-half or triple tim e; and in St. Louis and Portland, triple tim e. Paid Vacations Virtually all production and office workers in the 20 areas were employed in firm s having provisions for paid vacations (table 3C). In m ost areas the vacation amount paid to the m ajority of the w orkers, while varying with the worker1s length of service, was based on the w orker1s regular straight-tim e hourly or weekly rate. In all but two areas, however, the basis of vacation pay of some of the w orkers was a percentage of annual earnings. This type of payment, for example, was applicable to about a third of the production w orkers in Pittsburgh, Detroit, and M inneapolis-St. Paul, and to four fifths in the San F ra h cisc o -B a y area . Percentage payments did not apply to large propor tions of the office w orkers in any area Except M inneapolis-St. Paul. P rovisions applicable for le s s than 5 y ea rs1 service were m ore favorable for office than for production workers in all a re a s. F irm s employing 80 percent or m ore of the production w orkers in each area were providing 1 w e e ^ s vacation pay (or its equivalent in percentage payments) after 1 year*s service, whereas firm s employing three-fourths of the office w orkers in as many as 13 of the areas were providing 2 weeks1 pay. In all areas except Baltim ore, at least 80 percent of the office workers were in firm s providing 2 weeks1 vacation after 3 y e a rs1 service, but in only 8 of the areas were as many as half of the production w orkers in firm s providing 2 weeks1 vacation after 3 y e a rs1 service. After 5 y ea rs1 service, the vacation provision for production w orkers, in many of the a rea s, m ore nearly approximated that of the office workers although in m ost areas vacation provisions for those with 5, 15, and 25 years of service continued to be m or§ liberal for office than for production em ployees. Office w orkers, regard less of whether their length of service was 3 or 5 y e a rs, tended to receive the same number of vacation days; by contrast, the provisions for 5 -y ea r production workers were much m ore liberal than for the 3 -y e a r production w orkers. E ighty-five percent or m ore of the production w orkers in all areas were in firm s providing 2 weeks1 pay after 5 y ea rs1 service. In term s of the proportions of w orkers employed in firm s granting 2 or m ore w eeks1 pay, the 5 -y e a r provisions were m ore liberal for production than for office workers in P itts burgh and Cleveland; and the two c la sse s of workers had alm ost equal vacation provisions in St. Louis, Portland, and San F ran cisco. Large proportions of both the office and production workers were in firm s providing 3 or m ore weeks1 pay to 15-year em ployees. In Hartford, W orcester, Pittsburgh, Houston, Cleveland, Milwaukee, M inneapolis-St. Paul, and St. Louis higher proportions of production than office workers were in firm s that provided 3 or m ore w eeks1 pay for 15-year (and also 25-year) em ployees. Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans The several plans studied (table 4C) were lim ited to those which were financed wholly or in part by the em ployer, and which were applicable to a m ajority of production or office em ployees in the establishm ent. Among the health and insurance plans studied, life and hospitalization were available to a m ajority of both production and office workers 11 in each a re a . Four other insurance provisions— sickness and accident, m edical, surgical, and accidental death and dism em berm ent—-were provided to a m ajority of production and office workers in m ost of the a re a s. Pension plans were available to a m ajority of production w orkers in 10 a rea s, and to a m ajority of office workers in 15 a re a s. Form al sick leave plans for production w orkers were uncommon except in Houston, and to a le sse r extent in M inneapolis-St. Paul and Detroit. Sick leave plans for office workers were much m ore prevalent and covered a m ajority of the office w orkers in 5 of the 20 a reas. O c c u p a t i o n a l GO E a r n i n g s TABLE 1A.— Average straight-time hourly earnings 1 for men in selected production occupations in machinery manufacturing establishments, 20 selected areas Boston Occupation Hartford Worcester Newark- New York City Philadelphia Jersey City 263 333 167 36 86 98 $ 2.02 1.80 1.57 1.95 1.90 1. 74 131 152 1.44 1.59 $ 1,007 2. 14 1,393 1.80 292 1.71 167 2.17 401 2.09 397 1.90 177 1. 71 574 1.45 602 1. 57 845 78 1.96 1. 87 2,605 191 29 1.88 118 1.88 120 2.02 81 1.90 118 1.SI 1.79 155 643 276 196 $ 1.98 1.73 1.49 2.04 1.93 1. 70 1.49 1.33 1.42 $ 255 2.06 625 1.72 505 1.63 121 2.11 262 1.90 463 1.70 450 1. 57 395 1.42 739 1.46 Machine-tool operators, production, class A 3 ___ — --Drill-press operators, radial, class A _ __ Drill-press operators, single- or multiple-spindle, class A _____________________ Engine-lathe operators, class A _ _ _ Grlading-machine operators, class A —----------Milling-machine operators, class A -- ----------Screw-machine operators, automatic, class A ---- — Turret-lathe operhtors, hand (including hand screw machine), class A ----- ---------- 2,058 2.01 134 2.06 1, 556 2.06 60 2. 05 79 2.19 381 1.95 295 2.05 203 2.10 83 2.08 46 1.95 210 2. 03 435 2.15 155 2.07 95 2.02 349 1.94 252 2.06 Machine-tool operators, production, class B s __— ---Drill-press operators, radial, class B ----- ----Drill-press operators, single- or — multiple-spindle, class B _ ---- -------Engine-lathe operators, class B ----------------Grinding-machine operators, class B ------------Milling-machine operators, class B -------------Screw-machine operators, automatic, class B — -- Turret-lathe operators, hand (including hand screw machine), class B ------------ ----- 1,601 89 1.69 1.70 1,917 38 125 193 225 158 45 1.65 L 72 1.73 1. 71 1.81 242 1.71 Assemblers, class A __ __ __ _ ___ __ Assemblers, class B ___________ __ — Assemblers, class C _______ __ __ __ --Electricians, maintenance__ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ---Inspectors, class A _______ ___ _ -- — __ _ 584 638 317 47 179 156 63 261 327 Baltimore $ 1. 71 1.49 1.25 1. 78 1.85 1. 53 $ 254 1.97 138 1.79 31 1.63 92 2.31 103 2.15 - 148 183 1*20 1.28 81 100 1. 15 1. 17 429 229 1.44 1.37 229 " 1.80 “ 1,071 33 2. 04 1.99 49 1. 72 53 66 “ 1.96 1,87 93 11 13 11 1V90 1.86 1.88 1.76 296 2.11 582 2.23 292 2.10 127 1.95 62 l.*80 50 1.98 12 2.21 35 2.08 69 2. 09 “ 307 2.09 1.92 2.01 1, 708 94 1. 76 1. 73 1,864 122 2.01 1.88 1.96 1.86 263 1.66 203 20 1.58 1.46 855 30 259 355 644 390 68 1.81 1.82 2.07 1.86 2.12 144 174 119 288 1.77 1.77 1.74 1.83 145 274 406 255 1.80 1.87 2.20 2. 15 “ 67 1.94 155 2.02 100 1.99 105 1.96 -■ 58 1. 53 327 1. 83 183 1.76 332 2.02 1.95 505 2. 13 823 89 1.79 1.69 2, 724 203 1.74 1.92 1.68 - 100 100 132 91 - 1. 70 1.71 1.88 1.85 - 1.82 89 1. 71 1.59 - 1,045 29 1. 71 1. 76 121 33 1.57 1.55 120 35 764 137 - 1.68 1.50 1.81 1.60 - 34 30 51 51 - 1.55 1. 58 1.55 1.61 210 1.61 85 “ 1. 78 “ 1.50 - Machine-tool operators, toolroom -----------------Machinists, production-------------------------Tool-and-die makers (tool-and-die jobbing shops) Tool-and-die makers (other than tool-and-die jobbing shops) ----------------------------- -Welders, hand, class A ___________________ ___________ — Welders r hand, class B ---------------------------------------------- 117 1.91 126 2.18 130 2. 14 283 40 428 195 2.10 127 1.87 100 1.78 575 See footnotes at end of table. Note: Dashes indicate insufficient dfcta to warrant presentation. 106 80 56 15 17 18 262 2. 29 239 2.29 196 2.22 “ 267 - ** $ 1.80 1. 51 1.39 1.92 1.95 1. 65 98 1.87 625 2.21 286 2. 27 473 2.20 ~ " 130 391 212 550 104 332 1.94 1. 64 " 35 1. 70 104 1.91 234 1.57 - - - ’ 1. 70 “ 449 1.93 232 1.44 95 135 121 1.48 1.42 154 60 1. 72 1.49 62 1.93 74 1.37 14 1.23 36 1.55 “ 47 “ 1. 83 “ 1.36 * - 118 “ “ " 1.42 74 1.68 - 2.13 1.97 2. 11 42 1.96 348 160 800 2. 23 2.08 2. 43 222 2.10 2. 40 189 452 481 2 . 12 2 . 10 624 2.21 2.11 75 2.07 61 1.83 21 1.81 656 289 260 2. 27 2. 27 1.86 355 2.38 89 1.99 333 344 2.37 2.36 164 2.62 - - “ ~ - 213 2.22 73 2. 14 140 2. 23 139 346 305 “ 30 723 “ " 1.93 1. 74 34 1.75 8 1.54 " “ ” 66 1.61 1,040 1.47 “ ~ 1.61 - 1,062 110 1.34 27 - 151 85 53 26 75 43 2.07 2. 15 2.22 2. 17 2.12 1.80 2.12 2.09 2.13 - - $ 2.17 2.02 2.01 2. 15 2.36 1.92 1.66 1. 57 1.63 No. Avg. Avg. hourly of hourly earn work earn ings ers ings 1.87 1.82 92 640 199 273 " - 599 665 210 232 221 53 31 304 608 Avg. No. hourly of earn work ers ings 538 30 1. 74 - 44 1. 36 1. 52 $ 1,302 2.06 888 1.94 534 1.75 134 2. 14 376 2. 07 415 2.00 85 1.69 369 1.49 647 1. 58 Avg. No. hourly of •axn- work ings ers Houston 2,514 2.20 172 2.02 1,487 - 129 302 558 Avg. No. hourly of earn work ers ings Dallas 2.20 2.01 1.49 1. 73 1.58 1.60 $ 879 2.20 648 1.83 615 1.47 61 2.22 284 2.21 163 1.85 2. 15 3,206 2. 17 292 879 31 86 21 Avg. No. hourly of earn work ers ings 2.12 2,371 87 2.02 Machine-tool operators, production, class C* _ __ ___ Drill-press operators, radial, class C ----------Drill-press operators, single- or multiple-spindle, class C ------------------ — — Engine-lathe operators, class C ---------------Grinding-machine operators, class C ---------- -— Milling-machine operators, class C ----------- — Screw-machine operators, automatic, class C ----_ Turret-lathe operators, hand (including hand screw machine), class C ---------------- - Pittsburgh ' Avg. No. No. Avg. No. Avg. No. Avg. No, of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly of work- earn- work- earn- work- earn- work earn work ings ers ers ings ers ings era ers ings Inspectors, class C __ _ _ ___ _____ _ Janitors, porters, and cleaners __ __ __ _ South Middle Atlantic New England winter 1953-54* 2.35 2.14 1.85 - - J46. I. 83 I l l 1.98 60 142 10 2. 20 1.93 1. 57 21 1.36 37 1.41 15 75 1.83 1.89 439 2.16 40 122 130 1.97 1. 76 L 59 153 303 2. 34 2. 19 TABLE 1A.__ Average straight-tim e hourly earnings 1 for men in selected production occupations in machinery manufacturing establishments, 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54* -Continued Middle West Chicago Cleveland Detroit Far West Milwaukee MinneapolisSt. Paul St. Louis Denver Los Angeles Portland No. No. Avg. No. No. Avg. No. Avg. No. Avg. Avg. Avg. No. Avg. No. Avg. No. of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly 6f hourly of hourly of work- earn- work- earn- work- earn- work ‘earn work earn work earn work earn work earn work ers ers ings ings ers ers ings ers ings era ings ers ers ings ers ings ing* Assemblers, class A -... — — Assemblers, class B --------------- -----------Assemblers, class C -- — — ------ - — — -Electricians, maintenance — — — Inspectors, class A ___ - -— --- — — Inspectors, class B ----- ----- — — _ — — Inspectors, class C __ --- — -Janitors, porters, and cleaners _ — - --Laborers, material handling ---- -— — — Machine-tool operators, production, class A* Drill-press operators, radial, class A Drill-press operators, single- or Grinding-machine operators, class A —— ^inHng.T|n^/>Vi4na np«i>9fnr«J rlaii A Sc rew—machine operator#, j cl»«* A _T_ Turret-lathe operators, hand (including ormarliinA^ rlaiB A ..... Machine-tool Operatft,rB, prndurHnnj rlaaa B* Drill-press operators, radial, class B Drill-press operators, single- or --- - — multiple-spindle, class B _ Engine-lathe operators, class B --------------- — Grinding-mach^n* npiiratnra, rlaaa B .. ... . Milling—mach’Tlf nppratnTSj rlaaa B .... Screw-machine operators, automatic, class B _____ Turret-lathe operators, hand (including ari>f>nr marWnpJ, rlaaa B Machine-tool Ope'ratftr1*, production,rlaaa G * .. Drill-press operators, radial, rlaaa H ._ . . Drill-pres s operators, single- or rrmlfiplA-^pindl#», rlaaa C ..... . . . ... . Engine-lathe operators, class C ---------------G'»‘lllding-Tnar*tilyw» nppratnra, class C __ __ nppratnra, class G .... .... Screw-mach4ne npfr?tnr■, automatic, class G .... Turret-lathe operators, hand (including arr.w marliin«>| , class G Machine-tool operators, toolroom _ _ Machinist*, praHurHnn ... .. .. Xnnl-anil.dip malcf* ftnftl-anil-iHa jobbing shops} Tool-and-die makers (other than tool-and-die jobbing shops) r _--Wo1ilprs| hand, class R ... .... _ $ 2.43 2. 03 1.90 2. 47 2.46 2.05 1.94 1. 78 1. 83 486 2.35 1,565 2. 14 814 1.95 251 2.23 331 2.16 462 1.99 133 1.87 576 1.60 656 1.60 $ 697 1.97 548 1.85 863 1.67 61 2.08 266 2. 03 89 1.80 - 307 1.50 536 1.60 5,999 305 2.21 11,931 2.27 389 2.66 2.65 2,132 222 2.24 2.16 1,929 2.05 188 2.02 2.12 2.26 2.32 2. 30 2.37 241 567 1,012 657 154 2. 23 2.20 2.26 2.24 2.35 1)648 2. 23 1,228 2. 25 $ 1,183 2.22 1,551 1. 99 450 1. 71 285 2.19 436 2. 15 598 2. 05 119 1.87 629 1.62 1* 139 1.69 7,449 2.26 533 2.24 188 1,308 830 974i 189 3,699 439 801 2.41 69 2.23 333 2. 23 229 2.34 173 2. 25 88 2.32 *» 312 180 335 28 2.09 2.06 2. 03 2.08 2.20 343 2.02 370 1,070 61 2.24 2.16 • 187 2.36 61 2.28 105 2.31 - - $ 92 2.08 63 1. 78 36 1.48 20 2.00 42 1.97 - 52 1.43 26 1.42 246 - 2.13. - 982 51 1.89 1.85 165 - 68 5,208 2.03 - 1,840 248 2.05 2.00 532 - 510 1.95 313 2.18 552 2.21 399 1.98 114 1.89 524 287 1,750 654 2.00 2.05 2.05 2. 03 210 191 182 349 - 2.01 2.06 2.19 2.08 - 85 51 29 23 1.81 1.88 1.82 _ 1.94 192 147 82 122 “ 1.83 1.90 1.97 1.90 - 457 2.00 936 2.04 292 2. 04 48 1.91 271 1,531 1.90 527 1.80 412 1.59 281 - - 53 1.79 23 1.62 W - - 96 32 79 1. 76 1.82 1.79 23 1."91 178 1.57 — _ _ _ . 92 35 50 - 1.60 1.65 1. 74 _ — * — - 1.64 — - 104 2.05 184 719 2.01 3,429 1.71 1,133 1.68 180 1.79 47 1.67 873 299 420 378 53 1. 65 1. 70 1. 70 1.77 1.80 400 13 120 84 1.62 1.72 1.65 1. 77 1. 77 121 213 1. 87 447 1.92 170 1.86 1.71 104 1.81 973 2.22 2. 13 992 2.78 448 2. 25 104 2. 13 578 2.45 306 ._ 5,198 2.97 314 2. 53 ..._ 940 2. 52 862 2.21 716 2.01 443 2.38 581 2.12 197 1.93 604 776 » 226 2.55 2.24 2.06 328 488 649 2. 31 2.21 1.95 507 2.44 38 . _ 174 2.26 545 1.97 118 1.94 - 225 186 169 2. 23 * 37 2. 25 - - 1.99 3,484 2. 04 245 2. 04 1.98 450 1.92 524 1.97 500 2.02 443 1.98 83 2.08 516 236 2.17 1,522 2.66 3,894 2.68 1,567 2.64 479 2.28 $' 340 1.98 517 1. 78 313 1. 56 59 2. 27 107 2. 13 50 1,..99 - 308 1.39 540 1.48 1.84 - 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and ni&htwork. * Payroll period covered in individual areas is indicated in appendix A. * Includes operators of other machine tools in addition to those shown separately. Note: Dashes indicate insufficient data to warrant presentation. $ 1,106 1,238 937 256 668 702 347 1, 505 1,409 $ 1,930 2.19 1,809 1.95 2,257 1.70 354 2.30 587 2.19 772 1.96 514 1.71 1,260 1.52 1,934 1.60 1.81 - $ 246 2.16 119 1.91 11 2.21 - - - 37 1.71 38 1.76 2,986 239 2. 14 2. 04 340 31 2.15 2.14 32 656; 392 280 - 2.12 2. 14 2.28 2.09 _ 9 82 11 44 - 2.15 2. 15 2.16 2. 15 - 515 2.15 1,870 148 1.84 1.82 150 33 1.91 1.95 1. 76 54 1.88 258 405 202 213 -■ 1.89 16 1.80 1.81. 59 1.49 2.25 2.51 2. 34 1.88 Avg. No. tiourly of earn work ings ers $ 1.049 2. 03 1,241 1. 73 886 1.48 170 2. 33 405 2.11 144 1. 85 65 1.6» 588 1.54 236 1. 55 26 1.88 - _ 9 1.79 - 1 ;86 83 2.15 1.83 1.87 - 8 1.96 ~ - 198 1.88 18 1.94 538 1.62 - 11 1.72 - - . _ - 41 22 - 1.61 1. 73 _ - 8 1.44 31 1. 78 - 11 113 - 1.98 1.86 - 343 1,283 483 21 2.16 162 2.10 - - 2. 23 2.22 2.45- 327 2.34 1,377 2.13 146 1.89 San FranciscoOakland Avg. hourly earn ings $ 413 2. 17 427 1.90 281 1. 83 33 2. 31 180 2. 17 37 1.98 - 157 1.71 155 1.81 1,374 2.20 110 2. 13 31 169 30 86 113 2. 07 2.20 2. 25 2.18 2.22 114 2.24 500 1.96 20 2.06 93 1.87 41 2.06 38 1.88 106 1.98 142 1.84 - - - - - . _ - • - — - 23 2.15 195 2.18 - - - 59 2.30 414 2.21 - 13 2.33 261 2.14 238 2. 57 434 2.17 - - - - (0 TABLE 2A. —Average straight-time hourly earnings 1 for men in selected production occupations in machinery manufacturing establishments, by method of wage payment, 10 selected areas, winter 1953-54 M id d le A tla n tic N ew E n gla n d M id d le W e s t News i r k P itts b u r g h P h ila d e lp h ia C h ic a g o C le v e la n d M ilw a u k ee St. L o u is J erseyr C ity N o. Avg. N o. N o. N o. A vg. A vg. N o. Avg. N o. A vg. N o. A vg. A vg. A vg. N o. N o. N o. A vg. A vg. h o u r ly of h o u r ly h o u r ly of of h o u r ly h o u r ly of h o u r ly of h o u r ly 6f h o u r ly of of h o u r ly h o u r ly * o f of w o r k e a r n w o r k e a r n -, w o r k e a r n w o r k e a r n w o r k e a r n w o r k e a r n w o r k e a r n - j w o r k e a r n w o r k e a r n w o r k e a r n ers in g s ers ings ers ers in gs ers in g s ers in g s in g s ers in gs ers in g s ers ers in gs in g B o s to n O c c u p a t io n 2 A s s e m b le r s , c la s s A : T im e w o r k e r s — —------------------------------------- -— .... ................... . In c e n tiv e w o r k e r s .......................................... ...... ...—..............— — 341 243 $ 1 .8 5 2 .1 5 146 109 A s s e m b le r s , c la s s B : T im e w o r k e r s -------------------- ------------------------------------------- --------In c e n tiv e w o r k e r s -------------------- --------—------------------------------ ------ 438 200 1 .6 4 1 .9 2 - A s s e m b le r s , c la s s C : T im e w o r k e r s -------------------- --------------------- ----- --------- ------- -------In c e n tiv e w o r k e r s — — ———— — —— — —— — W o rcester H a r tfo r d $ 2 .0 0 2 .1 4 • _ . - - _ . 1 .6 3 1 .6 4 _ - 139 366 _ - - - $ 609 398 $ 1 .9 9 2 .3 6 993 309 $ 1 .9 7 2 .3 4 “ 1 ,0 3 7 356 1 .7 3 1 .9 9 584 304 1 .7 3 2 .3 5 406 259 217 75 1 .6 1 2 .0 1 271 263 1 .3 4 2 . 18 . - $ • * - $ 1 ,6 9 4 236 $ 2 . 17 2 .3 3 713 470 $ 2 . 10 2 .4 0 186 300 $ 2 .0 6 2 .5 3 - - 1*269 540 1 .9 0 2 .0 8 1, 110 441 1 .8 6 2 .3 1 795 770 1 .8 9 2 .3 9 - . - . - 1 ,4 6 7 790 1. 62 1 .8 5 367 83 1 .6 5 1 .9 4 362 452 1 .7 4 2 . 11 - - - 1 .9 1 2 .1 9 - M a c h i n e -t o o l o p e r a t o r s , p r o d u c t io n , c l a s s A : T im e w o r k e r s --------------------------------------------------------------- --------In c e n tiv e w o r k e r s -------------------------------- ---------------- -— ....... ...... 1 ,2 9 3 765 1 .9 2 2 .1 7 840 716 2 .0 0 2 . 15 641 204 1 .9 0 2 . 14 1 ,8 5 4 751 2 .0 6 2 .2 8 1 ,8 7 5 1 ,3 3 1 2 .0 1 2 .4 6 1 ,5 4 3 971 2 .1 0 2 .3 6 5 ,6 4 9 1 ,8 0 0 2 .2 5 2 .2 9 4 ,0 9 5 1 ,9 0 4 2.09 2 .4 7 885 1 ,2 4 7 2 .1 3 2 .3 1 723 347 2 .1 1 2 .5 1 M a c h i n e -t o o l o p e r a t o r s , p r o d u c t io n , c l a s s B : T im e w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------------------------------------— In c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 ,2 2 1 380 1 .6 4 1 .8 5 643 1 ,2 7 4 1 .7 2 1 .8 6 553 270 1 .6 7 2 .0 3 1 ,5 2 3 1 ,2 0 1 1 .7 8 2 .0 9 743 1 ,1 2 1 1. 68 2 .2 2 658 404 1 .8 9 2 .0 9 2 ,5 5 7 1, 142 1 .9 4 2 .0 9 2 ,4 0 6 1 ,0 7 8 1 .8 8 2 .3 9 854 986 1 .8 7 2 .2 0 806 176 1 .8 7 1 .9 9 M a c h i n e -t o o l o p e r a t o r s , p r o d u c t io n , c l a s s C : T im e w o r k e r s —-----------------------------------------------------------------------In c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ------------------------------------------------------------------- 738 141 1 .4 4 1 .7 4 964 523 1 .7 3 1 .7 7 232 35 1 .5 9 1 .6 2 655 390 1 .5 4 1 .9 8 328 395 1 .5 2 1 .8 5 235 214 1 .7 5 2 ,4 3 4 995 2 . 12 1. 63 1 .9 0 1 ,0 5 2 81 1 .6 6 1 .9 5 280 1 .7 2 1 .8 9 160 121 1 .5 0 2 .2 1 247 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e and n ig h tw o r k . 2 In p r e s e n t in g s e p a r a t e e s t im a t e s f o r tim e and in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s the c r i t e r i a w e r e : ( l ) E a ch m e th o d o f p a y g r o u p w as r e p o r t e d in at le a s t 3 e s t a b lis h m e n t s ; (2) a t l e a s t 6 w o r k e r s w e r e r e p o r t e d at e a c h m e th o d o f p a y ; and (3) n o c o m p a n y r e p r e s e n t e d m o r e than h a lf the w o r k e r s r e p o r t e d in e ith e r c a t e g o r y . N ote: D a s h e s in d ic a te in s u ffic ie n t data to w a r r a n t c o m p a r is o n . 1 2 T A B L E 3 A . — A v e r a g e s t r a ig h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 f o r m e n in s e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s in m a c h in e -t o o l m a n u fa c tu r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , 3 s e l e c t e d a r e a s , w in t e r 1 9 5 3 -5 4 n s; A s s e m b l e r s , c la s s A ----------------------------------------------------------------- ■I n s p e c t o r s , c l a s s A -------------------------------------------------------------------J a n it o r s , p o r t e r s , and c l e a n e r s ----------------------------------------------- 312 90 75 A vg. h o u r ly earn in g s 5 2 .4 0 2 . 18 1 .6 7 M a c h i n e -t o o l o p e r a t o r s , p r o d u c t io n , c l a s s A 2 —----------D r i l l - p r e s s o p e r a t o r s , r a d ia l, c la s s A ---------------------------E n g in e -la t h e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s A ----------------------------------------G r in d in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s A ---------------------------— M illin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c la s s A ---------------------------------T u r r e t - la t h e o p e r a t o r s , han d (in c lu d in g han d s c r e w m a c h in e ), c la s s A ---------------------- 1----------------------------------------- 1 ,0 2 9 76 80 177 190 2 .3 7 2 .2 5 2 .2 5 2 .4 1 2 .3 4 156 M a c h i n e -t o o l o p e r a t o r s , p r o d u c t io n , c l a s s B 2 -------------------D r i l l - p r e s s o p e r a t o r s , r a d ia l, c l a s s B ----------------------------M illin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s B --------------------------------- 600 70 53 M a c h i n e -t o o l o p e r a t o r s , p r o d u c t io n , c la s s C ---------------------- 82 1 .6 9 ~ ------------- n o ; of w ork ers of w ork ers A vg. h o u r ly earn ing* N o. of w ork ers A vg. h o u r ly earn ________i p e ___________ $ 2 .0 8 1 .9 0 1 .4 6 127 96 47 2 . 17 1 .9 3 1 .3 6 191 52 73 353 30 31 71 47 2 . 16 2 .1 1 2 . 16 2 . 15 2 .2 2 450 36 47 83 - 2 .0 5 1« 93 1 .9 7 2 .0 7 - 2 .5 3 76 2 . 08 69 2 .0 4 2 .2 8 2 .3 0 2 .1 0 140 8 31 1 .8 2 1 .7 6 1 .8 2 330 • 34 1 .7 4 1 .7 9 177 1 .6 2 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e an d n ig h tw o rk . 2 In c lu d e s data f o r o p e r a t o r s o f o t h e r m a c h in e t o o ls in a d d itio n t o 't h o s e sh ow n s e p a r a t e ly . N o te : D a s h e s in d ic a te in s u ffic ie n t da ta t o w a r r a n t p r e s e n t a t io n . W o rcester H a r tfo r d C le v e la n d O cc u p a tio n * TABLE 4 A .— -Average straight-time hourly earnings1 for men in selected.production occupations in m achine-tool accessory manufacturing establishments. 7 selected areas, winter 1953-54 C h ic a g o O c c u p a tio n C le v e la n d P r o d u c t io n sh op s Jo b b in g sh o p s N o. of w ork ers Avg. h o u rly earn ings N o. of w ork ers A vg. h o u r ly earn in g s N o. of w ork ers J a n it o r s , p o r t e r s , a n d c le a n e r s —--------- ---------- -------------------- —— 53 119 $ 2 . 17 1 .5 0 27 55 $ 2 .6 5 1 .4 2 M a c h i n e -t o o l o p e r a t o r s , p r o d u c t io n c l a s s A * ----- ------------------E n g in e -la t h e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s A -----------------------------------------G r in d in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s A -------------------------------M illin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s A ---------------------------- ------- 662 74 269 107 2 .3 6 2 .3 5 2 .3 8 2 .4 4 544 171 156 56 M a c h i n e -t o o l o p e r a t o r s , p r o d u c t io n , c l a s s B * - .............. — E n g in e -la t h e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s B •----------------------------------------G r in d in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s B —.......... ................... — M illin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s B -------------- —------ —------- 506 54 261 74 2 .0 2 2 .0 4 2 .0 2 2 .0 5 221 M a c h i n e -t o o l o p e r a t o r s , p r o d u c t i o n , c l a s s C ------— 501 1 .7 4 T o o l - a n d - d i e m a k e r s ( t o o l - a n d - d i e jo b b in g s h o p s ) ---------------- - - D e tr o it P r o d u c t io n sh o p s : J o b b in g shops P r o d u c t io n shops n N o; of w ork ers Jobb in g shops A vg. h o u r ly earn in gs N o. of w ork ers A vg. h o u r ly earn in g s 15 50 $ 2 .0 7 1 .5 0 18 62 $ 2 .3 4 1 .4 6 95 138 $ 2 .3 5 1 .7 0 _ 404 2 .5 4 2 .5 5 2 .5 9 2 .4 1 552 67 22 8 94 2 . 12 2 .0 3 2 . 12 2 .1 9 391 72 83 51 2 .2 2 2 .1 8 2 .3 2 2 . 10 1 ,5 9 9 191 915 338 2 .4 3 2 .3 7 2 .4 3 2 .4 7 5 ,7 5 6 808 1 ,5 8 0 754 2 .0 4 . 2 . 10 2 .0 2 381 . 128 94 2 .0 1 *68 38 1 .9 9 2 .0 3 194 19 44 25 1 .9 2 1 .8 4 2 .0 2 1 .9 2 823 92 485 206 2 .0 6 2 . 12 2 .0 4 2 .0 9 _ _ _ _ - - 270 1 .6 9 167 1 .6 8 75 1 .6 6 222 1 .8 7 - - 992 2 .7 8 - 578 2 .4 5 - - A vg. h o u r ly earn in gs - : n s: of w ork ers 5 ,1 9 8 Avg. h o u r ly earn in gs $ 1 .8 9 2 .9 0 2 .8 4 2 .9 6 2 .8 2 2 .9 7 H a r tfo r d P r o d u c t io n sh op s $ nCWdTAJ e r s e y C ity M ilw a u k e e J o b b in g shops N ew Y o r k C ity I n s p e c t o r s , c l a s s A ----------------------------------------------------------------------J a n it o r s , p o r t e r s , a n d c l e a n e r s ------------------------------------------------ 35 1 .2 9 20 35 $ 1 .9 3 1 .3 1 _ 30 M a c h i n e -t o o l o p e r a t o r s , p r o d u c t io n c la s s A 2 ----- ------ ----------E n g in e -la t h e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s A -----------------------------------------G r in d in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s A ---------------------------- — M illin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s A ------------------------------------ 349 31 57 2 .2 0 2 . 15 . ^2.08 429 99 186 - 2 .0 1 1 .9 7 2 .0 9 - 266 80 29 - 2 .2 3 2 .2 6 2 . 14 - 437 174 M a c h i n e -t o o l o p e r a t o r s , p r o d u c t io n , c l a s s B * ---------------------E n g in e -la t h e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s B -----------------------— — ----------G r in d in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s B ---------------- -------- — ■— M illin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s B ----------------------- ------ — - 335 57 166 - 1 .9 7 2 .0 3 2 .0 2 - 220 . 71 14 1. 66 . 1 .6 9 1. 63 84 _ 35 - 1 .8 8 . 1 .8 9 - 322 60 _ M a c h i n e -t o o l o p e r a t o r s , p r o d u c t io n , c l a s s C ------------------------- 124 1 .5 7 128 1 .4 8 41 1. 63 72 1 .5 1 160 1 .4 3 T o o l - a n d - d i e m a k e r s ( t o o l - a n d - d i e jo b b in g s h o p s ) --------------- - 428 2 .1 1 314 2 .5 3 800 2 .4 3 624 2 .4 0 - 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e and n ig h tw o rk ; s e e a p p e n d ix A f o r p a y r o l l p e r i o d studied* In c lu d e s data f o r o p e r a t o r s o f o t h e r m a c h in e t o o ls in a d d itio n to th o se sh ow n s e p a r a t e ly . N o te : D a s h e s in d ic a te in s u f fic ie n t data to w a r r a n t p r e s e n t a t io n . $ . 49 1 .5 8 79 - 03 $ $ 1 .3 8 - 2 . 13 2 . 10 2 .0 6 - 201 84 _ 1 .8 9 1 .8 1 _ 271 55 _ - - - 2 . 14 2 .0 6 _ 1 .6 4 1 .7 2 _ - Pay Plans and Work Schedules O ) T A B L E I B . — W a ge s t r u c tu r e c h a r a c t e r is t i c s and la b o r -m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s : P e r c e n t d is t r ib u t io n o f w o r k e r s in m a c h in e r y m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , 20 s e l e c t e d a r e a s , w in te r 1 9 5 3 -5 4 B o s to n South M id d le A tla n tic N ew E n gland Item H a r tfo r d W orcester N ew arkJ e r s e y C ity N ew Y o r k C ity P h ila d e lp h ia P it t s b u r g h B a lt im o r e D a lla s H ouston P R O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S W A G E S T R U C T U R E F O R T I M E -R A T E D W O R K E R S A l l w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 F o r m a l r a t e s t r u c t u r e ---------------------------------------------------------------S in g le r a t e -------------------—------------- --------------------------------------------R a n g e o f r a t e s --------------------- ----- --------- -----------------------------------In d iv id u a l r a t e s --------- — ------------ ------ — ------ ------ ----- ------ —------------ 71 9 62 29 87 24 63 13 84 7 78 16 82 28 54 17 58 5 53 42 80 23 57 20 86 37 49 14 78 78 22 81 6 75 19 99 7 92 1 A l l w o r k e r s --------- ----- -------------------------------------------------------------------- 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 T im e w o r k e r s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------In c e n tiv e w o r k e r s -------------------- — -----------------------------------------------P i e c e w o r k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------B on u s w o r k — -------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- 74 26 1 25 51 49 38 10 72 28 10 '18 67 33 3 30 88 12 5 7 59 41 5 36 62 38 18 21 89 11 10 1 100 - 96 4 4 61 84 38 83 74 80 78 46 48 73 A l l w o r k e r s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 F o r m a l r a te s t r u c t u r e -------------- ---------------------------------;--------------S in g le r a t e -------------------------------------------------- .---------------------------R a n g e o f r a t e s -------------------— ------------------------------------ —------In d iv id u a l r a t e s ------ ------ —-------------------------------------- — ■ -------------- 54 86 80 68 6 62 31 54 54 46 67 67 33 76 76 24 71 71 29 75 75 25 84 84 16 9 6 35 62 M ETH O D OF W AGE P A Y M E N T - L A B O R -M A N A G E M E N T A G R E E M E N T S 1 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r in g a m a j o r i t y o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s ---------------------------------------- O F F IC E W O R K E R S WAGE ST RU CTU R E - - - 54 46 86 14 80 20 14 2 L A B O R -M A N A G E M E N T A G R E E M E N T S 1 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r in g a m a j o r i t y o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s ------------------------------------------------ See footnotes at end of table. T A B L E I B . — W age s t r u c tu r e c h a r a c t e r is t i c s and la b o r -m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s : P e r c e n t d is t r ib u t io n o f w o r k e r s in m a c h in e r y m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , 20 s e l e c t e d a r e a s , w in t e r 1 9 5 3 -5 4 - C on tin u ed M id d le W e s t F a r W es t Ite m C h ic a g o C le v e la n d D e tr o it M ilw a u k e e M in n e a p o lis St. P a u l S t. L o u is D enver L o s A n g e le s P o r tla n d San F r a n c i s c o O akland P R O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S W A G E S T R U C T U R E F O R T I M E -R A T E D W O R K E R S A l l w o r k e r s —------- ---------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------- 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 S in g le r a t e ------- — - --------------------------------------- ----- - ■■ . — ■■ R a n g e o f r a t e s ------------------------------ --------------------- --------------------In d iv id u a l r a t e s — — ........ . --------------------- ------------ ------ — ■— 90 9 81 10 91 12 79 9 92 33 59 8 93 35 58 7 93 46 47 7 100 63 37 ft 100 78 22 ft 75 38 37 25 97 76 21 3 98 96 2 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 79 21 12 10 76 24 7 17 94 6 1 5 60 40 21 19 84 16 15 1 88 12 5 7 67 33 30 3 96 ' 4 2 2 100 . . 96 4 4 - 63 88 78 83 71 88 72 53 89 98 A l l w o r k e r s — — ---------- ------------- -— —----- ------ —------ — ----------------- 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 F o r m a l r a t e s t r u c t u r e ---------------------------------- — -------------------------S in g le r a t e — ..... — --------- ---------------- ------ --------------------------------R a n g e o f r a t e s --------- —----- — ------ -------------------— ........................... In d iv id u a l r a t e s —---------—--------------------------- ---------- ----- ---- ------ -- - 64 . 64 36 71 . 71 29 60 . 60 40 88 . 88 12 58 2 56 42 63 1 62 37 59 3 56 41 42 42 58 70 _ 70 30 61 _ 61 39 16 11 2 6 2 1 17 M ETHOD OF W AGE PA Y M E N T A l l w o r k e r s ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------T im e w o r k e r s ------ — --------— ■----------------------------------------------------In c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ---------- ------------- ---- ---------■■-------- -------------------— P i e c e w o r k --------— ------ -— ------------------------------------------ — —— — B on u s w o r k ------ --------- :----------------------------—-------- - >■ — - .......... L A B O R -M A N A G E M E N T A G R E E M E N T S 1 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r in g a m a j o r i t y o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s -------------------------------- ---------- O F F IC E W O R K E R S W*CSC S T R U C T U R E L A B O R -M A N A G E M E N T A G R E E M E N T S 1 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r in g a m a j o r i t y o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s ———------------- ——---------:------------— 1 E s t im a t e s r e la t e t o a l l w o r k e r s ( o f f i c e o r p r o d u c tio n ) e m p lo y e d in an e s t a b lis h m e n t h a v in g a c o n t r a c t in e f fe c t c o v e r in g , a m a jo r i t y o f the w o r k e r s in t h e ir r e s p e c t iv e c a t e g o r y . T h e e s t im a t e s s o o b ta in e d a r e n ot n e c e s s a r i l y r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f th e ex te n t to w h ic h a ll w o r k e r s in the a r e a m a y b e c o v e r e d b y p r o v i s io n s o f la b o r -m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n ts , due to the e x c lu s io n o f s m a lle r s iz e e s ta b lis h m e n ts . a L e s s than 0 . 5 p e r c e n t . 00 T A B L E 2 B .__ S c h e d u le d w e e k ly h o u r s : P e r c e n t d is trib u tio n o f m e n p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in m a c h in e r y m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , 20 s e le c t e d a r e a s ,w in t e r 1 9 5 3 -5 4 A l l m e n p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s ___________________ ___ South M id d le A t la n t ic N ew E n gland W e e k ly h o u r s 1 W orcester B oston H a r tfo r d 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 5 8 .0 6 6 .0 7 3 .7 10. 2 2. 0 10. 0 1. 0 N ew arkJ e r s e y C it y N ew Y o r k C it y 100. 0 100. 0 72. 0 1. 8 62. 2 . 5 5. 7 10. 8 3 .4 1. 6 .4 1 3 .9 1. 6 P h ila d e lp h ia P itts b u r g h B a lt im o r e D a lla s H ouston 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 26. 1 40. 7 89. 8 2 3 .0 43 . 1 36. 8 5 2 .9 7. 8 8. 6 19. 5 8 .9 2. 1 5 .6 4. 2 3 2 .4 1 5 .2 3. 2 2. 8 2. 3 3 7 Va h o u r s ------------- ---------------------------------------------------40 h o u r s ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------O v e r 40 and u n d e r 44 h o u r s ______________________________ 44 h o u r s _____________________ _ __________________________,— 45 h o u r s ______________________________________________________ O v e r 45 and u n d er 48 h o u r s ________ __ ______________ 48 h o u r s ___________ __________________________________________ O v e r 48 and u n d er 50 h o u r s ---------------------------------------------50 h o u r s ______________________________________________________ O v e r 50 h o u r s ______________________________________________ 10. 0 1 5 .0 2. 1 3 .9 .6 3. 3 7.2 1 6 .6 1. 5 1 .3 1. 3 2. 5 10. 7 4. 2 2. 1 1. 7 1. 5 7. 2 9 .5 . 7 4. 0 8. 5 2. 3 14. 8 3 .6 . 5 1. 7 .3 3 .9 3. 8 2. 7 10. 3 1 .9 9. 2 9 .8 F a r W est M id d le W e st C h ic a g o A l l m e n p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s __________________________ U n d er 37l/a h o u r s ------------------------------------------------------------------37Va h o u r s __________________________________________________ 40 h o u r s ___________________________ - _________ ______ ___ __ _ O v e r 40 and u n d e r 44 h o u r s ------------------------------------------------44 h o u r s ______________________________________________________ 45 h o u r s -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------O v e r 45 and u n d e r 48 h o u r s 48 h o u r s ------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------O v e r 48 and u n d e r 50 h o u r s ------------------------------------------------50 h o u r s -------------------------------------------------------------------------------O v e r 50 h o u r s ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 D ata b a s e d on h o u r s o f f i r s t - s h i f t w o r k e r s 1 0 0 .0 M ilw au k ee M in n e a p o lis St. P a u l C le v e la n d D e tr o it 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 5 4 .9 14. 5 1. 5 6. 2 8. 5 1 4 .4 4 0 .4 2 .4 1 .9 1 5 .9 6 .4 3 3 .0 67. 7 .2 16. 2 7 .3 5. 0 1. 0 1. 8 . 8 70. 1 2 3 .6 3. 7 2. 6 P o r t la n d San F r a n c i s c o O akland D enver L o s A n g e le s 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 83. 1. 1. 8. 5. 85. 2 4. 3 4. 2 6. 3 63. 8 6. 4 2 3 .0 . 2 1. 6 . 1 1. 3 3. 6 100. 0 “ - 98. 0 2. 0 " ~ - St. L o u is 3 .0 - 59. 8 1. 5 1 .4 5. 8 .8 1 0 .2 2. 5 6. 7 8 .3 8 1 2 1 8 TABLE 3B .—Shift differential practices: Percent distribution of production workers in machinery manufacturing establishments 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54 M id d le A tla n tic N ew E n gla nd S h ift d iff e r e n t ia l B oston H a r tfo r d W orcester N ew arkJ e r s e y C ity N ew Y o r k C it y South P h ila d e lp h ia P it t s b u r g h B a lt im o r e D a lla s H ouston ___ _ 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 ------------------------------ _ 8 .8 20. 5 1 5 .8 1 1 .7 5 .9 1 9 .0 2 0 .6 1 9 .8 17. 1 24. 5 R e c e i v i n g s h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l ______________________________ U n ifo r m c e n t s p e r h o u r _________________________ ___ U n d er 5 c e n t s ___________ ________ _______________ 5 c e n t s __ ____ _______________ _____________ _____ ____ O v e r 5 an d u n d er 10 c e n t s ______________________ 10 c e n t s __________________ __________ _______ ___ ____ O v e r 10 c e n t s _________________________________ __ U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e _________________________________ U n d er 5 p e r c e n t ______________________________ ___ 5 p e r c e n t ___________________________________________ O v e r 5 and u n d er 10 p e r c e n t ___________________ 10 p e r c e n t ________________________________________ O v e r 10 p e r c e n t ___________________________________ F u ll d a y 's p a y f o r r e d u c e d h o u r s _________ _______ __ _________________ _______ O th e r3 __ ______ R e c e i v i n g n o d i f f e r e n t i a l _________________________________ 8 .8 2 .8 .3 2. 5 5 .9 3 .2 2 .7 . 1 - 2 0 .3 10. 5 7 .4 3. 1 9 .9 4. 6 4. 5 . 8 . 1 1 5 .8 4 .9 .8 1 .4 2 .7 1 1 .0 .8 1 0 .2 - 1 1 .7 2 .6 2 .5 . 1 9 .1 3 .0 .7 5 .4 - 5 .9 - 1 9 .0 2 .7 .2 2 .5 9 .1 9 .1 - 2 0 .6 1 9 .2 .2 1 1 6 .3 .3 2 .4 1 .2 1 .2 .2 “ 1 9 .8 1. 5 1. 5 1 8 .3 8 .4 . 1 9 .8 “ 17. 1 17. 1 11. 1 1. 7 4 .3 ■ 24. 3 2 4 .3 . 1 7. 7 1 1 5 .8 .7 .2 A l l p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s ____________________________ SE C O N D S H IF T W o r k e r s e m p lo y e d on s e c o n d s h ift - - 5 .9 .4 -• .2 * 5 . 3 “ 7 .2 ■ T H IRD S H IF T W o r k e r s e m p lo y e d on t h ir d o r o t h e r s h i f t ______ R e c e i v i n g s h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l ______________________ _____ U n ifo r m c e n t s p e r h o u r ____________________________ 5 c e n t s _____________ ________________________________ _ O v e r 5 and u n d er 10 c e n t s ______________ _______ 10 c e n t s _________________________________ _____________ O v e r 10 and u n d e r 15 c e n t s ____________ _ ! ________ 15 c e n t s _ ___________________ _________ ________ O v e r 15 c e n t s ______________________________________ U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e __________________________________ 5 p e r c e n t ______________ __ __ _________ O v e r 5 and u n d er 10 p e r c e n t ________ 10 p e r c e n t —________________________ ____ ___ ________ O v e r 10 p e r c e n t ----------------------- __ ____________ F u ll d a y *8 p a y f o r r e d u c e d h o u r s __ ________________ O th e r 3 __________________________________________________ R e c e i v i n g n o d iffe r e n t ia l _______________________________ 2 .2 . 7 1 .7 .6 2 .2 . 2 - . 7 .4 .3 . 1 .3 . 3 - 1 .7 .4 .4 1 .3 1 .3 - .6 .2 . 1 (4> .2 2 .0 . 1 1 .9 (4> .1 .4 . 1 .3 - _ - ■ - 6 .4 6 .6 14. 1 1 .0 1 0 .5 6 .4 .9 .9 - 6 .6 6 .3 5 .2 .7 •4 .3 .3 - 1 4 .1 . 1 . 1 1 4 .0 1 4 .0 - 1 .0 1 .0 .8 . 1 . 1 - 10. 5 1 0 .5 1 .9 4 8 .6 - - 5 .5 3 - - S e e fo o t n o t e s at en d o f t a b le . CO to o TABLE 3 B .—Shift differential practices: Percent distribution of production workers in machinery manufacturing establishments, 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54 “ Continued F a r W est M id d le W e s t S h ift d iffe r e n t ia l D e tr o it M ilw a u k ee 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 11. 5 20. 1 1 9 .7 1 8 .2 1 4 .8 1 1 .2 1 9 .0 12 ; 2 9 .3 1 3 .9 1 4 .8 8 .5 1 1 .2 4 .3 1 9 .0 9 -5 1 2 .2 7 .2 9 .3 4 .0 1 3 .9 3 .1 .8 .4 5 .8 .9 4 .9 - .8 5 .9 2 .8 r “ 9 .5 (4) .9 4. 5 1. 8 1 .4 . 6 . 1 “ . 6 ■ . 5 3 .0 - “ 4. 0 “ ” " C h ic a g o A l l p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s ___________ _____________________ San F r a n c i s c o O akland C le v e la n d M in n e a p o lis St. P a u l S t. L o u is D enver L o s A n g e le s 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 P o r t la n d 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 SE C O N D SH IF T W o r k e r s e m p lo y e d on s e c o n d s h ift ____ ________ ___ __ R e c e i v i n g s h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l _____________________________ U n ifo r m c e n t s p e r h o u r --- ------------- --------------------- TT-pHo-r p p rrp n i' _ _____ ____ ___ •i p p r r pnt . _ _____ _________ O v e r 5 and u n d e r 10 p e r r e n t _ 10 p p rrftn t . _ ___ ______________________ OyPT 10 p p r r p n t . .........r F u ll d a y 's p a y f o r r e d u c e d h o u r s --------------------------— pn rfiffprpnH al __ 1 1 .3 1. 2 2 0 .0 1 4 .9 1 9 .3 1 1 .1 1 8 .2 1 5 .5 _ .2 .6 .4 1 0 .0 _ .6 8 .1 1 .4 _ 8 .7 4 .7 1 .5 3 .2 -■ _ .5 2 .7 _ 1 .6 3 .0 2 .1 4 .4 7 .3 4 .3 .4 2 .6 .9 2 .4 4 .2 7 .4 1 .5 2 .7 1 .9 .8 ~ .3 3 .2 4 .5 .5 6 .3 1 .9 4 .4 ~ . 1 .2 1 .9 . 1 .4 - - 1 .9 2. 5 2 .2 4 .8 1 .2 1 .2 3 .9 .7 3 .2 .1 1 .2 3 .9 .3 - . 7 . 1 " . 1 3 .2 2 .6 “ .1 - - “ . 1 2 .6 - 1 .1 - - “ “ 1 3 .9 ” ** “ ” 1 3 .9 " 5 .3 “ " T H IR D S H IF T W o r k e r s e m p lo y e d o n thiTd n r r aM ft R e c e i v i n g s h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l --------------------------------------------, ........... U n ifo r m c e n t s p e r h o u r ............. O v e r 5 and u n d er 10 c e n t s ----------------------------------]o .... ____ __ ____ O v e r 10 and u n d e r 15 c e n t s ---------------------------- — O v e r 15 c e n t s fo rm p ^ rr po^ rppf O v e r 5 sn d u n d er 1^ __ __ ___ _________ __ __ ____ _____ __________ ____ — ... .. O v e r 10 p e r c e n t _ _ __ _______ ____ ____________ _ F u ll d a y 's p a y f o r r e d u c e d h o u r s —-------------------------O th e ^ * ___ ______ _______ - 2 .5 2 .1 _ .8 .3 1 .0 2 .2 .6 .2 4 .8 1 .0 - 1 .2 1 .0 - (4) _ 1 .0 1 .9 _ . 1 . 1 .3 .6 .3 . 1 .6 _ 1 .7 .2 _ . 1 _ 1 .9 ( 4) (n _ (h . - - 1 .1 .2 - .2 - . 1 ” ■ “ •1 .5 .5 .6 ’ - ■ “ - .6 - .7 - .2 - - “ ** ~ “ . 1 “ “ 3. 6 " - - “ - 3 .2 : " .3 _ . 7 - .3 .3 _ A ll o r p r im a r ily 6 c e n ts . P r i m a r i l y 15 p e r c e n t . . I n c lu d e s fu ll d a y 's p a y f o r r e d u c e d h o u r s , p lu s " c e n t s " o r " p e r c e n t " d iffe r e n t ia l. L e s s than 0 . 05 p e r c e n t . P r im a r ily 9 c e n ts . P r i m a r i l y 12 o r 12V» c e n t s . P r im a r ily 7 o r 8 c e n ts . .4 “ ' TABLE 4B .—Shift differential provision s:1 Percent distribution of production workers in machinery manufacturing establishments, 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54 N ew E n gland M id d le A tla n tic S h ift d iffe r e n t ia l A l l p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s ______________________________________ B oston H a r tfo r d W orcester 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 N ew arkN e w Y o r k C it y J e r s e y C it y 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 P h ila d e lp h ia 1 0 0 .0 South P it t s b u r g h 1 0 0 .0 B a lt im o r e 1 0 0 .0 D a lla s H ouston 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 S E C O N D S H IF T W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g s e c o n d - s h if t p r o v i s io n s __________________________________________________ W ith s h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l ____________________________________ U n ifo r m c e n t s p e r h o u r ______________________________ U n d er 5 c e n t s ____________________________________ 5 cen ts __________________________________ ________ O v e r 5 and u n d e r 10 c e n t s ___ __________________ 10 c e n t s _ O v e r 10 c e n t s ______________________________________ U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e _________________________________ U n d er 5 p e r c e n t _____________ __ _______________ 5 p e r c e n t ____________________________________________ O v e r 5 and u n d er 10 p e r c e n t -----------------------------10 p e r c e n t ____________________________________ ____ O v e r 10 p e r c e n t __________________________ ____ F u ll day*8 p a y f o r r e d u c e d h o u r s ___________________ ________________________________________________ O th e r4 W ith n o s h ift d i ff e r e n t ia l _____________________________ 7 7 .1 9 1 .0 90. 1 8 6 .3 69. 1 9 1 .6 9 5 .1 78. 2 6 8 .3 9 3 .4 77. 1 2 7 .8 3 .6 2 4 .2 4 8 .8 40. 1 8 .7 .5 - 9 0 .3 56. 8 4 2 .6 1 4 .3 3 3 .5 1 1 .3 1 4 .8 7 .3 .7 90. 1 4 1 .9 17. 1 8 .9 1 5 .9 4 8 .2 7 .4 40 . 8 - 8 6 .3 1 5 .3 1 .4 1 3 .5 .4 7 1 .0 9 .0 2 .7 5 9 .3 - 69. 1 5 .7 5 .7 6 3 .4 1 .5 2 3 .4 3 3 8 .5 - 9 1 .6 16. 5 1 .7 14. 5 .3 5 0 .4 5 0 .4 24. 7 95 . 1 8 8 .3 1 .0 a 68. 3 1 .9 17. 1 4. 1 4. 1 2 .7 78. 2 12. 8 12. 8 6 5 .4 2 6 .4 2 .6 3 6 .4 - 6 8 .3 6 8 .3 3 7 .7 1 1 .3 1 9 .3 - 9 0 .6 90. 6 3 .9 2 8 .9 5 3 .7 4. 1 2 .8 ' ' ' 6 6 .2 7 1 .6 3 8 .9 8 5 .4 3 8 .9 .9 .5 .4 3 8 .0 1 3 .4 3 24. 6 - 8 5 .4 1 1 .8 11. 5 .3 4 5 .5 39. 8 5 .7 28. 1 ' z ' T H IR D SH IF T W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g th ircL s h ift p r o v i s io n s ______________________ ______________ ____ ___ ____ _ W ith s h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l _______________ __________________ U n ifo r m c e n t s p e r h o u r ------------------------------------ -------U n d er 5 c e n t s ------------------------------ -------------------------5 c e n ts --------------------------------------------------- -------------O v e r 5 and u n d e r 10 c e n t s _____________________ 10 c e n t s ____________________________________________ O v e r 10 and u n d e r 15 c e n t s _____________________ 15 c e n t s ________________________________ ________ ___________________________________ O v e r 15 c e n t s U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e ---------------------------------------------5 p e r c e n t ___________________________________________ O v e r 5 and u n d e r 10 p e r c e n t ---------------------------10 p e r c e n t __________________________________________ O v e r 10 p e r c e n t -------------------------------------------------F u ll d a y 's p a y f o r r e d u c e d h o u r s __________________ O th e r 4 ____ ___________________________________________ W ith no s h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l ________________________________ S e e f o o tn o te s at en d o f t a b le . 6 2 .5 6 2 .5 2 2 .7 3 .6 1 9 .1 3 9 .3 3 0 .6 8 .7 .5 - 7 7 .6 7 7 .6 4 8 .4 3 4 .3 9 .9 4 .2 2 9 .2 1 1 .0 1 8 .2 - 6 6 .2 2 5 .6 3 .3 1 5 .4 6 .9 4 0 .6 40. 6 - 7 1 .6 1 4 .5 8. 1 2 .0 4. 1 .4 57. 1 9 .0 2 .7 4 3 .6 1. 8 - 9 1 .2 7 8 .2 6 0 .6 85. 5 9 1 .2 8 4 .7 5 6 3 .3 4 .3 17. 1 6. 5 2 .4 4 .1 " - 7 8 .2 1 2 .8 1 2 .8 6 5 .4 2 .6 62. 8 - 6 0 .6 6 0 .6 32. 6 1 5 .5 5 .0 7. 5 ■ - 85. 5 85. 5 3 .9 2. 8 32. 2 4 4 6 .6 - CO CO TABLE 4 B .—Shift differential provisions:1 Percent distribution of production workers in machinery manufacturing establishments 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54 - Continued F a r W est M id d le W e s t S h ift d iffe r e n t ia l C h ic a g o A l l p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s _ -------------------------------- ------------- _ C le v e la n d D e tr o it M ilw a u k ee M in n e a p o lis S t. P a u l S t. L o u is D enver L o s A n g e le s P o r t la n d San F r a n c i s c o O akland 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 10,0. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 8 9 .9 9 2 .2 9 4 .4 9 5 .0 9 2 .4 9 1 .3 86. 1 88. 1 100. 0 100. 0 8 9 .4 1 2 .9 . 1 1 .4 9 .0 2 .4 75. 5 2 .4 6 3 .3 9 .7 1 .0 . 5 9 2 .0 65. 5 8 .8 7 2 9 .5 21. 8 5 .4 1 9 .5 4 .9 2. 2 1 2 .4 7 .0 .2 9 2 .6 5 1 .9 7 .1 1 4 .0 1 0 .0 2 0 .8 3 5 .6 1 9 .5 1. 5 1 4 .6 5. 1 1. 8 9 5 .0 7 9 .5 8 .3 7 3 1 .9 33. 5 5 .8 15. 5 9 .7 5. 8 - 9 2 .4 68. 7 7 .4 1 8 .9 40. 5 1 .9 2 3 .7 6 .6 1 7 .1 - 9 1 .3 2 5 .6 14. 3 6. 7 4 .6 5 6 .3 3 .2 3 .9 4 9 .2 9 .4 - 86. 1 5 8 .9 14. 1 8 3 4 .7 10. 1 2 7 .2 - 88. 1 53. 6 . 3 9 .5 3 6 .9 6 .9 5. 7 2 .9 . 6 2. 3 1. 7 27* 1 - 1 0 0 .0 23. 1 5. 1 1 8 .0 7 6 .9 - 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .4 9 8 .4 1 .6 - 4 7 .8 6 9 .8 81. 2 8 8 .0 7 5 .3 81. 0 70. 7 4 9 .9 81. 5 9 7 .7 8 1 .0 1 1 .6 6. 3 5 .3 - 70. 7 4 0 .9 7 .2 4 3 3 .7 4 9 .9 1 9 .6 1 .1 4 .9 13. 6 3. 5 3. 5 - 81. 5 15. 5 15. 5 - 9 7 .7 - SE C O N D S H IF T W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h avin g s e c o n d - s h if t p r o v i s io n s ________________________ W ith s h ift d iff e r e n t ia l ____________________________________ U n ifo r m c e n t s p e r h ou r U n der 5 c e n t s _____________________________________ 5 c e n t s _______________________________________________ O v e r 5 and u n d er 10 c e n t s 10 c e n t s ________ __________________________________ O v e r 10 c e n t s ___________________________________ ___ U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e ___________________ _ ________ U nder 5 p e r c e n t __________________________________ 5 p e r c e n t _______ _________________ ___________________ _ O v e r 5 and u n d e r 10 p e r c e n t ____________________ 10 p e r c e n t ______________________________________ ___ O v e r 10 p e r c e n t ____________________________________ F u ll d a y '8 p a y f o r r e d u c e d h o u r s ____________________ O th er 4 _________________________________________________ W ith n o s h ift d iff e r e n t ia l ____________________________ ’ TH IR D S H IF T W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g t h i r d -s h i f t p r o v i s io n s _________________________________________________ W ith s h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l --------------------------------------------------------U n ifo r m c e n t s p e r h ou r _____________________________ U nder 5 c e n t s _____________________________________ 5 c e n t s _______________________________________________ O v e r 5 and u n d e r 10 c e n t s ------------- --------------------10 c e n t s -------------------------- ------------------------------------------O v e r 10 and u n d er 15 c e n t s ----------------------------------15 c e n t s ___________________________________ - __________ O v e r 15 c e n t s ______ ______________________________ U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e __________________________________ 5 p e r c e n t ____________________________________________ O v e r 5 an d u n d e r 10 p e r c e n t ---------------------------------10 p e r c e n t ________________________ ________________ O v e r 10 p e r c e n t --------------- -------------------------------------F u ll day*s p a y f o r r e d u c e d h o u r s ____________________ O t h e r 4 ___________ _____ — ---------------------- ---------W ith n o s h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l ______________________________ 4 7 .8 4 .6 1 .4 1. 8 1. 3 - 4 2 .3 1 .2 3 2 .8 8 .3 .9 69. 8 4 4 .0 9. 5 1 9 .0 13. 2 2 .3 15. 5 2. 6 1 2 .9 - 1 0 .3 8 1 .2 4 0 .4 1 0 .9 5. 3 6. 7 17. 5 8 8 .0 44. 6 1 .4 2. 1 2 2 .9 1 0 .6 7. 6 7 5 .3 5 1 .6 1 .9 1 3 .7 1 4 .5 21. 5 - - - - 3 2 .9 1. 3 1 2 .0 1 9 .6 7 .9 15. 5 15. 5 - 2 3 .7 17. 1 6 .6 50. 1 3 .2 4 6 .9 - - - 2 7 .9 - 1 9 .3 R e f e r s to p o l i c i e s o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s e ith e r c u r r e n t ly o p e r a tin g la te s h ifts o r havin g p r o v is io n s c o v e r in g la te s h ift s . A ll o r p r im a r ily 6 ce n ts. P r i m a r i l y 15 p e r c e n t . In c lu d e s fu ll day*s p a y f o r r e d u c e d h o u r s , p lu s " c e n t s " o r " p e r c e n t " d iffe r e n t ia l. P r im a r ily 9 c e n ts . P r i m a r i l y 12 o r 12Va c e n t s . P r im a r ily 7 o r 8 c e n ts . 7Va c e n t s . 15 c e n t s . - 29. 8 - 2 6 .8 6 6 .0 - 9 6 .1 1. 8 1 9 4 .3 - 1. 6 Related Benefits T A B L E 1 C .— F o r m a l p r o v i s io n s f o r paid h o lid a y s : P e r c e n t d is t r ib u t io n o f w o r k e r s in m a c h in e r y m a n u fa c tu r in g e s t s b lis h in e n t s , 20 s e le c t e d a r e a s , w in te r 1 9 5 3 -5 4 N ew E n gland M id d le A tla n tic N u m b e r o f p a id h o lid a y s B o s to n H a r tfo r d W orcester South N ew arkJ e r s e y C it y N ew Y o r k C it y P h ila d e lp h ia P itts b u r g h B a lt im o r e D a lla s H ouston 100. 0 100. 0 P R O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S T o t a l _______________________________________________________ ___ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g p a id h o l i d a y s ____ 9 9 .8 9 8 .9 99 . 5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .2 9 9 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 2 .9 9 4 .4 U n der 6 d a y s _____ ______________________________________ 6 d a y s ________________ _____________________________________ 7 d a y s _______________________________________ ______________ 8 d ays _____________________________________________________ 9 d a y s _________________________________________________ __ 10 d a y s ____________________________________________________ 11 d a y s _ _ 2. 5 25. 3 31. 6 17. 6 1 6 .1 6. 7 - 1 .8 23. 7 7 3 .4 - 2 .7 6 2 .9 3 3 .2 .7 -■ - _ 2 7 .4 5 9 .7 1 1 .9 1 .0 - .4 1 3 .4 1 5 .7 4 8 .0 1 4 .7 2 .0 5. 8 _ 14. 1 82. 3 2. 8 - .7 7 7 .3 2 1 .0 - _ 100. 0 - 47. 0 4 5 .9 - 8. 5 36. 3 4 9 .6 - 1. 1 . 5 . 8 1 .0 7. 1 5 .6 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g no p a id h o lid a y s ___ ___________________________ ____________ .2 - O F F IC E W OR KE RS T o t a l ...................... ..................................................................................... 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g p a id h o l i d a y s ____ 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 ,0 . 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 9 9 .7 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 9 6 .9 92. 7 . 3 23. 8 7 5 .9 - _ 62. 2 24. 0 11. 0 2. 8 - . 3 4 .9 13. 1 28. 5 9 .4 32. 6 1 1 .3 _ 1 0 .3 82. 8 6. 5 . 1 - .4 5 7 .0 42. 6 - 1 0 0 .0 - 5 4 .9 4 2 .0 - 3. 44. 32. 12. - U n d er 6 d a y s ________________________________________ ___ 6 d a y s _____________________________________ ____________ 7 d a y s _____________________________________________________ 8 d a y s ____________________________ __ ________________ _ 9 d a y s __________________________ _________________________ 10 d a y s _ 11 d a y s ______________________________ __________________ __ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g no p a id h o lid a y s ^ • _ _ 6. 0 14. 5 10. 3 1 6 .3 3 4 .4 18. 5 _ 25. 57. 9. 7. - 1 6 5 8 .3 3. 1 7 3 5 2 7 .3 . TABLE 1C.—Form al provisions for paid holidays: Percent distribution of workers in machinery manufacturing establishments, 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54 - Continued F a r W est M id d le W e s t N u m b e r o f p a id h o lid a y s C h ic a g o C le v e la n d D e tr o it M ilw au k ee M in n e a p o lis S t. P a u l S t. L o u is D enver L o s A n g e le s P o r t la n d San F r a n c i s c o O akland P R O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S T o t a l ____________________________________________________________ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100; 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 98. 5 1 0 0 .0 97. 8 66. 1 9 5 .9 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 _ 9 8 .3 1 .7 - .4 29. 1 6 8 .3 " 66. 1 ~ 6. 5 79. 3 10. 1 “ 2 2 .9 7 2 .2 4 .9 - 100. 0 “ - 2 .2 3 3 .9 4. 1 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g p a id h o l i d a y s -------- 9 8 .8 9 8 .6 6 6 .8 U n d e r 6 d a y s ----------------------------------------------------------------------6 d a y s ______________________________________________________ 7 d a y s ______________________________________________________ 8 d a y s ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 d a y s ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 d a y s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------11 d a y s _____________________________________________________ 1. 8 8 6 .8 9 .0 1 .2 1 .8 9 1 .6 5 .2 _ _ . .4 6 5 .2 1. 2 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g n o p a id h o lid a y s ________________________________________________ _ - _ 98 . 5 . - - - - 1 .2 1 .4 33. 2 1 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .5 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 98 . 1 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 .9 3 6 .5 6 2 .6 " 1 0 0 .0 “ 4. 1 8 5 .4 8. 6 1. 5 4 6 .8 14. 5 37. 2 - 100. 0 " " O F F I C E W O R K E R S *6 0 1 9 8 7 T o ta l W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g p a id h o lid a y s U n der 6 d a y s --------------------------------------------------------------6 d a y s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------7 d a yd ---------------------------------------------------------------------------8 d a y s _________________________________________________ 9 dayb --------------------------------------------------------------------------10 d a y s _______________________________________ _________ 11 d a y s _____________________________ ___________________ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g n o p a id h o lid a y s ------------------------------------------------------------------ .9 9 5 .4 .6 3 .0 _ - - _ 9 5 .7 4 .3 _ . . - 9 5 .9 3 .6 _ _ - . 5 64. 5 35. 5 - _ 9 8 .9 1. 1 “ - - 1 .9 “ TABLE 2C. —Rate of pay for work on paid holidays: Percent distribution of production workers in machinery manufacturing establishments, 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54 M id d le A tla n tic N ew E n gla n d P a y p r o v i s io n B o s to n A l l p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s _ __ ___ — H a r tfo r d W orcester N ew arkJ e r s e y C ity N ew Y o r k C ity South P h ila d e lp h ia P it t s b u r g h B a lt im o r e D a lla s H ou ston 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 8 9 .8 9 4 .4 8 7 .9 9 8 .3 9 2 .8 9 7 .7 9 8 .5 9 5 .8 8 1 .1 9 3 .2 2 .0 8 8 .6 2 .6 _ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith p a y p r o v i s io n s _ . R e g u la r r a t e o n ly 1.7 7 1 .8 1 6 .3 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith n o p a id h o l i d a y s ___ .6 8 2 .4 6 .9 4 .5 7 0 .2 1 7 .6 _ _ _ _ 9 .9 4 .5 1 1 .6 .2 1 .1 .5 1 .8 5 4 .3 3 3 .1 8 .0 .7 .4 1 .0 5 4 .2 1 8 .0 9 .1 1 0 .4 _ _ 2 9 .8 4 1 .5 2 6 .4 _ _ 1 .7 7 .2 - - _ _ 1 .4 6 9 .5 1 5 .2 6 .4 _ 6 .0 3 8 .1 5 4 .3 3 ,4 _ _ _ . _ 7 5 .7 5 .4 _ _ _ 1 .5 .5 4 .2 1 1 .9 1.1 .8 1 .0 - 7 .1 5 .6 Far M id d le W e s t C h ic a g o A ll p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s __ __ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith p a y p r o v i s io n s fo r w o r k on p aid h o lid a y s 1 .......... ....... R e g u la r r a te o n ly .... ............ . ........................................... T i m e and o n e -h a lf _ ...... ... ....................... D o u b le t im e ... ... . ....... ... . , , ....... .......... ...... D o u b le tim e and o n e -h a lf ..... . . . . . ................... . .... . ... T r ip le t im e C le v e la n d D e tr o it M ilw a u k e e M in n e a p o lis St. P a u l St. L o u is D en v er L o s A n g e le s W est P o r tla n d San F r a n c is c o ^ O akland 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 8 6 .0 9 6 .5 6 4 .6 9 5 .8 9 7 .9 9 5 .5 6 1 .1 9 4 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 6 1 .3 1 0.1 1 4.6 1.1 6 8 .6 9 .4 1 7 .4 .4 4 8 .2 1 .5 1 4 .5 _ 6 6 .8 3 .8 2 5 .2 _ _ 2 .9 3 1 .1 3 2 .6 3 0 .1 1 .2 _ 2 6 .9 .9 6 7 .7 _ _ 6 .3 4 4 .4 1 0 .4 _ 1 .0 8 3 .0 4 .5 5 .5 E q u a l tim e o f f ....... ... ............ O th e r plan ....... ..... .......... . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith n o fo r m a l p o lie y 1 2 .8 2 .2 2 .3 2 .7 2 .0 2 .3 4 .9 1 .8 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n ts w ith no p aid h o lid a y s 1 .2 1 .4 3 3 .2 1 .5 - 2 .2 3 3 .9 4 .1 1 In c lu d e s h o lid a y p a y and r a t e f o r w o r k on p a id h o lid a y . _ _ 2 2 .9 _ 7 7 .1 _ _ _ 7 1 .0 2 7 .7 1 .3 _ _ - to 03 to 0) T A B L E 3 C . — V a c a tio n p o l i c i e s : P e r c e n t d is trib u tio n o f w o r k e r s in m a c h in e r y m a n u fa c tu r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , 20 s e l e c t e d a r e a s , w in te r 1 9 5 3 -5 4 South M id d le A tla n tic N ew E ngland V a c a tio n p o l i c y B o s to n H a r tfo r d W orcester N ew arkJ e r s e y C ity A l l w o r k e r s -------------------------------- -------------------------------------— ----- ----- 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g p a id v a c a t i o n s ----------------- 9 9 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .2 9 9 .5 1 0 0 .0 9 3 .3 .3 9 3 .0 - 9 8 .5 2 .6 83 . 1 5 .5 7 .3 1 .5 1 .5 * “ 8 6 .2 82. 6 2 .0 1. 6 9 .6 9. 6 “ - 6 0 .0 6 0 .0 3 7 .2 3 7 .2 " 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 A fte r 1 Y ear of N ew Y o r k C ity P h ila d e lp h ia P it t s b u r g h D a lla s B a lt im o r e H ou ston S e r v ic e P R O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S L e n g t h -o f - t i m e p a y m e n t --------------------------------------------------------U n der 1 w e e k ------------------------------------- -----------—----- ----- -------1 w e e k -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------O v e r 1 an d u n d e r 2 w e e k s ---------------------------- ------- ----------2 w e e k s ---------------- —— ----------------------------------------------------------P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t 1 -------------------------------------------------------------2 p e r c e n t ----- ------ -----------------------------------------------------------------O v e r 2 b u t l e s s than 4 p e r c e n t ----------------------------------------4 p e r c e n t -----------------------------------------------------------------------------O v e r 4 bu t l e s s than 6 p e r c e n t --------------------------------------F l a t - s u m p a y m e n t -------------------------------- ------—--------------------------O th er ty p e p a y m e n t ----------------------------------- ------- ---------------------W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g n o p a id v a c a t i o n s ------------ 98. 1 3 .0 8 6 .6 . 8 .5 1 .2 1 .2 - .7 9 2 .5 8 0 .7 2 .7 9 .0 7 .5 7 .5 “ - 9 6 .6 8 0 .0 . 1 6 .6 3 .4 3 .4 ~ - 6. 7 6 .7 - - - 2 .4 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .6 9 6 .4 9 6 .4 3 .6 ~ “ 3. 6 8 6 .8 7 6 .7 10. 1 1 1 .9 1 1 .9 * * • ” 3. 5 .8 • 1 0 0 .0 - " " ~ 1 .4 O F F IC E W O R K E R S 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 4 .4 . 9 5 .6 - 1 0 0 .0 4 .8 .4 9 4 .8 — -■ “ 9 5 .2 6 .7 . 8 8 .5 4 .8 — 4. 8 1 0 0 .0 1 4 .0 1 0 0 .0 2 3 .8 .8 7 5 .4 - 9 9 .7 1 5 .7 1 .7 8 2 .3 “ " 1 0 0 .0 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g p a id v a c a t i o n s ----------------L e n g t h -o f - t i m e p a y m e n t --------------------------------------------------------U n d er 1 w e e k ----------------------------------------------------------------------1 w e e k ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------O v e r 1 an d u n d e r 2 w e e k s -------------------------------------------------2 w e e k s ----------------------------------- -------------------- ------ ------------- —— O v e r 2 an d u n d e r 3 w e e k s -------------------------------- ---------------3 w e e k s ------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- — 4 w e e k s and o v e r ---------------------------------------------------------------P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t 1 -------------------------------------------------------------2 p e r c e n t ------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 p e r c e n t ------------------- — ---------------------------------------------- — — O th er ty p e p a y m e n t ----------------------------------------------------------------W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h avin g n o p a id v a c a t i o n s ------------ See footnotes at end of table, 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 A l l w o r k e r s --------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- -----— “ 8 6 .0 “ “ “ ‘ .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 3 .8 8 6 .2 - 1 0 0 .0 4 7 .0 5 3 .0 - 1 0 0 .0 7 6 .4 2 3 .6 “ ■ 1 0 0 .0 6 7 .7 2 5 .6 2 .7 “ “ ” 3 .9 * * TABLE 3 C .— Vacation policies: Percent distribution of workers in machinery manufacturing establishments, 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54 - Continued M id d le W e s t F a r W est V a c a tio n p o l i c y M in n e a p o lis St. P a u l San F r a n c is c o O akland C h ic a g o C le v e la n d A ll w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------------- ------------------------------- — 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 W o rk e rs in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g p a id v a c a t i o n s --------—- — 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 98 . 1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 3 .9 .2 8 3 .4 4 .3 6 .0 6. 1 6. 1 9 5 .0 . 7 9 .8 7. 1 8. 1 5 .0 5 .0 - 9 2 .3 _ 9 1 .7 .6 7 .7 5 .9 .9 .9 . - 6 8 .7 .4 4 2 .6 5. 8 1 9 .8 3 1 .3 1 5 .7 1 5 .6 •- 9 6 .8 . 9 4 .6 2 .2 3 .2 3 .2 1 0 0 .0 . 9 8 .6 . 1 .4 - 8 4 .5 8 4 .5 . 1 5 .5 1 5 .5 2 0 .3 _ 1 8 .0 2 .2 79. 7 . 73. 7 6 .0 . - 9 6 .3 . 8 1 .6 5 .5 9 .3 1 .7 1. 7 . - - 1 .9 - A fte r 1 Y ear of D e tr o it M ilw a u k e e S t. L o u is D enver L o s A n g e le s P o r tla n d S e r v ic e P R O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S L e n g t h - o f - t i m e p a y m e n t ------------------------------------------- ;-----------U n der 1 w e e k ---------------------------------------------------------------------1 w e e k ------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s ----------------------------------------------2 w e e k s -------------------------------------------------------------------------------P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t 1 -----------------------------------------------------------2 p e r c e n t —----------------------------------------------------;----------------------O v e r 2 bu t l e s s than 4 p e r c e n t --------------------------------------4 p e r c e n t ------------- ---------------- ------------------- —-------------------------O v e r 4 bu t l e s s than 6 p e r c e n t ------------------------------------- — F l a t - s u m p a y m e n t ------------------------------------------------------------------O th er typ e p a y m e n t -----;----------------------------------------------------------W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g n o p a id v a c a t i o n s ---------- - - 6 4 .2 . 4 6 .3 2. 1 15. 7 3 2 .5 2 5 .4 6. 1 1 .0 1 .8 - - 1 .5 - - - - - “ . - - - - - O F F IC E W O R K E R S 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g p a id v a c a t i o n s ------ --------- 9 9 .6 L e n g t h -o f - t i m e p a y m e n t -------------------------------------------------------U nder 1 w e e k --------------------> —-------------- ——----- —--------- -------1 w e e k -------------------------------------—---------------- —---------— —-----O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s ----------------------------------------------2 w e e k s -------------------—----------------------------------------- -----------------O v e r 2 and tin der 3 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------3 w e e k s -------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 w e e k s and o v e r --------------------------------------------------------------P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t 1 --------------------------------------------------- --------2 p e r c e n t -----------------------------------------------------------------------------4 p e r c e n t ------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------Other type p a y m e n t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 98. 1 1 3 .3 1 .3 8 3 .5 . . . 1 .5 1 .5 - A ll w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g n o p a id v a c a t i o n s ---------- .4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .9 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .9 1 7 .4 .8 8 1 .8 . . _ 9 9 .3 1 1 .0 3 .4 8 4 .8 -* . .3 .3 .2 9 9 .4 6 4 .4 . 3 5 .0 _ _ . .6 .6 - 7 7 .7 .3 1 4 .1 2 .0 6 1 .2 . . . 2 2 .3 2 2 .3 - - - . 1 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 ,0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 . 3 9 .4 7 .9 5 2 .7 . . - 1 0 0 .0 . 2 4 .4 . 7 1 .8 _ . 3 .8 . 9 9 .2 . 32. 1 3 .7 6 3 .4 _ 1 0 0 .0 . 6 6 .1 . 3 3 .9 _ _ _ 9 5 .7 _ 3 .8 91. 8 _ - - _ - - - - _ 4 .3 - - 4 .3 - ' ' .8 See footnotes at end o f table. CO •>! TABLE 3 C .— Vacation p olicies: Percent distribution of workers in machinery manufacturing establishments, 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54 - Continued V a c a tio n p o l i c y B o s to n A fte r 3 Y ea rs of S ou th , M id d le A tla n tic N ew E n gland H a r tfo r d W orcester N ew arkJ e r s e y C ity N ew Y o r k C ity P h ila d e lp h ia P it t s b u r g h B a lt im o r e D a lla s H ou ston S e r v ic e P R O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S A l l w o r k e r s ---------------------- :------------------------------------------------------------- 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g p a id v a c a t i o n s ----------------- 9 9 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .2 9 9 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .6 98. 6 . 55. 1 2 2 .4 21. 1 . 1 .2 1 .2 * 9 2 .5 14. 6 5 6 .8 21. 1 7 .5 6 .1 1 .4 - 9 6 .6 3 4 .8 2 .5 5 9 .3 3 .4 3 .4 “ 9 3 .3 2 0 .5 4 2 .2 3 0 .5 6 .7 6 .7 * 9 8 .5 2. 6 1 5 .6 1 0 .0 70 . 3 1 .5 1 .5 “ 8 6 .2 3 1 .6 4 5 .9 8 .7 9 .6 9 .6 3. 5 6 0 .0 5 0 .9 6 .8 2 .2 3 7 .2 3 7 .2 2 .4 “ ' 1 0 0 .0 5 4 .9 4 2 .0 3 .0 ■ - 9 6 .4 6 1 .1 3 5 .3 3 .6 3. 6 * • 8 6 .8 - - .8 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 L e n g t h -o f - t i m e p a y m e n t --------------------------------------------------------U n d er 1 w e e k ---------------------------------------------------------- -------------1 w e e k ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------O v e r 1 and u n d e r 2 w e e k s ------------------------------------------------2 w e e k s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------O v e r 2 and u n d e r 3 w e e k s ------------------------------------------------3 w e e k s --------------------- —----- ------------- —---------------- —-----------—— O v e r 3 and u n d e r 4 w e e k s — --------------------------------------------P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t 1 ------------------------------------------------------------2 p e r c e n t ------------- ------------- ---------------- ---------------- — --------------O v e r 2 b u t l e s s than 4 p e r c e n t ----------------------------------------4 p e r c e n t —----------------------------------------------------------------------------O v e r 4 bu t l e s s than 6 p e r c e n t ----------------------------------------F l a t - s u m p a y m e n t -------------------------------------------------------------------O th er type p a y m e n t ----------------------------------------------------------------W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a vin g n o p a id v a c a t i o n s ------ — .2 - - 7. 8 7 9 .0 1 1 .9 . 1 1 .9 * " " “ " 1 .4 O F F IC E W O R K E R S 1 0 0 .0 A ll w o r k e r s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g p a id v a c a t i o n s ----------------- 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 _ 1 0 0 .0 - 1 0 0 .0 .6 .4 9 9 .0 - 9 5 .2 3 .2 9 2 .0 - 1 0 0 .0 5 .5 1 .3 9 3 .2 * 1 0 0 .0 6 .6 2 .0 9 1 .4 - 9 9 .7 2 .8 2 .6 9 4 .3 - 1 0 0 .0 9 .7 .2 9 0 .0 “ L e n g t h -o f - t i m e p a y m e n t --------------------------------------------------------1 w e e k ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------O v e r 1 and u n d e r 2 w e e k s ------------------------------------------------2 w e e k s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------O v e r 2 an d u n d e r 3 w e e k s ------------------------------------------------3 w e e k s ------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------O v e r 3 an d u n d e r 4 w e e k s ------------------------------------------- ----4 w e e k s and o v e r -------------------- —----------------------------------------P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t 1 ------------------------------------------------------ ------O v e r 2 bu t l e s s than 4 p e r c e n t ----------------------------------------4 p e r c e n t ----------------------- :-------------------------------------------------------O th er ty p e p a y m e n t ----------------------------------------------------------------W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a vin g n o p a id v a c a t i o n s ------------ See footnotes at end of table. - - - * “ 4 .8 4. 8 “ .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 3 9 .0 3 .3 5 7 .7 ” 1 0 0 .0 1 7 .7 8 2 .3 * “ 1 0 0 .0 1. 1 9 2 .3 2 .7 3 .9 “ ■ " 1 0 0 .0 " TABLE 3 C .—Vacation policies: Perceat distribution of workers in machinery manufacturing establishments, 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54 - Continued M id d le W e st F a r W est V a c a tio n p o l ic y C h ic a g o A fte r 3 Y ea rs ot C le v e la n d D e tr o it M ilw a u k e e M in n e a p o lis S t. P a u l S t. L o u is D enver L o s A n g e le s P o r t la n d San F r a n c i s c o O akland S e r v ic e IR O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S A ll w ork ftT * _ . . . . . . . . . W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g p a id v a c a t io n s L e n g t h -o f - t i m e p a y m e n t ______________________________ ____ _ U n der 1 w e e k ______ _____________________________________ _ _ , ___ ...... L 1 w e e k ___ O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s „ .. _ .. 2 w eeks . . . . . _ O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s ___ „ .... 3 w e e k s ________ r _r O v e r 3 an d u n d er 4 w e e k s _ __ _ P e rce n ta g e p a y m e n t1 2 percen t O v e r 2 but l e s s than 4 p e r c e n t 4 percen t O v e r 4 but l e s s than 6 p e r c e n t F l a t - s u m p a y m en t _ . O th er ty p e p a y m e n t ^ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a vin g n o p a id v a c a t i o n s ______ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 3 .9 3 5 .0 1 7 .5 3 8 .3 .1 . 2 .8 6 .1 2 .1 1 .4 2 .7 - - 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 5 .0 6 4 .1 9 2 .3 6 8 .7 - 2 5 .5 4 0 .5 2 8 .9 _ _ _ 5 .0 2 .0 3 .0 _ _ _ - 1 6 .9 1 1 .9 3 3 .8 .6 1 .0 _ 3 2 .5 3 .6 5 .3 2 1 .1 2 .5 _ 1 .8 - 1 .5 - - 6 4 .3 2 7 .0 1 .0 _ _ 1 0 .2 7 .4 5 1 .1 _ _ 7 .7 _ 5 .0 2 .7 _ 3 1 .3 _ 1 9 .7 _ 1 1 .6 _ - - 9 6 .8 _ 1 4 .6 1 1 .5 7 0 .8 _ _ . . 3 .2 3 .2 _ _ •_ - 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 _ 3 9 .1 5 1 .4 9 .5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 6 .3 _ 1 0 .7 .6 7 9 .6 5 .5 _ _ 1.7 _ 1 .7 _ _ 8 4 .5 _ 2 0 .3 _ _ _ 4 .9 7 3 .3 6 .4 _ _ _ 1 5 .5 _ _ 1 5 .5 _ 2 0 .3 7 9 .7 7 9 .7 _ - - - - - 1 .9 - - O F F IC E W O R K E R S A ll w o r k e r s _ _ _______ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h avin g p a id v a c a t io n s ___ ______ L e n g t h -o f - t i m e p a y m en t .... .. ...................... „„ 1 w eek _ O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s 2 w eeks „ _______ _______ O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s 3 w eeks O v e r 3 a n d u n d er 4 w e e k s __ 4 w e e k s and o v e r ......... P e rce n ta g e p a y m e n t1 . ___ O v e r 2 but l e s s than 4 p e r c e n t 4 percen t _ _ ___ „ O th e r ty p e p a y m en t __ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g n o p a id v a c a t io n s ______ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .6 9 9 .9 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .1 3 .3 .3 9 4 .2 _ .4 _ _ 1 .5 _ 1 .5 - 9 9 .9 7 .6 3 .8 8 8 .5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 9 .3 3 .5 2 .9 9 2 .1 _ .8 _ _ .3 _ .3 .2 9 9 .4 4 .0 6 .8 8 7 .6 _ 7 7 .7 2 .5 3 .9 7 1 .3 _ _ _ _ 2 2 .3 _ 2 2 .3 - 1 0 0 .0 7 .2 _ 9 2 .8 _ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 .1 7 .6 7 8 .5 .4 . 1 .3 .9 _ _ .6 .6 _ - ~ _ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .2 .4 1 9 5 .1 3 .7 1 0 0 .0 6 .4 5 .1 8 8 .5 9 5 .7 9 5 .7 3 .8 .. _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - ~ - .8 - 4 .3 4 .3 - See footnotes at end o f table. CO (0 8 T A B L E 3 C . __ V a c a tio n p o l i c i e s : P e r c e n t d is tr ib u tio n o f w o r k e r s in m a c h in e r y m a n u fa c tu r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , 20 s e l e c t e d a r e a s , w in t e r 1 9 5 3 -5 4 - C on tin u ed V a c a tio n p o l i c y A fte r 5 Y ea rs of South M id d le A tla n tic N ew E n gland N ew arkJ e r s e y C ity N ew Y o r k C ity P h ila d e lp h ia P it t s b u r g h 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .2 93. 3 2. 3 .2 90. 8 9 8 .5 12. 2 8 6 .2 1 .2 8 5 .9 8 4 .9 B o s to n H a r tfo r d W o rcester 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 98 . 6 5 7 9 2 .5 4, 1 .7 87. 6 9 6 .6 5. 3 B a lt im o r e D a lla s H ou ston S e r v ic e P R O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S A l l w o r k e r s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- T ^ _____________x 1^w e e k j j 0 ____ , _ 8 9 .9 3 0 9 1 .3 _ _ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .6 6 0 .0 1 .0 .2 5 8 .8 _ 1 0 0 .0 1 4 .5 9 6 .4 1 3 .3 83. 1 . . . 3 .6 . 3 .6 . _ _ 8 6 .8 5 .0 . 8 1 .8 . .3 _ _ 3 7 .2 3 7 .2 1 .2 7. 5 3. 4 6. 7 1. 5 9 .6 1. 2 7. 5 3 .4 6. 7 1. 5 9 .6 _ _ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h avin g n o p a id v a c a t io n s - 1 0 0 .0 2 .4 3 .5 .2 .8 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 8 5 .5 _ . _ . . . - . 1 1 .9 - 1 1 .9 . - 1 .4 O F F IC E W O R K E R S A l l w o r k e r s ------------- -------------------------------- —----------------------------------- , ,, , 1^w e e k ___________ A ^ j 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .7 100. 0 . 1 . 1 9 9 .2 .6 1 0 0 .0 4 .4 9 9 .7 1 .2 9 5 .4 9 8 .6 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 .6 9 5 .2 .4 9 8 .0 2. 0 9 7 .4 2. 0 94. 8 , , ____ _ 4. 8 4. 8 O v e r 4 but l c ss tb&n 6 p e r c e n t W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n t s havin g n o p a id v a c a t io n s See footnotes at end of table. 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 _ _ .2 ... _ _ .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 5 .9 .2 9 3 .8 _ _ _ _ 1 0 0 .0 4 .9 1 0 0 .0 5 .3 . 9 4 .7 . . . _ 1 0 0 .0 1 .1 9 2 .3 2 .7 _ _ _ 9 5 .1 _ . - 3 .9 - T A B L E 3 C . — Vacation policies: Percent distribution of work e r s in machinery manufacturing establishments, 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54 - Continued M id dl e W e s t F a r W es t V a c a tio n p o l ic y C h ic a g o A fte r 5 Y ea rs of C le v e la n d D e tr o it M ilw a u k e e M in n e a p o lis S t. P a u l S t. L o u is D enver L o s A n g e le s P o r t la n d San F r a n c i s c o O akland S e r v ic e P R O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S A ll w o r k e r * . _ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 _ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 L e n g th 7o f - t i m e p a y m e n t _____________________________________ 1 w eek . .. ..... O v e r 1 an d un d er 2 w e e k s _ __ __ .................... . 2 w eeks . O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s ________________ ________ ___ 3 w eeks , , ..... ___ . _ O v e r 3 and u n d er 4 w e e k s _______________________________ _ P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t 1 ________________________________________ O v e r 2 but l e s s than 4 p e r c e n t _ __ 4 p e r c e n t ____ O v e r 4 but l e s s than 6 p e r c e n t _________________________ F l a t - s u m p a y m en t ___________________________________________ O th er ty p e p a y m en t _ _ _ _ _ 9 3 .9 .6 1 .0 8 9 .4 .1 2 .8 6 .1 6 .1 _ 9 5 .0 1 .4 .4 8 6 .4 6 .8 - 9 2 .3 1 .2 6 .7 8 4 .4 _ 7 .7 7 .2 .5 _ 6 8 .7 2 .7 .4 6 3 .2 2 .4 _ 3 1 .3 4 .0 1 5 .7 1 1 .6 - 9 6 .8 .4 _ 9 6 .4 -• _ 3 .2 3 .2 - 1 0 0 .0 3 .2 _ 9 6 .8 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 6 .3 4 .1 .3 8 6 .5 5 .5 _ _ 1 .7 _ 1 .7 _ _ 8 4 .5 _ _ 8 4 .5 _ _ 1 5 .5 _ 1 5 .5 _ _ 2 0 .3 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g p a id v a c a t io n s W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a vin g n o p a id v a c a t i o n s _______ - - 6 4 .1 1 .9 _ 5 5 .0 4 .8 2 .5 3 2 .5 2 3 .5 9 .1 1. 8 - - 1 .5 5 .0 2 .0 3 .0 _ - - - - - - - - - - 1 .9 - _ _ 2 0 .3 _ _ _ 7 9 .7 _ 7 9 .7 _ - O F F IC E W O R K E R S A ll w o rk e rs ....... _ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a vin g p a id v a c a t io n s L e n g t h - o f - t i m e p a y m en t _ _ _ 1 w eek ... _ ... _... O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s 2 w eeks ... . ..... _ . O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s _______________________________ 3 w eeks 4 w e e k s and o v e r ___ P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t 1 . .. . _ _ 4 p e r c e n t ______ O v e r 4 but l e s s than 6 p e r c e n t _________________________ O th er ty p e p a y m e n t ......... . ... _ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s havin g n o p a id v a c a t i o n s . 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .6 9 9 .9 9 9 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .1 .2 9 7 .5 _ .4 _ 1 .5 1 .5 - 9 9 .9 .5 2 .3 9 7 .0 _ . 1 _ _ - 9 9 .3 _ 2 .7 9 3 .3 _ 3 .2 _ 7 7 .7 2 .5 .3 7 4 .9 _ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 3 .8 9 9 .2 .2 . 1 9 5 .3 3 .7 1 0 0 .0 9 5 .7 - .2 9 9 .4 .2 .8 9 7 .5 _ .9 _ .6 .6 ( 2) - .4 .1 .3 .3 .3 _ _ 2 2 .3 2 2 .3 _ - ' See footnotes at end of table. 1 0 0 .0 _ 1 0 0 .0 _ _ _ _ _ - ' _ 9 2 .4 _ 3 .8 _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 0 0 .0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 5 .7 _ _ 4 .3 4 .3 _ > - - .8 “ * T A B L E 3C. — Vacation policies: Percent distribution of workers in m a c hinery manufacturing establishments, 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54 - Continued V a c a tio n p o l i c y A fte r 15 Y ea rs of South M id d le A tla n tic N ew E n gland N ew Y o r k C ity B o s to n H a r tfo r d W orcester N ew arkJ e r s e y C ity 100.0 10 0 .0 -1 0 0 . 0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 100.0 9 9 .8 100.0 10 0 .0 P h ila d e lp h ia P it t s b u r g h B a lt im o r e D a lla s H ou ston S e r v ic e P R O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S A ll w o rk e rs T ■■ — ............ , ■ 1 _A _ j __ j __ , _____,__ 3^w e e k s j j __,_________ 100.0 10 0 .0 98. 6 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 9 9 .2 9 9 .5 10 0 .0 9 3 .3 1 .7 9 8 .5 12 .2 8 6 .2 1.2 6 0 .0 1.0 10 0 .0 1 4 .5 _ 1 5 .3 1 9 .3 2 1 .9 9 .0 7 4 .2 6 9 .7 4 0 .3 2 .2 4 3 .8 1 8 .3 73. 1 6 6 .7 5 0 .0 3* 4 3 .4 6 .7 9 .6 3 7 .2 _ _ 1 8 .9 . 66 . 6 _ _ . . 9 2 .5 4r 1 57. 1 3# o 3 2 .8 1.2 1.2 7. 5 . 1 6. 7 7. 4 .2 100.0 96 .6 3. 1 9 8 .6 5. 7 _ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g n o p a id v a c a t i o n s ----------- 100.0 - _ 1 .5 1 .5 _ 9 .6 m ” " m - * “ 3 7 .2 2 .4 _ . . 3 .5 .8 .5 9 6 .4 1 3 .3 . 6 1 .5 . 2 1 .5 . . 3 .6 3 .6 . . . _ 8 6 .8 5 .0 1 7 .5 . 6 4 .3 . . 1 1 .9 . 1 1 .9 . . 1 .4 * O F F IC E W O R K E R S A l l w o r k e r s ------------------------------------- — ---------------- --- —... 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 100.0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 W o r k e r s in ' e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g p a id v a c a t i o n s ---------------- 100.0 10 0 .0 100.0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 9 9 .7 10 0 .0 100.0 10 0 ,0 100.0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 . 6 5 5 .2 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 4 .4 9 9 .7 1 .2 1 0 0 .0 .2 1 0 0 .0 " 4*9 2 7 .3 2 7 .9 1 2 .2 4 1 .2 1 6 .5 2 6 .2 _ 72. 1 67. 1 8 7 .8 5 4 .4 8 2 .1 7 3 .6 1 7 .7 „ 7 7 .3 . _ 1 0 0 .0 5 .3 . 5 8 .0 _ 3 6 .7 . . • . . . 1 0 0 .0 1 .1 . 2 9 .7 2 .7 6 2 .6 3 .9 . . - * _e _ ________ x l^ w eek , ____ O v e r 1 &nd u n d e r Z w eeK s ■ - ■■■■■ , , m 6 2 .3 2. 0 35l 7 I ^ e e Jc s _________ 4. 8 4. 8 O v e r 4 b u t l e s s th&n 6 p e r c e n t -- _ - - _ — _ _ m m W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a vin g n o p a id v a c a t i o n s ---------- See footnotes at end of table. _ _ _ .3 . . _ T A B L E 3 C.— Vacation policies: Percent distribution of wo r k e r s in machinery manufacturing establishments, 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54 - Continued M id d le W e s t F a r W est V a c a tio n p o l ic y C h ic a g o A fte r 15 Y e a r s of C le v e la n d D e tr o it M ilw a u k e e M in n e a p o lis S t. P a u l S t. L o u is D enver L o s A n g e le s P o r t la n d San F r a n c i s c o O akland S e r v ic e P R O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S A ll w o r k e r s _ __ _ __ _ ___________ _______ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g p a id v a c a t i o n s __________ L e n g t h - o f - t i m e p a y m e n t ____________________________________ 1 w e e k __ __ _ __ _____ ________ O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s ___________________ __ ______ 2 w eeks O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s __ __ „ ____________ ______ 3 w e e k s __________________________ ______________ __ __ ___ O v e r 3 an d u n d er 4 w e e k s ________________________________ 4 w e e k s an d o v e r __ ________________ ____________________ P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t 1 _____ _____ ________________ ______ 4 p e r c e n t _______ __________________________________ __ ___ O v e r 4 but l e s s than 6 p e r c e n t ___________ _______________ 6 p e r c e n t and o v e r F l a t - s u m p a y m e n t ___________________ ._________________ _______ O th er ty p e p a y m e n t ___________________________________________ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g n o p a id v a c a t i o n s _______ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 5 .0 1 .2 1 5 .2 6 .9 7 1 .7 5 .0 3 .0 2 .0 - 6 4 .1 1 .9 2 5 .8 4 .3 3 1 .2 1 .0 3 1 .0 2 0 .9 4 .0 6 .1 9 2 .3 1 .2 5 .2 1 .4 8 4 .4 7 .7 .7 .1 6 .9 - 6 8 .7 1 .5 1 .7 1 4 .4 4 9 .2 1 .9 3 1 .3 4 .0 2 7 .4 - 9 6 .8 .4 1 9 .4 7 4 .2 2 .8 3 .2 3 .2 - 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 3 .9 .6 1 .0 2 5 .1 1 .0 6 3 .4 2 .8 _ 6 .1 6 .1 - - 3 .3 1 .5 - - - 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 3 .2 9 1 .4 5 .5 - 9 6 .3 4 .1 4 9 .6 4 2 .6 1 .7 1 .7 - 8 4 .5 8 2 .2 2 0 .3 2 0 .3 7 9 .7 7 9 .7 - * 1 .9 2 .3 1 5 .5 1 5 .5 - - O F F IC E W OR KE RS A l l w o r k e r s _______________________________________________________ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g p a id v a c a t io n s L e n g t h - o f - t i m e p a y m e n t _ ________ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 1 w eek. ____ _ _ __ O v e r 1 an d tin der 2 w e e k s _____ __ __ ____ _ _ _____ 2 w e e k s _________ ___ __ __ __ __ _ - _____ O v e r 2 an d u n d er 3 w e e k s _____________________________ _ 3 w e e k s _________________________________ ___________________ 4 w e e k s and o v e r ____ -----_ __ P e r c e n t a ge p a y m e n t 1 __ _ _ _ 4 p e r c e n t ___ _ _ O v e r 4 but l e s s than 6 p e r c e n t __________ _______________ 6 p e r c e n t and o v e r __ _____ ___ __ _ _ O th er ty p e p a y m e n t ______________ *______ .____________ ,______ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g n o p a id v a c a t i o n s ______ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .6 9 9 .9 9 9 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .2 1 0 0 .0 100 . Q 9 8 .1 .2 _ 1 8 .4 _ 7 9 .5 9 9 .9 .4 2 3 .9 2 .9 7 2 .7 - 9 9 .3 _ 4 4 .4 .6 5 3 .9 .4 .3 .3 .2 9 9 .4 .2 _ 7 .1 .8 9 1 .3 _ .6 .6 ( a) - 7 7 .7 2 .8 2 0 .8 5 4 .1 2 2 .3 2 2 .3 - 1 0 0 .0 . 4 0 .4 5 1 .6 7 .9 - 1 0 0 .0 3 .8 9 9 .2 .2 - 1 0 0 .0 _ 5 5 .4 3 8 .3 6 .4 - 9 5 .7 _ 8 2 .9 _ 1 2 .7 _ 4 .3 4 .3 - 1 .5 - - - - - .4 .1 1 .5 .3 6 4 .2 3 2 .0 _ - 5 5 .5 4 3 .6 .8 ' See footnotes at end of table. T A B L E 3 C . — Vacation policies: Percent distribution of workers in m a c h i n e r y manufacturing establishments, 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54 - Continued V a c a tio n p o l ic y B o s to n A fte r 25 Y ea rs of H a r tfo r d South M id d le A tla n tic N ew E n gland W orcester N ew arkJ e r s e y C ity N ew Y o r k C ity P h ila d e lp h ia P it t s b u r g h B a lt im o r e D a lla s H ou ston S e r v ic e P R O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g p a id v a c a t i o n s ---------------- 9 9 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .2 9 9 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .6 L e n g t h -o f - t i m e p a y m e n t .......................................... ..-----------1 w e e k ------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------O v e r 1 a n d u n d e r 2 w e e k s --------------------------- -------------------2 w e e k s ------------------------------------------- ----------------- — -------- ---- O v e r 2 an d u n d e r 3 w e e k s --------------------------------- ------------3 w e e k s --------------------------------------------------------------------- -— —— O v e r 3 an d u n d e r 4 w e e k s ------------ ---------------------------------4 w e e k s and o v e r ---------------—-------------—---------------------------P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t *1 2 *6 4 3 -------------- — — --------------- --------------------4 p e r c e n t ---------------------------------------------- ----- --- - ....---------------O v e r 4 b u t l e s s th an 6 p e r c e n t —------------------------------------6 p e r c e n t and o v e r -------------------------------------------------------F l a t - s u m p a y m e n t ------------------- —--------------------------------------------O th er ty p e p a y m e n t --------------------- ------------------------- ------ --------- 9 8 .6 5 .7 9 2 .5 4 .1 «. 6 .4 9 6 .6 3. 1 _ 1 8 .2 9 3 .3 1 .7 9 8 .5 1 2 .2 8 6 .2 1 .2 1 5 .5 6 9 .4 6 0 .0 1 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 4 .5 9 6 .4 1 3 .3 . 6 1 .5 9 .4 8 6 .8 5 .0 1 7 .5 2 6 .6 • 1 2 .2 3 .6 3 .6 “ 3 7 .7 1 1 .9 1 1 .9 “ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g n o p a id v a c a t i o n s ----------- .2 A ll w ork ers 3 5 .7 _ 5 6 .4 .7 1 .2 1 .2 8 2 .0 7 5 .3 7 .5 . 1 «. 7 .4 - 3 .4 . 3 .4 . - - * m _ 1 4 .3 _ 7 3 .2 4 3 .4 2 .2 3 5 .4 4. 1 6 .7 _ 6 .7 - 5 .2 1 .5 . 1 .5 - “ - - 9 .0 5 0 .0 1 4 .4 7 1 .0 _ - 9 .6 3 .5 3 7 .2 3 7 .2 2 .4 - " .8 .5 9 .6 - * “ 1 .4 O F F IC E W O R K E R S A ll w ork ers 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g p a id v a c a t io n s — ■ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 L e n g t h -o f - t i m e p a y m e n t -------------------------------------------1 w e e k --------------------------- -----------------------------------------O v e r 1 an d u n d e r 2 w e e k s -------------- ------------------- 2 w e e k s -------------‘-------------------------------------------------- :— O v e r 2 a n d u n d e r 3 w e e k s ------ -------— — -------------3 w e e k s -------------------------------------------------------------------O v e r 3 and u n d e r 4 w e e k s -----■■■---------------- ---------4 w e e k s and o v e r --------------------------------------------------P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t 1--------------------------------------—-------4 p e r c e n t ---------------------- ------------------------- ----------------O v e r 4 b u t l e s s than 6 p e r c e n t -----------------6 p e r c e n t and o v e r -----------------------------------------------O th er ty p e p a y m e n t --------------------------------- ---------------—• 1 0 0 .0 „ 1 0 0 .0 .6 9 5 .2 .2 1 0 0 .0 . „ 9 .5 1 0 0 .0 4 .4 . 4 3 .3 4 4 .0 1 0 0 .0 5 .3 5 8 .0 8 .7 7 .6 - 8 .4 - 1 0 0 .0 .2 2 6 .2 7 3 .6 • “ 1 0 0 .0 4 .9 8 2 .8 9 9 .7 1 .2 1 5 .3 8 3 .3 • * 1 0 0 .0 1. 1 2 9 .7 2. 7 2 0 .6 4 5 .9 “ - W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a vin g n o p a id v a c a t io n s _ 3 5 .3 1 7 .2 6 4 .2 7 7 .8 2 7 .3 .. 6 7 .7 .5 4 .4 . . 4 .8 - . _ . _ . - - 4 .8 - “ ” “ - .3 ' See footnotes at end of table, 1 3 .9 8 1 .1 - 2 7 .9 “ T A B L E 3 C . — Vacation policies: Percent distribution of w o r k e r s in m a c hinery manufacturing establishments, 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54 - Continued M id d le W e st F a r W est V a c a tio n p o l i c y C h ic a g o A fte r 25 Y ea rs of C le v e la n d M ilw a u k e e D e tr o it M in n e a p o lis S t. P a u l S t. L o u is D enver L o s A n g e le s P o r t la n d San F r a n c i s c o O akland S e r v ic e P R O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S M.1 w o r k e r s ___ ___________________ ____________________________ (Y o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a vin g p a id v a c a t io n s _ ____ L e n g t h - o f - t i m e p a y m e n t ____________________________________ 1 w e e k __ _________________________________________________ O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s _______________________________ 2 w eeks _ O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s _______________________________ 3 w e e k s _____________________________________________________ O v e r 3 and u n d er 4 w e e k s _______________________________ 4 w e e k s and o v e r __________________ _____________________ P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t 1 ________________________________________ 4 percen t _________________________________________________ O v e r 4 but l e s s than 6 p e r c e n t _________________________ 6 p e r c e n t and o v e r _______________________________________ F l a t - s u m p a y m en t ______ ____________ _____ _____ ______ O th er ty p e p a y m e n t ____________ ____________________________ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h avin g n o p a id v a c a t i o n s _______ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 3 .9 .6 2 2 .2 _ 6 2 .6 2 .8 5 .6 6 .1 6 .1 - 9 5 .0 1 .2 _ 1 5 .2 6 .1 6 7 .4 _ 5 .0 5 .0 3 .0 2 .0 - 6 4 .1 1 .9 2 4 .6 4 .3 3 2 .4 1 .0 3 1 .0 2 0 .9 4 .0 6 .1 3 .3 9 2 .3 1 .2 5 .1 8 4 .6 1 .4 7 .7 .7 .1 6 .9 - 6 8 .7 1 .5 .4 1 3 .7 4 9 .5 1 .9 1.7 3 1 .3 - . 4 .0 2 7 .4 - - - - - - 1 .5 • 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 6 .8 .4 1 7 .9 7 5 .8 2 .8 3 .2 3 .2 ■ 1 0 0 .0 3 .2 9 1 ,4 5 .5 - 9 6 .3 4. 1 8 4 .5 8 2 .2 2 .3 1 5 .5 1 5 .5 “ 2 0 .3 2 0 .3 _ 7 9 .7 7 3 .7 6 .0 - - 4 9 .6 4 2 .6 1 .7 1 .7 - 1 .9 - - O F F IC E W ORKERS _______ 1 0 0 .0 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h avin g p a id v a c a t i o n s ___________ 9 9 .6 98. 1 .2 _ 1 5 .0 M l w o r k e r s ______________________________________________ L e n g t h -o f - t i m e p a y m e n t ___________________________ _____ 1 w e e k _______________________________________________________ O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s _ __ 2 w e e k s _____________________________________________________ O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s ________________________________ 3 w eeks O v e r 3 an d un d er 4 w e e k s _______________________________ 4 w e e k s and o v e r ____________ ____________________________ P ercen ta g e pa ym en t1 4 p e r c e n t __________ ____________ ________________ _______ O v e r 4 but l e s s th an 6 p e r c e n t __________________________ 6 p e r c e n t and o v e r _______ __ _ O th e r typ e p a y m e n t _ _ ______ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g n o p a id v a c a t i o n s _______ 1 P e r c e n t o f annual e a r n in g s . 2 L e s s than 0 .0 5 p e r c e n t . - 7 7 .3 5 .6 1 .5 1 .5 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .9 9 9 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .9 .4 _ 2 3 .9 2 .5 6 8 .3 4 .8 - 9 8 .9 9 9 .4 .2 7 7 .7 .3 2 1 .1 5 3 .8 2 .6 2 2 .3 2 2 .3 1 0 0 .0 - 1 0 0 .0 . 1 - 4 0 .5 .6 5 7 .5 - .4 .2 .2 .6 .3 - 7 .0 8 9 .7 .8 1 .6 .6 .6 ( 2) ~ - 3 6 .3 5 5 .8 7 .9 ■ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 3 .8 9 9 .2 .2 1 0 0 .0 9 5 .7 - 6 4 .2 3 .8 - 2 8 .2 - - 5 1 .7 - 4 7 .3 - .8 - 5 5 .4 3 8 .3 - _ 8 2 .9 12.7 - - 6 .4 - _ 4 .3 4 .3 - CO 0) T A B L E 4 C . — H e a lth , in s u r a n c e , and p e n s io n p la n s : P e r c e n t d is trib u tio n o f w o r k e r s in m a c h in e r y m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , 20 s e l e c t e d a r e a s , w in te r 1 9 5 3 -5 4 N ew arkJ e r s e y C it y N ew Y o r k C it y P h ila d e lp h ia P it t s b u r g h B a lt im o r e D a lla s H ouston 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 7 4 .9 9 4 .4 97. 3 89. 1 80. 1 85. 6 5 4 .9 80. 0 - 86. 0 84. 0 - 8. 5 42. 6 1 .4 66. 8 47. 8 98 . 2 97. 1 3 8 .4 4. 7 78. 6 1. 6 8 7 .7 5 2 .2 8 .2 ~ 71. 8 8. 7 5 3 .9 47. 1 " 22. 8 13. 5 86. 6 86. 6 2. 5 " 62. 1 1. 0 H a r tfo r d W o rcester 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 76. 1 97. 1 9 6 .5 90. 6 B oston South M id d le A tla n tic N ew E n gland T y p e o f pla n P R O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g : A c c id e n t a l d eath and d is m e m b e r m e n t 31. 6 1 7 7 .0 6. 8 1. 9 8 7 .9 84. 1 70. 7 61. 8 2 .9 49. 8 1 6 1 .4 .6 2. 1 8 2 .4 7 8 .2 58. 1 55. 3 9 .6 94. 2 9 3 .2 4 3 .9 2 .9 82. 2 1. 1 44. 3 94. 7 4. 1 87. 0 81. 7 31. 6 _ 83. 3 1. 5 35. 0 9 .9 74. 8 8 8 .4 3. 0 9 3 .0 92. 5 5 0 .3 5 9 .6 3. 8 . 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 L if e in s u r a n c e --------------------------------------------------------------A c c id e n t a l death and d is m e m b e r m e n t in s u r a n c e ___________________________________________ — S ic k n e s s and a c c id e n t i n s u r a n c e --------------------------- — S ic k le a v e (fu ll p a y and no w a itin g p e r i o d ) ------------S ic k le a v e (p a r t p a y o r w aiting, p e r i o d ) -------------------H o s p it a liz a t io n i n s u r a n c e ------------------------------------------S u r g ic a l i n s u r a n c e -------------------------------------------------------M e d ic a l in s u r a n c e -------------------------------------------------------C a ta s tr o p h e i n s u r a n c e ________________________________ R e t ir e m e n t p e n s i o n -----------------------------------------------------N o h e a lth , i n s u r a n c e , o r p e n s io n p l a n --------------------- 78. 0 98. 8 96. 1 92. 8 84. 1 97. 5 9 3 .6 9 4 .7 87. 5 8 4 .2 3 7 .9 93. 7 44. 5 5. 2 95. 8 92. 5 34. 8 22. 0 1 7 5 .8 34. 6 79. 3 7 3 .9 18. 6 . 1 8 8 .4 8 8 .4 4 0 .2 28. 5 55. 6 13. 6 51. 3 83. 2 “ 94. 0 5 0 .3 9 .6 85. 5 . 5 81. 3 1. 6 5 4 .7 9. 9 7 4 .4 2. 1 9 4 .9 92. 5 18. 0 6 .0 73. 2 4. 0 1 2 .4 6 6 .2 2 6 .6 10. 8 70. 3 69. 2 2 .7 53. 8 5 9 .0 8 9 .4 8 6 .9 71. 8 61. 3 1 4 6 .7 42. 5 1. 5 8 3 .0 8 1 .4 6 5 .6 52. 3 5. 7 7 4 .9 „ 7 S i c k le a v e (fu ll p a y and no w a itin g p e r i o d ) ---------- Sir'V l^ a v e (pflr t p a y nr w a itin g p e r io d ) H o s p it a liz a t io n in s u r a n c e ________________ ___ — S u r g ic a l in s u r a n c e _________________________________ M e d ic a l in s u r a n c e ___________________________________ in mi ranr.fi ___________________ R etl r p ^ r i A i n r i M N o h e a lth , in s u r a n c e , o r p e n s io n p l a n -------------------- 5 7 .4 82. 7 . 5 61. 2 8 9 .6 - 70. 5 72. 5 2 9 .7 _ - O F F IC E W O R K E R S All w o r k e r s ______________ ____. . . W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g : See footnote at end of table. 60. 85. 56. 2. 72. 75. 29. 3 2 8 7 5 1 8 6 3 .6 3. 6 67. 5 68. 3 6 4 .0 2. 0 9 5 .4 94. 8 34. 7 4. 2 7 7 .9 . 2 78. 1 4. 4 89. 0 89. 0 1. 0 T A B L E 4 C . __Health, insurance, and pension plans: Percent distribution of workers in machinery manufacturing establishments, 20 selected areas, winter 1953-54 - Continued F a r W est M id d le W e s t T y p e o f p la n C h ic a g o C le v e la n d D e tr o it M ilw au k ee M in n e a p o lis S t. P a u l St. L o u is D enver L o s A n g e le s P o r tla n d San F r a n c i s c o O akland P R O D U C T IO N W O R K E R S A l l w o r k e r s ________________ ______________ __ _ __ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 7 8 .7 9 4 .2 9 1 .5 9 7 .3 8 5 .3 9 2 .7 7 9 .6 8 5 .2 84. 5 100. 0 42. 7 73. 5 1 .2 1 .9 88. 8 7 7 .4 5 0 .4 6 0 .9 9 2 .5 2. 1 84. 5 7 5 .7 3 6 .9 46 . 2 86. 8 13. 1 2 .2 8 9 .4 86. 8 81. 1 67. 0 9 5 .7 4 5 .9 8 4 .7 15. 1 4 .6 86. 7 85. 5 54. 1 15. 1 3 7 .4 8. 1 91. 3 8 7 .7 4. 5 9 6 .4 95. 1 8 3 .6 2 8 .2 6 6 .9 1 .4 66. 9 6 6 .9 6 6 .9 5 6 .6 36. 1 7. 3 82. 2 84. 5 - 94. 0 7. 3 1 6 .0 .4 2 4 .6 2 0 .4 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g : L i f e in s u r a n c e ____________________________________ A c c id e n t a l d eath and d is m e m b e r m e n t i n s u r a n c e ________________________________________ c__ S ic k n e s s and a c c id e n t i n s u r a n c e __________________ S ic k le a v e (fu ll p a y and no w a itin g p e r i o d ) _______ S ic k le a v e (p a r t p a y o r w a itin g p e r i o d ) __________ H o s p it a liz a t io n i n s u r a n c e ___________ S u r g ic a l in s u r a n c e __ _______________________________ M e d ic a l i n s u r a n c e --------------- ---------------- ------------- C a ta s tr o p h e in s u r a n c e _______________ _______ R e t ir e m e n t p e n s io n __________________ __________ _______ N o h ea lth , i n s u r a n c e , o r p e n s io n p la n ________ _ - 6. 5 4 9 .2 2 .2 6 0 .6 5 .0 9 3 .3 9 3 .3 6 5 .3 2. 2 8 0 .9 1 .2 ____ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 L i f e in s u r a n c e ________________________________________ _— — A c c id e n t a l death and d i s m e m b e r m e n t in s u r a n c e _________ ________________________________ S ic k n e s s and a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e ---------- -----------S ic k le a v e (fu ll p a y and no w a itin g p e r io d ) ---------S ic k l e a v e (p a r t p a y o r w a itin g p e r i o d ) -------------H o s p it a liz a t io n in s u r a n c e ________________________________ S u r g ic a l i n s u r a n c e ______ ___________________ ______________ M e d ic a l in s u r a n c e ____________________________ _________ C a ta s tr o p h e in s u r a n c e ______ __________________________ R e t ir e m e n t p e n s io n ___________________ - --------------- ----------------N o h ealth , in s u r a n c e , o r p e n s io n p la n ------------------ 8 7 .0 9 6 .9 91. 5 9 9 .3 9 2 .4 84. 7 52. 6 70. 2 2 7 .9 59. 8 87. 9 30. 9 50. 1 86. 1 6 4 .9 7 0 .6 9 5 .3 15. 5 57. 3 85. 7 6 2 .9 8 1 .9 71. 8 47. 7 8 8 .3 8 6 .4 7 5 .8 1 .6 44. 3 7. 7 - 49. 4 - - - - - 2 2 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 86. 1 88. 7 5 5 .9 98. 0 25. 0 53. 5 20. 6 58. 8 39. 5 17. 8 49. 5 53. 8 8. 7 93. 6 6 .4 1 6 .2 3 .9 82. 8 82. 8 77. 5 - 9 2 .3 9 2 .3 9 0 .0 - 100. 0 100. 0 9 1 .4 7 5 .4 2 9 .4 92. 6 9 2 .9 5 4 .0 . 8 21. 0 7. 1 - O F F IC E W ORKERS A l l w o r k e r s _________________________________________ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g : . 5 92. 8 8 5 .4 54. 1 - - - 89. 8 83. 5 4 4 .9 9 3 .9 9 1 .6 84. 2 96. 8 96. 8 7 3 .2 1. 7 9 1 .0 .3 - - 5 8 .3 4. 5 5 1 .4 . 7 - 6 9 .4 4 .9 1. 1 8 9 .4 8 6 .9 7 2 .3 6 .3 40. 3 3 .3 E x c lu d e s p la n s w h ic h m e t o n ly th e m in im u m r e q u ir e m e n ts o f the State law a s to b e n e fits o r e m p lo y e r c o n t r ib u tio n s . - - - 53. 5 53. 5 5 3 .5 9 7 .0 97. 1 54. 2 .4 33. 3 2 .9 92. 1 92. 1 85. 7 - 45. 6 1 3 .9 - 5 0 .3 5 .9 55. 3 47. 8 2. 0 39 Appendix A - Occupational W a g e Relationships, 1 9 5 2 - 5 3 T h e large increase in the general level of m o n e y w a g e s in recent years h a s b e e n a c c o m p a n i e d b y m a r k e d changes in w a g e relationships a m o n g occupations. T h e B u r e a u recently published a general analysis of current occupational w a g e relationships in m a n u facturing a n d public utilities in m a j o r labor m a r k e t s . 1 This s u m m a r y of occupational w a g e relationships in m a c h i n e r y manufacturing is b a s e d on w a g e data for 29 important m a c h i n e r y centers studied during the winter of 1952-53. 2 In this analysis, account is taken of certain m a j o r factors— geographic location, m e t h o d of w a g e p a y m e n t , an d product— that appe a r to influence the structure of w a g e s in the m a c h i n e r y industries. F o r the p u r p o s e s of this analysis, the following m e t h o d w a s used. In e a c h estab lishment included in the study, the a v e r a g e hourly earnings for m e n janitors paid o n a time basis w e r e u s e d as a base (100); a v e r a g e hourly earnings for w o r k e r s in other occupations, separately b y sex a n d m e t h o d of w a g e p a y m e n t , w e r e converted to a percentage of the janitor base. In order to obtain a basis of c o m p a r i s o n for e a c h geographic a n d industry grouping the m e d i a n or midpoint in a n a r r a y of establishment relatives for the s a m e classification w a s selected. 3* M e a s u r e s of variation in wage-setting practices a m o n g establishments are s h o w n in table 1 a n d the a c c o m p a n y i n g charts in the f o r m of " m iddle ra n g e s " within w h i c h one-half of the establishments fell. Janitors w e r e selected to provide the earnings base b e c a u s e they w e r e e m p l o y e d in nearly all (643) of the 730 plants in the w a g e su r v e y that h a d m o r e than 50 w o r k e r s , the m i n i m u m plant-size adopted for this analysis. Also, b e c a u s e of their position at or near the b o t t o m of the w a g e scale, the percentage differentials b e t w e e n w a g e s for m e n janitors a n d job classifications averaging higher p a y c a n be obtained readily b y subtracting 100 f r o m the percentages s h o w n in the a c c o m p a n y i n g tables. Nationwide C o m p a r i s o n s Although various f o r m s of production incentives are u s e d in the m a c h i n e r y indus tries, a majority of the plant w o r k e r s in e a c h of the 29 labor m a r k e t s studied w e r e paid on a tim e basis— generally at hourly rates. In only five m a r k e t s (Hartford* M i l w a u k e e , N e w a r k - J e r s e y City, Pittsburgh, a n d W o r c e s t e r ) w e r e as m a n y as a-third of the w o r k e r s studied in incentive-paid positions. In nine other areas, also m a i n l y in the Midd l e W e s t or Northeast, f r o m a tenth to a third of the w o r k e r s w e r e paid incentive rates. N e a r l y all of the w o r k e r s in m a i n t e n a n c e a n d t o o l r o o m w o r k w e r e paid time rates a n d this m e t h o d of p a y w a s also u s e d b y m o s t plants in the processing jobs studied; therefore, p r i m a r y attention is devoted here to w a g e relationships a m o n g time-rated job categories. Tool-and-die m a k e r s , historically a m o n g the highest-paid "blue-collar" w o r k e r s in m a c h i n e r y manufacturing, w e r e the only w o r k e r s studied w h o a v e r a g e d 50 percent above the janitor p a y level in a majority of the plants (table l). T h o s e e m p l o y e d in c o n structing a n d repairing tools, gauges, jigs, fixtures or dies for use within the plant, a v e r a g e d 52 percent m o r e , while those e m p l o y e d in tool-and-die jobbing shops a v e r a g e d 63 percent m o r e than janitors. 5 1 B L S Bulletin N o . 1116, " W a g e s a n d Related Benefits, 20 L a b o r Mar k e t s , 1 9 5 2 - 5 3 " (appendix A - Occupational W a g e Relationships, p. 56). Availability of w a g e data for a larger n u m b e r of labor m a r k e t s a n d plants w a s a p r i m a r y consideration in selecting the 1952-53 period for study. See p a g e 2 for a report o n the general trend in occupational w a g e relationships since the winter of 1952-53. 3 T h e a p p r o x i m a t e w a g e relationship b e t w e e n an y t w o occupations s h o w n for the s a m e geographic or industry grouping m a y be c o m p u t e d by using the percentages s h o w n as absolute n u m b e r s . F o r examp l e , if the m e d i a n percentages for tool-and-die m a k e r s a n d production machinists are 152 a n d 146, respectively, the a v e r a g e w a g e of tool-and-die m a k e r s will be found to be 104 percent (152/146 x 100) of the m a c h i n i s t s rate. * T h e mi d d l e range as u s e d here is the central part of the array, excluding the upper a n d lower fourths of the establishments. Selection of t ime-rated m e n janitors as a b a s e results in larger percentage differentia.18 for other jobs than w e r e indicated on pa.ge 4, w h e r e a v e r a g e hourly earnings, including incentive pay, for m a t e rial-handling laborers se r v e d as a base. 40 P roduction machinists held a position m i d w a y b e t w e e n that of tool-and-die m a k e r s a n d fully qualified (class A) machine-tool operators on production w o r k . Closely g r o u p e d with the latter (chart 1) w e r e m a i n t e n a n c e electricians, machine-tool operators in tool r o o m s , class A inspectors, a n d class A h a n d w e l d e r s — all skilled jobs. A m o n g other m e n w o r k e r s paid t i m e rates, machine-tool operators, a s s e m b l e r s , a n d inspectors p e r f o r m i n g routine, repetitive operations (class C w o r k ) a v e r a g e d about 10 percent m o r e than janitors. W o m e n in plant d e p a r t m e n t s ar e e m p l o y e d primarily as a s s e m b l e r s , m a c h i n e tool operators, a n d inspectors. M e d i a n percentages a m o n g 6 t i me-rated job categories in w h i c h w o m e n w e r e largely found, r a n g e d f r o m 98 for class C a s s e m b l e r s to 117 for class B machine-tool operators. T h e corresponding m e d i a n percentages for time - r a t e d m e n w o r k e r s in these 2 categories w e r e 109 a n d 125, respectively. A m o n g the factors that m a y influence the p a y position of m e n a n d w o m e n w o r k e r s in the job categories studied are differences in e m p l o y m e n t distribution b y industry branch, b y area, an d b y establish ment; differences in length of service or experience; a n d in m i n o r differences in specific duties p e r f o r m e d . M e d i a n percentages for incentive w o r k e r s e x c e e d e d those for ti m e w o r k e r s for e a c h job c o m p a r e d . In nearly all cases, incentive w o r k e r s held a position in the earnings scale f r o m 10 to 20 points a b o v e that of their time - r a t e d counterparts. A m o n g m e n a s s e m b l e r s (class A), for exam p l e , m e d i a n percentages for tim e a n d incentive w o r k e r s w e r e 135 a n d 152; for m e n m a chine-tool operators, production (class A ) they w e r e 139 a n d 154; a n d for m e n h a n d w e l d e r s (class A) they a m o u n t e d to 139 a n d 158 (chart 2). Thus, incentive w o r k e r s in these jobs held a percentage differential over janitor p a y levels that c o r r e s p o n d e d with the relative p a y position of tool-and-die m a k e r s paid time-rates. T h e p a y position of incentive w o r k e r s , relative to that held b y tim e w o r k e r s , differed a m o n g jobs according to the skill a n d training required. T o illustrate, using the a s s e m b l e r relatives, the differential (over the janitor base) for incentive w o r k e r s w a s 52 percent, or one a n d one-half tim e s the differential for class A t i m e w o r k e r s . F o r class B a s s e m b l e r s , the 3 9 -percent estimate for incentive w o r k e r s w a s nearly double that for tim e w o r k e r s . F o r class C a s s e m b l e r s , the 27-percent estimate for incentive w o r k e r s w a s 3 t i m e s the differential for time w o r k e r s . A generally similar relationship w a s noted throughout the occupational pattern. It w o u l d appear, therefore, that of the m a c h i n e r y w o r k e r s studied, those p e r f o r m i n g the m o r e routine a n d repetitive operations tend to receive greater w a g e gains und e r incentive plans, relative to t i m e rates, than do w o r k e r s in jobs requiring longer periods of on-the-job training. It should be.noted that in relatively f e w establishments w e r e both m e t h o d s of p a y e m p l o y e d for similar w ork. Regional Differences C o m p a r i s o n of regional m e d i a n s for N e w England, the Middle Atlantic region, a n d the M i d d l e West, * indicated great similarity in w a g e structures, both in the p e r c e n t a g e spre a d b e t w e e n p a y levels of skilled a n d unskilled jobs a n d the r a n k order of p a y position. A s the m a c h i n e r y industries are largely concentrated in these 3 regions, the all-region estimates quoted earlier describe the w a g e structures in these particular regional groupings. M e d i a n relationships tended to be n a r r o w e s t in the F a r West, but variation f r o m the pattern for the 3 regions w a s quite m i n o r . Highest m e d i a n percentages for time-rated w o r k e r s in jobs other than the laborer category w e r e in the South. M e d i a n s for tool-and-die m a k e r s a n d machinists w e r e 172 and 160. T h e y e x c e e d e d 150 for electricians, class A welders, class A inspectors, a n d mach i n e - t o o l operators in toolrooms. A m o n g the 6 southern labor m a r k e t s included in the w a g e survey, a v e r a g e hourly earnings for m e n janitors r a n g e d f r o m 98 cents in Atlanta to $ 1 . 3 6 in Houston, the largest m a c h i n e r y center in the South. A v e r a g e s for the job in other ar e a s r a n g e d f r o m $ 1 . 1 6 to $ 1 , 6 8 and, in all except Providence, e x c e e d e d the p a y level in southern are a s other than Houston. L a b o r e r a v e r a g e s in the South r a n g e d f r o m 94 cents in Atlanta to $ 1 . 3 4 in Houston; these w o r k e r s a v e r a g e d above $ 1 . 3 4 in all other a r e a s except P r o v i d e n c e a n d Cincinnati. O n the other hand, s o m e of the are a a v e r a g e s in * F o r regional groupings, see footnote 2, table 1. 41 Chart 1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARNINGS OF MEN JANITORS AND SELECTED TIME-RATED WORKERS, MACHINERY INDUSTRIES. BY SEX 29 LABOR MARKETS COMBINED, WINTER 1952-53 Men Janitors x 100 SEX A N D OCCUPATION MEN Tool-and-die makers (tool-and-die jobbing shops) Tool-and-die makers (other than tool-and-die jobbing shops) Machinists, production Electricians, maintenance Welders, hand, class A Inspectors, class A Machine-tool operators* production, class A Machine-tool operators, tool room Assemblers, class A Welders, hand, class B Machine-tool operators, production, class B Inspectors, class B Assemblers, class B Machine-tool operators, production, class C Inspectors, class C Assemblers, class C Laborers, material handling Iw o m e n I Machine-tool operators, production, class B Inspectors, class B Assemblers, class B Machine-tool operators, production, class C Inspectors, tlass C Assemblers, class C UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAUOF LABORSTATISTICS Median Percentage and Middle Range Within Which One-Half of Establishments Fell 42 Chart 2. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARNINGS OF MEN JANITORS AND SELECTED MEN WORKERS. MACHINERY INDUSTRIES BY METHOD OF WAGE PAYMENT 29 LABOR MARKETS COMBINED, WINTER 1952-53 Men Janitors*= 100 Median Percentage and Middle Range Within Which One-half of Establishments Fell OCCUPATION Welders, hand, class A Machine-tool operators, production, class A Assemblers, class A Machine-tool operators, production, class B Assemblers, class B Machine-tool operators, production, class C Assemblers, class C UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR :BUREAUOF LABORSTATISTICS 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 43 the South for skilled w o r k e r s such as tool-and-die w o r k e r s , m a i n t e n a n c e electricians, a n d class A m a chine-tool operators r a n k e d high a m o n g the 29 areas. T h e H o u s t o n a verage for electricians w a s e x c e e d e d only in such h i g h - w a g e areas as Detroit, L o s Angeles, a n d S a n F r a n c i s c o B a y area. Similarly, tool-and-die m a k e r s * a v e r a g e p a y w a s higher in H o u s t o n than in 12 a r e a s outside the South. Unskilled rates in southern m a c h i n e r y plants thus c o m p a r e less favorably with those in other sections of the country than do skilled w a g e rates. T h e greater relative differentials in the South are, therefore, accounted for b y the lowe r - t h a n - a v e r a g e p a y levels prevailing in this region, particularly for unskilled labor. Incentive m e t h o d s of p a y w e r e largely limited to plants in the N e w England, Mid d l e Atlantic, a n d Mid d l e W e s t areas. In eac h geographic grouping, m e d i a n p e r centages for incentive w o r k e r s e x c e e d e d those for tim e w o r k e r s for e a c h job permitting a c o m p a r i s o n (chart 3). B a s e d o n 16 job categories for w h i c h m e d i a n s w e r e available for t i m e a n d incen tive w o r k e r s in the three geographic groupings, incentive w o r k e r s in N e w E n g l a n d held a position in the w a g e structure averaging 18 points abo v e that for t i m e wo r k e r s ; a v e r a g e point differences in the M i d d l e Atlantic a n d Middle W e s t a r e a s w e r e 16 a n d 14, respectively. In e a c h geographic grouping, the ratio of the incentive-worker differential (over the janitor base) to the t i m e - w o r k e r differential w a s greatest in jobs requiring a relatively brief period of training. T h e d e gree of uniformity in w a g e differentials a m o n g plants varied to a significant extent a m o n g the five geographic groupings. A s u m m a r y of the m i d d l e ra n g e s within w h i c h half of the establishment percentages fell indicated, for t i m e w o r k e r s in 9 m a j o r jobs,an a v e r a g e "spread** of about 15 points in the Mi d d l e Atlantic, M i d d l e West, a n d F a r W e s t cities, 21 points in N e w England, a n d 27 points in the South. S o m e w h a t greater variation in w a g e differentials w a s noted a m o n g plants with incentive-pay plans. Plant-to-plant variations in w a g e relationships tended to be greatest for the highest paid jobs. Interindustry Variations Nin e m a j o r product g r o u p s are c o m m o n l y recognized in classification of n o n electrical m a c h i n e r y plants (table 2). In t e r m s of e m p l o y m e n t , the largest gr o u p is primarily e n g a g e d in producing m e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y . T h e smallest, engines a n d turbines, accounts for about one-twentieth of the e m p l o y m e n t . L a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s covering a majority of the plant w o r k e r s w e r e reported in 70 percent of the m a c h i n e r y plants included in this examination. T w o - t h i r d s or m o r e of the plants in 8 of 9 product groups, but only about half of the m e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y plants, operated u n d e r l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s . T h e unorganized plants w e r e generally a m o n g the smaller producing units a n d w e r e m o r e c o m m o n l y e ncountered in southern areas. Incentive plans w e r e found in e a c h of the nine product groups. In non e of these groups, h o w e v e r , w a s a majority of the plants e m p l o y i n g such p a y s y s t e m s for the jobs covered. Incentives w e r e m o s t widely e m p l o y e d in the larger plants that w e r e also typically c o v e r e d b y l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s . Differences a m o n g product gro u p s in m e d i a n percentages for individual jobs w e r e found to be the s a m e m a g n i t u d e as differences in m e d i a n s a m o n g geographic groupings. In the e xamination along product lines, highs a n d lows a m o n g job m e d i a n s o c c u r r e d far less consistently in particular plant groups. L e s s consistency in the r a n k o rder of jobs in the w a g e structures also a p p e a r e d a m o n g industries than a m o n g regions. Occupational w a g e differentials tended to be largest in the construction a n d m i n i n g m a c h i n e r y group, in w h i c h a third of the plants studied w e r e located in Southern labor m a r k e t s a n d another third in the F a r West. Smallest differentials w e r e in the agricultural m a c h i n e r y a n d tractors group, largely concentrated in the M i d d l e W e s t . T h e m e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y group, accounting for nearly a third of the e stab lishments studied, h a d job w a g e differentials that, for the m o s t part, paralleled those for all product g r o u p s c o m b i n e d . Higher-than-aver age differentials w e r e found in this group, h o w e v e r , for nonroutine m a c h i n i n g an d inspection jobs. This undoubtedly reflected the high d e g r e e of skill a n d responsibility involved in producing precision-built m a c h i n e r y 44 Chari 3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARNINGS OF MEN JANITORS AND MEN MACHINE-TOOL OPERATORS, PRODUCTION, CLASS B, MACHINERY INDUSTRIES, BY METHOD OF WAGE PAYMENT AND REGION WINTER 1952 - 53 M e n Janitors* = 100 |REGIONS | |MEDIAN 1 TIME INCENTIVE 125 Median Percentage* and Middle Ranges Within Which One-Half of Establishments Fell 100 120 140 160 ----------110 ,---------,----------130 1---------1----------150 1---------- ------------ 1------------ ALL REGIONS 139 ------- f --------- 124 N e w England 138 125 ------------ §_ I ---------- Middle Atlantic 138 -------- h 124 Middle West 140 133 H -------------- South ** -.. TIME WORKERS ____ INCENTIVE WORKERS * Men janitors paid time rates used as a base in all establishments ** Insufficient data for incentive workers to justify presentation of estimates 120 Far West ** J _______________ l_______________ L UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAUOF LABORSTATISTICS J_______________ L 46 a n d e q u i p m e n t required b y the m e t a l w o r k i n g industries. M e d i a n s for class A inspectors a n d m a c h i ne-tool operators (production) in the m e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y g r o u p w e r e 147 as c o m p a r e d with 139 for all g r o u p s c o m b i n e d . O n the other hand, m e d i a n s for class B a n d C w o r k e r s in these jobs in this industry c o r r e s p o n d e d closely with general levels. T h e degr e e of uniformity in w a g e differentials w a s greatest a m o n g agricultural m a c h i n e r y a n d tractor plants, reflecting, their geographic concentration. It w a s smallest a m o n g m e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y plants. A s in the examination of regional differences, plant to plant variations within product g r oups tended to be greatest for the highest-paid jobs. Within e a c h industry a n d region permitting c o m p a r i s o n s , m e d i a n s for incentive w o r k e r s e x c e e d e d those for t i m e w o r k e r s in the s a m e job (table 3). In s u m m a r y , the c o m p a r i s o n of w a g e relationship estimates (medians) d e v e loped in this study indicated that w a g e differentials b e t w e e n skilled a n d unskilled jobs w e r e greatest in the South a n d n a r r o w e s t in the F a r West; that incentive w o r k e r s held a position in the earnings scale a bove that for t i m e w o r k e r s in like categories; and, similarly, that percentage differentials (over the janitor p a y level) w e r e greater for m e n than for w o m e n in the s a m e job classifications. E x a m i n a t i o n of w a g e relationships within nine product groupings of plants did not reveal a n y consistent or particularly significant differ en c e s in w a g e structures a m o n g the plant groups. 0> TA B LE 1. — Occupational average hourly earning, a . percentage.1 of avera ge, for men Janitor, in machinery manufacturing by region1 and method of w ag. payment, winter 1952-53 'Soutk'S----------------------New England ----------Tu ne workers ntive workers Time workers Incentive workers Time workers Percent of averages Percent of averages Percentt~of averages --------------5T ~ Percent of averages Percent of averages for men janitors for men janitors for men janitors for men janitors for men janitors Number Numb erf Number Middle range Middle range Number Middlie range Middle range Middle range of of of of of within which plants Median within which plants Median within which within which plants Median within which plants one-half of one-half of plants Median one-half of one-half of one-half of plants fell plants fell plants fell plants fell plants fell A ll regions Occupation, grade, and sex A ssem b lers, class A ------------A ssem b lers, class B ------------A ssem b lers, class C ------------E lectricians, maintenance — Inspectors, class A --------------Inspectors, class B ---------------Inspectors, class C — --------Lab orers, m aterial handling ■ M achine-tool operators, production, class A Automatic-lathe operators, class A ----D r ill-p r e ss operators, radial, class A D r ill-p r e ss operators, sin gleor multiple-spindle, class A ----------------Engine-lathe operators, class A -----------Grinding-machine operators, class A — M illing-m achine operators, class A ----Screw -m achine operators, autom atic, class A • Turret-lathe operators, hand, class A M achine-tool operators, production, class B Autom atic-lathe operators, class B -----D r ill-p r e ss operators, radial, class B— D r ill-p r e ss operators, sin gleor multiple-spindle, class B ------- --------Engine-lathe operators, class B ------ — Grinding-machine operators, cla ss B — M illing-m achine operators, class B —— Screw -m achine operators, automatic, class B Turret-lathe operators, hand, class B M achine-tool operators, production, class C -------------— ■ ------------------—------Automatic-lathe operators, class C — D r ill-p r e ss operators, radial, class CD rill-p r e ss operators, sin gleo r multiple-spindle, \ _xca. v ----------or class C Engine-lathe operators, class C -----------Grinding-machine operators, class C -----M illing-m achine operators, class C ------Screw-machine operators, automatic, class C ------------■ .....— ---------------------— Turret-lathe operators, hand, class C— 0a M achine-tool operators, toolroom ------ —— M achinists, production---------------- ;----------------Tool-and-die m akers (tool-and-die jobbing s h o p s ) ----------------------- — -----------------T ool-and-die m akers (other than tool-an d die jobbing s h o p s )----------------------------------------W elders, hand, class A ........- ——— 1 — ——— W elders, hand, class B A ssem b lers, class B ------- ■■ ................... A ssem b lers, class C -------------------------Inspectors, class B ■■■ ' —— — . Inspectors, class C -------------— ----- ----Machine-tool operators, production, class B ---------------------------------------------Machine-tool operators, production, class C ------------------------- --------------------See footnotes at end of table, 40 41 29 31 39 24 16 48 145 130 113 151 155 133 123 105 135-157 117-147 101-130 141-162 145-170 124-149 109-134 99 -108 (4) 149 139-171 45 10 17 149 147 139 142-164 144-154 129-151 154 163 160 155 142-162 143-169 156-175 13 5-162 12 33 19 27 130 157 148 148 126-140 146-173 137-155 143-157 136-160 131-158 153 151 148-173 142-163 (4) 34 <4) 150 139-167 124 (4) 121 116-138 (4) 114-140 (4) 137 127-150 50 (4) 20 125 112-138 23 24 31 27 113 128 123 123 111-121 115-141 116-143 118-137 129 146 143 139 118-142 125-150 128-158 123-151 24 18 18 19 123 143 129 129 115-128 130-169 116-134 125-137 128-156 128-146 10 35 121 126 11 3-134 118-133 132 144 126-147 125-154 (4) 34 (4) 134 125-148 126 137 126 118-133 130-148 110-131. 48 (4) (4) 110 (4) (4) 105-119 <*) (4) 126 (4) 116-132 (4) l4) 44 (4) 12 1-15 (4) 108 109-129 (4) 104-124 128 123 126 125 116-134 108-133 114-J40 113-130 13 10 20 16 105 107 109 110 103-112 10 3-126 105-117 105-116 129 (4) 128 125 109-138 (4) 114-139 113-130 20 (4) 11 (4) 111 (4) 109 (4) 104-127 (4) 104-123 290 349 230 359 363 332 185 414 135 121 109 140 139 123 111 104 128-143 114-128 104-116 132-149 131-152 116-133 105-118 100-109 76 100 77 ( 4) (4) 15 13 18 152 139 127 (4) (4) 144 130 115 143-164 129-149 119-140 (4) (4) 135-164 121-148 109-121 32 45 21 43 43 57 29 53 139 123 110 141 141 122 109 106 127-152 115-134 105-117 130-147 131-156 114-130 101-113 101-112 155 142 131 (4) 473 44 181 139 138 133 130-152 130-146 126-142 125 29 77 154 154 148 145-165 148-171 140-158 54 (4) 20 139 (4) 129 129-157 (4) 125-147 159 103 319 270 272 126 141 140 140 118-138 132-154 131-152 130-150 58 86 94 88 145 154 157 153 136-157 142-165 147-167 141-162 11 29 32 25 135 140 141 138 121-146 128-156 131-158 128-150 104 256 139 137 131-147 130-149 46 101 154 153 146-173 142-160 14 28 139 139 445 32 153 125 126 121 117-133 119-133 115-129 149 17 68 139 150 135 131-148 134-166 127-148 63 (4) 19 194 206 199 210 116 127 124 124 111-124 119-138 117-134 117-133 89 90 96 101 133 137 140 135 121-143 127-147 131-152 127-148 56 234 125 125 118-136 118-133 40 111 137 138 326 14 61 112 115 111 106-119 111-117 107-117 106 13 27 154 86 119 123 107 115 112 112 102-113 108-123 105-118 105-117 57 31 47 55 37 119 114 114 108-123 106-119 15 46 123 122 108-139 112-132 (4) 20 (4) 109 (4) (4) 4 (4) (4) 138 (4) l4) (4) (4) 106-117 122 270 138 139 146 130-149 135-160 85 163 152-186 (4) (4) 10 169 155-183 (4) W (4) 360 306 162 152 139 127 143-165 130-150 120-139 13 61 38 160 158 145 142-176 147-169 129-162 52 26 17 152 139 125 142-164 131-164 114-144 (4) (4 (4) 24 75 54 110 109 98 116 102 105-118 91-105 110-121 97-110 13 47 (4) 14 125 117 (4) 119 116-134 107-122 (4) 112-125 5> (4) (4) 17 (4) (4) (4) 102 32 117 112-124 21 121 115-133 f4\ /4\ l ) \) <4) 66 104 101-111 44 120 113-127 (4) (4) (4) n 12 (4) 149 (4) (4) 135-171 (4) 33 13 137 148 131-149 135-164 (4) (4) (4) 94-111 n 13 8 (4) (4) w i4) 110 119 141-170 130-149 116-136 (4) (4) (4) 4 <4) 148-169 126-149 (4) (4) 133 (4) (4) (4) 124-142 (4) (4) (4) (4) 108-142 19 115 105-121 (4) (4) 22 29 156 160 151-168 153-187 (4) (4) (4) (4) 40 48 30 (4) (4) 172 156 135 (4) (4) 158-203 146-168 128-147 (4) (4) (4) (4) w (4) (4) (4) (4) 0 r) (4) (4 (4) (4) (4) (4) 108-128 (4) (4) (4) 102-122 (4) TABLE 1 .— O c c u p a tio n a l a v e ra g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s as p e rc e n ta g e s 1 o f a v e ra g e s f o r m e n ja n it o r s in m a c h in e r y m a n u fa c t u r in g b y r e g i o n 2 a n d m e th o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t, w in t e r 1952-53 - C on tin ue d Occupation, grade, and sex Middle Atlantic Incentive workers Time workers Percent of averages Percent of averages for men janitors for men janitors Number Middle range Middle range of of within which within which plants Median plants Median one-half of one-half of plants fell plants fell of plants Middle West Time workers Percent of averages for men janitors Middle range of within which Median plants one-half of plants fell Incentive workers Percent of averages for men janitors Middle range within which Median one-half of plants fell ------------------ Par W O T ----------------Time workers Percent of averages for men janitors Middle range of within which plants Median one-half of plants fell Men A sse m b le r s, class B -----------------------------------------A ssem b lers, class C —— - - ...— ■■■■■ - —— ———— E lectrician s, m aintenance--------------------------------Inspectors, class A -------------------------- ---------------— Inspectors, class B —--------------------------—--—--------L ab orers, m aterial handling —- . ----------—— 51 65 42 63 53 57 33 71 136 123 107 139 142 125 111 103 130-140 115-129 101-116 132-144 134-151 117-135 106-120 100-109 19 21 18 131-145 26 (4) (4) c> b (4) 145 135 124 (4) c> (4) (*) (4) 142-163 127-144 116-135 (4) c> (4> <;> (4) 118 145 112 180 182 164 95 202 134 121 109 138 136 122 112 103 128-138 116-126 105-113 130-146 129-149 117-131 105-117 100-108 37 48 40 £> b (4) (4) (4) 155 139 131 w (4) 4 <> 14 5-164 129-150 120-145 A c b 49 53 26 42 46 30 12 40 (4) 132 118 111 141 136 122 109 108 124-139 112-125 100-117 132-150 130-146 115-131 104-114 102-112 M achine-tool operators, production. 35 132 126-141 16 151 143-159 234 19 87 139 132 134 131-152 127-138 127-142 61 12 39 151 154 147 144-158 146-162 140-156 22 130 122-136 20 48 38 45 123 139 139 138 115-136 132-146 132-146 132-147 12 21 18 19 138 159 153 166 125-162 150-173 145-172 154-179 41 172 152 144 127 141 139 140 121-140 132-152 132-152 130-150 28 39 46 42 141 146 153 150 136-154 140-158 147-162 137-157 19 37 29 31 122 135 136 133 116-126 129-148 125-153 125-144 17 39 146 137 136-153 13 2-146 22 (4) 51 127 137 136 128-142 129-146 25 48 153 153 14 4-176 141-155 28 117-132 31 132-146 131-148 76 D r ill-p r e ss operators, radial, class A —— D r ill-p r e ss operators, sin gleGrinding-machine operators, class A ------M illing-m achine operators, class A ---------Screw -m achine operators, automatic, class A - ——----------------------- ------- ------ — .■ ....Turret-lathe operators, hand, class A —— (4) 137 (4) (4) (4) (4) 155 (4) (4) 151 144-170 (4) 143-163 64 (4) (4) 131 (4) (4) 133 124-144 (4) (4) 128-140 M achine-tool operators, production, 117-127 16 135 128-143 199 13 65 124 122 121 116-131 117-130 114-127 140 121 (4) 6? 28 31 135 126-147 21 120 118-132 28 42 33 35 112 126 124 122 110-118 121-134 116-130 116-129 16 19 15 20 135 137 138 140 118-146 130-140 135-144 131-150 92 102 93 107 118 125 125 124 112-124 119-134 118-136 116-131 44 44 44 48 133 136 141 135 122-142 126-142 131-152 126-141 27 20 24 22 117 128 120 124 108-126 120-135 115-128 116-134 11 36 128 125 123-146 117-130 (4) 21 (4) 139 (4) 127-150 29 107 125 124 118-136 118-132 19 54 147 136 133-159 129-145 (4) 22 (4) 121 (4) 116-127 56 (4) 12 111 (4) 114 106-121 (4) 110-127 23 (4) (4) 128 (4) (4) 123-131 (4) (4) 152 (4) 29 112 (4) 111 105-117 (4) 106-114 52 (4) 11 126 (4) 126 117-133 (4) 121-130 26 (4) (4) 111 (4) (4) 103-120 (4) (4) 22 19 13 19 104 111 116 109 100-108 108-123 105-126 99 -1 1 6 (4) (4) 12 (4) (4) (4) 129 (4) (2 (4) 118-145 (4) 88 44 66 68 107 115 113 113 103-113 108-121 107-119 106-118 32 15 19 25 126 124 126 125 118-133 114-130 114-140 119-136 11 (4) (4) 12 107 (4) (4) 110 97 -1 14 (4) 105-115 (4) 11 (4) 114 (4) 106-125 (4) (4) <4) (4) <4) (4) 18 59 115 114 107-125 106-118 (4) 22 (4) 120 (4) 114-132 (4) 10 (4) 112 (4) 108-120 50 28 138 144 133-144 140-154 (*) (4) (4) (4) (4> (4) 135 28 135 142 129-144 133-156 <4) (4) (4) (4) c> (4) 30 40 144 137 136-162 131-151 (4) 76 Autom atic-lathe operators, class B ■■"- ......Dr ill-p r e s s operators, radial, class B — — D r ill-p r e ss operators, sin gleOr multiple-spindle, class B —--------------- — Engine-lathe operators, class B --------------— Grinding-machine operators, class B -------M illing-m achine operators, class B ------- —Screw -m achine operators, automatic, Turret-lathe operators, hand, class B —— (4) 125 (4) (4) (4) 138 (4) A (4) (4) 57 (4) 120 (4) 114-129 (4) M achine-tool operators, production, D r ill-p r e ss operators, radial, class C -----D r ill-p r e ss operators, sin gleor multiple-spindle, class C --------------------Engine-lathe operators, class C -..... Grinding-machine operators, class C ------- 0 Screw -m achine operators, automatic, Turret-lathe operators, hand, class C -----M achinists, production — — — ------ —— -----------T ool-and -d ie m akers (tool-and-die (4) (4) (4) 57 161 151-185 (4) (4) (4) 10 179 156-195 68 46 30 152 138 125 146-161 130-143 121-136 « 15 (4) (4) 161 (4) (4) 140-171 (4) 160 131 69 149 136 125 143-163 127-145 119-139 (4) 33 21 (4) 156 147 <4) 142-168 130-165 40 55 16 150 135 127 142-157 127-146 114-134 (4) (4) 10 17 <4) (4) 111 103 (4) (4) 10 5-124 95 -1 0 8 (4) 12 118 (4) (4) 108-120 (4) 10 46 26 64 117 102 117 102 109-121 9 7 -1 08 112-120 97-1 10 (4) 20 (*) (4) (4) 120 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 17 118 116-124 10 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 44 105 101-112 24 (4) (4) Tool-and -d ie makers (other than tool-andW eld ers, hand, class A ——----------------------------W eld ers, hand, class B ---------- ------------------—----Women Inspectors, cl^ass C ---------- — ----------------------------M achine-tool operators, production, class B -------------------------------------------------------------M achine-tool operators, production, 0 (4) (4) (4) (4) 107-124 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 122 120-131 (4) (4) (4) 117 112-127 (4) (4) (4) b (4) 1 These percentages show the relationship between straight-time average hourly earnings (excluding premium pay for overtime and nightwork) for selected plant occupations in machinery plants. In each establishment covered the average hourly earnings for tim e-rated men janitors were used as abase (100); average hourly earnings for the time workers (hourly-rated or salaried) and incentive workers (piecework or production bonus) in other occupations were converted to a percentage of that base. 2 Labor markets studied have been grouped for this analysis as follow s; New England - Boston, Hartford, Providence, W orcester; Middle Atlantic - Buffalo, N ew ark-Jersey City, New York City, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh; South - Atlanta, Baltim ore, Chattanooga, D allas, Houston, Tulsa; Middle West - Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Milwaukee, Minneapolis-St. Paul, St. Louis; and Far W est - Denver, Los Angeles, Portland, San Francisco-Oakland, and Seattle. 3 Number of establishments with incentive plans too sm all to justify comparisons for other than time w orkers. 4 Number of establishments employing workers in the occupational category (and in the janitor category) too sm all to justify comparisons. T A B L E 2 . __O c c u p a tio n a l a v e ra g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s f o r tim e - r a t e d m e n w o r k e r s as p e r c e n t a g e s 1 o f a v e ra g e s f o r m e n ja n it o r s i n 9 m a c h in e r y in d u s t r ie s , w in t e r 1952-53 Median establishment percentages for Standard industrial C lassifica tion Code 2 Industry E le ctricians, m ainte Class A Class B Class C nance \*) 351 352 Construction and mining machinery and Service-industry and household machines “ ' (4 ) (4 ) Production Class A Class B Class C C lass A C lass B Class C 137 137 132 131 118 122 ( !) (4 ) 116 112 129 l4 ) 118 (4 ) 139 147 126 126 353 354 135 136 124 122 113 110 142 140 141 147 128 122 355 136 123 111 141 142 126 117 136 122 120 124 118 111 101 109 106 134 140 129 137 Special-industry machinery (except m etalGeneral industrial machinery and 118 (4 ) 131 356 357 358 359 i„‘ the s t n d i / d (*) l4 ) 134 119 113 125 117 109 (4 ) 107 105 138 136 140 137 140 141 149 135 Welder s, hand Machine-tool operators Inspectors A ssem blers ( !) i4 ) Machinists. T ool-and production die m akers2 Class A C lass B Toolroom 138 130 154 152 13A 152 149 143 141 134 127 137 128 112 113 148 137 123 no 137 142 155 125 128 125 121 112 (4 ) 108 109 140 140 140 135 143 149 1A> .O 11 7 157 152 (!) t4 ) 148 Manual. Volume 1. Manufacturing Industrie., 1945 edition, prepared by the Bureau of the Budget. the occupational category (and in the Janitor category, too .m a ll to juetify com pari.ona. TA B LE 3 .— Occupational average hourly earnings for men workers as percentages1 of averages for men janitors in 5 machinery industries by region and method of wage payment, winter 1952-53 Industry Construction and mining machinery and equipment: .......... A ll regions ■ S outh ------ ■■■—■ —— Middle West --------F ar W e s t ---------------Metalworking machinery: A ll regions -----------------New England ----- -— Middle A tla n t ic ----Middle W est --------Special-induetry machinery (except metalworking m achinery): A ll regions ---------------------------------Middle Atlantic Middle W e st----General industrial machinery and equipment: A ll r e g io n s ----------------------- ---------- — ------ -------New E n g la n d ------------------------------------------Middle W e s t --------- ---------------------------------F ar W e s t -------------------------------------------------M iscellaneous machinery parts: A ll r e g io n s ------------------------------ Method of wage payment percentages for x ------------ ------------TTM achine-tool operators Inspectors Median A ssem blers Class A Class B Class C Time Time Time Time 135 145 129 136 124 131 113 120 122 7, Time Incentive Time Incentive Time Time Incentive 136 153 122 137 134 154 110 121 (3) (3) (3) Time Incentive Time Time 136 147 134 137 123 140 Time Incentive Time Time Incentive Time 131 158 130 130 119 140 119 118 140 119 Time Incentive 134 (3) 131 (3) 142 125 142 123 120 no (3) 121 124 117 129 C lass A 141 155 134 138 128 133 127 147 122 (3) (3) 147 (3) 150 145 (3) (3) (3) 105 123 109 (*> 120 122 (3) 112 (3) ?! 147 158 153 159 137 148 153 126 126 136 125 136 133 125 136 112 115 ?! 113 119 111 123 124 112 115 110 (3) 123 141 127 113 118 138 122 (3) 122 122 (3) <3) ?! 134 156 131 133 155 129 125 141 118 125 142 119 112 126 110 112 126 (3) 137 118 106 (*) 137 151 121 109 127 142 139 (3) 112 (3) 124 126 132 119 136 153 136 140 142 108 (3) production Class B 126 (3) 126 126 111 131 106 115 109 134 139 149 134 135 (3) 138 ?! 134 (3) (3) (3) See footnote 1 to table 1 for method of computation. See table 2 for reference to industrial classification system used. Number of establishments employing workers in the occupational category (and in the janitor category) too sm all to justify com parisons. 121 138 (4 ) (4 ) 153 147 125 (4) L l1 CO 138 129 49 A p p en d ix B - S co p e a n d M eth o d of Su rvey The Machinery Industries The machinery industries studied are defined as "Group 35— Machinery, Except E lectrical" in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual (1945 edition) prepared by the Bureau of the Budget. This major group includes establishments engaged in manufactur ing machinery and prime movers other than electrical equipment (Major Group 36). Ma chines powered by built-in or detachable electric motors ordinarily are included in this major group, with the exception of electrical household appliances (Major Group 36). Portable tools, both electrical and pneumatic powered are included in this major group, but handtools are classified in Major Group 34. Areas Surveyed The areas surveyed are the Standard Metropolitan A reas, as defined by the Bureau of the Budget, with the exception of Chicago, Hartford-New B ritain-B ristol, New York City, Newark-Jersey City, and Philadelphia. The latter are defined in a footnote to the table following: Estimated number of establishments and workers in machinery manufacturing industries, 20 selected areas, and number studied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, winter 1953-54 Area 1 2 (M inim um -size establishment: 21 workers) 1 Total industry group Number studied No. of Payroll Estab No. of Workers estab period workers lishments lishments New England: Boston ------------------------------------------Hartford-New Britain-B ristol — W orcester Middle Atlantic: Newark-Jersey C i t y _____________ New York City ___________________ Philadelphia-Camden ___________ Pittsburgh________________________ South: Baltimore ___ ____ __________ Dallas ____________________________ Houston Middle West: Chicago . _ _ C levelan d _________________________ Detroit ____________________ ________ M ilwaukee______ _________________ Minneapolis-St. Paul ___________ St. Louis Far West: Denver ____________________________ Los Angeles ______________________ Portland ______________________ San Francisco-O akland__________ Total, 20 a r e a s _______________ Jan. 1954 Feb. 1954 Jan. 1954 163 117 52 22,463 3 5 ,8 5 4 10,999 42 41 26 13,428 2 8,946 9, 202 Dec. Jan. Oct. Oct. 1953 1954 1953 1953 267 360 218 124 4 5 ,8 7 3 27,521 4 3,1 3 9 2 7,4 3 2 49 59 47 33 2 9 ,0 2 2 13,999 2 8,9 0 8 2 0 ,4 0 7 Sept. 1953 Jan. 1954 Sept. 1953 61 43 76 10,437 5 ,30 0 15,361 19 17 21 8, 651 3, 835 11,289 Jan. Nov. Oct. Dec. Nov. Dec. 1954 1953 1953 1953 1953 1953 623 247 762 162 130 135 104,808 53,883 88,459 5 3,1 2 4 22,0 8 8 17, 622 102 79 90 46 33 37 50,130 38, 226 51,379 4 6 ,1 9 0 16,269 12,434 Dec. Jan. Sept. Dec. 1953 1954 1953 1953 31 407 27 91 3, 316 4 4 ,0 7 0 3 ,9 5 5 13,191 16 65 15 23 2, 789 18,180 3, 363 6, 752 4 ,0 9 6 648,895 860 413,399 1 Machine-tool accessory establishments with 8 to 20 workers were also included. 2 Standard Metropolitan areas except: Newark-Jersey City (E ssex, Hudson, and Union Counties, N. J .); New York City (the 5 Boroughs); Philadelphia-Camden (Philadel phia and Delaware Counties, Pa. , and Camden County, N. J .); Chicago (Cook County); and Hartford-New B ritain-Bristol (Hartford Metropolitan Area and Berlin, Bristol, New Britain, Plainville, Plymouth,and Southington, Conn.). 50 Establishment Size Establishments having fewer than 21 workers were omitted, since they furnish insufficient data in the occupations studied to warrant inclusion. However, machine-tool accessory establishments (Group 3543) with 8 to 20 workers were also included. Sampling Data were obtained by personal visits of Bureau field agents to representative establishments in each area. The surveys were conducted on a sample basis because of the unnecessary cost involved in surveying all establishments, and to ensure prompt publication of results. To obtain appropriate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion of large than of small establishments was studied. In combining the data, however, all establishments were given their appropriate weight. A ll estimates of oc cupational earnings and related practices and benefits are presented, therefore, as r e lating to all establishments in the machinery industry in the area, excluding only those below the minimum size studied. Occupations Selected for Study Occupational classification was based on a uniform set of job descriptions de signed to take account of interestablishment variation in duties within the same job (see appendix C for listing of these job descriptions). The occupations were chosen for their numerical importance, their usefulness in collective bargaining, or their representative ness of the entire rate range in the industry. Occupational Earnings Earnings data in the selected jobs (tables 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A) are shown for full-tim e workers, i. e. , those hired to work a full-tim e schedule for the given occupa tional classification. Inexperienced workers, apprentices, and handicapped workers were not reported. The wages presented represent average straight-time hourly earnings, ex cluding premium overtime payments and shift differentials. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus system s, and cost-of-living bo nuses were included as part of the workers1 regular pay; but nonproduction bonus pay ments, such as Christm as or year-end bonuses were excluded. The estimated average hourly^ earnings for each occupation were obtained by weighting each rate (or hourly earning) by the number of workers receiving the rate. Occupational employment estimates refer to the total in all establishments within the scope of the study and not to the number actually surveyed. Because of the great variation in occupational structure among establishments, estimates of occupa tional employment are subject to considerable fluctuation due to sampling. Hence, they serve only to indicate the relative numerical importance of the jobs studied. The fluc tuations in employment do not materially affect the accuracy of the earnings data. Office and Production Workers Information is also presented on establishment practices (work schedules, wage structure characteristics, and labor-management agreement coverage) and selected supplementary benefits, as they relate to office and production workers. The term "office workers, " as used in this bulletin, includes all office clerical employees and ex cludes administrative, executive, professional, and technical personnel. "Production w orkers" include working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in non office functions; but administrative, executive, professional and technical employees, and force-account construction employees who were utilized as a separate work force are excluded. 51 Wage Structure Characteristics With reference to table IB, the proportions of time and incentive workers (office or production) directly reflect employment under each pay system . However, technical considerations required that the breakdown of tim e-w orker employment into rate types and of incentive-worker employment according to type of incentive plan, be based on the predominant plan in each establishment. Scheduled Weekly Hours Data in table 2B relate to the scheduled hours of first-sh ift men production workers only. Shift Differentials This information is presented both in terms of (a) establishment policy (table 4B) and (b) effective provisions for workers actually employed on extra shifts at the time of the survey (table 3B). Tabulations relating to establishment policy are presented in terms of total production-worker employment; estimates in the second tabulation relate only to those workers actually employed on the specified shift. An establishment was considered as having a policy if it met either of the following conditions: (l) Operated late shifts at the time of the survey, or (2) had formal provisions covering late shifts. Establishment Practices and Supplementary Benefits Supplementary benefits and practices, except for the tabulations of shift differ entials, work schedules, and wage structure characteristics, were treated statistically on the basis that if formal provisions in an establishment were applicable to half or more of the workers employed in office or production departments, the practice or benefit was considered applicable to all such workers. Sim ilarly, if fewer than half were covered, the practice or benefit was considered nonexistent in the establishment. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility requirements, the proportion of workers receiving the benefits may be sm aller than estimated. Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not always equal totals. Labor-Management Agreements Establishments were classified as having union contract coverage if more than half the workers (in plant or office) were employed under terms of union agreements. In all cases estimates relate to agreement coverage rather than to union membership (see table IB). P a i d Holidays Paid-holiday provisions (table 1C) relate to full-day holidays. years also included part-day holidays. Studies in earlier Paid Vacations The summary of vacation plans (table 3C) is limited to formal arrangements, excluding informal plans whereby time off with pay is granted at the discretion of the employer or the supervisor. Separate estimates are provided according to employer practice in computing vacation payments, such as time payments, percent of annual earnings, or flat-sum amounts. Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans Data (table 4C) are presented for all health, insurance, and pension plans for which all or a part of the cost is borne by the employer, excepting only legal require ments such as workmen1s compensation and social security. The plans include those 52 underwritten by a com m ercial insurance company and also those provided through a union fund or paid directly by the employer out of current operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose. Death benefits are included as a form of life insurance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type of insurance under which predetermined cash payments are made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident disability, Information is presented for all such plans to which the employer contributes, except in those States having compulsory temporary disability insurance laws; plans in those States are included only if the employer (l) contributes more than is legally r e quired or (2) provides the employee with benefits which exceed the requirements of the law. 1 Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited to formed plans which provide full pay or a proportion of the workerts pay during absence from work due to illness; in formed arrangements have been omitted. Separate tabulations are provided according to (l) plans which provide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a waiting period. Catastrophe insurance, sometimes referred to as extended medical insurance, includes those plans which are designed to cover employees in case of sickness and in jury involving an expense which goes beyond the normal coverage of hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans. Medical insurance refers to plans providing for complete or partial payment of doctors1 fees. Such plans may be underwritten by a com m ercial insurance company or a nonprofit organization or they may be self-insured. Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to those plans that provide monthly payments for the remainder of the worker's life. Wage Trends The machinery index series has been developed from data obtained in the Bureau's program of occupational wage surveys and is based on straight-time hourly earnings of men production workers in selected machinery occupations. The indexes for 1945, 1946, and 1947 are based on "m iscellaneous machinery" which consists of all types of machinery manufacture except electrical machinery, machine tools, and machine-tool a ccessories. For 1948 and successive years the in formation includes machine tools and machine-tool accessories, as well as m iscellane ous machinery. The indexes were constructed in such a way that this shift in industrial scope did not affect the comparability of the data. Indexes were constructed for each area so as to eliminate the effect of changes in occupational composition of the work force and in the relative importance in the in dustry of the areas studied. For each year in a pair of successive years (1945-46, 1946-47, e tc .}, the straight-time average hourly earnings for each key occupation were weighted by the number employed in that occupation during the latter of the 2 years. The result each year was an area aggregate for all jobs. The percentage relationship between the aggregates for the pair of years was computed and then linked to the index for the earlier of the 2 years. The resulting indexes based on 1945 were then converted to a 1947-49 base by dividing all the indexes by the average of the indexes for 1947-49. In obtaining the composite index for all areas combined, the same techniques were followed. For each year in a pair, an overall aggregate for all areas combined was obtained. This aggregate was computed by weighting the overall average (aggregate 1 Accordingly, in N ewark-Jersey City and New York City those plans were ex cluded which met only the minimum requirements of the State law as to minimum benefits or employer contributions. 53 earnings in selected jobs -J- total e m p l o y m e n t in selected jobs) for e a c h a r e a b y e m p l o y m e n t in the industry and a r e a in the sec o n d of the 2 years. Frorti this point, the p r o c e dure w a s identical with that u s e d in constructing individual ar e a indexes0 T h e criteria u s e d in the selection of jobs studied include: P r e v a l e n c e in indus try; definiteness a n d clarity in t e r m s of duties, responsibilities,and other factors; r e p resentativeness of range of rates, m e t h o d s of w a g e p a y m e n t , and of m e n ' s a n d w o m e n ' s w o r k activities; and i m p o r t a n c e as reference points in collective bargaining. B e c a u s e of these considerations and variation in w o r k a r r a n g e m e n t s a m o n g plants a n d areas, the overall a r e a a v e r a g e referred to above will generally not be the s a m e as the aver a g e straight-time hourly earnings for all production w o r k e r s in m a c h i n e r y plants in the area. 55 A p p e n d ix C -O ccu p a tio n a l D escrip tio n s The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau's wage surveys is to assist its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This is essential in order to permit the grouping of occupational wage rates representing com parable job content. Because of this emphasis on inter establishment and inter area comparability of occupational content, the Bureau's job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau's field representatives are instructed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, handicapped workers, part-tim e, temporary, and probationary workers. ASSEMBLER (Bench assem bler; floor assembler.; jig assem bler; line assem bler; subassem bler) Assem bles and/or fits together parts to form complete units or subassem blies at a bench, conveyor line, or on the floor, depending upon the size of the units and the organization of the production process. Work may include processing operations r e quiring the use of handtools in scraping, chipping, and filing of parts to obtain a desired fit as well as power tools and special equipment when punching, riveting, solderingjor welding of parts is necessary. Workers who perform any of these proc essing operations exclusively as part of specialized assembling operations are excluded. Class A - A ssem bles parts into complete units or subassemblies that require fitting of parts and decisions regarding proper performance of any component part or the assem bled unit. Work involves any combination of the following: A s s e m bling from drawings, blueprints or other written specifications; assembling units composed of a variety of parts and/or subassem blies; assembling large units requiring careful fitting and adjusting of parts to obtain specified clearances; using a variety of hand and powered tools and precision measuring instruments. Class B - A ssem bles parts into units or subassemblies in accordance with standard and prescribed procedures. Work involves any combination of the fol lowing: Assembling a limited range of standard and familiar products composed of a number of sm a ll-o r m edium -size parts requiring some fitting or adjusting; assembling large units that require little or no fitting of component parts; working under conditions where accurate performance and completion of work within set time limits are essential for subsequent assembling operations; using a limited variety of hand or powered tools. Class C - Perform s short-cycle, repetitive assembling operations. Work does not involve any fitting or making decisions regarding proper performance of the component parts or assembling procedures. AU TO M ATIC-LATH E OPERATOR (Autom atic-between-centers-lathe operator; automatic-chucking-machine operators; automatic-turret-lathe operator) Operates one or more lathes equipped with automatic feed mechanisms for actuating the cutting tools over the complete work cycle. Automatic lathes may differ 56 AU TO M ATIC-LATH E OPERATOR - Continued as to type of construction (horizontal or vertical); number of spindles (single or m ul tiple); method of feed (hand-feed, automatic-chucking, or hopper-feed); method of holding the work (in chucks or between centers); method of presenting the tools to the stock in sequence (turrets, slides, revolving work stations). (For description of class of work see machine-tool operator, production.) DRILL-PRESS OPERATOR, RADIAL Operates one or more types of radial-drilling machines designed prim arily for the purpose of drilling, reaming, countersinking, counterboring, spot-facing, or tapping holes in large or heavy metal parts. Several types of radial drills are in use, the most common type being designed so that the tool head and saddle are m ov able along a projecting arm which can be rotated about a vertical column and adjusted vertically on that column. (For description of class of work see machine-tool operator, production.) DRILL-PRESS OPERATOR, SINGLE- OR M ULTIPLE-SPINDLE Operates one or more types of single- or multiple-spindle d r ill-p re s s e s , to perform such operations as drilling, reaming, counter sinking, counter boring, spot-facing, and tapping. D rill-p ress operators, radial, and operators of portable drilling equip ment are excluded. (For description of class of work see machine-tool operator, production.) ELECTRICIAN, MAINTENANCE Perform s a variety of electrical trade functions such as the installation, main tenance or repair of equipment for the generating, distribution, or utilization of electric energy in an establishment. Work involves most of the following: Installing or repair ing any of a variety-of electrical equipment such as generators, transform ers, switch boards, controllers, circuit breakers, m otors, heating units, conduit systems or other transm ission equipment; working from blueprints, drawings, lay-out or other specifi cations; locating and diagnosing trouble in the electrical system or equipment; working standard computations relating to load requirements of wiring or electrical equipment; using a variety of electrician's handtools and measuring and testing instruments. In general, the work of the maintenance electrician requires rounded training and expe rience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. ENGINE-LATHE OPERATOR Operates an engine lathe for shaping external and internal cylindrical surfaces of metal objects. The engine lathe, basically characterized by a headstock, tail stock, and power-fed tool carriage, is a general-purpose machine tool used prim arily for turning. It is also commonly used in performing such operations as facing, boring, drilling and threading, and, equipped with appropriate attachments, may be used for a very wide variety of special machining operations. The stock may be held in position by the lathe "c e n te rs" or by various types of chucks and fixtures. Bench-lathe opera tors, automatic-lathe operators, screw-machine operators, automatic, and turret-lathe operators, hand (including hand screw machine; are excluded. (For description of class of work see inachine-tool operator, production. ) 57 GRINDING-MACHINE OPERATOR (Centerless-grinder operator; cylindrical-grinder operator; external-grinder opera tor; internal-grinder operator; surface-grinder operator; Universal-grinder operator) Operates one of several types of precision grinding machines to grind internal and external, surfaces of metal parts to a smooth and even finish and to required dimensions. Precision grinding is used primarily as a finishing operation on previously machined parts, and consists of applying abrasive wheels rotating at high speeds to the surfaces to be ground. In addition to the types of grinding machines indicated above, this classification includes operators of other production grinding machines such as: Single-purpose grinders (drill grinders, broach grinders, saw grinders, gear-cutter grinders, thread grinders, e tc .} and automatic and semi-automatic general purpose grinding machines. Operators of portable grinders are excluded. (For description of class of work see machine-tool operator, production.) INSPECTOR Inspects parts, products and/or processes. Perform s such operations as examining parts or products for flaws and defects, checking their dimensions and appearance to determine whether they meet the required standards and specifications. Class A - Responsible for decisions regarding the equality of the product and/or operations. Work involves any combination of the following: Thorough knowl edge of the processing operations in the branch of work to which he is assigned, including the use of a variety of precision measuring instruments; interpreting drawings and specifications in inspection work on units composed of a large number of component parts; examining a variety of products or processing operations; determining causes of flaws in products and/or processes and suggesting necessary changes to correct work methods; devising inspection procedures for new products. Class B - Work involves any combination of the following: Knowledge of proc essing operations in the branch of work to which he is assigned, limited to fam iliar products and processes or where performance is dependent on past experience; performing inspection operations on products and/or processes having rigid specifi cations, but where the inspection porcedures involve a sequence of inspection operations, including decisions regarding proper fit or performance of some parts; using precision measuring instruments. Class C - Work involves any combination of the following: Short-cycle, r e petitive inspection operations; using a standardized, special-purpose measuring instrument repetitively; visual examination of parts or products, rejecting units having obvious deformities or flaws. JANITOR, PORTER, OR CLEANER (Sweeper; charwoman; janitress) Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory working areas and washrooms , or prem ises of an office, apartment house, or com m ercial or other establishment. Duties involve a combination of the following: Sweeping, mopping or scrubbing, and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture , or fixtures; polishing metal fixtures or trimming; providing supplies and minor main tenance services; cleaning lavatories, showers, and restroom s. Workers who spe cialize in window washing are excluded. 58 LABORER, M ATERIALS HANDLING (Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelver; trucker; stockman or stock helper; warehouseman or warehouse helper) A worker employed in a warehouse, manufacturing plant, store, or other establishment whose duties involve one or more of the following: Loading and unloading various m aterials and merchandise on or from freight cars, trucks or other transport ing devices; unpacking, shelving, or placing m aterials or merchandise in proper stor age location; transporting m aterials or merchandise by hand truck, car or wheelbarrow. Longshoremen, who load and unload ships are excluded. M ACHINE-TOOL OPERATOR, PRODUCTION Operates one or more nonportable, power-driven machine tools in order to shape metal by progressively removing portions of the stock in the form of chips or shavings, or by abrasion. For wage study purposes, this classification is limited to operators of the following types of m achine-tools: Automatic lathes Boring machines Drill p resses, radial Drill p resses, single- or multiple-spindle Engine lathe s Gear-cutting machines Gear-finishing machines Grinding machines ^Machine tools, miscellaneous Milling machine s Planers Screw machines, automatic Screw machines, hand Shaper s Turret lathes, automatic Turret lathes, hand Class A - Sets up machines, by determining proper feeds, speeds, tooling and operation sequence or by selecting those prescribed in drawings, blueprints or lay-outs; makes necessary adjustments during operation where changes in work and setup are relatively frequent and where care is essential to achieve requisite dimensions of very close tolerances. Class B - Sets up machines on standard or roughing operations where feeds, speeds, tooling and operation sequence are prescribed or maintains operation set up made by others; makes all necessary adjustments during operation where care is essential to achieve very close tolerances or where changes in product are relatively frequent. Class C - Operates machine on routine and repetitive operations; makes only minor adjustments during operations; when trouble occurs stops machine and calls foreman, leadman, or setup man to correct the operation. M ACHINE-TOOL OPERATOR, TOOLROOM Specializes in the operation of one or more types of machine tools, such as jig borers, cylindrical or surface grinders, engine lathes, or milling machines in the construction of machine-shop tools, gauges, jigs, fixtures or dies. Work involves most of the following: Planning and performing difficult machining operations; p roce s sing items requiring complicated setups or a high degree of accuracy; using a variety of precision measuring instruments; selecting feeds, speeds, tooling and operation sequence; making necessary adjustments during operation to achieve requisite tolerances or dimensions. May be required to recognize when tools need dressing, to dress tools, and to select proper coolants and cutting and lubricating oils. * Operators required alternately to operate more than one type of machine tool as listed above are to be classified as machine-tool operator, m iscellaneous. 59 MACHINISTS, PRODUCTION Fabricates metal parts involving a series of progressive operations. Work involves most of the following: Interpreting written instructions and specifications; planning and laying outwork; using a variety of m achinist’ s handtools and precision measuring instruments; setting up and operating standard machine tools; shaping metal parts to close tolerances; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work, tooling, feeds and speeds of machining; knowledge’ of the working properties of the common m etals; selecting standard m aterials, parts,and equipment needed for his work; fitting and assembling parts. In general, the m achinist’ s work normally requires a rounded training in machine-shop practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. MILLING-MACHINE OPERATOR (Milling-machine operator, automatic; m illing-machine operator, hand) Perform s a variety of work such as grooving, planing, and shaping metal objects on a milling machine, which removes material from metal surfaces by the cutting action of multi-toothed rotating cutters of various sizes and shapes. M illingmachine types vary from the manually controlled machines employed in unit production to fully automatic (conveyer-fed) machines found in plants engaged in m ass production. For wage study purposes, operators of single-purpose m illers such as thread m ille r s , duplicators, die sinkers, pantograph m illers and engraving m illers are excluded. (For description of class of work see machine-tool operator, production. ) SCREW-MACHINE OPERATOR, AUTOMATIC Operates one or more multiple- or single-spindle automatic screw m achines. Automatic screw machines are production turning machines with automatic-feed cycle designed to produce parts from bar or tube stock fed automatically through spindles or the head stock. These machines, equipped with from one to eight spindles or a turret, automatically perform and repeat a cycle of operations on each length of stock fed into the machine. (For description of class of work see machine-tool operator, production. ) TO O L-AN D -D IE MAKER (Diemaker; jig maker; toolmaker; fixture maker; gauge maker) Constructs and repairs machine-shop tools, gauges, jig s, fixtures or dies for forgings, punching,and other m etal-form ing work. Work involves most of the following: Planning and laying out of work from m odels, blueprints, drawings or other oral and written specifications; using a variety of tool-and-die m aker's handtools and precision measuring instruments; understanding of the working properties of common m etals and alloys; setting up and operating of machine tools and related equipment; making neces sary shop computations relating to dimensions of work, speeds, feeds, and tooling of machines; heat-treating of metal parts during fabrication as well as of finished tools and dies to achieve required qualities; working to close tolerances; fitting and a ssem bling of parts to prescribed tolerances and allowances; selecting appropriate m aterials, tools, and processes. In general, the tool-and-die m aker's work requires a rounded training in machine shop and toolroom practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. For wage study purposes, tool-and-die makers are classified as Tool-and-die makers (tool-and-die jobbing shops) Tool-and-die makers (other than tool-and-die jobbing shops) follows: 60 TU RRET-LATH E OPERATOR, HAND (INCLUDING HAND SCREW MACHINE) Operates a lathe equipped with a turret used to present a number of cutting tools, required for a cycle of machining operations, to the work in sequence. Opera tions commonly performed on a turret lathe include turning, facing, boring, drilling, and threading. The operator rotates or indexes the turret to bring the tools toward the work for each operation. Individual workpieces, such as forgings and castings, are held in a chuck or the lathe may be equipped with a bar stock feeding device to present the correct length of stock to the tools at the beginning of each cycle of opera tions. (For description of class of work see machine-tool operator, production.) WELDER, HAND Fuses (welds) metal objects together by arc welding apparatus in the fabrication of metal cracked metal objects. In addition to performing the welder may also lay out guide lines or marks with a cutting torch. means of an oxyacetylene torch or shapes and in repairing broken or hand welding or brazing operation, on metal parts and may cut metal Class A - Perform s welding operations requiring most of the following: Plan ning and laying out of work from drawings, blueprints, or other written specifica tions; knowledge of welding properties of a variety of metals and alloys; setting up work and determining operation sequence; welding high pressure v esse ls or other objects involving critical safety and load requirements; working from a variety of positions. Class B - Perform s welding operations on repetitive work, where no critical safety and load requirements are involved; where the work calls mainly for oneposition welding; and where the lay-out and planning of the work are perform ed by others. ☆ U.S.GOVERNM ENTPRINTINGOFFICE:1954O- 304914
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