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UNITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR
Frances Perkins, Secretary
B U R E A U OF L A B O R ST A T IS T IC S
Isador Lubin, Commissioner
W ages, H ours, and W o rk in g Conditions
in the Folding-Paper-Box Industry
1933, 1934, and 1935
+
Compiled by
Division of Wages, Hours, and Working Conditions
JACOB P E R L M A N , Chief
B ulletin
7s[o.
620
U N IT E D ST A T E S
G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G OFFICE
W A S H IN G T O N : 1937
For sale by the Superintendent o f Documents, Washington, D . C.
Price 15 cents
PREFACE
This survey of wt ges, hours, and working conditions in the foldingpaper-box industry is the first ever made for that industry by the
Bureau. It is part of a broader survey, which also includes the set-up
paper-box branch of the converted paper-products industry.
The survey was prompted by two considerations: (1) A desire
on the part of the Bureau to extend its detailed surveys of wages,
hours, and working conditions to smaller industries; and (2) a desire
to obtain a picture in several industries covering pre-code, code, and
post-code conditions, in order to see what changes occurred in wages
and hours as a consequence of the adoption of the code under the
National Recovery Administration and later as a result of the aboli
tion of the code.
The Bureau wishes to express its appreciation to the various
employers who furnished the information upon which this bulletin
is based. It also desires to thank the Folding^Paper Box Association
of America for its cooperation in this undertaking.
This bulletin was prepared under the direction of Jacob Perlman,
chief of the Division of Wages, Hours, and Working Conditions,
The text was written by Victor S. Baril (chapters I to IV) and
Frances Jones (chapter V). Mr. Baril also wrote appendix I, and
prepared appendix II under the supervision of Philip L. Jones.
Other persons who have assisted in the compilation of the bulletin
are Abner C. Lakenan, John T. O’Brien, and Dorothy S. Smith. The
following field representatives were engaged in the collection of the
data: Thomas J. Armstrong, Hugh F. Brown, James P. Corkery,
Fabian C. Cox, Fred B. Cunningham, Dorrian D. Densmoor, Wil
bert E. Dinger, Clarence H. Doughty, Victor E. Green, Francis G.
Gregory, Thomas P. Henson, John F. Laciskey, Edward T. Mc
Grath, William B. Pettit, Willis C. Quant, Charles Rubenstein, Paul
A. Sherier, Madison R. Smith, Frank I. Snyder, Louis M. Solomon,
George E. Votava, Paul E. Warwick, Oscar R. Witmer, and John
H. York.
ISADOR LUBIN,
A ugust 15, 1936.
Commissioner of Labor Statistics.
iii
CONTENTS
Page
Preface_________________________________________________________
Summary and conclusions___________________________________________
Chapter I.—Scope and method______________________________________
C hapter II.—Average hourly earnings_____________________________
Changes for the country as a whole____________________________
Changes by sex and region____________________________________
Changes by occupational classes_________________________________
Comparison by type of plant__________________________________
Chapter III.—Weekly hours________________________________________
Changes in averages____________________________________________
Changes in percentage distribution of employees_________________
Changes by occupational classes_________________________________
Comparison by type of plant____________________________________
C hapter IV.—Weekly earnings___________________________________
Changes in averages__________________________________________
Changes in percentage distribution of employees_________________
Changes by occupational classes_________________________________
Comparison by type of plant__________________________________
Chapter V.—Personnel policies and working conditions______________
Employment policies_________________________________________
Working time_______________________________________________
Methods of wage payment____________________________________
Welfare work________________________________________________
A ppendix I.—Employment, man-hours, and pay rolls________________
Appendix II.—Technological processes and occupational descriptions___
Genera]_____________________________________________________
Preparatory group of operations_______________________________
Printing and die-cutting group of operations_____________________
Folding and gluing or stitching group of operations_______________
Miscellaneous occupations_______________________________________
Classification of occupations used________________________________
A ppendix III.—Detailed statistical tables____________________________
Table A.—Distribution of employees according to average hourly
earnings by region and sex____________________________________
Table B.—Distribution of employees according to weekly hours by
region and sex_______________________________________________
Table C.—Distribution of employees according to weekly earnings by
region and sex_______________________________________________
V
h i
1
5
8
8
10
14
17
18
18
19
23
26
27
27
28
31
34
36
36
39
42
48
50
52
52
54
57
59
61
62
65
66
72
76
L ist o f S u m m ary T ables
Page
T able 1.—Coverage of survey during each of three pay-roll periods______
6
2.—Coverage of survey according to size of plant, August 1935____
7
3. —Average hourly earnings by region and sex_______________
8
4. —Percentage distribution of all employees according to average
hourly earnings_________________________________________
9
5. —Percentage distribution of employees according to average
hourly earnings by region and sex________________________
12
6.—Average hourly earnings by region, sex, and occupational class - _ 15
7. —Average weekly hours by region and sex-------------------------18
8. —Percentage distribution of employees according to weekly
hours by region and sex_________________________________
19
9.—Average weekly hours by region, sex, and occupational class___
24
10.—Average weekly earnings by region and sex_________________
27
11. —Percentage distribution of employees according to weekly
earnings by region and sex_______________________________
28
12.—Average weekly earnings by region, sex, and occupational class. _ 32
13. —Provisions for appeal from discharge in 121 plants classified
by the discharging official, August 1935___________________
39
14. —Holiday observance in 200 plants by region, August 1935_ 41
15. —Vacations in 200 plants for wage earners and salaried plant
employees and office employees, showing length of vacation
and service requisite for eligibility, August 1935____________
42
16. —Classification of employees according to method of wage pay
ment, by occupational class and region, 1934 and 1935______
44
17. —Average hourly earnings under straight-time, piece-work, and
bonus methods of wage payment for selected occupations,
45
1933, 1934, and 1935____________________________________
18. —Classification of plants by extent of overtime compensation
and type of plant and region, August 1935-----------------------47
19. —Classification of plants by kind of insurance as to region and
type and size of plant, August 1935______________________
48
20. —Relative changes in employment, man-hours, and pay rolls,
50
for identical plants______________________________________
L ist o f C harts
Chart 1.—Average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and average
weekly earnings of employees in the folding-paper-box in
dustry, May 1933, August 1934, and August 1935__________ vm
2. —Percentage distribution of employees in the folding-paper-box
industry by average hourly earnings, May 1933, August
1934, and August 1935_________________________________
9
3. —Percentage distribution of employees in the folding-paper-box
industry by weekly hours, May 1933, August 1934, and
August 1935___________________________________________
22
4. —Percentage distribution of employees in the folding-paper-box
industry by weekly earnings, May 1933, August 1934, and
August 1935___________________________________________
30
5. —Index numbers of aggregate employment, man-hours, and
pay rolls in the folding-paper-box industry, May 1933,
August 1934, and August 1935_________________________
51
6.—Processes in the manufacture of folding paper boxes__________
55
vi
CHART I
AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS, AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS,
AND AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES
IN THE FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
May 1 9 3 3 , August 1 9 3 4 , and August 1 9 3 5
Cents
AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS
MAY
1933
H ours
ay
D ollars
L
abor
ms
H ours
1934
A u g ust
ms
A u g u st
a v f r a g f w f f k i y f a r m in g s
m3
u reau o f
AUGUST
AVFRAGF WFFKI Y HOURS
M
ms
U. S . B
AUGUST
/934
S
t934
Cents
D ollars
ms
t a t is t ic s
VII
UNITED
STATES
DEPARTMENT
OF L A B O R
Bulletin o f the
Bureau o f Labor Statistics
Number 620
W ASH IN GTO N
August 1936
W ages, H ours, and W o rk in g Conditions in the
Folding-Paper-Box Industry, 1933, 1934, and
1935
Summary and Conclusions
1. The survey covers a pre-code period, May 1933; a code period,
August 1934; and a post-code period, August 1935. For the last
period, the sample included 7,865 employees (estimated to be 45
percent of total in industry) in 204 plants, which were selected on a
representative basis as to region, type of plant, size of plant, etc.
2. Average hourly earnings increased from 42.1 cents in May 1933
to 53.2 cents in August 1934, a rise of 26.4 percent. Between the
latter period and August 1935, average earnings per hour advanced
to 53.5 cents, an additional gain of 0.6 percent. The net increase for
the entire period was 11.4 cents, or 27.1 percent.
3. In August 1934, only 0.4 percent of the employees earned less
than 30 cents per hour, the lowest code minimum, whereas in May
1933 there were 28.0 percent being paid less than that amount. In
August 1935 the percentage earning less than 30 cents increased only
slightly, advancing to 1.5.
4. Over the entire period the relative increases in average earnings
per hour were greater in the South than in the North and greater for
females than for males. Absolute changes, however, differed but
little.
5. The average hourly-earnings differentials in favor of the North
declined somewhat between May 1933 and August 1934 but in
creased between the latter period and August 1935. The differen
tials in favor of males, on the other hand, remained more or less
constant throughout all three periods.
6. The code provided a minimum hourly rate of 40 cents for males
in the North, 35 cents for females in the North and males in the
South, and 30 cents for females in the South. As a result of these
provisions, between May 1933 and August 1934 the percentage of
workers receiving less than the respective code minima was reduced
92910°— 37------2
1
2
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
from 37.6 to 2.0 for males in the North, from 85.8 to 6.5 for females
in the North, from 59.6 to 5.9 for males in the South, and from 88.2
to 5.5 for females in the South. Decided concentrations took place
at the code minima in each case. Thus, the percentages earning
exactly the minimum amounts established in the code rose from 3.9
to 17.4 for males in the North, from 0.4 to 32.8 for females in the
North, from 1.6 to 32.9 for males in the South, and from 0 to 39.8
for females in the South. During the same period increases took
place in the percentages of those earning more than the code minima.
7. Substantial increases in average hourly earnings took place in
all of the occupational classes between May 1933 and August 1934.
It appears that skilled occupations had the smallest relative in
creases and unskilled occupations the greatest. Among the semi
skilled occupations, the trend was decidedly mixed. Most of the
gains made between May 1933 and August 1934 were still being
maintained in August 1935.
8. Under the code, maximum weekly hours were set at 40 for most
of the folding-paper-box workers. As a result, the industry average
dropped from 44.8 in May 1933 to 37.5 in August 1934. Following
the discontinuance of the code, the average weekly hours increased
to 39.7 in August 1935.
9. The decreases in average weekly hours, which followed the
adoption of the code, were much sharper in the South than in the
North. Thus, between May 1933 and August 1934, the absolute
decline in average weekly hours in the South amounted to 11.1 hours
for males and 9.9 hours for females, whereas in the North it was 7.8
hours for males and 5.1 hours for females. On the other hand, the
increases in average weekly hours between August 1934 and August
1935 were greater in the South than in the North. Thus, during this
period the average workweek in the South increased by 2.6 hours for
males and by 3.2 hours for females, while in the North it increased by
2.5 hours for males and by 1.2 hours for females.
10. One of the chief effects of the code was to reduce sharply the
number of employees working over 40 hours per week, this number
dropping from 71.7 percent in May 1933 to 14.9 percent in August
1934. At the same time, a decided concentration appeared at the
code level, the percentage working exactly 40 hours rising from 5.9 to
53.2. However, with the lifting of the code limitations, the percentage
of employees working over 40 hours rose from 14.9 in August 1934 to
32.0 in August 1935, and the percentage working exactly 40 hours
dropped from 53.2 to 42.1.
11. Between May 1933 and August 1934, the percentage working a
week in excess of 40 hours dropped from 74.6 to 18.3 for males in the
North, from 62.7 to 5.8 for females in the North, from 76.3 to 12.7 for
males in the South, and from 61.7 to 0 for females in the South. At
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
3
the same time, the number working exactly 40 hours rose from 6.3
to 52.0 percent for males in the North, from 6.4 to 58.7 percent for
females in the North, from 0.8 to 48.8 percent for males in the South,
and from 1.1 to 43.0 percent for females in the South. Between
August 1934 and August 1935, the percentage working exactly 40
hours declined in both regions for each sex, and the percentage working
over 40 hours increased.
12. In all occupational classes the average weekly hours declined
between May 1933 and August 1934. Between the latter period and
August 1935, however, the average hours per week increased in prac
tically all of the occupational classes.
13. Average weekly earnings advanced from $18.88 in May 1933 to
$19.96 in August 1934 and to $21.24 in August 1935. The first
increase was due to a substantial gain in average hourly earnings,
which more than counteracted a decrease in hours worked; while the
latter advance was due almost exclusively to an increase in weekly
hours, as average hourly earnings changed but very little during this
period.
14. Between May 1933 and August 1934 the average weekly earn
ings advanced from $21.78 to $22.16 for males in the North, from
$11.76 to $14.19 for females in the North, from $16.24 to $17.02 for
males in the South, and from $9.21 to $10.90 for females in the South.
Between the latter period and August 1935 these earnings rose to $23.68
for males in the North, $14.86 for females in the North, $17.52 for
males in the South, and $11.44 for females in the South.
15. The lifting of workers in the industry as a whole from lower to
higher weekly wage classes is evidenced by the fact that the percentage
earning less than $16 per week was reduced from 45.8 in May 1933 to
34.0 in August 1934 and to 27.2 in August 1935. Most of these em
ployees were shifted to the $16-and-under-$20 class, the percentages
in this class rising from 16.3 in May 1933 to 26.8 in August 1934 and to
27.5 in August 1935. The percentage of the workers earning $20 and
over rose from 37.9 in the first period to 39.2 in the second period and
to 45.3 in the last period. The same upward trend obtains in each
region and for each sex.
16. In nearly all of the occupational classes the average weekly
earnings increased between May 1933 and August 1934 and again
between the latter period and August 1935.
17. Folding-paper-box plants recruit their workers from among the
semiskilled and unskilled labor of the nearby locality. Males consti
tute about three-fourths of the employees.
18. Formal policies governing selection and placement, separation
from service, training, and promotion are unusual in this industry.
Employment and discharge are in most cases exercised by a single
company official. Less than 10 percent of the paper-box employees
surveyed had either union recognition or employee representation.
4
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
19. The usual workweek is 5 days and 40 hours, with one-shift
operation. Suspension of work for lunch is a uniform practice, as
is also holiday observance. The time in both cases is usually granted
without pay. Vacations with pay for wage earners are provided in
10 of the 200 plants, for foremen and other key workers in 70, and
for office employees in 114. Paid sick leave for wage earners is
provided in 14 plants, for foremen and similar key workmen in 55,
and for office workers in 106.
20. Straight-time rates prevailed in all occupational classes, piece
rates being found in less than one-third and bonus systems in oneeighth of the plants. A pronounced shift from production to time
rates accompanied the introduction of minimum-time rates under the
code. Average hourly earnings were consistently higher under
production rates than under straight-time rates.
Overtime work is common in the industry. The usual overtime
rate in March 1933 was the regular time or piece rate, and in August
1934 and 1935 it was time and one-third as fixed by the code. Noncompliance in the matter of overtime pay was frequent during August
1934. A decided shift back to pro-rata pay for overtime was shown
for the August 1935 period.
21. Welfare work is decidedly restricted both in quantity and kind
in this industry, it being generally limited to the larger plants.
Insurance was the most commonly used form of welfare work, and
it was provided in 79 plants, usually on a contributory basis.
22. Taking the period as a whole, employment in the industry
increased by 28.3 percent, most of the advance taking place between
May 1933 and August 1934. The large gain (24.0 percent) in em
ployment between May 1933 and August 1934 may be attributed
largely to the restrictions on weekly hours imposed by the code, as
the total man-hours increased only 3.0 percent during this period.
Between August 1934 and August 1935, however, employment in
creased only 3.5 percent, as compared with a gain of 9.5 percent in
total man-hours. Thus, it would seem that with the lifting of the
code restrictions on hours the industry preferred to meet expansion
by working longer hours rather than by hiring more employees.
23. As a result of the combined influence of greater employment
and increased average earnings per hour, pay rolls advanced 30.7
percent between May 1933 and August 1934. The smaller gain
between the latter period and August 1935, namely 10.1 percent,
was largely the result of increased man-hours caused by a longer
average workweek. The total gain in pay rolls amounted to 43.9
percent.
Chapter I.—Scope and Method
The object of this survey was to determine what changes had oc
curred in wages and hours of labor in the industry 1 as the result (1) of
the adoption of the President’s Reemployment Agreement and the
code, and (2) of the elimination of the code following the decision by
the United States Supreme Court in the Schechter case. The Presi
dent’s Reemployment Agreement went into effect during the latter
part of July 1933, although substitute provisions covering this industry
were adopted shortly thereafter. The code became effective on Janu
ary 8, 1934, and was discontinued on May 27, 1935. The three pay
roll periods for which information was obtained fell within the last
half of May 1933, August 1934, and August 1935. Accordingly, the
first period was 2 months prior to the President’s Reemployment
Agreement, the next one about 8 months after the adoption of the code,
and the last one 3 months after the termination of the code regulations.
There are no separate figures published by the Bureau of the Census
on the folding-paper-box industry.2 However, in the letter of Ad
ministrator Hugh S. Johnson to the President, under date of December
20, 1933, recommending the approval of the code, it was stated that
there were in this industry 370 firms with approximately 15,500 em
ployees.3 In May 1933 the total coverage of this survey was 161
plants with 4,546 employees. During the two succeeding periods,
however, the sample was extended to 204 identical plants, the number
of employees scheduled being 7,601 in August 1934 and 7,865 in
August 1935.4 On the basis of the above figures, the coverage is esti
mated conservatively to be at least 45 percent of the total number
of employees in the industry. Table 1 presents a detailed picture of
the coverage for each of the three pay-roll periods.
Folding paper boxes are used primarily for the packaging of goods,
thus being utilized in a variety of industries.5 As a result, the plants
making such boxes are widely distributed over the country. This
survey covered 31 States. As the code made a distinction between
* This industry was defined by the code as including “the manufacture and sale of containers (other than
fiber or corrugated shipping containers), which, or the integral parts of the multipiece units of which, are
made from a single piece of one or more plies of boxboard and in the primary joints and/or closures of which
the final outer surface of the blank is in direct contact with the final inner surface of the blank, when
assembled.”
2 The Census of Manufactures includes folding paper boxes in “ Boxes, paper, not elsewhere classified,”
which in 1933 reported 1,104 establishments with a total of 53,111 employees (5,891 salaried workers and 47,220
wage earners).
3 See Code of Fair Competition for the Folding-Paper-Box Industry.
* N o plant was scheduled unless it had records available for the last two pay-roll periods. However,
161 of the 204 plants also had records for M ay 1933. (See footnote 27, p. 43.)
3 Folding boxes should not be confused with shipping containers, which are made from solid fiber or
corrugated board.
5
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
6
the North and. the South, a similar geographical breakdown was
employed here, with the Southern region including 8 and the Northern
23 of the States covered.6 In August 1935, according to table 1, the
sample included only 24 plants with 547 employees in the South, as
compared with 180 plants and 7,318 workers in the North.
T
able
1.
— Coverage of survey during each of three pay-roll periods
South
North
United States
Numberofemployees Num Numberofemployees Num Numberofemployees
Pay-roll
period Num
ber
ber
ber
of Total Males Fe plants
of Total Males Fe
of Total Males Fe plants
plants
males
males
males
161 4,546
1,150 137
May 1933......
204
7,601 3,396
5,794 1,831
7,096 3,143
1,807
180 4,199
August
1934— 204
5,417 1,056
1,679
7,865
6,034
180
5,616
1,702
August
1935-7,318
24
347
253
94
24
505 418
377 129
128
24 547
Not all of the 204 plants covered in August 1935 were strictly fold
ing-paper-box establishments. Some also manufactured either set-up
or solid-fiber and corrugated boxes in addition to folding boxes, others
were either paper mills or printing establishments which made folding
boxes only as a side line, and a small number of plants were engaged
primarily in some other line of business but made folding boxes for
their own use.7 The last-named group has been termed “consumer
plants”, all remaining establishments having been classified here as
“independent plants.” In fact, out of more than 27,000 workers
employed in all of the above establishments only about 8,000, or less
than one-third, were engaged in the manufacture of folding boxes.
This indicates clearly to what extent the folding-paper-box industry
is integrated with other industries.
In selecting the sample, it was endeavored to make the plant
coverage fully representative as to size. In classifying plants accord
ing to size, however, the total employment rather than just the
folding-box employment was used as the basis. The classification
employed is shown in table 2.8
• The codedesignatedthe States of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North
Carolina, SouthCarolina, Tennessee, Texas, andVirginiaasbelongingtotheSouthernzone. Ofthese, the
only States that are not represented in this survey are Florida, Mississippi, and South Carolina. The
remaining 23 States, which are classed here as belonging to the Northern zone, are California, Colorado,
Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,
Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,
Washington, andWisconsin.
7More than 75percent of the total number of establishments covered were engaged principally in the
manufacture of converted paper products, about 20percent were either paper mills or printing establish
ments, andthe remaining 5percent were consumer plants.
8A more detailed analysis of the distribution of plants according to size indicates that those engaged
primarilyinthemanufactureofconvertedpaperproductsaregenerallysmall: 65percentoftheseplants had
fewerthan50employees, 90percenthadfewerthan100employees, 9percent between100and300employees,
and only 1plant had over 300employees. On the other hand, the plants in which the manufacture of
foldingpaper boxes was asecondaryline were muchlarger, as 80 percent of themhadover 100employees
and50 percent over 300employees.
SCOPE AND METHOD
7
T able 2. — Coverage of survey according to size of plan t , A ugust 1935
Number
foldingNumber
Size of plant (total employment) lishments
paperof estab ofbox
em
ployees
Under
20employees........................
47
20
andunder
under
30employees.................
employees................. 35
385
23 445
30
and
50
890
50
and
under
100
employees................
1,842
45
100employees
andunder and
300employees...............
27 2,596
1,707
300
over..................... 27
Total.................................... 204 7,865
The information for this survey, which was collected by field
representatives of the Bureau, covered wages and hours, personnel
policies, and technological processes and occupational descriptions.
The wages and hours data were obtained from actual time and pay
roll records, including for each worker the occupation, color,9 sex,
method of wage payment, the total hours actually worked, and total
earnings. These figures were used to compile averages and distribu
tions covering average hourly earnings, weekly hours, and weekly
earnings 10 by region, sex, and occupation. A tabulation was also
made by independent and consumer plants. An analysis of the
wages and hours data appears in chapters II, III, and IV. The
information pertaining to personnel policies, which was obtained by
means of interviews with plant officials, has been summarized in
chapter V. Appendix I summarizes the changes in employment,
man-hours, and pay rolls; appendix II contains an analysis of the
technological processes and occupational descriptions in this industry;
and appendix III presents in detail the wages and hours information
upon which this bulletin is based.
9Coloredworkersconstitutedonlyabout 1percent of the total covered, andas aresult noseparate tabu
lations were made forthem.
10The average hourly earnings were computed by dividing the earnings received during the pay-roll
periodcovered by the actual hours worked. If the pay period exceeded 1week, the actual hours worked
in 1weekwithinthe pay-roll periodwere also obtained, which, multiplied by the averagehourlyearnings,
gave the weekly earnings.
Chapter II.—Average Hourly Earnings
Changes for the Country as a Whole
The average earnings per hour of all employees in the industry,
according to table 3, amounted to 42.1 cents in May 1933, 53.2 cents
in August 1934, and 53.5 cents in August 1935. This represents a
total increase of 11.4 cents, or 27.1 percent, of which 11.1 cents, or
26.4 percent, occurred between the pre-code period of May 1933 and
the code period of August 1934, there being hardly any change
between the latter and the post-code period of August 1935.
T able 3. — Average hourly earnings by region and sex
Average hourlyearnings
Regionandsex
May
1934 August
1935
1933 August
United
States________________
Males.....................................
Females..______ _________
North------------------------------Males—
....................................
Females........
..........................
South....................................
......
Males......
.... ........................—
Females.—.............................
.
$0.421
$0..576
532 $0..577
535
.466
.389
.278 .386
.539 .544
.431
.476
.283 .584
.389 .586
.395
.307
.430
.415
.338
.461 .444
.214 .330
.316
Percentage change
Mayto
Mayto August
1934to August
1933
1933
August
August
1934 1935 1935
+26.4 +0.6
+27.1
+.2 +23.8
+23.6
+38.8 +.8
+39.9
+25.
1
+26.2
+.9
+22.
+.3 +23.1
+37. 57 +1.5
+39.6
+40.1
-3.5
+35.2
+36.4
-4.2 +31.4
+54.2 -3.7
+47.7
The same story is told by the percentage distribution as to average
hourly earnings (see table 4 and chart 2); namely, a radical
change between the first two periods and only a slight difference
between the last two periods. The adoption of the President’s
Reemployment Agreement and of the code seems to have affected
particularly the low-paid workers. Thus, in August 1934, only
3.4 percent of the employees earned less than 35 cents per hour, as
compared with 41.6 percent receiving less than that amount in
March 1933. Most of these low-paid workers were shifted to the
class of 35 and under 45 cents, as may be seen from the fact that the
percentage in that class rose from 22.6 in 1933 to 42.1 in 1934. That
the gain in average hourly earnings also extended to the higher-paid
employees is brought out by the fact that between the two periods
the increases were from 18.9 to 28.1 percent in the class of 45 and
under 60 cents, from 15.6 to 22.3 percent in the class of 60 cents and
under $1, and from 1.3 to 4.1 percent in the class of $1 and over.
8
9
AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS
On the other hand, the chief effect of the discontinuance of the code
was a slight increase in the relative number of low-paid workers.
Hence, the percentage of employees paid less than 35 cents increased
from 3.4 in August 1934 to 5.2 in August 1935. This was accom
panied by a reduction in the class earning 35 and under 45 cents
from 42.1 percent in 1934 to 38.1 percent in 1935, there being very
little shift in each of the two higher-paid classes mentioned above.
Table 4.—Percentage distribution of all employees according to average hourly
earnings
May 1933
August 1934
August 1935
Simple Cumula
Simple Cumula
Simple Cumula
percent
per
per percent
per percent
centage
age tive
centage
age tive
age tive
centage
Average hourly earnings
in15and
and nndar
rmdar 2ft15Rants
1.3
Rants
_ __ 11.8
3.7
20
and
under
25
cents____________
11.2
25and
andunder
30
cents____________
13.6
30
under40
35cents____________
cents........................ 11.9
35
and
under
10.7
40
and
under
45
cents____________
7.9
45
andunder
under55
50cents____________
cents.......................
7.2
50and
and
3.8
55
under
60
cents____________
7.2
60
and
under
70
cents____________
4.6
70and
under
80
cents____________
80
and
under
100
cents___________
100cents
andunder
120cents___________ 3.8.4.9
120
andover______________
Total__________________ 100.0
1Less than Ho of 1percent.
1.3
5.0 (90.1 (i)(i)0.1
16.8
28.0
41.6
3.0.3 21.4
3.4.4
53.5
18.0
64.2
45.5
72.1 24.1
12.1
57.6
67.2
79.3
9.6
6.4
83.1
73.6
90.3
83.3
9.7
94.9
5.5
88.8
98.7
7.1
95.9
99.6
98.9
3.0
100.0 1.1 100.0
100.0
0.1.2
1.2
3.7
16.9
21.2
12.3
10.2
7.2
9.7
5.8
7.1
3.4
1.0
100.0
0.1.3
1.5
5.2
22.1
43.3
55.6
65.8
73.0
82.7
88.5
95.6
99.0
100.0
P e r c e n t a g e d is t r ib u t io n o f e m p l o y e e s in t h e
Folding -Pa p e r - Box industry by av er a g e Hourly E a r n in g s
MAY 1933, AUGUST 1934, AND AUGUST 1935
Per
P
c en ta g e
ercentage
30
30
23
28
26
A
26
ug ust
1934
24
24
22
20
22
Id
Id
20
16
16
A4A Y
/<
14
12
14
12
10
10
3
_
/
A
3
ug UST
m 15
6
6
4
4
2
0
___S
m
■ d riL J
10
20
30
JO -_8Q___ 90.
A
U .3 . B UREAU OF LA B O R S T A T IS T IC S
92910°—37------ 3
2
^
verage
H
ourly
E
100
a r n in g s
in
.J 2 0
Cen ts'
130
0
a n d
OVER
10
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
Changes by Sex and Region
From May 1933 to August 1934, as appears from table 3, the South
led the North both in relative and absolute increases in average
hourly earnings. During this period the average hourly earnings in
the South rose 36.4 percent (12.3 cents) for males and 54.2 percent
(11.6 cents) for females, while in the North they advanced 22.7 per
cent (10.8 cents) for males and 37.5 percent (10.6 cents) for females.
In both districts the gains made by females were relatively, but not
absolutely, greater than those of males. The above phenomena
were due in a large measure to the low wages of both sexes in the
South and of females in the North prior to the Presidents Reemploy
ment Agreement and the code, thus making it necessary to bring these
earnings in line with the minimum rates set up under the National
Recovery Administration.
In August 1935, when the code was no longer in effect, most of the
increases in average hourly earnings made under the National Re
covery Administration were still being maintained. While in the
South the averages declined 3.7 percent (1.7 cents) for males and 4.2
percent (1.4 cents) for females, the averages in the North increased
0.3 percent (0.2 cent) formates and 1.5 percent (0.6 cent) for females.
These gains, coupled with the large number of workers in the North,
were responsible for the slight rise in the industry average between
August 1934 and August 1935.
The changes in average earnings per hour between each of the
periods affected to some extent both the regional and sex differentials.
On a regional basis, the differentials declined between May 1933 and
August 1934 but increased between the latter period and August 1935.
Thus, the average of males in the North exceeded that in the South,
respectively, by 13.8, 12.3, and 14.2 cents, while the average of fe
males in the North was greater than that in the South, respectively,
by 6.9, 5.9, and 7.9 cents. As regards the sex differential within each
region, it appears that it was more or less constant (approximately
19 cents in favor of northern males and 13 cents in favor of southern
males) throughout the entire period.
As in other codes, the one 11 for this industry also set up minimum
rates of wages per hour, varying with region and sex. For “any
laborer, mechanical worker, or artisan”, these rates were 40 cents for
males in the North, 35 cents for females in the North and males in the
11 The substitute provisions of the President’s Reemployment Agreement relating to rates of pay were as
follows: “ Factory or mechanical workers or artisans shall be paid not less than 40 cents per hour unless the
rate for the same class of work on July 15, 1929, was less than 40 cents per hour, and in the latter case such
employees shall be paid not less than the rate on July 15,1929; but in no case shall the minimum rate be less
than 32H cents per hour in the North and 30 cents per hour in the South. All overtime shall be at the rate
of time and one-third. This paragraph establishes a guaranteed minimum rate of pay regardless of whether
the employee is compensated on a basis of a time rate or on piece-work performance.”
AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS
11
South, and 30 cents for femaxes in the South.12 Piece workers were
to be paid “at rates which will yield a worker for an hour’s work not
less than the minimum rate above prescribed.” Women doing prac
tically the same work as men were to receive the same rates as the
latter. It was also provided that minors in the office under 18
years,13 as well as substandard workers, could be paid not less than 80
percent of the minimum. The code also stipulated that the wage
rates of those already earning more than the minimum were to be
“reviewed and such adjustments, if any, made therein as are equitable
in the light of all the circumstances.”
Among the males in the North, who constituted about 70 percent
of the total employees scheduled during each period, the influence of
the code is quite evident from an examination of table 5. With a
minimum of 40 cents per hour, the percentage earning less than that
amount was reduced from 37.6 in May 1933 to only 2.0 in August
1934. The latter must have been composed either of substandard
workers or those paid in violation of the code, although it is interesting
to note that very few were found at less than 32 cents, which is the
lowest possible rate (80 percent of the minimum) allowed for any
male in this region. Another effect of the 40-cent code minimum was
to bring about a concentration of employees at that rate, with 17.4
percent earning exactly that figure in August 1934 as against 3.9 per
cent in May 1933. The effect of the code was also to produce a con
tinual shift of the remaining employees from lower- to higher-paid
classes, as evidenced by the fact that beginning with 40 cents every
wage class showed an increase in the relative number of workers be
tween the two periods. Following the discontinuance of the code,
however, the percentage of employees receiving less than 40 cents per
hour advanced from 2.0 in August 1934 to 5.2 in August 1935. This
was accompanied by a reduction in the class of 40 and under 45 cents
from 27.6 percent in the former period to 21.9 percent in the latter
period, the drop being largely due to the decrease in the earnings of a
number of workers who had been receiving exactly 40 cents under the
code.14 In the classes above 45 cents there was very little change in
the respective percentages between the two periods, thus indicating
that, with the exception of the rather minor shift noted above, there
was little disturbance in the wage structure after the code passed out
of existence.
12 The minimum rates of wages set for the remaining employees were $16 per week in the North and $14
per week in the South.
12 Their number was limited to 6 percent of the total number of employees.
u The decline in the percentage was from 17.4 in August 1934 to 13.0 in August 1935.
12
T able
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
5 . —Percentage distribution of employees according to average hourly earnings
by region and sex
M ay 1933
Region, sex, and average hourly earnings
A ugust 1934
A ugust 1935
Sim ple Cum ula Simple Cumula Simple Cum ula
percent tive per percent tive per percent tive per
age
centage
age
centage
age
centage
North
M ales receiving—
10 and under 15 cents.......... ....................
•15 and under 20 cents________________
20 and under 25 cents________________
25 and under 30 cents________________
30 and under 35 cents_________ _______
35 and under 40 cents________________
40 cen ts____ _________________________
Over 40 and under 45 cents__________
45 and under 50 cents_____________ __
50 and under 55 cents________________
55 and under 60 cents________________
60 and under 70 cents________ _______
70 and under 80 cents________________
80 and under 100 cents_______________
100 and under 120 cents............................
120 cents and over_____ ______________
T otal..........................................................
Fem ales receiving—
Under 15 cents __
...........
.......
15 and under 20 cents________________
20 and under 25 cents________________
25 and under 30 cents_________ ______
30 and under 35 cents________________
35 cents______________________________
Over 35 and under 40 cen ts................ ..
40 and under 45 cents________________
45 and under 50 cents________________
50 and under 55 cents________________
55 and under 60 cents.............. ..................
60 cents and over.. _________________
T o ta l._____________________________
0.4
1.0
4.5
6.7
11.2
13.8
3.9
9.9
10.6
9.6
5.1
9.7
6.5
5.4
1.2
0.5
100.0
0.4
1.4
5.9
12.6
23.8
37.6
41. 5
51.4
62.0
71.6
76.7
86.4
92.9
98.3
99.5
100.0
.9
8.5
28.9
24.5
23.0
.4
6.8
2.6
.9
1.6
.5
1.4
100.0
.9
9.4
38.3
62.8
85.8
86.2
93.0
95.6
96.5
98.1
98.6
100.0
6.3
9.5
23.6
10.7
9.5
1.6
7.9
9.5
5.5
4.0
2.4
4.3
2.8
1.6
6.3
15.8
39.4
50.1
59.6
61.2
69.1
78.6
84.1
88.1
90.5
94.8
97.6
99.2
100.0
0)
0)
0)
0.1
.5
1.4
17.4
10.2
15.0
12.0
8.5
12.5
7.4
9.4
4.0
1.6
100.0
C)
0)0.1
.6
2.0
19.4
29.6
44.6
56.6
65.1
77.6
85.0
94.4
98.4
100.0
.1
.3
.2
5.9
32.8
32.6
16.8
4.6
3.0
1.0
2.7
100.0
.1
.4
.6
6.5
39.3
71.9
88.7
93.3
96.3
97.3
100.0
1.6
4.3
32.9
14.1
12.7
7.1
6.4
2.4
10.6
2.1
4.2
1.6
100.0
1.6
5.9
38.8
52.9
65.6
72.7
79.1
81.5
92.1
94.2
98.4
100.0
0.1
.4
1.5
3.2
13.0
8.9
15.0
12.6
9.5
12.6
7.7
9.6
4.5
1.4
100.0
0.1
.5
2.0
5.2
18.2
27.1
42.1
54.7
64.2
76.8
84.5
94.1
98.6
100.0
.1
.1
3.4
5.9
26.1
28.7
21.8
5.8
4.5
1.2
2.4
100.0
.1
.2
3.6
9.5
35.6
64.3
86.1
91.9
96.4
97.6
100.0
2.1
1.4
3.4
32.1
17.2
14.6
5.9
4.3
3.1
7.2
3.6
3.4
1.7
100.0
2 .1
3.5
6.9
39.0
56.2
70.8
76.7
81.0
84.1
91.3
94.9
98.3
100.0
5.4
.8
8.5
36.4
29.4
10.9
3.9
3.1
1.6
100.0
5.4
6.2
14.7
51.1
80.5
91.4
95.3
98.4
100.0
South
M ales receiv in g 10 and under 15 cents________________
15 and under 20 cents______ _____
20 and under 25 cents______
_
25 and under 30 cents_______________
30 and under 35 cents________________
35 cen ts..... ............................ ..........................
Over 35 and under 40 cents__________
40 and under 45 cents................................
45 and under 50 c e n ts _______________
50 and under 55 cents...... ..........................
55 and under 60 cents________________
60 and under 70 cents________________
70 and under 80 cents________________
80 and under 100 cents_______________
100 cents and over___ ________________
T otal__ ______ _
___
___
Females receiving—
Under 15 cents. __________
_____
15 and under 20 cen ts...............................
20 and under 25 cents............ ................
25 and under 30 c en ts.............................
30 c e n ts..........................................................
Over 30 and under 35 cents.....................
35 and under 40 cents________________
40 and under 45 cents________________
45 and under 50 cents________________
50 cents and over.........................................
Total
__
______
1Uess than Mo of 1 percent.
.8
100.0
20.2
24.5
31.8
11.7
3.2
6.4
1.1
1.1
100.0
20.2
44.7
76.5
88.2
88.2
91.4
97.8
98.9
98.9
100.0
.8
4.7
39.8
29.7
14.8
5.5
1.6
3.1
100.0
.8
5.5
45.3
75.0
89.8
95.3
96.9
100.0
AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS
13
The changes pertaining to males in the South were even more
striking, although this group made up only about 5 percent of the
employees covered. W ith a code minimum of 35 cents per hour, the
percentage earning less than that amount dropped from 59.6 in M ay
1933 to 5.9 in August 1934.15 The percentage receiving exactly
35 cents rose from only 1.6 in the former period to 32.9 in the latter
period. Practically every wage class above 35 cents also showed a
larger relative number of workers in August 1934 as compared with
M ay 1933. The percentage paid under 35 cents increased from 5.9
in August 1934 to 6.9 in August 1935. There was also a gain in
those earning 35 and under 45 cents from 59.7 to 63.9 percent, which
was accompanied by a decrease in the percentages in the group of 45
and under 70 cents from 26.5 to 20.5, thus indicating that the cutting
of wages after the code extended to the higher-paid classes. The
percentage of employees earning 70 cents and over advanced slightly,
from 7.9 in August 1934 to 8.7 in August 1935.
The most striking shifts in workers from lower to higher wage
classes, however, occurred among females in both districts. In the
North, where the females constituted approximately 22 percent of
the total employees scheduled, those earning less than the code
minimum of 35 cents declined from as high a figure as 85.8 percent
in May 1933 to only 6.5 percent in August 1934. During the latter
period less than 1 percent were paid under 28 cents, or 80 percent of
the minimum, which was the lowest possible rate under the code.
The percentage receiving exactly 35 cents rose from 0.4 in May 1933
to 32.8 in August 1934. Whereas in the former period more than
three-quarters of the employees were paid 20 and under 35 cents per
hour, in the latter period more than four-fifths (82.2 percent) of
the total were earning 35 and under 45 cents. This compared with
only 9.8 percent falling in the latter class in 1933. Likewise, the
percentage receiving 45 cents and over increased from 4.4 to 11.3
between the two periods. From August 1934 to August 1935, how
ever, the percentage of employees rose from 6.5 to 9.5 for the various
classes under 35 cents, decreased from 65.4 to 54.8 in the 35-and-under40-cents class, and increased from 28.1 to 35.7 for the classes of 40
cents and over. In other words, it seems that after the code there
was a tendency for some of the medium-paid employees to be shifted
to lower and others to higher wage classes.16
The female workers in the South constituted only about 2 percent
of the total employees scheduled. The effect of the 30-cent code
minimum upon this group was to reduce the percentage earning less
than that amount from 88.2 in May 1933 to 5.5 in August 1934.
While no female worker earned exactly 30 cents per hour in May
is There were only 2 employees who were paid less than 28 cents (80 percent of minimum) in that period.
i« The number earning exactly 35 cents per hour declined from 32.8 percent in August 1934 to 26.1 percent
in August 1935, which indicates that it was largely this group that suffered wage reductions after the dis
continuance of the code.
14
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
1933, actually 39.8 percent received that amount in August 1934.
At the same time the percentage in the class of 30 and under 35
cents rose from 3.2 to 69.5. The percentage earning 35 cents and
over advanced from 8.(> in May 1933 to 25.0 in August 1934. With
the discontinuance of the code in August 1935, those earning under
30 cents increased to 14.7 percent, while those paid 30 and under
35 cents and 35 cents and over declined respectively to 65.8 and
19.5 percent, thus indicating clearly that the retrogression affected
all the relatively higher-paid employees.
Changes by Occupational Classes
The extent of the changes in average hourly earnings by individual
occupations and occupational groupings 17 is shown in table 6.
Among the males in the North, the average hourly earnings in May
1933 for the 17 individual occupations shown ranged from 35.1 cents
for die makers’ helpers to 68.4 cents for die makers. If the occupa
tional groupings were included, the range would be from 33.5 cents for
miscellaneous service workers to 75.4 cents for miscellaneous skilled
indirect employees. The percentages of change between May 1933
and August 1934 extended from 13.2 for automatic gluing- and foldingmachine operators to 36.8 for die makers’ helpers. On the whole, the
skilled occupations had the smallest relative increases, while the
unskilled occupations showed the greatest relative gains; in the semi
skilled group the trend varied, the percentage rises varying from 15.6
for automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders to as high as 36.8
for die makers’ helpers.18 In August 1934 the average earnings per
hour for the 17 individual occupations extended from 44.5 cents for
automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders to 80.6 cents for die
makers, the range for all occupational classes being from 43.5 cents
for miscellaneous service workers to 93.5 cents for office and plant
supervisory employees. Between August 1934 and August 1935 only
six individual occupations and occupational groupings showed slight
decreases (the largest was 2.0 percent for semiskilled workers in the
power and maintenance group), the remaining classes having increases
from 0.2 percent for strippers, bundlers and packers, and laborers, to
9.0 percent for die makers’ helpers. The highest and lowest average
hourly earnings in August 1935 were for the same occupations and
occupational groupings as in August 1934.
” These consist of occupations not sufficiently large to justify the presentation of separate averages.
18 The skilled occupations are hand and machine compositors, die makers, pressmen, pressmen and feed
ers, machine adjusters and repairmen, automatic gluing- and folding-machine operators, truck drivers,
office and plant supervisory employees, office and plant clerical workers, skilled miscellaneous direct work
ers, skilled miscellaneous indirect workers, and skilled power and maintenance workers; the semiskilled
occupations are pressfeeders, cutter feeders, automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders, machine feeders,
die makers' helpers, pressmen's helpers, semiskilled miscellaneous direct workers, semiskilled miscellaneous
indirect workers, and semiskilled power and maintenance workers; the unskilled occupations are strippers,
machine helpers, bundlers and packers, laborers, unskilled miscellaneous indirect workers, and miscella
neous service workers.
T able
AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS
6.—Average hourly earnings hy region, sexf and occupational class
Average hourly earnings
Region, sex, and occupational class
15
Percentage change
May
May August August 1933 to
1933 1934 1935 August
1934
August
1934 to
August
1935
May
1933 to
August
1935
+2.6
+1.1
+1.1
+ .4
+. 3
+2.7
- .2
+ 2
+1.5
- .7
+1.1
+ .2
+ .2
+1.1
- .6
+9.0
+4.5
- .2
+ .7
+ .9
+3.0
—1.2
+5.0
+3.2
+ .3
-2 .0
+1.1
+ .3
+23.4
+19.2
+22.8
+26.2
+22.0
+17.5
+23.4
+32.7
+14.9
+14.8
+28.0
+35.2
+26.1
+30.5
+14.6
+49.0
+32.9
+24.1
+21.6
+20.7
+38.9
+21.9
+24.7
+31.3
+20.8
+14.2
+31.3
+23.1
+ .5
-1 .6
+4.3
+4.5
+ .5
- .3
+2.4
+2.4
+2.4
+4.2
+1.5
+ .9
+40.1
+27.9
+50.8
+45.1
+50.6
+37.1
+32.3
+43.3
+17.8
+36.0
+39.6
+26.2
North
Males:
Compositors, hand and machine.............................. $0.640 $0.770 $0,790 -20.3
Die m akers.......................... ...................................... .684 .806 .815 -17.8
Pressmen........................................................................ .650 .789 .798 . r21. 4
Pressfeeders................................................................... .401 .504 .506 -25.7
Pressmen and feeders................................... ............. .509 .619 .621 H21.6
Machine adjusters and repairmen.......................... .624 .714 .733 -14.4
Cutter feeders............................................................... .445 .550 .549 H23.6
Strippers.................... .................................................... .364 .482 .483 r32.4
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine operators. .538 .609 .618 -13.2
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders . . .385 .445 .442 H15.6
Machine helpers....................... ...................... ......... .354 .448 .453 [-26.6
Bundlers and packers.................................................. .364 .491 .492 [-34.9
Laborers (loaders, unloaders, etc.)............................ .360 .453 .454 H25.8
Machine feeders........................................... ................ .357 .461 .466 -29.1
Truck drivers............................................................... .465 .536 .533 [-15.3
Die makers’ helpers..................................................... .351 .480 .523 [-36.8
Pressmen’s helpers..................... ................................ .417 .530 .554 [-27.1
Supervisory employees, office and plant................. .752 .935 .933 [-24.3
Clerical employees, office and plant........................ .485 .586 .590 [-20.8
Miscellaneous direct workers, skilled.................... .585 .700 .706 [-20.0
Miscellaneous direct workers, semiskilled.............. .350 .472 .486 [-34.9
Miscellaneous indirect workers, skilled.................. .754 .930 .919 1-23.3
Miscellaneous indirect workers, semiskilled.......... .438 .520 .546 -18.7
Miscellaneous indirect workers, unskilled_______ .367 .467 .482 -27.2
Power and maintenance workers, skilled............... .602 .725 .727 -20.4
Power and maintenance workers, semiskilled....... .437 .509 .499 [-16.5
Service workers, miscellaneous................................. .335 .435 .440 [-29.9
Total........................................................................... .476 .584 .586 +22.7
Females:
Press feeders.................................................................. .274 .382 .384 +39.4
Strippers......................, ..................................... ......... .294 .382 .376 +29.9
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders... .256 .370 .386 +44.5
Stitcher operators............... ....................................... .273 .379 .396 +38.8
Machine helpers........................................................... .245 .367 .369 +49.8
Bundlers and packers............................................... .278 .382 .381 +37.4
Machine feeders.......... ........... ................................... .291 .376 .385 +29.2
Gluers, folders, etc., hand............. ............................ .270 .378 .387 +40.0
Clerical employees, office and plant........................ .427 .491 .503 +15.0
.344 .449 .468 +30.5
Miscellaneous other employees 1......................... .
T otal.......................................... ............................. .283 .389 .395 +37.5
Total, both sexes................................................... .431 .539 .544 +25.1
South
Males:
Compositors, hand and machine, and die makers..
Pressmen........................................................................
Press feeders..................................................................
Strippers......... ...............................................................
Machine helpers...........................................................
Bundlers and packers.................................................
Miscellaneous direct employees............. ..................
Miscellaneous indirect employees............................
T otal.........................................................................
Females:
Miscellaneous machine operators______________
Miscellaneous machine feeders..................................
Miscellaneous direct employees...............................
Miscellaneous indirect employees ............................
Total.............................................. ............................
Total, both sexes.......................................................
1 Includes mostly indirect workers.
.577
.496
.311
.206
.213
.218
.397
.353
.338
.697
.624
.412
.360
.361
.362
.517
.475
.461
.695
.620
.405
.348
.346
.368
.496
.472
.444
+20.8
+25.8
+32.5
+74.8
+69.5
+66.1
+30.2
+34.6
+36.4
- .3
- .6
-1 .7
-3 .3
-4 .2
+1.7
-4 .1
- .6
-3 .7
+20.5
+25.0
+30.2
+68.9
+62.4
+68.8
+24.9
+33.7
+31.4
.221
.234
.182
.212
.214
.307
.319
.328
.320
.340
.330
.430
.319
.343
.308
.305
.316
.415
+44.3
+40.2 +4.6
+75.8 -3 .8
+60.4 -10.3
+54.2 -4 .2
+40.1 -3 .5
+44.3
+46.6
+69.2
+43.9
+47.7
+35.2
As for males in the South, the range in average hourly earnings in
May 1933 was from 20.6 cents for strippers to 57.7 cents for hand
16
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
and machine compositors and die makers. The percentage increases
between that period and August 1934 varied from 20.8 for the latter
occupation to 74.8 for the former occupation, the lowest average
earnings per hour in August 1934 being 36 cents for strippers and the
highest 69.7 cents for hand and machine compositors and die makers.
From August 1934 to August 1935, during which time the code was
abandoned, there was a reduction in average earnings per hour in all
but 1 of the 8 occupational classes shown, the largest relative decrease
being 4.2 percent for machine helpers. Bundlers and packers had
a slight gain of 1.7 percent. In August 1935 machine helpers showed
the lowest (34.6 cents) and hand and machine compositors and die
makers the highest (69.5 cents) average hourly earnings.
There are five identical occupations among males with large
enough numbers of workers to show average hourly earnings. In
May 1933 the differentials in favor of the North for these occupations
were 15.4 cents for pressmen, 9 cents for pressfeeders, 15.8 cents for
strippers, 14.1 cents for machine helpers, and 14.6 cents for bundlers
and packers. The respective differentials in August 1935 amounted
to 17.8, 10.1, 13.5, 10.7, and 12.4 cents, thus being higher for the first
two and lower for the last three occupations. In every case the per
centage gain in the South was greater than in the North, but it was
especially so for strippers, machine helpers, and bundlers and packers,
which explains the reduction in the differentials for these three jobs.
With the exception of the office and plant clerical workers and mis
cellaneous other employees, there was very little variation in average
hourly earnings among the various occupational classes shown for
females in the North during each of the three pay-roll periods. The
range was from 24.5 cents for machine helpers to 29.4 cents for strippers
in May 1933, from 36.7 cents for machine helpers to 38.2 cents for
press feeders, strippers, and bundlers and packers in August 1934, and
from 36.9 cents for machine helpers to 39.6 cents for stitcher operators
in August 1935. The percentage gains between the first two periods
varied from 15.0 for office and plant clerical employees to 49.8 for
machine helpers; between the last two periods, only two occupations
had slight reductions, the remaining showing increases, of which the
highest relative gain was 4.5 percent for stitcher operators. In the
South there was also very little difference between the average hourly
earnings of the four occupational groupings shown. Between May
1933 and August 1934 the largest percentage rise of any occupa
tional class in table 6 was 75.8 for female miscellaneous direct em
ployees in this region. The sharpest reduction, namely, 10.3 percent,
between August 1934 and August 1935 was for female miscellaneous
indirect employees.
There are six identical occupations in the North for which compari
sons in average hourly earnings may be made by sex. In May 1933
AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS
17
the differentials favoring the males amounted to 12.7 cents for pressfeeders, 7 cents for strippers, 12.9 cents for automatic gluing- and
folding-machine feeders, 10.9 cents for machine helpers, 8.6 cents for
bundlers and packers, and 6.6 cents for machine feeders. The
respective differentials for the same occupations were 12.2, 10.0,
7.5, 8.1, 10.9, and 8.5 cents in August 1934 and, in August 1935, they
were 12.2, 10.7, 5.6, 8.4, 11.1, and 8.1 cents. These differentials are
interesting, as the code stipulated that females doing the same work
as males should get the same pay.
The actual distribution of employees by occupational classes is
presented in table A of appendix III.
Comparison by Type of Plant
Another interesting comparison of average hourly earnings can be
made by type of plant. As previously stated (see p. 6), the foldingpaper-box industry contains two types of establishments, namely,
independent and consumer 19 plants. Each type is subject to dif
ferent economic influences. On the one hand, the independent es
tablishments must dispose of their products in an open market, which
means that average hourly earnings are likely to be determined by
competitive conditions. On the other hand, the consumer plants
dispose of their output to the parent companies manufacturing prod
ucts other than paper boxes. In this closed market, average hourly
earnings are affected not only by conditions in the industry, but they
are also probably influenced by wage conditions obtaining in the
parent company. Due to the limited coverage in the South and a
desire to eliminate the influence of the regional differential, the com
parison has been limited to northern establishments.
The average hourly earnings in independent plants were 42.6 cents
in May 1933, 53.6 cents in August 1934, and 54.1 cents in August
1935. For the same periods, the average hourly earnings in con
sumer plants were, respectively, 49.8 cents, 59.3 cents, and 61.1 cents.
Thus, the average hourly earnings in consumer plants exceeded by a
fair margin those in independent plants during each of the three
pay-roll periods. In May 1933 consumer plants paid on the average
7.2 cents more per hour than independent plants. This differential
was reduced to 5.7 cents in August 1934, because hourly earnings
advanced more in independent plants (11.0 cents or 25.8 percent)
than in the better paying group, the consumer plants (9.5 cents or
19.1 percent). In August 1935 the differential amounted to 7.0
cents, this advance being due to the somewhat greater increase in the
average of consumer plants as against that of independent plants.
Of the total number of folding-paper-box employees scheduled in the North in this survey, the per
centages found in consumer plants were only 7.1 percent in May 1933, 5.3 percent in August 1934, and 4.8
percent in August 1935. While such a coverage is perhaps too small to permit the formulation of definite
conclusions, the findings may nevertheless be considered as indicative of the trend.
92910°— 37-------4
Chapter III.—Weekly Hours
Changes in Averages
The decided increase in average hourly earnings from May 1933
to August 1934 was accompanied by an important decrease in average
weekly hours, as may be seen in table 7. The average hours per
week for all employees in the industry dropped from 44.8 to 37.5
during this period, a decline of 7.3 hours or 16.3 percent. The reduc
tion extended to both sexes in each region, and in no instance did
the August 1934 average exceed 38 hours, or 2 less than the maximum
set by the code for most employees. The decreases, both absolute
and relative, were substantially greater in the South than in the
North. In the North the reduction was greater, both relatively and
absolutely, for males (7.8 hours or 17.1 percent) than for females
(5.1 hours or 12.3 percent). In the South, while both sexes had the
same relative decrease (23.1 percent), the absolute drop was also
greater for males (11.1 hours) than for females (9.9 hours).
T able 1.—Average weekly hours by region and sex
Region and sex
United States________ _____
Males............................... .
Females............ ..............
North____________ ________
Males_________________
Females..............................
South............. ..........................
Males—...............................
Females................ .............
Average weekly hours
Percentage change
August
1934
May 1933 August May 1933
to August 1934 to Au to August
1934
gust 1935
1935
May
1933
44.8
45.9
41.6
44.7
45.7
41.5
46.6
48.0
42.9
37.5
37.9
36.2
37.6
37.9
36.4
35.9
36.9
33.0
August
1935
39.7
40.3
37.5
39.7
40.4
37.6
38.7
39.5
36.2
-16.3
-17.4
-13.0
-15.9
-17.1
-12.3
-23.0
-23.1
—23.1
+5.9
+6.3
+3.6
+5.6
+6.6
+3.3
+7.8
+7.0
+9.7
-11.4
-12.2
-9 .9
-11.2
-11.6
-9 .4
-17.0
-17.7
-15.6
With the discontinuance of the code and the removal of the
maximum-hour provisions, there was a gain in the average weekly
hours. Thus, the average for the industry rose from 37.5 hours in
August 1934 to 39.7 in August 1935, an advance of 2.2 hours or 5.9
percent. Increases are shown for each sex-region group. The
females in the South had the greatest advance (3.2 hours or 9.7 per
cent), while the females in the North showed the smallest gain (1.2
hours or 3.3 percent). The males in each region had practically
the same absolute as well as relative increases (about 2.5 hours or
7 percent) during this period.
18
19
WEEKLY HOURS
Although higher than in August 1934, the average hours per week
in August 1935 were still substantially lower than in May 1933. For
the industry as a whole, the reduction amounted to 5.1 hours or 11.4
percent. The decreases were 5.3 hours (11.6 percent) for males in
the North, 8.5 hours (17.7 percent) for males in the South, 3.9 hours
(9.4 percent) for females in the North, and 6.7 hours (15.6 percent)
for females in the South.
In May 1933 the males in the South were employed a longer week
than those in the North. Likewise, the females in the South worked
a greater number of hours per week than did the females in the North.
The opposite was true for each sex in August 1934 and August 1935.
In each of the three periods the males worked longer hours per week
than the females in each region. However, the effect of the code was
to level off these variations somewhat, as one may see from the aver
ages for the last two periods.
Changes in Percentage Distribution of Employees
A more detailed picture of the changes in weekly hours between the
three periods may be obtained from the percentage distribution of
employees shown in table 8. In order fully to appreciate these
changes, however, it is advisable to examine the code provisions
relating to hours.
T
able
8.
—Percentage distribution of employees according to weekly hours by region
and sex
May 1933
Region, sex, and weekly hours
Simple
per
centage
August 1934
August 1935
Cumu Simple Cumu Simple
lative per lative per
per
per
centage centage centage centage
Cumu
lative
per
centage
United States
All employees:
Under 16 hours................ ........... .......... ........ ........... 2.9
2.6
16 and under 24 hours.................................. ..........
4.5
24 and under 32 hours_________________ ______12.4
32 and under 40 hours_________ ______. . ____
5.9
40 hours.------------- ---------------------------------------Over 40 and under 48 hours....................................... 27.9
48 and under 56 hours_______ ____ ____ ________ 33.4
56 hours and over.................................. ..................... 10.4
Total___________ ___________ __ _____ ______ 100.0
2.8
3.1
6.5
19.5
53.2
11.5
2.8
.6
100.0
2.8
5.9
12.4
31.9
85.1
96.6
99.4
100.0
2.2
2.6
4.7
16.4
42.1
19.0
11.1
1.9
100.0
2.2
4.8
9.5
25.9
68.0
87.0
98.1
100.0
2.6
5.3
9.1
19.1
25.4
53.2
87.7
100.0
2.7
2.7
5.8
18.5
52.0
13.8
3.7
.8
100.0
2.7
5.4
11.2
29.7
81.7
95.5
99.2
100.0
1.8
2.1
4.2
15.2
40.7
20.8
12.6
2.6
100.0
1.8
3.9
8.1
23.3
64.0
84.8
97 4
100.0
North
Males:
2.6
Under 16 hours....... .....................................................
2.7
16 and under 24 hours.---------------------- ------------3.8
24 and under 32 hours................................................
32 and under 40 hours................................................ 10.0
6.3
40 hours_____ ____________ _____ _____ ________
Over 40 and under 48 hours.. ................................ 27.8
48 and under 56 hours................................................. 34.5
56 hours and over__________ ____ _____________ 12.3
Total........................................................................... 100.0
2.9
5.5
10.0
22.4
28.3
56.2
89.6
100.0
20
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
T able 8, —Percentage distribution of employees according to weekly hours by region
and sex—Continued
May 1933
Region, sex, and weekly hours
Simple
per
centage
North— Continued
Females:
Under 16 hours............................................................ 3.4
16 and under 24 hours_________________ _______
3.1
24 and under 32 hours.___________ ____________
5. 7
32 and under 40 hou rs_______________________
18. 7
40 hours................................ ................................... . 6.4
Over 40 and under 48 hours................... .......... ........ 33.2
48 and under 66 hours __________________ _____ 27.8
56 hours and over__________________ _______
1.7
Total. __________________________________ 100.0
August 1934
Cumu Simple Cumu Simple Cumu
lative per lative per lative
per
per
per
centage centage centage centage centage
3.4
6.5
12.2
30.9
37.3
70.5
98.3
100.0
2.8
3.6
8.3
20.8
58.7
5.4
.4
100.0
2.8
6.4
14.7
35.5
94.2
99.6
100.0
2.0
2.8
10.7
22.9
23.7
34.8
78. 3
100.0
4.0
3.7
5.3
25.5
48.8
10.3
2.4
100.0
7.8
9.4
14.8
25.0
43.0
4.0
7.7
13.0
38.5
87.3
97.6
100.0
South
Males:
Under 16 hours___ __________ ________________
2.0
16 and under 24 hours_________________ _______
.8
24 and under 32 hours _____ __________________
7.9
32 and under 40 hours________________________ 12.2
40 hours__________________________ _________
.8
Over 40 and under 48 hours___________________ 11.1
48 and under 56 hours________________________ 43. 5
56 hours and over____________________________ 21.7
Total........................................................................... 100.0
Females:
7.4
Under 16 hours________ __________ ___________
16 and under 24 hours______________________
24 and under 32 hours _______________________
5.3
32 and under 40 hours________________________ 24.5
40 hours________ ____ ________________________
1.1
Over 40 and under 48 hours___________________ 17.0
34.1
48 and under 56 hours _______________________
56 hours and over._ _________________________ 10.6
Total.......................................................................... 100.0
August 1935
7.4
7.4
12. 7
37.2
38.3
55.3
89.4
100.0
100.0
7.8
17.2
32.0
57.0
100.0
3.4
4.3
5.6
17.6
49.4
13.8
5.9
100.0
3.4
7.7
13.3
30.9
80.3
94.1
100.0
1.0
1.0
3.4
7.9
34.2
69.4
86.6
99.0
100.0
2.4
4.5
26.3
35.2
17.2
12.4
1.0
100.0
5.4
5.4
11.6
17.8
36.5
16.3
7.0
100.0
5.4
10.8
22.4
40.2
76.7
93.0
100.0
The code 20 had very definite provisions concerning maximum hours
of work in the industry. Under it, laborers, mechanical workers, or
artisans, who constitute most of the plant employees, were not to work
more than 8 hours per day or 40 hours per week. There were two
exceptions to this general rule: (1) Up to 10 percent of the labor force
might be utilized in machine and plant cleaning and maintenance over
and above those hours, whenever this work could not be done while the
machines were in operation, provided that all time in excess of 10
hours per day and 48 hours per week should be paid for at least at time
and one-third; and (2) additional time up to 8 hours per week could
30 The substitute provisions relating to hours in the President’s Reemployment Agreement were as follows:
Employees (other than factory or mechanical workers or artisans and truck drivers) shall not be employed
for more than 40 hours per w;eek; Provided, however, That in the case of truck drivers they may be employed
for not more than a 40-hour week averaged over a 2 months’ period; and provided further, that such em
ployees may be employed for not more than 48 hours per week, and the hours worked over 40 hours per week
shall be considered overtime.
No factory or mechanical worker or artisan (except engineers, watchmen, and firemen) shall be employed
for more than a 40-hour week, averaged over a 13-week period: Provided, however, That such employees may
be employed not more than a maximum of 48 hours per week, and hours worked over 40 per week shall be
considered overtime; and provided further, that these employees may be employed extra in cleaning and
maintenance of plant and/or equipment not in operation, which work cannot be performed during regular
working hours; but all work in excess of 40 hours per week shall be considered overtime. No engineer,
watchmen, or firemen shall be employed more than a maximum week of 42 hours
W EEKLY HOURS
21
be allowed for plant operation, with time and one-third to be paid for
such extra time. In addition to the above, there were special pro
visions pertaining to certain groups of employees. Thus, watchmen
were permitted to work 56 hours per week; chauffeurs and truckmen
192 hours in 4 consecutive weeks;21 engineers, firemen, and elec
tricians 168 hours in 4 consecutive weeks,21 and all other employees
an average of 40 hours in 13 consecutive weeks but not more than 48
hours per week.22 The code also contained the usual exemption
covering emergency repairs or maintenance work.
Taking the industry as a whole, the effect of the above provisions
upon the distribution of workers by weekly hours between May 1933
and August 1934 was to reduce the percentage employed over 40 hours
and to bring about a concentration of the workers in the class of
exactly 40 hours. Thus, the percentage of employees working over
40 hours dropped from 71.7 to 14.9. Under the code the long hours
worked prior thereto were practically eliminated. Only 2.8 percent
of the employees worked 48 and under 56 hours in August 1934, as
compared with 33.4 in May 1933, and only 0.6 percent were employed
56 hours and over in August 1934, as compared with 10.4 percent in
May 1933. During the same interval, the percentage working over
40 and under 48 hours dropped from 27.9 to 11.5. Not all of the
employees working more than 40 hours per week in August 1934,
however, can be said to have worked in excess of code hours, owing
to the numerous exceptions found in the code. On the other hand,
the workers employed exactly 40 hours soared from 5.9 percent in
May 1933 to 53.2 percent in August 1934. There was likewise an
increase in the percentage working 32 and under 40 hours from 12.4
in the former to 19.5 in the latter period. Those employed under 32
hours, nearly all of whom were undoubtedly part-time workers,
increased slightly, from 10.0 percent in May 1933 to 12.4 percent
in August 1934. (See chart 3.)
With the lifting of the limitations of maximum hours after the code,
however, there was a decrease in the relative number of employees
working 40 hours or less per week, which was accompanied by an
increase in the percentage of those employed over 40 hours. Between
August 1934 and August 1935, the workers with a week of exactly 40
hours dropped from 53.2 to 42.1 percent. Similarly, there were reduc
tions in the lower classes, namely, from 19.5 to 16.4 percent in the 32 and
under 40 hours class and from 12.4 to 9.5 percent in the class of under
32 hours. In contrast, the percentages increased from 11.5 to 19.0
in the class of over 40 and under 48, from 2.8 to 11.1 in the group of 48
and under 56, and from 0.6 to 1.9 in the class of 56 hours and over.
21 Time and one-third was to be paid for all hours in excess of 9 per day and 48 per week.
22 There was no limitation placed on the hours of executives, their secretaries, outside salesmen, and super
visory employees receiving $35 or more per week. Nearly all these persons, however, were excluded from
this survey.
22
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
A similar story is told by each of the percentage distributions of
employees in the various sex-region groups, the sole difference being
in the sharpness of the changes.
Among males in the North, the employees working 40 hours and
under per week constituted 25.4 percent in May 1933, 81.7 percent in
August 1934, and 64.0 percent in August 1935. The respective
percentages working exactly 40 hours were 6.3, 52.0, and 40.7.
Those employed over 40 and under 56 hours were 62.3 percent in
May 1933, 17.5 percent in August 1934, and 33.4 percent in August
1935. The percentage working 56 hours and over was 12.3 in 1933,
as contrasted with 0.8 in 1934 and 2.6 in 1935.
In the South the number of males employed a week of 40 hours or
less amounted to 23.7 percent in May 1933, 87.3 percent in August
1934, and 69.4 percent in August 1935. The percentages working
exactly the code maximum were 0.8 in 1933, 48.8 in 1934, and 35.2
in 1935. Those employed over 40 and under 56 hours amounted to
54.6 percent in May 1933, 12.7 percent in August 1934, and 29.6
percent in August 1935. Whereas there were 21.7 percent working
56 hours and over during the first period, there were none during the
second and only 1.0 percent during the last period.
As for females in the North, the percentage having a week of 40
hours and under amounted to 37.3 in May 1933, 94.2 in August 1934,
and 80.3 in August 1935, with 6.4, 58.7, and 49.4 percent respectively
working exactly 40 hours. Those employed over 40 and under 48
hours amounted to 33.2 percent in May 1933, only 5.4 percent in
WEEKLY HOURS
23
August 1934, and 13.8 percent in August 1935. There were as many
as 29.5 percent employed a week of 48 hours and over in 1933, as
against 0.4 percent in 1934 and 5.9 percent in 1935.
Of the small number of female workers found in the South, the
percentage employed a week of 40 hours and under was 38.3 in May
1933, 100 in August 1934, and 76.7 in August 1935. Those working
exactly 40 hours increased from 1.1 percent in 1933 to 43.0 percent
in 1934, dropping to 36.5 percent in 1935. It is significant that more
than one-half of the employees had a week of less than 40 hours in
August 1934, while none worked more than the maximum in the code,
which may be compared with 61.7 percent employed over 40 hours in
May 1933. However, in August 1935, or after the code, there were
again 23.3 percent working a week of over 40 hours.
Changes by Occupational Classes
The average weekly hours by individual occupations and occupa
tional* groupings are shown in table 9.
In all of the 27 occupational classes shown for male workers in the
North, substantial decreases in average weekly hours took place
between May 1933 and August 1934. In the 17 individual occupa
tions, hand and machine compositors had the smallest relative decline
(11.0 percent) as well as the smallest absolute reduction (4.9 hours),
while machine helpers showed the greatest relative decrease (20.8 per
cent) and the greatest absolute drop (9.5 hours). Both the absolute
and relative reductions in the 10 occupational groupings were smallest
for the semiskilled miscellaneous direct workers (3.4 hours and 8.8
percent) and largest for the miscellaneous service workers (13.1 hours
and 23.6 percent). Whereas in May 1933, out of the 27 occupational
classes all but 1 showed averages in excess of 40 and 3 in excess of 50,
in August 1934 only 8 occupational classes had averages greater than
40, and most of these were excepted from the 40-hour maximum under
the code. Thus, while the average of truck drivers in August 1934 was
42.6 hours, it was still considerably under the code maximum of 48
hours for chauffeurs and truckmen. Likewise, the average of 42.3
hours for miscellaneous service workers was still well within the code
limit, as watchmen, who make up most of this group, were allowed to
work as high as 56 hours under the code. Similarly, power and main
tenance workers, whose average weekly hours decreased from over 50
in May 1933 to less than 42 in August 1934, were as a group also
observing the code, as they were permitted to work a week of 42 hours.
As a result of the discontinuance of the code, the average hours per
week increased in each of the occupational classes for males in the
North between August 1934 and August 1935. The gains ranged
from 0.4 hour or 1.1 percent for machine feeders to 4.7 hours or 11.6
24
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
percent for skilled miscellaneous indirect workers. In that period 16
out of the 27 occupational classes had averages in excess of 40 per
week, the highest being 45.6 for truck drivers.
T able
9.—Average weekly hours by region, sexy and occupational class
Average weekly hours
Region, sex, and occupational class
Percentage change
May
May August August 1933 to
1933 1934 1935 August
1934
August
1934 to
August
1935
May
1933 to
August
1935
-11.0 H-3.5
-13.7
-5.0
-15.9
-6.8
-7.8
! -17.0
-3.4
-14.6
-17.5
r3. 9
-15.3 H2.1
-18.2 (-8.4
H5.3
-13.0
-14.7 H4.2
-20.8 h9.4
-18.6 (-8.8
-15.4 K3.4
-13.2 hi. 1
-12.0 h-7.0
-15.8 t-8.1
-17.3 (-5. 7
-14.6 1-3.4
-15.6 H4.0
-18.1 1-2.1
K3.4
-8 .8
-14.5 +11.6
-17.6 +8.9
-17.1 +7.6
-18.2 +5.5
-17.8 +4.6
-23.6 +4.0
-17.1 +6.6
-7 .9
-9 .3
-10.2
-10.5
-11.8
-14.3
-13.6
-11.3
-8 .4
-11.2
-13.4
-11.4
-12.5
-12.3
-5 .8
-9 .0
-12.6
-11.7
-12.3
-16.4
-5 .7
-4 .6
-10.3
-10.8
-13.7
-14.1
-20.6
-11.6
North
Males:
Compositors, hand and machine___ ____ _______ 44.4
Die makers_____________ ____________________ 46.0
Pressmen__________________ _________________ 45.2
Press feeders........ .............................................. .......... 44.7
Pressmen and feeders_____ ___________ ________ 45.1
Machine adjusters and repairmen______________ 49.6
Cutter feeders________ _________ _____________ 45.7
Strippers____ _______________________________ 43.5
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine operators. 45.3
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders... 44.8
Machine helpers_____________________________ 45.6
44.6
Bundlers and packers.................. .......... ...............
Laborers (loaders, unloaders, etc.)_____________ 44.7
Machine feeders___ __________ _______________ 42.4
Truck drivers------------------------------------------------- 48.4
Die makers’ helpers___________ _______________ 45.6
Pressmen’s helpers....................................................... 46.8
Supervisory employees, office and plant................ 47.8
Clerical employees, office and plant-------------------- 48.0
Miscellaneous direct workers, skilled___________ 47.5
Miscellaneous direct workers, semiskilled............. 38.5
Miscellaneous indirect workers, skilled................ 47.5
Miscellaneous indirect workers, semiskilled_____ 46.6
Miscellaneous indirect workers, unskilled_______ 46.2
Power and maintenance workers, skilled_______ 51.0
Power and maintenance workers, semiskilled----- 50.5
Service workers, miscellaneous............................... 55.4
Total_____________ _______________ ________ 45.7
Females:
Pressfeeders........................................ ........... ............ 40.9
Strippers._______ ______________________ ___ 37.9
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders ... 42.7
Stitcher operators....................................................... 41.5
Machine helpers______________ ____ __________ 43.7
Bundlers and packers_________________________ 39.1
Machine feeders---------------------------------- ---------- 40.5
Gluers, folders, etc., hand_________ _____ ______ • 39.6
Clerical employees, office and plant____________ 44.4
Miscellaneous other employees 1............................... 42.5
Total.......... ...................... ........... ............................ 41.5
39.5
39.7
38.0
37.1
38.5
40.9
38.7
35.6
39.4
38.2
36.1
36.3
37.8
36.8
42.6
38.4
38.7
40.8
40.5
38.9
35.1
40.6
38.4
38.3
41.7
41.5
42.3
37.9
40.9
41.7
40.6
40.0
39.8
42.5
39.5
38.6
41.5
39.8
39.5
39.5
39.1
37.2
45.6
41.5
40.9
42.2
42.1
39.7
36.3
45.3
41.8
41.2
44.0
43.4
44.0
40.4
35.6
36.3
37.5
35.8
35.3
37.0
34.4
36.1
39.5
38.2
36.4
37.9
36.7
38.5
37.0
37.4
39.5
37.7
35.7
40.0
36.2
37.6
-13.0
-4 .2
-12.2
-13.7
-19.2
-5 .4
-15.1
-8 .8
-11.0
-10.1
-12.3
+6.5
+1.1
+2.7
+3.4
+5.9
+6.8
+9.6
-1.1
+1.3
-5.2
+3.3
-7 .3
-3 .2
-9 .8
-10.8
-14.4
+1.0
-6 .9
-9 .8
-9 .9
-14.8
-9 .4
45.6
46.8
47.6
48.7
50.1
49.7
47.9
48.4
48.0
39.7
37.9
38.0
35.0
34.9
36.1
37.5
36.9
36.9
42.9
37.0
38.6
39.0
38.6
39.0
40.5
42.0
39.5
-12.9 +8.1
-19.0 -2.4
-20.2 +1.6
-28.1 +11.4
-30.3 +10.6
-27.4 +8.0
-21.7 +8.0
-23.8 +13.8
-23.1 +7.0
-5 .9
-20.9
-18.9
-19.9
-23.0
-21.5
-15.4
-13.2
-17.7
48.1
44.2
42.0
40.5
42.9
32.4
31.5
29.6
36.1
33.0
35.6
37.6
33.1
37.2
36.2
-32. 6 +9.9
-28.7 +19.4
-29.5 +11.8
-10.9 +3.0
-23.1 +9.7
-26.0
-14.9
-21.2
-8 .1
-15.6
South
Males:
Compositors, hand and machine, and die makers.
Pressmen................... ...................... ............................
Press feeders................................................................
Strippers.......................................................................
Machine helpers____ ____________________ ____
Bundlers and packers.............................................. .
Miscellaneous direct employees................. ............
Miscellaneous indirect employees............................
Total................................................. ........................
Females:
Miscellaneous machine operators_______ ____ _
Miscellaneous machine feeders___________ _____
Miscellaneous direct employees..--------------------Miscellaneous indirect employees........................
Total_________________________ ______ ______
1 Includes mostly indirect workers.
WEEKLY HOURS
25
Every one of the eight occupational classes for males in the South
was employed over 45 hours per week in May 1933, but in August
1934 the highest worked by any one of these classes was slightly
under 40. This was due to decreases between the two periods, vary
ing from 5.9 hours of 12.9 percent for hand and machine compositors
and die makers to 15.2 hours or 30.3 percent for machine helpers.
From August 1934 to August 1935, however, all but one of the occu
pational classes showed gains, which ranged from 0.6 hour or 1.6 per
cent for pressfeeders to 5.1 hours or 13.8 percent for miscellaneous
indirect employees. At the same time, the average for pressmen
declined 0.9 hour or 2.4 percent. In August 1935, three of the occu
pational classes had an average in excess of 40, the highest being 42.9
hours for hand and machine compositors and die makers.
Each of the five identical occupations among males for which
regional comparisons may be made, namely pressmen, press feeders,
strippers, machine helpers, and bundlers and packers, worked longer
hours in the South than in the North during May 1933. However, the
opposite was generally true in August 1935, due to the greater rela
tive reductions shown in the South as compared with the North for the
entire period.
The decreases in average weekly hours between May 1933 and
August 1934 in the 10 occupational classes for females in the North
extended from 1.6 hours or 4.2 percent for strippers to 8.4 hours or
19.2 percent for machine helpers. In May 1933, 7 of these classes
had hours in excess of 40, but in August 1934, all of them averaged less
than that figure. The discontinuance of the code resulted in rises
between August 1934 and 1935 in all but two of the occupational
classes, ranging from 0.4 hour or 1.1 percent for strippers to 3.3 hours
or 9.6 percent for machine feeders. In fact, in one of the occu
pations, bundlers and packers, the average in August 1935 exceeded
slightly the one in May 1933. The decreases from 1934 to 1935 were
0.4 hour or 1.1 percent for hand gluers, folders, etc., and 2.0 hours or
5.2 percent for miscellaneous other employees. In August 1935 none
of the averages in the occupational classes were over 40 hours per
week.
In the six identical occupations in the North for which comparisons
are possible by sex, namely, pressfeeders, strippers, automatic gluingand folding-machine feeders, machine helpers, bundlers and packers,
and machine feeders, the averages for males exceeded respectively
those for females in May 1933. The same was still generally true in
August 1935, in spite of the fact that the males in nearly all cases had
greater relative decreases than the females for the period as a whole.
In May 1933 the averages covering the four occupational groupings
of females in the South varied from 40.5 hours per week for miscella92910°— 37------ 5
26
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
neous indirect employees to 48.1 for miscellaneous machine operators.
By August 1934, however, their averages declined from 4.4 hours or
10.9 percent for miscellaneous indirect employees to 15.7 hours or
32.6 percent for miscellaneous machine operators, so that the range
in the averages was from 29.6 hours for miscellaneous direct em
ployees to 36.1 hours for miscellaneous indirect employees. All of the
occupational groupings showed a rise between August 1934 and
August 1935, extending from 1.1 hours or 3.0 percent for miscellaneous
indirect employees to 6.1 hours or 19.4 percent for miscellaneous
machine feeders. Yet, in August 1935, all of the averages were still
below 38 hours.
In table B of appendix III will be found the actual distribution of
employees by occupational class.
Comparison by Type of Plant
Not only did folding-paper-box workers in consumer plants receive
higher average hourly earnings than similar workers in independent
plants, but they also had a shorter workweek both before the code
was adopted and after it was discontinued.
Average weekly hours in independent plants were 44.9 in May 1933,
37.6 in August 1934, and 39.9 in August 1935. In consumer plants,
they were respectively 41.9 hours, 38.0 hours, and 37.3 hours. These
averages, it should be noted, are for northern workers only.
As may be seen, in May 1933 the employees in independent plants
worked on the average 3.0 more hours per week than those in consumer
plants. During the period of the code, the hours worked in the two
plants were essentially equalized, this being due to the fact that be
tween May 1933 and August 1934 average weekly hours declined
much more in independent plants than in consumer plants. From
August 1934 to August 1935, however, while the weekly hours in con
sumer plants showed another small drop, those in independent plants
rose by 1.9 hours or 6.1 percent and exceeded the average for workers
in consumer plants by 2.6 hours.
Chapter IY.—Weekly Earnings
Changes in Averages
As already stated, between May 1933 and August 1934 the rela
tively sizable gain in average hourly earnings was accompanied by a
drop in average weekly hours. As a result, the average weekly earn
ings of employees in the entire industry increased only slightly, that
is from $18.88 to $19.96, which was a rise of $1.08 or 5.7 percent.
From August 1934 to August 1935 the average earnings per week
again advanced, but for a different reason. During this period the
increase in hours worked per week was largely responsible for the rise,
as the average earnings per hour remained practically at a standstill.
The gain was from $19.96 to $21.24, an advance of $1.28 or 6.4 percent.
The rise for the entire period under consideration amounted to $2.36
or 12.5 percent. These changes are shown in table 10.
T able
10.— Average weekly earnings by region and sex
Average weekly earnings
Region and sex
United States____________—__________
M ales.................................... .................
Females____ ______________----------North_______________________________
Males—_____ _________________
Females. ________ ______________
South—. ------------------------------------------Males_______________ ___________
Females__________________________
May
1933
$18.88
21.37
11.54
19. 26
21. 78
11. 76
14. 33
16. 24
9. 21
August
1934
$19. 96
21.83
13. 95
20. 28
22.16
14.19
15. 47
17. 02
10.90
Percentage change
May
August 1933 to
1935 August
1934
$21. 24
23.25
14. 62
21. 63
23. 68
14. 86
16. 08
17. 52
11. 44
+5.7
+2. 2
4 20.8
+5.3
+1. 7
+20.7
+8.0
+4.8
+18.3
August
1934 to
August
1935
May
1933 to
Auvust
1935
+6.4
+6.5
+4. 8
+6.7
+6.9
+4.7
+3.9
+2.9
+5.0
+12.5
+8.8
+26.6
+ 12.3
+8.7
+26.4
+12.2
+7.9
+24.2
The increase in the industry figure between May 1933 and August
1934 was largely due to the fact that the average weekly earnings of
females rose $2.41 or 20.8 percent. This compares with a gain of
only $0.46 or 2.2 percent for males. The decided gain in the average
of females was the result of a smaller relative decrease in their average
weekly hours and a greater relative increase in their average hourly
earnings. Thus, the average hours per week of females dropped 13.0
percent, as against a reduction of 17.4 percent for males, while the
average earnings per hour of the former increased 38.8 percent, as
compared with an advance of 23.6 percent for the latter. As regards
regional comparisons, the gains for male workers in the South were
higher than those of male workers in the North, but the earnings of
female employees in the North advanced more than did those of
female employees in the South.
27
28
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
The increase in the industry average between August 1934 and
August 1935 was for the most part due to the rise in the average
weekly earnings of males in the North, which amounted to $1.52 or
6.9 percent. With respect to regional comparisons by sex, the males
in the North made larger gains than those in the South, and the
females in the North showed a slightly higher absolute but not rela
tive increase than those in the South.
If the entire period from May 1933 to August 1935 is considered,
the total increases amounted to $1.90 or 8.7 percent for males and
$3.10 or 26.4 percent for females in the North and to $1.28 or 7.9
percent for males and $2.23 or 24.2 percent for females in the South.
The tendency of the above changes was to increase the regional
but to decrease the sex differentials between May 1933 and August
1935. Thus, for males the average weekly earnings in the North
exceeded those in the South by $6.16 in 1935, as against $5.54 in 1933 ;
likewise, the females in the North received on an average in 1935
$3.42 more than females in the South, as against $2.55 in 1933. In
the North the differential in favor of the males as compared with the
females dropped from $10.02 in 1933 to $8.82 in 1935, while in the
South the reduction in this differential was from $7.03 in 1933 to
$6.08 in 1935.
Changes in Percentage Distribution of Employees
Although not so pronounced as in the case of average hourly earn
ings, the shift of employees from lower to higher average weekly
earnings was nevertheless important. Thi^ is clearly shown in
table 11, which presents the distribution of employees by earnings
per week for each of the three periods.
T
able
11.—Percentage distribution of employees according to weekly earnings by
region and sex
May 1933
Region, sex, and weekly earnings
August 1934
August 1935
Simple Cumula Simple Cumula Simple Cumula
percent tive per percent tive per percent tive per
age . centage
age
centage
age
centage
United States
All employees, earning—
Under $4...................................................
$4 and under $8...................................
$8 and under $12........ ...........................
$12 and under $16...................................
$16 and under $20...................... ...........
$20 and under $24_________________
$24 and under $28.................................
$28 and under $32........ .........................
$32 and under $36.................................
$36 and under $40...................................
$40 and under $44................. .................
$44 and under $48...................................
$48 and over.............................................
Total............. .......... .............................
1.9
6.4
17.5
20.0
16.3
12.8
8.4
5.8
4.2
2.3
2.2
.9
1.3
100.0
1.9
8.3
25.8
45.8
62.1
74.9
83.3
89.1
93.3
95.6
97.8
98.7
100.0
1.4
2.6
6.7
23.3
26.8
14.8
8.9
4.5
4.6
2.1
1.7
1.1
1.5
100.0
1.4
4.0
10.7
34.0
60.8
75.6
84.5
89.0
93.6
95.7
97.4
98.5
100.0
1.2
2.4
4.9
18.7
27.5
16.7
10.2
5.7
4.7
2.5
2.1
1.3
2.1
100.0
1.2
3.6
8.5
27.2
54.7
71.4
81.6
87.3
92.0
94.5
96.6
97.9
100.0
T
able
WEEKLY EARNINGS
29
11.— Percentage distribution of employees according to weekly earnings by
region and sex—Continued
May 1933
Region, sex, and weekly earnings
August 1934
August 1935
Simple Cumula Simple Cumula Simple Cumula
percent tive per percent tive per percent tive per
age
centage
age
centage
age
centage
North
Males earning—
Under $4..............................................
$4 and under $8................ ....................
$8 and under $12.................................
$12 and under $16__________ _______
$16..............................................................
Over $16 and under $20___ ____ ____
$20 and under $24.................................
$24 and under $28...... ............................
$28 and under $32................. ..................
$32 and under $36______________ ...
$36 and under $40____ _____________
$40 and under $44..................................
$44 and under $48__________ ____
$48 and over...........................................
Total......................................... ..........
Females earning—
Under $4.__............................................
$4 and under $8___________________
$8 and under $12____ ______________
$12 and under $14____ _____________
$14_____________________________
Over $14 and under $16................ .........
$16 and under $20__________ _____
$20 and under $24__________ _______
$24 and under $28____________ _____
$28 and under $32...................................
$32 and under $36__________ _______
$36 and under $40...... ............................
$40 and under $44.............................. .
$44 and under $48..................... _
$48 and over_______ _______________
Total.......... ___.......................
1. 2
3.8
8.6
16.4
.3
19.6
16.9
11.2
8.0
5.8
3.2
2.9
1.3
1.8
100.0
1. 2
5.0
13.6
29.0
29.3
48.9
65.8
77.0
85.0
90.8
94.0
96.9
98. 2
100.0
1. 2
2.1
3.9
9.8
10. 7
20.6
19.4
11.3
6.0
6.1
2.9
2.3
1.6
2.1
100.0
l. 2
3.3
7.2
17.0
27. 7
48.3
67.7
79.0
85.0
91.1
94.0
96.3
97.9
100.0
0.
1. 5
2.8
6.9
6.9
22.1
21.0
13. 2
7.6
6.1
3.4
2.9
1.8
2.9
100.0
9
0.9
2.4
5. 2
12.1
19.0
41.1
62.1
75.3
82. 9
89.0
92.4
95.3
97.1
100.0
3.5
9.7
41.9
23.3
.3
9.8
7.0
2.5
1.0
.5
.2
.2
.1
100.0
3.5
13. 2
55.1
78.4
78. 7
88.5
95.5
98.0
99.0
99.5
99.7
99.7
99.9
99.9
100.0
1.6
3.3
13.5
13.6
21.2
25.7
15.7
2.5
1.5
.6
.5
.1
.1
.1
100.0
1.6
4.9
18.4
32.0
53. 2
78.9
94.6
97.1
98.6
99.2
99.7
99.8
99.9
99.9
100.0
2.0
4.7
9.5
11.8
17.3
19.9
25.4
6.6
1.5
.5
.6
.1
.1
100.0
2.0
6.7
16.2
28.0
45. 3
65. 2
90. 6
97. 2
98.7
99.2
99.8
99.8
99.9
99.9
100.0
2.4
15.0
20.8
9.5
.4
10. 7
13.8
9.1
7.5
4.0
3. 2
.8
2.0
.8
100.0
2.4
17.4
38.2
47.7
48.1
58.8
72.6
81.7
89. 2
93. 2
96.4
97.2
99.2
99.2
100.0
2.1
4.8
6.6
15.1
15.1
14.1
17.3
8.5
8.2
2.1
2.9
1.3
1.1
.5
.3
100.0
2.1
6.9
13.5
28.6
43.7
57.8
75.1
83.6
91.8
93.9
96.8
98.1
99.2
99.7
100.0
1.0
1.4
10.3
12.4
13.7
16.5
21.1
6.7
8.1
2.9
2.6
1.4
1.0
.7
1.0
2.4
12. 7
25.1
38.8
55.3
76.4
83.1
91.2
94.1
96.7
98.1
99.1
99.8
100.0
7.4
34.1
34.1
17.0
7.4
7.4
41.5
75.6
75.6
92.6
100.0
6.3
7.0
37.5
9.4
32.0
7.0
.8
100.0
6.3
13.3
50.8
60.2
92.2
99.2
100.0
South
Males earning—
Under $4................ ...............................
$4 and under $8________ ________
$8 and under $12__________________
$12 and under $14_________________
$14______________ ________________
Over $14 and under $16.........................
$16 and under $20..................................
$20 and under $24_________________
$24 and under $28_________________
$28 and under $32...................................
$32 and under $36 ______________
$36 and under $40_________________
$40 and under $44_________________
$44 and under $48_________________
$48 and over______________________
Total............................ .................... Females earning—
Under $4_________________________
$4 and under $8___________________
$8 and under $12........ .......... ........... .
$12_______ ______________________
Over $12 and under $16....... .......... .......
$16 and under $20_________________
$20 a n d u n d e r $24
Total
_____ ______—
100.0
.2
100.0
5.4
13.2
17.8
16.3
38.8
8.5
5.4
18.6
36.4
52.7
91.5
100.0
100.0
Between May 1933 and August 1934, the relative number of em
ployees in the industry as a whole declined in each of the wage classes
under $12 and increased in each class from $12 up to $28. As a
30
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
result, the percentage of those earning less than $12 dropped from
25.8 to 10.7, and the percentage receiving $12 and under $28 advanced
from 57.5 to 73.8. In the classes paid $28 and over, the trend varied,
resulting in a slight decrease from 16.7 to 15.5 percent (see chart 4).
The decrease in the relative number of workers in the lower wage
classes continued even after the code. In each of the wage classes
under $16, the percentages in August 1935 were smaller than in the
same month in 1934. Actually, 27.2 percent of the employees earned
less than $16 per week in August 1935, as compared with 34.0 percent
in August 1934 and 45.8 percent in May 1933. The greatest reduc
tion between August 1934 and August 1935 took place in the wage
CHART
P er c en tag e
d is t r ib u t io n
A
of
em plo yees
in
th e
FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY BY WEEKLY EARNINGS
MAY 1933, AUGUST 1934, AND AUGUST 1935
P
Per
ercentage
3 0
28
1
2 6
A uqus t
1934
24
^
V
r
Z2
20
IQ
centag e
I
\
l__A u c ;u s t
S ! 9 ,3 5
,
/ W,
M ay
1933
16
14
12
/ V
j
—
X#
l
1
10
8
6
4
/93S
*
2
0
|
12
_____\
>% »24
s
2 8
We
e k ly
32
Ea
36
r n in g s i n
4 0
D
4 4
4 8
ollars
US. BUREAU OF LABOR STATIST/CS
class $12 and under $16. On the other hand, every class of $16 and
over showed an increase, there being a total of 72.8 percent earning
that much in 1935 as against 66.0 percent in 1934.
In the North the percentage of males earning less than $16 per
week, the full-time minimum under the code, dropped from 29.0 in
May 1933 to 17.0 in August 1934. In the latter period, an important
concentration took place at the code level, 10.7 percent earning exactly
$16 in August 1934, as compared with only 0.3 percent in May 1933.
The relative number earning over $16 increased only slightly between
the two periods. As a result of the decreases in each of the classes
under $16 and the shifting of workers to higher wage classes, 87.9 per
cent earned $16 or more per week in August 1935, whereas 83.0 per
cent in August 1934 and 71.0 percent in May 1933 received that
amount or more.
WEEKLY EARNINGS
31
Under the code, the minimum full-time weekly earnings for male
workers in the South were $14. The percentage earning less than
that figure per week declined from 47.7 in May 1933 to 28.6 in August
1934. This sharp decrease was largely the result of reductions in the
relative number of workers in the wage classes of $4 and under $8
and $8 and under $12. There was also a decided concentration of
employees at the code level, 15.1 percent being paid exactly $14 in
1934, as compared with only 0.4 percent in 1933. The relative num
ber of workers receiving over $14 per week did not increase materially
between May 1933 and August 1934. Although a slightly higher
percentage earned $14 or more in August 1935 than in August 1934, a
decidedly varied trend obtained in 1935.
In the case of females in the North, whose minimum full-time
weekly rate was also $14, the percentage earning less than that amount
declined sharply, from 78.4 in May 1933 to 32.0 in August 1934. At
the same time, the percentage receiving exactly $14 increased decid
edly, 21.2 percent earning that amount in 1934, as compared with only
0.3 in 1933. An important concentration also occurred in the over
$14 and under $16 class, 25.7 percent being found here in August
1934, as compared with 9.8 percent in May 1933. Likewise, the
percentage receiving $16 and under $20 increased from 7.0 in 1933 to
15.7 in 1934. The relative number earning $20 and over rose only
slightly between the two periods. The percentage paid $14 or over
further increased from 68.0 in August 1934 to 72.0 in August 1935,
having been only 21.6 in May 1933. The greatest shift of workers
between August 1934 and August 1935 was from the $14 and under
$16 class to the $16 and under $20 class.
Female employees in the South had the lowest minimum full-time
weekly rate under the code, namely $12. Between May 1933 and
August 1934, the percentage earning less than this minimum declined
from 75.6 to 50.8. In 1934, there were 9.4 percent receiving exactly
$12, whereas in 1933 no workers were found in that particular class.
During the same period, there was also a decided rise in the percentage
earning over $12 and under $16, from 17.0 in May 1933 to 32.0 in
August 1934. There was, however, only a slight rise between the two
periods in the relative number paid $16 and over. The principal
changes from August 1934 to August 1935 were a sharp decline in the
wage class $8 and under $12 (from 37.5 to 17.8 percent) and an
important increase in the $12 and under $16 class (from 41.4 to 55.1
percent).
Changes by Occupational Classes
Table 12 presents the average weekly earnings by individual occu
pations and occupational groupings.
32
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
T a b l e 12.—Average weekly earnings by region, sex, and occupational class
Average weekly earnings
Region, sex, and occupational class
Percentage change
May
May August August 1933 to
1933 1934 1935 August
1934
August
1934 to
August
1935
May
1933 to
August
1935
$28.42 $30. 42 $32.28 +7.0 +6.1
31. 48 32. 05 33.98 +1.8 +6.0
29. 38 29.98 32. 38 +2.0 +8.0
17.92 18.69 20. 25 +4.3 +8.3
22.98 23. 82 24.76 +3.7 +3.9
30. 96 29. 22 31.15 -5 .6 +6.6
20. 31 21.32 21.70 +5.0 +1.8
15. 84 17.14 18.65 +8.2 +8.8
24.40 24. 01 25.63 -1 .6 +6.7
17. 22 16.99 17.60 -1 .3 +3.6
16.17 16.18 17.89 +• 1 +10.6
16.24 17.83 19.38 +9.8 +8.7
16.10 17.09 17. 72 +6.1 +3.7
15.15 16.94 17.32 +11.8 +2.2
22.54 22. 87 24. 30 +1.5 +6.3
15.98 18.47 21. 68 +15.6 +17.4
19. 52 20.51 22.66 +5.1 +10.5
35.91 38. 20 39. 32 +6.4 +2.9
23. 30 23. 74 24. 88 +1.9 +4.8
27. 77 27.19 28.00 -2 .1 +3.0
13. 49 16.57 17. 61 +22.8 +6.3
35.81 37.77 41.57 +5.5 +10.1
20. 45 19.99 22. 84 -2 .2 +14.3
16.96 17. 87 19. 83 +5.4 +11.0
30.71 30.24 32.02 -1 .5 +5.9
22. 04 21.14 21.65 -4 .1 +2.4
18. 56 18.36 19. 36 -1 .1 +5.4
11.23 13. 59 14.53 +21.0 +6.9
11.11 13. 87 13.81 +24.8 - .4
10. 92 13. 86 14. 87 +26.9 +7.3
11. 34 13. 57 14. 63 +19.7 +7.8
10. 70 12.94 13. 79 +20.9 +6.6
10. 86 14.13 15.04 +30.1 +6.4
11. 75 12.93 14. 53 +10.0 +12.4
10.69 13.62 13. 80 +27.4 +1.3
18.96 19.40 20.10 +2.3 +3.6
14. 61 17.17 16.93 +17.5 -1 .4
+13.6
+7.9
+10.2
+13.0
+7.7
+. 6
+6.8
+17.7
+5.0
+2.2
+10.6
+19.3
+10.1
+14.3
+7.8
+35.7
+16.1
+9.5
+6.8
+ .8
+30.5
+16.1
+11.7
+16.9
+4.3
-1 .8
+4.3
+29.4
+24.3
+36.2
+29.0
+28.9
+38. 5
+23.7
+29.1
+6.0
+15.9
26. 30
23. 21
14. 84
10.05
10. 65
10. 82
19.04
•17.07
10. 63
10. 34
7. 64
8. 59
+13.5
-1 .2
+5.4
+34.9
+25.3
+32.6
+5.5
+16.1
+6.8
+24.6
+33.4
+31.9
North
Males:
Compositors, hand and machine_______________
Die makers........................ ..........................................
Pressmen.....................................................................
Pressfeeders____________________ ____________
Pressmen and feeders...............................................
Machine adjusters and repairmen...........................
Cutter feeders..................................................... ........
Strippers........................................ ................... ........ .
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine operators.
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders...
Machine helpers...........................................................
Bundlers and packers....................................... .........
Laborers (loaders, unloaders, etc.)..........................
Machine feeders_____________________________
Truck drivers.............................. ...............................
Die makers’ helpers............... .......................... ..........
Pressmen’s helpers......................... ............................
Supervisory employees, office and plant------------Clerical employees, office and plant____________
Miscellaneous direct workers, skilled___________
Miscellaneous direct workers, semiskilled.......... .
Miscellaneous indirect workers, skilled_________
Miscellaneous indirect workers, semiskilled-------Miscellaneous indirect workers, unskilled_______
Power and maintenance workers, skilled_______
Power and maintenance workers, semiskilled___
Service workers, miscellaneous.................................
Females:
Pressfeeders...................................................................
Strippers____ ____________________ _____ _____
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders.._
Stitcher operators............................................... ........
Machine helpers_____________________________
Bundlers and packers....................................... .......
Machine feeders................................................... .......
Gluers, folders, etc., hand..........................................
Clerical employees, office and plant......................
Miscellaneous other employees i............................
South
Males:
Compositors, hand and machine, and die makers..
Pressmen_________ ___________ ______________
Pressfeeders_________________________________
Strippers____________ _______________________
Machine helpers_____________________________
Bundlers and packers________ _________ ____ _
Miscellaneous direct employees______________ _
Miscellaneous indirect employees..................... .......
Females:
Miscellaneous machine operators............................
Miscellaneous machine feeders____________ ____
Miscellaneous direct employees________________
Miscellaneous indirect employees.......... .................
27.68
23.68
15. 65
12.61
12. 59
13.07
19.40
17.53
10.31
10.34
9.49
12.29
29. 85
22.92
15.64
13.56
13. 34
14. 35
20.09
19. 82
11. 35
12.88
10.19
11. 33
+5.2 +7.8
+2.0 -3 .2
+5.5
- .1
+25.5 +7.5
+18.2 +6.0
+20.8 +9.8
+1.9 +3.6
+2.7 +13.1
-3 .0 +10.1
+24.6
+24.2 +7.4
+43.1 -7 .8
1 Includes mostly indirect workers.
Between May 1933 and August 1934, the average earnings per week
increased in 19 and decreased in 8 of the 27 occupational classes
shown for males in the North. The gains ranged from 1 cent for
machine helpers to $3.08 or 22.8 percent for semiskilled miscellaneous
direct workers. The reductions, on the other hand, varied from
20 cents or 1.1 percent for miscellaneous service workers to $1.74 or
5.6 percent for machine adjusters and repairmen. Most of these
decreases were for skilled or semiskilled occupational classes, but the
WEEKLY EARNINGS
33
average weekly earnings in each case were well above the highest
minimum full-time weekly rate ($16) provided under the code. The
average earnings per week in all of the occupational classes were
higher in August 1935 than in August 1934. Cutter feeders had the
smallest relative increase, 1.8 percent, and, with machine feeders, the
smallest absolute increase, 38 cents, while die-makers’ helpers had the
highest relative increase, 17.4 percent, and skilled miscellaneous indi
rect workers the greatest absolute gain, $3.80. Whereas in May 1933,
the range in average weekly earnings was from $13.49 for semiskilled
miscellaneous direct workers to $35.91 for office and plant supervisory
employees, in August 1935 it was from $17.32 for machine feeders to
$41.57 for skilled miscellaneous indirect workers.
In all of the eight occupational classes shown for male workers in
the South, the average weekly earnings were higher in August 1934
than in May 1933. Miscellaneous direct employees had the smallest
absolute gain, 36 cents, as well as the smallest relative gain, 1.9
percent, while strippers had the largest absolute and relative increases,
$2.56 or 25.5 percent. The increases were greatest in the lower-paid
occupational classes, such as strippers, machine helpers, and bundlers
and packers. Between August 1934 and August 1935, the average
earnings per week advanced in six of the eight occupational classes,
the smallest increase, 69 cents or 3.6 percent, being for miscellaneous
direct employees, and the largest, $2.29 or 13.1 percent, for miscel
laneous indirect employees. During the same period, the average of
pressfeeders declined 1 cent and that of pressmen 76 cents or 3.2
percent. In August 1935 the average weekly earnings varied from
$13.34 for machine helpers to $29.85 for hand and machine composi
tors and die makers, as compared with a range from $10.05 for strip
pers to $26.30 for hand and machine compositors and die makers in
May 1933.
The average weekly earnings increased between May 1933 and
August 1934 in all of the 10 occupational classes presented for female
workers in the North. The smallest gain, 44 cents or 2.3 percent,
was for office and plant clerical employees, the group with the highest
average, and the greatest gain, $3.27 or 30.1 percent, was for bundlers
and packers, one of the low-paid occupations. Increases ranging
from 1.3 to 12.4 percent took place in 8 of the 10 occupational classes
between August 1934 and August 1935. The smallest gain, or 18
cents, was for hand gluers and folders, and the largest gain, or $1.60,
for machine feeders. During this same period, the average of strip
pers dropped 6 cents and that of miscellaneous other employees
declined 24 cents or 1.4 percent. In May 1933, the range was from
$10.69 for hand gluers and folders to $18.96 for office and plant
clerical employees, but in August 1935 the range was from $13.79 for
machine helpers to $20.10 for office and plant clerical employees.
92910°— 37------ 6
34
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
From May 1933 to August 1934, the trend in the average weekly
earnings of the four occupational classes of female workers in the
South varied decidedly. Thus, while the average of the miscellane
ous machine feeders remained unchanged and that of the miscella
neous machine operators declined slightly, the earnings of the mis
cellaneous direct employees increased $1.85 or 24.2 percent and those
of the miscellaneous indirect employees advanced $3.70 or 43.1
percent. Between August 1934 and August 1935, the averages of
three occupational classes increased while that of the fourth class
declined. The miscellaneous machine feeders showed the greatest
gain, namely $2.54 or 24.6 percent. In May 1933, the range was
from $7.64 for miscellaneous direct employees to $10.63 for miscel
laneous machine operators, but in August 1935 it was from $10.19
for the former occupational class to $12.88 for miscellaneous machine
feeders.
In three of the five identical occupations of males for which regional
comparisons are possible, the percentages of increase in the average
weekly earnings between May 1933 and August 1935 were greater
in the South than in the North. This tended to reduce the differen
tials in favor of the North from $5.79 to $5.09 for strippers, from
$5.52 to $4.55 for machine helpers, and from $5.42 to $5.03 for bundlers and packers. In the case of pressmen, the South showed a
relative decrease as compared with a relative increase in the North,
thus causing an advance in the differential from $6.17 to $9.46. A
rise in the differential for pressfeeders also took place, from $3.08 to
$4.61, which was due to a larger relative increase in the North than
in the South.
In every one of the six identical occupations in the North for which
comparisons are possible by sex, the percentage gains in average
esCrnings per week between May 1933 and August 1935 were much
greater for females than for males, thereby causing a reduction in
the wage differential in five of the occupations, namely, pressfeeders
(from $6.69 to $5.72), automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders
(from $6.30 to $2.73), machine helpers (from $5.47 to $4.10), bundlers
and packers (from $5.38 to $4.34), and machine feeders (from $3.40 to
$2.79). In the case of strippers, however, the differential rose from
$4.73 to $4.84.
Table C of appendix III presents the actual distribution of em
ployees by occupational class.
Comparison by Type of Plant
As in the case of average hourly wages, the average earnings per
week were also greater in consumer plants than in independent plants
in all three periods.
WEEKLY EARNINGS
35
In independent plants, the average weekly earnings were $19.13 in
May 1933, $20.15 in August 1934, and $21.57 in August 1935. In
consumer plants, the averages amounted to $20.89 in May 1933,
$22.52 in August 1934, and $22.80 in August 1935. These averages
are for northern workers only.
In May 1933 the lower average hourly earnings in independent
plants were accompanied by longer working hours, and as a result the
average weekly earnings in this type of plant were only $1.76 under
those in consumer plants. However, between May 1933 and August
1934, the much greater reduction in the weekly hours of independent
plants more than offset the larger increase in wages per hour, and as
a result in the latter period the differential in favor of consumer
plants widened to $2.37. Between August 1934 and August 1935, the
increase in average weekly hours in independent plants more than
counteracted the slightly greater increase in average hourly earnings
in consumer plants, and consequently the weekly earnings differential
in favor of the latter was reduced to $1.23 in the later period, or 53
cents under the May 1933 differential.
Chapter V.—Personnel Policies and Working Conditions 23
Employment Policies
The type of worker in folding-paper-box plants does not differ
materially from that found in other industries that similarly offer
reasonably light and clean work, much of which requires little train
ing. Most of the plants are small, are usually located in industrial
centers, and draw their labor from the local community. Thus,
in metropolitan New York and eastern New Jersey, Italians and
Jews are found in large numbers, a considerable proportion being
foreign born. In New England, the Italians, Poles, FrenchCanadians, and Irish predominate, many of these also being foreign
born or of foreign parentage. Poles are also numerous in the Great
Lakes area. Many Germans are reported in Pennsylvania and the
Middle West, Scandinavians in the Northwest, and Italians in the
San Francisco region. In the South, a vast majority of the workers
are native Americans, predominantly of English extraction, with
Negroes forming about 13 percent of the labor force in August 1934.
American citizenship predominates among the foreign-born workers,
as does a speaking knowledge of the English language. The average
formal education attained is apparently a completion of grade school.
Some have one or more years of high school and a few some college
work. Males constitute slightly more than three-fourths of the
employees.24
Employees in folding-paper-box establishments usually obtain
their jobs by making direct application to the plant, upon their
23 Out of the 204 plants scheduled in this survey, 200 furnished information on personnel policies and
working conditions. The 200 establishments had in August 1935 a total employment of 27,170, of whom
8,448 were folding-paper-box employees. These were divided as follows: (1) As to region—176 plants were
in the North and employed 25,074 persons, of whom 7,901 were folding-paper-box workers; 24 plants were
located in the South and employed 2,096 persons, of whom 547 were folding-paper-box workers. (2) As to
type of plant—153 converted paper products plants with 7,180 employees, of whom 4,371 were foldingpaper-box workers; 38 paper or boxboard manufacturing and printing establishments with 12,800 employees,
of whom 3,506 were folding-paper-box workers; 9 consumer plants with 7,190 employees, of whom 571 were
folding-paper-box workers. (3) As to size of plant—104 plants had fewer than 50 employees, 45 had from
50 to 100, 27 from 100 to 300, and 24 had 300 employees or more.
It will be seen that the number of employees for whom wages-and-hours data were obtained in August
1935 amounted to only 7,865 in 204 plants. On the other hand, this part of the survey covered 200 plants
with 8,448 employees. The apparent discrepancy is due to the fact that a number of workers were elim i
nated from the wages-and-hours data, due largely to incomplete information. The figures in this chapter,
with the exception of those in tables 21 and 22, are based on a coverage of 200 plants and 8,448 employees.
24 The percentage of women in the wages-and-hours coverage amounted to 25.3 in M ay 1933,23.8 in August
1934, and 23.3 in August 1935. About 96 percent of the females during each of the pay-roll periods were
employed in the occupations of pressfeeders, strippers, automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders,
stitcher operators, machine helpers, machine feeders, bundlers and packers, hand gluers and folders, and
office and plant clerical workers. With the exception of the last-mentioned group, all of these occupations
were either semiskilled or unskilled.
36
PERSONNEL POLICIES AND WORKING CONDITIONS
37
own initiative or in answer to newspaper advertisements, or upon
information received from a regular plant worker. Only two of
the firms scheduled obtained the majority of their employees other
wise, one recruiting them largely from a local vocational school and
the other using almost exclusively a Government employment
agency. A few other plants occasionally resorted to Federal, State,
or city employment offices for temporary labor and in some instances
for skilled workers. Private employment agencies were used to
some extent for skilled or technical and clerical workers.
Some form of centralized employment was used by three-fourths of
the establishments covered. An employment department existed in
only about 8 percent of the plants, most of which had 300 workers or
more. One-half of the establishments of this size had an employment
department. The general manager, superintendent, or some other
company official handled all employment in 68.0 percent of the plants.
There was no centralized employment in the remaining establishments,
the workers here being hired by individual foremen or department heads.
Formal policies governing the selection and placement of employees,
separation from service, training, and promotion are not usual in this
industry, due doubtless to the prevalence of small plants and the
delegation of the duties of employment manager to officials with
numerous other duties. A minimum age for hiring, higher than the
State minimum, was found in 128 establishments, comprising about
64 percent of those reporting. The minima were 16 years in 35 estab
lishments, 17 in 1, 18 in 86 (of which 3 required females to be 21),
20 in 4, and 21 in 2 (of which 1 enforced the minimum for females
only). Maximum hiring-age limits were more or less definitely estab
lished in only 22 plants, approximately 11 percent of the total. One
of these set the maximum as low as 25 years; two reported 35 years
as the usual limit in hiring; five, 40 years; seven, from 43 to 45 years
(one of these applied the limit to direct labor only); four gave 50
years; and the remaining three, as high as 55 to 60 years. Two
establishments, limiting the hiring age for male applicants to 45 and
50 years, respectively, did not hire females older than 35 years, and
a third applied the limit of 45 years to females only. In a few other
plants, the management stated that it preferred young active work
ers, or that the job to be filled determined the age limit, or that
the physical condition of the applicant rather than age was the
determining factor.
Medical examinations at hiring are not usually required. Only 22
establishments made this a prerequisite, and only 2 of these were
small paper-box firms, the other 20 being large consumer plants, paper
mills, or printing establishments. These initial examinations were
followed up in 8 of the establishments by periodical examinations at
intervals varying from 6 to 24 months.
38
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
Almost one-half of the plants endeavored to spread available work
among the regular employees rather than to lay off any during the
slack season. Varied means of doing this were reported, some estab
lishments shortening the work day and week and maintaining their
full force during these limited periods of operation, others staggering
the work by alternately laying off all employees part of the time, etc.
Some plants, which were engaged in the manufacture of standard
types of folding boxes, stocked up during slack periods, and in this
way they were able to maintain their labor force intact and give
their regular workers at least part-time employment.
Neither advance notice nor a dismissal wage at lay-off is generally
given in this industry. Only one-third of the plants scheduled gave
all or part of their employees some warning. Approximately one-half
of the establishments gave no notice whatsoever, and the remaining
ones had no definite policy in this respect. The length of the period
was 2 weeks in only two of the plants, 1 week in about half of them,
and an indefinite period of less than 1 week in the others, many of
the latter reporting that they gave as much advance notice as possible.
A dismissal wage to all workers in the case of permanent lay-offs
was given in one establishment, and eight others paid such a wage to
clerical or other salaried employees. The amount ranged from 1
week's to 1 month's pay, often depending on the position held by the
person dismissed and the circumstances at the time of the dismissal.
Lay-offs, as well as dismissals for cause, are usually in the hands
of the person who hires the workers, although approximately onehalf of the plants where foremen discharge workers require that
such dismissals be approved by some higher official, such as the
manager or the superintendent. The foreman was the discharging
official in slightly more than one-third of the 136 establishments
that reported on this point, and the superintendent, manager, owner,
or other official of the company did the discharging in most of the
others. The employment manager was the discharging official in
only four plants, as several of those with special employment depart
ments permitted foremen to discharge workers, although sometimes
providing for appeal to the personnel manager, works council, or
general manager. Provisions for appeal from dismissals by fore
men acting without approval of a higher official were made in 16
of the 24 such establishments that reported. Table 13 shows the
number of plants that provided for appeal from discharge classified
by the various discharging officials.
Less than 10 percent of the folding-paper-box employees covered
had either union recognition or employee representation.25 Of the
12 establishments thus affected, 3 had agreements with the Inter
national Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite, and Paper Board Workers
25 Based on data obtained from 186 plants employing approximately 26,000 workers, of whom about 8,000
were folding-paper-box workers.
PERSONNEL POLICIES AND WORKING CONDITIONS
39
and 9 had company unions. Of the three plants with trade-union
agreements, two had less than 100 employees and the third one
was a very large plant. Among the establishments with company
unions, three had less than 100, three between 100 and 500, and
three over 500 workers.
T a b l e 1 3 .—Provisions
for appeal from discharge in 1311 plants classified by the
discharging official, August 1935
of
Total num Number
having
ber of plants plants
for
reporting provision
appeal
121
31
Total _ ____________________ _____ __________________________________
Foreman, alone _ _ ___________ _____________________________________
24
16
16
Foreman, with approval of manager or superintendent—. ------ -----------------7
47
Manager or superintendent, alone________________________________ — .. .
7
4
Employment manager or personnel director------------------------------------------- .
1
High official, or manager, superintendent, or foreman, with approval of presi
30
dent or other high official______________________________________________
i There were 15 of the 136 plants reporting on discharging official that did not report on provision for
appeal.
Discharging official
Training necessary to the work is usually obtained on the job,
inexperienced employees starting as general helpers and advancing
either to hand work of a more highly skilled nature or to the position
of machine feeder and thence to machine operator. Formal training
systems were found in only a few large plants and were generally
limited to the occupations of compositors, diemakers, and pressmen.
In the case of compositors and pressmen, most establishments pre
ferred to draw these workers from the printing industry rather than
to train them. Diemakers, an occupation requiring the highest skill
and peculiar to this industry, were generally developed either by
converting a compositor into a die maker or by training an apprentice
or learner to prepare cutting dies. The opportunity for promotion,
particularly for women workers, is limited. Few plants have formal
promotion plans, and seniority recognition is most casual as a rule.
Working Time
The workweek prior to the code generally consisted of 5}i or 6 days
and 45 to 54 hours. During the code period it was predominantly
5 days and 40 hours. The latter hours still prevail, although infor
mation obtained for August 1935 indicates that there has been an
appreciable shift back to longer scheduled hours and a 5%-day week.
A number of plants that were then still actually working only 40
hours or less per week announced that their scheduled or full-time
hours were more than 40.
The majority of establishments were working only one shift in
August 1935. Only 30 of the 200 plants surveyed operated extra
shifts regularly, and then usually for the press and cutting depart
ments only. Twenty of these operated two shifts and the remaining
10 worked three shifts. Seventeen were departments in consumer,
40
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
paper manufacturing, or large printing establishments, and 13 were
independent paper-box plants. A few others reported as working
extra shifts only during short rush periods. Higher wages for the night
shift were found in 11 plants, 1 of which operated a second shift only
during rush periods. The differential varied, the lowest being about
2% and the highest 12% percent, with 6 to 10 percent as the usual
figure. Of the 30 plants that regularly operated extra shifts, 5
alternated workers on shifts, usually changing each week, 13 did not
rotate, and 12 did not report.
Lunch periods ranging in length from a half hour to 1 hour, on the
employee’s time, were provided in practically all of the plants reporting.
All employees were allowed the time off in 185 plants, butl2 establish
ments did not extend this privilege to occupations on a shift basis or to
night workers. The half-hour lunch period was most common, being
reported by more than one-half of the plants. Approximately onethird allowed 1 hour, and most of the others 45 minutes. A few pro
vided 1 hour off to the day shift and one-half hour to the night shift.
Short rest periods, in addition to lunch periods, were provided in
nine establishments in the North. All employees benefited in two of
the plants, and only female workers in five of them. One gave a
smoking period to male employees only, and the ninth establishment
failed to report the workers affected. These periods varied in length
from 5 to 15 minutes, given in most instances twice each day. All
but three plants paid the employees for this time.
Holiday observance is rather uniformly practiced, the usual number
celebrated being 5 days in the South and 6 days in the North. All
plants observed Christmas and all but two observed the Fourth of
July and Thanksgiving Day. Labor Day was observed in 194 plants
and New Year’s in 187. Memorial Day is the sixth day usually
observed in the North. Likewise, a substantial number of northern
plants observed Lincoln’s Birthday, Washington’s Birthday, Colum
bus Day, and Armistice Day. In some localities, such holidays as
Good Friday, All Saints’ Day, Jewish New Year’s, and the Day of
Atonement were observed, as well as local or State holidays, such as
Patriots’ Day, Bunker Hill Day, Confederate Decoration Day, Ad
mission Day, and Mardi Gras. The number of holidays on which
plants were closed is shown in table 14.
The holidays observed were without pay for wage earners in all
but four establishments, of which three were paper-box plants with
less than 50 employees and the fourth manufactured paper boxes only
incidentally and employed over 300 workers. In two of these plants
all wage earners were on weekly salaries, and the other two paid the
workers hourly rates. Three of the plants gave six holidays and the
fourth gave seven. Almost three-fourths of all the plants covered
paid their salaried employees for holidays.
41
PERSONNEL POLICIES AND WORKING CONDITIONS
T a b l e 14 .—Holiday
Region
Total______________
North____ _________
South. _ ___________
observance in 200 plants by region, August 1935
Num
ber of
plants
report 2
ing days
Percentage of plants observing—
3
days
200 100.0 99.5
176 100.0 100.0
24 100.0 95.9
4
5
days days
6
days
7
days
8
days
9
days
10
days
99.0
99.2
95.9
83.0
90.3
29.2
29.0
30.1
20.9
12.0
10.8
20.9
5.0
5.1
4.2
3.0
3.4
95.0
96.9
79.2
11
days
1.5
1.7
Provisions for planned vacations for wage earners with service
eligibility were reported by only 13 of the 200 plants, 10 of which gave
vacations with pay and 3 without pay. Of the establishments
granting paid vacations, one with less than 50 employees allowed 1
week to all workers, including those on piece rates, after 6 months’
service. Another, with 50 and under 100 employees, whose workers
were all paid weekly rates, gave all permanent employees 2 weeks of
annual vacation. This plant had no definite service requirement.
One year’s service established eligibility for vacations of 1 week in
three of the establishments; two years for 1 week, with an additional
week after 10 years’ service, in one plant; and 5 years for 1 week in
one plant. Two establishments gave vacations to employees with
long service only, of 1 and 2 weeks after 15 and 20 years’ service
respectively. The tenth gave 1 week with pay, but it did not report
on service required for eligibility. Full pay was allowed those workers
on weekly rates; full-time earnings at the regular hourly rates were
paid hourly rate employees by some plants, and average earnings
over a period of several weeks by still others. The latter method
was also used for computing the pay for vacations of piece workers.
Foremen, shipping clerks, and technical workers and often other
salaried plant employees, such as engineers, machinists, diemakers,
electricians, truck drivers, elevator operators, etc., were granted
paid vacations in 70 of the 200 establishments, and planned vacations
without pay in 2 additional plants. Office workers were given paid
vacations in still a larger number of the establishments, namely, 114.
The length of vacation most frequently allowed was 1 week for the
salaried plant occupations and 2 weeks for office employees, although
vacations of both 1 and 2 weeks were common for both types of
workers. Several establishments graded the length of vacations in
accordance with length of service. Employment for 1 year was the
usual requisite for eligibility. Although workers in large plants
enjoy the vacation privilege more generally than do those in small
ones, the practice is prevalent even in the small plants. Table 15
shows in greater detail the information on vacation practices with
regard to the types of employees affected, number of days allowed,
and length of service for eligibility.
42
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
T a b l e 15 .— Vacations 1
in 200 plants for wage earners and salaried plant em
ployees and office employees, showing length of vacation and service requisite for
eligibility, August 1935
Wage earners and salaried
plant employees:
Total_________________
North________________
South.. ______ ___
Office employees:
Total __ _______ _____ ___
North_______________
South ______________
Number grant Number requiring previous
ing vacations
service of—
of—
1
$
*
IM
§
£
6 months
1 year
2 years
3 to 5 years
10 to 20 years
Not known
*0 03
to—
Not known
1
Number
granting
ftfOl vacations
All employees
Selected sal
aried plant
occupations 2
1 week
10 days
<3
Xi
M
Oo3
i—< OT
Total number
granting va
Type of employees and
region
f<x>t
cn
1
7 ? bfl
f td
C
200
176
24
72
66
6
13
12
1
69 37
54 33
5 4
2 30
2 28
2
3
3
9
8
1
2 37
1 34
1 3
4
4
1
1
3
3
16
15
1
200
176
24
114
104
10
114
104
10
45
41
4
4 63
2 59
2 4
2 14
2 10
4
6 59
5 54
1 5
7
7
1
1
2
2
25
25
1 Vacations in all plants are with full pay, except as follows: 2 plants give both wage earners and salaried
plant employees vacations without pay; 1 plant gives foreman and salaried employees full pay and wage
earners vacations without pay; 1 plant gives office employees vacations of 1 week with pay and 1 week
without pay; 1 plant gives salaried office workers vacations with full pay and hourly rate office workers
half pay.
2 Kefers to foremen, shipping clerks, technical workers, etc., and in some cases to such salaried plant
workers as engineers, machinists, die makers, electricians, truck drivers, elevator operators, etc.
3 6 plants give plant employees and 13 give office employees vacations of 1 and 2 weeks graded according
to length of service. One plant gives 1 day per month with maximum of 2 weeks.
Pay for sick leave to all of their wage earners was provided by 14
of the 200 establishments. Such benefits were also granted in 55
plants to supervisory and other salaried plant employees, and in
106 plants to office workers. About one-sixth of the establishments
that did not provide for sick leave with pay reported that their
employees were taken care of through health insurance and mutualbenefit associations. A greater proportion of Northern plants
granted sick leave with pay to workers than did Southern plants.
Very few of the establishments had a definitely established procedure
with regard to the amount of sick leave granted with pay, or to the
length of service necessary for eligibility.
Methods of Wage Payment
Straight-time rates, piece rates,26 and production bonus systems
are all found in this industry, but straight-time rates prevailed in
all occupational classes in August 1934 and August 1935. This
method of wage payment was used exclusively in 60.0 percent of the
plants in 1935. Piece rates for some occupations were paid in 30.0
percent of the establishments, and bonus systems were used in 12.5
percent. There was little difference found in these respects between
26 This represents straight piece rates and also piece rates with a guaranteed time rate.
PERSONNEL POLICIES AND WORKING CONDITIONS
43
the consumer and paper-box plants,27 except that production rates
(piece work and bonus systems) were used in fewer of the very small
plants.
With the introduction of minimum-time rates under the code, there
was a decided shift from the production to the straight-time method
of wage payment. Approximately 18 percent of the 200 plants sur
veyed made such a shift. A few establishments that had changed
from piece to time rates in 1934 returned to piece rates in 1935.
Two plants also discontinued their bonus systems, but these were
offset by two other plants that installed such systems.
Piece rates were most frequently used for the occupations of
stitcher operators, hand gluers and folders, bundlers and packers,
machine feeders, and strippers. Bonus systems were most common
for pressmen’s helpers, pressmen, automatic gluing- and foldingmachine feeders, stitcher operators, machine helpers, pressfeeders,
and bundlers and packers. Piece rates were more extensively used
in the South, while bonus systems were more prevalent in the North.
The extent to which each of the three methods of wage payment was
used in the various occupational classes and regions in 1934 and
1935 is shown in table 16.
The average hourly earnings during each pay-roll period were con
sistently higher under production methods of wage payment than
those under straight-time rates, with piece-work earnings generally
exceeding bonus earnings. This is shown in table 17 for the seven
occupations for which there is a sufficient representation of employees
paid by the different methods. Moreover, the average earnings per
hour under straight-time rates were lower than the general averages
for the occupational classes in all cases except one; namely, that of
female stitcher operators in the North for 1933.
A guarantee to piece workers of minimum-time rates was seldom
given in 1933. The code provided for such minima, which were
continued to some extent in 1935, when about 45 percent of the plants
that paid piece rates guaranteed minimum-time rates, in many cases
higher than those set by the code. These guarantees affected at
least two-thirds of the piece workers in 1935.
27 Out of 47 consumer, paper manufacturing, and large printing establishments, 26 paid straight-time rates
only, 12 paid some piece rates, and 11 had production bonus systems covering all or part of their employees.
Of the 153 strictly paper-box plants, 94 paid only straight-time rates, 48 paid some piece rates, and 14 had
production bonus systems.
44
T able
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
16.—Classification of employees according to method of wage payment, by
occupational class and region, 1934 and 1935
Percent of total that worked at—
Occupational class and region
Total num
ber of em
ployees
Straighttime rates Piece rates i
Bonus
systems
Combina
tion of
straighttime and
piece work2
1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934
Occupational class:
Compositors, hand and machine. 102
Die makers_____________________ 191
Pressmen______________________ 706
Pressfeeders____________________ 1,340
Pressmen and feeders____________ 309
Machine adjusters and repairmen _ 127
Cutter operators________________ 22
Cutter feeders__________________ 52
Strippers_______ ______________ 928
Automatic gluing- and foldingmachine operators. . _ ........... 82
Automatic gluing- and foldingmachine feeders.............................. 367
Stitcher operators . _________ 184
Machine helpers________________ 1,069
Bundlers and packers___ ________ 460
Laborers (loaders, unloaders, etc.) _ 239
Machine feeders________________ 118
Gluers and folders, hand.............. . 164
Truck drivers
________ ___ 73
D i e m a k e r s ’ h e lp ers
51
P re s s m e n ’s h e lp e rs
76
Office and plant supervisory em
ployees
250
Office and plant clerical employees. 375
Miscellaneous direct workers_____ 69
Miscellaneous indirect workers___ 252
Power and maintenance workers__ 97
162
Region:
North______ ____ _________ ____ 7,318
S o u th
____ ______
547
Total United States___________ 7,865
M k f > ftlla n flf» n s s e r v ie e w o r k e r s
98
186
694
1,313
307
127
23
51
868
80
371
151
1,036
418
223
116
151
75
49
70
249
367
71
257
87
163
7,096
505
7, 601
91.2
93. 2
69.4
68.8
79.0
91.3
81.8
86.5
62.3
74.4
64.3
41.3
71.6
59.8
85.4
67.8
59.2
90.4
90.2
56.6
90.8
96.8
78.3
84.1
96.9
98.8
73.1
71.5
73.0
90.8
93.0
71.2
68.9
76.9
89.0
87.0
82.3
65.0
77.5
73.1
48.4
69.9
59.8
91. 5
78.4
58.9
97.3
93.9
57. 2
92.0
96.2
80.3
81.7
97.7
100.0
1.0.5 1.0 6.3
7.8 8.2
7.0
1.6
3.0 28.9 25.7 0.1 0.1
11.6
12.4 19.4 18.1 .2
.6
8.4 8.8 11.3 12.4 1.3 1.9
8
. 7 11.0
9. i 4.3 9.1 8.7
3.9 5.9 9.6 11.8
.6
17.0 16.2 19.6 18.2 1.1
11.0 7.5 14.6 15.0
7.6
36.4
7.9
23.5
6.7
17.8
31.7
7.3
31.1
8.6
24.2
3.1
14.7
31.8
1.4
.3
5.8
5.6
2.8.3
7.4
74.4 8.3 8.4
74.3 27.6 25.1
74.4 9.7 9.5
25.4
22.3
20.1
16.5
7.9
11.9
7.9
8.2
9.8
43.4
9.2
2.6
15.9
9.9
3.1
1. 2
18.0
.9
16.8
1 Includes piece workers that are guaranteed minimum-time rates.
2Includes workers employed partly on straight-time and partly on piece work.
16.4 2.7
20. 5
20.5 .4
16.0 .2
5.4
2.5
6.0
7.3 1.2
2. 7 1.4
6.1
41.4
3.2
3.2 .3
14.1 ___
.4
10.1
2.3
2.8.8.3
.6 .6
.7
8.0
16.5
15.4
.5
1.0
2.0.9
.7
PERSONNEL POLICIES AND WORKING CONDITIONS
45
T a b l e 17.—Average hourly earnings under straight-time, piece-workf and bonus
methods of wage payment for selected occu pation s1933, 1934» and 1935
Straight-time
rates
Total
Occupation, sex, and region
Num
ber of
employ
ees
Piece rates
Bonus system
Aver Num Aver Num Aver Num Aver
age ber of age ber of age ber of age
hourly employ
hourly
hourly employ hourly
earn ees earn employ
ees earn
ees earn
ings
ings
ings
ings
1935
North
664 $0. 798
Pressmen, male................................
Pressfeeders, male _ ....................... .
1,017 .506
Strippers, male........ ............................
603 .483
Strippers, female_________________
244 .376
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders, female____________
238 .386
132 .396
Stitcher operators, female_________
574 .453
Machine helpers, male_______ ____
Machine helpers, female__________
409 .369
Bundlers and packers, male.............. 360 .492
456 $0,787
716 .493
355 .436
176 .360
143 .366
58 .379
430 .442
273 .356
211 .444
6
84 $0.553
96 .613
38 .441
16
45 .405
22
43 .393
81 .610
202
217
152
30
79
29
122
93
68
$0.824
.535
.521
.395
. 407
.414
.481
.399
.496
.821
.536
.512
.419
.386
.418
.474
.379
.486
1934
Pressmen, male........-.........................
Pressfeeders, male................. ..............
Strippers, male__________________
Strippers, female______________ __
Automatic gluing- and folding-ma
chine feeders, female__ ________
Stitcher operators, female_________
Machine helpers, male____________
Machine helpers, female__________
Bundlers and packers, male....... .......
647
971
573
233
249
113
585
370
324
. 789
.504
.482
.382
.370
.379
.448
.367
.491
455
682
341
175
192
62
427
249
194
.776
.487
.445
.366
.363
.363
.439
.358
.450
16
100
101
31
.553
.573
.441
15
26
34
32
76
.380
.476
.390
.596
176
189
131
27
42
25
124
89
54
.470
.446
94
109
59
.699
.440
.397
.262
.245
.415
30
9
57
54
28
.291
.382
.261
.427
1933
Pressmen, male.....................................
Pressfeeders, m a l e _____________
Strippers, male___________ _______
Strippers, female_________________
Automatic gluing- and folding-ma
chine feeders, female____________
Stitcher operators, female_________
Machine helpers, male____
Machine helpers, female________ _
Bundlers and packers, male_____ .
376
531
312
160
148
81
279
227
193
.650
.401
.364
.294
.256
.273
.354
.245
.364
281
395
219
127
112
29
214
142
136
.637
.386
.345
.288
.250
.275
.343
.238
.343
1
22
6
43
8
31
27
34
29
11
1Averages omitted for groups with fewer than 25 employees.
Bonus or premium systems rewarding production above standard
were used in 25 plants and represented a variety of plans. Seven
of these were simple time-saving premium plans, two paying the
employee his regular rate for all of the time saved, four for one-half
of the time saved, and one for one-fourth of the time saved. Another
establishment adapted the time-saving principle in different ways for
various occupations, the regular base rate for one-half of the time
saved being paid to cutting and printing pressmen, the Rowan 28
adaptation being used for the shipping department and certain
strippers, and the regular base rate for varying percentages of time
28 Under this system, the bonus percentage is equal to the ratio of time saved to standard time, which is
added to the regular time earnings. This aihounts in practice to payment for a gradually diminishing
amount of the time saved.
46
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
saved (the more time saved, the greater the percentage for which
payment is made) being paid to strippers and cutting and printing
pressfeeders. The same plant paid stitchers double the regular piece
rates for the production above standard. In still another plant, all
hand workers were paid for all time saved at their base rates, increas
ing in proportion to the amount of time saved. The latter establish
ment, together with four others, also paid machine workers (pressmen,
feeders, etc.), in addition to the regular time rate, a fixed amount per
1,000 pieces as a bonus for all production above standard. One plant
paid straight piece rates up to standard production, and, for standard
production and above, it paid a time rate for the standard time plus
all of the time saved. Another plant paid time rates up to standard
production, plus piece rates when standard production was reached.
Efficiency-scale bonus plans were used in three plants, two of which
started paying the bonus at 71.0 percent and one at 80.0 percent of the
standard efficiency set for the department. One of these had a
different plan for strippers, paying them their regular rates for the
standard time plus one-half of the actual time taken. “Unit” plans
of wage payment, or “constant sharing” plans under which production
is measured in terms of man-minutes of work, were used in six more
plants. The last establishment used graduated time rates, the
employees being graded on production and rated periodically.
A profit-sharing system was reported by one plant. All employees
with 6 months’ service during the year received as a bonus a share of
the net annual profits, prorated according to the individual annual
earnings. Bonuses for truck drivers were provided in another estab
lishment, based on no-accident records over a 6-month period.
Gratuitous bonuses at Christmas time were given all employees in
two additional plants, the amount of bonus varying with the earnings
of the individuals.
Overtime pay is of importance in this industry, in view of the fact
that almost two-thirds of the establishments in May 1933 and August
1934 and nearly three-fourths in August 1935 showed a considerable
amount of overtime 29 work. The number of employees for whom
overtime was shown in August 1935 comprised about 25 percent of
the total scheduled. Approximately the same proportion was shown
for the 1933 period, but the limitation of hours by the code reduced
the number in 1934 to about 13 percent. The amount of individual
overtime was not generally high, particularly during the code period,
although as much as 30 hours of overtime per week was noted on pay
rolls for August 1934 and 1935, and as much as 50^hours for May 1933
in individual cases.
As noted before, the limitations on overtime hours imposed by the
code were not stringent, an 8-hour tolerance over the 40-hour week
29 “Overtime”, as used here, refers to any work in addition to the regular scheduled hours per day.
47
PERSONNEL POLICIES AND WORKING CONDITIONS
having been allowed to “laborers, mechanical workers, or artisans”
engaged in plant operation work, provided time and a third were
paid over the 8-hour day and 40-hour week. It was also stipulated
that the above employees, not to exceed 10 percent of the labor force,
when engaged in such machine and plant cleaning and maintenance
work as could not be performed during the regular working hours,
could work an unlimited amount of overtime, provided they were
paid time and a third over a 10-hour day and a 48-hour week. Engi
neers, firemen, electricians, chauffeurs, and truckmen were to be paid
time and a third after a 9-hour day and 48-hour a week. The hours
of the two latter occupations could not exceed 48 per week averaged
over 4 consecutive weeks, and the hours of the others could not exceed
42 hours averaged over the same period.
The usual pay for overtime in March 1933 was the regular time or
piece rate. Only a few plants paid punitive or extra rates, the com
mon rate being time and one-half.
In August 1934 the general practice was to pay the time and onethird overtime rate fixed by the code. However, noncompliance
with regard to this provision was frequent. As many as 40 establish
ments paid only prorata for overtime, and numerous others computed
the overtime on the basis of weekly rather than daily hours as pro
vided by the code.
T able 18.—Classification of plants by extent of overtime compensation and type of
plant and region, August 1935
Number of plants compensating for overtime by—
Num
ber of
Type of plant and region plants
report
ing
Type of plant:
Consumer plants, etc.1.
Paper-box plants--------Region:
North______ _______
South_______________
Total___________________
Punitive rates to—
Pro rata pay to—
Major
Major
em ity of Special
em ity of ^Special
Total All
jobs Total All
jobs
ployees em only
ployees em only
ployees
ployees
45
150
36
67
18
45
2117
172
23
2195
90
13
103
56
7
63
33
5
38
11
11
2
14
92
685
5
16
93
13
106
63
201
21
10
73
84
102
12
1 Consumer, paper manufacturing, and large printing establishments.
2Three of the 200 plants scheduled did not permit employees to work overtime, and 2 did not report
their policies.
During the August 1935 period punitive overtime rates were still
being paid in more than one-half of the plants that reported on this
subject, as one may see from table 18. These represented four-fifths
of the consumer and nearly one-half of the paper-box establishments.
Furthermore, the proportion in the South was slightly greater than in
the North. The usual extra rate was still time and one-third, as reported
48
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
by 85 of the 103 plants that paid punitive overtime rates. The
remainder paid time and one-half. A few paid higher rates for work
on Sundays and holidays than on week days. The day was the basis
for computing the extra rates in 62 of the plants and the full-time week
in 37. Three establishments paid the extra rate for Sunday and
holiday work only, and one paid it only for accumulated overtime in
excess of 30 hours in 6 months.
Welfare Work
Welfare work in this industry is decidedly limited both in quantity
and kind and is generally carried on only in the larger plants. With
the exception of insurance plans and safety systems, few services of a
welfare nature are provided. Health, social, and athletic activities
are negligible.
Insurance was the most commonly used form of welfare work.
There were 87 plants (43.5 percent) covering over 70 percent of the
27,170 total employment 30 that had either some form of insurance
system or a mutual-benefit association. This type of welfare work
was found in one-third of the paper-box factories and in more than
three-fourths of the plants not primarily engaged in the manufacture
of paper boxes. Nearly all of these establishments (79) had insur
ance systems, mutual-benefit associations being confined only to
several of the larger plants. Table 19 presents a classification of the
establishments having insurance plans and mutual-benefit associa
tions, as to type of plant, region, and size of plant in 1935, and shows
the kinds of benefits provided.
T able
19.—Classification of plants by kind of insurance as to region and type and
size of plant, August 1935
Total num
ber of—
Total
Death
Sickness
| Disability
Accident
Total
Death
Sickness
Disability
Accident
Other
Region:
North___________________________ 176
South_____________________ ____ 24
Type of plant :
Consumer plants, etc.1 ___________ 47
Paper-box plants--------------------------- 153
Size of plant:
Under 50 employees________ _•___ . 104
50 and under 100 employees____ _. _ 45
100 and under 300 employees----------- 27
300 employees and over........... ............ 24
Total__________ ____ __________ ____ 200
Employees
| Plants
Region, type and size of plant
Number of plants Number of plants in which
in which benefits benefits were provided
w e r e provided through mutual - bene
through group in fit associations
surance
25,074
2,096
19,990
7,180
2, 512
3,120
4,150
17, 388
27,170
8 668 232 61 162 12 5 10 ==1 —5 — 3
29 27 15 2 10 10 4 9 1 4 1
50 47 10 5 8 2 1 1 ___ 1 __2
-----27 24 5 2 4
17 16 3
2
2
1
1
1
2
18 18 6
5 3 1 3 __ 1
17, 16 11 _ 2 7 7 3 6 _T1 3 __ i
279 74 "25" nr F12 ~5~ To"
3
71
~~5~
124Consumer,
paper manufacturing, and large printing establishments.
plants that provided insurance also had mutual-benefit associations that gave additional services.
30This includes all employees in the consumer, paper, and box-board manufacturing and printing estab
lishments, and not merely the paper-box workers.
PERSONNEL POLICIES AND WORKING CONDITIONS
49
The cost of all types of insurance was shared jointly by the company
and employees in 53 of the 79 establishments that provided this serv
ice; it was paid entirely by the company in 9 plants; the cost was
borne by the company with additional benefits paid for by the
employee in 7 factories; the entire cost was paid by the employee
in 5 plants; and 5 did not report who paid for the cost. The mutualbenefit associations also were partially supported by the company in
four establishments.
Only one formal pension system was reported, and this by a large
consumer plant. In a few other plants, however, pensions were some
times given to long-service employees at the discretion of the manage
ment.
Organized safety programs were found in 52 plants, a majority of
which were consumer, paper manufacturing, or printing establish
ments with paper-box departments. They ranged in size from 50 to
over 2,000 workers. A few plants employed safety directors or engi
neers; but the work was usually carried on under the direction of the
superintendent, plant manager, or other official. In most places the
safety program was in the hands of a safety committee, generally made
up of supervisors and regular employees, which met periodically to
discuss safety practices, study accidents, and find remedies. Com
mittee members were charged with carrying out the program and
instructing employees in safety practices. Some plants endeavored
to further promote safety work among their employees by rewarding
good safety records and penalizing carelessness. Practically all estab
lishments made some provision for first aid, but only the larger plants
as a rule had fully equipped first-aid rooms with full-time nurses in
attendance. Several establishments have reduced fire hazards by
installing sprinkler systems. A number reported that they take an
active part in general safety campaigns.
Lastly, active interest in the health of their employees was shown in
the reports of a few large plants, which included such services as medi
cal attention by doctors, both at the plant and at home, nurses in
plant dispensaries and visiting nurses caring for sick or injured em
ployees at their homes, hospital facilities at reduced rates or free of
charge, free clinics, and group hospitalization plans.
Appendix I.—Employment, Man-Hours, and Pay Rolls
The workers in the folding-paper-box industry not only benefited
from higher hourly earnings and lower weekly hours but also from
sizeable gains in employment and pay rolls. This is shown by table
20 and chart 5, which present the relative changes in employment,
man-hours, and pay rolls for identical plants31 between the three
periods.
T able 20.— iRelative changes in employment, man-hours, and pay rollsf for iden•
tical plants
Sex
Employment:
. .
Males.
_ _____
Females___
_ ___
Total____ ... ___
Man-hours:
Males.
______ ____
Females...________
Total_____ ____
PayMales___
rolls:
_ _____.
Females________
Total___ _______
Index numbers
Percentage change
Mayto1933 August
1934to May
to1933 May
1933 August
1934 August
August
1935
August
August
1934
1935
1935
+26.8
+15.7
+24.0
+4.0
-.6
+3.0
+29.4
+37.5
+30.7
+4.1
+1.3
+3.5
+10.9
+5.1
+9.5
+10.9
+6.1
+10.1
+32.0
+17.2
+28.3
+15.3
+4.5
+12.8
+43.5
+45.9
+43.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
126.8
115.7
124.0
104.0
99.4
103.0
129.4
137.5
130.7
132.0
117.2
128.3
115.3
104.5
112.8
143.5
145.9
143.9
Most of the increase in employment took place between May
1933 and August 1934, the gain amounting to 24.0 percent. From
August 1934 to August 1935, the rise was only 3.5 percent, thus mak
ing a total increase of 28.3 percent. The total gain was much
greater for males (32.0) than for females (17.2), which would seem
to indicate that, with the raising of wages to comply with the code
provisions and with the maintaining of nearly all of these increases
after the code, the industry preferred to hire men rather than
women.
Due to the reduction of weekly hours as a result of the code,
the rise in total man-hours was not as great as that in employment.
Computations based onplants furnishing data for all 3years have also been made for average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and average weekly earnings, but the figures obtained were practically
the same as alreadyshowninthe various tables.
31
50
51
EMPLOYMENT, MAN-HOURS, AND PAY ROLLS
Thus, between May 1933 and August 1934, the increase in man
hours was only 3.0 percent as against 24.0 percent in employment.
The opposite was true from August 1934 to August 1935, when
the total man-hours advanced by 9.5 percent, as compared with
only a 3.5 percent increase in employment. This may be explained
by the gain in weekly hours following the discontinuance of the
code. However, taking the period as a whole, the increase in total
man-hours amounted to 12.8 percent, or less than one-half of the
relative rise in employment. As in the case of the latter, the males
CHART 5
INDEX NUMBERS OF AGGREGATE E m p l o y m e n t , m a n - h o u r s ,
a n d pay Ro l l s in t h e f o l d in g -P a p e r - b o x in d u s t r y
MAY 1933, AUGUST 1934, AND AUGUST 1935
ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft
ftftftitftiiftftftft ft |
Employment
MAY 1933
AUGUST 1934
AUGUST 1935
MAY 1933
AUGUST 1934
ftftftftftftftftftft
Man -H ours
Pay Rolls
AUGUST 1934
AUGUST 19351
U S. BUREAU OF LABOR
57*7757705
100.0
ft
124.0
ft ft ft
128.3
EtxlW
iH
lU
Z
H
s x s s 3 x x x sa
&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&
AUGUST 1935 to
MAY 1933
Index N umbers
100.0
1030
112.8
100.0
130.7
143.9
showed a much higher gain (15.3 percent) than females (4.5 percent)
in total man-hours.
The rise in weekly pay rolls was even more pronounced than in
employment, due to the combined influences of the greater employ
ment and man-hours as well as of the higher rates of pay. The
largest gain in pay rolls took place between May 1933 and August
1934, 30.7 percent, as compared with an advance of 10.1 percent
between the latter period and August 1935. The total rise amounted
to 43.9 percent. During the first interval, the females showed the
greater percentage gain, due to a larger relative increase in average
hourly earnings as a result of the code. The opposite was true
during the second interval, but for the entire period the advance
for females (45.9 percent) still exceeded somewhat that for males
(43.5 percent).
Appendix II.—Technological Processes and Occupational
Descriptions
General
The paper-box division of the converted-paper-products industry
is in the main composed of three distinct branches, namely, foldingpaper-box plants, set-up-paper-box plants, and corrugated- and
solid-fiber-shipping-container plants. While the first two types of
boxes are used for packaging, the latter type is employed almost
exclusively for shipping purposes.
Folding paper boxes differ from set-up paper boxes in several
respects: (1) They are made from “died-out” blanks prepared on a
press in one operation, instead of from blanks which must first be
scored and then either cornered or notched; (2) folding-box blanks
may be complete when they leave the printing and cutting presses,
or they may be folded and either glued or stitched, while set-up-box
blanks must be folded, stayed, or “set”, and very often covered or
stripped; (3) when delivered to the consumer, folding boxes are
“flat”, but set-up boxes are fully erected and rigid in form. The
fact that folding boxes are compact and readily lend themselves to
shipment, while set-up boxes are bulky and can be economically
shipped only within a limited radius, makes it possible for foldingbox manufacturers to establish their plants either near the source
of raw materials or in localities where taxes are low and labor is
cheap and plentiful, even though far away from the consuming
market. Set-up paper-box manufacturers, on the other hand,
must establish their plants near their market.
Because there are relatively few necessary operations in the manu
facture of a folding box and because these operations are relatively
simple, this industry lends itself readily to mechanization and mass
production. During the latter part of the nineteenth century hand
operations were gradually replaced, at first by crude machines
operated by hand or foot power, and later by more advanced steamdriven machinery. One of the important changes was the substitu
tion of power-cutting presses for hand tools in the preparation of
box blanks. The introduction of power-driven machines to glue,
fold, and flatten out the boxes also greatly reduced the manufactur
ing time. Based on a study made by the Bureau of Labor in 1898,32
32 See Thirteenth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1898, vol. 1, pp. 124-125.
52
OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTIONS
53
it appears that in 1895 it took 10 hours to make by hand 1,000 quartsize flask cartons, while with the aid of machines this time was re
duced to slightly less than 4 hours. As an illustration, by using
cutting and creasing presses instead of hand knives and rules, a saving
of over 90 percent was effected in the time required. Likewise, the
introduction of steam-powered folding and gluing machines reduced
by over 75 percent the time required to fold and glue a box. The
advent of electric motors has also greatly accelerated the mechaniza
tion of this industry. At present the industry has machines which
will automatically fold, glue, and deliver “flat” and ready for ship
ment from 20,000 to 70,000 small boxes per hour.
There are in the main three types of folding paper boxes, all of
which are made from board blanks which have been “died out” on
presses. The first type consists of a single blank which, in order to
be converted into the form of a box, need only be so folded that either
the folds or the interlocking flaps will hold it in shape. This box, of
which a butter container is a good example, is neither glued nor
stitched. The second is known as the glued type. Boxes of this
kind are either folded flat and the overlapping edges glued together
or they may be glued together much in the manner of an end-set
box.33 A razor-blade box is a good example of the first kind of glued
box, while special egg and food boxes might be cited as examples of
the second kind. The third type, known as the stitched box, is in
reality joined together with staples. This box is made from a
board blank, the sides of which are folded inward, and the flanges or
extensions at the ends of these side sections are lapped over the
specially creased and folded ends of the main section of the blank and
stapled to them instead of being glued. A stitched suit box is a
good example of this type of folding box. Some glued folding boxes
and most stitched folding boxes, when opened up, resemble a set-up
box. They differ, however, from the set-up box in that they are so
creased that they readily collapse, and it is undoubtedly for this
reason that they are classified with folding rather than with set-up
boxes. It should not be inferred that there are only three possible
kinds of folding boxes. In addition to the three more or less standard
groups outlined here, there is quite a variety of special boxes similar
in some respects to the types described. Some folding-box estab
lishments also manufacture cardboard window-display signs. This
product is closely related to folding boxes, as both are made from
“died-out” board blanks and are assembled in much the same way.
The chart on page 55 shows in their order of occurrence the different
processes involved in the manufacture of folding boxes. It should
not be inferred, however, that each process listed is essential and
33 The main difference between this second kind of glued folding box and an end-set set-up box is that
the ends of the former are not rigid, since they are so creased that they readily collapse, permitting the sides
to fold in toward the middle of the box.
54
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
will be found in all folding-box plants, as manufacturing processes
vary with plant practice and with the type of box made.
The processes involved in the manufacture of folding paper boxes
(see chart 6) may be roughly classified in three groups: (1) The prepar
atory group, which includes the various cutting operations, such as
sheeting, slitting and guillotine cutting, and the board-lining opera
tions; (2) the printing and die-cutting group, which covers composi
tion and die making, setting up and feeding presses, and stripping
“died-out” board; (3) the folding and the gluing or stitching of the
“died-out” blanks into box form, supplemented b y‘any other inci
dental operations that may be necessary. In addition to the abovementioned processes, which are more or less standard, there are special
processes, such as pasting cellophane over windows or openings, coat
ing box blanks, and taping, etc., these being found only in certain
establishments engaged in the manufacture of special folding boxes.
Preparatory Group of Operations
There are relatively few preparatory operations in the foldingpaper-box industry, the more important ones being the lining of the
board, either to build it up or to give it a more serviceable or a more
attractive covering, and the cutting of paper and board into sheets of
the desired size. The slitting of paper and board into strips of the
desired width and the slotting of box partitions might also be included
here. The following descriptions cover only the more or less standard
occupations 34 in this group of operations.
Lining-machine operator (liner operator).—Sets up and is responsible for the
operation of a machine which applies a paper lining either to one or to both sides
of the paper board. After regulating the distance between the pasting pressure
rolls to meet the requirements of the board being lined, and after adjusting the
end shear to cut the lined board to the desired length, the operator, with the aid
of helpers, mounts on the frame of the machine one or two rolls of lining paper,
and, if light board is being lined, also mounts one roll of board. If heavy board
is being lined, it is first cut into sheets and the sheets are inserted one at a time
into the machine by a feeder. After passing the lining paper over a series of
rolls, some of which are glue rolls, which apply glue to one side of the paper, the
operator lines up the glue-covered paper with the board that is to be lined, and
then threads them between a series of heated rolls set up in tandem. The pres
sure and the heat of these rolls cause the paper to adhere to the board. Also
supervises the lining operation, checks over the lined board to make sure that it is
lined properly and cut to the desired length, and makes any necessary adjustments.
May also prepare the glue used in this machine. Must also know the properties
of paper and board and be able to prepare a suitable paste.
This is a responsible job requiring a person who is mechanically inclined and
who is accurate and dependable. It takes from 2 to 3 years to develop an all
round liner operator.
Lining-machine feeder {lining-machine operator’s helper).—Inserts sheets of
heavy board between the rolls of the lining machine, taking particular care to line
si
Terms given in parentheses represent alternative terms also found in the industry.
CHART 6
PROCESSES IN TH E MANUFACTURE OF FOLDING PAPER BOXES
OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTIONS
U . S . B U REAU
or
LABOR S T A T IS T IC S
Ox
Cn
56
W AGES AND HO URS, FO LDING -PAPER -BO X INDUSTRY
up each sheet so that it will enter the machine straight. Also assists the operator
in a general way, helping him mount rolls of paper on the frame of the machine,
fill glue boxes, and do any general work under the direction of the operator.
A careful and accurate person can learn to do this job satisfactorily in from 1
to 2 weeks.
Lining-machine take-off (lining-machine operator's helper).—Works at the back
of a lining machine, catching and piling up lined boards which have been sheared
to length. This is an unskilled job that can be mastered in a very few days.
Cutting-machine operator.—Cuts paper and board into sheets of the desired
size or slits them into strips of the desired width. Sheets are generally cut either
on a sheeting machine or on a guillotine cutter, while strips are cut on a slitting
machine.
Sheeter operator (sheeter).— Mounts one or more rolls of paper or light board
on a rack at the front of the machine and threads the end or ends through the
feed rolls, underneath the cylinder which cuts the paper or board into sheets
of the desired length, and through the ejecting and piling mechanism. Then
starts the sheeter, checks the sheets to make sure that the machine is oper
ating satisfactorily, and takes away the piles of sheets from the back of the
machine. In some plants, the operator must also set up his own machine,
adjusting the feeding, cutting, and piling mechanisms, and changing and,
if necessary, sharpening, the cutting blade.
While an average person can learn the mechanics of this operation in a few
days, to become a proficient operator it takes a mechanically inclined person
from 3 to 6 months.
Guillotine-cutter operator (power-knife operator, ream cutter, straight-edge
cutter).—Uses cutting machine of the guillotine type to cut paper and board
into sheets of the size required by the presses. Places several sheets of board
or paper on the feeding table, squares the pack against the back and side
gages or guides, and then trips a lever which causes the blade to travel down
ward cutting one side of the pack to desired size. If necessary, turns the
pack around and repeats the operation, cutting the other side to size. In
some establishments, the operator must also set up his own machine, adjust
ing gages or guides, and changing, and, if necessary, sharpening the cutting
blade.
The actual operation of a guillotine cutter can be learned in about 2 weeks
by a careful and alert person. To develop an all-round operator, capable
also of setting up the machine and of reducing cutting waste to a minimum,
would take about 6 months.
Slitting-machine operator (hoard-stock slitter, Seyhold operator).—Cuts rolls
of paper or light board into strips of the desired width. Mounts a roll of
paper or board on the machine frame, feeds the open end between the slitting
rolls, and starts the strips winding on spools set up on revolving shafts at the
back of the machine. Sees that the machine is operating satisfactorily, that
it is supplied with paper or board, and that spools are replaced when full.
May in some plants be called upon to set up his own machine, adjusting the
feeding and winding mechanism, placing the cutting disks on shafts, and
spacing them properly.
A careful person can learn to perform this operation in about 2 weeks.
However, it takes a mechanically inclined person 6 months or more to become
a proficient operator, capable also of setting up the machine and of so spacing
the cutting disks as to obtain the greatest number of usable strips from a
given width of paper or board.
Filler-machine operator (automatic-slotter operator).— Mounts rolls of light board
on the feeding frame and inserts the ends into the machine, which automatically
Courtesy of The Bartgis Bros. Co.
PLATE 1.— ASSEM B LING “ C U T T IN G D IE S .”
Courtesy of The Bartgis Bros. Co.
P la t e 2.—C utting
and
C r e a si n g P a p e r B o a r d
on p l a t e n p r e s s .
OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTIONS
57
slots the board and cuts it unto strips, assembles and interlocks the many strips
into a complete partition or filler, and flattens it out ready to be inserted into a
box. May also set up and adjust machine.
An alert person can learn the mechanics of this job in about 1 week, but it
would take him from 3 to 6 months to become an all-round operator.
Printing and Die-Cutting Group of Operations
This group includes all operations having to do with the printing
and the “dieing-out” of folding-box blanks. “Dieing-out” consists in
cutting a box blank to desired size and shape and creasing it along
the folding lines, the cutting and creasing being performed in one
operation. It also includes the cutting out of any openings or slits
within the body of the blank.
The printing and, the “dieing-out” of folding-box blanks are closely
related operations. Both are performed either separately or jointly
on platen, cylinder, or rotary presses. The occupations incidental
to these operations may also overlap, as the same person may be both
a compositor and a die maker, or he may make-ready the presses for
both operations, or he may feed both printing and cutting presses.
In small establishments, printing and “dieing-out” occupations may
be further consolidated, as compositors and die makers may also
make-ready the presses; make-ready men may also feed the presses,
and the same person may prepare the chase, set it up on the press,
and feed the press. The descriptions of the more or less standard
occupations follow.
Compositor (Ludlow operator, stone man, hand-type compositor, machine-type
compositor).—Prepares forms for the printing press. First takes an exact impres
sion of the cutting die and uses it as a guide in lining up the type and plates in
the chase. Next sets up type or plates or both, spaces them in the chase in relative
position with the cutting outline, and secures them in the chase by means of quoins.
Then takes a proof of the" lay-out and either checks it himself or has it checked
by a proofreader. In small plants may also set up the form on the press and may
even operate the press. Likewise, in small establishments, the work of composing
and that of die making are often performed by the same person, who may set up
type, assemble dies, lock up the forms, and in some instances set them up on the
press and also operate the press.
A compositor must be a careful, accurate, and creative worker. Must have
good vision, judgment, and be able to read copy. The training required varies
with plants, with the nature of the work, and with the duties of the compositor.
The length of the training period ranges from 1 to 5 years. In some establishments,
where the composing work is on a par with that of a regular printing establish
ment, the compositor may serve a formal apprenticeship, or, where the work is
less complicated, may gain experience in the printing room either by helping on
the presses or assisting a regular compositor.
Compositor's helper (compositor's assistant).—Assists the compositor, keeping
him supplied with type, plates, forms, and any necessary materials, delivering
assembled forms to the presses, and storing and recording forms and plates.
Under the direction of the compositor, may also assemble type, lock assembled
type and plates in chases, take proofs of assembled forms, and perform any
58
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
other work as directed. May also break up forms which no longer are needed,
storing the type, plates, and other materials.
A compositor’s helper must be alert, accurate, dependable, observant, and
willing to learn. Should also be able to read copy. It takes from 2 months
to 1 year to develop a good helper.
Die maker (die setter, die-form builder).—Prepares the dies used on the cutting
and creasing presses. Cuts to length and bends to shape the cutting and creasing
metal strips or rules and, following an outline, sets up these rules in the die, holding
them in place by means of metal or wood furniture. Then securely locks the die
in the chase. An assembled die generally outlines the shape of several folding-box
blanks. The die maker also takes an impression of the die and checks it against
the outline or sample. In some plants the die maker may have to do the com
posing work, set the form on the press, and operate the press.
A die maker must be careful, accurate, and analytical. Manual dexterity
and ability to read prints are also necessary qualifications. The training period
for this job varies greatly, depending on plant practices, the range being from
1 to 6 years. May serve a formal apprenticeship or gain experience by working
on the presses and also as a die-maker’s helper.
Die-maker’s helper (die-maker’s assistant).—Assists the die maker by supplying
metal and wood furniture, cutting and scoring rules, forms, and any other
necessary materials. May cut blocks to size and shape and rules to length, take
samples, deliver assembled dies to the cutting presses, receive used dies from
the presses and either take them apart, or, if they are to be used again, store
them and made a record. Under the direction of the die maker he may even
assemble simple dies.
A die-maker’s helper must be alert, dependable, accurate, observant, and
willing to learn. Should be able to read prints. It takes from 2 months to 1
year to develop a good die-maker’s helper.
Pressman (cutting pressman, printing pressman, rotary pressman, box pressman,
Cottrell pressman, cylinder pressman, flat-bed pressman, platen pressman, Thompson
pressman, set-up pressman).—Prepares printing and cutting presses. Places the
form on the press, lines it up, secures it in place and adjusts the press for clearance.
In case of cutting presses, “dies-out” a board blank, cuts this blank into sections,
and pastes these sections on the platen or the cylinder in such a manner as to
form a groove at the point where each cutting and each creasing rule contacts
the platen or cylinder. The pasted blank serves the purpose of a female die,
the cutting die being the male die. On printing presses the make-ready man must
also adjust the ink rolls and plates. The duties of the pressman also include the
setting of the feeding guides on hand-fed presses and of the feeding mechanism on
automatic presses, the running off and the checking of a few board blanks, the
frequent checking of blanks to insure the proper operation of the press, and the
making of any necessary adjustments. Upon completion of a run removes the
chase from the press. Also oils the press, makes minor repairs, and, in some
small establishments, may even feed the press.
A pressman must be mechanically inclined, familiar with presses, alert, careful,
and accurate. It takes from 1 to 6 years to develop an all-around pressman, the
training depending on plant practice, the type of presses used, the nature of the
work, and previous experience. May serve an apprenticeship or gain experience
from working on presses as a feeder or as a pressman’s helper.
Pressman’s helper (cub pressman).—Assists the pressman in preparing the
presses. Helps place the chase on the press and make adjustments. Runs a
few samples and performs any other general work in connection with the setting
up of the presses. May also, under the supervision of the regular pressman,
prepare small presses on simple jobs.
Courtesy of Hummel and Downing Co.
PLATE 3 .— STR IP P IN G W ASTE EDGES.
OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTIONS
59
A helper should be mechanically inclined, alert, careful, accurate, dependable,
and willing to learn. It takes from 3 to 6 months to train a good helper, depend
ing on the type of presses used and the nature of the work.
%Feeder, presses {Cottrell-press feeder, cutting-press feeder, cylinder-press feeder,
platen-press feeder, pressfeeder).—Either inserts sheets one at a time into the press
or, in the case of automatically-fed presses, supplies the feeding mechanism with
sheets. Must also remove faulty sheets and any foreign matter which might
injure the type or die and report any mechanical trouble to the pressman.
A feeder must be alert, accurate, and careful, and on hand-fed presses have
muscular coordination. Training ranges from 1 month on small presses to 1
year on a complicated press.
Stripper, hand {breaker, folder, peeler, picker, scrapper, shelter, waster).—Takes
stacks or piles of “died-out” board sheets, sorts them to pattern, jogs or lines
up the sorted packs, and places them on skids or on a stripping table. With
a hammer or any other appropriate hand tool, breaks off the waste edges, sepa
rates the individual body blanks, piles them up, and in some cases smoothes
rough edges either with sandpaper or with a brush.
A stripper must be very careful, as blanks are easily damaged when re
moving the waste edges. A careful person can learn this job in about 2 weeks,
but it takes about 6 months to become proficient.
Waste baler {scrap baler, waste-bundling boy, machine-waste baler).—Collects
waste board and paper, loads it into a machine which presses it into a compact
bale, ties the bale with wire or cord, removes it from the machine, and either piles
it up or trucks it to the shipping department.
Unskilled job which an able-bodied man can learn in a few hours.
Fly-boy, miscellaneous presses {stock booster, press catcher, stock flyer, jogger, press
helper).—Takes away piles or stacks of sheets from the back of the presses, stacks
them up on skids or trucks, and may even deliver them to the next operation.
Also supplies the presses with board stock. May also jog or align “died-out”
blanks for stripping or printing.
This is an unskilled job which a person can learn in a short while, the training
ranging from a few days to 1 month, depending on the type of presses and on
the duties to perform.
Folding and Gluing or Stitching Group of Operations
This group includes the bending and the further creasing of the
blank, and the folding and gluing or stitching of this blank. It also
includes any special operations such as pasting cellophane, coating
blanks, taping, etc. The occupational descriptions are as follows:
Corner-breaker operator {bar creaser, welt creaser, creasing-machine operator,
score-breaker-machine operator).—Feeds cut and creased box blanks into a ma
chine, which either bends them along the creased lines or further creases them
in preparation for folding and gluing or stitching operations. Corner breaking
not only keeps the board from cracking when it is folded, but it also facilitates
the mechanical folding and gluing of boxes and prevents them from clogging
the machines. May also set up the machine.
Corner breaking is a rather simple operation, which a careful person could
learn in a few days.
Folder and gluer, hand {hand bender, hand cellophane paster, hand breaker, hand
creaser, glue-wheel operator).—Takes a prepared box blank, applies glue to one
edge either with a hand brush or by passing it over a glue roll, folds the blank
superimposing the overlapping edges that are to be glued, and presses these
edges together either by hand or by feeding the box through rolls which press
the edges together and also flatten out the box.
60
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
A hand folder and gluer must be careful and neat. This work can be learned
in about 1 month.
Automatic folding- and gluing-machine operator (<egg-carton-machine operator,
pail operator, Brightwood operator, automatic-folder operator).—Feeds prepared
box blanks into a machine, which automatically either only folds them or both
folds and glues them. Keeps the automatic feeding mechanism supplied with
box blanks. May also remove the glued boxes from the back of the machine.
Examines boxes casually and reports any mechanical trouble to the adjuster.
May also tie up the bundles as delivered and counted by the machine. In
some plants the operator must also set up the machine to meet the requirements
of the type of box run, adjusting the feeder, the glue roll, the folding bars, the
conveyor belts, the pressure rolls, and the automatic counter. Must also supply
the machine with glue and keep it at the proper temperature and consistency.
May also have to make minor repairs on the machine.
The feeding and taking-off operations on an automatic folding and gluing
machine are rather simple and can be learned in a few days by an alert and
careful person. To become an all-round operator, who can also set up and
keep the machine in good running order, takes a mechanically inclined person
from 1 to 3 years.
Stitching-machine operator (machine wire stitcher).—Uses a power-driven ma
chine to staple together the sides and the ends of the box. The operator or a
helper first folds the box blank in such a manner that the side extensions or
flanges overlap the ends. The operator then places each folded end of the blank
over an anvil and trips a lever which causes the machine to drive a staple through
the overlapped flanges and ends, binding them together. After stitching both
ends, the operator or a helper may next flatten out the stitched box by means
of rolls or a press. The stitcher operator may also set up the machine, make
necessary adjustments, and supply it with wire or staples.
A careful person can learn to operate a stitching machine in from 1 to 2 weeks,
but to become an all-round stitcher takes from 6 months to 1 year.
Taping-machine operator (machine hinder).— Mechanically applies a cloth tape
handle to small boxes or pails. Inasmuch as the machines are automatic and
are generally set up by skilled mechanics, the duties of the operator consist only
in keeping the feeder hopper filled with boxes or pails, inspecting them after
taping, and placing them on trucks. Sees that the machine is operating satis
factorily, and in some establishments also makes minor adjustments.
An average person can learn the mechanics of this operation in 1 day and
become a proficient operator in about 1 month.
Taper, hand.—Uses needle to insert tape or ribbon through certain perforations
in special boxes (hat, suit, etc.), secures these tapes to the box, and cuts tape to
desired length.
Hand taper must be neat and have nimble fingers. May become good hand
taper in a few days.
Eyelet-machine operator.— With the aid of a power-driven punch press, puts an
eyelet on one edge of the box cover, and, with a similar press, puts a metal tongue
on the other edge. Also keeps the machine supplied with these eyelets and
tongues. In order to close the box, the tongue will be pushed through the eyelet
and bent over, locking the box.
An alert and careful person can learn the mechanics of this job in a few days.
To become a proficient operator, however, it would take from 1 to 3 months.
Cellophane-machine operator.—Applies a cellophane covering over certain open
ings or perforations in each box. After setting up a roll of cellophane in the ma
chine, threading it through the machine and supplying the machine with glue,
the operator starts the machine and feeds into it, one at a time, cut and creased
OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTIONS
61
box blanks. The machine automatically glues a strip of cellophane over the
opening. Cellophane windows are sometimes pasted on by hand table workers.
This operator must be careful, know the machine thoroughly, and be able to
set up and adjust it as well as feed it. It takes a person about 6 months to become
an all-round operator.
Coating-machine operator {graining-machine operator, paraffining-machine oper
ator, varnishing-machine operator, waxing-machine operator).—Applies a water
proof coating, such as wax, paraffin, or silicate to certain kinds of folding-box
blanks, particularly those which will be used for foods, such as butter boxes.
Either feeds the machine by hand, or, if the machine be automatic, fills the feeder
hopper with blanks, and also takes away coated blanks from the back of the ma
chine. In some plants, Sets up his own machine, adjusting the feeding and coat
ing mechanism, maintains at the proper temperature both the coating and cooling
baths, and keeps the machine in good running order.
The mechanics of this job can be learned in about 2 weeks, but it takes about
6 months to train a man who can also set up the machine, prepare the coating
bath, and properly coat box cartons. A coating operator must be careful and
dependable.
Miscellaneous Occupations
The following group includes a number of miscellaneous occupa
tions which are usually found in folding-box establishments. These
occupations do not appear in the previous sections, as they may be
common to more than one group of operations. All of these are
“indirect” occupations. Their descriptions follow.
Machine take-off or catcher (<catcher-off, counter, grabber, pick-up, taker-away,
back-tender, nester, off-bearer, packer [catching], Brightwood crusher).—Works at
the back of any one of the various machines, taking off, examining, and reporting
flaws to operator, counting, and piling or tying or wrapping finished or partly
finished boxes. The catcher may also supply machine with blanks, deliver
machined blanks or finished boxes, relieve feeder on some machines, or do any
other necessary work.
This is an unskilled job. An average person can learn the work in from a few days
to 1 month, depending on the machine or machines and on the duties to be performed.
General helper {carton assembler, stock booster, box breaker-down, inserter eggcarton fillers, floor girl, sticher’s helper, handyman [stocking], stock piler, stock repiler,
stock stacker, stock handler, stocker, tender, hand trucker [stocking], utility man [stock
ing]).—Does general work about the plant, handling stock, supplying boards or
blanks to feeders and removing them upon completion of the operation, folding
and preparing box blanks for certain machines, such as the folding and gluing,
stitching, etc., flattening out glued or stitched boxes either by hand or on rolls or
presses, inserting fillers in boxes, jogging or lining up packs of blanks, or doing
any general work on the floor.
The duties of a general helper are unskilled, and an average person can learn
to do any one of them in a few days. Due to the wide variety of duties which a
helper might be called upon to do, it takes a person from 1 to 2 months to become
proficient in all of them.
Machine adjuster {automatic gluing- and folding-machine adjuster, Brightwoodmachine adjuster, egg-carton-machine adjuster, pail-machine adjuster, machinist on
folding and gluing machine, folding- and gluing-machine set-up man, adjuster and
repairman on machines, adjusting machinist).—Is a skilled mechanic who adjusts
and keeps in repair the various machines used in the plant. May specialize on
certain types of machines or may be an all-round mechanic able to adjust and
repair all machines.
62
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
An adjuster must be mechanically inclined, familiar with machinery, accurate,
and dependable. It takes from 1 to 4 years to develop a good repairman and
adjuster, the length of the training depending on whether required to repair only
certain machines or all machines.
Bundler and packer for shipment (bander, case gluer, shipper’s helper, tieingmachine operator, wrapper).—Takes a specified number of boxes and either wraps
or ties them in a bundle for shipment or places them in a shipping container and
seals same with tape when full. Bundles may also be tied by machine, the
packer placing the bundle on a machine which ties it mechanically. The packer
also places the name and address of consignee on package, either by stenciling or
pasting an identifying label.
A packer must be accurate and able to read and write. It takes from 4 to 6
weeks before such a person can do the work well; i. e., be able to read job tickets,
know stock, fill orders, and keep records. The duties of a packer vary widely
and of necessity the qualifications and training also vary.
General plant laborer (ibroke picker, clean-up laborer, yard maintenance man,
shipping loader, shipping unloader, warehouse laborer).—Does general work about
plant, sweeping up, gathering waste and delivering it to scrap baler, moving
materials between departments, loading shipments and also unloading incoming
shipments of raw materials. This is a common-labor job which a person can
learn to do in a day or so.
No attempt has been made to describe here recurrent occupations,
i. e. those which are common to more than one industry, such as
supervisory employees, clerical workers, plant maintenance and
service employees, etc. Practically all of these occupations are
“indirect”, and they have been covered by the Bureau in other
glossaries. They have, however, been included in all tabulations in
this article.
Classification of Occupations Used
The descriptions given above were limited to the more or less
standard occupations in the industry. No attempt has been made
here to describe the remaining occupations, some of which, while
peculiar to this industry, were found only in a few specialized plants
and others were such as generally appear in other industries.
All occupations found in this industry were included in the presen
tation of the wages and hours data on an occupational basis. Separate
figures were shown for such individual occupations as had a sufficient
number of employees. The remaining occupations, however, were
classified into related groups, and figures were presented for each
group. The following list gives the classification of occupations by
sex and region used, enumerating in each instance the specific occupa
tions which go to make up the group:
North
Males:
Compositors, hand and machine.
Die makers.
Pressmen, include printing, cutting, and creasing pressmen.
Pressfeeders, include printing, cutting, and creasing pressfeeders.
Pressmen and feeders, include only those workers who both set up and feed
printing, cutting, and creasing presses.
OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTIONS
63
Males—Continued.
Machine adjusters and repairmen.
Cutter feeders.
Strippers.
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine operators, who both adjust and feed
machines.
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders, who only feed machines.
Machine helpers, include miscellaneous helpers on machines.
Bundlers and packers, include only those found in shipping department.
Laborers, loaders, and unloaders, include common laborers as well as un
loaders of supplies and loaders of finished products.
Machine feeders, include the workers who are primarily feeders, such as
bar-creaser operators, cellophane-machine operators, corner-breaker
operators, eyelet-machine operators, filler and slotter operators, labelmachine operators, liner feeders, miscellaneous machine feeders, paraffinemachine feeders, spot welders, staplers, taping-machine operators, and
tray-machine operators.
Truck drivers.
Die-makers’ helpers.
Pressmen’s helpers, include printing, cutting, and creasing pressmen.
Supervisory employees, office and plant, include all kinds of office supervisors,
plant foremen, and shippers.
Clerical employees, office and plant, include all kinds of office and plant
clerical employees, such as stockkeepers, storekeepers, weighers, typists,
key punch operators, office-machine operators, stenographers, and switch
board operators.
Miscellaneous direct workers, skilled, include all miscellaneous operators who
both adjust and feed machines, and, for males in the North only, cutter
operators.
Miscellaneous direct workers, semiskilled, include stitcher operators, and
hand folders and gluers.35
Miscellaneous indirect workers, skilled, include artists, engravers, color or
ink mixers, proofreaders, battery men (electrotype), jig-saw men, back-up
men (electrotype), wax molders (engraving), draftsmen, compositors and
die setters, type setters and die makers, type setters and pressmen (print
ing), compositors and pressmen (printing), stone and lock-up men, com
positors and make-ready men, die setters and pressmen and compositors,
die makers and pressmen (printing and cutting).
Miscellaneous indirect workers, semiskilled, include adhesive makers, bundle
compressors, electric truckers, tractor drivers, floormen (electrotype), inkroll coaters, product inspectors, plate finishers’ helpers, engravers’ helpers,
stereotypers, tar-house operators, product testers, and wax melters
(engraving).
Miscellaneous indirect workers, unskilled, include waste balers, press clean
ers, ink-mixers’ helpers, stockroom men, truck drivers’ helpers, appren
tices, and learners.
Power and maintenance workers, skilled, include blacksmiths, carpenters,
steam engineers, electricians, millwrights, painters, pattern makers, tin
smiths, toolmakers, and welders.
Power and maintenance workers, semiskilled, include firemen, electricians’
helpers, machinists’ helpers, and machinery oilers.
Service workers, miscellaneous, include cooks, elevator operators, errand
boys, janitors, matrons, nurses, and watchmen.
35 See corresponding occupations shown for females in the North.
64
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
Females:
Press feeders.36
Strippers.
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders.36
Stitcher operators.
Machine helpers.36
Bundlers and packers.36
Machine feeders.36
Hand folders and gluers, include disc inserters, sample makers, and hand
tapers.
Clerical employees, office and plant.36
Miscellaneous other employees, include pressmen,36 laborers, loaders and
unloaders,36 office and plant supervisory employees,36 skilled miscellaneous
indirect workers,36 semiskilled miscellaneous indirect workers,36 unskilled
miscellaneous indirect workers,36 and miscellaneous service workers.36 This
group also includes two occupations for which only a few employees were
reported, namely, pressmen and feeders36 and automatic gluing- and
folding-machine operators.36
South
Males:
Compositors, hand and machine, and die makers, include both hand and
machine compositors and die makers.
Pressmen.36
Pressfeeders.36
Strippers.
Machine helpers.36
Bundlers and packers.36
Miscellaneous direct employees, include occupations listed under skilled mis
cellaneous direct workers;36 also include pressmen and feeders,36 cutter
feeders, automatic gluing- and folding-machine operators,36 automatic
gluing- and folding-machine feeders,36 stitcher operators, machine feeders,36
and hand folders and gluers.35
Miscellaneous indirect employees, include occupations listed under skilled
miscellaneous indirect workers,36 semiskilled miscellaneous indirect work
ers,36 and unskilled miscellaneous indirect workers;36 also include machine
adjusters and repairmen, laborers, loaders, and unloaders,36 truck drivers,
die-makers* helpers, pressmen’s helpers,36 office and plant supervisory
employees,36 office and plant clerical employees,36 and miscellaneous service
workers.36
Females:
Miscellaneous machine operators, include automatic gluing- and foldingmachine operators 36 and stitcher operators.
Miscellaneous machine feeders, include pressfeeders,36 pressmen and feeders,36
automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders,36 and machine feeders.36
Miscellaneous direct employees, include strippers and hand folders and
gluers.35
Miscellaneous indirect employees, include machine helpers,36 bundlers and
packers,36 office and plant clerical employees,36 semiskilled miscellaneous
indirect workers,36 and miscellaneous service workers.36
35 See corresponding occupations shown for females in the North.
36 See corresponding occupations shown for males in the North.
Appendix III.—Detailed Statistical Tables
65
T able
A.— Distribution of employees according to average hourly earnings by region and sex
05
05
UNITED STATES
Year
Number of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Aver
age
hourly 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, $1.00, $1.20
earn under under under under under under under under under under under under cents under and
ings 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 under $1.20 over
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1.00
All occupations:
May 1933.___________________________________________ 4,546 $0.421
August 1934---------------------------------------------------------------- 7,601 .532
August 1935____________________ _ _________________ 7, 865 .535
57
1
168
2
8
538
9
19
507
20
96
622 541 485
231 1, 371 1,834
286 1,332 1,670
357
919
969
328
729
806
172
484
563
327
739
758
211
420
457
174
533
555
42
224
264
17
85
82
North—Males
Occupation and year
All occupations:
May 1933________ ______ ___________________
August 1934_______________ _________ _ __
August 1935______ _______
- _ ______ _____
Compositors, hand and machine:
May 1933________ _______ _ ________________
August 1934___________________________ _____ _
August 1935_______________ _ ________________
Die makers:
May 1933________________ ______ _____August 1934. _____________________ __________
August 1935.___________________________ _____
Pressmen:
May 1933______________________________________
August 1934_________________ _________ ____ _
August 1935_________________ _________________
Pressfeeders:
May 1933______ __________
___
_______
August 1934_______________________________ ____
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees
Number of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Aver
age
hourly 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, Ex Over
45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80 $1.00, $1.20
40, under
earn under under under under under under actly under
under under under under cents,
and
ings 15 20 25 30 35 40 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 under under
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1.00 $1.20 over
3,143 $0.476
5,417 .584
5, 616 .586
72 .640
91 .770
95 .790
129 .684
171 .806
175 .815
376 .650
648 . 789
665 .798
538 . 401
978 .504
13
1
3
31
2
143
3
8
16
210
5
21
1
352
27
86
3
1
2
1
4
51
92
4
435 122
76 943
178 731
4
3
1
1
2
1
10
1
1
88
10
4
7
4
24
182
310 334 300
554 813 652
502 842 710
2
7
9
1 10
4
4
2
8
4
3 15
1
7
7
1
4
6
14 24 49
7 18 32
11 15 24
86 69 57
120 195 163
161 304
458 674
529 706
5 14
6 18
5 16
11 32
9 31
10 35
35 89
24 139
36 120
22 20
137 121
204 169
399 511
431 535
11 12
11 23
14 22
28 26
28 53
27 52
74 61
127 190
132 204
5
3
34
9
39
217
256
3
9
14
5
27
34
10
84
101
16
84
81
1
6
7
1
7
6
1
19
17
1
2
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees
1,020
192
284
288
82
123
123
32
46
47
314
575
605
35
72
76
47
86
99
280
585
578
193
324
360
118
210
229
31
51
51
46
72
68
17
49
50
51
66
73
.506
.509
.619
.621
.624
.714
.733
.445
.550
.549
.364
.482
.483
.538
.609
.618
.385
.445
.442
.354
.448
.453
.364
.491
.492
.360
.453
.454
.357
.461
.466
.465
.536
.533
.351
.480
.523
.417
.530 .
.554
1 1
1
2
1
1
5
33
3
6
11
"3
6
2
49
7
19
3
2
43
19
T
1
7
1
1
78
12
42
129
8
16
12
2
1
1
3
3
21
151
138
1
5
5
4
4
4
1
2
1
22
2
21
1
6
39
1
3
23
5
21
9
54
1
8
6
10
66
10
29
2
15
18
18
35
6
23
34
3
5
1
1 2
4
4
3
2
9
._ . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
1 8
3
2
5
1
1
4
2
4
7
... . . . . . .
11 11
2
2
2
9
19
22
7
227
156
8
85
60
3
84
67
1
23
18
5
5
2
10
4
2
7
6
110
29
12
20
4
2
4
5
2
3
39
81
54
4
4
6
3
20
25
35
101
83
17
66
49
11
41
51
3
10
10
4
4
3
1
5
4
5
4
203
24
37
28
5
6
3
6
12
7
22
119
121
4
7
9
9
29
18
32
130
154
23
63
72
17
35
48
2
4
9
9
11
11
2
14
7
9
12
9
193
31
46
38
7
13
12
13
12
13
87
66
6
12
9
4
7
16
7
66
78
20
23
45
5
13
17
3
6
5
10
14
14
9
16
9
14
17
144
17
33
34
3
9
12
4
5
6
6
34
58
5
5
6
2
4
5
27
35
5
28
34
1
37
32
2
4
1
3
15
13
1
3
8
2
12
14
148
29
54
66
30
29
24
4
10
12
5
43
62
7
20
14
2
2
1
2
21
25
2
27
27
1
4
33
17
47
38
14
25
23
8
3
33
36
5
30
32
1
1
5
9
3
7
11
1
2
3
1
11
15
1
'9
9
1
1
5
6
1
6
22
20
4
10
17
1
1
1
3
1
19
22
1
2
5
7
12
13
2
2
1
5
4
1
1
4
5
2
11
8
2
2
2
3
13
1
1
1
1
1
1
DETAILED STATISTICAL TABLES
August 1935______________________________
Pressmen and feeders:
May 1933_______________________________
August 1934_____________________________
August 1935______________________________
Machine adjusters and repairmen:
May 1933.______________________________
August 1934_____________________________
August 1935._____________________________
Cutter feeders:
May 1933._______________________________
August 1934---------------------------------------------August 1935______________________________
6 trippers:
May 1933__________ _____________________
August 1934---------------------------------------------August 1935---------------------------------------------Automatic gluing- and folding-machine operators:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934_____________________________
August 1935______________________________
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______ ________________ ______
Machine helpers:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Bundlers and packers:
May 1933. _____ __________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Laborers (loaders and unloaders, etc.):
May 1933____ ____________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Machine feeders:
May 1933____ ___________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935---------------------------------------------Truck drivers:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Die makers’ helpers:
May 1933____ ____________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Pressmen’s helpers:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934---------------------------------------------August 1935------- --------- -----------------------------
05
T
able
A.—Distribution of employees according to average hourly earnings by region and sex—Continued
North—Males—Continued
Supervisory employees, office and plant:
May 1933_____ _________________________________
August 1934_______ _ ______
August 1935 ________________
Clerical employees, office and plant:
May 1933______________________________________
August 1934_____ _______________ _________
_ _ ___
August 1935______________________
Miscellaneous direct workers, skilled:
May 1933_________________________ ____ _ _ _ _
August 1934_ _ ____________ _______ ___
August 1935_____ ______________
__
Miscellaneous direct workers, semiskilled:
May 1933 . -_______ _____
August 1934 ___________ _______ _
August 1935 ________ . ___________ ___
Miscellaneous indirect workers, skilled:
May 1933 ______________________________
August 1934 ___ __ __________ ____ _
August 1935___________ _______________ _______
Miscellaneous indirect workers, semiskilled:
May 1933 . _________ _____ _ ____
August 1934________________ ___
August 1935______ _________
Miscellaneous indirect workers, unskilled:
May 1933
_______________
_____
August 1934 _________
August 1935 ______ _
Power and maintenance workers, skilled:
May 1933
______
___
August 1934
August 1935
Power and maintenance workers, unskilled:
M ay 1933
August 1934
August 1935 __ _ _
__ ___
Service workers, miscellaneous:
May 1933
August 1934
_____ _ __ ________
August 1935____________________________________
Number of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Aver
age 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, Ex Over 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80
hourly under under under under under under actly 40, under under under under under cents, $1.00, $1.20
earn 15 20 25 30 35 40 40 under 50 55 60 70 80 under under and
ings cents cents cents cents cents cents cents 45 cents cents cents cents cents $1.00 $1.20 over
cents
140 $0.752
225 .935
223 .933
126 .485
200 .586
205 .590
55 .585
88 .700
83 .706
20 .350
23 .472
42 .486
25 .754
56 .930
61 .919
17 .438
46 .520
46 .546
72 .367
116 .467
115 .482
22 .602
44 .725
51 .727
29 .437
43 .509
46 .499
84 .335
145 .435
142 .440
3
5
5
1
5
3
1
2
4
9
1
3
2
5
3
2
5
1
1
18
1
5
4
3
2
9
I
11
2
11
8
3
4
2
14
1
7
5
2
1
1
1
2
2
7
14
12
2
4
1
1
7
8
1
1
2
6
15
4
1
1
32
27
3
1
2
23
14
8
3
6
3
2
2
10
14
13
5
3
4
3
3
6
2
2
3
4
8
19
12
1
2
5
10
9
3
41
36
4
2
1
7
24
22
7
6
6
24
33
22
8
5
2
1
2
9
1
2
4
12
7
7
19
27
2
2
12
8
8
15
32
33
7
8
12
11
10
11
11
21
23
1
9
9
3
7
2
1
2
3
13
14
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
7
2
12
5
20
21
3
3
2
4
5
3
7
11
9
26
31
10
11
5
20
24
8
4
2
5
2
2
3
1
6
8
20
20
16
14
43
44
9
25
18
1
4
3
47
6
20
15
17
7
18
29
4
8
12
1
1
3
5
2
3
1
4
2
8
5
6
6
9
7
2
4
5
10
10
37
70
67
4
20
14
9
16
17
12
56
52
1
3
5
1
7
6
10
36
40
6
3
13
15
1
8
7
23
25
1
14
14
3
8
8
55
3
1
I
1
1
3
1
2
I —
1
3
2
1
4
5
1
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
Occupation and year
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees
North—Females
Occupation and year
Num
ber of
em
ployees
—
DETAILED STATISTICAL TABLES
All occupations:
May 1933___________________ ___ __
1,056
August 1934__ ____________________ __ _
1,679
1,702
August 1935__ ____ ___ _ _____________
Pressfeeders:
May 1933______________ _______ ___
151
August 1934____ ____ _______ _____
241
218
August 1935__________ ___ ___________ _ .
Strippers:
May 1933 __
166
August 1934__________ ________________
236
August 1935___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ __
252
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders:
151
May 1933
August 1934___ _________ __ _ __ ___
260
247
August 1935
Stitcher operators:
May 1933 _________ _ _ _
81
August 1934
113
132
August 1935.___ _____________ ____ _
_ _ ___
Machine helpers:
May 1933 ______ _
227
August 1934_____ _ ________
380
August 1935. _________ ______ _ __
409
Bundlers and packers:
33
May 1933
August 1934__
___ .__ _______ _ _
59
56
August 1935
__
Machine feeders:
May 1933 ______ _______________
29
August 1934 _. _____ _ _________
58
57
August 1935 _______ _ ______ ____
Gluers, folders, etc., hand:
92
May 1933 _____ _________________ _
August 1934 _____________ _ _ _____ _ _ _ _ 117
August 1935 _ ____ _____ ___ _ _ _ _ _
119
Clerical employees, offices and plant:
80
May 1933
_________________________________
August 1934
_ _ _______________ __________ 154
156
August 1935
_ ______________ ____________
Miscellaneous other employees:
46
May 1933
...................... ............................
61
August 1934
____________________
56
August 1935_____________________________________
Number of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Average
55, 60 cents
45,
50,
Ex Over
40,
25,
30,
20,
15,
35, under
hourly Under under under under
under under under and
actly 35 under
earn 15 cents 20 cents 25 cents 30 cents 35under
60
cents over
55
cents
cents
45
cents
50
cents
cents
40 cents
ings
5,
15
28
243
4
72
17
305
259
9
90
$0. 283
9
44
282
99
552
2
5
3
77
51 ; 17
547
.389
41
21
1
98
76
445
371
1
58
101
489
.395
1
1
4
36
15
3
29
.274
16
46
1
1
38
6
10
9
80
96
.382
2
6
9
13
71
70
47
.384
1
11
75
12
6
.294
27
34
1
12
12
34
7
73
97
.382
3
1
11
13
13
83
87
31
10
.376
23
2
11
56
49
10
.256
2
1
8
5
108
36
100
.370
1
81
13
3
7
5
85
52
.386
1
1
2
12
29
7
.273
3
26
1
18
25
18
5
37
9
.379
1
8
8
2
41
29
13
30
.396
1
1
28
4
2
60
35
96
.245
1
39
161
58
2
109
7
3
.367
1
4
31
42
6
97
139
89
.369
1
1
2
13
2
2
12
.278
1
4
1
1
2
18
23
9
.382
6
14
5
3
25
3
.381
3
14
2
3
7
.291
1
1
1
18
27
10
.376
1
1
1
24
18
8
4
.385
1
13
9
3
.270
3
7
32
24
1
24
4
7
40
36
3
2
.378
11
34
1
4
28
26
9
6
.387
16
1
8
9
5
2
14
.427
1
3
13
8
1
31
5
15
21
.491
1
7
47
19
7
31
5
5
12
46
24
.503
23
10
2
1
1
9
13
1
4
3
.344
2
7
3
1
1
1
13
8
7
2
10
16
2
.449
3
1
8
11
9
5
2
10
1
6
.468
T able
A.— Distribution of employees according to average hourly earnings by region and sex— Continued
South—Males
O
Occupation and year
All occupations:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Compositors, hand and machine, and die makers:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Pressmen:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Pressfeeders:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Strippers:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Machine helpers:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Bundlers and packers:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Miscellaneous direct employees:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935___ ____ ______________________
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees
Aver
age 10,
hourly un
earn der
ings 15
cents
253 $0. 338
377 .461
418 .444
19
22
23
31
42
38
59
84
92
37
52
66
22
49
54
18
25
33
35
50
59
.577
.697
.695
.496
.624
.620
.311
.412
.405
.206
. 360
.348
. 213
.361
.346
.218
. 362
.368
.397
.517
.496
16
15,
un
der
20
cents
20,
un
der
25
cents
25,
un
der
30
cents
30,
un
der
35
cents
Ex
actly
35
cents
Over
35,
un
der
40
cents
40,
un
der
45
cents
45,
un
der
50
cents
50,
un
der
55
cents
55,
un
der
60
cents
60,
un
der
70
cents
70,
un
der
80
cents
24
60
9
27
6
6
24
16
14
4
124
134
20
53
72
24
48
61
14
27
25
10
24
18
6
9
13
11
40
30
7
8
15
4
16
14
2
5
1
2
6
5
3
7
27
29
1
--
1
1
1
7
1
1
3
13
12
3
1
4
10
4
5
13
11
2
2
7
1
3
3
3
1
1
5
4
1
2
2
1
3
3
1
1
1
9
2
3
1
3
6
2
3
3
1
1
1
3
16
12
10
6
1
7
2
3
15
5
11
1
8
3
1
1
2
3
1
2
4
1
1
1
3
i
6
1
1
1
1
1
22
20
35
29
32
40
13
15
1
4
12
4
1
4
12
21
1
11
20
10
7
1
8
8
5
8
5
4
3
7
7
3
1
2
6
7
2
3
4
1
1
4
3
3
1
1
3
1
1
7
5
5
7
1
3
5
6
6
80
cents, $1
un and
der over
$1
1
2
5
8
1
4
8
4
2*
3
2
11
11
-
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
Number of employees whose earnings per hour were—
Miscellaneous indirect employees:
May 1933_________ ________
August 1934________________
August 1935________________
32
53
53
. 353
.475
.472
1
5
7
2
3
4
4
6
1
2
16
17
3
4
10
6
8
1
3
2
1
4
1
3
1
3
2
1
1
2
5
6
South-Fem ales
All occupations:
May 1933____________________________________________
August 1934__ ___________ _ .__ _________ ______ _ _
August 1935 _________ __ ___ ____. . . _____________ ___
Miscellaneous machine operators:
May 1933___ __________ _ ____________________ ___
August 1934_______ ______ . _ ________ _______...
August 1935_____ _ ______ ________________ _
Miscellaneous machine feeders:
May 1933 _______ __________ ___
August 1934______ ___ ___
August 1935 _________ _________________________ ___
Miscellaneous direct employees:
May 1933 ____ _________________________
______
August 1934___ ______
___________ __
August 1935___ ____ _ _______________ ___________
Miscellaneous indirect employees:
May 1933
August 1934 ___ ____ _____ _ _____ _______________
August 1935
_
__ _
Number of employees whose earnings per hour were—Aver
age
25, Exact Over
10,
15,
20,
35,
40,
45,
hourly
30, under
under under
earn Under under under under under ly under
45
50
15
20
25
30
30
40
ings
10
35 cents cents cents
cents cents cents cents cents cents
94 $0,214
128 .330
129 .316
12
25
21
30
33
28
20
23
27
32
47
53
.221
.319
.319
.234
.328
.343
. 182
.320
.308
.212
.340
.305
1
1
18
23
7
30
1
1
11
6
11
2
3
2
7
3
1
11
2
3
1
6
1
6
5
1
8
6
8
9
1
7
1
3
2
9
51
47
9
6
16
9
12
14
14
18
3
38
38
6
19
14
11
10
1
7
7
2
2
3
7
8
5
9
2
15
12
3
2
1
9
2
1
7
5
2
4
50,
55,
60
under under cents
55
60 and
cents cents over
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
4
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
D E TA ILE D STATISTIC AL T A B L E S
Occupation and year
Number
of
em
ploy
ees
72
T able
WAGES AND HO URS, FO LDING -PAPER -BO X INDU STRY
B.— Distribution of employees according to weekly hours by region and sex
United States
All occupations:
M ay 1933........................................... ............... 4,546
7,601
August 1934................................................. .
August 1935--------------- ------------------------- 7,865
44.8 130 120 205 564 268 1,268 1,520 471
37.5 216 234 495 1,479 4,042 876 216 43
39.7 171 206 366 1,288 3,319 1,494 870 151
North—Males
All occupations:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934---------------------------------------August 1935---------------------------------------Compositors, hand and machine:
May 1933______________ _____________
August 1934_____ ____________________
August 1935__________________________
Die makers:
May 1933------------------------------------------August 1934--------------------------- ------ ----August 1935__________________________
Pressmen:
May 1933------------------------------------------August 1934__________________________
August 1935__________________________
Press feeders:
May 1933-.....................- .......... - ...............
August 1934__________________________
August 1935--------------------------------------Pressmen and feeders:
May 1933________ ___________________
August 1934__________________________
August 1935__________________________
Machine adjusters and repairmen:
May 1933___________________________
August 1934_________________________
August 1935................................................
Cutter feeders:
May 1933-........................................ ............
August 1934__________________________
August 1935------------- ------ ------------------Strippers:
May 1933— _________________________
August 1934_________________________
August 1935----------------------- ---------------Automatic gluing- and folding-machine
operators:
May 1933.......................................................
August 1934- _ _______ _____ _________
August 1935--------------------------------------Automatic gluing- and folding-machine
feeders:
May 1933__________________________
August 1934____________ _____________
August 1935____ _____________________
Machine helpers:
May 1933_____ ____ _________________
August 1934_________________________
August 1935_________________________
Bundlers and packers:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934.------------------------------------August 1935_________________________
Laborers (loaders, unloaders, etc.):
May 1933-----------------------------------------August 1934--------------------------------------August 1935..................................................
3,143
5,417
5, 616
45.7 82 85 120 313 197 873 1,085 388
37.9 144 148 317 1,001 2,817 746 201 43
40.4 102 115 237 856 2,285 1,167 708 146
72
91
95
129
171
175
376
648
665
538
978
1,020
192
284
288
82
123
123
32
46
47
314
575
605
44.4
39.5
40.9
46.0
39.7
41.7
45.2
38.0
40.6
44.7
37.1
40.0
45.1
38.5
39.8
49.6
40.9
42.5
45.7
38.7
39.5
43.5
35.6
38.6
35
72
76
47
86
99
280
585
578
193
324
360
118
210
229
3
3
1
1
1
3
1
1
11
12
6
20
37
31
3
4
11
11
13
5
17
26
13
3
5
10
1
1
1
3
1
2
3
16
23
16
13
25
22
45.3
39.4
41.5
1
1
3
44.8
38.2
39.8
45.6
36.1
39.5
44.6
36.3
39.5
44.7
37.8
39.1
2
2
3
11
30
16
3
15
2
1
2
4
23
6
8
15
11 12
3 5
7 6
9 5
2
2
2
2
2
18
59
36
5
12
12
8
20
17
39
126
124
67
189
149
21
75
48
6
12
14
2
4
3
36
162
123
9
60
50
12
100
83
26
344
305
28
509
412
16
142
97
5
62
40
1
31
23
17
272
254
21
13
18
40
28
53
118
90
100
146
122
219
58
37
67
21
36
40
9
5
9
70
29
89
24
1
10
51
10
15
110
18
96
177
19
116
69
7
43
38
7
17
14
2
7
114
4
56
1
1
5
2
10
11
3
40
29
15
10
20
12
3
9
1
4
2
1 12
7
3 17 46 14
9 14 43 9
16 30 14 72
53 123 269 70
33 115 215 115
14 21 9 57
21 74 150 45
27 61 115 80
6 18 4 25
8 34 118 32
13 28 87 56
16
3
15
91
16
68
57
4
42
43
5
31
7
4
42
1
10
24
12
14
4
4
4
9
3
15
42
20
20
74
56
5
10
8
7
l
10
2
3
46
3
9
63
2
24
17
4
4
12
2
6
3
30
1
9
73
DETAILED STATISTICAL TABLES
B.—Distribution of employees according to weekly hours by region and sex—
Continued
Occupation and year
N orth
— - M ales — C o n tin u e d
Machine feeders:
May 1933________ ___________________
August 1934____ ________________ August 1935__________ __________ ___
Truck drivers:
May 1933___ _ _
.
. . .
August 1934_______________ _________
August 1935._ _. . _ __
Die makers’ helpers:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934__________ ______________
August 1935____ _____ _____ _____ . .
Pressmen’s helpers:
May 1933
_______________________
August 1934................... ........... .................
August 1935---------------------------------------Supervisory employees, office and plant:
May 1933...______ __________________
August 1934.------- -----------------------------August 1935_________________________
Clerical employees, office and plant:
May 1933________________ _________
August 1934____ ____ _______________ _
August 1935. _ ________________ _____
Miscellaneous direct workers, skilled:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934___________________ ______
August 1935. _ __________ ____ _______
Miscellaneous direct workers, semiskilled:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934_______________ _________
August 1935________ _________________
Miscellaneous indirect workers, skilled:
May 1933................ ............. ....................
August 1934_______ _________ _______
August 1)935__ __ __ ______________
Miscellaneous indirect workers, semiskilled:
May 1933__________ ____ _____________
August 1934.____________ _____ _______
August 1935__ ____ ______________
Miscellaneous indirect workers, unskilled:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934______________ _________
August 1935 _ _ ______________
Power and maintenance workers, skilled:
May 1933__________ .. . ___________ August 1934________ _________________
August 1935_____ _____ ________
Power and maintenance workers, semi
skilled:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934_____________________ ...
August 1935_________ ___ _____ _______
Service workers, miscellaneous:
May 1933....________________________
August 1934__________________ _______
August 1935.__________ ____ _________
Number of employees whose weekly hours
were—
Average weekly
hours
Under 16
hours
16, under 24
hours
24, under 32
hours
32, under 40
hours
Exactly 40
hours
Over 40, un
der 48 hours
48, under 56
hours
56 hours and
over
Number of em
ployees
T able
31
51
51
46
72
68
17
49
50
51
66
73
140
225
223
126
200
205
55
88
83
20
23
42
25
56
61
17
46
46
72
116
115
22
44
51
42.4
36.8
37.2
48.4
42.6
45.6
45.6
38.4
41.5
46.8
38.7
40.9
47.8
40.8
42.2
48.0
40. 5
42.1
47.5
38.9
39.7
38.5
35.1
36.3
47.5
40.6
45.3
46.6
38.4
41.8
46. 2
38.3
41.2
51.0
41.7
44.0
29
43
46
84
145
142
50.5
41.5
43.4
55.4
42.3
44.0
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
6
2
1
5
3
1
3
1
2
3
3
3
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
5
3
1
1
4
6
5
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
6
3
2
4
4
3
1
1
1
7
6
4
6
4
1
9
5
3
14
18
4
17
14
8
19
14
3
14
15
3
5
11
2
1
6
2
8
10
8
20
15
2
3
5
2
34
32
4
24
14
2
31
27
5
34
21
13
135
119
10
133
111
3
53
33
3
12
18
12
2
4
10
30
26
4
6
11
23
9
12
40
40
46
46
35
53
16
13
24
5
1
4
9
41 10
20 12
1 6
27 7
18 12
3 13
63 14
51 27
5
18 11
15 8
7
3
20
12
18
8
5
18
3
13
63
22
36
48
11
21
28
3
5
2
1
2
10
3
16
2
1
5
24
5
14
9
5
8
3
6
4
1
14
2
2
6
4
11
4
4
1
1
16
13
2
25
19
5
44
34
6
4
8
24
32
29
9
1
2
30
14
21
7
9
16
18
28
37
3
7
6
1
1
2
4
17
3
4
12
4
3
1
74
T able
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
B.—Distribution of employees according to weekly hours by region and sex—
Continued
North—Females
All occupations:
May 1933____________________________ 1, 056
August 1934_________________________ 1,679
August 1935_________________________ 1,702
Pressfeeders:
May 1933____________________________ 151
241
August 1934_________________________
218
August 1935_________________________
Strippers:
May 1933------------------------------------------- 166
236
August 1934_________________________
252
August 1935_________________________
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine
feeders:
May 1933____________________________ 151
260
August 1934_________________________
247
August 1935_________ _____________
Stitcher operators:
81
May 1933____________________________
113
August 1934_________________________
132
August 1935_________________________
Machine helpers:
May 1933____________________________ 227
August 1934_________________________
380
409
August 1935_________________________
Bundlers and packers:
33
May 1933-_____ ____________________
59
August 1934_________________________
56
August 1935_________________________
Machine feeders:
29
May 1933____________________________
58
August 1934--------------------------------------57
August 1935_________________________
Gluers, folders, etc., hand:
92
May 1933-----------------------------------------117
August 1934_________________________
119
August 1935_________________________
Clerical employees, office and plant:
80
May 1933____________________________
154
August 1934_________________________
156
August 1935_________________________
Miscellaneous other employees:
46
May 1933___________________________
61
August 1934--------------------------------------56
August 1935_________________________
41.5
36.4
37.6
36
47
58
33 60 197 68 351 293
60 139 350 986 91 6
74 95 299 840 234 101
18
1
40.9
35.6
37.9
37.9
36.3
36.7
5
6
3
7
6
10
4
14
11
7
11
6
27
4
25
5
1
4
42.7
37.5
38.5
41.5
35.8
37.0
43.7
35.3
37.4
39.1
37.0
39.5
40. 5
34.4
37.7
39.6
36.1
35. 7
44.4
39. 5
40.0
42.5
38.2
36.2
1 3
6 3
7 3
5 3
1 5
4 7
10 9
15. 19
17 26
3 1
2
1 1
1
6 2
1 5
2 5
4 4
10 11
9 30 6 60 38
22 39 170 20
8 58 120 38 12
1 13 6 25 26
13 34 55 5
9 20 71 18 3
6 28 4 54 112
40 106 173 27
37 75 134 64 56
1 7 1 15 5
5 12 36 4
1 10 31 5 7
2 10 1 9 6
6 6 37 1
3 6 30 10 2
9 18 6 30 22
10 23 72 4
7 11 56 11 13
6 13 41 20
1 3 13 132 5
2 3 12 109 28 1
2 11 2 14 12
1 3 9 43 3 1
2 4 7 31 6 2
4
1
2
1
3
1
4
8
19
10
22
18
13
31
65
34
43
43
66
15
132
126
14
136
132
57
5
30
46
17
24
2
4
2
—
«f
©
Number of employees whose weekly hours
were—
©©
<
of
2?
CO
CO
p§
under 56
hours
hours and
over
>*
M
ider 16
hours
under 24
hours
under 32
hours
under 40
hours
:actly 40
hours
Occupation and year
a©
imber of
ployees
T able
DETAILED STATISTICAL TABLES
75
B. — Distribution of employees according to weekly hours by region and sex—
Continued
00
►0^3© 3
§
South—Males
All occupations:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934_. - - - - _ ____
August 1935____________ ________
Compositors, hand and machine, and die
makers:
May 1933 ___
________________
August 1934___ _ _ _____________ _
August 1935 _
Pressmen:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934___________ _______ ____
August 1935_________________________
Pressfeeders:
May 1933 __ ____________ __________
August 1934. _________ _ _____ - _
August 1935--. ____________ _________
Strippers:
May 1933 ___ _ __ _ _____ _
August 1934._ -_ . __ _ _____
August 1935__________ __ _ -_ _____
Machine helpers:
May 1933 _______________ _
August 1934______ _____ _____ _ _ _
August 1935______________ _ ________
Bundlers and packers:
May 1933_____________________
August 1934__ . _____ __ __
August 1935___ _ _ _____ _
Miscellaneous direct employees:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934__ _ __ __
August 1935__________________________
Miscellaneous indirect employees:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934 __ __ .
_____
August 1935_______________________ _-
253
377
418
48.0
36.9
39.5
19
22
23
31
42
38
59
84
92
37
52
66
22
49
54
18
25
33
35
50
59
32
53
53
45.6
39.7
42.9
46.8
37.9
37.0
47.6
38.0
38.6
48.7
35.0
39.0
50.1
34.9
38.6
49.7
36.1
39.0
47.9
37. 5
40.5
48.4
36.9
42.0
5
15
4
1
1
1
2
14
10
1
4
1
2
1
1
3
2
3
1
5
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
4
1
2
2
1
2
20 31 2
20 96 184
19 110 147
28 110
39 9
72 52
55
4
2
8
1
3
18
1
1
24
3
9
14
5
6
1
7
14
2
14
13
12
3
12
2
2
2
3
1
1
5
1
3
2
7
2
1
3
5
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
6
6
5
10
10
9
32
38
5
13
19
4
13
15
7
7
2
9
10
2
6
5
27
21
26
16
3
2
5
3
4
5
6
6
14
3
6
15
4
2
7
1
2
1
7
8
10
1
9
15
23
32
23
1
55
47
16
21
32
9
10
4
1
9
4
1
5
2
11
4
1
10
1
8
2
10
5
2
13
7
24
17
1
39
27
20
22
24
16
1
11
21
12
12
7
1
1
8
11
1
South-—Females
All occupations:
May 1933 ___________________________
August 1934_____________ _
August 1935___ . _
Miscellaneous machine operators:
May 1933_______________
August 1934__________________________
August 1935_______ _____ _
Miscellaneous machine feeders:
May 1933 ____ ______ - ___ __
August 1934______ _ ________ -_ _
August 1935____________________ _____
Miscellaneous direct employees:
May 1933-__________________________
August 1934 ________________________
August 1935........... _ - ____- ____
Miscellaneous indirect employees:
May 1933—
.
________
August 1934_______ _____ ____
August 1935__________ ___ ______
94
128
129
42.9
33.0
36.2
12
25
21
30
33
28
20
23
27
32
47
53
48.1
32.4
35.6
44.2
31. 5
37.6
42.0
29.6
33.1
40. 5
36.1
37.2
7
10
7
3
5
1
2
2
4
5
2
12
7
2
1
6
1
5
4
5
19
15
6
3
2
5
3
4
5
3
4
4
2
6
7
8
9
6
6
7
1
7
10
9
16
7
13
13
1
4
9
28
18
1
2
5
T able C.-—Distribution of employees according to weekly earnings by region and sex
UNITED STATES
Number of employees whose weekly earnings were—
Aver
age
weekly Un $4,
$8, $12, $16, $20, $24, $28, $32, $36, $40, $44, $48
earn der $4 under under under under under under under under under under under and
$8
$12 $16 $20 $24 $28 $32 $36 $40 $44 $48 over
ings
All occupations:
May 1933.................................................................................. . 4,546 $18.88
August 1934................................................................................. 7, 601 19.96
August 1935__________ _________ ______ __________ 7,865 21.24
88
109
95
292
198
188
797 905 740 580
508 1,770 2,033 1,126
387 1, 468 2,160 1,316
382
673
801
265
342
448
104
162
199
193
350
367
99
129
168
40
87
104
61
114
164
North—Males
Occupation and year
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees
Number of employees whose weekly earnings were—
Aver
age
weekly Un $4, $8, $12, Ex Over $20, $24, $28, $32, $36, $40, $44, $48,
earn der under under under actly $16, under under under under under under under and
ings $4 $8 $12 $16 $16 under $24 $28 $32 $36 $40 $44 $48 over
$20
All occupations:
May 1933________________________________________ _________ 3,143 $21.78
August 1934_______________________________________ ______ 5,417 22.16
August 1935____________________________________ _________ 5,616 23.68
Compositors, hand and machine:
May 1933_________________________________________________
72 28.42
August 1934__________________ __________________ _________
91 30.42
August 1935__________ ____________________ ______________
95 32.28
Die makers:
May 1933_________________________________________________
129 31.48
August 1934_________ ____ _________________________________ 171 32.05
August 1935_______________________________________________ 175 33.98
Pressmen:
May 1933_________________________________________________ 376 29.38
August 1934______________________
__________________
648 29.98
August 1935_______________________________________________ 665 32.38
Pressfeeders:
May 1933__________________________________________________ 538 17.92
August 1934_______________________________________________ 978 18. 69
38
66
49
120
115
85
269
209
160
484
533
385
1
1
2
6
4
2
3
3
1
3
1
5
12
7
8
2
27
23
3
7
12
4
55
52
15
8
7
106
119
9 616 530
579 1,116 1,050
385 1,243 1,176
352
617
742
250
324
427
183
331
345
102
156
193
92
124
163
40
85
101
58
112
162
5
9
8
6
7
5
27
49
34
151
246
16
13
16
16
23
28
60
117
105
55
94
7
13
11
31
27
23
60
98
108
22
31
6
10
11
20
28
29
53
101
115
6
10
8
9
10
14
21
25
40
72
81
5
2
6
12
19
24
30
40
61
1
1
8
9
6
7
10
13
27
26
4
7
8
6
11
12
12
27
49
2
2
6
4
3
109
10
14
14
12
22
19
49
83
68
107
279
3
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
Year
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees
20. 25
22. 98
23. 82
24. 76
30.96
29. 22
31.15
20.31
21. 32
21. 70
15. 84
17.14
18. 65
24.40
24. 01
25. 63
17. 22
86
16.99
17.60
280 16.17
585 16.18
578 17.89
193 16.24
324 17.83
360 19. 38
118 16.10
210 17.09
229 17. 72
31 15.15
51 16.94
51 17. 32
46 22. 54
72 22. 87
24. 30
17 15. 98
49 18. 47
50 21.68
51 19. 52
66 20.51
73 22. 66
1,020
192
284
288
82
123
123
32
46
47
314
575
605
35
72
76
47
7
1
1
1
7
9
9
16
3
5
8
1
3
29
20
18
1
2
9
19
11
3
10
9
3
5
5
2
1
1
1
39
2
6
8
2
3
13
24
8
11
12
5
5
7
7
3
4
2
2
1
52
46
32
1
3
7
3
4
40
45
30
39
13
22
9
6
8
9
4
1
3
1
1
2
2
i
5
1
3
84
15
12
15
2
3
1
9
3
2
67
114
54
3
3
6
12
20
20
79
97
74
41
52
44
38
22
19
5
6
4
5
4
2
7
5
1
10
8
4
74
2
14
7
267
46
47
42
8
8
8
7
13
1
8
1 88
101 142
83 196
5
2 10
2 10
10
17 27
17 28
70
131 163
69 226
1 44
47 93
34 96
1 35
54 67
31 99
4
15 15
9 20
3
2 16
11
3
6 18
5 10
11
6 14
1 10
289
48
69
65
14
19
16
5
18
16
37
90
122
10
16
15
11
15
22
37
77
109
37
49
87
25
45
50
4
8
5
12
21
22
2
13
23
15
21
25
168
32
53
55
10
27
32
5
7
8
21
30
62
5
16
15
3
2
3
21
24
44
11
29
29
1
4
6
1
1
6
15
20
19
2
2
6
8
11
12
58
20
40
34
13
17
14
2
5
5
13
23
6
9
14
1
2
8
4
5
4
12
12
1
4
15
13
26
22
13
22
19
1
1
4
6
2
3
9
6
3
3
5
10
10
13
11
1
2
2
2
2
3
1
2
4
1
2
1
6
12
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
7
6
9
2
1
1
2
4
1
2
3
1
3
11
1
1
2
3
4
4
8
3
8
8
3
6
4
3
7
3
7
5
2
6
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
D E TA ILE D STATISTIC AL TA B L E S
August 1935______________________________
Pressmen and feeders:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935_____________________________
Machine adjusters and repairmen:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Cutter feeders:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934_____________________________
August 1935_____________________________
Strippers:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine operators:
May 1933________________________________
August 1034______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Automatic gluing- and folding-machine feeders:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935_____________________________
Machine helpers:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Bundlersand packers:
M ay 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Laborers (loaders, unloaders, etc.):
M ay 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Machine feeders:
May 1933________________________________
August 1934_____________________________
August 1935______________________________
Truck drivers:
M ay 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Die makers’ helpers:
M ay 1933________________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935______________________________
Pressmen’s helpers:
May 1933___ ____________________________
August 1934______________________________
August 1935_____________________________
1
1
2
<1
T a b l e C .— Distribution
Supervisory employees, office and plant:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934---------------------------------------August 1935---------------------------------------Clerical employees, office and plant:
May 1933______________ _____________
August 1934-------------------------- ------------August 1935------ ---------------------------------Miscellaneous direct workers, skilled:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934-------------------------- ------------August 1935---------------------------------------Miscellaneous direct workers, semiskilled:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934---------------------------------------August 1935__________________ ______
Miscellaneous indirect workers, skilled:
May 1933— . -------------------------------------August 1934---------------------------------------August 1935---------------------------------------Miscellaneous indirect workers, semiskilled:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934---------------------------------------August 1935-------------------------------- ------ Miscellaneous indirect workers, unskilled:
May 1933. ------------------------------------------August 1934---------------------------------------August 1935---------------------------------------Power and maintenance workers, skilled:
May 1933.— -------------------------------------August 1934---------------------------------------August 1936---------------------------------------Power and maintenance workers, semiskilled:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934----------- ------ --------------------August 1935__________________________
Service workers, miscellaneous:
May 1933____________________________
August 1934---------------------------------------August 1935----------------------------------------
Num
ber of
employ-
Number of employees whose weekly earnings were—
Average
$20, $24, $28, $32, $36, $40, $44, $48,
weekly Un $4, $8, $12, Ex Over
$16, under
under under under under under under; and
earn- der under under under actly under
$4 $8 $12 $16 $16 $20 $24 $28 $32 $36 $40 $44 $48 over
140 $35.91
225 38.20
223 39.32
126 23.30
200 23.74
205 24.88
55 27. 77
88 27.19
83 28.00
20 13.49
23 16.57
42 17.61
25 35.81
56 37.77
61 41.57
17 20.45
46 19.99
46 22.84
72 16.96
116 17.87
115 19.83
22 30.71
44 30.24
51 32.02
29 22.04
43 21.14
46 21.65
84 18.56
145 18.36
142 19.36
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
3
2
1
3
1
1
3
2
1
3
2
13
5
5
3
2
5
4
9
2
1
12
10
4
1
5
3
1
1
1
1
3
2
6
3
1
11
3
1
1
2
1
I
3
7
3
13
4
4
3
1
12
18
15
1
2
5
1
1
16
19
12
6
1
18
17
1
1
8
5
9
10
6
12
6
27
40
32
7
8
8
4
5
14
3
1
3
7
12
13
20
31
26
1
5
1
4
9
11
14
49
51
8
12
14
24
54
49
15
17
17
3
4
6
2
2
3
2
18
20
10
29
37
1
1
8
12
14
16
18
40
39
15
25
19
20
45
44
6
25
14
2
3
7
2
2
4
6
9
10
7
4
8
6
2
6
10
12
12
17
22
10
20
18
16
31
6
7
13
2
2
2
3
1
2
3
8
6
4
6
3
1
5
5
4
25
45
45
11
16
19
5
12
17
8
15
17
4
4
6
2
2
3
1
2
3
3
5
16
8
1
1
2
1
2
4
17
10
5
2
2
2
17
27
25
2
3
4
7
5
2
9
24
22
1
2
1
1
2
3
25
49
53
4
10
11
1
1
2
7
10
4
8
18
1
2
2
3
2
1
1
2
2
3
3
5
1
—
I
4
3
5
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
Occupation and year
<1
00
of employees according to weekly earnings by region and sen— Continued
North—M ales—Continued
North—Females
Occupation and year
Number of employees whose weekly earnings were—
Num Aver
age
ber of
Over $16,
$40,
$44,
$12,
$20,
$24,
$36,
employ weekly
$8,
$4,
$28, $32,
Under under
$14, under under
under under Exact
under under under under under under
ees earn
$4
ings
$12
$14 ly $14 under
$24
$44
$8
$28
$48
$32
$40
$20
$36
$16
$11. 76
14.19
14.86
37
27
35
102
56
80
443
226
161
247
228
201
3
356
294
103
433
339
73
264
433
27
43
112
11.23
13.59
14.53
11.11
13.87
13.81
5
6
1
8
2
6
14
7
11
23
5
10
71
33
13
51
38
31
33
42
18
55
20
36
1
50
53
12
72
66
19
83
72
12
23
48
8
34
32
3
7
8
2
3
9
10.92
13.86
14.87
11.34
13.57
14.63
10.70
12.94
13.79
10.86
14.13
15.04
11.75
12.93
14.53
10.69
13.62
13.80
4
2
4
4
1
3
7
10
9
3
2
10
7
8
8
5
9
22
21
21
2
1
2
5
5
17
6
10
81
34
16
33
17
10
123
66
61
12
6
7
12
8
7
38
15
10
34
13
30
18
24
13
53
85
73
11
9
5
11
2
2
18
20
15
12
91
40
12
34
30
15
64
72
3
23
19
3
14
9
9
24
16
9
34
81
5
18
38
6
40
83
1
3
14
1
8
18
6
21
26
1
11
1
1
11
2
3
1
9
51
55
77
55
13
18
1
91
72
1
13
7
18
12
28
18
11
25
25
4
1
2
15
2
8
11
1
11
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
17
1
3
5
10
9
1
1
DETAILED STATISTICAL TABLES
All occupations:
May 1933________________ 1,056
August 1934________ ___ 1,679
August 1935____ _________ 1,702
Pressfeeders:
May 1933________________
151
August 1934______________
241
August 1935___ _________
218
Strippers:
May 1933________________
166
August 1934-------- --------- _ 236
252
August 1935______________
Automatic gluing- and foldingmachine feeders:
May 1933________________
151
August 1934____ _______
260
August 1935______________
247
Stitcher operators:
May 1933________________
81
August 1934______________
113
132
August 1935._____________
Machine helpers:
May 1933________________
227
August 1934_____ ________
380
August 1935___ _____
409
Bundlers and packers:
33
May 1933________________
August 1934_______ ___ _ .
59
56
August 1935__ ____ _______
Machine feeders:
May 1933________________
29
58
August 1934______________
57
August 1935................. ..........
Gluers, folders, etc., hand:
92
May 1933________________
August 1934____ _________
117
119
August 1935______ ________
$48
and
over
2
1
______ i______
CO
T able C.'—Distribution of employees according to weekly earnings by region and sex—Continued
O
00
North—Females—Continued
Clerical employees, office and
plant:
May 1933........................
August 1934 _____________
August 1935
Miscellaneous other employees:
May 1933
- August 1934
August 1935
80 $18.96
154
156
46
61
56
19.40
20.10
14.61
17.17
16. 93
3
1
3
1
2
3
3
8
5
2
14
4
4
11
5
3
3
8
6
6
1
9
3
12
16
7
6
12
18
69
80
8
9
15
19
2
5
4
5
7
4
7
14
13
12
22
27
7
4
7
2
8
10
27
53
69
35
65
88
23
32
28
19
31
34
10
8
12
8
11
11
3
4
3
4
7
6
8
13
30
31
1
4
6
2
4
1
5
6
7
11
12
5
3
1
1
5
3
5
3
2
1
1
1
2
4
5
3
4
2
1
2
4
$48
and
over
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
5
6
5
4
4
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
South—Males
All occupations:
May 1933_______________
August 1934_____________
August 1935----- --------------Compositors, hand and ma
chine, and die makers:
May 1933_______________
August 1934_____________
August 1935_____________
Pressmen:
May 1933_______________
August 1934. .........................
August 1935.___ ________
Pressfeeders:
May 1933_______________
August 1934____________ _
August 1935_____________
Strippers:
May 1933_______________
August 1934_____________
August 1935_____________
253 $16. 24
377 17. 02
418 17. 52
19 26.30
22 27.68
23 29.85
31 23. 21
42 23.68
38 22.92
59 14.84
84 15. 65
92 15.64
37 10.05
52 12. 61
66 13. 56
6
8
4
38
18
6
53
25
43
24
57
52
1
57
57
1
2
2
1
1
2
7
2
1
16
5
1
1
4
10
4
9
11
8
7
2
1
1
10
17
15
4
13
17
1
1
9
3
14
12
3
4
1
6
14
23
2
6
20
4
9
5
3
4
9
1
1 .
1 .
1
2
WAGES AND HOURS, FOLDING-PAPER-BOX INDUSTRY
Occupation and year
Number of employees whose weekly earnings were—
Num Average
ber of
Over $16,
$32,
$36,
$24,
$40, $44,
$20,
$28,
employ weekly
$8,
$12,
$4,
Under under
$14, under under
under under under under under under
under under Exact
ees earn
under
ings
ly
$14
$4
$32
$24
$36
$40
$44
$48
$12
$14
$20
$28
$8
$16
22
49
54
18
25
33
10.65
12.59
13.34
10.82
13.07
14.35
35
50
59
19.04
19.40
20.09
32
53
53
17. 07
17. 53
19. 82
5
3
2
4
3
11
5
11
9
2
4
2
11
10
14
14
5
2
1
1
1
1
6
2
4
2
4
1
5
2
1
5
4
4
3
1
7
13
3
7
8
3
6
9
1
5
7
2
2
4
1
4
4
5
4
5
3
9
4
3
10
13
8
6
7
4
9
13
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
6
2
8
9
4
7
4
4
5
15
5
7
4
1
3
2
3
2
2
1
2
3
3
3
2
1
1
South—Females
Occupation and year
All occupations:
May 1933._ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __
August 1934______________ ______
August 1935___________ _____
Miscellaneous machine operators:
May 1933________________________
August 1934___ ____________ ___
August 1935_____ _____ ________
Miscellaneous machine feeders:
May 1933________________________
August 1934_____
______
August 1935__ ____
_____
Miscellaneous direct employees:
May 1933________________________
August 1934___ _
__ __ _
August 1935_____________ _______
Miscellaneous indirect employees:
May 1933________________________
August 1934___ _____________ .
August 1935_____________________
Number of employees whose weekly earnings were—
Num Aver
age
ber of weekly
Over $16,
$20,
$24,
employ earn Under $4,
$32,
$8,
$36,
$44,
$28,
$40,
$12, under under
under Exact
ees
under under under under under under
ings
ly
$12
under
$4 under
$12
$8
$20
$24
$32
$36
$40
$44
$28
$48
$16
94 $9.21
128 10.90
129 11.44
12 10.63
25 10.31
21 11.35
30 10. 34
33 10.34
28 12.88
20 7.64
23 9. 49
27 10.19
32 8. 59
47 12.29
53 11. 33
7
8
7
2
5
1
2
1
4
5
2
32
9
17
4
1
2
10
1
8
4
5
10
4
9
32
48
23
4
13
6
11
12
5
10
13
3
7
10
9
12
21
1
4
1
4
1
4
9
9
16
41
50
2
7
9
6
13
13
7
9
11
2
1
3
9
8
18
19
1
2
2
5
5
1
j
3
2
4
1
$48
and
over
DETAILED STATISTICAL TABLES
Machine helpers:
May 1933_______________
August 1934______________
August 1935______________
Bundlers and packers:
May 1933________________
August 1934______________
August 1935______________
Miscellaneous direct employe6May 1933________________
August 1934______________
August 1935______________
Miscellaneous indirect em
ployees:
May 1933________________
August 1934______________
August 1935______________
List o f Bulletins o f the Bureau o f Labor Statistics
The following is a list of all bulletins of the Bureau of Labor Statistics published since
July 1912, except th at in th e case of bulletins giving the results of periodic surveys of the
Bureau only the latest bulletin on any one subject is here listed.
A com plete list of the reports and bulletins issued prior to July 1912, as well as the bulle
tins published since th at date, will be furnished on application. Publications which are not
available for free distribution, indicated in this list by an asterisk, can in som e cases be obtained
by purchase from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washing
ton, D. C.; all can be consulted at libraries which are Government repositories.
Collective agreements.
♦ No. 191. Collective bargaining in the anthracite coal industry. [1916.]
♦ No. 198. Collective agreements in the men's clothing industry. [1916.]
No. 341. Trade agreement in the silk-ribbon industry of New York City. [1923.]
♦ No. 402. Collective bargaining by actors. [1926.]
♦ No. 468. Trade agreements, 1927.
Conciliation and arbitration (including strikes and lock-outs).
♦ No. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. [1913.]
♦ No. 133. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade on its inquiry into industrial
agreements. [1913.]
♦ No. 139. Michigan copper district strike. [1914.]
♦ No. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City. [1914.]
♦ No. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York City.
[1914.]
No. 233. Operation of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act of Canada. [1918.]
♦ No. 255. Joint industrial councils in Great Britain. [1919.]
♦ No. 283. History of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, 1917 to 1919.
♦ No. 287. National War Labor Board: History of its formation and activities, etc. [1921.]
♦ No. 303. Use of Federal power in settlement of railway labor disputes. [1922.]
♦ No. 481. Joint industrial control in the book and job printing industry. [1928.]
Cooperation.
♦ No. 313. Consumers’ cooperative societies in the United States in 1920.
♦ No. 314. Cooperative credit societies (credit unions) in America and in foreign countries. [1922.]
♦ No.437. Cooperative movement in the United States in 1925 (other than agricultural).
No. 531. Consumers’, credit, and productive cooperative societies, 1929.
No. 598. Organization and management of consumers’ cooperative associations and clubs (with model
bylaws). [1934.]
♦ No. 606. Organization and management of cooperative gasoline and oil associations (with model
bylaws). [1934.]
♦ No. 608. Organization and management of cooperative housing associations (with model bylaws).
[1934.]
No. 612. Consumers’, credit, and productive cooperation in 1933.
Employment and unemployment.
♦ No. 109. Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices [in the United States]. [1913.]
♦ No. 172. Unemployment in New York City, N. Y. [1915.]
♦ No. 183. Regularity of employment in the women’s ready-to-wear garment industries. [1915.]
♦ No. 195. Unemployment in the United States. [1916.]
♦ No. 196. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, held at Minneapolis, Minn., January 19
and 20, 1916.
♦ No. 202. Proceedings of the conference of Employment Managers’ Association of Boston, Mass.,
held May 10, 1916.
♦ No. 206. The British system of labor exchanges. [1916.]
♦ No. 227. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and 3, 1917.
♦ No. 235. Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association. [1918.]
♦ No. 241. Public employment offices in the United States. [1918.]
♦ No. 247. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N. Y., May 9-11,1918.
♦ No. 310. Industrial unemployment: A statistical study of its extent and causes. [1922.]
♦ No. 409. Unemployment m Columbus, Ohio, 1921 to 1925.
No. 542. Report of the Advisory Committee on Employment Statistics. [1931.]
♦ No. 544. Unemployment-benefit plans in the United States and unemployment insurance in foreign
countries. [1931.]
No. 553. Fluctuation in employment in Ohio, 1914 to 1929.
♦ No. 555. Social and economic character of unemployment in Philadelphia, April 1930.
No. 610. Revised indexes of factory employment and pay rolls, 1919 to 1933.
No. 611. Unemployment insurance and reserves in the United States: A selected list of recent refer
ences. [1935.]
No. 613. Average annual wage and salary payments in Ohio, 1916 to 1932.
Housing.
♦ No. 158. Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries. [1914.]
No. 263. Housing by employers in the United States. [1920.]
No. 295. Building operations in representative cities, 1920.
No. 545. Building permits in the principal cities of the United States [1921] to 1930.
♦ No. 608. Organization and management of cooperative housing associations (with model bylaws).
(I)
Industrial accidents and hygiene (including occupational diseases and poisons).
♦ No. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain-enameled sanitary ware factories.
[1912.]
No. 120. Hygiene of the painters' trade. [1913.]
♦ No. 127. Dangers to workers from dusts and fumes, and methods of protection. [1913.]
♦ No. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. [1914.]
♦ No. 157. Industrial accident statistics. [1915.]
♦ No. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. [1914.]
♦ No. 179. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. [1915.]
♦ No. 188. Report of British departmental committee on the danger in the use of lead in the painting of
buildings. [1916.]
♦ No. 201. Report of the committee on statistics and compensation insurance costs of the Inter
national Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. [1916.]
♦ No. 209. Hygiene of the printing trades. [1917.]
♦ No. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives. [1917.]
♦ No. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories. [1917.1
♦ No. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories. [1917.]
♦ No. 231. Mortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades (inorganic dusts). [1918.]
♦ No. 234. The safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917.
No. 236. Effects of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. [1918.]
♦ No. 249. Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of Munition Workers’
Committee. [1919.]
♦ No. 251. Preventable death in the cotton-manufacturing industry. [1919.]
♦ No. 256. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. [1919.]
No. 267. Anthrax as an occupational disease. [1920.]
No. 276. Standardization of industrial accident statistics. [1920.]
♦ No. 280. Industrial poisoning in making coal-tar dyes and dye intermediates. [1921.]
♦ No. 291. Carbon monoxide poisoning. [1921.]
No. 293. The problem of dust phthisis in the granite stone industry. [1922.]
No. 298. Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry, 1910-1919.
No. 392. Survey of hygienic conditions in the printing trades. [1925.]
No. 405. Phosphorus necrosis in the manufacture of fireworks and in the preparation of phosphorus.
[1926.]
No. 427. Health survey of the printing trades, 1922 to 1925.
No. 428. Proceedings of the Industrial Accident Prevention Conference, held at Washington, D. C.f
July 14-16, 1926.
No. 460. A new test for industrial lead poisoning. [1928.1
No. 466. Settlement for accidents to American seamen. [1928.]
No. 488. Deaths from lead poisoning, 1925-1927.
♦ No. 490. Statistics of industrial accidents in the United States to the end of 1927.
♦ No. 507. Causes of death, by occupation. [1930.]
♦ No. 582. Occupation hazards and diagnostic signs: A guide to impairments to be looked for in haz
ardous occupations. (Revision of Bui. No. 306.) [1933.]
♦ No. 602. Discussions of industrial accidents and diseases at the 1933 meeting of the International Asso
ciation of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Chicago, 111.
Industrial relations and labor conditions.
♦ No. 237. Industrial unrest in Great Britain. [1917.]
♦ No. 340. Chinese migrations, with special reference to labor conditions. [1923.]
♦ No. 349. Industrial relations in the West Coast lumber industry. [1923.]
No. 361. Labor relations in the Fairmont (W. Va.) bituminous-coal field. [1924.]
♦ No. 380. Postwar labor conditions in Germany. [1925.]
No. 383. Works council movement in Germany. [1925.]
No. 384. Labor conditions in the shoe industry in Massachusetts, 1920-1924.
No. 399. Labor relations in the lace and lace-curtain industries in the United States. [1925.]
No. 483. Conditions in the shoe industry in Haverhill, Mass., 1928.
No. 534. Labor conditions in the Territory of Hawaii, 1929-1930.
Labor laws of the United States (including decisions of courts relating to labor).
♦ No. 211. Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States. [1917.]
♦ No. 229. Wage-payment legislation in the United States. [1917.]
♦ No. 285. Minimum-wage laws of the United States: Construction and operation. [1921.]
♦ No. 321. Labor laws that have been declared unconstitutional. [1922.]
No. 322. Kansas Court of Industrial Relations. [1923.]
No. 343. Laws providing for bureaus of labor statistics, etc. [1923.]
No. 370. Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto. [1925.]
No. 408. Laws relating to payment of wages. [1926.]
♦ No. 581. Laws relating to employment agencies in the United States, as of January 1, 1933.
No. 583. Proceedings of the National Conference for Labor Legislation, held at Washington, D. C.f
February 14 and 15, 1934.
No. 590. Labor legislation, 1931 and 1932.
No. 592. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1931 and 1932.
No. 596. Laws relating to prison labor in the United States, as of July 1, 1933.
♦ No. 603. Comparative digest of labor legislation for the States of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South
Carolina, Tennessee. [1933.]
♦ No. 609. Discussions of labor laws and their administration at the 1933 convention of the Association
of Government Officials in Industry of the United States and Canada, Chicago, 111.
No. 619. Discussion of labor laws and their administration at the 1935 convention of the International
Association of Governmental Labor Officials, Asheville, N. C.
Labor laws of foreign countries.
♦ No. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries. [1914.]
No. 494. Labor legislation of Uruguay. [1929.]
No. 510. Labor legislation of Argentina. [1930.]
No. 529. Workmen's compensation legislation of the Latin American countries. [1930.]
No. 549. Labor legislation of Venezuela. [1931.]
No. 554. Labor legislation of Paraguay. [1931.]
No. 559. Labor legislation of Ecuador. [1931.]
No. 569. Labor legislation of Mexico. [1932.]
Labor organizations.
♦ No. 342. International Seamen’s Union of America: A study of its history and problems. [1923.]
No. 461. Labor organizations in Chile. [1928.]
*No. 465. Beneficial activities of American trade unions. [1928.]
No. 618. Handbook of American trade unions: 1936 edition. (In press.)
Minimum wage.
♦ No. 167. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. [1915.]
♦ No. 176. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. [1915.]
♦ No. 285. Minimum-wage laws of the United States: Construction and operation. [1921.]
♦ No. 467. Minimum-wage legislation in various countries. [1928.]
Old-age care, pensions, and Insurance.
♦ No. 386. Cost of American almshouses. [1925.]
♦ No. 465. Beneficial activities of American trade unions. [1928.]
No. 477. Public-service retirement systems, United States, Canada, and Europe. [1929.]
♦ No. 489. Care of aged persons in the United States. [1929.]
No. 505. Directory of homes for the aged in the United States. [1929.]
No. 561. Public old-age pensions and insurance in the United States and in foreign countries. [1932.]
Prison labor.
No. 372. Convict labor in 1923.
No. 595. Prison labor in the United States, 1932.
No. 596. Laws relating to prison labor in the United States, as of July 1, 1933.
Proceedings of annual conventions of the International Association of Governmental Labor Officials.
♦ No. 266. Seventh, Seattle, Wash., July 12-15,1920.
No. 307. Eighth, New Orleans, La., May 2-6, 1921.
♦ No. 323. Ninth, Harrisburg, Pa., May 22-26,1922.
♦ No. 352. Tenth, Richmond, Va., May 1-4, 1923.
♦ No. 389. Eleventh, Chicago, 111., May 19-23,1924.
♦ No. 411. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 13-15,1925.
♦ No. 429. Thirteenth, Columbus, Ohio, June 7-10,1926.
♦ No. 455. Fourteenth, Paterson, N. J., May 31 to June 3,1927.
♦ No. 480. Fifteenth, New Orleans, La., May 21-24, 1928.
No. 508. Sixteenth, Toronto, Canada, June 4-7, 1929.
♦ No. 530. Seventeenth, Louisville, Ky., May 20-23, 1930.
♦ No. 563. Eighteenth, Boston, Mass., May 18-22,1931.
♦ No. 609. Nineteenth, Chicago, 111., September 14-15, 1933.
Proceedings of annual meetings of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and
Commissions.
No. 210. Third, Columbus, Ohio, April 25-28,1916.
♦ No. 248. Fourth, Boston, Mass., August 21-25,1917.
No. 264. Fifth, Madison, Wis., September 24-27, 1918.
No. 273. Sixth, Toronto, Canada, September 23-26, 1919.
No. 281. Seventh, San Francisco, Calif., September 20-24,1920.
No. 304. Eighth, Chicago, 111., September 19-23,1921.
No. 333. Ninth, Baltimore, Md., October 0-13, 1922.
♦ No. 359. Tenth, St. Paul, Minn., September 24-26,1923.
No. 385. Eleventh, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 26-28,1924.
♦ No. 395. Index to proceedings, 1914-1924.
No. 406. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 17-20,1925.
No. 432. Thirteenth, Hartford, Conn., September 14-17,1926.
No. 456. Fourteenth, Atlanta, Ga., September 27-29,1927.
No. 485. Fifteenth, Paterson, N. J., September 11-14, 1928.
No. 511. Sixteenth, Buffalo, N. Y., October 8-11, 1929.
No. 536. Seventeenth, Wilmington, Del., September 22-26, 1930.
No. 564. Eighteenth, Richmond, Va., October 5-8, 1931.
No. 577. Nineteenth, Columbus, Ohio, September 26-29,1932.
♦ No. 602. Twentieth, Chicago, 111., September 11-14, 1933.
Proceedings of annual meetings of the International Association of Public Employment Services.
♦ No. 192. First, Chicago, December 19 and 20,1913; second, Indianapolis, September 24 and 25, 1914;
third, Detroit, July 1 and 2, 1915.
♦ No. 220. Fourth, Buffalo, N. Y., July 20 and 21,1916.
No. 311. Ninth, Buffalo, N. Y., September 7-9,1921.
♦ No. 337. Tenth, Washington, D. C., September 11-13, 1922.
No. 355. Eleventh, Toronto, Canada, September 4-7, 1923.
♦ No. 400. Twelfth, Chicago, 111., May 19-23, 1924.
No. 414. Thirteenth, Rochester, N. Y., September 15-17,1925.
No. 478. Fifteenth, Detroit, Mich., October 25-28,1927.
♦ No. 501. Sixteenth, Cleveland, Ohio, September 18-21,1928.
No. 538. Seventeenth, Philadelphia, Pa., September 24-27, 1929; eighteenth, Toronto, Canada, Sep
tember 9-12, 1930.
Productivity of labor and technological unemployment.
No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923.
No. 407. Labor cost of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry.
[1926.]
♦ No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
No. 441. Productivity of labor in the glass industry. [1927.]
No. 474. Productivity of labor in merchant blast furnaces. [1928.]
No. 475. Productivity of labor in newspaper printing. [1929.]
No. 550. Cargo handling and longshore labor conditions. [1932.]
No. 574. Technological changes and employment in the United States Postal Service. [1932.]
No. 585. Labor productivity in the automobile-tire industry. [1933.]
No. 593. Technological changes and employment in the electric-lamp industry. [1933.]
(Ill)
Retail prices and cost of living.
•No. 121. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. [1913.]
•No. 130. Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. [1913.]
•No. 164. Butter prices, from producer to consumer. [1914.]
•No. 170. Foreign food prices as affected by the war. [1915.]
•No. 357. Cost of living in the United States. [1924.]
No. 369. The use of cost-of-living figures in wage adjustments. [1925.]
•No. 495. Retail prices, 1890 to 1928.
Safety codes.
•No. 336. Safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries.
•No. 350. Rules governing the approval of headlighting devices for motor vehicles.
•No. 351. Safety code for the construction, care, and use of ladders.
•No. 375. Safety code for laundry machinery and operations.
No. 382. Code of lighting school buildings.
No. 410. Safety code for paper and pulp mills.
•No. 430. Safety code for power presses and foot and hand presses.
No. 447. Safety code for rubber mills and calenders.
No. 451. Safety code for forging and hot-metal stamping.
No. 463. Safety code for mechanical power-transmission apparatus—first revision.
No. 509. Textile safety code.
No. 512. Code for identification of gas-mask canisters.
No. 519. Safety code for woodworking plants, as revised 1930.
No. 527. Safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels, as revised 1930.
No. 556. Code of lighting: Factories, mills, and other workplaces. (Revision of 1930.)
No. 617. Safety codes for the prevention of dust explosions. [1936.] (Supplement to Bulletin No.
562.)
Vocational and workers’ education.
•No. 159. Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory-school experiment. [1915.]
•No. 162. Vocational education survey of Richmond, Va. [1915.]
•No. 199. Vocational education survey of Minneapolis, Minn. [1917.]
•No. 271. Adult working-class education in Great Britain and the United States. [1920.]
No. 459. Apprenticeship in building construction. [1928.]
Wages and hours of labor.
•No. 146. Wages and regularity of employment and standardization of piece rates in the dress and
waist industry of New York City. [1914.]
•No. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry. [1914.]
•No. 161. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913.
•No. 163. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913.
•No. 190. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914.
•No. 204. Street-railway employment in the United States. [1917.]
•No. 225. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1915.
•No. 265. Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States, 1919.
•No. 297. Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry, 1920.
•No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
•No. 358. Wages and hours of labor in the automobile-tire industry, 1923.
No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923.
No. 365. Wages and hours of labor in the paper and pulp industry, 1923.
No. 407. Labor cost of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry.
[1926.]
•No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
•No. 416. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous-coal mining, 1922 and 1924.
No. 484. Wages and hours of labor of common street laborers, 1928.
•No. 502. Wages and hours of labor in the motor-vehicle industry, 1928.
No. 514. Pennsylvania Railroad wage data. From Report of Joint Fact Finding Committee in wage
negotiations in 1927.
No. 523. Wages and hours in the manufacture of airplanes and aircraft engines, 1929.
No. 525. Wages and hours of labor in the Portland cement industry, 1929.
No. 532. Wages and hours of labor in the cigarette-manufacturing industry, 1930.
No. 534. Labor conditions in the Territory of Hawaii, 1929-30.
No. 539. Wages and hours of labor in cotton-goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1930.
No. 547. Wages and hours of labor in the cane-sugar refining industry, 1930.
No. 567. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1931.
No. 568. Wages and hours of labor in the manufacture of silk and rayon goods, 1931.
No. 570. Wages and hours of labor in foundries and machine shops, 1931.
No. 571. Wages and hours of labor in the furniture industry, 1910 to 1931.
No. 573. Wages and hours of labor in metalliferous mining, 1924 to 1931.
No. 575. Wages and hours of labor in air transportation, 1931.
No. 576. Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, 1931.
No. 578. Wages and hours of labor in gasoline filling stations and motor-vehicle repair garages, 1931.
No. 579. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1910 to 1932.
No. 580. Wages and hours of labor in the baking industry—bread and cake departments, 1931.
No. 584. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1932.
No. 586. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber industry, 1932.
No. 587. Wages and hours of labor in the rayon and other synthetic yarn manufacturing, 1932.
No. 588. Wages and hours of labor in the dyeing and finishing of textiles, 1932.
No. 589. Wages and hours of labor in the leather industry. 1932.
No. 591. Wages and hours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industry, 1932.
No. 594. Wages and hours of labor in the men’s clothing industry, 1932.
•No. 600. Union scales of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1933.
No. 601. Wages and hours of labor in bituminous-coal mining, 1933.
•No. 604. History of wages in the United States from colonial times to 1928. Revision of Bulletin
No. 499, with supplement, 1929-33.
No. 613. Average annual wage and salary payments in Ohio, 1916 to 1932.
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Welfare work.
♦ No. 123. Employers’ welfare work. [1913.]
♦ No. 222. Welfare work in British munition factories. [1917.]
♦ No. 250. Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States. [1919.]
No. 458. Health and recreation activities in industrial establishments, 1926.
No. 565. Park recreation areas in the United States, 1930.
Wholesale prices.
♦ No. 284. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries. [1921.]
♦ No. 453. Revised index numbers of wholesale prices, 1923 to July 1927.
No. 572. Wholesale prices, 1931.
Women and children in industry.
♦ No. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment ®f wage-earning women in selected industries
in the District of Columbia. [1913.]
♦ No. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons. [1913.]
♦ No. 118. Ten-hour maximum working day for women and young persons. [1913.]
♦ No. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin. [1913.]
♦ No. 122. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. [1913.]
♦ No. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments
and garment factories. [1914.]
♦ No. 175. Summary of the report on condition of woman and child wage earners in the United States.
[1915.]
♦ No. 176. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. [1915.]
♦ No. 180. The boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts as a vocation for women. [1915.]
♦ No. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass.
[1916.]
♦ No. 193. Dressmaking as a trade for women in Massachusetts. [1916.]
♦ No. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in Massachusetts. [1917.]
♦ No. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial employ
ment of women and children. [1917.]
♦ No. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war. [1917.]
No. 253. Women in the lead industries. [1919.]
♦ No. 467. Minimum-wage legislation in various countries. [1928.]
No. 558. Labor conditions of women and children in Japan. [1931.]
Work of Federal and State departments of labor.
No. 319. The Bureau of Labor Statistics: Its history, activities, and organization. [1922.]
*No. 326. Methods of procuring and computing statistical information of the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics. [1923.]
♦ No. 479. Activities and functions of a State department of labor. [1928.]
♦ No. 599. What are labor statistics for? [1933.]
No. 614. Bulletins and articles published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics: A selected list of
references. [1935.]
Workmen’s insurance and compensation (including laws relating thereto).
♦ No. 101. Care of tuberculous wage earners in Germany. [1912.]
♦ No. 102. British National Insurance Act, 1911.
No. 103. Sickness and accident insurance law of Switzerland. [1912.]
♦ No. 107. Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. [1913.]
♦ No. 155. Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States. [1914.]
♦ No. 212. Proceedings of the conference on social insurance called by the International Association of
Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Washington, D. C., December 5-9, 1916.
♦ No. 243. Workmen’s compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries, 1917 and
1918.
♦ No. 301. Comparison of workmen’s compensation insurance and administration. [1922.]
No. 312. National health insurance in Great Britain, 1911 to 1921.
♦ No. 379. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States, as of January 1, 1925.
♦ No. 423. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada, as of July 1, 1926.
♦ No. 496. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada, as of January 1,1929.
(With text of legislation enacted in 1927 and 1928.)
No. 529. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the Latin American countries. [1930.]
Miscellaneous series.
*No. 174. Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to
May 1, 1915.
♦ No. 208. Profit sharing in the United States. [1916.]
♦ No. 242. Food situation in central Europe, 1917.
♦ No. 254. International labor legislation and the society of nations. [1919.]
♦ No. 268. Historical survey of international action affecting labor. [1920.]
♦ No. 282. Mutual relief associations among Government employees in Washington, D. C. [1921.]
♦ No. 346. Humanity in government. [1923.]
No. 401. Family allowances in foreign countries. [1926].
No. 518. Personnel research agencies: 1930 edition.
•No. 599. What are labor statistics for? [1933.]
No. 605. Labor through the century, 1833-1933. (Revised.)
No. 607. Growth of legal-aid work in the United States. [1936.]
No. 615. The Massachusetts system of savings-bank life insurance. [1935.]
No. 616. Handbook of labor statistics, 1936 edition.
O
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