Full text of Wages and Hours of Labor in the Slaughtering and Meat-Packing Industry : Wages and Hours of Labor in the Slaughtering and Meat-Packing Industry, 1927 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 472

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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES \
BUREAU OF L AB O R S T A T IS T I C S /
WAGES

AND

HOURS

OF

XT
A*J*}
• • • • fl| 0 . 'r i L

LABOR

SERIES

WAGES and HOURS OF LABOR
IN THE SLAUGHTERING AND
M EAT-PACKIN G IN D U STRY




1927

JANUARY, 1929

UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1929




CONTENTS
Page

Introduction and summary_______________________________________________
1-29
T able 1.— Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in
specified years, 1917 to 1927, by department, sex,
occupation, and year___________________________________ 2-29
Average hours and earnings, 1925 and 1927, by State____________________ 29, 30
T able 2.— Number of establishments and of wage earners, and
average hours and earnings, 1925 and 1927, by sex and
State___________________________________________________
30
Average and classified earnings per hour__________________________________31-33
Regular or customary hours of operation_________________________________ 34-37
Basic or regular full-time hours per day and per week____________________ 38, 39
Bonus systems____________________________________________________________ 39, 40
Hours, overtime rates, and guaranteed hours of pay______________________40-43
Days on which wage earners worked, 1927_________________ ______________44, 45
Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, 1922 to 1928____________45, 46
Scope and method________________________________________________________ 46, 47
Importance of the industry_______________________________________________ 47, 48
General tables___________________________________________________________ 49-129
T able A.— Average number of days on which employees worked,
average full-time and actual hours and earnings per
week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full
time worked, 1927, by occupation, sex, and district___50-91
T able B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 31 specified
occupations, 1927, by sex and district________________ 92-101
T able C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 31
specified occupations, 1927, by sex and district______ 102-108
T able D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one
week in 31 specified occupations, 1927, by sex and
district______________________________________________ 109-119
T able E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 151
specified occupations, 1927, by sex and district_____ 120-129
A ppendix .— Slaughtering and meat, packing departments and occu­
pations____________________________________________ _
131-163




h i




BULLETIN OF THE

U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
n o . 472

WASHINGTON

J a n u a r y , 1929

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT­
PACKING INDUSTRY IN 1927
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
Average earnings and hours of labor for 1927 for the wage earners
in all occupations combined and for the wage earners in each of the
occupations in 13 important departments of the slaughtering and meat­
packing industry in the United States are here presented. Summary
figures for 1927 and from Bulletins 252, 294, 373, and 421 for the years
1917, 1921, 1923, and 1925 are given in Table 1, making easy the
comparison of the averages for one year with any other for which
figures are available.
Averages are shown at the beginning of Table 1 for males, females,
and for males and females in all occupations in the 13 departments of
the industry included in the study for each of the specified years from
1917 to 1927. Data are presented for a total of 66 establishments in
1917, 34 in 1921, 38 in 1923, and for 86 in 1925 and 1927. Males were
employed in each of these establishments and females in 51 of the 66
in 1917, 31 of the 34 in 1921, 37 of the 38 in 1923, and in 78 of the 86
in 1925 and 1927. Average full-time hours per week for males were
48.4 in 1921, 52.2 in 1923, 50.2 in 1925, and 49.3 in 1927; for females,
48.3 in 1921, 52.8 in 1923, 49.4 in 1925, and 49.1 in 1927; and for both
sexes, 48.4 in 1921, 52.3 in 1923, 50.1 in 1925, and 49.3 in 1927.
Average full-time hours are not available for 1917. Average earnings
per hour for males increased from 27.1 cents in 1917 to 51.1 cents in
1921, decreased to 49.9 cents in 1923, increased to 50.7 cents in 1925
and to 52 cents in 1927. Those for females increased from 17.8 cents
per hour in 1917 to 36.5 cents in 1921, decreased to 36.1 cents in 1923,
decreased to 35.9 cents in 1925, and increased to 36.4 cents per hour in
1927. Average earnings per hour for all males and females combined
increased from 26.2 cents in 1917 to 49.7 cents in 1921, decreased to
48.4 cents in 1923, increased to 49.2 cents in 1925 and to 50.1 cents in
1927. Average full-time earnings per week for males based on
average full-time hours per week and average earnings per hour were
$24.73 in 1921, $26.05 in 1923, $25.45 in 1925, and $25.64 in 1927;
for females were $17.63 in 1921, $19.06 in 1923, $17.73 in 1925, and
$17.87 in 1927; and for males and for females combined were $24.05 in
1921, $25.31 in 1923, $24.65 in 1925, and$24.70 in 1927. Index numbers
of average full-time hours per week, of average earnings per hour, and




1

2

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

of average full-time earnings per week with the 1921 average taken
as the base, or 100 per cent, are also presented in the table for the
13 departments of the industry and for each occupation.
Average full-time hours per week of males by occupations in 1927
range from 47.5 for cooks in the canning department to 56 per week for
smokers in the cured-meat department, and those of females range
from 46.3 for labelers and wrappers in the canning department to
51.5 per week for pluck trimmers in the offal department.
The 1927 average earnings per hour of males by occupations,
excepting head holders, range from 39.1 cents for passers and pilers
of cans in the canning department to 87.7 cents per hour for floor men
or siders in the cattle-killing department, and of females range from
30.2 for wipers of filled cans in the canning department to 43.9 cents
for stuffers in the sausage department. The occupation of head
holders in the cattle-killing department is unimportant in number of
wage earners. They hold the head of the animal for the kosher
sticker.
Average full-time earnings per week of males in 1927 by occupations
(head holders excepted) range from $20.94 for truckers in the canning
department to $43.15 for floor men or siders in the cattle-killing
department.
T

able

1 . — Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year
Grand Total, All Departments

Sex, occupation, and year

All occupations, males:
1917___________________________
1921___________ _____ _________
1923___________________________
1925 . _________ _____ _______
1927
____________
All occupations, females:
1917
_______________ _____
1921
____________________
1923___________________________
1925_ ......... ............. ............ ..........
1927___________________________
All occupations, males and females:
1917___________________________
1921 ____ _______ ____________
1923............... ................. ................
1925_____ ________ ____________
1927.____ _____________________

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
age
Aver­
Aver­
full­
full­
age
time
earn­
time age full­
time
hours ings per earn­
per
hour ings per hours
per
week
week
week

numbers of—

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

N um ­
ber of
em­
ploy­
ees

66
34
38
86
86

55, 089
30,075
45,083
52, 702
50, 207

48.4
52.2
50.2
49.3

$0. 271
. 511
.499
.507
.520

$24. 73
26. 05
25. 45
25. 64

100.0
107.9
103.7
101.9

53.0
100.0
97.7
99.2
101.8

100.0
105.3
102.9
103.7

51
31
37
78
78

6, 576
3, 329
6,112
6, 595
7,145

48.3
52.8
49.4
49.1

. 178
.365
.361
.359
.364

17. 63
19. 06
17. 73
17.87

100.0
109.3
102.3
101.7

48.8
100.0
98.9
98.4
99.7

100.0
108.1
100.6
101.4

66
34
38
86
86

61, 665
33, 404
51,195
59, 297
57, 352

48.4
52.3
50.1
49.3

.262
.497
.484
.492
.501

24.05
25.31
24. 65
24. 70

100.0
108.1
103. 5
101.9

52.7
100.0
97.4
99.0
100.8

100.0
105.2
102.5
102.7

$23. 38
24. 27
24.45
25.24

100.0
109.7
107.0
106.4

52.3
100.0
94.6
97.7
101.4

100.0
103.8
104.6
108.0

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

Cattle-killing Department

MALES

Drivers and penners:
1917...... ................................. ........
1921........................ .........................
1923.................... ................. ..........
1925....................................... .........
1927.................................................




24
16
30
58
57

67
30
87
178
194

48.3
53.0
51.7
51.4

$0. 253
.484
.458
.473
.491

3

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T a b le

1 . — Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Cattle-killing Department— C ontinued

Sex, occupation, and year

m a le

Index
Aver­
Aver­
Aver­
age
age
age
full­
full­
Aver­
earn­
time age full­
time
hours ings per earn­
time
hour ings per hours
per
week
week
per
week

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num ­
ber of
em­
ploy­
ees

40
27
29
53
59

58
33
48
79
80

48.0
52.4
49.2
49.3

30
24
26
41
37

48
34
71
90
64

47.9
52.5
49.7
49.7

.276
.502
.495
.543
.535

2
2
3
3
3

2
2
3
3
3

48.0
50.0
48.0
48.0

22
15
17
25
28

27
20
28
33
37

46
23
28
51
51

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

s— continued

Knockers:
1917.................................................
1921.................................................
1923 ............................... .............
1925
.................................... .
1927 .
............. .......................
Shacklers or slingers:
1917 .
. . . ..................
1921:
............................
1923........... .....................................
1925............................. ........ ..........
1927........... ..................... ...............
Head holders:
1917............... .......... .......................
1921................. ................. ......... .
1923.............................................. .
1925................................. ................
1927 ............. ............ ...................
Stickers:
1917_____ _________ ___________
1921........... .....................................
1923____________________ _____ _
1925___ ______ __________ _____
1927...... ................. ........................
Headers:
1917__...................................... .......
1921___________ _______________
1923 ................................. ...........
1925 ________________ ______ —
1927
........... .........................
Droppers and pritchers-up:
1917._______ _________ ______
1921________ ____ _____________
1923.............. ......... ............ ..........
1925..._________ ______________
1927
........... .......... ..............
Foot skinners:
1917___________________________
1921..............................................
1923........... .......... .................. .......
1925______ ______ _____________
1927.................... ........ ...............
Leg breakers:
1917........... ..................................
1921 _____________ _____________
1923_____________________ _____
1925........................................... .
1927..._____ ___________ ______
Kipper s-open:
1917........... .......... ..........................
1921.................... ............ ...............
1923..............................................
1925............................................ .
1927
..................................
Gullet raisers:
1917...................................... ..........
1921_________________ ______ _
1923.................................................
1925 ........................—.......... .......
1927
.....................................
Caul pullers:
1917.................................................
1921.................... ............. .............
1923______ ______________ _____
1925__________ ________ _______
1927.......................... ................. .
Floor men or siders:
1917_____________ _____________
1921...________ _____ _________
1923....................... ............. ..........
1925..............................................
1927.................................................




$0. 294
.539 ~$25.~87~
.525
27. 51
.537
26.42
.542
26.72

166.6"
109.4
102.4
102.7

54.5
100.0
97.4
99.6
100.6

100.0
106.3
102.1
103.3

24.05
25.99
26. 99
26. 59

100.0
109.6
103.8
103.8

55.0
100.0
98.6
108.2
106.6

100.0
108.1
112.2
110.6

.576
1. 031
.919
.963
1.054

49. 49
45.95
46. 22
50. 59

100.0
104.2
100.0
100.0

55.9
100.0
89.1
93.4
102.2

100.0
92.8
93.4
102.2

48.6
53.3
50.7
48.6

.361
.605
.634
.591
.733

29. 40
33. 79
29.96
35. 62

100.0
109. 7
104.3
100.0

59.7
100.0
104.8
97.7
121.2

100.0
114.9
101.9
121.2

90
53
79
120
119

47. 6
52.1
50.0
49.0

.384
.645
.627
.641
.662

30. 70
32.67
32.05
32.44

100.0
109. 5
105.0
102.9

59.5
100.0
97.2
99.4
102.6

100.0
106.4
104.4
105.7

35
27
27
40
38

62
47
57
75
78

48.2
52.2
50.0
48.8

.266
.528
.482
.512
. 517

25.45
25.16
25. 60
25.23

100.6
108.3
103. 7
101.2

50.4
100.0
91.3
97.0
97.9

100.0
98.9
100.6
99.1

29
23
28
44
45

80
48
92
117
111

47.8
52.4
49.6
48.9

.281
.484
.498
. 515
. 535

23.14
26.10
25. 54
26.16

100.0
109. 6
103.8
102.3

58.1
100.0
102.9
106.4
110.5

100.0
112.8
110.4
113.1

45
30
30
55
55

141
89
117
181
152

47.8
52.8
49.9
49.1

.318
.574
.529
.558
.556

27.44
27. 93
27. 84
27. 30

100. 0
110.5
104.4
102.7

55.4
100.0
92.2
97.2
96.9

100.0
101.8
101.5
99.5

3
3
10
9
11

4
4
22
17
13

47.0
52.3
49.8
48.5

.343
.530
.519
.559
.558

24.91
27.14
27. 84
27. 06

100.0
111.3
106.0
103.2

64.7
100.0
97.9
105.5
105.3

100.0
109.0
111.8
108.6

5
14
10
14
10

7
18
20
21
15

48.2
53.1
49.4
48.1

.246
.474
.469
.491
.476

22. 85
24.90
24.26
22.90

100.0
110.2
102.5
99.8

51.9
100. 0
98.9
103.6
100.4

100.0
109.0
106.2
100.2

33
22
25
32
28

50
29
49
55
48

47.9
52.5
49.7
49.2

.318
.545
.523
.545
.569

26.11
27. 46
27. 09
27.99

100.0
109.6
103.8
102.7

58.3
100.0
96.0
100.0
104.4

100.0
105.2
103.8
107.2

52
30
34
62
65

200
122
195
272
280

48.0
52.6
49.9
49.2

.563
.848
.849
.856
.877

40. 70
44. 66
42.71
43.15

100.0
109.6
104.0
102. 5

66.4
100.0
100.1
100.9
103.4

100.0
109.7
104.9
106.0

4
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY
able

1 •— Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Ca ttle-killin g Depart men t—C ontinued

Sex, occupation, and year

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
Aver­
age
Aver­
full­
age
full­
earn­
time age full­
time
earn­
time
hours ings per
hour ings per hours
per
week
per
week
week

numbers of—

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num ­
ber of
em­
ploy­
ees

28
20
27
40
42

43
32
57
74
61

47.6
52.7
49.7
49.6

$0. 298
.526
.523
.534
.552

$25.04
27. 56
26. 54
27.38

100.0
110.7
104.4
104.2

56.7
100.0
99.4
101.6
104.9

100.0
110.1
106.0
109.3

15
17
20
20
22

20
22
30
28
36

47.8
51.8
49.7
48.3

.268
.532
.501
.524
.530

25.43
25.95
26. 04
25. 60

100.0
108.4
104.0
101.0

50.4
100.0
94.2
98.5
99.6

100.0
102.0
102.4
100.7

30
27
27
40
33

89
91
96
158
91

47.9
52.1
49.4
48.5

.264
.498
.476
.494
.525

23.85
24.80
24. 40
25.46

100.0
108.8
103.1
101.3

53.0
100.0
95.6
99.2
105.4

100.0
104.0
102.3
106.8

28
22
24
29
32

45
31
45
48
45

48.1
52.2
49.8
48.8

.284
.523
.492
. 531
. 540

25."16” " 166.6 ~
25.68
108.5
26.44
103. 5
26.35
101.5

54.3
100.0
94.1
101. 5
103.3

100.0
102.1
105.1
104.7

40
30
31
49
57

65
51
64
97
100

47.8
52.3
50.1
49.6

.468
.743
.740
.749
.761

35. 52
38.70
37. 52
37.75

100.0
109.4
104.8
103.8

63.0
100.0
99.6
100.8
102.4

100.0
109.0
105.6
106.3

28
21
22
31
31

78
54
91
94
87

47.6
52.4
49.5
48.6

.340
.597
. 584
. 598
.637

28. 42
30. 60
29.60
30.96

100.0
110.1
104.0
102.1

57.0
100.0
97.8
100.2
106.7

100.0
107.7
104.2
108.9

22
21
23
24
23

68
44
68
65
51

47.8
52. 9
49.1
49.0

.261
. 506
.478
.488
.501

24.19
25. 29
23. 96
24. 55

100.0
110. 7
102. 7
102.5

51.6
100.0
94. 5
96.4
99.0

100.0
104. 5
99.0
101.5

43
28
31
51
54

71
54
85
108
115

48.1
52. 5
49.8
48.9

.511
.839
.778
.782
.800

40.36
40.85
38.94
39.12

100.0
109.4
103.5
101.7

60.9
100.0
92. 7
93. 2
95.4

100.0
101.2
96.5
96.9

46
29
33
55
63

97
57
94
121
125

47.8
52.5
50.1
49.0

.319
.578
. 554
.575
. 587

27.63
29.09
28.81
28. 76

100.0
109.8
104.8
102.5

55. 2
100.0
95. 9
99.5
101. 6

100.0
105.3
104.3
104.1

10 i
5 !
7
17 !
11

21
7
15
34
25

46.9
53.1
49.3
49.4

.307
.578
.538
.532
. 538

27.11
28. 57
26. 23
26.58

100.0
113. 2
105.1
105.3

53.1
100.0
93.1
92.0
93.1

100.0
105.4
96.8
98.0

42 !
30
32
54
58 1

98
72
107
139
134

47.9
52.6
49.8
49.3

.397
.666
. 652
.655
.684

31.90
34.30
32. 62
33.72

100.0
109.8
104. 0
102.9

59.6
100.0
97.9
98.4
102.7

100.0
107. 5
102.3
105.7

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

m a i es—continued

Breast or brisket breakers and
sawyers:
1917 —...........................................
1921........... .......................... ........
1923___________________________
1925............. ...................................
1927 ________ _____ ____ ____
Crotch breakers:
1917
_____ ___________
1921_____________________ _____
1923_____ _____________________
1925______ ____________ _____
1927__ _____ ___________ _____ _
Hoisters:
1917_____ ____________________
1921___________________________
1923_____ ______________ ______
1925___________________________
1927__________________ _____
Tail rippers and pullers:
1917 ...........
1921___________________________
1923........... .......................... .........
1925................ ........................... .
1927...................... .......... ........ .......
Rumpers:
1917______________ _______ ____
1921.... ...........................................
1923-.-____ ___________________
1925--._____ __________________
1927______________ ______ _____
Fell cutters:
1917 _____ ____________________
1921_______ ________ __________
1923......................... ........ ..............
1925________________ ____ _____
1927.______ ____________ ______
Fell pullers and beaters:
1917____________________ ______
1921 __________ ______________
1923........... .................... ...............
1925__________________ ________
1927.................. .............................
Backers:
1917_____ _______ _____________
1921_............................ ................
1923_______ _________ ________
1925................................................
1927__________________________
Gutters and bung droppers:
1917—.................. ........ .................
1921._______ __________ _______
1923...... ............ .............................
1925............. .......... .........................
1927_________ ____ ___ ________
Shank skinners:
1917........... .....................................
1921...................... ................. ........
1923______ ____________________
1925_________ __________ ______
1927___________________________
Hide droppers:
1917...................... ........... .............
1921____________________ ______
1923............ ...................................
1925-........... ............. .............
1927.................................................




5

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T a b le

1 . — Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Cattle-killing Department— Continued

Sex, occupation, and year

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
Aver­
age
full­
age
full­
Aver­
earn­
time age full­
time
hours ings per earn­
time
hour ings per hours
per
week
week
per
week

numbers of—

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num ­
ber of
em­
ploy­
ees

37
29
27
46
48

93
62
106
114
94

48.0
52.4
50.2
49.2

$0.325
.579
. 552
.547
.592

$27.79
28.92
27.46
29.13

100.0
109. 2
104. 6
102.5

56.1
100.0
95.3
94. 5
102. 2

100.0
104.1
98.8
104.8

47
29
33
57
65

118
82
108
149
150

47.8
52.5
50.0
49.1

.591
.855
.857
.855
.876

40.87
44.99
42.75
43. 01

100.0
109.8
104.6
102.7

69.1
100.0
100.2
100.0
102.5

100.0
110.1
104.6
105.2

33
20
28
38
43

52
27
58
63
66

47.9
52.6
50.0
49.9

.361
.602
.611
.593
.608

28. 84
32.14
29. 65
30.34

100.0
109.8
104.4
104.2

60.0
100.0
101. 5
98.5
101.0

100.0
111.4
102.8
105.2

29
22
27
36
39

38
27
39
42
51

47.6
52.3
49.9
49.2

.271
. 513
.485
.521
.520

24. 42
25.37
26.00
25. 58

100.0
109.9
104.8
103.4

52.8
100.0
94. 5
101. 6
101.4

100.0
103.9
106.5
104.7

28
24
25
35
40

104
100
166
152
161

47.7
52.6
49.5
48.8

.273
.490
.465
.496
.509

23.37
24. 46
24. 55
24. 84

166.6
110.3
103.8
102.3

55.7
100.0
94.9
101. 2
103.9

100.0
104.7
105.0
106.3

33
19
25
46
48

88
37
74
147
137

47.8
52. 2
52.5
51.6

.360
.608
.574
.604
.598

29.06
29.96
31. 71
30.86

100.0
109. 2
109.8
107.9

59. 2
100.0
94.4
99.3
98.4

100.0
103.1
109.1
106.2

44
29
31
61
58

356
216
320
264
230

47.8
52. 5
50.1
48.8

.236
.473
.458
.440
.459

22. 61
24. 05
22. 04
22.40

100.0
109.8
104.8
102.1

49.9
100.0
96.8
93.0
97.0

100.0
106.4
97.5
99.1

43
14
23
34
28

85
17
41
53
29

48.3
52.4
49.9
50.0

.288
.558
. 517
. 509
.533

26.95
27.09
25. 40
26. 65

100.0
108. 5
103.3
103.5

51.6
100.0
92.7
91. 2
95.5

100.0
100. 5
94.2
98. 9

47
27
32
63
72

724
409
587
949
874

47.8
52.2
50. 2
49.4

.238
.471
.436
.442
.451

22. 51
22. 76
22.19
22. 28

100.0
109.2
105.0
103.3

50.5
100. 0
92.6
93.8
95.8

ioofo
101.1
98.6
99.0

32
20
24
45
34

103
56
131
121
90

48.1
51.8
50.4
49.5

. 254
. 499
.433
.455
.476

24. 00
22.43
22.93
23. 56

100. 0
107.7
104.8
102.9

50.9
100.0
86.8
91.2
95.4

100.0
93.5
95.6
98.2

54
30
34
72
74

3,292
2,077
3, 250
4,261
3,946

47.9
52.4
50.1
49.4

.318
. 570
.544
.557
.578

27. 30
28. 51
27.91
28. 55

100.0
109.4
104.6
103.1

55.8
100.0
95.4
97.7
101.4

100.0
104.4
102.2
104.6

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

males —continued

Tail sawyers:
1917........................ ........ ...............
1921
........_ _ . . . .....................
1923
.
.
.................
1925.
______ _____ ____ ________
1927
..................................
Splitters:
1917 ................................. ..........
1921......................... ................. . . .
1923.................... ................... ........
1925............................................. .
1927_____________
_________
Chuck splitters:
1917_______ ________ __________
1921........................ ........................
1923 ...... .......................... ..............
1925 ...................... ....................
1927
................................. .........
Scribers:
1917__________________________
1921
...... .................................. .
1923___________________________
1925____ _____ ________________
1927____________ ______ _______
Trimmers of bruise, rounds, necks,
skirts, and tails:
1917____________ ______ _______
1921.____ __________ __________
1923.................................................
1925
________________________
1927--_............................................
Utility men:
1917............................................. .
1921..._____ __________________
1923._______ __________________
1925______________ _____ ______
1927______________ ______ _____
Washers and wipers:
1917.______ _____________ _____
1921.......... ........... ............. ..........
1923___ _____ _______ _______
1925__________________________
1927________________________
Tongners:
1917............. ................... ... ............
1921..______ _________ ________
1923_____________ _____________
1925.................... ...........................
1927_____________ ____ ________
Laborers:
1917.............. .......... .................
1921_______ _______ ___________
1923...... .........................................
1925______________ __________ _
1927............................................. .
Truckers:
1917—......................................... .
1921.... ................. ............. ............
1923_________________ _____ ___
1925___ ____ _____ ____ _______
1927................................................
Total males:
1917......................................
1921............... ........ ............
1923........................... ..........
1925...................................
1927......................................




6

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

T a b le

1 . — Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Cattle-killing Departm ent—Continued

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

N um ­
ber of
em­
ploy­
ees

3
5

16
21
27
25
23

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
Average
Aver­
full­
full­
• age
earn­
time
time age full­
time
hours ings per earn­
per
hour ings per hours
week
per
week
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

FEMALES

Carcass wipers, bruise and tail
trimmers, and neck-rag inserters:
1917_______ _________ ______
1921................................................
1923.... ............................................
1925__ ____ _______ ___________
1927-............................. ................

5

4
8

49.9
53.8
49.2
48.3

$0.155
.342
.321

$17. 07
17. 27
17.12
17. 24

100.0
107.8
98.6
96.8

45.3
100.0
93.9
101.8
104.4

100.0
101.2
100.3
101.0

$0. 237
.451
.444
. 433
.442

$22. 01
23.18
22. 39
22. 54

100.0
107. 0
106.0
104.5

52. 5
100.0
98.4
96.0
98.0

100.0
105.3
101. 7
102.4

.348

.357

Hog-killing Department

MALES

Laborers:1
1917____________________ ______
1921___________________________
1923-________ _________________
1925-_______ _________________
1927 —........................ ................
Shacklers:
1917........... ........ ........ ...................
1921___________________________
1923___________ _____ ______
1925______ ______ _______ _____
1927___________________________
Stickers:
1917_______ ____ ______________
1921_________ _________________
1 92 3 -........................ ............. .......
1925____________ ________ _____
1 92 7 -_______ _____ ___________
Scalders:2
1917—.................................... .........
1921____________ ______ _______
1923— ____ ___________________
1925—.................. ............ .......... .
1927______ ____ _______________
Hookers-on: 3
1917________________ ____ _____
1921___________________________
1923__ ______ _____ ___________
1925__________ ______ ____ ____
1927___________________________
Shavers and scrapers:
1917___
___________ _________
1921_____ _____ _______ ____ _
1923__ ______________ _________
192 5 -........... ........... ................
1927............ ..................................
Headers:
1917.................................... ............
192 1 -...........................................
1923-_______ ____________ ____
1925___________ _______ _______
1927___________________________
Gutters, bung droppers, and rippers-open:
1917-______ __________ _______
1921.................................................
1923............. ...................
1925.... ...........................................
1927...................... ..........................

55
29
33
65
68

1,356
524
820
829
818

56
26
31
63
59

134
59
125
143
142

48.9"
52.0
52.0
50.2

.298
.542
. 549
. 548
.557

26. 50
28. 55
28. 50
27.96

100.0
106.3
106.3
102.7

55.0
100.0
101. 3
101.1
102.8

100 0
107.7
107.5
105.5

56
27
33
65
61

70
33
44
79
68

49.6
53.0
51.8
50.3

.357
.611
.652
.627
.631

30. 31
34. 56
32. 48
31. 74

100.0
106.9
104.4
101.4

58.4
100.0
106.7
102.6
103. 3

100.0
114.0
107.2
104.7

56
28
34
68
65

298
139
273
304
291

48.8
52.1
51.9
50.5

. 295
. 516
.496
.514
.521

25.18
25. 84
26. 68
26.31

100.0
106.8
106.4
103.5

57.2
100.0
96.1
99.6
101.0

100.0
102.6
106.0
104.5

51
24
33
59
55

224
69
146
214
159

48.3
52.5
51.6
50.6

.282
.509
.490
.470
.493

24. 58
25. 73
24. 25
24.95

100.0
108.7
106. 8
104.8

55.4
100.0
96. 3
92. 3
96.8

100.0
104.7
98.7
101.5

57
27
34
66
65

846
303
587
705
567

48.9
52.5
51.4
50.6

.290
.502
.497
.523
.535

24. 55
26. 09
26. 88
27. 07

100.0
107. 4
105.1
103.5

57.8
100.0
99.0
104. 2
106.6

100.0
106.3
109.5
110.3

48
24
31
61
60

85
47
67
102
105

48.4
52.6
52.0
50.2

.343
. 588
.598
.592
.594

28.46
31.45
30. 78
29.82

100.0
108.7
107.4
103.7

58.3
100.0
101.7
100.7
101.0

100.0
110.5
108.2
104.8

57
28
32
64
66

206
100
172
242
219

48.7
52.4
51.9
50.4

.337
.584
.572
.590
.589

28. 44
29.97
30. 62
29. 69

100.0
107.6
106.6
103.5

57. 7
100.0
97.9
101.0
100.9

100.0
105.4
107.7
104.4

48.8
52.2
51.7
51.0

1Includes drivers, penners, steamers, singers, washers, aitchbone breakers, and toe pullers.
2 Includes tub men, droppers, gamb cutters, polemen, and duckers.
* Includes hookers-off, hangers-off, straighteners, and chain feeders.




7

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY

1 . — Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified yearsf
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued

T a b le

Hog-killing Department—Continued

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

N um ­
ber of
empioy-

Index
AverAver­
age
age
full­
Aver­
full­
earn­
time age full­
time
hours ings per earn­
time
per
hour ings per hours
per
week
week
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

m a l e s — continued

H a m facers:

56
34
38

1917_____________ ____________
1921.... ............ ........... ................
1923-...........................................
1925...... ..................... ..................
1927...................... ........................

60.6
100.0
103.7
107.4
108.9

52.2
51.4
49.5

$0. 328
.541
.561
.581
.589

$26. 40
29.28
29. 86
29.16

100.0
107.0
105.3
101.4

48.8
52.3
51.5
50.1

.364
.621
.627
.635
.630

30.30
32. 79
32.70
31. 56

100.0
107.2
105.5
102.7

49.1
53.0
51.9
50.8

.301
.526
.521
.512
.509

25.83
27.61
26. 57
25.86

107.9
105.7
103.5

48.6
52.6
51.6
51.0

.251
.442
.439
.451
.449

21.48
23.09
23. 27
22. 90

48.3
52.5
51.6
50.7

.277
.501
.479
.494
.513

24. 20
25.15
25. 49
26. 01

100.0

100.0

108.7
106.8
105.0

95.6
98.7
102.4

48.5
52.3
51.7
50.7

.331
.566
.561
.575
.588

27.45
29. 34
29.73
29. 81

100.0
107.8
106.6
104.5

100.0

93
136
109
79

49.1
52.2
52.4
50.9

.241
.446
.440
.436
.426

21. 90
22. 97
22.85
21.68

100.0

4,098
1, 756
2,907
3, 463
3,132

48.8
52.3
51.7
50.6

.281
.507
.499
.512
.521

24.74
26.10
26. 47
26.36

48.0
51.4
50.5
51.4

.150
.351
.341
.343
.358

16.85
17.53
17.32
18.40

68

65

100.0

110.9
113.1
110.5

Splitters:

1917.................... .................... .
1921.____ ________ _______ ___
1923_________ ____ ___________
1925____________________ _____
1927_____________ _____ ______

143

68

119
170

58.6
100.0
101.0

102.3
101.4

100.0
108.2
107.9
104.2

Leaf-lard pullers:

1917________ ____ _____ ______
1921....................... .......................
1923______________ ____ ______
1925________________ _________
1927_______________ _____ ____

44
97
101

100

100.0

57.2
10.0
99.1
97.3

100.0
106.9
102.9
100.1

Leaf-lard scrapers:

1917............................................
1921.................... — ............ ........
1923....................... ......................
1925____________________ _____
1927_____ ____________________

100.0

108.2
106.2
104.9

56.8
100.0
99.3
102.0
101.6

100.0
107.5
108.3
106.6

Bruise trim m ers, head removers,
and k id n ey pullers:

1917____________ ____ ________
1921.______ ____ _____ _______
1923__________________________
1925-................. .........................
1927__________________________

49

139
107
125
135
118

55.3
100.0
103.9
105.3
107.5

U tility m en:

1917__________________________
1921.................................— ........
1923______________ ____ ______
1925. - _______ _______________
1927______________ ______ ____
Truckers:

1917_____________ ____ _______
1921__________________________
1 9 2 3 -.-_______ ________ ______
1925...................... .......... ..............
1927...... ........................................

197
115
107
200

193

201

58.5
99.1

101.6

103.9

100.0
106.9
108.3
108.6

106.3
106.7
103.7

54.0
100.0
98.7
97.8
95.5

100.0

100.0

100.0

98.4

105.5
107.0
106.5

100.0

104.9
104.3
99.0

T o ta l males:

1917..................................
1921.................... ...............
1 923-................... ...........
1925................ ...................
1927....................................

55.4
107.2
105.9
103.7

101.0
102.8

100.0

100.0

FEMALES
K id n ey pullers, shavers, singers,
neck brushers, and spreaders:

1917______________ ___________
1921........................... ........ ..........
1923...............................................
1925..............................................
1927...............................................




42.7

107. 1
105.2
107.1

97.2
97.7

102.0

100.0
104.0
102.8

109.2

8
T

SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

able

1 . — Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years.
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Sheep-killing and Calf-killing Department

Sex, occupation, and year

Index
Aver­
Aver­
N um ­ Num­
Aver­
age
age
full­
Aver­
age
ber of ber of
full­
earn­
time age full­
em­
estab­
time
lish­
time
ploy- ' hours ings per earn­
ments
hour ings per hours
per
ees
week
per
week
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

MALES

Laborers: *
1917
.............
1921______________ ___________ _
1923 _________ _______ ________
1925.__________ _______________
1927 ___________ _____ ________
Shacklers:
1917 _
__________________
1921________________________
1923___________________________
1925___________________________
1927 __________________________
Stickers:
1917___________________________
1921______________________
1923
1925 ________________________
1927___________________________
Joint b r e a k e r s :
1917
_________
1921___________________________
1923
1925___________________________
1927__________________________
Scalpers:
1917
_________ _____
1921
1923
_________
1925__________________________
1927__________________________
Miscellaneous workers: 5
1917_________________________
1921_________________________
1923. _____ _________________
1925___________________________
1927_________________________
Leggers (fore and hind):
1917_________________________
1921___________________________
1923____ ____ _________________
1925________ ______ ___ _____
1927_____ ____ ________________
Brisket or breast pullers:
1917_____________ ____ ____
1921_______________________
1923 ........... .............................
1925........................................... .
1927__________ ____ ______ _
Facers:
1917...____ _______ _____ ___
1921..._________ ____________
1923______________ __________
1925_.................... ........ .................
1927__________________________
Bumpers and back pullers:
1917...................... .......................
1921........... ............ ........ ............
1923............. ..............................
1925___________________ _______
1927__________________ ______
Brisket or breast splitters:
1917_____ ______________ ____
1921___________________________
1923............................. .......... ........
1925.................... ...........................
1927............. ...................................

26
18
20
26
27

280
201
249
331
255

48.2
52. 6
49. 2
49.0

$0. 237
.471
.448
.450
.461

$22. 70
23. 56
22.14
22. 59

100.0
109.1
102.1
101.7

50.3
100.0
95.1
95.6
97.9

100.0
103.8
97.5
99.5

19
13
18
26
23

29
30
41
58
43

47.8
52.7
48.9
49.3

.252
.480
.488
. 500
.539

22. 94
25. 72
24. 45
26. 57

100.0
110.3
102.3
103.1

52.5
100.0
101.7
104.2
112.3

100. 0
112.1
106. 6
115.8

13
14
22
21

18
16
20
28
28

48.0
51. 7
49.1
48.5

.285
. 505
. 527
.518
.615

24. 24
27. 25
25. 43
29. 83

100. 0
107. 7
102.3
101.0

56.4
100.0
104.4
102.6
121.8

100. 0
112.4
104.9
123.1

12
9
14
14
12

16
12
25
20
18

48.0
53.6
49.2
49.1

.271
..488
.474
.508
.499

23. 42
25. 41
24. 99
24. 50

100. 0
111. 7
102. 5
102.3

55. 5
100.0
97.1
104. 1
102.3

100.0
108.5
106.7
104. 6

15
8
10
15
12

22
11
23
24
20

48. 0
52. 7
49.3
48.5

.270
. 552
.493
.5^9
.541

26. 50
25. 98
25.59
26.24

100.0
110. 0
102. 7
101.0

48.9
100.0
89. 3
102 7
98.0

100.0
98.0
96. 6
99.0

16
16
17
21
22

70
101
112
93
87

47.8
53.0
49.4
48.6

.256
.480
.481
.485
. 521

22. 94
25. 49
23. 96
25. 32

100. 0
110. 9
103.3
101.7

53.3
100. 0
100. 2
101.0
108. 6

100.0
111. 1
104. 4
110. 4

22
17
19
27
29

97
95
137
159
143

47.9
52.8
49.0
48.7

.334
.561
.573
.582
.604

26. 87
30. 25
28. 52
29. 41

100.0
110.2
102.3
101.7

59. 5
100.0
102.1
103.7
107.7

100.0
112.6
106.1
109.5

22
13
19
21
25

46
33
42
52
51

47.8
53.1
49.3
49.0

.346
.604
.602
.620
.646

28.87
31.97
30. 57
31.65

100.0
111. 1
103.1
102.5

57.3
100.0
99.7
102.7
107. 0 •

100.0
110.7
105.9
109.6

21
15
18
21
25

79
66
94
88
105

48.0
53.2
48.8
48.9

.453
.677
.679
.681
.736

32. 50
36.12
33.23
35.99

100.0
110.8
101.7
101.9

66.9
100.0
100.3
100.6
18.7

100.0
111.1
102.2
110.7

20
16
17
21
23

50
66
71
82
71

48.0
52.7
49.4
48.9

.307
.544
.578
.566
.601

26.11
30. 46
27.96
29.. 39

100.0
109.8
102.9
101.9

56.4
100.0
106.3
104.0
110.5

100.0
116.7
107.1
112.6

14
9
12
15
23

19
11
18
22
39

47.7
53.1
49.0
48.8

.302
.498
.529
.543
.590

23.75
28. 09
26. 61
28.79

100.0
111.3
102.7
102.3

60.6
100.0
106.2
109.0
118.5

100.0
118.3
112.0
121.2

1

4 Includes drivers, penners, holders, shovers, hookers-on to conveyors, hangers-up of racks, and squilgeers.
1 Includes hookers-up of fore quarters and hind legs, shoulder punchers, and shank pinners.




9

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T a b le

1 . — Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Sheep-killing and Calf-killing Department—Continued

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num ­
ber of
em­
ploy­
ees

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
age
Aver­
full­
full­
age
Aver­
time
earn­
time age full­
hours ings per• earn­
time
per
hour ings per■ hours
week
week
per
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

males —continued

Pelt droppers:
1917_...............................................
1921.............................................
1923................................ ................
1925... ............................................
1 9 2 7 .-...., — - . . ........................
Scrubbers, washers, and wipers:
1917..........
1921.......................... .
1923....................... .......................
1925............. ...................................
1927__________ ____ ________ _
Caul pullers:
1917____ ______ _______ ______
1921................................... .........
1923______ _______ _______ ____
1925____________ ____ _________
1927___________________________
Gutters, bung droppers, and rippers-open:
1917...................... .......... ........
1921...... ..................... .............
1923 .................. ........................
1925................................................
1927__________________________
Headers and neck trimmers:
1921................ ......... ....................
1923 ..............................................
1925 ....................................
1927 ...............................................
Dressers:6
1917 ..........................................
1921______________________ ____
1923.................... ..........................
1925 ...........................................
1927................................ ...............
Luggers:
1917
...
...................
1921..................... ........................
1923 ...........................................
1925
......... .......................
1927 - . _______________ ____
Utility men, spellers, handy men,
and all-round men:
1917
1921........... ............. ....................
1923
.........................................
1925
................................. .
1927
............. .........................
Sheep or calf butchers:
1917
1921
.. .
............. ........
1923 ..............................................
1925 ................................... .......
1927 ............................................. Total, males:
1917
1921
...........................
1923 ........... ........................
1925 .................................
1927
............................

9
9
8
18
14

14
11
U
41
42

47. 7
52.9
49.9
48.8

$0. 261
.483
.521
.600
.650

$23.04
27. 56
29.94
31. 72

100.0
110.9
104.6
102.3

54.0
100.0
107.9
124.2
134.6

100.0
119.6
129.9
137.7

14
14
15
21
22

58
77
105
110
90

47.8
53.6
49.5
48.3

. 240
.458
.435
.451
.479

21.89
23. 32
22. 32
23.14

100.0
112.1
103.6
101.0

52.4
100.0
95.0
98. 5
104.6

100.0
106. 5
102.0
105.7

11
10
14
14
17

19
17
25
23
29

48.0
53.1
49.3
48.8

.305
.527
.517
. 512
.557

25.30
27.45
25.24
27.18

100.0
110.6
102.7
101.7

57.9
100.0
98.1
97.2
105.7

100.0
108. 5 ’
99.8
107.4

19
17
18
23
28

32
45
51
74
68

47.9
52.4
48.9
48.8

.293
. 503
.507
.515
.557

24.09
26. 57
25.18
27.18

166.0
109.4
102.1
101.9

58.3
100.0 I
100.8
102.4 i
110.7

100.0
110. 3
104. 5
112.8

14
15
21
21

35
44
54
43

47.9
52.8
49.6
49.2

.489
.458
.504
. 526

23.42
24.18
25.00
25.88

100.0
110.2
105.2
102.7

100.0
93.7
103.1
107.6

100.0
103.2
106.8
110.5

22
1
6
6
3

112
4
11
7
4

48.0
51.3
48.0
51.5

.404
.640
.847
.559
.532

30. 72
43.45
26.83
27.40 |

100.0
106.9
100.0
107.3

63.1
100.0
132.4
87.3
83.1

100.0
141.4
87.3
89.2

16
12
15
19
15

31
22
57
57
37

47.9
52.1
48.5
48.5

.262
.508
.512
.498
.508

24.33
26.68
24.15
24.64

100.0
108.8
101.3
101.3

51.6
100.0 !
100.8
98.0
100.0

100.0
109. 7
100.0
101.3

10
15
13
25
24

16
35
29
45
43

49.5
52.8
48.9
49.4

.339
.657
.570
.601
.609

32. 52
30.10
29. 39
30.08

100.0
106.7
98.8
99.8

51.6
100.0
86.8
91.5
92.7

100.0
92.6
90.4
92.5

11
6
11
25
23

37
66
26
61
50

52.5
52.6
51.3
50.8

.652
1.381
.739
.805
.747

72.50
38.87
41.30
37.95

100.0
100. 2
97.7
96.8

47.2
100.0
53.5
58.3
54.1

100.0
53.6
57.0
52.3

31
21
19
41
49

1, 063
954
1,191
1,429
1,266

48.3
52.6
49.2
48.9

.314
.585
.523
.536
.568

28.26
27. 51
26. 37
27.78

100.0
108.9
101.9
101.2

53.7
100.0
89.4
91.6
97.1

100.0
97.3
93.3
98.3

* Includes rib sawyers or Boston cutters, setters or Boston setters, caul dressers, and dressers.




10
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

able

1 .— Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— C o n tin u e d
Offal (Other T han Hides and Casings) Departm ent

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
estab-1 em­
lish- I ploy­
ments
ees

Index
Aver­
Aver­
Aver­
age
age
Aver­
age
full­
full­
earn­
time age full­
time
time
hours ings per earn­
hour ings per hours
per
week
per
week
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

MALES
Chiselers, cheekers, and templers:
1917
...................... ... .......... .
1921........................ ........... ...........
1923.................................................
1925.... ............................................
1927.................................................
Machine operators:7
1917............ ...................................
1921......................... ............. .......
1923.._____ ______________ ____
1925.................. ..............................
1927________________ __________
Trimmers:
1917...............................................
1921.______ ___________________
1923___________________________
1925._____ ____________________
1927_________________ _____ ___
Pluck trimmers:
1917_________________ _________
1921____ _______ ______________
1923................... ............................
1925____________________ ______
__________________ ______
1927
Inspectors and graders:
1917_____ __________ _________ _
1921______ ____________ _______
1923________ __________________
1925........................ . . . .
1927___ __________ ___________
Laborers:
1917............................. ............. .
1921.................................................
1923...... .......................... ................
1925............................... ..............
1927...... ............................ ..............
Rippers-open of paunches and
pecks:
1917........................................... .
1921................................ ...............
1923........... ...................................
1925.................................................
1927...... ...........................................
Washers:
1917.................... ...........................
1921................ .......... .....................
1923................ ..............................
1925................ ...............................
1927...................................
Truckers:
1917...................... ........ ................
1921.................................
.
1923................. ______
1925................................................
1927........................... ....................
Tripe washers:
1917................................ ................
1921.................. ..................
1923...............................
1925............. .................
1927............................. ...................
Tripe scalders and cookers:
1917............. ...................................
1921.................................................
1923............................................
1925...................................
1927.................................................

40
30
35
63
61

150
217
271
269
196

48.2
51.8
50.2
49.7

$0,326
.585
.595
.574
.561

$28.20
30.82
28. 81
27.88

100.0
107. 5
104.1
103.1

55. 7
100.0
101.7
98.1
95.9

100.0
109.3
102.2
98.9

54
29
34
64
67

272
164
280
333
395

47.8
52.8
50.3
49.7

.265
.490
.485
.507
.511

23. 42
25. 61
25. 50
25. 40

100.0
110. 5
105.2
104.0

54.1
100.0
99.0
103.5
104.3

100.0
109.4
108.9
108.5

60
32
36
60
70

1,238
471
768
597
684

47.9
52.4
49.6
49,7

.279
.504
.499
.500
.532

24.14
26.15
24.80
26.44

100.0
109.4
103. 5
103.8

55.4
100.0
99.0
99.2
105.6

100.0
108.3
102. 7
109.5

31
30
33
56
59

60
103
174
187
182

47.7
52.9
50.2
49.6

.262
.493
.491
.498
.516

23. 52
25. 97
25.00
25. 59

166.0
110.9
105.2
104.0

53.1
100.0
99. 6
101.0
104.7

100.0
110.4
106.3
108.8

9
6
12
17
16

20
12
21
23
49

48.0
52.0
50.1
48.4

.253
.466
.462
.459
.669

22. 37
24.02
23.00
32. 38

100.0
108.3
104.4
100.8

54.3
100. 0
99.1
98.5
143.6

100.0
107.4
102.8
144.8

38
32
35
51
62

677
331
451
515
423

48.1
50.3
49.3
50.0

.232
.473 "~22.75" ”
.431
21. 68
.441
21. 74
.445
22. 25

166.6’
104. 6
102. 5
104.0

49.1
100.0
91.1
93.2
94.1

100.0
95.3
95.6
97.8

43
23
28
49
54

93
69
100
121
115

48.0
52.9
49.4
49.7

.267
.475
.467
. 489
.510

22.80
24.70
24.16
25. 35

100.0
110.2
102.9
103.5

56.2
100.0
98.3
102.9
107.4

100.0
108.3
106.0
111.2

47
18
29
39
40

240
77
124
138
123

47.9
51.6
49.2
49.9

. 258
.464
.451
.471
.469

22. 23
23. 27
23.17
23.40

100.0
107.7
102.7
104.2

55.6
100.0
97.2
101.5
101.1

100.0
104.7
104.2
105.3

37
26
29
46
45

241
214
472
289
238

48.0
52.9
49.8
49.3

. 242
.456
.433
.442
.463

21.89
22. 91
22. 01
22.83

100.0
110.2
103.8
102.7

53.1
100.0
95.0
96. 9
lOl! 5

100.0
104.7
100.5
104.3

47
28
30
50
46

165
77
115
116
120

48.3
52.6
50.5
49.2

.255
.529
.489
.528
.515

25. 55
25. 72
26. 66
25.34

100.0
108.9
104.6
101.9

48.2
100.0
92.4
99.8
97.4

100.0
100.7
104.3
99.2

22
12
15
29
21

59
21
28
43
33

48.0
52.5
49.7
48.5

.272
.482
23.14
.482
25.31
.554
27. 53
.527 ’ 25.56

100.0
109.4
103.5
LQi.Q

56.4
100.0
100.0
114.9
109.3

100.0
109. 4
119.0
110.5

7 Includes skull splitters, jawbone pullers, horn sawyers, and teeth grinders.




11

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T

able

1 . — Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
OiTal (Other Than Hides and Casings) Departm ent—Continued

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
em­
estab­
lish­
ploy­
ees
ments

Index
Aver­
Aver­
Aver­
age
age
age
full­
Aver­
full­
earn­
time age full­
time
time
hours ings per earn­
hour ings per hours
per
week
weeTk
per
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

males —continued

Tripe scrapers and finishers:
1917........... ....................................
1921.................... .........................
1923________ ____________ _____
1925...................................... .........
1927___________________________
Shavers, cleaners, scrapers, and
singers, pigs’ feet:
1917..............................................
1921_____ _____________________
1923.____ _______ _____ _______
1925___________________________
1927________ __________________
Splitters and trimmers, pigs’ feet:
1917___________________________
1921................................................
1923................................................
1925............... .......................... .
1927____________ ____ _________
Finishers, pigs’ feet:
1 9 1 7 ........................ ...............
1921........................ .....................
1923___ _______ _______________
1925___________________________
1927___________________________
Utility men, slunk skinners, and
spell men:
1917_ _ ________ _______
1921____________________ ______
1923_____ _______________ __
1925....................... ............. ........
1927___________________________
Total males:
1917
1921___ _____ ___________
1923_____________________
1925_____________________
1927_____________________

35
24
31
49
47

157
115
209
227
194

48.2
52.6
49. 7
49.0

$0.414
.530
.583
.590
.573

$25. 55
30. 67
29.32
28.08

100.0
109.1
103.1
101.7

78.1
100.0
110.0
111.3
108.1

100.0
120.0
114.8
109.9

35
19
24
36
28

116
54
91
100
61

49.7
51.3
51.1
49.5

.289
.484
.472
.485
' .527

24.05
24.21
24.78
26.09

100.0
103.2
102.8
99.6

59.7
100.0
97.5
100.2
108.9

100.0
100.7
103.0
108.5

18
10
2
15
10

38
14
3
32
18

48.9
52.0
50.4
48.5

.257
.465
.457
.562
.501

22.74
23. 76
28. 32
24. 30

100.0
106.3
103.1
99.2

55.3
100.0
98.3
120.9
107.7

100.0
104.5
124.5
106.9

9
4
6
8
6

18
6
10
13
12

48.0
49.4
51.2
48.4

.277
.450
.441
.467
.488

21.60
21. 79
23. 91
23. 62

100.0
102.9
106.7
100.8

61.6
100.0
98.0
103.8
108.5

100.0
100.9
110.7
109.4

30
26
29
45
50

93
89
139
173
164

47.7
52.8
50.7
49.5

.289
.493
. 511
.493
.522

23. 52
26. 98
25.00
25. 84

100.0
110.7
106.3
103.8

58.6
100.0
103. 7
100.0
105.9

100.0
114.7
106.3
109.9

62
33
37
89
81

3,637
2,034
3, 256
3,176
3,007

48.0
52.2
49.9
49.6

.272
.499
.489
.499
.512

23.95
25.53
24.90
25. 40
_______

100.0
108.8
104.0
103.3

54.5
100.0
98.0
100.0
102.6

100.0
106.6
104.0
106.1

4
6
4

9
17
4

48.0
50.8
49.5

.396
.373
.436

19.01
18.95
21.58

100.0
105.8
103.1

100.0
94.2
110.1

100.0
99.7
113.5

3
4
7
6
8

5
4
28
9
12

48.0
53.8
51.3
50.3

.197
.378
.365
.413
.437

18.14
19. 64
21.19
21.98

100.0
112.1
106.9
104.8

52.1
100.0
96.6
109.3
115.6

100.0
108.3
116.8
121.2

16
14
15
22
24

90
103
198
139
169

48.0
52.9
50.7
49.9

.182
.382
.367
.374
.373

18.34
19.41
18.96
18.61

100.0
110.2
105.6
104.0

47.6
100.0
96.1
97.9
97.7

100.0
105.8
103.4
101.5

6

19
15
6
13

46.3
52.0
52.3
51.5

.340
.373
.406
.374

15.74
19.40
21.23
19.26

100.0
112.3
113.0
111.2

100.0
109.7
119.4
101.0

100.0
123.3
134.9
122.4

2
11
3
6

48.0
53.5
52.0
51.0

.371
.335
.372
.320

17.81
17.92
19.34
16.32

111.5
108.3
106.3

100.0

100.0
90.3
100.3
86.3

108.6
91.6

FEMALES

Chiselers, cheekers, and templers:
1921_____ ______ ____ _________
1923 _________________________
1927................................................
Machine operators:7
1917
1921______________ _______ ____
1923__________________ ______ __
1625____ ______________________
1927.............. ......... ..................
Trimmers:
1917
1921.__________ __________ ____
1923....................................... .........
1925.____ _____________________
1927
___________ ____________
Pluck trimmers:
1921................................................
1923.................................................
1925................. ............. ................
1927......................... .......................
Inspectors and graders:
1921.................... ............................
1923 ...................... ........................
1925.................................................
1927............................................ -

8
5
8
2
3
2
4

7 Includes skull splitters, jawbone pullers, horn sawyers, and teeth grinders.




100.0
100.6

12

SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

T a b le

1 . — Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Offal (Other T han Hides and Casings) Departm ent—Continued

Sex,

o c c u p a tio n , a n d y e a r

fem ales—

Num ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
em­
estab­
lish­
ploy­
ees
ments

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
Aver­
age
full­
Aver­
full­
age
earn­
time
time age full­
hours ings per earn­
time
per
hour ings per hours
week
week
per
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

c o n tin u e d

Packers:
1921________________ __________
1923___________________________
1925___________________________
Miscellaneous w orkers:8
1917
____ _____________ ____
1921....................................... .........
1923 ............................. ..................
1925........... ..................... ................
1927._____ ______ _____________
Shavers, cleaners, scrapers, and
singers, pigs’ feet:
1917................................................
1921................ ........ .......................
1923.................................................
1925__________ ________________
1927______ ____________________
Splitters and trimmers, pigs’ feet:
1917___ _________ _______ ______
1921 _____ _________ ___________
1993
H 2 ...................... ........................
92 .................. ...........................
Total, females:
1917.....................................
1921______________ ______
1923________________
1925......................... ............
1927.................................. .

3
5
6

7
20
13

45.7
54.1
51.2

$0.351
.320
.335

$16.04
17.31
17.15

100.0
118.4
112.0

100.0
91.2
95.4

100.0
107.9
106.9

15
13
15
24
30

144
73
180
154
110

47.6
52.1
50.7
49.2

. 167
.353
.341
.297
.348

16.80
17. 77
15.06
17.12

100.0
109. 5
106.5
103.4

47.3
100.0
96.6
84.1
98.6

100.0
105.8
89.6
101.9

13
5
8
6
5

49
20
24
16
13

48.0
52.8
52.1
48.2

.170
.362
.340
.379
.328

17.38
17.95
19.75
15.81

100.0
110.0
108. 5
100.4

46.9
100.0
93.9
104.7
90.6

100.0
103.3
113.6
91.0

9
3
5
3
3

22
4
16
4
3

51.0
52.9
51.0
48.0

.205
.288
.363
.392
.387

14.69
19. 20
19.99
18.58

100.0
103.7
100.0
94.1

71. 2
100.0
126.0
136.1
134.4

100.0
130. 7
136.1
126.5

17
22
22
35
35

310
241
509
344
330

47.9_
52.6
50.7
50.0

.174
.367
.354
.341
.364

17.58
18. 62
17. 29
18.20

100.0
109.8
105. 8
104.4

47.4
100.0
96. 5
92.9
99.2

100.0
105.9
98. 4
103.5

100.0
108.7
103.7
102.9

57.3
100.0
98.8
103.8
107.8

100.0
107.4
107.7
110.9

100.0 108.3
102.9
102.5

54.3
100.0
99.0
101.9
103.9

100.0
107.2
104.8
106.5

Hide Department

MALES

Inspectors, graders, and trimmers:
1917......
............... ..................
1921................................................
1923 ............. ........... ........ ............
1925______ _______ ____ _______
1927_____________ ___________ _
Spreaders and salters:
1917..............................................
1921_____ __________ __________
1923________________ __________
1925___________________________
1927 ___
- ____ _______
Laborers:
1917............................................
1921 __________ ________________
1923............ ............................ .
1925............................... ........... .
1927........... ........... ............. .........
Total, males:
1917......................................
1921......................................
1923.....................................
1925...... ................................
1927.....................................

48
30
34
57
60

194
161
231
234
232

48.1
52.3
49.9
49.5

$0. 287
.501
.495
.520
.540

$24.10
25.89
25.95
26.73

35
29
33
62
66

219
192
280
351
376

48.2
52.2
49.6
49.4

.264
.486
.481
.495
.505

23.43
25.11
24. 55
24.95

42
26
31
47
51

805
461
846
819
723

48.1
52.3
49.9
49.2

.237
. 452 ” 21.’ 74_ ”
22.65
.433
.439
21.91
23.37
.475

166.0'
108.7
103.7
102.3

52.4
100.0
95.8
97.1
105.1

100.0
104.2
100.8
107.5

55
30
34
67
71

1, 218
814
1, 357
1,404
1,331

48.1
52.3
49.8
49.3

.252
.470
.455
.470
.497

100.0
108.7
103.5
102.5

53.6
100.0
96.8
100.0
105.7

100.0
105.3
103.5
107.9

22.61
23.80
23.41
24. 40

* Includes washers and tripe washers, scalders, cookers, scrapers, and finishers.




13

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T a b le

1 . — Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Casing Department

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
em­
estab­
lish­
ploy­
ees
ments

Index
Aver­
Aver­
Aver­
age
age
full­
full­
age
Aver­
earn­
time age full­
time
time
hours ings per earn­
hour ings per hours
per
week
week
per
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

MALES
Casing pullers or runners:
1917_________________ _________
1921______________ ________ ___
1923............. ................... ...............
1925....................................... ........
1927............. ...................................
Strippers:
1917........................ ........................
1921................................................
1923..................... ..........................
1925. ______ ______________ ____
1927__________ __________ _____
Fatters and slimers:
1917__________________ ____ ___
1921............. .................... ..............
1923.................................................
1925...................... ..........................
1927_________ ________ ________
Turners:
1917................................................
1921.................... ................... ........
1923________ _____________ ____
1925___________________________
1927_______ _____ _____________
Blowers, graders, and inspectors:
1917._____ ____________ _______
1921___________ _____ ____ ____
1923________ ________ ____ ____
1925................................................
1927___________________________
Measurers and bunchers:
1917........... ................. ..................
1921........... ............ ........................
1923........... ....................................
1925_______ _____ ____ _______ _
1927........... .....................................
Salters and packers:
1917___________________________
1921______ ____________________
1923........................ ............... .......
1925______________ ____________
1927___________________________
Trimmers of casings:
1917
........................................
1921.................................... ..........
1923._____ _________ __________
1925.._____ ______________ ____
1927______ ______ ________
Blowers and tiers of bladders and
weasands:
1917...................... ............. ...........
1921...... ......................... ...............
1923............................. .................
1925........... ....................................
1927____________ _______ ______
General workers:
1917_______ _____ _______ _____
1921_______________ _________
1923_________ ____ _______ ____
1925........................................ .......
1927.................... ............................
Laborers:
1917................................................
1921............................................... .
1923....................................... .
1925............................................ .
1927......... ......................................

109538°— 29------ 2




59
32
34
69
68

597
408
548
620
609

48. 5
52. 3
50.1
49.4

$0.296
.526
. 518
. 521
.542

$25. 51
27.09
26.10
26. 77

100.0
107.8
103.3
101.9

56.3
100.0
98. 5
99.0
103.0

100.0
106.2
102.3
104.9

49
28
32
55
53

305
203
313
270
279

47.9
52. 7
50.3
49.2

. 262
.483
.474
.499
.505

23.14
24. 98
25.10
24. 85

100.0
110. 0
105.0
102.7

54. 2
100.0
98.1
103.3
104. 6

100.0
108.0
108. 5
107.4

52
30
29
61
61

571
336
427
558
626

48.4
52.9
50.0
48.8

.312
.547
.611
. 556
.556

26.47
32. 32
27. 80
27.13

100.0
109.3
103.3
100.8

57.0
100.0
111. 7
101. 7
101.6

100.0
122.1
105.0
102.5

36
31
26
44
47

112
99
128
173
143

48.2
52.6
49.9
48.9

.264
.516
.479
.490
.505

24.87
25.20
24. 45
24. 69

100.0
109.1
103.5
101.5

51.2
100. 0
92.8
95.0
97.9

100.0
101.3
98.3
99.3

39
28
27
45
51

152
94
130
164
182

49.1
52.8
49.8
48.7

.267
.495
.484
.489
.537

24. 30
25. 56
24. 35
26.15

100.0
107.5
101.4
99.2

53.9
100.0
97.8
98.8
108. 5

100.0
105. 2
100. 2
107.6

30
26
23
42
37

62
59
65
100
81

48.4
53.0
50.3
49.0

.283
.512
.486
.519
.528

24.78
25. 76
26.11
25.87

100.0
109.5
103.9
101.2

55.3
100.0
94.9
101.4
103.1

100.0
104.0
105.4
104.4

40
27
30
51
45

190
132
158
219
197

48.1
52. 6
49.9
48.8

.278
.502
.479
.501
.530

24.15
25. 20
25.00
25.86

100.0
109.4
103.7
101.5

55.4
100.0
95.4
99.8
105.6

100.0
104.4
103.5
107.1

50
29
32
55
51

299
163
213
240
233

48.1
52.0
50.1
49.0

.280
.510
.508
.511
.539

24. 53
26. 42
25. 60
26.41

100.0
108.1
104. 2
101.9

54.9
100.0
99.6
100. 2
105. 7

100.0
107.7
104.4
107.7

16
7
14
14
21

29
14
23
34
29

48.0
51. 7
49.1
48.7

.268
.492
.472
.496
.468

23. 62
24.40
24. 35
22. 79

100.0
107. 7
102.3
101.5

54.5
100.0
95.9
100.8
95.1

100.0
103.3
103.1
96.5

58
27
34
63
65

410
121
313
377
296

49.5
52.3
50.9
49.8

.275
.512
.490
.505
.515

25. 34
25. 63
25. 70
25. 65

100.0
105.7
102.8
100.6

53.7
100.0
95.7
98.6
100.6

100.0
101.1
101.4
101.2

30
20
27
41
33

307
108
165
217
133

48.7
52.6
49.7
49.1

.228
.462
.418
.433
.454

22. 50
21.99
21.52
22.29

100.0
108.0
102.1
100.8

49.4
100.0
90. 5
93. 7
98.3

100.0
97.7
95.6
99.1

14
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

able

1 .— Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Casing Department—Continued

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
Aver­
age
Aver­
full­
full­
age
earn­
time age full­
time
hours ings per earn­
time
per
hour ings per hours
week
per
week
week

numbers of—

Num ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
em­
ploy­
ees

Truckers:
1917...............................................
1921__________ ________________
1923 _________ ______________
1925................................. ..............
1927._______ __________________

15
16
16
28
18

47
55
116
59
46

48.8
53.1
50.2
48.2

$0. 238
.445
.430
.446
.485

$21. 72
22. 83
22. 39
23.38

166.0
108.8
102.9
98.8

53.5
100.0
96. 6
100. 2
109.0

100.0
105.1
103.0
107.6

Total, males:
1917______________ ______
1921.....................................
1923......................... ..........
1925....................................
1927.................................... .

62
32
34
78
76

3,081
1, 792
2, 599
3,031
2,854

48.4
52. 6
50.1
49.1

.279
.512
. 507
.510
.529

24. 78
26. 67
25. 55
25. 97

100.0
108.7
103. 5
101.4

54.5
100.0
99. 0
99. 6
103.3

100. 0
107.6
103 1
104.8

2
5
6
10
14

2
17
39
75
59

48. 0
51.1
51.0
49.4

. 196
. 401
. 378
. 386
! 391

19. 25
19. 32
19. 69
19. 32

100.0
106. 5
106. 3
102.9

48.9
100s 0
94. 3
96.3
97. 5

100.0
100 4
102.3
100.4

1
8
5
8
6

17
41
17
18
18

48.0
54. 0
50. 8
48. 3

. 151
. 363
. 354
. 375
. 392

17. 42
19.12
19.05
18. 93

100. 0
112. 5
105.8
100. 6

41.6
100.0
97. 5
103. 3
108. 0

100.0
109.8
109.4
108.7

4
4
6
2

12
32
30
4

48.0
53.8
48* 5
51.0

.392
.339
. 329
.426

18.82
18.24
15 96
21.73

100.0
112.1
101.0
106.3

100.0
86. 5
83 9
108.7

100.0
96.9
84 8
115.5

13
11
15
29
27

135
77
190
197
221

47. 9
52. 6
49 2
48.3

. 163
. 354
. 348
. 364
.384

16.96
18.30
17.91
18.55

100.0
109.8
102. 7
100.8

46.1
100.0
98.3
102.8
108.5

100.0
107.9
105. 6
109.4

2
4
8
17
14

7
12
64
62
57

48.0
53. 3
49 1
48.1

.170
. 377
.437
.382
.336

18.10
23.29
18. 76
16.16

100.0
111.0
102.3
100.2

45.1
100.0
115.9
101. 3
89.1

100.0
128.7
103 6
89.3

4
5
6
10
8

14
12
16
22
22

48.0
54.0
49.6
48.8

. 160
.352
.375
.396
.376

16.90
20.25
19.64
18.35

100.0
112.5
103.3
101.7

45. 5
100.0
106. 5
112.5
106.8

100.0
119.8
116 2
108.6

14
16
12
15
14

104
54
71
75
40

48.1
52. 6
50 3
48.8

.187
.398
.378
.386
.406

19.14
19.88
19 42
19.81

100.0
109.4
104.6
101.5

47.0
100.0
95.0
97.0
102.0

100 0
103.9
101.5
103.5

5
3
5
9
8

22
70
9
34
18

48.0
54.0
48.7
48.3

.155
.358
.368
.405
.400

17.18
19.87
19. 72
19.32

100.0
112.5
101.5
100.6

43.3
100.0
102.8
113.1
111.7

100.0
115.7
114.8
112.5

Sex, occupation, and year

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

males—continued

FEMALES

Casing pullers or runners:
1917...... ................. ........................
1921____________________ ______
1923.................................................
1925...........................
1927.................. ........ .....................
Strippers:
1917................................... ...........
1921______ ______ ____________ _
1923......................... ........
1925______ ______ ______
1927................................................
Turners:
1921____ ____ ____
1923............... .................................
1925________ _____ ________
..
1927__________ ____ _
Blowers, graders, and inspectors:
1917.............................. ........ .........
1921______ _____ _
.
._
1923................................................
1925— ___________________ . .
1927____________ ____ _
Measurers and bunchers:
1917_________ _________ _______
1 9 2 1 ......................
1923...... .....................
1925.................................. .
....
1927________ ____ _____ _____ _
Salters and packers:
1917____ ______________ _______
1921................ ...............................
1923................................................
1925___________________ _____
1927______________________ ____
Trimmers of casings:
1917____ __________ ___________
1921................................................
......
1923.................................
1925..................
........................
1927................ ...............................
Blowers and tiers of bladders and
weasands:
1917............ ...................................
1921...____ ______
.
1923.................................................
1925................................................
1927.................................................




15

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T a b le

1 .—-Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Casing Department—Continued

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
em­
estab­
lish­
ploy­
ments
ees

Sex, occupation, and year

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
Aver­
age
full­
full­
age
Aver­
earn­
time
time age full­
hours ings per earn­
time
per
hour ings per hours
week
week
per
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

females —continued

General workers:
1917_._...................................... .
1921.............. ........... ........ ............
1923. .................... .........................
1925.............. .............. .................
1927............. ......... .........................

8
10
12
20
25

51
$0.178
.358
50 ’ ""49"2"
.341
54.1
199
143
49.9
.361
.373
203
49.7

Total, females:
1917___ ________ ________
1921____ ______ _________
1923__________ __________
1925...................................
1 9 2 7 ................ .................

22
20
21
41
46

352
349
637
656
642

$17.61
18.45
18.01
18. 54

100.0
110.0
101.4
101.0

49.7
100.0
95.3
100.8
104.2

100.0
104.8
102.3
105.3

17. 79
19.21
18. 54
18.53

100.0
110.4
103.1
101.5

46.3
100.0
97.8
101.1
102.7

100.0
108.0
104.2
104.2

$0.317 _______
.610 $29.46
.565
29. 95
.585
28.96
.567
27.78

100.0
109.7
102.5
101.5

52.0
100.0
92.6
95.9
93.0

100.0
101.7
98.3
94.3

2,700
.236
49
.462
1,229
22.27
48.2
27
1,261
52.6
23. 51
33
.447
22.11
56
1, 767
49.9
.443
22.01
.451
60
48.8
1927___________________________
1,779

100.0
109.1
103.5
101.2

51.1
100.0
96.8
95.9
97.6

100.0
105.6
99.3
98.8

48.2
53.2
49. 7
48.9

.171
.369
.361
.373
.379

Cutting—Fresh Beef Department
MALES
Bibbers:
1917...... ................. .................... .
1921. _________________ ________
1923............... ............................ .
1925. ............................. .................
1927- - .................... ..................
Laborers:
1917..______________ ______ ___
1921______________________ ____
1 92 3 ...._____ ____________ ____
1925 _
_ ______ ____
Luggers and lifters:
1917________ ________________
1921___________________________
1923___________________________
1925____ ____ _________________
1927____________ ____________ _
Sawyers, power:
1917_______ _______ ___________
1921____ _____ ___________ ____
1923______ _________ __________
1925................................................
1927___________________________
Ham facers, strippers, and markers:
1917_____ _____________________
1921______________ ____________
1923____ _________ ______ _____
1925............................................
1927.................................................
Boners:
1917............................. ...................
1921...............................................
1923.................... ...................... .
1925............................... .................
1927...............................................
Trimmers:
1917........... ........... ........................
1921..........................................
1923.......................................
..
..............................................
1927--............ ............. .................
Utility men, handy men, spell
men, assistant foremen, and
straw bosses:
1917.................................................
1921.................. .................... ........
1923.________ _______ _________
1925............. .................... ..............
1927.............................




23
17
17
33
30

41
26
39
66
58

48.3
53.0
49.5
49.0

42
24
31
60
58

493
340
421
578
577

48.3
52.4
50.0
48.8

.302
.558 ’ _26"95" "” i66’ o"
.532
27.88
108.5
26.65
. 533
103.5
.536
26.16
101.0

54.1
100.0
95.3
95.5
96.1

100.0
103.5
98.9
97.1

7
12
15
29
30

16
18
33
55
48

47.5
53.2
49.8
48.8

.263
.503
.549
.526
. 550

100.0
112.0
104.8
102.7

52.3
100.0
109.1
104.6
109.4

100.0
122.3
109.6
112.4

16
11
18
22
18

57
27
66
61
35

48.1
53.4
49.7
47.7

.335
.557 ” 26" 79"
34.66
.649
30.37
.611
.716
34.15

16676'
111.0
103.3
99.2

60.1
100.0
116.5
109.7
128.5

100.0
129.4
113.4
127.5

35
18
30
57
59

426
86
432
547
499

48.5
52.9
49.4
48.6

510
.585
.907
.786
.751

28. 37
47. 98
38.83
36.50

100.0
109.1
101.9
100.2

87.2
100.0
155.0
134.2
128.4

100.0
169.1
136.9
128.7

29
15
21
1925.
39
43

201
31
189
224
173

48.3
52.1
49.5
49.5

.291
. 501
. 518
.502
.522

24.20
26. 99
24.85
25.84

100.0
107.9
102.5
102.5

58.1
100.0
103.4
100.2
104.2

100.0
111.5
102.7
106.8

177
59
88'
168
164

47.4
52.9
50.2
4&.0

.302
.568
.625
.551
. 584

26. 92
33.06
27.66
28.62

100.0
111.6
105.9
103.4

53.2
100.0
110.0
97.0
102.8

100.0
122.8
102.7
m 3

32
18
24
42
51

23.89
29.21
26.19
26.84

16
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

able

1 . — Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
C u tting—Fresh Beef Department—Continued

Index n um bers

N um ­ N u m ­
ber of ber of
em ­
estab*
lishp lo y ­
ments
ees

Sex, occupation, and year

Aver­
Aver*
age
Aver­
age
A ver­
full­
full­
age
age full­
earn­
time
time
time
hours ;ings per earn­
per
hour :ings per hours
week
per
week
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

of—
Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

m a l e s — continued

Cutters and general butchers:
1917
_______
1921.............................................
1923............ ........ ..........................
1925___________ _____ _________
1927______________ _______ ____
Graders and inspectors:
1917
______
1921___________________________
1923...............................................
1925__________ ________________
1927___________________________
Packers, meat runners, order men,
and stowers:
1917
....................
1921............... .................................
1923............. ................................
1925____ ________ _____________
1927____ __________ ___________
Truckers:
_______ ________________
1917
1921___________________________
1923 ____________ - _________
1925.____ _________ ___________
1927___________________________
Freezer and temperature men:
1917
_ _______________
1921............................... .................
1923______ _______ ____________
1925____________________ ____
1927________ _____ ________ ___
Calf skinners:
1917_
_____________ _________
1921.... ............................................
1923.................... .......... .............. .
1925____ ____ _________________
1927........................... ............... .
Total, males:
1917 ............. ....................
1921.________ ___________
1923.....................................
1925.....................................
1927............. ........................

33
22
18
53
41

166
121
68
186
212

48.1
52.2
51? 5
50.2

$0.303
.578
.623
.601
.625

$27.80
32. 52
30. 95
31.38

100.0
108.5
107.1
104.4

52.4
100.0
107.8
104.0
108.1

100.0
117.0
111.3
112.9

20
13
15
23
19

58
23
37
45
34

47.7
53.7
48.8
49.2

. 282
.511
.516
.518
.627

24. 37
27.71
25.28
25.93

100.0
112.6
102.3
103.1

65,2
100.0
101.0
101.4
103.1

100.0
113.7
103.7
106.4

44
29
27
53
58

750
353
531
749
860

48.4
53.2
50.4
48.8

.255
.470
.472
.464
.473

22. 75
25.11
23. 39
23.08

100.0
109.9
104.1
100.8

54.3
100.0
100.4
98.7
100.6

100.0
110.4
102.8
101.5

29
19
26
42
34

894
483
899
618
555

48.4
53. 2
50.1
48.4

.231
. 456
.447
.435
.435

22. 07
23. 78
21.79
21.05

100.0
109.9
103.5
100.0

50.7
100.0
98.0
95.4
95.4

100.0
107.7
98.7
95.4

21
22
17
44
27

282
123
200
251
222

48.2
53.9
51.0
49.0

.251
.503
.471
.485
.513

24.24
25. 39
24. 74
25.14

100.0
111.8
105.8
101.7

49.9
100.0
93.6
96.4
102.0

100.0
104.7
102.1
103.7

11
13
16
31
37

34
36
64
115
110

47.9
51.6
49.4
49.2

.420
.741
.903
.958
.870

35. 49
46. 59
47. 33
42.80

100.0
107.7
103.1
102.7

56.7
100.0
121.9
129.3
117.4

100.0
131.3
133.4
120.6

53
31
35
75
72

6,294
2,955
4, 328
5, 430
5, 326

48.2
52.9
50.0
48.8

.266
.492
.526
.514
.516

23. 71
27. 83
25. 70
25.18

100.0
109.8
103.7
101.2

54.1
100.0
106.9
104.5
104.9

100.0
117.4
108.4
106.2

4
2
8
9
7

49
10
63
36
40

51.0
54.3
52.2
49.7

.160
.286
.371
.335
.330

14. 59
20.15
17. 49
16.40

100.0
106.5
102.4
97.5

55.9
100.0
129.7
117.1
115.4

100.0
138.1
119.9
112.4

100.0
105.5
102.8
100.6

52.6
100.0
100.0
96.7
98.5

100.0
105.5
99.5
99.1

FEMALES

Trimmers of trimmings:
1917............................. ...................
1921.................... ................. .........
1923........... ...................... ..............
1925.................. ......... ..................
1927........... ....................................

Cutting—Fresh Pork Department

MALES

Laborers: •
1917..............................................
1921.................................................
1923......................... .......................
1925.................... ................. ..........
1927............. .......... ...................... .

54
31
34
64
68

1,680
822
1,355
1, 389
1,255

49.3
52.0
50.7
49.6

$0. 239
.454
.454
.439
.447

$22. 38
23. 61
22.26
22.17

9 Includes shovers, spacers, temperature men, counters, cutters-down, block tenders, sawyers-ofl of feet,
wrappers, machine tenders, cooler men, and skin bunkers,




17

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T a b le

1 . — Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Cutting—Fresh Pork Departm ent— C ontinu ed

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
em­
estab­
lish­
ploy­
ees
ments

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
Aver­
age
full­
age
full­
Aver­
earn­
time
time age full­
hours ings per earn­
time
hour ings per hours
per
week
week
per
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

males —continued

Ham and shoulder sawyers:
1917.......................... .....................
1921______________________ ____
1923______________ ____ _______
1925___________________________
1927_____________________ _____
Ham cutters-ofT:
1917
_______________ ________
1921 _________________________
1923 _________________________
1925 _______________ _______
1927
____
____ ______
Ham trimmers:
1917 ____ ___________________
1921 _____________ ____ _______
1923 __________________________
1925_________ ________
____
1927______________ _____ ______
Ham boners:
1917 ______ ____ _____ ______
1921____ _____________________
1923 __________________________
1925 __________ ____ __________
1927 _________________________
Choppers-ofT, shoulders, and chop­
pers, ribs:
1917
_
.................... .
1921___ ____ _________________
1923 ............. .................................
1925
_______________________
19*27
__________ ______ _____
Shoulder trimmers:
1917
_______ _________
1921
_____ ___________ ______
1923 . . . ____ ___ ____ _________
1925_________ ____ ____________
1927
_____________ ____
Shoulder boners:
1917
___ _______ _____
1921
_______________________
1923 _____ ____________________
1925______ _____ ___ ____ _____
1927___________________________
Butt pullers:
1917
............................. ..........
1921 ........................... ................
1923
........................................
1925
...................................
1927 ____ _____ _______ ______
Scribe sawyers:
1917
...... .......... ..................
1921 ............................................
1923...... .........................................
1925_________________ _________
1927 ...........................................
Loin pullers:
1917
...... ............ .....................
1921___________________________
1923.......... ............. ......................
1925 ............. .............................
1927____ ____ ____ ______ _____
Ribbers:
1917
____
1921 _________ __________ ____
. 1923.............................................
1925___________________________
1927.................... .




24
24
31
37
32

47
53
92
96
61

48.3
52.1
50.0
50.1

$0. 290
.520
.517
.525
.534

$25.12
26.94
26. 25
26. 75

100.0
107.9
103.5
103.7

55.8
100.0
99.4
101.0
102. 7

100.0
107.2
104.5
106.5

20
17
25
31
23

34
28
46
46
34

49.0
51.4
50.3
50.3

.304
.530
.527
.537
.530

25. 97
27.09
27. 01
26. 66

100.0
104.9
102.7
102.7

57.4
100.0
99.4
101.3
100.0

100.0
104.3
104.0
102.7

24
28
31
40
40

83
86
123
132
125

49.2
52. 5
50.1
49.2

.375
.611
.605
.616
.608

30.06
31.76
30.86
29.91

100.0
106.7
101.8
100.0

61.4
100.0
99.0
100.8
99.5

100.0
105. 7
102.7
99.5

52
26
32
67
64

259
161
209
286
288

49.1
49.6
51.4
50.0

.367
.794 " 38.99'
.704
34.92
.691
35. 52
.701
35. 05

loofo”
101.0
104.7
101.8

46.2
100.0
88.7
87.0
88.3

100.0
89.6
91.1
89.9

23
25
29
30
34

43
47
100
56
59

49.2
51.8
50.4
49.3

.347
.611
.565
.585
.585

30.06
29. 27
29.48
28. 84

100.0
105.3
102.4
100.2

56.8
100.0
92.5
95.7
95.8

100.0
97.4
98.0
95.9

27
24
28
36
30

72
72
128
104
77

48.6
51.9
50.7
49.6

.327
.560
.557
.560
.574

27. 22
28.91
28. 39
28.47

100.0
106.8
104.3
102.1

58.4
100.0
99.5
100.0
102.5

100.0
106.2
104.3
104.6

20
19
25
28
27

52
45
82
69
64

48.0
51.6
49.7
48.8

.325
.545
.543
.561
.613

26.16
28.02
27.88
29.91

100.0
107.5
103.5
101.7

59.6
100.0
99.6
102.9
112.5

100.0
107.1
106.5
114.3

17
15
21
23
29

29
24
60
48
48

48.5
52.4
50.4
49.3

.269
.480
.495
.517
.521

23. 28
25.94
26.06
25.69

100.0
108.0
103.9
101.7

56.0
100.0
103.1
107.7
108. 5

100.0
111.4
111.9
110.4

15
22
27
33
32

37
43
83
62
57

48.5
52.5
50.4
48.7

.295
.517
.516
.535
.551

25.07
27.09
26. 96
26.83

100.0
108.2
103.9
100.4

57.1
100.0
99.8
103.5
106.6

100.0
108.1
107.5
107.0

22
27
28
34
37

55
60
101
96
101

49.6
51.6
50.0
49.3

.321
.551
.556
.572
.586

27. 33
28.69
28.60
28.89

100.0
104.0
100.8
99.4

58.3
100.0
100.9
103.8
106.4

100.0
105.0
104.6
105.7

27
25
30
35
37

119
86
132
104
104

48.2
51.4
49.8
49.3

.320
.559
.557
.558
,587

26. 94
28. 63
27. 79
28.94

100.0
106.6
103.3
102.3

57.2
100.0
99.6
99.8
105.0

100.0
106.3
103.2
107.4

18
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

able

1 .— Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Cutting—Fresh Pork Department—Continued

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
em­
estab­
lish­
ploy­
ments
ees

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
age
Aver­
Aver­
full­
full­
age
earn­
time
time age full­
time
hours ings per earn­
per
hour ings per hours
week
week
per
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

males —continued

Trimmers and ham and shoulder
skinners:
1917__ __________ _____________
1921......................... ......................
1923........... ....................................
1925___________ ______ ________
1927...................... ...........................
Trimmers of trimmings:
1917...... ................... .......................
1921.... ............................ ......... .
1923...............................................
1925................................................
____
1927 .
__
.
Utility men, handy men, all-round
men, assistant foremen, and
straw bosses:
1917.............................................
1921....................... ............. ..........
1923................................................
1925________ ______ ___________
1927
. .
Packers, nailers, car stowers, and
small-order men:
1917........... ................... .................
1921................................................
1923________ ____ _____________
1925.____ ____________ ________
1927_...................... ........... ...........
Truckers:
1917___________ ____ __________
1921___________________________
1923 __________________________
1925_______ ____ _______ ____
1927......................................... .......
Total, males:
1917__________ ______ ___
1921......................................
1923.......................... .........
1925......................... ..........
1927.................. .......... ........

41
29
32
57
55

368
362
700
701
616

49.0
52.5
50.2
49.6

$0.292
.530
.537
.533
.556

$25.97
28.19
26. 76
27. 58

100.0
107.1
102.4
101.2

55.1
100.0
101.3
100. 6
104.9

100.0
108. 5
103.0
106.2

34
15
23
46
25

328
180
310
334
280

48.0
51.3
50.9
49.1

.316
.601
.588
.622
.576

28.85
30.16
31.66
28.28

100.0
106.9
106.0
102.3

52.6
100.0
97.8
103.5
95.8

100.0
104.5
109.7
98.0

36
28
29
45
55

100
144
146
219
265

48.5
52. 7
50. 5
49.9

.310
.525
. 555
. 566
.556

25.46
29. 25
28. 58
27.74

100.0
108.7
104.1
102.9

59.0
100.0
105.7
107.8
105.9

100.0
114.9
112.3
109.0

48
28
29
62
64

721
340
595
977
952

48.5
52.5
51.8
50.9

. 253
.458
.464
.457
.460

22. 21
24. 36
23.67
23.41

100.0
108.2
106.9
104.9

55.2
100.0
101.3
99.8
100.4

100.0
109.7
106.6
105.4

33
25
31
44
42

434
257
727
571
435

49.1
52. 7
50.9
49.5

.234
.450
.443
. 435
.434

22.10
23. 35
22.14
21.48

100.0
107.3
103.7
100.8

52.0
100.0
98.4
96.7
96.4

100.0
105. 7
100.2
97.2

61
31
35
76
75

4, 461
2,810
4,989
5,290
4, 821

48.9
52.1
50.8
49.8

.271
.516
.503
.503
.509

25. 23
26. 21
25. 55
25. 35

100.0
106.5
103.9
101.8

52.5
100.0
97.5
97.5
98.6

100.0
103.9
101.3
100.5

35
23
24
44
44

1,027
580
677
818
844

48.7
53.0
50.1
49.4

.219
.410
.483
.430
.421

19. 97
25. 60
21. 54
20. 80

100.0
108.8
102.9
101.4

53.4
100.0
117.8
104.9
102.7

100.0
128.2
107.9
104.2

8
10
11
16
15

39
75
54
69
58

48.2
54.0
50.9
50.7

. 181
.377
.350
. 351
.373

18.17
18. 90
17. 87
18. 91

100.0
112.0
105.6
105.2

48.0
100.0
92.8
93.1
98.9

100.0
104.0
38. 3
104.1

38
23
25
43
46

1,066
655
731
887
902

48.7
53.1
50.2
49.5

.218
.406
.473
.424
.418

19. 77
25.12
21.28
20. 69

100.0
109.0
103.1
101.6

53.7
100.0
116.5
104.4
103.0

100.0
127.1
107.6
104.7

FEMALES

Trimmers of trimmings:
1917............................. ...................
1921................................................
1923...... ............................ ........ .
1925.______ __________ _____ _
1927______________________ ____
Miscellaneous w orkers:10
1917........................... ........ ...........
1921.._____ ____ _____ ________
1923........... ............. ................... .
1925............. .................................
1927.................................................
Total females:
1917______ _____ ______
1921............................. .......
1923................ ........... .
1925. ...................................
1927— ________ _________

w Includes packers, inspectors, wrappers, helpers, skin bundlers, labelers, graders, etc.




19

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T a b le

1 . —-Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Lard and Oleo-oil Department

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
em­
estab­
lish­
ploy­
ments
ees

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
Aver­
age
full­
age
full­
Aver­
earn­
time
time age full­
hours ings per earn­
time
hour ings per hours
per
week
week
per
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

MALES

Laborers:
51
32
34
70
67

947
820
955
1,039
995

48.2
52.5
50.3
49.6

$0. 226
.451
.430
.431
.431

$21. 74
22. 58
21.68
21. 38

100.0
108.9
104.4
102.9

50.1
100.0
95 .3
95.6
95.6

100.0
103.9
99 .7
98 .3

49
32
34
74
76

140
161
202
401
383

49.8
51.9
51.1
50.5

.278
.490
.489
.493
.501

24.40
25. 38
25.19
25. 30

100.0
104.2
102.6
101.4

56 .7
100.0
9 9 .8
100. 6
102.2

100.0
104.0
103.2
103.7

21
21
28
53
50

26
30
42
77
72

49.8
52.2
50.3
49.8

.263
.485
.483
.49 2
.506

24.15
25. 21
24. 75
25.20

100.0
104.8
101. 0
100.0

54 .2
100.0
99 .6
101.4
104.3

100.0
104.4
102. 5
104.3

50
30
37
75
67

271
220
315
424
350

48 .9
51.9
50.5
49.7

.241
.463
.449
.46 0
.466

22. 64
23. 30
23.23
23.16

100.0
106.1
103.3
101.6

52.1
100. 0
97 .0
99 .4
100.6

100.0
102.9
102.6
102.3

1917________________________________
1 9 2 1 _______ _____ ______ __________
1 9 2 3 .................... ........ ...........................
1925_____________ _________ _________
1927. ______ ________________________

34
27
28
50
44

84
107
124
148
111

48. 2
52.7
50.1
49.5

.27 9
.483
.485
. 503
.504

23.28
25. 56
25. 20
24. 95

100. 0
109.3
103.9
102.7

57.8
100. 0
100. 4
104.1
104.3

100. 0
109.8
108. 2
107.1

1917.........................................................
1921________________________________
1923....... ................... ............................
1925________________________________
1927._____ __________________ _______

43
20
31
57
49

111
49
83
143
131

48 .2
52.0
50. 7
50.5

.295
.543
. 534
.531
. 556

26.17
27. 77
26. 92
28. 08

100.0
107. 9
105. 2
104.8

54. 3
100.0
98. 3
97.8
102. 4

100.0
106.1
102. 9
107.3

29
25
26
56
46

148
174
198
329
257

48. 2
52.6
50.1
49.2

.25 2
.477
. 464
. 473
.474

22.99
24.41
23. 70
23. 32

100.0
109.1
103.9
102.1

52.8
100.0
97.3
99. 2
99. 4

100.0
106.2
103.1
101. 4

61
33
37
83
81

1, 727
1, 561
1, 919
2, 561
2,299

48.5
52.3
50.4
49.8

.246
.466
.45 2
.463
.468

22. 60
23. 64
23. 34
23.31

100.0
107.8
103.9
102.7

52.8
100.0
9 7 .0
99 .4
100.4

100.0
104.6
103.3
103.1

19
18
26
42
40

90
107
219
255
220

48.8
52.3
49.4
49.3

. 160
. 314
.308
. 314
.325

15. 32
16.11
15. 51
16. 02

100.0
107. 2
101. 2
101.0

50 .9
100.0
98.1
100.0
103.5

100.0
105.2
101.2
104.6

1917............................................................
1 9 2 1 ........................................................
1923. ...................... ..................................
1925.......................................... .................
1927............................................................

M elters:11
1917...........................................................
1921.................. ........ ................................
1923....................... ..................... ............
1925______ ______ _________ _________
1927.................. .........................................

Boiler men:
1917........................... ............ ...................
1921....... ................................ ...................
1923....................................................... ..
1925____________ ___________________
1927........................................ ........ ..........

Fillers:
1917...................................... .....................
1 9 2 1 ............................. ............................
1923............................................................
1 9 2 5 ....................... ..................... ..........
1927 .................... ..................................

Pumpers and refiners:

Utility men, handy men, straw
bosses, and assistant foremen:

Pressmen or wheelmen:
1917_____________________ __________
1921____________________ ___________
1923....... ..................... ..........................
1925____ _____ _____________________
1927.............................................. .............

Total males:
1917................ ..............................
1 9 2 1 .._ _____ ________________
1923________ ________________
1925____________ __________
1 9 2 7 --.................................... ..
FEMALES

Can washers, tub liners, fillers, and
labelers:
1 9 1 7 .. . . ...............................................
1921______________ _________________
1923.................................................. ........
1925........................................................
1927............................................................

11 Includes kettle men, cooks, settlers, clarifiers, skimmers, tank men, and oleo makers.




SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

20
T

able

1 .— Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year•
— Continued
Sausage Department

Sex, occupation, and year

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
age
Aver­
Aver­
full­
age
full­
earn­
time
time age full­
hours ings per earn­
time
hour ings per hours
per
week
per
week
week

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

N um ­
ber of
em­
ploy­
ees

19
24
24
46
37

139
305
481
300
194

48.1
52.7
50. 6
49.7

55
31
35
75
76

253
193
329
418
402

48.6
52. 6
50. 5
49.6

.275
.501
.499
.510
.513

31
19
22
32
36

107
36
75
107
77

48.3
51.3
49.5
49.6

57
31
36
74
76

444
225
316
406
417

13
6
17
25
22

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

MALES

Truckers a n d forkers:
1917 ............. .......... .....................
1921 ........... .................. .............
1923 ...............................................
1925 ............................. ................
1927
_______ ________
Machine tenders:12
______________
1917
1921.................................... ..........
1923 ............................... ................
1925.................. .......................... 1927 ........... ........ ..................... .
Casing workers: u
1917 ............. ...............................
1921 ........... ........ ............ ............
1923 _______________ __________
1925 ___________ ____________
1927 ............................. ................
Stuff ers:
1917........................... .....................
1921............ ..................................
1923................................................
1925................................ ................
1927 ____________ _________
Linkers, twisters, tiers, and hangers:
1917
____ ___ ____ __________
1921...............................................
1923.......................... ............ ........
1925___ ____ _________ _______ _
1927__________________________
Ropers (wrappers and tiers):
1917 __
......................
1921..................— ............ ............
1923..............................................
1925.._____ _________ _________
1927______ ______ ______ ______
Laborers:14
1917. ................................... .......
1921. ...................... .......... ............ .
1923______ ____ _______________
1925___________________________
1927________ ____ ______________
Cooks:
1917............. ...................... ...........
1921_____________________ _____
1923____ ____ _________________
1925..._____ _____ ____ _______
1927.._______ ________ ________
Smokers:
1917............... ...................... ........
1921................. ...............
1923._____ ___ ______ _________
1925________________________ .
1927_______________ _____ _____
Inspectors, packers, scalers, ship­
pers, and nailers:
1917........... ................................
1921............. ............................ .......
1923.............. .................................
1925................ ...............................
1927...............................................

100.0"
109. 6
105. 2
103.3

50.7
100.0
93.8
93.1
97.4

100. 0
102. 8
98. 0
100.6

24. 35
26. 25
25. 76
25.44

100.0
108.2
103.9
102.1

54.9
100.0
99. 6
101.8
102.4

100.0
107.8
105.8
104.5

.241
.469
.457
.450
.454

22. 65
23.44
22.28
22. 52

100.0
106.2
102. 5
102.7

51.4
100.0
97.4
95.9
96.8

100. 0
103. 5
98.4
99.4

48.8
52.6
50.8
49.5

.295
.536
.541
.566
.565

26.16
28.46
28. 75
27. 97

100.0
107.8
104.1
101.4

55.0
100.0
100.9
105.6
105.4

100.0
108.8
109.9
106.9

103
45
138
172
132

48.0
52.4
51.2
51.1

. 250
.475
.465
.467
.465

22.80
24.37
23.91
23. 76

100. 0
109. 2
106.7
106.5

52. 6
100.0
97.9
98.3
97.9

100.0
106.9
104.9
104.2

5
2
9
14
8

10
2
23
20
24

48.0
52.2
49.5
49.0

.259
.597
.434
.428
.500

28. 66
22. 65
21.19
24.50

100.0
108.8
103.1
102.1

43.4
100.0
72. 7
71.7
83.8

100.0
79.0
73.9
85.5

52
32
33
72
75

1,022
528
777
989
995

48.2
52.4
50.2
49.4

.228
.449
.428
.425
.439

21.64
22. 43
21. 34
21. 69

100.0
108. 7
104.1
102.5

50.8
100.0
95.3
94.7
97.8

100.0
103. 7
98.6
100.2

48
30
33
65
68

119
99
139
168
196

49.0
52.2
50.8
50.3

.269
.484
.485
.499
.494

23. 72
25. 32
25. 35
24. 85

100.0
106. 5
103. 7
102.7

55. 6
100.0
100.2
103.1
102.1

100.0
106.7
106. 9
104.8

50
28
33
68
69

90
73
114
170
165

48.9
52.8
51.2
51.5

.281
. 528
.529
. 517
.532

25. 82
27. 93
26. 47
27.40

100. 0
108.0
104. 7
105.3

53. 2
100. 0
100. 2
97.9
100.8

100.0
108.2
102. 5
106.1

43
29
33
65
62

376
251
328
418
405

48.4
52.9
50.5
49.5

.238
.466
.453
.454
.482 .

’ 22.55'
23. 96
22. 93
23.86

loo. 6
109. 3
104.3
102.3

51.1
100. 0
97. 2
97.4
103.4

100. 0
106.3
101. 7
105.8

$0. 229
.452 ”$2l.~74~
.424
22. 34
.421
21. 30
.440
21. 87

12 Includes cutters, choppers, grinders, mixers, curers, and feeders.
13 Includes washers, turners, re-turners, measurers, cutters, tiers, and fatters.
14 Includes roustabouts, ham cylinder washers, cleaners-up, ham pressers, hangers, cooks’ helpers,
smokers’ helpers, truckers of cages or bikes.




21

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T a b le

1 . — Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years}
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Sausage Department—Continued

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

N um ­
ber of
em­
ploy­
ees

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
Aver­
age
full­
full­
Aver­
age
time
earn­
time age full­
hours ings per earn­
time
per
hour ings per hours
week
per
week
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

males —continued

Utility men, assistant foremen,
straw bosses, subforemen, handy
men, small-order men, and all­
round men:
1917___________ _____ ________
1921 ........... ..................... ......... .
........... ................................. .
1925
1927 .........................................
Total, males:
1917 _ ...... ................. .......
1921....................................
1923 __________ ______ . . .
1925......................................
1927____________ ______

36
24
21
1923
55
55

108
82
71
166
169

48.4
52. 3
50.5
49.9

$0,290
. 529
.581
.534
.539

$25.60
30.39
26. 97
26. 90

100.0
108.1
104.3
103.1

54.8
100.0
109.8
100.9
101.9

100.0
118. 7
105.4
105.1

58
32
37
78
79

2, 771
1,839
2, 791
3, 334
3,176

48.4
52.5
50.5
49.8

.252
.478
.466
.474
.487

23.14
24.47
23. 94
24.25

100.0
108.5
104.3
102.9

52.7
100.0
97. 5
99. 2
101.9

100.0
105. 7
103. 5
104.8

2
2
6
18
28

3
3
8
22
32

46.0
53.4
49.5
48.8

.177
.360
.330
.350
.338

16.56
17. 62
17. 33
16. 49

100.0
116.1
107.6
106.1

49. 2
100.0
91. 7
97.2
93.9

100.0
106.4
104.7
99.6

32
21
27
57
55
1927

317
142
353
360
382

48.6
52.8
49.9
48.5

.175
.366
.341
. 348
. 358

17.79
18.00
17.37
17. 36

100.0
108.6
102.7
99.8

47.8
100.0
93.2
95.1
97.8

100.0
101.2
97.6
97.6

10
8
7
18
11

44
42
50
61
41

49.4
53.0
51.7
48.5

.191
.402
.405
.379
.439

19.86
21.47
19.59
21.29

lOO.O
107.3
104. 7
98.2

47.5
100.0
100.7
94.3
109.2

100.0
108.1
98. 6
107.2

42
719
28
379
34
821
75 • 1,105
76
1,175

49.4
52.4
49.9
49.2

.179
.378
. 359
.372
.364

18.67
18.81
18.56
17.91

100.0
106.1
101.0
99.6

47.4
100.0
95.0
98.4
96.3

100.0
100.7
99.4
95.9

10
8
17
29
24

137
123
253
183
221

43.0
53.1
49.9
48.0

.163
.388
.364
.352
.388

18.62
19.33
17.56
18.62

100.0
110.6
104.0
100.0

42.0
100.0
93.8
90.7
100.0

100.0
103.8
94.3
100.0

1
2
2
3
3

2
3
3
3
5

48. 0
56.0
52.0
48.0

.200
.325
.353
.412
.375

15. 60
19. 77
21.42
18.00

100.0
116.7
108.3
100 0

6L5
100. 0
108. 6
126.8
115. 4

100. 0
126. 7
137.3
115.4

39
25
28
56
57

421
259
398
616
549

48.1
52. 5
49.4
48.8

. 158
.329
.308
. 319
.336

15. 82
16.17
15. 76
16.40

100.0
109.1
102.7
101.5

48.0
100.0
93.6
97.0
102.1

100.0
102.2
99.6
103.7

FEMALES

Machine tenders:12
1917.... ........ ................. ................
1921__ _______ ________________
1923____________ _____ ________
1925
1927__________________ ________
Casing workers:13
1917___________________ _______
1921___________ ____ __________
1923................................................
1925 ______
___________ ____
.............................................
Stuffers:
1917___________________________
1921_________________ ____ ____
1923..______ ___________ ______
1925_______ ____ _____ ____ ___
1927___________________________
Linkers, twisters, tiers, and hangers:
1917_________ ________ ________
1921____________ _________ ____
1923........................ ......................
1925_______ _________ _________
1927.......... .......... .........................
Ropers (wrappers and tiers):
. 1917____________________ ______
1921...............................................
1923................................................
1925............. ...................................
1927.................................................
Cooks:
1917________ ___ ____ _________
1921...............................................
1923_____________________ _____
1925.................................................
1927......... .......................................
Packers:15
1917................................................
1921............... ............ .....................
1923-............................................
1925.................................................
1927................................................

12 Includes cutters, choppers, grinders, mixers, curers, and feeders.
13 Includes washers, turners, re-turners, measurers, cutters, tiers, and fatters.
18 Includes wrappers, inspectors, taggers, tiers, and packers’ helpers.




22
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

able

1 . — Average hours and earnings uith index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Sausage Departm ent— Continued

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­ Num ­
ber of ber of
em­
estab­
lish­
ploy­
ments
ees

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
age
Aver­
Aver­
full­
full­
age
time
earn­
time age full­
hours ings per earn­
time
per
hour ings per hours
week
per
week
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

females —continued

General w orkers:16
1917_____________________ _____
1921................................................
1923________ _____ ______ _____
1925__________ ________________
1927_____ ______ ____ _________

22
24
26
38
35

134
102
276
170
186

43.0
52.0
49.2
49.2

$0.170
.339
. 336
.329
.359

$16. 27
17. 47
16.19
17. 66

100.0
108.3
102.5
102.5

50.1
100.0
99.1
97.1
105.9

100.0
107.4
99.5
108.5

Total, females:
1917________ _______ ____
1921............................. .......
1923..................................
1925_________ ______ ____
1927....................................

48
30
35
75
77

1, 777
1,053
2,162
2,520
2, 591

48.7
52.6
49.8
48.9

. 171
.363
.346
.351
.359

17. 68
18. 20
17.48
17. 56

100.0
108.0
102.3
100.4

47.1
100.0
95.3
96.7
98.9

100.0
102.9
98.9
99.3

Cured-meat Department
MALES
Graders:17
1917....................................... ........
1921__________ ______ ______ _
1923............................ ...................
1925__________________ ________
1927...................... .........................
Laborers:18
1917...............................................
1921.............................. .................
1923............................ .................
1925__________________ ________
1927........... ....................................
Packers: 19
1917_______________ ____ ______
1921...............................................
1923_____ ____ _________ ______
1925___________________________
J927______ _____ _______ ______
Overhaulers.
1917.............................................
1921............................... ........ ........
1 9 2 3 ......................................... .
1925.................................................
1927............................... ........ ........
Picklers:20
1917................................................
1921................................................
1 92 3 ..............................................
1925...............................................
1927................ ...............................
Rubbers, salters, and pilers:
1917__ ______ _______ _________
1921.................................................
1923............................... .................
1925.................................... ...........
1927............................... .................
Smokers:
1917................................. .............
1921...............................................
1923................................................
1925..............................................
1927................. .............................

47
32
35
66
68

509
372
569
736
621

47.0
52.5
50.8
49.9

$0. 275
.487
.486
.495
.507

$22. 89
25. 52
25.15
25. 30

100.0
111.7
108.1
106.2

56.5
100.0
99.8
101.7
104.1

100.0
111. 5
109.9
110.5

57
33
36
78
76

2, 497
1,506
2, 037
2, 322
2,244

48.5
51.7
50.4
49.1

.236
.448
.426
.437
.438

21.73
22. 02
22. 02
21.51

100.0
106.6
103.9
101.2

52.7
100. 0
95.1
97.5
97.8

100.0
101.3
101.3
99.0

55
31
36
70
76

705
484
810
988
1,086

48.8
52.3
50.2
49.9

.258
.465 ” ~22.~69~ " ”
.460
24. 06
.467
23.44
.477
23. 80

io6."6’
107.2
102.9
102.3

55.4
100.0
98.9
100.4
102.6

100.0
106.0
103.3
104.9

45
29
35
70
71

465
370
578
744
656

48.4
52.9
50.8
50.3

.265
.482
.481
' .487
.483

23.33
25.44
24.74
24.29

100.0
109.3
105.0
103.9

55.0
100.0
99.8
101.0
100.2

100.0
109.0
106.0
104.1

55
32
37
77
77

419
270
428
560
480

48.5
52.7
51.2
49.9

.274
.485
.487
.496
.497

23. 52
25. 66
25.40
24. 80

100.0
108.7
105.6
102.9

56. 5
100.0
100.4
102.3
102.5

100.0
109.1
108.0
105.4

48
32
32
63
63

613
374
444
412
358

48.7
51.4
50.5
49.7

.258
.469
.465
.479
.486

22.84
23. 90
24.19
24.15

100.0
105.6
103.7
102.1

55.0
100.0
99.1
102.1
103.9

100.0
104.7
105.9
105.7

47
25
27
70
69

84
61
70
146
134

54.5
57.0
56.8
56.0

.259
.476
.479
.486
.504

54. 4
100.0
100.6
102.1
105.9

100.0
105.2
106.4
108.8

"25.94" ""'io o .'o '
27.30
104.6
27. 60
104.2
28. 22
102.8

16 Includes labelers, laborers, box makers, sorters, and utility women.
17 Includes sorters, sizers, average men, spotters, inspectors, and chute men.
18 Includes ham and meat passers, hamstringers, haulers to vats, meat carriers, hangers, scrapers, soakers,
tossers, washers, and wipers; roustabouts, servers, tiers, truck washers, vat washers, and helpers of graders,
inspectors, pickle makers, pumpers, smokers, and sorters.
ly Includes packers of beef, barrel pork, bellies, briskets, pig rinds, and smoked meats; dippers, vat men,
sweet-pickle packers, burlap sackers, wrappers, nailers, car loaders, and car stowers.
2• Includes pickle men, pickle makers, pumpers, and curers.




INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T a b le

23

1 . — Average hours and earnings vilh index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Cured-m eat Department—Continued

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
em­
estab­
lish­
ploy­
ments
ees

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
Aver­
age
full­
full­
Aver­
age
time
earn­
time age full­
hours ings per earn­
time
per
hour ings per hours
week
week
per
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

m a l e s — continued

Butchers, trimmers, and knife men:
1917____ ______________________
1921..____ _______ ______ _____
1923................ ............ .......... .
1925___________________________
1927_____ ___________ _____ ___
Truckers:
1917-.________ ___________ ____
1921___ _____ ____ ____ _______
1923_____ ____ ________________
1925____ ____ _________________
1927___________________________
Utility men, a s s is ta n t butchers,
straw bosses, a s s is ta n t foremen,
and small-order men:
1917___________________________
1921.____________ _____________
1923..................................... ........
1925__________________ ______
1927_________ ____ ______ _____
Total, males:
1917_____________________ _____
1921___________________________
1923___________________________
1925_____________________ ____ _
1927_______________ _____ ____

40
30
32
52
54

231
182
188
305
321

48.4
52.4
50.6
49.3

45
29
30
56
58

1,003
726
1, 454
883
875

48.2
52.1
50.4
49.6

.246
.449
.431
.430
.440

50
26
33
58
69

415
171
216
367
409

48.0
52. 0
51.4
50.6

62
34
38
81
80

6,941
4, 516
6, 794
7,463
7,184

40
25
27
57
58

286
218
281
647
697

$0. 272
. 537 ; $25.99
. 510
26. 72
26.16
.517
25. 93
.526

100.0
108.3
104.5
101.9

50.7
100.0
95. 0
96.3
98.0

100.0
102.8
100.7
99.8

21.64
22. 46
21. 67
21. 82

100.0
108.1
104.6
102.9

54.8
100.0
96.0
95.8
98.0

100.0
103.8
100.1
100.8

.287
. 519
. 527
. 538
. 542

24.91
27. 40
27. 65
27. 43

100.0
108.3
107.1
105.4

55.3
100.0
101.5
103.7
104.4

100.0
110. 0
111.0
110.1

48.4
52.1
50.7
49.8

.253
.467
.454
.467
.472

22. 60
23. 65
23. 68
23.51

100.0
107.6
104.8
102.9

54.2
100.0
97.2
100.0
101.1

100.0
104. 6
104.8
104.0

48.4
51.7
49.6
50.0

. 172
.325
.319
.335
.339

15. 73
16. 49
16. 62
16. 95

100.0
106.8
102.5
103.3

52.9
100.0
98.2
103.1
104.3

100.0
104.8
105.7
107.8

FEMALES

Miscellaneous workers: 21
1917____ ___________ _________
1921_____ ____ _______ ______
1923___________________________
1925___________ ____________
1927______ ____ _______ _____

Canning Department
MALES

Cooks:
1917...................................
1921_________ __________ ______
1923.......................... ................. .
1925_________ _________________
1927_______ ___________________
Steam tenders, process men, and
retort men:
1917.
. .................................
1921_______ ____________ ______
1923.................................. .......... .
1925........... .....................................
1927_________________ _________
Passers and pilsrs, cans:
......................
1917
1921.............................. ...............
1923................ ............. ........ .........
1925.._______ __________ _____ _
1927_____________________ ____ _
Trimmers, meat (by hand):
1917............................. ...................
1921................. ...........................
1923.................................................
1925.................................................
1927........................................

11
8
6
9
12

42
14
31
20
26

48.3
53.4
49.2
47.5

$0. 255
.476
.477
.449
.488

$22.99
25.47
22.09
23.18

100.0
110.6
101.9
98.3

53. 6
100.0
100.2
94.3
102.5

100.0
110.8
96.1
100.8

11
4
6
9
10

50
7
33
25
37

47.4
53.6
48.5
48.6

.256
.485
.464
.468
.477

22.99
24. 87
22. 70
23.18

100.0
113.1
102.3
102.5

52.8
100.0
95.7
96.5
98.4

100.0
108.2
98.7
100.8

7
1
5
8
4

68
1
133
40
10

48.0
53.9
47.5
48.0

.229
.450
.442
.467
.391

21. 60
23.82
22.18
18. 77

100.0
112.3
99.0
100.0

50.9
100.0
98.2
103.8
86.9

100.0
110.3
102.7
86.9

4
8
4
5
4

43
15
28
8
7

47.8
50.6
49.1
50.6

.246
.442
.458
.462
.445

21.13
23.17
22. 68
22. 52

100.0
105.9
102.7
105.9

55.7
100.0
103.6
104.5
100.7

100.0
109.7
107.3
106.6

21 Includes wrappers, laborers, packers, sewers (hand or machine), bag makers, weighers, tiers, wipers,
baggers, and trimmers.




24
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

able

1 . — Average hours and earnings uith index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Canning Departm ent—Continued

Sex, occupation, and year

Index
Aver­
Aver­
Aver­
age
age
full­
age
full­
Aver­
earn­
time
time age full­
hours ings per earn­
time
per
hour ings per hours
week
week
per
week

numbers of—

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

N um ­
ber of
em­
ploy­
ees

11
9
16
V
39

99
35
79
112
137

48.1
53.1
49.2
49.0

$0. 247
.482
. 467
.476
.493

$23.18
24. 80
23. 42
24.16

100.0
110.4
102.3
101.9

51.2
100.0
96. 9
98.7
102.3

100.0
107.0
101.0
104.2

6
3
6
7
8

100
6
42
19
24

48.0
53.9
50.2
50.3

.237
.461
.446
.473
.460

22.13
24. 04
23. 74
23.14

100.0
112.3
104.6
104.8

51.4
100.0
96.7
102.6
99.8

100.0
108.6
107. 3
104.6

9
8
11
13
15

190
33
92
74
83

47. 6
53.2
48. 7
48.3

.244
.465
.431
. 467
.442

22.13
22. 93
22. 74
21.35

100.0
111.8
102.3
101.5

52.5
100.0
92.7
100.4
95.1

lOO.O
103. 6
102.8
96.5

12
11
8
16
15

177
33
44
69
58

47. 5
52.6
49. 7
47.6

.255
.477
.467
.466
.461

22. 66
24. 56
23.16
21.94

100.0
110. 7
104.6
100.2

53.5
100.0
97.9
97. 7
96. 6

100.0
108.4
102.2
96.8

5
5
2
5
3

9
7
6
15
7

47. 6
54. 0
48.4
47.6

. 268
.442
.447
.417
.488

21.04
24.14
20.18
23.23

100. 0
113.4
101.7
100.0

60.6
100.0
101.0
94.3
110.4

100.0
114.7
95.9
110.4

8
7
8
9
19

411
59
60
38
96

46."6'
53. 5
47.7
47.6

. 238
. 510
.485
. 547
. 505

23. 46
25. 95
26. 09
24. 04

100.0
116.3
103. 7
103. 5

46.7
100.0
95.1
107. 3
99.0

100.0
110. 6
111. 2
102.5

10
7
6
8
7

257
29
128
63
29

47. 6
54. 0
47. 2
48.2

.260
.486
.474
.491
.495

23.13
25. 60
23.18
23.86

100. 0
113.4
99.2
101.3

53. 5
100.0
97. 5
101.0
101.9

100.0
110.7
100.2
103.2

9
12
14
13
17

154
70
426
238
115

47.3
53. 4
47.6
47.8

. 231
.450 i 21.29
.431 1 23.02
.447 s 21.28
.438
20.94

100.0
112.9
100.6
101.1

51.3
100.0
95.8
99.5
97.3

100. 0
108.1
100.0
98.4

9
13
9
13
22

1, 530
97
226
196
398

45. 6
53. 7
49.6
48.1

.229
.443
.444
.443
.442

20. 20
23.84
21.97
21. 26

100.0
117. 8
108.8
105.5

51.7
100.0
100.2
100.0
99.8

100.0
118.0
108.8
105.2

14
17
20
34
44

3,130
406
1, 328
917
1, 027

47.4
53.3
48.6
48.2

.237
.467
.448
.462
.460

22.14
23.88
22. 45
22.17

100.0
112.4
102. 5
101.7

50.7
100. 0
95.9
98.9
98.5

100.0
107.9
101.4
100.1

5
4
5
2

38
11
24
9

48.0 i
54.0
50.0

.182
.290
.313
.338

13.92
16. 90
16.90

100.0
112.5
104.2

62.8
100.0
107.9
116.6

100.0
121.4
121.4

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

males —continued

Machine tenders (preparing and
stuffing meat into cans):
1917
..........................
1921
..........................
1923
________
1925.................................. ..............
1927_______ ___________________
Staffers (meat into cans b y hand):
1917
_
________
1921.._____ _____________ _____
1923................................ .............
1925................ .......... ...................
1927
...................................
Packers and nailers:
1917-____________ _____________
1921
_______ _______________
1923 __________________________
1925___________________________
1927 ________ _________________
Cappers:
1917................................................
1921__ ____ ___________________
1923____ ______________________
1925
_____ _________________
1927___________________________
Machine tenders, washing and
painting:
1917 ............................................
1921.... .......... ......... .................. .
1923_________________ _____ ___
1925 _______ ______ ___________
1927___________________________
General workers:
1917_____ _________ _____ ____
1921_____ ______ ______________
1923 ........... ................... ................
1925____ ______________________
1927______ ____________________
Inspectors:
1917 .................................... ..........
1921________________ __________
1923___________________________
1925____ ______ _______________
1927...............................................
Truckers:
1917.................. ............................
1921 __________________________
1923 _______ _____ ____________
1925.................... ........................
1927.................................................
Laborers:
1917...________ _______________
1921____ ____ ______ ______ ___
1923.................................. ......... .
1925______________________ ____
1927................ ...............................
Total, males:
1917_________ _______ ___
1921______ _____ _____ _
1923............. ................... .
1925 ................................
1927 .............................. .
FEMALES

Washers of em pty cans:
1917............................. .................
1921........................................ .......
1923.................. ..........................
1925.................................................




25

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T a b le

1 . — Average hours and earnings uith index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Canning Department—Continued

Index
A ver­
Aver­
Aver­
age
age
Aver­
age
full­
full­
time
earn­
time age full­
hours ings per earn­
time
per
hour ings per hours
week
week
per
week

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

N um ­
ber of
em­
ploy­
ees

...........................
1917
. ..
1921 ............................................ .............
1923 ............................................ ............

9

1925 ............... ............ .......... ........

5
4

219
12
135
90
20

48."6"
54.1
46.3
48.0

5
5
6
5

244
45
115
61
64

Sex, occupation, and year

numbers o f—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

f e m a l e s — continued

Passers and pilers, cans:

1927 ___________________ _________

3
5

$0.155

.389

15. 51
18. 67

100. 0
112.7
96. 5
100.0

48.4
100.0
114.7
104.7
121.6

100.0
129. 2
101. 0
121.6

48.4
53.2
47.3
48.2

.169
.327
.353
.381
.368

15. 83
18. 78
18. 02
17.74

100.0
109.9
97.7
99.6

51.7
100.0
108.0
116.5
112.5

100.0
118.6
113.8
112.1

.167
.354
.314
.355
.369

16. 74
16.42
16. 51
17. 86

100.0
110.6
98.3
102.3

47.2
100.0
88.7
100.3
104.2

100.0
98.1
98.6
106.7

. 168
.385
.347
.311
.348

18. 60
18.74
15.92
16.22

100.0
111.8
106.0
96.5

100.0
110. 2

.351

15.84
18.23
16. 61
17.30

.3 2 0

$15. 36

.367
.335

19. 85

Trimmers, meat (by hand):
1917 ______________________________
1 9 2 1 _____________ _________________

1923 ____ ____ _______________
1925 ______ _________ _______
1927________________________________

Machine tenders (preparing and
stuffing meat into cans):
1917...........................................................

1921.............................................
1923 ..............................................
1925................................................
1927________________________________

6
6
8
10
17

19
62
49

47.3
52.3
46.5
48.4

7
6
3
6
5

283
28
91
62
55

48.3
54.0
51.2
46.6

9
13
15
31
43

233
202
228
387
849

47.0
51.8
49.3
49.3

9
9
4
17
12

141
33
68
101
33

47.6
53.6
47.8
49.9

. 170
.342
.364
.358
.332

4
2
4
4
3

88
2
54
11
7

48.0
54.1
47.2
48.0

5
3
2
4

44

5
5
4
6
9
10
12
12
13
14

30
25

Stuft'ers (meat into cans by hand):
1 9 1 7 _____________ _________________

1921................................................
1923............................. ...................
1925........... ....................... ............
1927________________________________

Packers (sliced bacon and chipped
dried beef in cans, glass jars, or
cartons, b y hand):
1917........................ ........... —.........
1921___________________

_________

1923...................... .......... ................
1925........................................ ........
1927________________ __________
Weighers (filled cans):
1917__ _____ __________________
1921____ ________ _______ _____
1923_____ _____ _______________
1925____________ ____ ___ ____ _
1927_______________ ____ _____
Wipers (filled cans):
1917-_________ ______ _
1921............. , __________________
1923.... ...........................................
1925______________ _________________

1927
.................................
Cap setters:
1 9 1 7 .........................................................

1921_____________ ______ ______
1923 ........................... .................
1925...............................................
Cappers:
1 9 1 7 ........... .......... ......................
1921... ........... ........................... .
1923 ............................................
1925-.-............. .............................
1927-..............................................
Labelers and wrappers:
1917____________________ ______
1921................................................
1923................. ............. ..............
1925.................... ............................
1927.................................................




.168
.337
.352

43.6
100.0
90.1
90.4

100.0
100.8
85.6
87.2

49.9
100.0

100.0

80 .8

104. 5

115.1

104.9

100.0
104.2

104.9
109.2

16. 28
19. 51
17.11
16. 57

100.0
112.6
100.4
104.8

100.0
106.4
104.7
97.1

100. 0
119.8
105.1
101.8

. 161
.375
.309
.301
.302

18.00
16.72
14.21
14.50

100.0
112.7
98.3
100.0

42.9
100.0
82.4
80.3
80.5

100.0
92.9
78.9
80.6

7

48.0
56.0
48.9

. 162
.305
.283
.311

14.64
15.85
15.21

100.0
116.7
101.9

53.1
100.0
92.8
102.0

100.0
108.3
103.9

142
18
45
41
23

47.3
53.7
46.3
47.7

.172
.367
.365
.350
.365

17. 36
19. 60
16.21
17.41

100.0
113.5
97.9
100.8

46.9
100.0
99.5
95.4
99.5

100.0
112.9
93.4
100.3

457
68
237
145
134

47.9
53.1
47.9
46.3

.200
.376
.372
.386
.385

18.01
19. 75
18.49
17.83

100.0
110.9
100.0
96.7

5
3

.337

104.9

53.2
100.0
98 .9

102.7
102.4

166.0
109.7
102.7
99.0

26
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

able

1 . — Average hours and earnings uilh index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Canning Department—Continued

Num ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
estab­
em­
lish­
ploy­
ments
ees

Sex, occupation, and year

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
Aver­
age
full­
age
Aver­
full­
time
earn­
time age full­
hours ings per earn­
time
per
hour ings per hours
week
week
per
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

females —continued

General workers:
1017................................................
1921_________ _________________
1923.................... .................... .......
1925...............................................
1927.................................................

10
10
13
8
18

628
112
227
62
262

46.7
53.9
48.0
47.7

$0.164
.346
.315
.369
.350

$16.16
16. 93
17. 71
16. 70

100.0
115.4
102.8
102.1

47.4
100.0
91.1
106.7
101.2

100.0
105.1
109.6
103.3

Total, females:
1917....................................
1921....................... ..............
1923........................... ........
1925...................... .............
1927......................................

12
18
18
32
43

2, 536
566
1,252
1,038
1,496

47.3
53.3
47.3
48.6

.173
.346
.349
.349
.355

16. 37
18.60
16.51
17.25

166.0
112.7
100.0
102.7

50.0
100.0
100.9
100.9
102.6

100.0
113.6
100.9
105.4

Maintenance and Repair Department

MALES

Blacksmiths:
1917....................
. . .............
1921................................................
1923..............................................
1925___________________________
1927____________ ____ _________
Boiler makers:
1917_____ ____ _______ ____
1921______________________ ____
1923.................... ............................
1925............. ........ ............ .............
1927___________________________
Bricklayers and masons:
1917_____ ______________ ______
1921___________________________
1923_______ ___________________
1925..................... ........................
1927______ ___ _______ ________
Carpenters:
1917_______ ___________________
1921............................................. .
1923................................ ...........
1925...............................................
1927................................................
Coopers (repairers):
1917________ _______ __________
1921...................................... ..........
1923........................... .......... ..........
1925............................ ........... .
1927____ ______________________
Electrical workers:
1917.. . . .
.
___
1921...............................................
1923___________________________
1925.............
........................
1927____ ______ _______________
Laborers:
1917............. .
....................
1921................................... ............
1923.................................... .......... .
1925.................... ...........................
1927.................................... ..........
Machinists:
1917........... ..................................
1921.................................... ...........
1923....................... ............ ............
1925............................... .................
1927.................................................




55
31
35
71
70

161
78
101
134
127

48.7
50.0
49.5
49.3

$0.355
.640
.645
.678
.665

$31.17
32.25
33.56
32.78

100.0
102. 7
101.6
101.2

55. 5
100.0
100.8
105.9
103.9

100 0
103. 5
107. 7
105.2

16
13
13
22
23

125
44
91
102
106

48.0
51.4
47.7
48.3

.336
.673
.733
.745
.705

32.30
37. 68
35.54
34.05

100.0
107.1
99.4
100.6

49.9
100.0
108.9
110.7
104.8

100.0
116.7
110.0
105.4

40
25
28
36
44

115
50
61
103
92

48.7
50.9
46.5
48.5

.683
1.072
1.121
1.244
1.274

52.21
57.06
57.85
61.79

100.0
104.5
95.5
99.6

63.7
100.0
104.6
116.0
118.8

100.0
109.3
110.8
118.3

62
33
37
81
76

1,345
600
693
914
941

48.5
50.4
48.5
48.7

.341
.640
.617
.643
.662

31.04
31.10
31.19
32.24

100.0
103.9
100.0
100.4

53.3
100.0
* 96.4
100.5
103.4

100.0
100.2
100.5
103.9

60
32
36
76
74

642
483
483
549
529

48.2
51.8
50.3
49.4

.324
.574 ""27*67" " " ’ loo"o'
.592
30.67
107.5
104.4
.587
29. 53
.593
29.29
102.5

56.4
100.0
103.1
102.3
103.3

100.0
110.8
106.7
105.9

56
31
35
73
72

288
218
277
323
334

48.4
50.7
49.3
49.0

.343
.652
.642
.643
.646

31.56
32. 55
41.56
31. 65

100.0
104.8
101.9
101.2

52.6
100.0
98.5
129.3
99.1

100.0
103.1
131.7
100.3

65
33
37
81
80

4,584
908
1,149
1,748
2,216

48.7
51.3
49.7
49.6

.232
.449
.436
.438
.437

21.87
22.37
21.77
21.68

100.0
105.3
102.1
101.8

51.7
100.0
97.1
97.6
97.3

100.0
102.3
99.5
99.1

58
33
35
70
67

415
270
290
341
411

48.1
50.3
49.2
48.6

.366
.667
.679
.678
.687

32.08
34.15
33.36
33.39

100.0
104.6
102.3
101.0

54.9
100.0
101.8
101.6
103.0

100.0
106.5
104.0
104.1

27

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
T a b le

1 . — Average hours and earnings uith index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Maintenance and Repair Department—Continued

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
estab­
em­
lish­
ploy­
ments
ees

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
Aver­
age
Aver­
full­
age
full­
time age full­
earn­
time
time
hours ings per earn­
hour ings per hours
per
per
week
week
week

numbers o f—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

10676”
107.3
99.4
100.8

51.4
100.0
113.0
116.7
104.9

100.0
121.3
116.0
105.8

males —continued

Machine hands:
1917.................... ............................
1921.................................................
1923.................................................
1925.................................................
1927................................. . . . .........
Millwrights:
1917.____ _________ _____ _____
1 92 1 .............................................
1923............. ...................................
1925.................... ......... .................
1927..................... ......... ...........
Painters:
1917......................................... .......
1921.................... ........... ............. .
1923................... ...........................
1925...... ........ ..............................
1927_________________ _______
Plumbers and pipe fitters:
1917______________________ ____
1921_______ ______ ____________
1923............. ........ ..........................
1925............................................
1927.............................................
Repairers:22
1917........... ................. ..................
1921.........................................
1923...... ............ .......................__
1925_____ ________ __________
1927______ ______ ___________
Tinners:
1917___________________________
1921............................................
1923.______ ______ __________
1925_________ ____ _____ ______
1927................. .......... ..................
Other skilled occupations:23
1917................ ......... .......... ..........
1921._____ ________ ______
1923.... ..................................
1925____ __________ _____ _____
1927________________ _____
Blacksmiths’ helpers:
1917......................... ........... .........
1921___________________ _______
1923...... .......... ...............................
1925............................. ...............__
1927...... ..........................................
Boiler makers’ helpers:
1917...............................................
1921........................................
1923.................................................
1925................ ..............................
1927___________________________
Carpenters’ helpers:
1917........... ....................................
1921.................................................
1923........... ....................................
1925...................... .................. .......
1927.................... .................. ........

13
13
12
21
22

102
117
77
105
78

48.0
51.5
47.7
48.4

34
29
33
56
60

304
288
390
410
453

46.6
50.5
49.2
48.7

.353
.625
.634
.647
.640

29.13
32.02
31.83
31.17

100.0
108.4
105.6
104.5

56.5
100.0
101.4
103.5
102.4

100.0
109.9
109.3
107.0

48
29
32
60
62

294
138
140
200
258

48.7
51.0
49.1
49.0

.297
.537
.546
.541
.551

26.15
27.85
26. 56
27.00

100.0
104.7
100.8
100.6

55.3
100.0
101.7
100.7
102.6

100.0
106.5
101.6
103.3

56
34
37
77
74

473
291
380
460
476

48.4
51.5
49.5
48.9

.352
.655
.655
.643
.648

31.70
33.73
31.83
31. 69

100.0
106.4
102.3
101.0

53.7
100.0
100.0
98.2
98.9

100.0
106.4
100.4
100.0

55
31
31
68
71

796
446
440
575
675

48.7
51.7
48.7
48.9

.313
. 611
. 590
. 642
.643

"29.76"
30. 50
31. 27
31.44

16676”
106.2
100.0
100.4

51.2
100.0
96.6
105.1
105.2

100.0
102.5
105.1
105.6

43
30
33
55
55

299
182
205
216
258

48.4
51.0
48.7
48.5

.327
.608 ” 29.43" ~’ "160." o’
32. 64
105.4
. 640
32.43
100.6
.666
32. 01
100.2
.660

53.8
100.0
105.3
109.5
108.6

100.0
110.9
110.2
108.8

31
30
35
67
72

86
453
626
801
862

48.4
51.5
49.0
49.4

.291
. 564
. 555
.573
.571

27. 30
28. 58
28. 08
28. 21

100.0
106.4
101.2
102.1

51.6
100.0
98.4
101.6
101.2

100.0
104.7
102.9
103.3

39
27
30
47
41

126
57
78
91
76

48. 5
50.9
49.1
48.6

.251
. 501
.484
.496
.506

24. 30
24. 64
24. 35
24. 59

100.0
104.9
101.2
100.2

50.1
100.0
96.6
99.0
101.0

100.0
101.4
100.2
101.2

11
8
9
18
14

114
23
60
80
45

48.0
51.2
48.0
48.3

.247
.480
.457
.467
.494

23.04
23.40
22. 42
23.86

100.0
106.7
100.0
100.6

51.5
100.0
95.2
97.3
102.9

100.0
101.6
97.3
103.6

26
21
22
38
39

193
162
180
166
130

48.4
49.8
49.3
49.3

.309
.466
.437
.446
.452

22. 55
21. 76
21.99
22.28

100.0
102.9
101.9
101.9

66.3
100.0
93.8
95.7
97.0

100.0
96.5
97.5
98.8

$0.292
.568 '$27"26'
. 642
33.06
31.63
.663
.596
28.85

22 Includes belt men, box makers, brush makers, brush repairers, calkers, door canvassers, harness
makers, plasterers, plugmen, pump repairers, rope repairers, saw filers, tool grinders, truckmen, uphol­
sterers, welders, wheelmen and wheelwrights.
23 Includes assistant foremen, boiler washers, cranemen, molders, oilers, pattern makers, pipe eoverers,
roofers, steel men, stencil cutters, utility and general workers.




28
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

able

1 . — Average hours and earnings uith index numbers, in specified years ,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
M aintenance and Repair Department—Continued

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
estab­
em­
lish­
ploy­
ments
ees

Index
Aver­
Aver­
Aver­
age
age
full­
Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
time age full­
hours ings per earn­
time
per
hour ings per hours
per
week
week
week

numbers of—
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

males —continued

Electrical workers’ helDers:
1917............... ................................
1921...... ..................... .....................
1923.................................... ...........
1925. _____ ________ _____ _____
1927______________ _______ ____
Machinists’ helpers:
1917............... ................. ..............
1921_____ _____________________
1923.................... ..........................
1925.................... ........................
1927_____________ _______ _____
Millwrights’ helpers:
1917____ _____ ________ _______
1921............. ..................................
1923.............. ...............................
1925.................. ............ ...............
1927 ______ ___________________
Plumbers’ and pipe fitters’ helpers:
1917.................................................
1921............. ...................................
1923________________ __________
1925....................... ......................
1927_______________ ___________
Repairers’ helpers:
1917____________ ___________
1921____ _______ ______________
1923................ ............ ...............
1925____ ____ _________________
1927.................................... ......... .
Tinners’ helpers:
1917.................. ................. ...........
1921............................. ...................
1923...... ................. ........................
1925...... ................. ........................
1927_____ ______________ ______
Total, males:
1917_______ _____ _______
1921....................... .............
1923......................... ............
1925...... ................................
......................................

36
21
28
35
42

96
54
93
101
99

49.0
51.0
49. 5
48.9

$0. 241
.481
. 485
.481
.476

$23. 57
24. 74
23.81
23.23

100.0
104.1
101.0
99.8

50.1
100.0
100.8
100.0
99.0

100.0
105.0
101.0
98.6

37
21
24
40
43

112
79
114
118
116

48.3
50.0
49.5
48.8

.256
.480
.474
.484
.490

23.18
23. 70
23.96
23.91

100.0
103.5
102. 5
101.0

53.3
100.0
98. 8
100.8
102.1

100.0
102. 2
103.4
103.1

20
21
26
35
36

101
80
158
131
108

48.3
49.8
49.2
48.6

.248
.479
.477
.489
.468

23.14
23. 75
24.06
22. 74

100.0
103.1
101.9
100.6

51.8
100.0
99.6
102.1
97.7

100.0
102.6
104.0
98.3

48
29
35
66
56

431
234
317
380
300

48.6
51.1
48.3
48.9

.246
.472
.463
.471
.472

22.94
23. 66
22. 75
23.08

100.0
105.1
99.4
100.6

52.1
100.0
98.1
99.8
100.0

100.0
103.1
99.2
100.6

21
27
22
56
36

67
139
175
294
89

49.7
50.4
49.2
48.8

. 241
.491
.461
.453.
.484

24. 40
23. 23
22.29
23.62

100.0
101.4
99.0
98.2

49.1
100.0
93.9
92.3
98.6

100.0
95.2
91.4
96.8

33
17
30
31
31

118
61
85
103
88

48.0
50.5
48.6
48.5

.244
.469
.445
.460
.471

22. 51
22.47
22.36
22.84

100.0
105.2
101.3
101.0

52.0
100.0
94.9
98.1
100.4

100.0
99.8
99.3
101.5

66 11, 387
34
5,455
38
6,663
8, 445
36
1927
86
8,867

48.4
51.0
49.1
49.1

.289
.567
.560
.568
.571

27. 44
28. 56
27. 89
28.04

100.0
105. 4
101. 4
101.4

51.0
100.0
98.8
100. 2
100.7

100.0
104.1
101.6
102.2

Miscellaneous Employees, All Departments

MALES

Branders, markers, stampers, stencilers, and taggers:
1917.............. ............ ...................
1921......................... ....................
1923..........................................
1925............. ..................................
1927____________ ____ _________
Elevator operators:
1917.............. ..............................
1921______________ ____________
1923............. ............ ........ ..............
1925...................... ..........................
1927________________ __________
Scalers and weighers:
1917____________ _____ ________
1 92 1 ........................................ .
1923.................................................
1925.................................................
1927.................................................




57
33
36
73
72

492
379
550
590
521

48.2
51.2
50.0
49.3

$0. 241
.456
.435
.449
.450

$21. 98
22. 27
22.45
22.19

100.0
106.2
103.8
102.3

52.9
100.0
95. 4
98.5
98.7

100.0
101. 3
102.1
101.0

60
29
37
69
68

591
332
454
604
434

48.4
52.5
50.5
49.8

.241
.462
.452
.448
.452

22. 36
23. 73
22. 62
22. 51

100.0
108. 5
104.3
102.9

52.2
100.0
97.8
97.0
97.8

100.0
106.1
101.2
100.7

60
32
38
75
76

906
395
707
901
757

48. 7
52. 7
51.1
49.9

.266
.510
.484
. 505
.512

24. 84
25. 51
25. 81
25. 55

100. 0
108. 2
104.9
102.5

52. 2
100. 0
94.9
99 0
100.4

100.0
102. 7
103. 9
102.

29

AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS BY STATES

T

able

1 . — Average hours and earnings with index numbers, in specified years,
1917 to 1927, by department, sex, occupation, and year— Continued
Miscellaneous Employees, All Departments—Continued

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
em­
estab­
lish­
ploy­
ments
ees

Index
Aver­
Aver­
age
age
Aver­
Aver­
full­
age
full­
earn­
time age full­
time
time
hours ings per earn­
per
hour ings per hours
week
week
per
week

numbers o f —
Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age full­
time
earn­
ings per
week

1 ... ....4
m ales

—continued

Doormen:
1925.................................................
.................................................
1927
Total, males:
1917__________ --........ ........
1921............ ........... ...........
1923...... ...................... ........
1925____ ____ ___________
1927_ ......... .........................

49
42

403
259

50.2
49.2

$0. 314
.317

$15. 76
15.60

60
33
38
84
83

1,989
1,106
1, 711
2,498
1, 971

48.4
52.2
50.5
49.6

.252
.477
.460
.448
.458

23.09
24. 01
22. 62
22. 72

100.0
107. 9
104.3
102.5

52.8
100.0
96.4
93.9
96.0

100.0
104.0
98.0
98.4

13
15
21
20
21

37
64
100
61
49

48.1
52.6
48.9
48.9

.153
. 337
. 360
.341
. 364

16. 21
18.94
16. 67
17.80

100.0
109.4
101.7
101.7

45.4
100.0
106.8
101.2
108.0

100.0
116.8
102.8
109.8

13
11
16
15
24

33
22
104
38
117

48. 3
52.6
50. 2
49.0

. 164
.337
.319
.343
.350

16. 28
16. 78
17. 22
17.15

100.0
108.9
103.9
101.5

48.7
100.0
94.7
101.8
103.9

100.0
103.1
105.8
105.3

13
15
22
34
34

70
86
204
99
166

48.1
52.5
49.4
48.9

. 158
.337
.323
.342
.354

16. 21
16. 96
16. 89
17.31

100.0
109.1
102.9
101.7

46.9
100.0
95.8
101.5
105.0

100.0
104.6
104.2
106.8

FEMALES

Branders, markers, stampers, stencilers, and taggers:
1917_____________ ______ ______
1921___ ____ __________________
1923______ __________ _________
1925._____ ___________ ________
1927_________________ _________
Scalers and weighers:
1917___________________________
1921.______ ___________________
1923............... .................. .............
1925_______ _______ ______ ____
1927...................... ................. .......
Total, females:
1917________ ____ _______
1921................. ........ .........
1923______________ ______
1925..________ __________
1927...................................

AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1925 AND 1927, BY STATE
Table 2 presents averages for the years 1925 and 1927 for males,
for females, and for both sexes combined, by States.
Average full-time hours per week for males in all States are 50.2
in 1925 and 49.3 in 1927, and for females 49.4 in 1925 and 49.1 in
1927. The averages for males by States range from 47.5 to 60.0 in
1925 and from 47.6 to 58.8 in 1927, and for females range from 47.8
to 55.4 in 1925 and from 46.8 to 56.8 in 1927.
Average earnings per hour for males in all States are 50.7 cents in
1925 and 52 cents in 1927, and for females 35.9 cents in 1925 and 36.4
cents in 1927. The averages for males by States range from 32.5 to
57.5 cents in 1925 and from 34.4 to 60.2 cents in 1927, and for females
range from 28.2 to 44.6 cents in 1925 and from 28.1 to 41.2 cents
per hour in 1927.
Average full-time earnings per week for males in all States are
$25.45 in 1925 and $25.64 in 1927, and for females $17.73 in 1925
and $17.87 in 1927. Full-time earnings per week for males by
States range from $18.69 to $33.42 in 1925 and from $20.23 to $30.22
in 1927, and for females range from $13.54 to $22.84 in 1925 and from
$13.54 to $20.68 in 1927.
109538°— 29------ 3




30
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

able

2 .—

Sex

Number of establishments and of wage earners, and average hours and
earnings, 1925 and 1927, by sex and State

and

State

Number
of estab­
lishments

Number of
employees

1925

1927

1925

3

3

1927

Average full­
time hours
per week

1925

Average
earnings
per hour

1927

1925

1927

Average
full-time
weekly
earnings
1925

1927

MALES

California_____________ ________
Colorado_____________________ .
Connecticut and Massachusetts1
Florida and Georgia___________
Illinois........... ........... .....................
Indiana............................... ............
Io w a ................... ................. ..........
Kansas............ .......... .....................
M aryland-------- ----------------------M ichigan________ . - .............
Minnesota and South Dakota L .
M issou ri.._____ _______________
Nebraska...... ................................
N ew Y ork ......................................
Ohio........... ................. ..................
Oklahoma________________ ____
Oregon and Washington 1............
Pennsylvania__________ _______
Texas________ _____ ___ _______
W isconsin............. - .......................
T otal.....................................

2

4
22

16
2

7
8
3
3
4
4
3
7
3
2

4
3
4
2
86

591
668
47.5
2
423
50.9
396
4 1, 591 1,668
55.7
33
2 70
3 161 2 57.5
14 14, 594 14,448
49.3
2
2, 476 1,870
48.0
7 4,929 4,888
50.8
8 6,735 6,046
50.7
2
636
510
55.3
3
878
847
60.0
4 5,107 4,341
48.0
4 2,932 2,434
48.9
4 2,953 3,195
48.1
7 2, 516 2, 558
51.7
3
675
801
50.8
2
826
899
48.1
4
666
706
50.0
695
712
52.5
3
5 1,949 1,849
49.1
2
1,460 1,210
51.6
86 52,702 50,207

47.6 $0. 575 $0. 569 $27. 31 $27. 08
48.4
.496
.528 25. 25
25. 56
.494 27. 07
54.8
.486
27.07
s 58.8 2.325 3.344 2 18.69 3 20. 23
48.1
.518
.527 25. 54
25. 35
48.5
.453
.461 21.74
22. 36
51.9
.472 23. 77
.468
24. 50
49.4
.514 25. 60
.505
25. 39
54.9
.497
.501 27. 48
27. 50
.544 33. 42
54.9
.557
29. 87
48.0
.518
525 24. 86
25. 20
49.4
.499
.508 24. 40
25.10
48.2
.503
.525 24.19
26.31
50.2
.553
.602 28. 59
30. 22
51.3
.523
.510 26. 57
26.16
48.0
.479 22. 51
22. 99
.468
50.4
.534
.570 26. 70
28. 73
51.0
.560
.510 29.40
26. 01
50.0
.485 22.98
.468
24. 25
48.2
.549
.555 28. 33
26. 75

50.2

49.3

.507

.520

25.45

25. 64

131
70
63
289
153

47.8
48.0
49.3
55.4
48.9
48.0
50.7
51.1
54.0
48.0
49.8
48.0
52.1
48.4
48.0
49.8
49.3
48.8
51.2

47.9
48.0
49.4
56.8
47.6
48.0
52.3
49.8
54.0
48.0
50.2
48.1
47.8
50.1
48.0
48.3
46.8
49.5
48.0

.353
.296
.311
.300
.382
.282
.325
.380
.359
.358
.385
.366
.347
.369
.302
.353
.360
.321
.446

.378
.339
.316
.281
.396
.282
.320
.383
.342
.374
.412
.382
.358
.352
.298
.350
.354
.311
.373

16. 87
14. 21
15. 33
16. 62
18. 68
13. 54
16.48
19.42
19. 39
17.18
19.17
17. 57
18. 08
17.86
14. 50
17. 58
17. 75
15. 66
22.84

18.11
16. 27
15. 61
15. 96
18. 85
13. 54
16. 74
19. 07
18. 47
17. 95
20. 68
18. 37
17.11
17.64
14. 30
16. 91
16. 57
15. 39
17. 90

7,145

49.4

49.1

.359

.364

17. 73

17. 87

3
685
790
486
469
4 1,834 1,932
*3
2 79 3 172
14 16, 570 16,498
2
2,806 2,159
7 5, 567 5, 596
8 7,548 6,970
2
741
637
3 1,089 1,067
4 5, 710 4, 905
4 3,135 2 ,6 6 8
4 3, 329 3, 697
7 2, 736 2, 799
3
752
911
2
935 1,030
4
736
776
3
757
775
5 2,197 2,138
2
1, 605 1, 363

47.6
50.4
54.8
2 57.8
49.3
48.0
50.8
50.7
55.3
58.8
48.0
49.0
48.1
51.8
50.6
48.1
50.0
52.3
49.1
51.6

47.7
48.3
54.1
1 58.9
48.0
48.4
52.0
49.5
55.2
54.8
48.0
49.4
48.2
50.0
51.2
48.0
50.2
50.7
49.9
48.2

.546
.472
.465
2 .311
.503
.433
.453
.492
.473
.524
.502
.492
.489
.537
.510
.450
.518
.545
.452
.541

59, 297 57, 352

50.1

49.3

.492

FEMALES

California........................................
Colorado___________ ______ ____
Connecticut and Massachusetts1
Florida, Georgia, and M aryland.
Illinois. ...................................... .
Indiana ________ ________ ______
Iowa__________ ______ _________
Kansas................... ........................
M ichigan________ _ __________
Minnesota and South Dakota
Missouri_______________________
Nebraska........................ ........... .
New Y ork ............... ................... .
O h io ... _______________________
Oklahoma_____________________
Oregon and Washington 1______
Pennsylvania.______ __________
Texas________ __________ _______
W isconsin.............. ........................
T otal.....................................

3

3

2

2

3
4

3
4

2

2

94
63
243
114
1,976
330
638
813
211
603
203
376
220
77
109
70
62
248
145

12

11

2
7
8
3
4
4
3
5
3

2
7
8
3
4
4
4
4
3

78

78

6, 595

2

2

4
3
4

4
3
5

122

73
264
138
2,050
289
708
924
220
564
234
502
241
110

MALES AND FEMALES

California......................................
Colorado______ _________ ____ _
Connecticut and Massachusetts 1
Florida and Georgia............ ........
Illinois............................. ................
Indiana............................................
Iowa.................................................
Kansas....................... .......... ........ .
M aryland.................. ..................
M ic h ig a n ...________ __________
Minnesota and South Dakota L .
M issouri______ __________ _____
Nebraska.....................................
N ew Y ork ......................................
Ohio____ _______________ ______
Oklahoma.......... .......... .................
Oregon and Washington 1...........
Pennsylvania_____________ ____
Texas..............................................
W isconsin................................. .
T otal........ ................. .........

3
2

4
22

16
2

7
8
3
3
4
4
3
7
3
2

4
3
4
2
86

2

86

.541 25. 99
25. 81
.502 23. 79
24. 25
.470 25. 48
25. 43
».339 2 17.98 3 19.97
.512 24. 80
24. 58
.439 20. 78
21.25
.454 23. 01
23. 61
.498 24.94
24. 65
.458 26.16
25.28
.507 30.81
27. 78
.509 24.10
24. 43
.500 24.11
24. 70
.508 23. 52
24.49
.581 27.82
29. 05
.492 25.81
25.19
.458 21. 65
21.98
.552 25.90
27.71
.499 28. 50
25. 30
.464 22.19
23.15
.536 27.92
25.84
.501

24. 65

24.70

1

1Shown together to avoid presenting data for 1 plant in 1 State.




3 Florida.

* Florida and Georgia.

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

31

AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR
Average and classified earnings per hour are presented in Table 3
for the males in 24 important occupations in 8 departments and for
females in 7 important occupations in 5 of the 13 departments in the
slaughtering and meat-packing industry for which 1927 data are
shown. These occupations were selected as representative of all of
the occupations in the industry. They include unskilled, semi­
skilled, and skilled employees, and the 11,107 males in these occupa­
tions represent 22 per cent of the total number of males, the 3,502
females represent 49 per cent of the total number of females, and the
males and females together represent 25 per cent of all the wage
earners covered in 1927. Employees in these occupations are also
classified by average earnings per hour and by districts in Table B,
pages 50 to 91; by average full-time hours per week in Table 4,
page 34, and in Table C, pages 102 to 108; by number of days on which
employees worked in one week in Table 8, page 45; by hours worked
in one week in Table D, pages 109 to 119; and by earnings in one
week in Table E, pages 120 to 129.
The average earnings per hour of employees in the various occupa­
tions as shown in Table 3 were computed by dividing the combined
earnings of all employees in the occupation during the week covered
by the combined hours worked.
Average earnings per hour of males in these occupations range from
44.2 cents for laborers in the hog-killing department to 87.7 cents for
floormen or siders in the cattle-killing department, and of females
range from 34.8 cents for miscellaneous workers in the offal depart­
ment to 42.1 cents for trimmers of trimmings in the fresh-pork
department.
Approximately 22 per cent of the 11,107 male employees in the
24 occupations earned an average of 60 cents or more per hour, and
51 per cent of them earned 50 cents or more per hour in the one-week
pay period covered. Less than 1 per cent of the males earned under
30 cents an hour and 5.3 per cent earned under 40 cents an hour.
Of the 3,502 female employees in 7 occupations 33 per cent earned
40 cents or more per hour, 85 per cent earned 30 cents or more, and
3.6 per cent earned under 25 cents per hour.




T

able

3 .—

Average and classified earnings per hour in 81 specified occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and occupation
Per cent of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—

119
152
280
125
150
874

$0. 662
.556
.877
.587
.876
.451

68
61
65

818
68
567

.442
.631
.535

66
63

219
169

. 589
.630

70
47

684
194

.532
.573

169
110

.373
.348

609
279
233

.542
.505
.539

90
85
75
80
65
70
55
60
35
40
45
50
25
30
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
95
85
90
75
80
70
55
65
60
40
45
50
35
30
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents
cents cents
cents cents

95
and
un­
der
$1

$1.25 $1.50
$1
and and and
un­
un­
un­
der
der
der
$1.25 $1.50 $1.75

CATTLE-KILLING DEPARTMENT

1

0)

1

(!)

2

1

1

1
9

3

33
9
1
8
2
2

16
4
1
11
1
1

5
44
0)
35
1
11

20
24
0)
28

2
1
4
2
1

8
5
2
5
3

1

5

3

9

40

28

3

13

42
1
10

21
18

10
12
28

5
21
20

3
34
14

0)
18
3

2
1

5
2

26
12

24
9

24
40

15
23

2
5

1
5

2

12
1

29
31

21
17

14
16

6
11

4
7

2
3

1
1

24
19

7
14

9
5

4
2

1

2

1

1
1
2

7
10
9

17
41
21

35
24
29

21
15
19

10
6
9

4
1
2

0)

3

7

40
2
44
1

19
27
0)

2
2
5

3
15
3
11
0)

7

1

3

2

3

0)

HOG-KILLING DEPARTMENT

Males:
Laborers 2.................................
S tickers^--------------- ----------Shavers and scrapers.............
Gutters, bung droppers,
and rippers-open___--------Splitters--------- -------------------

2

0)

0)

6
2

0)

4

0)

1

1

1
0)

0)

0)

0)

0)
1

1

0)

1

OFFAL (OTHER THAN HIDES AND
CASINGS) DEPARTMENT

Males:
Trim mers__________________
Tripe scrapers and finishers.
Females:
Trimmers_______ __________
Miscellaneous workers 3........

24
30

‘

0)
2
5

1

1

12
15

36
39

(!)

1
2

1
2

1
1

1
4

2

1

1

1

1

CASING DEPARTMENT

Males:
Casing pullers or runners.
Strippers____________ ______
Trimmers of casings..............




68
53
51

(i)
0)

1
2

0)

1
3

C1)

1

1

1

I

1
0

(0

1
3

0)

3

m e a t - packing

Males:
Headers................................
Leg breakers_______________
Floormen or siders_________
Gutters and bung droppers..
Splitters. _...............................
Laborers................... ........... .

0)

in d u s t r y

51
55
65
63
65
72

Un­
der
25
cents

and

A ver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Sl a u g h t e r in g

Sex and occupation

N um ­ N um ­
ber
ber
of
of eswage
tabearn­
lishers
ments

Females:
Blowers, graders, and in­
spectors_________ ________
CUTTING— FRESH BEEF
PARTMENT

221

.384

1,779
499

.451
.751

288

.701

35

36

17

9

2

8
0)

49
2

28
6

10
10

3
14

1
9

0)

2

5

26

7

1

6

14

30

19

15

12

2
2

13
6

1

(0

0)
4

5

2

3

0)
15

7

1

6

11

4

5

7

2

2

10

2

1

20

6

4

1

1

0)

0)

8

5

3

2

1

1

0)

0)

35
19

20
20

13
15

4
12

2
5

1
2

2

0)

DE­

Males:
Ham boners______ _________
Trimmers and ham and
shoulder skinners________
Female:
Trimmers of trimmings____

.556

844

.421

402
417

.513
.565

76 ' 1,175

.364

1,086
480

.477
.497

849
134

.351
.385

0)

0)

0)
6

8

15

1
0)

0)

0)

0)

SAUSAGE DEPARTMENT

Males:
M achine tenders *__________
Stuff ers........ ............................
Females:
Linkers, twisters, tiers, and
hangers____ _____________
CURED

M EAT

0)

0)
0)

2

16

32

18

14

11

4

2

1

1

1

4
1

22
12

44
42

17
31

7
9

22
13

11
10

6
5

3
4

1
4

0)

1

0)

1

0)

0)

DEPARTMENT

Males:
Packers *_
Picklers

(l)

1
2

1
0)

0)
0)

0)

CANNING D EPARTMENT

PER

3

14
9

41
46

0)
1

1

1

1 Less than 1 per cent.
2 Includes drivers, penners, steamers, singers, aitchbone breakers, and toe pullers.
3 Includes washers and tripe washers, scalders, cookers, scrapers, and finishers.
4 Includes cutters, choppers, grinders, mixers, curers, and feeders.
8 Includes packers of beef, barrel pork, bellies, briskets, pig rinds, and smoked meats; dippers, vat men, sweet-pickle packers, burlap sackers, wrappers, nailers, car loaders, and
car stowers.
• Includes pickle men, pickle makers, pumpers, and curers.




HOUR

Females:
Packers (sliced bacon and
chipped dried beef in cans,
glass jars, or cartons, by
h a n d ).---------------------------- Labelers and wrappers.........

EARNINGS

616

CLASSIFIED

4

AND

7

AVERAGE

Males:
Laborers_______ __________
Boners.....................................
CUTTING— FRESH PORK
PARTMENT

27

DE­

CO
CO

34

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

REGULAR OR CUSTOMARY HOURS OF OPERATION
Table 4 shows the per cent of employees in each of 31 specified
occupations at each group of full-time hours per week for 1921, 1923,
1925, and 1927.
Full-time weekly hours of employees in each of the 31 occupations
for which data are shown were greater in 1923 than in 1921, 1925, or
1927.
The full-time hours of approximately 94 per cent of the employees
in the 31 selected occupations in 1921 were 48 or less per week, about
92 per cent being at 48 and 2 per cent less than 48. In 1923 the full­
time hours of only 29 per cent of the employees were 48 per week,
and none had full-time of less than 48 hours per week. Sixty per cent
of the employees in these occupations in 1925, and 77 per cent in
1927, had full-time hours of 48 or less per week.
T

able

4 .—

Average and classified full-iime hours per week in 31 specified occupa­
tions, 1921 to 1927, by department, sex, and year
Cattle-killing Department

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­
N um ­
ber
ber of
of
estab­
em­
lish­ ployees
ments

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

53
79
120
119

47.6
52.1
50.0
49.0

89
117
181
152

47.8
52.8
49.9
49. 1

122

48.0
52.6
49.9
49.2

Per cent of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—

Un­
der

48

Over
48
and
under
54

54

Over
54
and
under
60

60

Over
60

MALES

Headers:
1921_______________________
1923_______________________
1925_______________________
1927................ ..........................

Leg breakers:
1921___________________ _
1923______________________
1925_______________________
1927_______________________

Floormen or siders:
1921______________________
1923_______________________
1925_______________________
1927______________________

195
272
280

0)

78

Gutters and bung droppers
1921______________________
1923______________________
1925_______________________
1927..........................................

Splitters:
1921____________ ________
1923______________________
1925____________________
1927_______________ ______

Laborers:
1 9 2 1 .._______ ____________
1923....... ..................................
1925_____ _________________
1927______________________

1 Less than 1 per cent.




125

47.8
52.5
50.1
49.0

82
108
149
150

47.8
52.5
50.0
49.1

409
587
949
874

47.8
52.2
50.2
49.4

57
94
121

0)

0)

35

REGULAR OR CUSTOMARY HOURS OF OPERATION
T

able

4 .—

Average and classified full-iime hours per week in SI specified occupa­
tions, 1921 to 1927, by department, sex, and year— Continued
Hog-killing Department

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­
ber
N um ­
ber of
of
em­
estab­
lish­ ployees
ments

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

Per cent of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—

U n­
der
48

48

Over
48
and
under
54

54

Over
54
and
under
60

60

Over
60

MALES

L aborers:2
1921
........................
1923
_________ ______
1925 ..............................................
1927 .............................................
Stickers:
1921
.......................................
1923 .................... ........................
1925 ...... ............ ..........................
1927 ........................ .....................
Shavers and scrapers:
1921
........................
1923 ............. .................... ...........
1925 ............. .................................
1927 ____ ______ ______________
Gutters, bung droppers, and rippers-open:
1921
........... ............ .................
1923 .................... .........................
1925 ............................. .................
1927............. ...................... .........
Splitters:
1921 ....................................... .
1923 ............. ...............................
1925 ............................................. .
1927................................................

29
33
65
68

524
820
829
818

48.8
52. 2
51. 7
51.0

27
33
65
61

33
44
79
68

49. 6
53.0
51.8
50.3

27
34
66
65

303
587
705
567

48.9
52. 5
51.4
50. 6

28
32
64
66

100
172
242
219

48. 7
52.4
51.9
50.4

27
33
68
63

68
119
170
169

48.8
52.3
51. 5
50.1

90
34
52
61

4
3
3
5

4
3

82
30
46
66

3
5
5
4

3
1

88
33
51.
63

2
(»)

1
0)

1
2

7
9
3

7
5
16
13

43
23
12

9
5
4

15
14
18
10

6
3
5
7

48
20
13

8
8
5

6
8
14
11

92
34
48
66

2
3
6
5

47
24
14

9
5
4

6
8
16
10

91
34
51
68

2
3
4
4

50
27
14

8
4
4

7
5
12
8

58
15
11

10
3
3

2
4
6

50
19
17

Offal (Other T h a n Hides and Casings) Department
MALES

Trimmers:
1921__..................................
1923.............. ................. .
1925_____________________
1927_____________________
Tripe scrappers and finishers:
1921_____________________
1923.. .
___________
1925___ _____ ___________
1927___________ _________

32
36
60
70

471
768
597
684

47.9
52.4
49.6
49.7

24
31
49
47

115
209
227
194

48.2
52.6
49.7
49.0

14
15
22
24

103
198
139
169

13
15
24
30

73
180
154
110 i

3

96
28
77
76

2
2
1
3

96
25
73
86

4
1
2

63
21
5

10
4
5

48.0
52.9
50.7
49.9

100
22
55
69

i
2

62
40
22

8
4
7

47.6
52.1
50.7
49.2

82
37
66
68

58
25
25

2
5

.....

0)

0)

0)

2
2

FEMALES

Trimmers:
1921.. .
............. .........
1923.. .
................
1925_____________________
1927_______________ _____
Miscellaneous w orkers:3
1921____________ ____ _
1923.. .
................
1925.................... ................
1927......................................

1

14

1 Less than 1 per cent.
2 Included drivers, penners, steamers, singers, washers, aitchbone breakers, and toe pullers.
* Includes washers and tripe washers, scalders, cookers, scrapers, and finishers.




8

6
6
3

0)

1

36
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

able

4 .—

Average and classified full-time hours per week in 81 specified occupa­
tions, 1921 to 1927, by department, sex, and year— Continued
Casing Department

N um ­
ber
N um ­
of
ber of
estab­
em­
lish­ ployees
ments

Sex, occupation, and year

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

Per cent of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—

Un­
der
48

48

Over
48
and
under
54

54

Over
54
and
under
60

Over
60

60

MALES

Casing pullers or runners:
1921_____ ____________ _____
1923.................................................
1925.................................................
1927............................................. .
Strippers:
1921........................ ....................
1923________________ __________
1925............................................
1927_____________ _____________
Trimmers of casings:
1921.................. ..............................
1923_____ ______________ ______
1925......................... .......................
1927.............................. ...............

32
34
69
68

408
548
620
609

48. 5
52. 3
50.1
49.4

28
32
55
53

203
313
270
279

47.9
52. 7
50. 3
49. 2

29
32
55
51

163
213
240
233

48.1
52. 0
50.1
49.0

11
15
29
27

77
190
197
221

47.9
52. 6
49. 2
48.3

7
1
0)
10
0)

1
3

0

86
31
67
81

4
1
1

57
20
9

9
5
3

5
3
6
5

88
23
68
82

2
3
1
1

66
21
13

8
3
1

2
1
7
3

95
36
69
84

2
1
2

51
23
10

9
2
3

1
2
5
1

97
24
77
95

1
3

69
13
5

6

69
28
12

1
1
2

2
3
2
1

2
2

65
18
7

8
7
3

5
3
1
2

FEMALES

Blowers, graders, and inspectors:
1921___________________________
1923......... ................. ..................
1925.......................................... .
1927................................... ............

4
2
0)

5

Cutting —Fresh Beef Department
MALES

Laborers:
1921............................ ..................
1923........... ............. ............. .......
1925...........................................
1927_____ ______________ ______
Boners:
1921................................................
1923..______ _______ _____ ____
1925............ ......... ........ ................
1927................................................

27
33
56
60

1,229
1,261 !
1, 767
1, 779

48.2
52.6
49.9
48.8

18
30
57
59

86 1
432
547
499

48.5
52.9
49.4
48.6

2
1
6
5
14
11

-

96
27
68
79
88
23
57
76

0)
0)

1
1
2

Cutting—Fresh P ork Department

MALES

Ham boners:
1921............................................... .
1923................................................
1925_____ _____ ________ ______
1927...............................................
Trimmers and ham and shoulder
skinners:
1921..................................... .........
1923.................... ............. .............
1925....................................... ........
1927............................................... .

26
32
C7
64

161
209
286
288

49.1
49.6
51.4
50.0

29
32
57
55

362
700
701
616

49.0
52.5
50.2
49.6

68
75

- 3
1
1
0)

22
17

23
24
44
44

580
677
818
844

48.7
53.0
50.1
49.4

88
25
65
77

1
3
1

12
55
24
14

89

FEMALES

Trimmers of trimmings:
1921.............................................. .
1923.................... ........ ................. .
1925.......................... ......... ..........
1927.............................................. .
1 kess than 1 per ceat.




0)

37

REGULAR OR CUSTOMARY HOURS OF OPERATION
T a b le

and classified full-time hours per week in SI specified occupa­
tions, 1921 to 1927, by department, sex, and year— Continued

4 .— A vera ge

Sausage Department

Sex, occupation, and year

N um ­
ber
N um ­
of
ber of
estab­
em­
lish­ ployees
ments

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

193
329
418
402

48.6
52.6
50.5
49.6

Per cent of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—

Un­
der
48

48

Over
48
and
under
54

54

Over
54
and
under
60

Over

MALES

Machine tenders:4
1921_________________ _______________
1923________________________________
1925_____ __________________________
1927........................... ................. ...............

Staffers:
1921........................... ..............................
1923.................. .........................................
1925________________ ________ ________
1927............................................................

225
316
406
417

52.6
50.8
49.5

379
821
1,105
1,175

49.4
52.4
49.9
49.2

1

2

3

2

0)
0)

3
4

11

FEMALES

Linkers, twisters, tiers, and hangers:

mi______________

1923.................. ..................... ...................
1925______ _________________________
19 27 .......................... ................................

Cured-m cat Department

MALES

Packers:5
1921.... .......... ........
1923____ ________
1925_____________
1927_____________
Picklers:6
1921____ ________
1923............... .
1925............ ..........
1927............. .........

31
36
70
76

484
810
988
1,086

48.8
52.3
50.2
49.9

32
37
77
77

270
428
560
480

48. 5
52.7
51.2
49.9

0)
1
0)
1
1
C1)

92
30
68
74

1
2
1
2

59
19
15

6
3
3

94
27
54
73

1
2
2
3

58
33
15

7
3
2

97
37
70
68

2
6

60
23
21

4
1
2

0)

Canning Department

FEMALES

Packers (sliced bacon and chipped
dried beef in cans, glass jars, or
cartons, by hand):
1921
....................................
1923 .................................. ............
1925 ........... .................................
1927
...............
Labelers and wrappers:
1 9 2 1 .............................................
1923
. . . .
...............
1925
_
.
...................
1927................ ...............................

13
15
31
43

202
228
387
849

47.0
51.8
49.3
49.3

2
5
4

12
12
13
14

68
237
145
134

47.9
53.1
47.9
46.3

37
56

1

86
19
46
43

12
77
17

0)

4

1

i Less than 1 per cent.
4 Includes cutters, choppers, grinders, mixers, curers, and feeders.
« Includes packers of beef, barrel pork, bellies, briskets, pig rinds, and smoked meats; dippers, vat men,
gweet-pickle packers, burlap sackers, wrappers, nailers, car loaders, and car stowers.
• Includes pickle men, pickle makers, pumpers, and curers.




38

SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

BASIC OR REGULAR FULL-TIME HOURS PER DAY AND
PER WEEK
The basic or regular full-time hours per day and per week of each
of the meat-packing plants for which data are presented in this re­
port are the regular hours of operation when the plant is working
its recognized standard of full-time hours— that is, the usual time
from the beginning of work in the morning on each day of the week
to closing in the afternoon, less the regular time off duty for the midday
lunch or dinner. The hours per day and per week may be the same
even though there is a difference in the time of beginning and quitting
work. The hours of different plants may and often do differ on ac­
count of difference in time of beginning and quitting work, of
amount of time taken at noon for the midday meal, of a short workday
on Saturday or other week day, and at times on account of other
causes.
Basic or regular full-time hours per week as presented in the
tables of this report do not in any way indicate the amount of employ­
ment or the amount of unemployment during the pay-roll period
covered. Some employees of an occupation may have worked more
than full time due to overtime, while others may have worked less
than full time on account of having been sick, disabled, or laid off
part time, or of having been in service less than full time on account
of termination of service before the end of the pay-roll period covered
or of having entered service after the beginning of the period.
Table 5 shows basic or regular full-time hours per day and per
week for the 34 plants covered in 1921, the 38 in 1923, and for each
of the 86 covered in 1925 and in 1927. The majority of the plants
in the industry established the 8-hour day in 1918. In July, 1922,
the hours were increased to a 9-hour day, or 54-hour week, by many
of those included in the 1921 study. Since then a very large number
have returned to the 8-hour day or 48-hour week.
Line 1 of the table shows that the basic or regular full-time hours
of 29, or 85 per cent, of the 34 plants covered in 1921 were 8 on 6
days, or 48 per week, with only 2 plants at 10 hours on 6 days, or
60 per week. Line 2 shows that the hours of 15, or 39 per cent, of
the 38 plants covered in 1923 were 8 per day or 48 per week, and that
the hours of 16, or 42 per cent, were 9 per day or 54 per week, thus
showing an increase in the hours of some plants between 1921 and
1923 from 8 per day or 48 per week, to 9 per day or 54 per week.
Line 3 reports the 1925 hours of 40 plants, or 46.5 percent, of the 86
plants covered in that year, at 8 on 6 days or 48 per week, of 18 at
9 hours on 6 days or 54 per week, and of 10 plants at 10 hours per
day on 6 days or 60 per week.
Line 4 shows tthat of 55 plants, or approximately 64 per cent of
the 86 plants covered in 1927, the hours were 8 per day or 48 per
week; of 1 plant the hours were 8 on 5 days and 5 on 1 day; of 3 they
were 9 on 5 days and 5 on 1 day or 50 hours per week; of 1 the hours
were 9 ^ on 5 days and 5 on 1 day or 5 2 ^ per week; of 13 the hours
were 9 on 6 days or 54 per week; of 5 they were 10 on 5 days and 5
on 1 day or 55 hours per week; of 1 the .hours were 9J/2 on 6 days
or 57 per week; and of 7 they were 10 on 6 days or 60 hours per week.




39

BONUS SYSTEMS

The weighted basic or regular full-time hours per week for all
males, for all females, and for both sexes combined are shown at the
beginning of Table 1, page 2.
Average basic or regular full-time hours per week and average
hours actually worked in one week in 1927 are shown in parallel
columns in Table A, pages 50 to 91. The average in one column
shows the basic or regular full-time hours of work, while the average
in the other column shows the hours actually worked in one week.
T

able

5 .—

Year

Number
oi pi an is
included
in
study

1921 . . . .
1923 .......
1925.
1927

Basic or regular full-tim e hours of operation of plants on five days, on
one day, and per week, in each specified year, 1921 to 1927
Number of plants in which the regular or customary hours of operation wereOn 5 days....
On 1 day___
Per week___

34
38
86
86

8
4
44

8
5
45
1

1

1

2
1

8
8
48
29
15
40
i 55

9
5
50

9K
52^

9V2
5'A
53

9
9
54

10
4
54

10
5
55

9K
57

1
1
3
3

1
1
1

16
18
2 13

5

2
6
35

*1

10
10
60
2
3
10
57

1Hours were 10 on M onday to Saturday for lard and oleo-oil and offal departments in 1 plant, and 8 on
M onday to Friday and 5 on Saturday for cattle-killing, hog-killing, sheep-killing, offal, and casing depart­
ments in 1 plant.
2 Hours of females were 48 per week in 2 plants and 49H in 1 plant; and of employees in the maintenance
and repair department were 48 per week in 2 plants.
3Hours of females were 9 on M onday to Friday and 4 on Saturday in 1 plant.
4 Hours were 60 per week in the cutting of fresh beef, lard, and oleo-oil, and maintenance and repair
departments.
4 Hours of females were 10 on M onday to Friday and 5 on Saturday in 1 plant.

BONUS SYSTEMS
Only 3 6 of the 8 6 plants covered reported bonus systems in effect
at the time of the 1 9 2 7 study. The basis of each bonus, the employees
who were entitled to the bonus, the amount of the bonus, and the
conditions necessary in order to receive the bonus are presented in
Table 6.
In 3 2 of the 3 6 plants a production or time-saving bonus was paid to
part or all of the employees whereby their earnings at their regular
rates were increased by the addition of a specified amount for produc­
ing more than a fixed standard of quantity in a stated period of time.
In a few of these establishments the bonus applied to employees in
specified departments or occupations only, but in most plants all
employees in each occupation whose work could be adjusted or timed
to the system were entitled to the bonus. In 2 plants an attendance
bonus was paid for being at their places of work all the time there
was work for them ; in 1 plant an efficiency bonus of one-half cent for
each hide was paid to the cattle-skinning gangs if not more than
one-half of 1 per cent of the hides were damaged by cutting; and in
1 plant the cattle-skinning gang was paid an efficiency bonus, the
shoulder boners were paid a meat-saving bonus, and the foremen
and assistant foremen were paid a production bonus. The amount
of the meat-saving and production bonus was not reported.




40
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

6 . — Bonus systems of 36 establishments in the slaughtering and meat-packing
industry, 1927

able

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments
23

K ind of bonus

Wage earners entitled

Amount of bonus

Conditions

Production.......

All whose jobs can be
applied to standard
of output in a unit of
time.
All em p loyees................

Based on job rate and
time saved.

Must exceed set standard
of production.

4
1
1 ____ d o ._ _ ..........

All employees in hogkilling department.
1 ........d o ..... .......... All employees except
maintenance and ele­
vator men.
1 ____ d o_________ Wrappers and tiers of
smoked meat__.
1 ........d o._ .......... Small stock-killing, job­
bing, c a t tle -k illin g ,
tank-house, o 1e o o i 1,
and beef-boning gangs.
1 Attendance___ All employees ____ __ .
1 __ _ d o...............
1

Efficiency
(

80 per cent of time saved.
Do.
50 per cent of time saved.

Do.
Based on time saved___

D o.

Based on rate and time
saved.
50 per cent of time saved.

Do.

N ot reported___________

Pickle-cellar and dry- $1.50 per week..... ............
salt gangs.
Cattle-skinning gang___ H cent for each hide____

_ do _______ ____ d o _________________ ........d o__________ _______
Not reported....................

Meat-saving . . .

Shoulder boners

Production

Foremen and assistant __ . do _ ______________
foremen.

______

Do.

1

Do.

Based on full-time attend­
ance.
Full-time attendance.
Cut less than one-half of 1
per cent of hides.
Cut less than 1lA per cent
of hides.
Leave less than one-half
pound of B grade trim­
mings per hog.
Lower cost of production.

HOURS, OVERTIME RATES, AND GUARANTEED HOURS
OF PAY
Overtime.— Table 7 shows the basic or regular hours of operation
per day and per week for each of the plants covered in 1927, the
number of plants that pay the regular rate for overtime or work in
excess of the regular hours of operation per day or per week, and the
number of plants that pay one and one-half times the regular rate
for overtime or for work after a specified number of hours per day
or per week. Reading from the table, in explanation of “ One and
one-half times the regular rate after” a specified number of hours per
day or week, it will be seen that the regular hours of 45 plants are
8 per day and 48 per week and that 17 of these plants do not pay for
overtime at one and one-half times the regular rate until after 10
hours of work on any one day or 54 hours per week, which means
that an employee whose regular rate is 50 cents per hour would be
paid for the first 10 hours of work on any one day at 50 cents per
hour and for any and all work in excess of the 10 hours at 75 cents
per hour, and also that should an employee work more than 54 hours
and not over 10 hours in any one day, he would be paid for the first
54 hours at 50 cents per hour and for the time in excess of 54 hours
at 75 cents per hour. Of the 86 plants covered, 34 pay for overtime
at the regular rate; 18 pay for overtime at one and one-half times
the regular rate after normal hours per day or per week; 1 with regu­
lar hours of 8 per day or 48 per week pays one and one-half times
the regular rate after 10 hours on any one day or 48 per week; 1 with
regular hours of 8 per day and 48 per week pays one and oiiQ-kalf




OVERTIME RATES AND GUARANTEED HOURS OF PAY

41

times the regular rate after 10 hours on any one day or 52 per week;
21 pay one and one-half times the regular rate after 10 hours on any
one day or 54 per week; 10 pay one and one-half times the regular
rate after 10 hours on any one day or 55 per week; and 1 with hours
of 9 per day or 54 per week pays one and one-half times the regular
rate after 50 hours per week.
Work on Sunday and holidays.— The table also shows that provi­
sion is made for payment for work on Sunday and holidays at the
regular rate by 30 plants, at one and one-fourth times regular rate
by 3 plants, at one and one-half times regular rate by 21 plants, and
at two times the regular rate by 32 plants. In this industry work on
Sunday and holidays is not frequent, especially on holidays, and is
limited to a very small per cent of the employees of a plant, usually
to mechanics in the maintenance and repair department, who repair
equipment and buildings.
Guaranteed hours of pa y.— In addition to data as to overtime and
work on Sunday and holidays the table shows also that 26 of the 86
plants covered in 1927 do not guarantee any hours of pay per day or
per week to any of their employees. All the employees of 48 plants,
except luggers, are guaranteed 40 hours of pay per week. The luggers
in these 48 plants are guaranteed 44 or 40 hours of pay per week, the
guaranty being 44 hours in the great m ajority of them. The employees
of certain specified departments of 8 plants are guaranteed 40 hours of
pay per week. The guaranteed hours of pay to a few employees of
1 plant who do not live near the plant are 48 per week, to 9 butchers
of 1 plant are 45 per week, to 2 splitters of 1 plant are 3 7 per week,
and to all employees of 1 plant except power-house employees and
roustabouts are 35 per week. Some plants that guarantee 40 hours’
pay per week pay for 6 % hours each day the employee reports for
duty and accepts .such work as is offered.
The guaranteed hours of pay assure to the employees pay at their
regular rate for the specified number of guaranteed hours of pay
whenever the hours of work available are less than the guaranteed
hours of pay. To be entitled to pay, it is necessary for the employee?
to report for duty and work all the hours of operation on each daj
or in each week. Guaranteed hours of pay is much more extensive
and general in this industry than in any of the other major industries.




T

7.— Basic or regular hours, and number of plants that pay for overtime and for work oh Sunday and holidays and guarantee hours
of pay, 1927
^

able

^

----- = * =
— ^ -----------=

N um ber
of
plants




5
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
5
5
5
5
9
9
9
9
5
5
9H

45
48
i 48
2 48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
50
50
50
52^
54
14 54
is 54
16 54
1^55
55
18 57 1

Normal 10 hours 10 hours 10 hours 10 hours
full­
on any on any on any
50
time
Regu­
one day one day one day one day
hours
hours
lar
or 52
or 48
or 54
or 55
per
rate per day
hours
hours
hours
hours
week
or
per
per
per
per
week
week
week
week
week

12
1

1
6

1

1

17

8

9
1

1
1

2

1
1
1

1
1

5

1
3

. ______ 1
1
1
1
1

5

1

3
1

1
34
1
1
1
1 !
1
i !
|
i
!
1
i

1

1
1

2
1
1
1
1
1

Plants

Hours of
pay

5

3

3
1
1
2
1
1
1

All
em­
ploy­
ees

1
33
1
1

1

1
1
1
1

37^
45
35

Part
of em­
ploy­
ees

1
31
31
*1
51
61
71
81

48

9
1

1
i !
............. -1

11

1

1
1
1

1
3
1

1
1

1

1
1
1

1
23

1
1
1
1

1
1
1

11

Guarantee hours
of pay other than
40 per week

3
1
1
2
1
1
1

10 i
11 1
12 1
13 1

INDUSTRY

1------------1________ !

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
m
9
9
9
9
10
10
9M

Per
week

One
Do
Guar­
One
and
and
not
antee
oneTwo
Regu­ quarone
guar­
40
times antee hours
lar
half
ter
regular any of pay
rate
times
times
rate
per
hours
regular regular
rate
of pay week
rate

MEAT-PACKING

45_______

day
or
other
day

Number of
plants that
guarantee
hours of
pay to—

Num ber of plants that—

AND

day
to
Fri­
day

Number of plants that pay for
work on Sunday and holidays
at—

N um ber of plants that pay for overtime at one and
one-half times regular rate after—

SLAUGHTERING

Basic or regular full­
time hours

6
1

____
......

10
10

T otal, 86.

10 j 60
10 | 19 60

6

6
34

18

1
1

1

21

10

1

30

1

6

1
3

21

1
32

26

56

12

RATES
AND
GUARANTEED
HOURS
OF
PAY




4

1
48

OVERTIME

1 10 hours M on day to Saturday, 60 per week, for lard and oleo-oil and offal departments.
2 8 hours M on day to Friday, 5 on Saturday, 45 per week for cattle-killing, hog-killing, sheep-killing and calf-killing, offal, and casing departments.
* Butchers only.
* Employees of cattle-killing, hog-killing, sheep-killing and calf-killing, and the cutting departments only.
* Employees in the cattle-killing, cutting of fresh beef, and offal departments.
6 Few employees who do not live near the plant.
7 Employees of the cattle-killing, sheep-killing and calf-killing, offal, hide, and casing departments.
s A ll employees except piece workers, extra hide-cellar gang, and the maintenance and repair department.
* 4 employees guaranteed 48 hours.
w Butchers in the cutting—fresh beef department only.
11 2 splitters only.
12 9 men on the killing floor.
m All except power-house employees and roustabouts,
n 48 hours per week in the maintenance and repair department.
i« 48 hours per week for the maintenance and repair department and 49^ hours for all females.
m 48 hours for females.
17 49 hours for females.
I* 60 hours per week for cutting of fresh beef, lard and oleo-oil, and maintenance and repair departments.
m 65 hours per week for female*.

I

CO

44

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

DAYS ON WHICH WAGE EARNERS WORKED, 1927
Table 8 shows for male employees in 24 and for female employees
in 7 representative occupations in the industry the average number
of days on which the employees in each occupation worked in one
week and the per cent who worked each specified number of days in
the week. “ Days w orked” as used in this table means the number
of calendar days on which employees did any work. A full day or
any part of a day was counted as a day. The average number of
days worked by employees in the occupation is a simple average
obtained by dividing the aggregate number of days on which any
work was done by the total number of employees in the occupation.
The 119 headers, male, of 51 plants in the cattle-killing depart­
ment for whom data are shown in the table worked an average of
5.4 days in one week. Tw o per cent of the 119 worked on 1 day
only, 1 per cent on 2 days, 4 per cent on 3 days, 5 per cent on 4 days,
29 per cent on 5 days, 60 per cent on 6 days, and that no employees
in the occupation worked on 7 days in the week. Employees shown
in the table as having worked on more than 6 days were on duty on
1 day when the plant or department as a whole was not in operation
and probably in most instances were given extra work in another
occupation on that day. Those shown as having worked on less
than 6 days lost 1 or more days of work on account of sickness or
other disability, voluntary absence, or leaving the service before the
end of the week or entering the service after the beginning of the
week. A considerable number of the plants and departments were
in operation less than 6 days during the week covered.
T

8 . — Average and specified number of days actually worked by employees in
81 specified occupations in one week, 1927, by department, occupation, and sex

able

Department and occupation

Cattle-killing:
Headers_____________ ______
Leg breakers________________
Floormen or siders__________
Gutters and bung droppers____
Splitters__________________ ____
Laborers..... ......................... ........
Hog-killing:
L a b o r e r s , drivers, p e n n e r s ,
steamers, singers, washers,
aitchbone breakers, and toe
pullers).
Stickers.......... .......... ............ ........
Shavers and scrapers_____ ____
Gutters, bung droppers, and
rippers-open.
S plitters..................... ........... .
Offal (other than hides and casings):
Trimmers_____________ _______
Tripe scrapers and finishers____
Trimmers...... ........ ................... .
Miscellaneous workers (wash­
ers and tripe washers, sealders, c o o k e r s , scrapers, and
finishers.)
1 Less than 1 per cent.




Sex

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Average
number
N um ­ of days
ber of worked
em­
by em­
ployees ployees
in one
week

Per cent of employees who in
one week worked specified
number of days

1

2

3

4

5

6

1
2
1
1

5
5
2
3
1
6

29
30
30
30
33
28

60
60 ___
63
62
63 . . . .
58

7

Male..
...d o ..
...d o ...
__do__.
__do...
.do..

51
55
65
63
65
72

119
152
280
125
150
874

5.4
5.4
5.5
5.4
5.5
5.3

2
1
1
2
1
2

3

4
2
3
2
3
3

..d o ..

68

818

5.5

3

2

2

6

17

67

3

...d o ___
..d o ___
— d o .....

61
65
66

68
567
219

5.7
5.5
5.6

1
0)

1
2

1
3
1

3
6
4

18
22
16

78
67
76

or
i

.d o..

63

169

5.7

1

5

14

79

i

_do_.
...d o ___
Female..
...d o .......

70
47
24
30

684
194
169
110

5.6
5.5
5.1
5.4

1
1
3
2 "T
2
1

2
3
5
3

4
1
11
5

25
25
32
29

68
69
48
61

_

45

INDEX NUMBERS OF EMPLOYMENT AND OF PAY ROLLS

8 . — Average and specified number of days actually worked by employees
in 31 specified occupations in one week, 1927, by departmem, occupation, and sex—
Continued

T a b le

Department and occupation

Sex

Casing:
Casing pullers or runners........... Male___
Strippers............................... ........ ___do.......
Trimmers of c a s in g s ................... ___do_Blowers, graders, and inspectors Female .
Cutting—fresh beef:
Laborers______________________ Male___
Boners___________ ____________ __.do____
Cutting—fresh pork:
___do___
Ham boners __ _____
Trimmers and ham and shoulder .. . d o ____
skinners.
Trimmers of trimmings.............. Fem ale.
Sausage:
Machine tenders (cutters, chop­ Male___
pers, grinders, mixers, curers,
and feeders.)
Stuffers......................................... . ___do____
Linkers, twisters, tiers, and Female .
hangers.
Cured meats:
Packers (packers of beef, barrel M ale___
pork, bellies, briskets, pig
rinds, and smoked meat; dip­
pers, vat men, sweet-pickle
packers, burlap sackers, wrap­
pers. nailers, car loaders, and
car stowers.)
Picklers (pickle men, pickle mak­ .. .d o ____
ers, pumpers, and curers.)
Canning:
Packers (sliced bacon and chip­ Female .
ped dried beef in cans, glass
jars, or cartons b y hand.)
Labelers and wrappers................ . . . d o .......

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Average
number
Num ­ of days
ber of worked
em­
by em­
ployees ployees
in one
week

Per cent of employees who in
one week worked specified
number of days

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

68
53
51
27

609
279
233
221

5.5
5.5
5.5
5.7

1
0)
0)
1

1
3
0)
1

3
2
5
2

5
4
3
1

21
27
28
16

69
65
63
79

60
59

1,779
499

5.7
5.7

2
1

1
1

2
1

3
2

8
12

82
83

64
55

288
616

5.7
5.6 ~~2~

1
1

2
2

2
3

15
19

80
73

44

844

5.4

2

3

8

21

64

76

402

5.9

0) 1 (0

1

6

91

76
76

417
1,175

5.8 _ T
5.7

1
1

1
2

2
3

6
12

91
81

76

1, 086

5.7

1

1

2

11

83

i

77

480

5.8

1

1

1

11

85

i

43

849

5.6

l

1

3

3

15

77

_

14

134

5.6

i

1 1

2

22

73

—

2

l

____

0)

3

71) ’
i

1 Less than 1 per cent.

INDEX NUMBERS OF EMPLOYMENT AND OF PAY ROLLS,
1922 TO 1928
Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls in the slaughtering
and meat-packing industry are presented in Table 9 for each month,
July, 1922, to August, 1928, and for each of the years 1923 to 1927,
inclusive. These numbers were computed from the volume of em­
ployment and the amoifht of the pay rolls for each of the months and
years, with the 1923 average number of employees and the 1923
average amount of pay rolls taken as the base, or 100 per cent. The
numbeis are published by the bureau in monthly reports on “ Em ­
ployment in Selected Manufacturing Industries” in the United States.
During the period July, 1922, to August, 1928, both monthly em­
ployment and pay rolls were highest (107.9) and (109.6), respectively,
in December, 1923, and lowest (76.2) and (78.1), in April, 1926.
Index numbers by years were: Employment, 100 in 1923, 93.7 in
1924, 85 in 1925, 81.4 in 1926, and 81 in 1927; and pay rolls were
100 in 1923, 94.4 in 1924, 86.7 in 1925, 84.5 in 1926, and 84.4 in 1927.




46
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING IN DU STR Y

able

9 .—

Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, J uly, 1922, to August,
1928, by month and year
[Average for 1923 = 100]
Employment

Pay-roll totals

Month
1922
January...........
February------M arch.............
April................
M a y .................
June_________
July..................
August.............
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December____
Average.

87.5
86.6
88.2
90.4
95.0
99.5

1923

1924

98.9 105.1
94.6 100.9
93.4 96.5
93.0 92.1
96.2 90.4
98.9 91.0
101.4 92.1
102.2 90.5
102.7 89.9
104.3 88.6
106.6 91.2
107.9 96.5
100.0

93.7

1925

1926

1927

1928

1924

1925

1926

1927

95.1
90.2
85.2
80.0
80.2
82.5
83.4
83.3
83.3
83.8
86.1*
86.6

86.7
83.3
79.4
76.2
77.8
79.7
80.4
81.2
81.7
82.6
83.0
84.4

84.4
82.7
79.2
77.5
78.4
83.6
83.6
80.2
80.1
79.6
80.5
82.4

81.7
99.0 103.4
83.9
91.9 99.9
93.3 95.5
82.0
78. 8
94.9 90.2
96.3 91.4
78.0
100.8 92.8
80.6
80.9 'SS.'O' 101.5 94.3
79.1 82.6 99.8 89.6
78.6 87.6 101.8 89.7
79.6 88.9 102.8 89.2
82.1 94.7 108.5 94.2
86.2 99.3 109.6 103.0

97.6
91.2
85.1
79.7
82.1
85.2
85.2
84.7
81.9
86.9
90.6
90.3

90.1
85.0
81.8
78.1
81.4
83.6
83.5
82.7
86.2
85.9
87.2
88.9

87.7
84.0
80.6
80.0
83.1
87.6
88.2
83.7
83.8
82.9
84.2
86.8

85.8
89.1
85.4
80.7
81.5
85.8
85.7
81.8
83.5
84.1
87.3
93.2

85.0

81.4

81.0

81.0

94.4

86.7

84.5

84.4

85.3

1922

1923

100.0

1928

SCOPE AND METHOD
The number of plants and of employees for which figures are pre­
sented in Table 1, page 2, for each of the specified years from 1917
to 1927 are as follows:
Employees
Year

Number
of plants
Male

1917............. ............................
1921____ ____ _____ _______
1923____________ ____ _____
1925__............. ........................
1927..........................................

66
34
38
86
86

55,089
30, 075
45, 083
52, 702
50, 207

Female

Total

6, 576
3, 329
6,112
6, 595
7,145

61,665
33, 404
51,195
59, 297
57, 352

Departments included in study.— The work in this industry begins
with the driving of live cattle, hogs, sheep, lambs, and calves into
the killing departments and ends only when every process necessary
to convert the animals into the various meat products and by­
products have been completed. The work varies so that it is neces­
sary that hours and earnings be shown separately by department
and by occupation. Figures are shown for 13 departments— cattlekilling, hog-killing, sheep-killing and calf-killing, offal, hide, casing,
cutting— fresh beef, cutting— fresh pork, laid and oleo-oil, sausage,
cured-meat, canning, and maintenance and repair. Data were not
taken for officials, clerks, salesmen, power-house employees, fore­
men, employees of box factories, brush, cooper, tin, or other shops
in which products are entirely new, nor for employees of butterine,
mincemeat, produce, extract, soap, curled hair, wool, bone, and
fertilizer departments.
The departments and occupations are described in the appendix
(pages 131 to 163).
N ot all departments and occupations are found in every plant,
nor are both sexes, as will be seen, for example, in reading the 1927
figures in Table 1, page — , for “ total males” and for “ total females”
in the cattle-killing department. Data for that department and year
are for 3,946 males of 74 plants and for only 23 females of 8 plants.




IMPORTANCE OF THE INDUSTRY

47

A total of 86 plants were covered in the 1927 study, but 11 of them
did no cattle killing. In 1 plant the cattle were slaughtered in the
hog-killing department. All data for cattle killing and hog killing
in this plant are included in hog killing because employees worked
much more of their time in that department.
The 1927 data used in compiling this report were taken directly from
the pay rolls and other records of 35 of the most important plants of the
four large packing companies and from 51 plants of other companies.
The data except for two plants are for a weekly pay period in October
or November. The bureau here expresses its appreciation of the co­
operation and courtesy extended by all of these companies. The
plants are located in the most important meat-packing centers in
California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana,
Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,
Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsyl­
vania, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.
The 109,391 wage earners in 21 of these 23 States (excluding Con­
necticut and Oklahoma for which no separate figures are published
by the Census Bureau) represent approximately 91 per cent of the
120,422 in the industry in all States in 1925. The 57,352 covered in
the 1927 study is 47.6 per cent of the total number employed in the
industry in 1923 and 52 per cent of the total number in the specified
States (excluding Connecticut and Oklahoma). Including estimated
number of wage earners in Connecticut and Oklahoma, the 23 States
represent 92 per cent of the total in the industry in 1925.
IMPORTANCE OF THE INDUSTRY
The slaughtering and meat-packing industry is the largest engaged
in the production of food products and is also one of the largest and
most important industries in the United States. According to the
census report the value of products in this industry in 1925 was
S3,050,286,291. Consumers of cattle, hog, sheep, and calf products
living in the large cities and great industrial centers are entirely
dependent, and many of those living in the rural districts are to a
very great extent dependent, upon the large packing companies for
meat and meat food products. The large companies have at all
times great quantities of fresh and cured meats and other meat food
supplies in storage at the plants in which the animals are slaughtered
and in which the meat and by-products are cured and prepared for
food. They also have large branch storage houses in practically all
of the important cities throughout the country, always well supplied
to meet the demands of the local retail market. Refrigerator cars,
owned, operated, and repaired by these large packing companies have
regular routes, delivering to branch storage houses or to retailers in
railroad towns and villages in which there is no storage.
Inspection of animals, carcasses, meats, etc., is made by employees
of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture
in all establishments for which data are shown in this report. This
inspection is made to protect the public from diseased, unclean, or
unwholesome meat and meat food products. A full description of
such inspection appears in Bulletin 252, page 64.
The figures in Table 10 were compiled from the United States cen­
sus reports. They show the importance of the industry and its
growth during the period 1899 to 1925,




T a b le

10 .— Establishments, capital,

0 / materials, mZwe 0 / products, employees, earnings and number, cost, and dressed weight of animals
slaughtered, in each specified year, 1899 to 1925, and per cent of increase 1914t 1919, and 1925 over 1899
[From report of U. S. Census]

as

Year

^ a

OOP
Q
882
929

$682 $784
806
914
1, 191 1, 356
1, 442 1, 652
3,783 4, 246
1, 868 2,201
2,176 2,586
2,625 3,050

ag
r
P! 0
©3

sCD ®

cQ c3

>

££
a9
© 03^ P
®§
§00
u
© tM
JO
>s

>

68, 386
(3)
108 1,458 87,077 74,134
164 1, 869 105, 971 87, 813
210 2,128 121, 729 98, 832
463 2.878 197, 392 160, 996
333 2,843 150, 376 117,042
410 3, 086 166, 409 132, 792
425 3,530 145, 659 120, 422

Sheep and lambs

Hogs

hO &

£ p

© ©
ho bo

$102 $1, 487

Cattle

$33 $488. 29
40 543. 97
50 573. 99
62 628. 70
209 1, 301. 21
153 1, 306. 39
168 1, 261. 89
159 1, 323. 31

O CO
•P o

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“ifhi
03^

O

P
^ .P P

p ©_
Z
co' b
M
o
O

■U
P)

12 >
O CO
A2 oa

2©
p ©n

§*1

1

a

P

O co
-P o

P ©T

8, 894 5, 525, 824 $247 3,223 SO, 595, 522 $278 5, 203 9,110,172 $37
9, 741 7, 147, 835
289 4,066 30, 977, 639
44
330 5, 049 10, 875, 339
392 4, 410 33,870, 616
10, 371 8,114, 860
60
483 5,202 12, 268, 725
10, 098 7, 149,042
490 3,786 34,441, 913
597 5,476 15, 943, 743
85
13, 435 10, 818, 511 1,056 5,119 44, 520, 726 1, 757 7, 359 13, 497, 300 147
12, 237 8, 263, 575 < 560 4, 358 40, 726, 780 4 803 6, 873 14, 767, 770 * 102
15, 641 10, 178,496 <652 5,151 51,018, 292 4 942 9,439 13,193, 856 4 130
5,434 48,072, 511 (2)
7,865 13, 616,405 (2)
14, 455 10,853, 921 (2)

45
183
111
111
45
88
29
14
29
98

1919
over
1899
48
522
455
442
135
533
166
51
96
328

1925
over
1899
44
285
289
76
382
171
62
96

J Data for plants with products under $5,000 in value included in years prior to 1921,
but not for years 1921 and 1923.
1 N ot available.




389
465
497
630
500
568
515
532

g*a
PH
883,857 $7
1, 568,130 13
2, 504, 728 25
2, 019,004 23
4, 395, 675 96i
4, 314. 850 1 75j
5,100,020 * 82,
5, 775, 640 (2) i

79
161
262
206
457
438
536
624

Per cent of increaseItem

Pounds, dressed weight, cattle.................... .......... ............ .........
Num ber of hogs slaughtered............................. .........................
Cost of hogs on hoof_______ ______ ______ ____________________
Pounds, dressed weight, hogs_____________________________ . .
N um ber of sheep and lambs slaughtered_____________________
Cost of sheep and lambs__________ _______ _______ ___________
Pounds, dressed weight, sheep and lambs_________ __________
N um ber of calves slaughtered __________ __________ ____ _____
Coast of calves on hoof........... .........................................................
Pounds, dressed weight, calves. .......................................................

1914
over
1899
17
13
115
5
75
130
62
128
300
161

1919
over
1899
59
46
532
41
48
306
29
397
1, 271
478

1925
over
1899
69
57
51
49
37
553
690

3 N ot called for in blanks used b y the Census for this year.
* Estimated. Based on combined cost of cattle, hogs, sheep, lambs, and calves, 1
reported b y U. S. Census, and on cost per 100 pounds from other sources.

INDUSTRY

N um ber of establishments____________________________________
Capital
. __
______________________
Cost of materials, principally liv e s t o c k .__ ___________________
Value of all products, including value added b y manufacture. _
Average number of wage earners _ _ _ __
__ __________
A m ount paid to wage ea rn ers_____ __________________________
Average yearly earnings of wage earners
_
Pounds, dressed weight, of cattle, hogs, sheep, lambs, and calves.
Num ber of cattle slaughtered
__
______
Cost of cattle on hoof
_________ __________

1914
over
1899

©©
.o-S

X) .H?

Per cent of increaseItem

Calves

MEAT-PACKING

238
378
534
1, 279
1, 304 1,176
1,184 (3)
1, 397 (3)
i,:
(3)
1, 221

c3«£
>

©^,0 a

03
,0 M
a ^
9
£
p ^
a®
© Ci<

AND

1899
1904
1909.
1914
1919.
1921.
1923.
1925.

a a
a*

SLAUGHTERING

§s
io
CO
*C
© -

p 80

SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

49

GENERAL TABLES
In addition to the text tables already shown, five general tables
are presented. In these tables segregation of information is made
by districts as follows:
District 1.— Chicago.
District 2 — Kansas City, Omaha, St. Joseph, St. Louis, and East
St. Louis.
District 3.— Austin (Minn.), Cedar Rapids, Des Moines, Mason
City, Milwaukee, Ottumwa, Sioux City, Sioux Falls, South St. Paul,
Topeka, Waterloo, and Wichita.
District 4.— Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, and Oklahoma City.
District 5.— Buffalo, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Indianapolis,
and Pittsburgh.
District 6.— Boston, New Haven, New York, Philadelphia, and
Springfield (Mass.).
District 7.— Baltimore, Jacksonville (Fla.), and Moultrie (Ga.).
District 8.— Denver, Los Angeles, Portland, San Francisco,
Seattle, and Tacoma.
T a b l e A.— Average number of days on which employees worked,
average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average
earnings per hour, and per cent of full-time worked, 1927, by depart­
ment, occupation, sex, and district.
This table shows for each occupation and district all of the various
averages which have been computed from the data collected in 1927.
These are the averages of the days on which employees actually
worked in one week, of full-time hours per week, of hours actually
worked in one week, of earnings per hour, and of full-time and of
actual earnings in one week.
The presentation in this table in parallel columns of “ Average
full-time hours per week” and “ Average hours actually worked in
one week77 is for the purpose of easy comparison of the average hours
actually worked with the hours that would have been worked in one
week had all employees in the occupation worked no more nor less
than full-time during the week covered. One shows the average
full-time hours per week under normal conditions, while the other
shows the average hours actually worked in one week by all employees
in the occupation.
T a b l e B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 31 specified
occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and district.

T able C.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in 31
specified occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and district.

T a b l e D .— Average and classified hours actually worked in one
week in 31 specified occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and
district.
T a b l e E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in
31 specified occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and district.




50

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked t 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district

T a b le

[District 1, Chicago. District 2, Kansas City, Omaha, St. Joseph, St. Louis, and East St. Louis. District
3, Austin (M inn.), Cedar Rapids, Des Moines, Mason City, Milwaukee, Ottumwa, Sioux C ity, Sioux
Falls, South St. Paul, Topeka, Waterloo, and Wichita. District 4, Dallas, Fort W orth, Houston, and
Oklahoma City. District 5, Buffalo, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Indianapolis, and Pittsburgh.
District 6, Boston, New Haven, New York, Philadelphia, and Springfield (Mass.). District 7, Balti­
more, Jacksonville, and Moultrie. District 8, Denver, Los Angeles, Portland, San Francisco, Seattle,
and Tacoma]
C A T T L E -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T
Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­ worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­ Aver*
Per
Aver­
age
age
age
cent of
full­ hours
earn­
full
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually per
per
in one worked hour
week
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

MALES

Drivers and
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

penners:
1 -_ _
_ _ ________

7
13
12
5
8
3
1
8

2.
...........................
3 ____________ . . .
____
4 _____ __________________
5 ____________ __________
6________________________
7_____ _____ _
8 . _ .................. ........ .......... ..

Total_______ _______ _______
Knockers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1 ...................................
2 . . ........................................
______
3 _____________
4 .................. ..
................
5 . . ................ ........ ...............
6-_
___________ _____
7 ____________ ___________
8 _____ __________________

Shacklers or slingers:
District l . _ _ .............................
District 2 ________ _____ _________
District 3 ___________ _____ _______
District 4 _________________ _____
District 5 ___________ _____ _____
District 6 _______ _____
District 7___________________ __
District 8 ........................................
Total.................................... .

Stickers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1 .................................
2.........................

3 ________________________
4 __________ ____________
5 ______________ _ _
6 ______ _____ _________
8 ...............................

Total ....................................
Headers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1 ................ ..
2 ____________
3 ....... ...............
4 . ....................
5 .............................................
6 .............................................
7....................................

8.............................

T o t a l....................................
1 Included in total.




6 .0
6 .0 !
6 .0
5.5
5.8
5. 5
0)
6 .4

48.8
52. 3
51. 5
48.8
52. 0
4 8 .0
0)
60 .8

50. 5
53. 5
55 .0
45. 2
52.4
43 .0
0)
57.6

57 i

194

5.9

51.4

52.1

101

!

15
24
17
6
6
o)
2
9

5. 7
5. 3
5. 5
5.3
5. 2
0)
6. 0
5 .9

48.4
49. 4
49 .4
4 9 .0
50. 7
0)
57. 5
48. 3

48. 0
4 3 .4
48. 0
43.8
4 1 .8
0)
58.3
47 .5

'i
i
I
i
1
!
0)
101 I
98

59 :

so

5 .5

49.3

4
13
7
4
4
3
1
1

14
23
9
7
5 I
4

5. 4
5 .6
5. 7
5.1
4 .8
4 .8
0)
0)

j

64

3
4
5
9
1
5
2
2

103 $0. 558
$27. 23
102
.474 i 24. 79
107
23. 48
.456
93
23. 03
.472
101
25. 58
.492
90
.533
25. 58
0)
C1)
0)
95
.47 2
28. 70

$28.19
25. 38
25.11
21.31
25.80
22. 94
0)
27.18

.491

25. 24

25. 59

99
88
97
89
82

. 528
. 554
.535
.557
.538 !
0)
|
. 320 1
.582

25. 55
27. 37
26.43
27. 29
27.28
0)
18.40
28.11

25. 33
24. 07
25. 66
24. 39
22. 53
0)
18.65
27. 66

45.9

93

.542 | 26.72

24. 86

48. 6
48.8
54. 7
4 8 .0
50.4
48 .0
0)
0)

45 .0
43 .9
52.1
41 .0
39. 6
32 .5
0)
0)

93
90
95
85
79
68

.521 i
. 514 !
.52 6 i
.473
. 460
■ 1.071

25.32
25.08
28.77
22. 70
23.18
51.41

23.43
22. 56
27.38
19.38
18. 22
34. 80

c1)
0)

(1J
0)

5 .4

49 .7

43 .4

87 i

.53 5

26. 59

23. 22

3

4 .3

4 8 .0

28 .8

60 ! 1.054

50. 59

30 .4 0

5
7
10

47.4
4 8 .0
49 .2
o
49 .3
48 .0
4 8 .0

4 1 .0
47 .2
47 .7

86 !
98 j
97

31.33
29.23
31.54
0)
29. 73
55. 82
31.49

27.09
28. 76
30. 54

5
7
2

5.6
5 .7
5 .7
0)
5 .2
6 .0
6 .0

25. 68
55. 82
33.45

28

37

5.7

48. 6

46.2

95 !

.733

35.62

33. 85

6
15
8
4
4
3
3

25
44
18
10
5
6
3

48 .7
49.1
48.7
48 .0
50.4
48 .0
56.7
48.4

46 .8
43 .5
46 .4
4 1 .8
46 .5
26. 6
61 .5

96 !
89
95
87
92 ■
;
55 :
108

45.9

95

.616
.695
.627
.6 4 0
.70 5
.971
.522
.643

30. 00
34.12
30.53
30. 72
35. 53
46. 61
29. 60
31.12

28.85
30. 23
29.11
26.73
32.78
25. 82
32.13
29. 50

49 .0

44.4

91

.662

3 2 . 44

29.36

8
14
14
5
6
1
2
9

Total___ __________________

Head holders:
District 6 ..........................................

!
j

41
53
49
8
14
15
o)
12

;
I

!
1
i

!
i

0)
(0

37

I

0)
0)

!
!
i
1

!
I

0 )
0)

1

0)

i

8

8

5 .5
5 .5
5.1
5 .2
5 .6
4 .0
6 .0
5.8

51

119

5.4

O
42 .6
4 8 .0
51 .0

.661
. 609
. 641
0)
' 0)
86 ! .603
100
1.163
106
.656

0)

51

GENERAL TABLES

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

T a b le

C A T T L E -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of num­
ber
of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­
worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
full­ hours cent of age
full
earn­
time actually time
hours worked actually ings
l
per
in one
per
week week worked hour

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

males—continued

Droppers and pritchers-up:
District 1_____________ ______
District 2............................. .......
District 3_______ _______ ____
District 4 . . . ...............................
District 5...... ..............................
District 6........... .......... ..............
District 8.....................................

3
11
9
4
6
3
2

16
21
19
5
7
8
2

5.3
5.1
5.7
4.8
5.3
4.6
5.5

48.0
49.1
48.9
48.0
50.3
48.0
51.0

44.4
40.9
53.6
39.2
40.9
32.3
45.5

93 $0.473
83
.480
.548
110
82
.501
81
.477
.673
67
.560
89

$22. 70
23. 57
26. 80
24.05
23.99
32. 30
28. 56

$21.04
19. 63
29.36
19. 65
19.54
21. 72
25.48

Total........................................

38

78

5.3

48.8

43.8

90 j .517

25.23

22. 65

Foot skinners:
District 1..................................
District 2....................................
District 3_______ ______ _____
District 4____ _______________
District 5__________ ____ ____
District 6.______ ____________
District 7............. ................. .
District 8...................................

4
10
9
6
5
3
2
6

18
34
21
10
7
8
3
10

5.2
5.3
5.6
5.7
5.3
4.5
6.0
5.2

47.8
48.7
48.6
50.4
50.6
48.0
56.7
48.0

39.5
41.7
49.1
44.0
39.9
29.4
57.3
42.4

83
86
101
87
79
61
101
88

.497
.507
.526
.514
.533
.924
.440
.560

23. 76
24. 69
25. 56
25.91
26. 97
44.35
24. 95
26.88

19.64
21.12
25.85
22. 60
21.25
27.15
25. 20
23. 71

Total................................... .

45

111

5.3

48.9

42.4

87

.535

26.16

22.69

Leg breakers:
District 1........... ........................
District 2...... ........................... .
District 3 . . _____ ____________
District 4_____ _____ ____ ___
District 5._........................ ........
District 6___ ______ _________
District 7. .................................
District 8._.................................

6
14
12
4
8
2
2
7

26
51
32
14
13
5
2
9

5.4
5.5
5.3
5.5
5.0
4.2
6.0
6.0

49.4
48.8
49; 1
48.0
49.9
48.0
57.5
48.7

44.3
44.2
45.1
43.6
40.0
30.7
62.0
48.8

90
91
92
91
80
64
108
100

.535
.537
.557
.547
.626
.883
.395
.567

26'. 43
26. 21
27. 35
26.26
31.24
42.38
22. 71
27. 61

23. 72
23. 77
25.14
23. 84
25.07
27.10
24. 50
27.66

Total- ........................ ............

55

152

5.4

49.1

44.1

90

.556

27.30

24.52

Rippers-open:
District 1_________ _________ _
District 2______ _ ___________
District 3------------------- -------District 6____ ______ ____ ___
District 7__................................

1
3
3
3
1

5
3
3

0)
5.8
6.0
5.3
0)

0
48.0
48.0
48.0
0)

0)
43.0
48.2
39.5
0)

<0
.559
.549
. 736

(0
26. 83
26. 35
35.33
(0

(0
24.04
26.42
29.07
0)

11

13

5.8

48.5

45.0 j

93 j .558

27.06

25.15

Gullet raisers:
District 1................................. .
District 2_______________ ____
District 3_____ ______ _______
District 5____________________

3
4
2
1

6
6
2

5.0
6.0
6.0

48.0
48.0
48.0
0)

40.2
49.3
49.5
0)

84
103
103
0)

.472
.488
.479
0)

22. 66
23.42
22.99
0)

18. 97
24. 07
23. 73
0

Total..................................... .

10

15

5.5

48.1

44.8

93

.476

22. 90

21.33

Caul pullers:
District 1....................................
District 2 _ _ ........................................... ..
District 3........... . ......................
District 4....................................
District 6....................................
District 8...................... .............

3
10
5
4
2
4

14
17
6
4
3
4

5.5
5.7
5.7
5.3
3.7
6.0

48.0
49.9
51.0
48.0
48.0
49.5

44.8
45.6
45.3
41.8
26.3
51.6

93
91
89
87
55
104

.539
.585
.582
.518
. 863
.507

25.87
29.19
29. 68
24. 86
41.42
25.10

24.13
26. 67
26. 34
21. 65
22. 72
26.19

Total........................................

28

48

5.5

49.2

44.3

90

.569

27. 99

25.18

Total.................................... .

1 Included in total.




0)

0)

0)

0)

0)

90
100
82
O

(0

52
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
o f full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

C A TTLE -K ILLIN G D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
em­
estab­
days
lish­ ploy­ worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Per Aver­
age
age
cent of
age
full­ hours
earn­
full­
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually per
in one worked hour
per
week
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

m ale s—continued

Floormen or siders:
District 1___________ ________
District 2........... .......... ..............
District 3............. ................. .
District 4....................................
District 5........................ ............
District 6___________
_____
District 7....................................
District 8...................................

8
15
13
5
9
3
3
9

58
100
45
23
20
13
4
17

5.6
5.6
5.4
5.5
5.5
4.2
6.0
6.0

48.4
49.5
49.6
48.8
50.3
48.0
56.3
48.4

44.0
43.8
47.4
43.4
42.1
27.3
56.3
47.8

91 $0.864
.874
88
.847
96
89
.850
84
.852
57 1.482
100
.673
99 | .825

$41. 82
43. 26
42. 01
41.48
42. 86
71.14
37. 89
39. 93

$37.97
38.30
40.14
36.85
35. 87
40. 52
37. 89
39. 45

Total........................................

65

280

5.5

49.2

43.9

89 j .877

43.15

38. 51

Breast or brisket breakers and
sawyers:
District 1___............................. .
District 2.....................................
District 3................................
District 4__.................................
District 5....................................
District 6______ _______ _____
District 7__.................. ..............
District 8...... ..............................

5
13
7
3
6
3
1
4

10
23
10
3
7
3
0)
4

5.3
5.7
5.5
5.7
4.9
4.3
0)
5.6

48.6
50.0
49.8
48.0
50.3
48.0
0)
49.5

47.5
44.7
47.6
43.7
37.9
34.5
0)
45.4

98
.556
89
.557
.515
96
91 ! .494
75 I .598
72
.728
0)
0)
92
.533

27. 02
27. 85
25. 65
23. 71
30. 08
34. 94
0)
26.38

26. 41
24. 94
24. 53
21.57
22. 65
25.11
0)
24.20

42

61

5.4

49.6

44.5

90

.552

27. 38

24. 53

3
8
5
2
2
2

7
17
6
2
2
2

5.6
5.8
5.7
6.0
5.0
4.5

48.0
48.7
48.0
48.0
48.0
48.0

43.6
44.6
53.5
50.5
39.8
32.5

91
92
111
105
83
68

.523
.539
.505
.439
.502
.767

25.10
26. 25
24. 24
21.07
24.10
36.82

22. 83
24.03
26.99
22.17
19.97
24.93

22

36

5.6

48.3

45.3

94

.530

25. 60

24. 01

5
10
7
4
4
3

25
25
11
11
7
12

5.7
5.6
5.4
5.2
4.9
4.6

47.9
49.7
48.5
48.0
48.3
48.0

44.0
45.1
49.2
39.7
36.0
30.3

92
91
101
83
75
63

.488
.510
.516
.492
.454
.780

23. 38
25. 35
25. 03
23. 62
21.93
37. 44

21. 49
23.03
25. 39
19. 52
16. 35
23.64

33 |

91

5.4

48.5

42.0

87

.525

25. 46

22. 03

T otal____________ _________
Crotch breakers:
District 1________ ___________
District 2___ ____ _____ _____
District 3.................. .................
District 4....................................
District 5__....................... .........
District 6______ _____________
Total______ ________ ______
Hoisters:
District
District
District
District
District
District

1____ __________ ____
2.............. ........ ............
3_..................................
4___...................... ........
5....................................
6.......................... ........

Total_____________ ______
Tail rippers
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

and pullers:
1....................................
2_____________ ______
3......... ..........................
4.................. .................
5.................................
6________ ___________
8 ._____ _____________

4
11
6
3
4
3
1

7
17
9
3
4
4
0)

5.6
5.7
5.6
6.0
5.3
4.5
0)

49.3
49.1
48.7
48.0
48.5
48.0
0)

46.1
46.4
48.7
48.0
35.1
32.9
0)

94
95
100
100
72
69
(0

.509
.519
.559
.464
.551
.755
0)

25. 09
25. 48
27. 22
22. 27
26. 72
36.24
0)

23. 43
24.09
27. 22
22. 27
19. 36
24. 81
0)

T otal......................................

32

45

5.5

48.8

44.8

92

.540

26. 35

24.17

1...... ................. ............
2_____ _______ _____ _
3....................................
4 ......... .......... ................
5............... ....................
6...................... .............
7....................................
8______ _____________

6
14
11
5
8
2
3
8

18
32
19
7
10
3
3
8

5.5
5.7
5.3
5.4
5.5
3.7
6.0
6.0

48.8
49.6
49.3
50.6
50.3
48.0
56.7
48.4

43.8
45.1
44.7
42.1
42.3
26.2
58.7
47.8

90
91
91
83
84
55
104
99

.742
.764
.739
.705
.803
1. 276
.689
.754

36. 21
37. 89
36. 43
35. 67
40. 39
61.25
39.07
36.49

32. 49
34. 51
33. 08
29. 71
34.01
33.39
40.43
36.01

T otal........................................

57

100

5.5

49.6

44.4

90

.761

37. 75

33.75

Bumpers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1 Included in total.




53

GENERAL TABLES
T

A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

C A T T L E -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age
Per
Aver­
N um ­ N um ­
age
age
age
cent of
ber of ber of num­
full­ hours
ber of
earn­
full
estab­ em­
time
actually
days
time
ings
lish­ ploy­
worked hours worked actually per
ments
ees
per
in one
in one
worked hour
week week week

Aver­
Aver­
age
age
full­
earn­
time
ings
earn­
made
ings
in one
per
week
week

males —continued

Fell cutters:
District 1__----------- ---------------District 2............................ .......
District 3__.............. .
........
District 4_............. ....................
District 6....................................
District 8............................. .......

4
12
6
3
3
3

21
38
12
8
5
3

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.9
4.8
6.0

48.0
49.0
49.5
48.0
48.0
48.0

44.6
44.0
52.0
47.0
32.6
50.3

Total............. ..........................

31

87

5.6

48.6

45.1

93

.637

30.96

28.73

Fell pullers and beaters:
District 1......... ..........................
District 2_______________ ____
District 3 . . . ........... ..................
District 4____________________
District 5____________________
District 6...... ............ ...............-

3
9
4
3
1
3

13
17
9
6
0)
5

5.5
5.7
5.2
5.0
0)
4.4

48.0
50.8
48.7
48.0
0)
48.0

43.6
44.5
48.0
39.3
0)
30.5

91
88
99
82
64

.488
.500
.466
.448
0)
.751

23.42
25. 40
22.69
21. 50
0)
36. 05

21.28
22. 25
22.37
17.63
0)
22.90

23

51

5.3

49.0

42.8

87

.501

24. 55

21.44

1.....................................
2 .----------------------------3 ._ .-------------------------4....................................
5____________________
6------------------------------7_________ ______ ___
8____________________

8
14
12
4
6
2
1
7

22
44
18
9
7
6
0)
8

5.4
5.6
5.9
5.4
5.1
4.5
0)
5.9

49.1
50.0
48.7
48.0
49.2
48.0
0)
49.1

44.5
43.7
51.2
42.7
38.8
30.3
0)
47.8

91
87
105
89
79
63
0)
97

.787
.796
.794
.832
.700
1. 256
0)
.721

38. 64
39. 80
38. 67
39. 94
34.44
60. 29
0)
35. 40

35. 01
34. 78
40. 69
35. 56
27.19
38.10
0)
34. 46

Total................................... .
Backers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

93 $0. 603
90
.603
105
.659
.648
98
68 1.129
.581
105

0)

$28.94 $26.92
29. 55
26. 52
32. 62 1 34.28
31.10
30. 46
54.19
36. 81
27. 89
29. 27

Total----------------------- ----------

54

115

5.5

48.9

44.3

91

.800

39.12

35.48

Gutters and bung droppers:
District 1____________________
District 2............. .................... .
District 3-------- ---------------------District 4....................................
District 5............. ............ ..........
District 6__________ ________ _
District 7....................................
District 8-------------------------------

8
15
14
4
8
3
2
9

23
40
23
9
11
7
2
10

5.6
5.5
5.3
5.7
5.5
4.7
5.5
5.5

48.7
49.1
49.3
48.0
50.2
48.0
55.0
48.3

45.6
43.2
47.1
43.1
42.5
33.8
53.8
45.7

94
88
96
90
85
70
98
95

.618
.553
.561
.547
.615
.810
.521
.617

30.10
27.15
27.66
26.26
30. 87
38.88
28.66
29.80

28.17
23.92
26.41
23.57
26.14
27.37
28.02
28.15

Total........................................

63

125

5.4

49.0

44.1

90

.587

28.76

25.93

Shank skinners:
District 1........................... ........
District 2_._........... ..................
District 3......... ............. - ..........
District 4....................................

2
5
3
1

6
13
5
(0

5.8
5.5
5.8
0)

48.0
50.3
49.2
0)

45.8
41.3
53.4
0)

95
82
109
0)

.556
.515
.553
0)

26.69
25.90
27.21
0)

25.42
21.24
29.54
0)

Total........................................

11

25

5.6

49.4

45.1

91

.538

26. 58

24.27

Hide droppers:
District 1_____________ ______
District 2...................................
District 3 .----------------------------District 4--------------------- --------District 5........... ........................
District 6_. ..............................
District 7------ -----------------------District 8 _~ ...............................

7
15
12
4
8
3
3
6

25
49
23
9
11
7
4
6

5.5
5.6
5.5
5.1
5.2
4.1
6.0
6.0

48.6
49.7
49.0
48.0
50.0
48.0
56.3
48.0

43.4
43.2
48.5
39.9
40.2
28.5
60.0
48.3

89
87
99
83
-80
59
107
101

.660
.674
.658
.655
.740
1.306
.502
.621

32.08
33.50
32.24
31.44
37.00
62.69
28.26
29.81

28.69
29.14
31.88
26.15
29.75
37.23
30.10
30.03

T ota l.......................................

58

134

5.4

49.3

43.7

89

.684

33.72

29.87

i Included in total.




54

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

T a b le

C A T T L E -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
Num ­ Num ­
num­
ber of ber of
ber
of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­
worked
ees
ments
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
of
age
full­
hours cent
full
earn­
time actually
time
ings
hours worked
per
in one actually per
week
week worked hour

Aver­
age
lull­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$26.67
28.12
29.77
26.45
27.88
47.47
0)
28.37

$24.98
24. 78
29. 54
23.86
19. 62
27. 81
0)
28.66

males —continued

Tail sawyers:
District 1.....................................
District 2...................................
District 3 ............ ......................
District 4............................... .
District 5............. - .....................
District 6....................................
District 7----------- ------------------District 8.................. .................

7
13
8
5
5
3
1
6

15
31
14
8
10
8
0)
7

Total........................................

48

1............................... .
2......... ............ ..............
3__________ ________ _
4 . . . ________ ________
5__________ _________
6____________ ______ _
7------ ------------- ---------8.................... ...............

Splitters:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

5.6
5.5
5.7
5.6
4.9
4.3
0)
6.0

48.4
49.9
49.7
48.8
49.6
48.0
0)
47.6

45.4
43.6
49.3
44.0
34.9
24.1
0)
48.1

94 $0.551
87
.568
99
.599
90
.542
70
.562
50
.989
0)
0)
101
.596

94

5.4 j 49.2

43.0

87

.592

29.13

25.43

8
15
14
5
8
3
3
9

32
48
25
13
10
10
3
9

5.3
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.1
4.5
6.0
5.8

48.5
49.2
49.2
48.5
50.3
48.0
56.7
48.3

41.8
47.1
50.3
45.5
40.5
30.2
56.7
47.7

* 86
96
102
94
81
63
100
99

.844
.862
.862
.850
.824
1.473
.644
.852

40.93
42.41
42.41
41.23
41.45
70.70
36.51
41.15

35.30
40.56
43.32
38.69
33.36
44.48
36.51
40.61

T o t a l......................................

65

150

5.5

49.1

45.0

92

.876

43.01

39.44

Chuck splitters:
District 1____________________
District 2.....................................
District 3._.................. ..............
District 4............. .......................
District 5_____________ ______
District 8____________________

7
13
9
4
5
5

14
24
13
4
6
5

5.4
5.8
5.5
5.0
5.0
6.0

48.4
50.0
48.9
48.0
48.7
49.2

43.4
46.0
49.8
45.0
36.8
53.3

90
92
102
94
76
108

.592
.630
.619
.622
.581
.540

28.65
31.50
30. 27
29.86
28.29
26.57

25.70
28.95
30.84
28.00
21.40
28. 81

Total.......................................

43

66

5.6

49.9

45.9

92

.608

30.34

27.88

1....................................
2----- ------- -------- --------3 . . . ...................... ........
4 .............................. .
5___...............................
6 . . - ...............................
8__................................

3
11
10
5
4
3
3

8
16
12
5
4
3
3

5.5
5.8
5.8
5.4
5.0
5.3
6.0

48.0
49.3
49.5
49.2
51.5
48.0
49.0

45.4
47.4
50.3
42.6
44.0
38.8
49.8

95
96
102
87
85
81
102

.492
.518
.520
.492
.431
.737
.574

23.62
25.53
25.74
24.21
22.20
35.38
28.13

22.35
24. 59
26.15
20.96
18.94
28.63
28.58

Scribers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

Total........................................

39

51

5.6

49.2

46.7

95

.520

25.58

24.28

Trimmers of bruises, rounds,
necks, skirts, and tails:
District I . . ................................
District 2....................................
District 3__.............................. .
District 4___..............................
District 5 . . . ...............................
District 6 ._____ _____ _______
District 7.....................................
District 8 _ _ ............................................

3
13
8
5
5
2
1
3

37
64
22
19
11
4
0)
3

5.4
5.5
5.7
5.2
5.2
3.5
0)
6.0

48.0
49.3
49.4
48.0
48.5
48.0
0)
48.0

42.6
43.9
52.7
41.4
38.4
24.0
0)
55.5

89
89
107
86
79
50
0)
116

.508
.509
.514
.460
.499
.958
0)
.494

24.38
25.09
25.39
22.08
24.20
45.98
0)
23.71

21.66
22.36
27.09
19.04
19.15
23.00
0)
27.44

Total..................................... .

40

161

5.4

48.8

43.7

90

.509

24.84

22.25

Utility men:
District 1.................... ................
District 2....................................
District 3....................................
District 4_________ __________
District 5_............................. .
District 6__........... ....................
District 7...................................
District 8____________ _______

6
12
8
5
7
1
3
6

37
31
13
15
18
0)
15
6

5.5
5.8
5.8
5.9
5.7
0)
5.8
5.8

50.1
49.8
49-. 4
53.2
54.7
0)
57.0
49.3

48.6
48.5
52.7
46.4
48.4
0)
61.1
48.5

97
97
107
87
88
0)
107
98

.563
.629
.625
.554
.783
0)
.404
.724

28.21
31.32
30.88
29.47
42.83
0)
23.03
35. 69

27.33
30.49
32.93
25.71
37.92
0)
24. 68
35.09

Tot-al........... ............................

48

137

5.7

51.6

50.0

97

.598

30.86

29.90

i Included in total.




GENERAL TABLES
T

55

A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

C A T T L E -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T — C o n t in u e d

Sex, occupation, and district

m ales—

1
Aver­
| AverAver­ Aver­
age
Per
Aver­
1
age
Num ­ Num ­ num­
age
age
age
full­
ber of ber of
full­
hours cent of
ber
of
earn.
full
time
em­
estab­
time actually
days
earn­
lish­ ploy­
worked time ! ings
worked hours
ings
ments
ees
in one actually per
per
in one week
per
worked
hour
week
week
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

c o n tin u e d

Washers a n d wipers:
District 1__________ _______ . .
District 2_____ ______________
District 3________ ____ ______
District 4_____ ______ _______
District 5............. . ............. .
District 6......... ..........................
District 7.................................. District 8....................................

8
13
13
4
7
3
2
8

49
72
43
13
16
17
3
17

T otal............................. ........

58

230

Tonguers:
District 1........... ........................
District 2____ _____ _______ __
I i strict 3____________________
District 4______________ _____
District 5_..................................
District 6 ....................................
District 7____________________
District 8__............................... .

2
6
8
4
3
1
1
3

0)
0)

48.3
48.9
49.1
48.5
49.6
48.0
55.0
48.9

44.3
43.8
43.5
36.3
41.4
27.6
56.4
44.5

5.2 | 48.8

42.3

87

2
6
9
4
3

5.5
5.7
5.4
5.8
5.7

46.0
42.6
47.9
49.0
47.8

3

0)
6.0

5.2
5.6
5.2
4.5
5.3
4.1
6.0
5.1

0)

46.5
50.2
50.0
49.5
52.0
0)
0)

0)

92 $0.440
90
.465
89
.446
75
.350
.442
83
.654
58
103
.417
91
.499

0)
0)

$21.25
22.74
21.90
16.98
21.92
31.39
22.94
24.40

$19.48
20.36
19. 39
12. 70
18.31
18.04
23.55
22.21

.459

22.40

19.42

99
85
96
99
92

.564
.573
.521
.429
.575
0)

26. 23
28. 76
26. 05
21. 24
29. 90
(l)

25. 95
24.42
24. 93
21.01
27. 51

98

.526

26. 30

25. 76

0)
0)

50.0

0)
49.0

i
5.6 ! 50.0

46.6

93

.533

26. 65

24. 82

0)

0)

28

29

1............. ......................
2____________________
3............... ....................
4 ________________
5........... ........................
6________ ________
7____ ______ ________
8............. ......................

8
15
15
5
12
3
5
9

162
329
139
92
73
28
20
31

5.5
5.4
5.2
5.4
4.9
4.4
5.5
5.6

48.3
49. 5
49.0
49.2
51.3
49.3
56.3
48.7

45.5
43.9
45.3
44.4
38.2
30.9
57.4
48.9

94
89
92
90
74
63
102
100

.462
.466
.456
.396
.430
.605
.292
.460

22.31
23. 07
22. 34
19.48
22. 06
29. 83
16. 44
22. 40

21. 02
20.43
20. 68
17. 58
16.43
18. 69
16. 77
22. 49

Total.................................... __

72

874

5.3 j 49.4

44.1

89

.451

22. 28

19. 88

District 1.....................................
District 2_________ _________
District 3______ _____ _______
District 4____ _______________
District 5____________________
District 6_...................................
District 7_.................................
District 8............................... . . .

4
5
8
4
3
3
1
6

8
12
35
8
4
16
0)
6

5.7

49.9
52.4
48.9
49.5
51.0
48.0
0)
48.5

35.0
48.5
43.6
44.6
51.7
28.6
0)
46.8

70
93
89
90
101
60
0)
96

.464
.464
.448
.373
.517
.682
0)
.427

23.15
24.31
21. 91
18. 46
26. 37
32.74
0)
20.71

16. 24
22. 50
19. 53
16. 60
26. 75
19.54
(0
19.97

Total........................................

34

90

4.8

49.5

41.1

83

.476

23. 56

19.58

Carcass wipers, bruise and tail
trimmers, and neck-rag insert­
ers:
District 1......... . . .......................
District 2....................................
District 3....................................

1
3
4

0)
15
7

0)
6.0
5.9

(9
48.0
48.9

0)
45.9
49.8

96
102

0)
.363
.346.

C1)
17.42
16.92

0)
16. 64
17.23

T o t a l ......................................

8

23

5.9

48.3

47.0

97

.357

17.24

16. 76

Total.________ ____________
Laborers:
District
District
District
Distirct
District
District
District
District

T ru ckers:

4.0
5.8
4.7
5.4
5.5
4.3
0)

FEMALES

* Included in total.




0)

56

SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

T a b le

K O G -K IL L IN G D EPAR T M E N T

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age
Per
Aver­
age
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
cent of
age
full­ hours
ber of ber of
full
earn­
ber
of
time actually time
estab­ em­
days
ings
lish­ ploy­
hours
worked
worked . per
in one actually per
ments
ees
in one
week worked hour
week week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

MALES

Laborers:2
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

5.6
5.4
5.6
4.2
5.4
5.6
5.9
5.6

50.1
48.6
50.4
52.9
52.8
54.6
56.4
49.6

41.8
43.5
44.8
29.5
46.3
49.1
61.0
47.1

83 $0. 476
90
.453
89
.428
56
.307
88
.440
90
.493
108
.361
.444
95

$23.85
22.02
21. 57
16.24
23. 23
26. 92
20. 36
22. 02

$19.91
19. 69
19.19
9. 07
20. 39
24.18
22. 03
20. 93

_______________________

6

7____________________
8 ___________________

2
5

58
197
260
33
159
84
14
13

Total...................... .................

68

818

5.5

51.0

44.7

88

.442

22. 54

19. 77

1_______ ___________
2____________________
3 ._____ _____________
5 ____ ____________
6 ___________________
7 ______ ____ _______
8____________________

6
15
16
11
5
2
4

23
31
40
27
14
3
4

5.8
5.2
5.4
5.5
5.9
6.0
4.5

48.7
49.0
50.0
51.5
53.1
56.7
47.3

41.1
41.4
39.5
48.7
52.5
65.2
33.6

84
84
79
95
99
115
71

.593
.542
.582
.546
.528
.488
.513

28. 88
26. 56
29.10
28.12
28. 04
27. 67
24. 26

24. 37
22. 45
23. 00
26. 58
27. 72
31.80
17.22

Total......... ..............................

59

142

5.5

50.2

43.6

87

.557

27. 96

24. 27

Stickers:
District 1____________________
District 2 ____ __________ _____
District 3__________ ____ ____
District 4 ___________________
District 5 _____ ______________
District 6 _ _ _ _________ ________________
District 7___ ____ ______ ____
District 8___________________

5
13
16
3
11
5
2

8
13
19
3
11
5
2
7

5.8
5.8
5. 6
5.0
5.7
5.8
5.5
6.0

48.5
49.0
50. 2
48.0
52.0
54. 0
57.5
48.4

48.9
45.8
47.6
37.0
52.3
51.0
59.6
45.8

101
93
95
77
101
95
104
95

.662
.629
. 646
.549
.634
.620
.551
.614

32.11
30. 82
32. 43
26. 35
32. 97
33.48
31.68
29. 72

32. 41
28. 82
30 76
20.30
33.11
31. 63
32. 84
28.10

61 !

68

5.7

50.3

48.1

96

.631

31.74

30. 35

6
14
16
4
12
5
2
6

23
44
95
5
69
31
7
17

5.8
5.6
5. 6
4. 6
5.6
5. 5
5.9
5.7

48. 7
48.3
49. 5
48. 0
52. 2
53. 2
57.1
49.6

42.1
45.5
43. 5
35.2
50.1
47. 0
63.1
46.9

86
94
88
73
96
88
111
95

. 532
.524
. 521
. 583
. 509
. 534
.436
.567

25. 91
25. 31
25. 79
27. 98
26. 57
28.41
24.90
28.12

22. 36
23.84
22. 69
20. 53
25. 54
25.10
27. 53
26. 56

65

291

5.6

50.5

46.2

91

.521

26. 31

24.07

6

15
14
1
10
5
2
2

25
32
55
0)
21
16
7
2

5. 5
5.7
5.8
0)
5.4
5. 7
5.9
6.0

49.3
48.8
51.1
0)
50. 5
53. 3
55. 7
48.0

43.3
43. 8
45.5
0)
47.8
49. 5
62. 7
49.2

88
90
89

24. 80
27.86
23.25
0)
23. 58
28. 09
24.17
24.09

21. 79
25. 01
20. 72

95
93
113
103

.503
. 571
.455
0)
.467
.527
1434
.502

22. 30
26.13
27. 20
24. 70

55

159

5.7

50.6

46.3

92

.493

24. 95

22. 85

Shacklers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

6
16
16
4
13

1
____________
2_____________ ____
3 ___________________
4 ___________________
5 __________________
6

6

Total________ ______ _
Scalders:3
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

l._ _ .................. ............
2____ ____________ __
3____________________
4____ ______ _
5______________
6____ _____
_
7_______ _____ ______
8 . . . ...........................

Total......... ...........
H ookers-on:4
District 1„_.................... ...
District 2_____ ______ _______
District 3 . . . ____ _______
District 4.................... ............. .
District 5_______________
District 6 ...........................
District 7.................. .......... . .
District 8.................................
T o ta l......................................
1

0)

* Included in total.
* Includes drivers, penners, steamers, singers, washers, aitchbone breakers, and toe pullers.
3 Includes tubmen, droppers, gamb cutters, polemen, and duckers.
* Includes hookers-off, hangers-off, straighteners, and chain feeders.




0)

Ge n e r a l

57

tables

T a b le A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by departmem, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.
H O G -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­
worked
ees
ments
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
cent of
age
full­ hours
earn­
time actually full
time
ings
hours worked actually
per
per
in one
week week worked hour

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

81 SO. 560
89
.528
84
.512
74
.593
91
.532
84
.559
109
.507
96
.615

$27. 61
25. 87
25. 50
28. 46
27. 61
29. 57
28. 54
30.01

$22.23
22. 99
21.38
21.07
25.02
24.83
30.98
28. 95

males —continued

Shavers and scrapers:
District 1____________ _____
District 2____________________
District 3______ ____ ________
District 4______ _____________
District 5____________________
District 6____________________
District 7____ ______ ________
D istrict8________ ____ _____ .

6
15
16
4
11
5
2
6

47
91
175
9
152
55
12
26

5.7
5.6
5.6
4.8
5.3
5.5
5.7
5.8

49.3
49.0
49.8
48.0
51.9
52.9
56.3
48.8

39.7
43.5
41.7
35.5
47.0
44.4
61.1
47.0

65

567

5.5

50.6

44.1

87

.535

27.07

23. 56

1___ _______ ________
2 ..................................
3......... ..........................
4_____ ____ _____ ___
5____________________
6____ _______________
7____________________
8.......................... ........

5
14
16
3
11
5
1
5

14
21
33
4
15
10
0)
7

5.4
5.8
5.8
6.0
5.4
5.8
0)
6.0

49.1
43.2
49.3
48.0
51.8
54.0
0)
50.1

37.1
44.5
46.9
44.5
45.3
47.4
0)
48.7

76
90
95
93
87
88
0)
97

.631
30.98
.581 * 28. 59
29. 68
.602
30.14
.628
30. 41
.587
29. 32
.543
0)
0)
.617
30.91

23. 42
25. 87
28.24
27. 95
26. 59
25. 72
0)
30. 02

Total................ .................... .

60

105

5.7

50.2

45.0

90

.594

29.82

26.73

Gutters, bung droppers, and
rippers-open:
District 1____________________
District 2____________ _______
District 3____________ _______
District 4____________________
District 5______ _____________
District 6....................................
District 7____________________
District 8........... .........................

6
15
16
4
12
5
2
6

26
39
75
5
41
22
3
8

5.6
5.8
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.5
6.0
6.0

49.6
48.5
49.7
48.0
52.0
54.3
58.3
49.4

38.1
44.8
42.4
42.3
48.7
47.3
64.8
47.2

77
92
85
88
94
87
111
96

.584
.576
.566
.612
.623
.581
.567
.692

28.97
27.94
28.13
29.38
32.40
31.55
33.06
34. 18

22. 23
25. 78
24. 02
25. 87
30. 36
27. 44
36. 72
32.63

66

219

5.6

50.4

44. 5

88

.589

29. 69

26.18

1_______________ _ _
2___ ____ ___________
3____________________
4____________________
5____________________
6___...........................
7_.____ _____________
8 ...................................

4
10
16
1
9
5
2
2

11
12
20
0)
10
5
2
2

4.8
5.7
5.8
0)
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.0

46.5
48.0
49.5
0)
51.1
54.0
57.5
51.0

30.2
43.6
43.5
0)
46.7
51.8
66.8
50.5

65
91
88
91
96
116
99

.758
.544
.581
0)
.597
.566
.462
.567

35. 25
26.11
28. 76
0)
30. 51
30. 56
26. 57
28.92

22.86
23. 70
25.28
0)
27.84
29.30
30. 87
28.64

Total........................................

49

65

5.6

49.5

43.2

87

.589

29.16

25.46

6
15
16
3
12
5
2
4

26
42
49
3
32
11
2
4

5.8
5.8
5.8
6.0
5.5
5.6
6.0
6.0

48.6
49.1
50.1
48.0
51.6
54.0
57.5
47.3

44.5
45.2
47.4
45.9
47.1
46.0
59.7
45.6

92
92
95
96
91
85
104
96

.644
.639
.623
.642
.618
.597
.621
.736

31.30
31.37
31.21
30.82
31.89
32. 24
35.71
34.81

28. 65
28.88
29.53
29. 51
29.09
27. 50
37.02
33. 40

63

169

5.7

50.1

46.3

92

.630

31.56

29.17

T otal._______ _____________
Headers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

Total_____ ____ _____ _____
Ham facers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

Splitters:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1....................................
2........... ........................
3_____ ______________
4____ ______ ________
5___________ _______
6___________ ________
7_______________ ____
8-____ ______________

Total_____________ ________
i Included in total.




0)

58

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupaiion, sex, and district— Contd.

T a b le

H O G -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

m a l e s —continued
Leaf-lard pullers:
District 1__ ___________ _____
District 2____________________
District 3_______ ____________
District 4______ ____________
District 5____ _______________
District 6.________ __________
District 7____________________
District 8........- ................... .......

Total.................................... .
Leaf-lard scrapers:
District 1____ _____ _________
District 2 ... ________________
District 3*_-_.............................
District 5_____ ______ _______
District 6____________________
District 7....................................
Total__________ ______ ____
Bruise trimmers, head removers,
and kidney pullers:
District 1______________ _____
District 2_______ _ _ _ _ ____
District 3....................................
District 4__________________ _
District 5____________________
District 6_____________ ______
District 7____________________
District 8______ _________

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­ worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
of
age
hours cent
full­
full
earn­
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually per
in one
per
week week worked hour

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$25.91
26. 60
25. 40
25. 54
25. 86
27. 63
22. 62
24. 55

$22.12
21.14
23.00
23. 66
21.93
25.16
26.02
23.72

pe r

4
13
16
3
11
5
3
4

10
20
30
3
18
12
3
4

5.8
5.3
5.8
6.0
5.4
5.8
6.0
5.8

48.7
49.9
50.2
48.0
51.3
54.5
56.7
48.8

41.6
39.7
45.4
44.4
43.5
49.6
65.3
47.2

59

100

5.6

50.8

44.7

88

.509

25. 86

22.74

3
11
5
6
20
11
4
6
1 ' C1)
2
2

3.7
5.7
5.6
5.7
0)
6.0

50.3
49.2
49.8
54.0
0)
57.5

20.7
47.0
42.3
42. 5
0)
64.4

41
96
85
79
0)
112

.494
.505
.448
.427
0)
.340

24. 85
24. 85
22.31
23.06
0)
19. 55

10. 21
23. 72
18. 95
18.14
0)
21.92

26

39

5.4

51.0

41.8

82

.449

22. 90

18. 76

5
11
14
1
10
5
2
4

11
22
41
0)
19
11
8
5

5.7
5.9
5.7
0)
5.5
5.5
5.9
6.0

49.3
48.9
49.6
0)
51.5
56.1
56.3
49.8

41.5
47.4
44.8
0)
50.4
47.5
60.7
48.0

84
97
90
98
86
108
96

.515
.494
.507
0)
.509
.578
.463
.608

25.39
24.16
25.15
0)
26. 21
31.85
26. 07
30. 28

21.34
23. 42
22. 69
0)
25. 66
27.46
28.13
29.16

85 $0. 532
80
.533
90
.506
.532
63
85
.504
91
.507
115
.399
97
.503

0)

Total____ _______ _____ ___

52

118

5.7

50.7

47.4

93

.513

26. 01

24. 32

Utility men:
District 1 .. ______ __________
District 2____________________
District 3________ __________
District 4____________
District 5________________
District 6 .............. .......
District 7 ............ ......... ...
District 8............................. .

6
13
14
4
10
3
1
1

28
35
62
20
33
8
0)
o

5.3
5.6
5.9
5.0
5.7
6.0
0)
0)

48.4
48.7
50.2
52.5
52.5
56.3
0)
(0

39.5
45.3
47.3
35.6
51.2
51.7
0)
0)

82
93
94
68
98
92

.578
.588
.581
.528
.615
.575
0)
(0

27.98
28. 64
29.17
27. 72
32. 29
32. 37
0)
0)

22. 82
26. 61
27. 49
18. 78
31.46
29. 73
0)
0)

T o ta l.......................................

52

193

5.6

50.7

45.6

90

.588

29. 81

26. 82

3
1
8
1
6
1
3

8
0)
46
0)
17
0)
4

5.3
0)
5.3
0)
5.2
0)
5.8

50.3
0)
51.4
0)
50.7
0)
51.0

32.1
0)
41.5
0)
47.2
0)
48.9

64

96

.458
0)
.418
0)
.433
0)
.411

23.04
0)
21.49
0)
21.95
0)
20. 96

14.68
0)
17.32
0)
20.44
C1)
20.08

23

79

5.3

50.9

42.5

83

.426

21.68

18.10

Kidney pullers, shavers, singers,
neck brushers, and spreaders:
District 2 .____ ____ _______ _
District 3...............................
District 5..................................

3
7
2

15
24
10

5.7
5.5
5.4

52.4
50.3
52.8

40.1
35.4
47.9

77
70
91

.348
.372
.346

18.24
18. 71
18.27

13.95
13. 20
16. 54

T ota l......................................

12

49

5.6

51.4

39.4

77

.358

18.40

14.11

Truckers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1......................... ..........
2_______ ____ _____
3__________ _ __
4__............... .
__
5........... .......................
6____ ______ ____ _
8............. .............

Total....................................

0)
0)

0)
0)
0)

81
93

FEMALES

1 Included in total.




GENERAL TABLES

59

T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earrings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— C on td .
SH E E P -K ILL IN G AN D C A L F -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age
Per
Aver­
N um ­ N um ­
age
age
cent of
age
ber of ber of num­
full­ hours
earn­
ber
of
full
estab­ em­
time actually time
days hours
lish­ ploy­
worked actually ings
per
worked per
ments
ees
one
in one week in
week worked ; hour
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$22.80
22. 52
22. 66
19. 06
20. 89
25. 63

$21.53
17.99
22.03
17.23
12.92
25.15

MALES
L aborers:8
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1.....................................
2....................................
3__.................................
4_____ _________ ____
5................ ...................
6-__...............................
8....................................

3
10
5
2
3
3
1

(9

(9

45.4
39.5
49.3
43.4
SO. 1
47.1
(0

(9

(9

Total............................. - ........
Shacklers:
District 1.................. ............. .
District 2____________________
District 3_............. ................... .
District 4......................... ..........
District 5_____ ______ _______
District 6__................................

27

255

5.4

49.0

4.2.8

87

.461

22. 59

19. 75

3
10
4
2
1
3

10
16
7
4

48.0
50.8
49.7
48.0

.488
.524
.561
.518

23.42
26. 62
27.88
24. 86

21.71
23. 26
26. 50
18. 73

48.0

44.5
44.3
47.2
36.1
<9
45.2

93
87
95
75

5

6.0
5.5
5.1
4.8
0)
5.6

Total........................................
Stickers:
District 1______________ _____
District 2______ ____________
District 3 ..................... ..............
District 4__________ _________
District 5_____________ ____
District 6________ __________
District 8____________________

23

43

5.5

49.3

3
6
4
1
2
2
3

5
7
5

6.0
5.0
6.0
5.5
5.8
5.7

48.0
48.9
49.2
0)
48.0
48.0
49.0

44.5
46.2
44.8

Total...................... ............. .
Joint breakers:
District 1......................... .........
District 2 _ ___ _______ ____
District 3 _________ _________
District 4....................................
District 6....................................

21

5.6

48.5

14.8

5.7
5.3

48.0
49.6

T o ta l............... ............. ........
Scalpers:
District 2 . . . ..............................
District 3........................... ........
District 6....................................
District 8....................................

12

18

5.3

49.1

40.0

4
4
2
2

10
4
4
2

5.6
6.0
5.8
6.0

48.0
51.0
48.0
46.5

38.8
51.3
45.3
46.0

Total.......................................
Miscellaneous workers:«
District 1............................ .......
District 2............................ .......
District 3 ............................. .
District 4.............................. .
District 6—.................................

12

20

5.8

48.5

43.3

3
10
5
1
3

25
25
17

5.9
5.5
5.9
0)
5.8

48.0
49.3
49.1
0)
48.0

45.7
42.5
52.0

Total........... ..................... .......

22

87

5.7

48.6

Leggers (fore and hind):
District 1_____________ ______
District 2...............................
District 3 . ..................................
District 4.................................
District 5....................................
District 6_______ ____________
District 8...................... .............

3
11
5
2
1
3
4

23
63
17
7

5.7
5.7
5.8
6.0

48.0
49.5
48.7
48.0

Total................................. .

3
6
1
1
1

29

66
119
27
21
3
18

(9

(9

5.7
5.3
5.5
5.1
3.7
5.7

(9

2
5
3

28
6
8

(9
(9
(9

(9

16

(9

23
7

143

(9

(9
(9
(9

48.0
49.5
50.7
48.0
48.7
48.0

(9

(9
(9
(9

(9

(9

(9

(9

(9

(9

94

.687

32.98

31.07

44.0

89

.539

26. 57

23. 75

44.9
36.4
.53.4

94
74
109

.580
.504
.573

27.84
24. 65
28.19

26.04
18. 36
30. 62

(9

40.9
39.0

(9
(9
0)

(9

47.4

(9

(9

(9

(9

93
96
91

.509
.807
.713

24.43
38. 74
34.94

22. 67
37.28
31.98

92

.615

29.83

27. 55

85
79

.507
.485

24. 34
24. 06

20.76
18.92

(9
(9
(9

(9
(9
(9

(9
(9
(9

(9
(9
«

.499

24. 50

19.96

j
81 | .486
101 1 .544
94 l .536
99
.783

23. 33
27.74
25. 73
36.41

18. 84
27. 89
24.24
36. 00

89 | .541

26.24

23.45

24.62
25.04
26. 56

23.44
21.62
28.12

81

95
86
106

(9

.513
.508
.541

(9

(9

(9

99

.538

25. 82

25.49

46.3

95

.521

25. 32

24.13

42.6
44.4
49.4
47.8

89
90
101
100

.587
.587
.645
.568

28.18
29.06
31.41
27. 26

25.03
26.03
31.82
27.14

5.7
5.9

48.0
47.6

(9

(9

5.7

48.7

44.7

(9

95 $0,475
.455
80
97
.447
90
.397
62
.429
.534
98

45.5
42.0

(9

(9

(9

(9

95
88

.633
.682

30. 38
32. 46

28.82
28.60

92

.604

29.41

27.00

1 Included in total.
8 Includes drivers, penners, holders, shovers, hookers-on to conveyors, hangers-up of racks, and
squilgeers.
6 Includes hooking-up of fore quarters and hind legs, shoulder punchers, and shank pinners.




60

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-tim e
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— C o n td .

T a b le

S H E EP-K ILL IN G A]\D C A L F -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

m ales—

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
age
full­
hours cent of
full
earn­
time actually
time
ings
hours worked
per
in one actually per
week
week worked hour

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

c o n tin u e d

Brisket or b r e a s t p u lle r s :
District 1------------------------------District 2------------------------------District 3........... .......... ..............
District 4------ ---------------- ------District 6-------- ------- --------------District 8_..........- .........- ............

3
11
4
2
3
2

11
22
6
3
7
2

5.6
5.8
5.7
5.7
5.7
6.0

48.0
49.7
50.0
48.0
48.0
48.0

43.0
45.8
50.3
49.7
46.7
44.7

25

51

5.7

49.0

46.0

1—.................................
2........... - ................... .
3........... ......................
4_._........... ................
5----------- ------------------6--------- ------------------8-------------------------------

3
8
5
2
1
3
3

17
32
31
4
0)
15
4

5.9
5.4
5.9
5.5
0)
5.9
6.0

48.0
49.1
50.1
48.0

T otal....................- ...............
Facers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of num­
ber
of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­
worked
ments
ees
in one
week

90 $0. 624
92
.644
101
.647
104
.704
97
.661
.636
93

$29.95
32. 01
32.35
33.79
31. 73
30. 53

$26.80
29. 51
32. 52
34. 97
30. 89
28.38

94

.646

31. 65

29. 75

48.0
47.3

46.1
43.9
50.2
43.0
0)
49.1
43.5

96
89
100
90
0)
102
92

.760
.753
.693
.712
0)
.786
.754

36.48
36. 97
34. 72
34.18
0)
37. 73
35. 66

35.05
33. 07
34. 79
30. 64
0)
38.60
32. 78

0)

Total------------ ---------------------

25

105

5.7

48.9

46.6

95

.736

35. 99

34. 32

Bumpers and back p u lle rs:
District 1------------------ -----------District 2--------------- --------------District 3-----------------------------District 4------------------------------District 5-------------------- -------District 6....................................
District S............................... .

3
9
2
2
1
3
3

24
24
9
2

5.8
5.5
5.8
6.0

48.0
50.7
48.0
48.0

44.5
42.2
55.8
48.3

93
83
116
101

.589
.565
.635
.530

28. 27
28. 65
30.48
25.44

26.20
23. 84
35.47
25. 59

T o ta l-.------ ------------------------

23

Brisket or breast splitters:
District 1------ -----------------------District 2------------------------------District 3................................ .
District 4----------------------- ------District 6_....................- ........ .
District 8...................... .............

0)

8
3

0)

0)

0)

5.6
6.0

48.0
47.0

45.9
45.0

71

5.6

48.9

3
9
4
2
3
2

5
14
9
4
5
2

6.0
5.5
6.0
5.5
4.6
6.0

0)

(0

0)

C1)

96
96

.657
.746

31.54
35.06

30.20
33. 56

45.3

93

.601

29. 39

27. 25

48.0
48.9
50.7
48.0
48.0
46.5

44.1
43.3
51.8
43.9
31.8
42.3

92
89
102
91
66
91

.599
.563
.589
.560
.651
.711

28.75
27. 53
29. 86
26. 88
31. 25
33.06

26.44
24.42
30.47
24. 57
20. 69
30.04

23

39

5.6

48.8

43.9

90

.590

28. 79

25. 90

Pelt droppers:
District 1....................................
District 2....................................
District 3............. ......................
District 4.................. ...............District 5....................................
District 6—- .................... - ........
District 8 _~ ...............................

3
4
2
1
1
2
1

12
19
2
0)
0)
5
0)

5.4
5.5
4.0
0)
0)
6.0
0)

48.0
49.5
51.0

81
80
63

0)
48.0
0)

39.1
39.6
32.0
0)
0)
51.8
0)

(9
0)
108
(0

.716
.676
.442
0)
0)
.572
0)

34. 37
33. 46
22.54
0)
0)
27. 46
0)

28.02
26. 75
14.14
(0
0)
29. 65
0)

T otal...................................

0)

Total......................... - ............

14

42

5.5

48.8

40.5

83

.650

31. 72

26.36

Scrubbers, washers, and wipers:
District 1..................................
District 2------ ------- ------- --------District 3___________ ________
District 4................................ .
District 5___________ ____ ___
District 6....................................
District 8....................................

2
8
4
1
1
3
3

19
33
20
0)
0)
11
3

4.1
5.1
5.3
0)
0)
4.6
6.0

48.0
48.0
49.2
0)
0)
48.0
50.0

32.5
40.3
46.1
0)
0)
35.9
48.8

68
84
94
75
98

.443
.480
.466
0)
0)
.597
.463

21. 26
23.04
22. 93
C1)
0)
28. 66
23.15

14. 40
19. 35
21. 47
0)
0)
21.43
22. 62

Total........................................

22

90

4.9

48.3

39.5

82

.479

23.14

18.91

i Included in total.




0)
0)

61

GENERAL TABLES
T

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of fidl time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

SH E EP-K ILLIN G AND C A L F -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
Num ­ N um ­ num­
ber
of
ber of
ber
of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­
worked
ments
ees
in one
week

males —continued
Caul pullers:
District 1____ ____ _____ ____
District 2...................... - ............
District 3.................. .......... .......
District 4._.................... ............
District 6................................. . .
T o ta l..________ ___________

3
7
2
2
3
17

Gutters, bung droppers, and
rippers-open:
District 1_._______ __________
District 2_.____ _____________
District 3 .............. .....................
District 4_______ ____________
District 5...................................
District 6______ _____________
District 8____________________
Total__________ ___________

9
11
2
2
5

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
Per
age
age
age
of
full­
hours cent
earn­
full
time actually
ings
hours worked time
per
in one actually
per
week worked hour
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

48.0
49.1
54.0
48.0
48.0

41.9
47.5
49.3
48.3
44.7

29

5.7
5.8
6.0
6.0
5.4
5.7

48.8

45.5

3
10
5
2
1
3
4
28

17
18
17
3
0)
8
4
68

6.0
5. 7
5.5
5.7
0)
5.5
6.0
5.7

48.0
49.7
49.4
48.0
0)
48.0
47.3

99
93
96
100
0)
89
99
95

.532
.537
.539
.723
0)
.630
.587
.557

25. 54
26. 69
26. 63
34. 70
0)
30.24
27. 77

48.8

47.7
46.1
47.4
48.2
0)
42.6
46.8
46.4

Headers and neck trimmers:
District 1____________________
District 2____________________
District 3____________________
District 4____________________
District 6____________________
District 8____ _____ _________
Total............. ................... ......

2
9
3
2
3
2
21

8
20
5
4
4
2
43

6.0
5.5
6.0
5.8
5.3
6.0
5.7

48.0
50.0
49.2
48. 0
48.0
51. 0
49.2

46. 5
42.1
50.4
48.9
43.4
45.0
44.7

97
84
102
102
90
88
91

.506
. 509
.531
. 534
. 628
.546

24. 29
25. 45
26. 13
25.63
30. 14
27. 85

. 526

25.88 | 23.55

Dressers:7
District 1.................. ........... .
District 2__________________ _
Total______________________

2
1
3

5.5

48.0

0)

Luggers:
District 1____________________
District 2____________________
District 3_______________ ____
District 4_______ ____________
District 6____________________
Total_____ ________________

2

87 $0. 600
97
.542
91
.535
.499
101
93
. 556
.557
93

83

$28.80 $25.15
26. 61
25. 76
28. 89
26. 34
23. 95
24.10
26.69
24. 85
27.18 | 25.34

25. 36
24.73
25.53
34. 85
0)
26. 82
27. 44

27.18 I 25.84
23. 53
21. 39
26. 77
26. 14
27. 22
24. 58

.456
21. 89
18.24
0)
0)
0)
.532 | 27.40 j 18.36

4

4.5

51. 5

40.0
0)
34. 5

3
6
2
1
3
15

21
9
3
0)
3
37

5.8
5.4
5.7
0)
5.0
5.6

48.0
50.0
48.0
0)
48.0
48. 5

49. 1
38.9
49.2
(0
41.3
45.4

102
78
103
0)
86
94

.504
.496
. 550
0)
.520
.508

24. 19
24. 75
24. 80 ! 19. 32
26. 40
27.04
0)
(9
24. 96
21. 50
24. 64
23. 07

Utility men, spellers, handy men,
and all-round men:
District 1____________________
District 2____________________
District 3___ ____ ___________
District 4________ ___________
District 5 ...................... ............
District 6________________
District 8______ _____ _______

3
9
5
1
1
1
4

7
18
9

5.9
5.9
5.9

48.0
49.7
50.0

47.6
50.5
51.4

99
102
103

.560
. 596
.671

26. 88
29. 62
33. 55

0)

0)
0)

0)
0)

0)
0)
0)

Total........... ................... .........

24

43

Sheep or calf butchers:
District 1____________________
District 2____________________
District 3_____ ______ _______
District 4___________ ____ ___
District 5____________________
District 7____________ ______ _
District 8..................................

2

2

4
4
3
6
1
3

6
8
7
18

Total.................................... .

23

0)

0)
0)
0)

0)

0)

4

5

50

0)
(0
0)

0)

0)

67

0)
0)
0)




0)
0)
0)

6.0

0)

51.0

0)

105

.708

36.11

37. 71

5.8

49.4

49.4

100

.609

30.08

30.08

5.5
5.5
5. 4
5.3
5. 2

48.0
48.0
49.5
48.0
52.9

42.8
38.5
40.9
48.4
41.7

89
80
83
101
79

1. 022
.644
.673
.651
.903

49. 00
30.91
33.31
31. 25
47. 77

43. 71
24. 78
27. 54
31. 54
37. 69
0)
27. 59

0)

6.0
5.4

0)

53.3

(0

50.4

40.3

50.8

42.6

0)

0)

0)

80

.685

84

.747

1 Included in total.
7Includes rib sawyers, or Boston cutters, setters and Boston setters, and dressers.

109538°— 29------5

26. 67
30. 07
34. 48

0)

34. 52
37. 95

31. 80

62
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

O FFAL (OTHER T H A N HIDES AND CASINGS) D E PAR TM EN T

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of
ber
of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­ worked
ees
ments
in one
week

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
cent of
age
hours
full­
earn­
full
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually per
in one worked hour
per
week
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

89 $0.549
89
.575
86
.531
92
.561
92
.515
.771
78
.483
113
99
.536

$26. 57
28.46
25. 81
26. 93
27. 66
38. 63
27.43
25. 46

$23.60
25.45
22.27
24. 75
25. 37
30. 27
30.83
25. 26

MALES
Chiselers, checkers, and tempiers:
District 1___________________
District 2____________________
District 3______ _____________
District 4____________________
District 5___________ _______
District 6____________________
District 7______ __
_____
District 8_______ ___________

6
13
15
4
9
i
2
5

32
48
47
19
16
17
11
6

5.5
5.8
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.1
6.2
5.8

48.4
49.5
48.6
48.0
53.7
50.1
56.8
47.5

43.0
44.3
41.9
44.1
49.3
39.2
63.9
47.1

Total______________________

61

196

5.6

49.7

44.6

90

.561

27. 88

25. 02

6
14
15
7
9
5
3
8

56
92
133
27
49
17
7
14

5.7
5.6
5.6
5.3
5.5
5.3
4.9
6.0

49.6
48.7
49.2
48.4
52.3
52.2
56.4
46.9

44.2
45.3
45.6
45.5
46.3
40.9
49.2
48.1

89
93
93
94
89
78
87
103

.528
.536
.491
.471
.513
.550
.413
.553

26.19
26.10
24.16
22.80
26. 83
28. 71
23. 29
25.94

23. 35
24. 28
22. 38
21.42
23. 75
22. 51
20. 36
26.61

67

395

5.6

49.7

45.4

91

.511

25. 40

23.18

7
16
16
5
12
8
1
5

97
210
197
37
93
41
0)
8

5.6
5.6
5.6
5.7
5.2
5.5
0)
5.9

48.2
49.2
50.3
48.3
51.1
51.4
0)
48.0

44.2
44.0
45.3
47.4
43.2
43.8
0)
44.9

92
89
90
98
85
85
94

.504
.567
.507
.519
.526
.581
0
.513

24. 29
27. 90
25. 50
25. 07
26. 88
20. 86
C1)
24. 62

22.29
24. 97
22. 96
24. 58
22. 72
25. 41
(0
23. 01

70

684

5.6

49.7

44.5

90

.532

26. 44

23. 70

6
12
13
4
9
8
7

30
47
36
14
24
20
11

5.8
5.4
5.6
5.5
5. 4
5.7
5.7

48.9
49.2
50.3
48.0
50:2
51.6
47.5

47.5
42.8
46.4
44.1
48.7
48.4
46.4

97
87
92
92
97
94
98

.494
.529
.488
.523
.503
.596
.487

24.16
26.03
24. 55
25.10
25. 25
30. 75
23.13

23. 46
22. 64
22. 63
23.08
24. 54
28. 86
22. 57

49.6 |

46.0

93

.516

25. 59

23. 74

99
109
99

0)
.509
.596
.799

0)
24. 89
28. 61
38. 51

0)
24. 62
31.25
38.13

Machine operators: s
District 1. ____________ ____
District 2______ . _ ________
District 3______ _ __ _______
District 4______ _____________
District 5_______ _ _______ __
District 6 ..____ __________
_
District 7_____________ . ___
District 8 _ _ ______ ________ _________
Total____ ____ ____ _______
Trimmers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1

1______________ _____
2_____ _____ . . . ___
3____________________
4__________________ _
5____________________
6_______
_
____ __
7______ . . .
8____________________

Total_______________ ____ _
Pluck trimmers:
District 1 ________________
District 2__________________ _
District 3____________________
District 4______ ______
District 6________________
District 8________________
T otal___________ ______ _

0)

59

182

5.6

Inspectors and graders:
District 1____________________ !
District 2____________________
District 3____________________ 1
District 6____________________ |

l
9
3
3

(9
15
8
25

0
5.8
6.0
6.0

0)
48.9
48.0
48.2

0)
48.4
52.4
47.7

Total........................................ 1

16

49

5.9

48.4

48.8

101

.669

32. 38

32. 72

l
Laborers:
District 1____________________ 1
District 2____________________ I
District 3____________________
District 4____________________
District 5__________ .
District 6 ._____ _____________
District 7______ _____________
District8_..................
__

7
15
15
4
10
5
2
4

61
181
89
27
42
7
6
10

5.6
5.5
5.7
5.7
4.9
5.4
5.8
6.1

48.3
49.6
50.2
48.0
52.8
55.7
58.3
49.1

46.1
43.7
46.0
47.4
43.2
47.9
58.6
48.9

95
88
92
99
82
86
101
100

.465
.452
.442
.393
.457
.491
.300
.404

22. 46
22.42
22.19
18. 86
24.13
27. 35
17.49
19. 84

21.47
19.77
20.35
18.65
19.71
23. 49
17. 56
19. 77

62

423

5.5

50.0

45.1

90

.445

22. 25

20.09

T o t a l ........................ ............
1 Included in total.




0)

8 Indudes skull splitters, jawbone pullers, horn sawyers, and teeth grinders.

63

GENERAL TABLES
T

A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

OFFAL (O T H E R TH A N H ID E S AND CASIN GS) D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

m ales—

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­ worked
ments
ees
in one
week

•Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
age
of
fullhours cent
earn­
full
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually per
per
in one
week worked hour
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$24.49
24. 06
25. 70
21.36
25.44
31.86
0
24. 89

$23.52
23.19
23. 31
21.29
24. 62
23.62
0
23.74

c o n tin u e d

Rippers-open of p a u n c h e s and
pecks:
District 1.................. .......... .......
........... ........................
District 3___ ________________
District 4____ ________ ______
District 5_______ ______ _____
District 6__________ _______
District 7___________ _____
District 8_____ ______________

4
14
13
District322
24
10
3
6
7
13
8
16
1
0)
9
8

5.9
5.8
5.3
5.7
5.5
4.8
0
6.0

48.5
48.8
49.8
48.0
51.7
51.8
0
48.7

46.6
47.0
45.2
47.8
50.1
38.4
0
46.4

96 $0.505
.493
96
91
.516
.445
100
97
.492
74
.615
0)
0
.511
95

Total.................... ...................

54

115

5.6

49.7

45. 8

92

.510

25. 35

23. 36

Washers:
District 1 .......................... ........
District 2_______ ____________
D istrict3_____________ __
District 4_____ _______ . . ___
District 5____________________
District 6 ____________ _____
District 8____________________

4
11
12
2
6
4
1

28
34
33
4
16
7
0)

5.5
5.7
5.9
5.8
5.1
5.4
0

50.5
48. 2
48.7
48.0
54.4
51.4
0

42.1
46.4
47.7
41.5
48.7
45.1
0

83
96
98
86
90
88

.467
.456
.487
.411
.458
.521
0

23. 58
21.98
23. 72
19. 73
24. 92
26. 78
0

19. 65
21.15
23.19
17.08
22. 30
23. 50
0

40

123

5.6

49.9

45.8

92

.469

23. 40

21.50

23. 40
22. 65
23.12
23. 31
28. 31
16.16
21.76

21.05
21.84
21.21
18.46
21. 23
25.70
17. 06
19.58

Total............................. ..........
Truckers:
District 1__________________ _
District 2____________________
District 3
District 5 __ _ ____
_ _
District 6____________________
D istrict 7________ __
District 8__________ ________

57
4
11
55
11
67
District
5
18
4.
5
21
13
3
2
2
4
5

0

5.2
50.1
5.5
48.3
5.4
49.2
5.7
_ _ _ _ 48.
_ 3
5.2
51. 0
4.8
48.9
57. 5
5. 0
5.4
49.8

45.0
46.6
45.2
49.8
46.5
44.4
60. 8
44.8

90
96
92
103
91
91
106
90

.467
.469
.470
.370
.457
.579
.281
.437

93

.463

22. 83

21.29

97
.481
.495
83
.484
100
.404
98
76 . .481
.900
74
111
.462
.507
110

23. 33
24. 55
23. 62
19. 39
24. 68
43.20
25. 41
23. 83

22. 60
20. 50
23. 62
19.04
18. 68
30.60
28. 26
26.21

T otal.________ ____________
Tripe washers:
.........
District 1.... ...............
District 2......... ......... .......... __
District 3____________________
District 4_____________
District5______________ _ __
District 6_ _ _ __________________________
District 7_____________ _____
D istrict8_________________ __

45

238

5.3

49.3

46.0

5
11
12
4
6
3
2
3

23
38
24
5
12
12
3
3

5.6
5.2
5.7
5.6
4.6
5.2
6. 0
6.0

48.5
49.6
48.8
48.0
51.3
48.0
55.0
47.0

47.0
41.4
48.8
47.1
38.8
34.0
61.2
51.7

Total. _____ _______________
Tripe scalders and cookers:
District 1____________ _______
District 2 .______ _______ ____
District 3___________________
District 4_____ ____ _
_ __
District 5____ ______________
District 6_____ _ _ ________
District 8......... . _. __.
_ .

46

120

5.4

49.2

44.0

89

.515

25. 34

22. 63

2
8
4
2
1
1
3

10
10
5
2

48.0
48.6
49.2
48.0
0)
0
49.0

50.4
52.5
42.7
42.3
0
0)
45.3

105
108
87
88
0
0
92

.531
.478
.507
.435
0
0)
.515

25.49
23. 23
24. 94
20. 88
0)
0
25.24

26. 79
25.12
21.34
18. 37
0
0
23. 34

3

5.9
5.9
5.0
5.0
0
0
6.0

Total ____________ _____________

21

33

5.7

48.5

48.2

99

.527

25. 56

25. 42

Tripe scrapers and finishers:
District 1______ _____ _____
District 2_____ _ _ __.
___
District 3____________________
District 4_........... .......... ............
District 5_____________ ______
District 6________ ______________
District 7_____ ___ __________
District 8...................................

6
13
10
4
7
1
1
5

47
75
38
11
13
0)
0
6

5.4
5. 7
5.6
5.0
5. 2
0
0
6.0

48.2
49.4
48.6
48.0
50. 7
0
0
48.0

42.4
48.8
49.4
39.3
43.8
0
0
55.7

88
99
102
82
86
0
0
116

.635
.573
.556
.482
.511
0
0
.493

30. 61
28.31
27.02
23.14
25. 91
0
0
23. 66

26. 93
27.97
27. 47
18.97
22.41
0)
0
27.46

Total........................................

47

194

5.5

49.0

46.6

95

.573

28.08

26. 72

1Included in total.




0
0)

17. 8

64
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

O F FA L (OTHER T H A N HIDES AND CASINGS) D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

m ales—

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
b e r of ber of
ber
of
esta b ­
em­
days
lis h ­
ploy­ worked
m e n ts
ees
in one
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$27.27
23.09
27.02
42.24
25.88
27. 38
0)
0)
26. 09

$26.30
22.36
26.22
38.04
23. 47
25. 80
0)
0)
25.09

. 514
. 510
0)
.489

24. 67
24. 79
0)
24. 21

21. 89
22. 50
0)
23. 73

.501

24. 30

22. 42

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
cent of
age
hoiirs
full­
full
earn­
time actually time
hours worked actually ings
per
in one
per
week worked hour
week

co n tin u e d

Shavers, cleaners, scrapers, and
singers, pigs’ feet:
District 1.____ ______________
District 2____________________
D istrict3 ____ _ __ _ ____
District 4 . ____
_.
District 5. . .
. ____
District 6
_ _
District 7 ___________________
District 8____________________
Total______________________

4
7
8
2
3
2
1
1
28

6
21
20
2
7
3
0)
0)
61

5.5
5.8
6.0
6.0
4. 7
5.7
0)
0)
5.7

48.7
48.3
48.0
48. 0
54. 6
58.0
0)
0)
49. 5

47.0
46.8
46.5
43.3
49. 5
54. 7
0)
0)
47.6

97 $0. 560
97
.478
97
.563
90
.880
91
.474
94
.472
0)
0)
0)
0)
96
.527

Splitters a n d trimmers, pigs’ feet:
District 2____________ ______
District 3 .......... _ .
District 4____ ____
____
District 8_______ _______ ____
T otal_____________ ________

3
4
1
2

5
10
0)
2

5.6
5.9
0)
6.0

48.0
48. 6
0)
49.5

42. 6
44.1
0)
48.5

10

18

5.8

48.5

44.7

98
92

Finishers, pigs’ feet:
District 3 ........... ................. .
District 4 _ _____ ___________
District 5 ............ .................
District 8__________
T o t a l.................................

1
1
3
1
6

0)
12

0)
0)
5.1
0)
5.3

0)
0)
48. 5
(0
48.4

0)
0)
49.9
0)
50.6

0)
0)
103
0)
105

0)
0)
.485
0)
.488

0)
0)
23. 52
(0
23. 62

(0
0)
24. 21
0)
24. 66

Utility men, slunk skinners, and
spellmen:
District 1........... .......... ......
District 2__________ ________
District 3
District 4_________ ______
District 5_____ _______ . ..
District 6_______ ___________
District 7____ _______________
District 8_......... . _
Total.................................... .

8
13
11
4
6
4
1
3
50

43
50
41
9
10
7
0)
3

5.8
5.8
5. 8
5. 9
5. 6
6.0
0)
6.0

164

5.8

48. 4
49. 3
50.6
48. 0
52. 0
48.9
0)
48.0
49.5

51.3
51. 5
51. 2
49. 3
49.8
55.7
0)
50.2
51.4

106
104
101
103
96
114
0)
105
104

. 513
. 523
.509
. 472
. 546
. 623
0)
.663
.522

24.83
25. 78
25. 76
22. 66
28. 39
30.46
0)
31.82
25. 84

26. 35
26.90
26. 06
23. 27
27.18
34. 69
0)
33. 27
26. 81

0)
0)
0)
0)
4.8

0)
0)
0)
0)
49.5 |

0)
0)
0)
0)
29.6

0)
0)
0)
0)

0)
0)
.436

0)
0)
0)
0)
21.58

0)
0)
0)
0)
12. 90

0)
50.4
52.0
0)
50.3

0)
27.4
47. 9
0)
37.6

0)

0)
12

0)
4.6
5.8
0)
5.3

0)
. 508
. 330
0)
.437

0)
25. 60
17.16
0)
21.98

0)
13. 93
15. 82
0)
16.44

29
36
51
9
32
(0
0)
169

5.4
5.4
4.5
5.4
5.2
0)
0)
5.1

48.0
48. 2
49.3
48. 0
53.6
0)
0)
49.9

37.4
42.8
28.5
40. 5
44. 3
0)
0)
39.0

. 366
. 372
. 433
. 343
.355
0)
0)
.373

17.57
17.93
21. 35
16.46
19.03
0)
0)
18. 61

13. 68
15. 94
12. 32
13. 90
15. 73
0)
0)
14. 53

(0
0)

9

89
91
(0

FEMALES

Chiselers, cheekers, and templers:
District 1........................... .......
District 3-.........................
District 5............. ..............
District 8................................ ..
Total.......................................
Machine operators:8
District 1___________ ____
District 3________________
District 5 ____________ ____
District 8_____ _____________
Total..................................
Trimmers:
District 1....................................
District 2____ ____ __________
District 3____________________
District 4 .______ ____________
District 5........... ............. ..........
District 7______ _____________
District 8.................. .................
Total........................................

1
1
1
1

0)
0)
0)
0)

4
1
3
3
1
8
3
8
5
3
3
1
1
24

4
0)
5

4

60

54
92

0)
75
78
89
58
84
83
0)
0)

1 Included in total.
8Includes skull splitters, jawbone pullers, horn sawyers, and teeth grinders.




0)
(0

78

65

GENERAL TABLES

T a b le A .— Average number of days on which employees' worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, averages earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.
O F F A L (O T H E R T H A N H ID E S A N D C A S IN G S) D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­ worked
ees
ments
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
Per
age
age
age
of
hours cent
full­
earn­
full
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually per
in one
per
week worked hour
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$19. 63
22. 35
0)
18. 64
0)
19. 26

$14.12
20.93
0)
21.41
0)
17. 63

0)
.344
0)
.320

0)
18. 06
0)
16. 32

(9
14.47
0)
12. 69

.353
.359
.374
.282
.323
.299
.348

16. 94
17.41
18. 96
13. 54
16. 99
16. 68
17.12

13. 29
15. 26
13. 84
12.01
12. 21
17. 53
14.04

90

0)
.338
0)
0)
.328

C1)
15. 95
0)
0)
15. 81

0)
13. 70
0)
0)
14. 26

96

0)
0)
0)
.387

0)
0)
0)
18. 58

0)
0)
0)
17. 84

92 $0. 540
96
.534
101
.574
.474
93
100
.582
96
.633
94
.447
105
.555

$25. 92
26. 38
28. 41
23. 75
29. 91
30. 38
24. 59
26. 92

$23.89
25. 40
28.68
22.09
29.85
29.11
23.17
28. 20

females —continued

Pluck trimmers:
District 1_________ __________
District 3_____ ______________
District 5 .._____ ____________
District 7........... _____________
District 8__________ _________
Total............................. .........
Inspectors and graders:
District 1............. .......... ............
District 2________ ___________
District 4_____ ______________
Total............... ........ ..........
Miscellaneous workers: ®
District 1.____ ________ _____
District 2 ................ ..................
District 3______ _____________
District 4______ _____________
District 5_..................................
District 7...................... ..............
T otal............................ ..........

2
2
1
2
1
8

4
3

5.8
6.0
0)
6.0
0)
5.8

48.0
50.0
0)
56.3
0)
51.5

34.5
46.8
0)
64.8
0)
47.2

72 $0.409
94
.447
0)
0)
115
.331
0)
0)
92
.374

0)
52.5
0)
51.0

0)
42.1
0)
39.7

0)

6

0)
6.0
0)
5.7

15
33
33
6
17
'6
110

5.7
5.5
5.2
5.2
5.4
5.7
5.4

48.0
48.5
50.7
48.0
52.6
55.8
49.2

37.7
42.4
37.0
42.6
37.9
58.7
40.4

0
5
0)
0)
13

(0
5.2
0)
0)
5.5

0)
47.2
0)
0)
48.2

0)
40.5
0)
0)
43.5

0)
0)
0)

0)
(0
0)
6.0

0)
0)
0)
48.0

0)
0) '
0)
46.1

0)
4
0)
13

I
1
2
1
4
4
10
7
3
4
2
30

Shavers, cleaners, scrapers, and
singers, pigs’ feet:
District 3-_______ ___________
District 5_........................... .......
District 6_._____ ___ ________
District 7_________ __________
T otal..................... .................

5'

Splitters and trimmers, pigs’ feet:
District 2__.................................
District 4_........... ............ ..........
District 8.______ _______ ____
Total.................. ............. .......

1
1
1
3

1
2
1
1

0)

4

0)

3

80

0)
78
79
87
73
89
72
105
82

C1)

86

0)
0)

0)
0)
0)

H ID E D E P A R T M E N T
MALES

Inspectors, graders, and trim­
mers:
District 1....................... ............
District 2..................... .............
District 3__.................................
District 4__________ _________
District 5______ _____ _______
District 6____________________
District 7____________________
District 8....................................
Total_____________ ________
Spreaders and salters:
District 1........... .........................
District 2____________________
District 3........... ........................
District 4...................... ..............
District 5....................................
District 6.................. .................
District 7____ ______ ________
District 8............................ .......
Total........................................

5
14
13
5
12
3
2
6
60
7
15
14
6
10
3
2
9
66

44.2
47.5
50.0
46.6
51.3
46.0
51.9
50.8

47
74
38
31
16
12
8
6
232

5.7
5.8
5.7
5.8
5.6
5.8
5.6
5.8

48.0
49.4
49. 5
50.1
51.4
48.0
55.0
48.5

5.8

49.5

47.5

96

.540

26. 73

25. 68

77
122
72
24
31
23
7
20

5.6
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.2
5.5
5.7
5.5
5.6

48.7
49.3
49.2
50.3
52.4
48.0
55.0
48.0
49.4

46.8
46.4
49.5
47.0
46.2
43.0
57.0
46.2

96
94
101
93
88
90
104
96
95

24. 40
25. 29
25. 78
22. 33
25. 78
25.10
23. 54
24. 29
24.95

23.44
23.80
25.91
20.89
22. 73
22. 52
24. 37
23. 36

47.1

.501
.513
.524
.444
.492
.523
.428
.506
.505

376

1 Included in total.
• Includes washers, and tripe washers, scalders, cookers, scrapers, and finishers.




23. 77

66
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A . — Average number of days on which employees 'worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— ■Contd.

able

H ID E D E P A R T M E N T —Continued

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
estab- em­
days
lish- ploy­
worked
ees
i ments
in one
week

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
Per
age
age
age
of
hours cent
full­
earn­
full
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually per
per
in one worked hour
week
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$23. 66
23. 66
24. 55
20. 46
21.34
23. 52
19. 58
21.66

$20.86
19.42
19. 01
12. 80
16. 49
18. 68
15. 80
12. 61

.475

23.37

18. 65

86 $0. 548
88
.551
94
.530
96
.495
90
.530
. 570
87
108
.576
.544
100

$26. 41
26.94
26. 34
23. 86
26. 71
29. 24
31. 68
26. 38

$22. 66
23. 66
24. 62
22. 96
23. 96
25. 36
34. OS
26. 28

m ales —continued

Laborers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1 __ _______ _____ _
2 _ _____ ____ .
3 _ _____________
____
4______ __
5 ____________ _ _
6 ________
___ ___
7_________ - - _____
8______ ____________

T otal---------------------- ----------

7
13
9
4
8
3
2
5

178
254
110
57
50
40
6
28

5.5
5.2
4.5
3.7
4.6
5.0
4.8
3.7

48.0
49.5
49.3
49.9
50.7
48.0
55.0
50.5

42.3
40.6
38.2
31.2
39.1
38.2
44.3
29.4

88 $0. 493
82
.478
.498
77
.410
63
.421
77
80
.490
81
.356
58
.429

5!

723

4.9

49.2

39.3

80

1
C A S IN G D E P A R T M E N T

MALES

Casing pullers or runners:
District 1__________________ _
District 2____________________
D istricts_____________ __ . . .
District 4 . ____ _____ __ __
District 5_____
____ ___
District 6- ___ . . .
--------District 7______
____ _____
District 8____________________

5
16
14
5
9
8
2
9

92
161
161
35
47
79
6
28

5.4
5.5
5.7
5.7
5.4
5.4
5.5
5.7

48.2
48.9
49.7
48.2
50.4
51.3
55.0
48.5

41.4
43.0
46.5
46.4
45.2
44. 5
59.2
48.4

68 |

609

5.5 i 49.4

44.6

90

. 542

26. 77

24. 19

3
13
8
6
6
8
1
8

59
81
59
21
20
26
0)
12

5.6
5.5
5. 5
4.9
5.4
5.6
0)
5.9

48.0
49.3
49.8
48.6
49.9
50.8
0)
48.0

43.9
44.2
48.3
41.4
48.0
43.2
0)
47.6

91
90
97
85
96
85
99

.481
.512
.538
.456
.486
.499
0)
.513

23. 09
25. 24
26. 79
22.16
24. 25
25. 35
0)
24. 62

21.13
22. 67
26. 01
18. 86
23. 30
21. 56
0)
24. 45

53 !

279

5.5

49.2 !

45.2

92

.505

24.85

22. 83

4 :
15
12
6
7
7
1
9

131
242
89
41
37
59
0)
24

41.8
45.1
49.5
43.8
45.7
39.3
0)
47.0

87
92
102
91
92
80
(0
98

.544
.564
.551
.528
.528
.595
0)
.577

26.11
27. 75
26. 72
25. 50
26. 29
29.27
0)
27. 70

22. 74
25. 45
27. 28
23. 12
24. 09
23. 40
0)
27.12

61

626

48.8

44.5

91

.556

27.13

24. 75

1________ ___________
2____________________
3____________________
4____________________
5____________________
6_______________ ____
7. __________________
8 .. ........... ....................

4
13
8
5
3
5
7

21
62
17
12
9
13
2
7

5.3
48.0
5.5
49.3
5. 6
49.1
5.3
48. 5
5.2
48.0
4.9 ! 48.5
5.0
55.0
5.6 1 48.4

41.8
44.0
51.9
43.0
41.8
39.3
56.4
44.8

87
89
106
89
87
81
103
93

.501
.493
.512
.467
.518
.575
.509
.518

24.05
24. 30
25.14
22. 65
24. 86
27.89
28.00
25. 07

20.94
21* 73
26. 55
20.10
21. 67
22. 57
28. 67
23.21

Total..................................... .

47

143

5.4 i 48.9

44.2

90

.505

24. 69

22. 29

T otal.. ________ ___________
Strippers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1._______ ________ _.
2____________________
3____________________
4______ _ _ ____ ____
5_____ _________ __
6____ ______________
7_______________ _____
8 .______ __________ .

T o t a l ...............................
Fatters and
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

slimers:
1.. . . ______ ______
2____________________
3____ _ ________ . . .
4__________ ______ .
5____________________
6 ..____ _____________
7____________________
8 ___________________

Total____ ______ __________
Turners:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

' Included in total.




i

2

5.3 : 48.0
49.2
5.7
48.5
5.6
5.5
48.3
5.4
49.8
49.2
5.1
C1)
(0
48.0
5.7
5.5

0)

67

GENERAL TABLES
T

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

C A S IN G D E P A R T M E N T -C o n tin u e d

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
N u m ­ N um ­ age
ber of ber of num­
ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­
worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
of
age
full­
hours cent
full
earn­
time actually time
hours worked actually ings
i Per
in one
per
week worked ! hour
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$25.97
25. 27
28. 40
21.62
30.14
27. 06
0)
25. 84

$25. 85
25. 01
30.83
21. 70
28. 95
24. 07
0)
27. 61

males —continued

Blowers, graders, and inspectors:
District 1........................... ........
District 2_ _ _ .................... .. ..................... ..
District 3......... _.........................
District 4........... ........................
District 5 ....................... ............
District 6_________ __________
District 7........... ...........
District 8............. ...............
Total_____________ ______
Measurers and bunchers:
District 1__________ ________
District 2 ._____ _______ _
District 3 .....................
District 4____________ _______
District 5 ___________________
District 6_____ ________
District 8____________ _ _

3
15
9
6
4
1
6

21
71
43
15
4
16
(!)
11

51

182

3
ir
5
5
4

5.5
5.4
5.9
6.0
5.1
5.2
6.0

5.7
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.8
5. 3
0)
6.0

48.0
48.6
48.3
48.8
52.6
50.3
0)
48.3

i
5.6 | 48.7

47.8
48.1
52.4
49.0
50.5
44.8
0)
51.6

100 $0. 541
99
.520
108
.588
100
.443
96
. 573
89
.538
0)
0)
107
.535

49.2

101

.537

26.15 | 26.38

48.0
49.1
49.2
49.0
48 5
50.3
48.0

53.2
43.0
55.0
51.3
45.0
45.1
48.3

111
88
112
105
93
90
101

.517
.512
.559
.468
.536
. 560
.517

24. 82
25.14
27. 50
22.93
26. 00
28.17
24. 82

2

12
23
10
6
14
13
3

Total_____________ ____

37

81

5.5

49.0

47.5

Salters and packers:
District 1____________ . . . __
District 2________________ __
District 3________________ __
District 4_________ .
District 5 ..................
District 6____________________
District 8________________

3
13
9
6
2
6
6

56
72
33
13
2
13
8

5.7
5.6
5.3
5.5
6. 0
5 5
5.9

48.0
48. 9
48. 7
49.4
48. 0
50. 8
49.1

48.1
47.4
46.7
46.3
54.0
46.3
49.1

100
97
96
94
113
91
100

.545
.519
.551
.461
. 581
. 537
.525

26.16
25. 38
26. 83
22. 77
27. 89
27. 28
25. 78

26. 21
24. 62
25. 75
21. 33
31. 38
24. 89
25. 78

Total........... ........... . ___

97 |
! .528

25. 87

27. 51
22. 02
30. 73
24. 04
24.10
25. 26
24. 97
25. 04

45

197

5.6

48.8

47' 5

97

.530

25. 88

25.18

Trimmers of casings:
District 1____
District 2________
District 3____________________
District 4__.........
District 5____
District 6...............
District8_........___

4
15
11
4
7
4
6

34
85
53
14
18
16
13

5. 7
5.4
5. 7
5.9
5.1
4. 5
6.0

48. 0
49. 2
48. 5
50.1
50.1
49.1
49.4

46.2
41.7
49 3
47.3
42. 4
35. 7
47.6

96
85
102
94
85
73
96

. 531
. 541
. 549
. 447
. 570
. 620
.486

25. 49
26. 62
26. 63
22. 39
28. 56
30. 44
24. 01

24. 57
22. 57
27. 05
21.16
24.14
22.11
23.12

Total______________ _______

51

233

5.5

49.0

44.4

91

.539

26. 41

23. 92

C1)
5. 5
6.0
0)
5. 5
4.3
0)

C1)
48.5
48.0
0)
49.1
52.0
0)

C1)
42.7
42.0
0)
51.1
35.3
0)

0)
104
68
C1)

0)
.443
.536
0)
.431
.563
0)

0
21.49
25. 73
0)
21.16
29.28
0)

0)
18. 95
22. 50
0)
22. 01
19. 88
0)

88

.468 i 22.79

20.04

24.06
25. 54
25. 00
21.45
26.10
30. 93
29. 65
25.10

23.17
23. 73
23. 65
21.17
24. 56
28. 50
31.54
27.23

.515 I 25.65

24. 33

Blowers and tiers of bladders and
weasands:
District 1________
_________
_____ _
______ _
District 3____
District 4__,_________________
________ __ _. ___
District 6______ _____________
District 8______ _____________
T otal._____ _______ _______
General workers:
District 1____________________
District 2________
_______
District 3____________________
District 4______________ _____
District 5 ____ _
_ _
District 6______ ___________ _
District 7________ . ______ _
District 8__.................................
Total. ___.................................
1 Included in total.




1
0)
District
9
132
9
2
1
0)
District
4
45
3
3
1
0)
21

29

5.4

48.7

42.8

5
15
16
6
9
6
3 !

15
99
77
14
57 i
19
9 i
6

5.4
5. 6
5.5
5.9
5. 5
5 7
5.8
6.0

48.5
49.5
49.4
49.3
49.9
52. 7
55. 0
48.0

46.7
46.0
46. 8
48. 7
47.0
48.6
58. 5
52.1

65 i

296 |

5.6

49.8

47.2

0)

88
88

.496
96
.516
93
95
.506 |
.435
99
94 ; .523
. 5 '7
92
106 ! . 539
109 I .523 '
95

68

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-tim e
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked , 192 7 , by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

T a b le

C A S IN G D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
N um ­ Num ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­ worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
age
hours cent of
full­
full
earn­
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually per
per
in one
week week worked hour

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

males —continued

Laborers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1............. .......................
2........... ........................
3--------- --------------------4_______ ____ _______
5___________ ________
6____________________
8__________ ____ _____

4
11
6
2
2
4
4

30
65
9
5
5
10
9

5.5
5.5
5.8
5.4
5.2
4.6
5.3

48.2
49.3
48.0
47.2
49.6
50.4
50.9

45.5
40.7
52.5
47.5
37.0
33.2
43.6

Total........................................

33

133

5.4

49.1

42.3

86

1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
4--------------- --------------5____________________
6______ ______ _______
8______ _____________

2
3
5
1
1
1
5

9
9
18
0)
0)
0)
5

5.2
5.5
5.4
0)
0)
0)
6.0

49.6
48.0
48.0 '
h
0)
47.4

43.5
46.6
50.8
0)
0)
0)
49.1

T otal......................................

18

46

5.5

48.2

47.3

Casing pullers or runners:
District 1.............. - --------------District 2___-------------------------District 3-------------- ---------------District 4...................................
District 7_-------- -------- ------------

1
7
3
2
1

C1)
26
20
5
0)

0)
5.9
5.4
5.0
0)

0)
49.4
48.0
48.0
0)

0)
47.8
42.4
40.3
0)

T otal------------ ---------------------

14

59

5.6

49.4

Strippers:
District 1____________________
District 2^___________________
District 3____________________

2
2
2

9
3
G

5.7
5.7
5.8

6

18

5.7

Truckers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

94 ;$0.453
83
.456
109
.486
101
.344
75
.443
66
.494
86
.440

$21. 83
22. 48
23. 33
16.24
21.97
24. 90
22. 40

$20. 62
18. 57
25. 50
16. 35
16. 36
16. 37
19. 21

.454

22. 29

19. 22

88
97
106
0)
0)
C1)
104

.442
.467
.521
0)
0)
0)
.489

21.92
22. 42
25. 01
0)
0)
0)
23.18

19. 23
21.73
26.43
0)
0)
(0
24.00

98

.485

23. 38

22. 96

97
88
84

0)
.397
.436
.296
0)

C1)
19. 61
20.93
14. 21
0)

0)
19. 00
18.48
11.91
0)

46.6

94

.391

19. 32

18. 23

48.0
40.0
48.0

44.8
38.7
50.8

93
77
106

.393
.487
.355

18. 86
24. 35
17. 04

17. 61
18. 82
18.01

48.3

45.8

95

.392

18. 93 j 17.94

0)
0)

0)
0)

51.0

47.4

FEMALES

Total....... ............................ .
Turners:
District 2.................... ................
District 5....................................
Total................................ .

1
1

0)
0)

0)
C1)
4

2

6.0

0)

0)

0)
0)

0)
C1)
93

.426

0)
(l)

0)
0)

21. 73 1 20.20

1

i

Blowers, graders, and inspectors:
District 1......................... ..........
District 2....................................
District 3......................... ..........
District 5............................. .......
District 6......... ..........................
District 8..................- ..........

3
9
7
1
2
5

71
73
59
0)
11
6

5.7
5.7
5.7
0)
5.4
6.0

48.0
48.6
48.3
0)
48.0
47.5

46.3
41.4
50.5
0)
39.8
47.3

96
85
105
0)
83
100

Total.......................................

27

221

5.7

48.3

45.5

94

.384

18. 55 ! 17.45

Measurers and bunchers:
District 1....................................
District 2_______ ____________
District 3................................
District 5.................. .................
District 6.............. ....................

2
6
4
1
1

6
24
11
0)
0)

6.0
6.0
4.7
0)
0)

48.0
48.0
48.5
0)
0)

48.9
43.1
40. 6
0)
0)

102
90
84
0)
0)

.381
.332
. 356
0)
0)

18. 29
15.94
17. 27
0)
0)

18. 62
14. 31
14.45
0)
0)

14

57

5.4

48.1

41.1

S5

.336

16.16

13. 84

T otal...................................... 1
i Included in total.




.397
19. 06 I 18.36
.375
18.23 j 15. 51
19.34
.383
18.50
0)
0)
- (')
.352
16. 90
14. 00
17.94
.379
18. 00

69

GENERAL TABLES
T

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

C A S IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­ Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
age
Per
N um ­ N um ­ num­
age
age
of
age
full­
hours cent
ber of ber of ber of
full
earn­
estab­ em­
time actually time
days
ings
lish­ ploy­ worked hours worked
per
ments
ees
in one actually
per
in one
week worked hour
week week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

females —continued

Salters and packers:
District 1___________ ________
District 2 _ _ . „ ________________________
District 3______ ______ ______

2
4
2

8
12
2

5.0
5.8
5.0

48.0
49.0
51.0

38.9
35.3
42.5

81 $0. 401
72
.352
83
. 402

$19. 25
17.25
20. 50

$15.62
12.43
17. 08

Total....................... ................

8

22

5.4

18.8

37.3

76

.376

18. 35

14.01

Trimmers of casings:
District 1.................................. .
District 2........... ............ ........ .
District 3___ _______________
District 4____________________
District 5____________________
District 8_____ ___________ _

2
4
4
1
1
2

13
12
7
0)
0)
3

5.0
5.0
4.6
0)
0)
6.0

48.0
48.0
49.7
0)
0)
48.0

39.2
41.7
35.1
0)
0)
44.8

82
87
71
93

.436
.403
.378
(0
0)
.370

20.93
19.34
18.79
(0
0)
17. 76

17.10
16. 79
13. 30
0)
0)
16.61

Total........................... .........__

14

40

5.0

48.8

39.0

80

.406

19.81

15.85

Blowers and tiers of bladders and
weasands:
District 1____________________
District 2____________________
District 3_______ _____ ______

2
5
1

9
6

5.2
5.5
0)

48.0
49.0
0)

42.8
42.7
0)

89
87

.432
.398
0)

20.74
19.50
0)

18. 49
16. 96
0)

0)

(0
0)

0)

Total.................. ....................

8

18

5.3

48.3

41.4

86

.400

19. 32

16. 56

General workers:
District 1____________________
District 2____________ ______
District 3_________ __ ______
District 4_____ ____ _________
District 5___
__ _ ___
District 6........... .......... ..........
District 8....................... .......... .

3
11
4
1
2
3
1

32
117
31
0)
10
7
0)

5.9
5.5
4.8
0)
5.5
5.6
0)

48.0
50.1
49.2
0)
53.2
50.0
(0

40.1
40.8
34.3
0)
33. 7
42.6
0)

84
81
70

.408
.357
.439
0)
.378
.327
0)

19. 58
17.89
21. 60
0)
20.11
16. 35
0)

16. 35
14. 53
15.05
0)
12. 74
13. 96
0)

Total........................... ............

25

203

5.4

49.7

39.5

.373

18.54

14.73

103 $0.566
99
.608
.532
91
103
.494
.520
100
CO
0)
.551
105

$27.17
30. 22
27. 68
23. 71
25. 22
(0
26.12

$27.88
30.03
25.10
24. 29
25.12
(0
27.33

0)

63
85

0)
79

C U T T IN G —F R E S H B E E F D E P A R T M E N T
MALES

Ribbers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1_______
___ ____ _
2____________________
3__________ _________
4_.......... . ___ - ..........
5____________________
6______ _____ _______
8_____ ____ _________

3
12
4
3
3
1
4

15
19
6
3
8
0)
5

5.9
6. 0
5.8
6.0
5.8
0)
5.8

48.0
49.7
52.0
48. 0
48.5
(*)
47.4

49.2
49.4
47. 2
49.2
48.3
0)
49.6

...........

30

58

5.9

49.0

49.0

100

.567

27. 78

27.78

1____________________
2 . ________ _______
3____________________
4.
_____ _________
5 . __ _
_______
6 ........... . .............
7____________________
8...................................

7
14
13
5
9
3
3
6

547
732
209
82
75
92
5
37

5. 7
5.7
5.7
5.4
5.9
5.8
5.6
5.8

47.5
49.6
48.9
48. 7
50.4
48. 2
59.0 '
48.6

51.7
50.0
47.9
49.6
52.3
48.7
56.2
48.2

109
101
98
102
104
101
95
99

.455
.455
.443
.403
.457
.540
.377
.442

21. 61
22. 07
21. 66
19. 63
23. 03
26. 03
22.24
21.48

23. 53
22. 26
21. 22
19.99
23.90
26. 27
21.17
21.31

Total......................................

60

1, 779

5.7

48.8

50.3

103

.451

22. 01

22.68

Total......................
Laborers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1Included in total.




70

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-tim e
and actual hours and earnings per week , average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation , sex, and district— Contd.

T a b le

C U T T IN G —F R E S H B E E F D E P A R T M E N T —Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­ Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aveage
age
age
Num ­ N um ­
age
of
hours cent
ber of ber of num­
full­
full
earn­
ber of
time actually time
estab­ em­
ings
days
worked actually per
lish­ ploy­
worked hours
per
in one
ments
ees
in one week
week wTorked hour
1
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
wTeek

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

males —continued

Luggers and lifters:
District 1_____________
District 2_____________
District 3 _ _ ____ _ __
District 4_____________
District 5_____________
District 6_________ ___
D istrict8_________

9
13
13
4
8
3
8

188
149
79
23
* 57
43
40

5.8
5.8
5.9
6.0
5.7
5.9
5.6 !

48.4
49.3
49.1
49.0
49.1
48.0
48.0

51.9
48.1
49.6
49.8
49.6
48.9
46.4

107 $0.532
98
.556
.521
101
.511
102
.509
101
.604
102
97
.499

$25.75
27.41
25. 58
25. 04
24. 99
28. 99
23. 95

$27.60
26. 73
25.88
25.45
25. 24
29.49
23.17

Total_______________
Sawyers, power:
District 1__ __________
District 2_____________
District 3_____________
District 4_____________
District 5_____________
District 6_____________
District 7_____________
District 8_____________

58

577

5.8

48.8

49. 7

102

.536

26.16

26. 65

5
9
8
1
2
2
1
2

13
12
9
0)
2
8
0)
2

5.4
5.8
5.8
0)
5. 5
6.0
0)
6.0

47. 1
50. 2
48.7
0)
54.0
48.0
(0
48.0

48.6
52. 2
50.9
0)
50.8
49.7
0)
49.0

103
104
105
0)
94
104
0)
102

.522
.503
.623
0)
.502
.605
0)
.588

24. 59
25. 25
30. 34
0)
27.11
29. 04
0)
28. 22

25. 38
26. 29
31. 75
0)
25. 49
30. 06
0)
28.79

Total......................___

30

48

5. 7

48.8

50.5

104

.550

26.84

27. 76

1_____________
2_ ___________
3_____________
4_____ ______
8_____________

3
4
6
2
3

13
6
11
2
3

5.6
6.0
5.8
6.0
5.3

46.4
50.3
48.0
48.0
47.0

45.8
50.9
45.6
46.3
44.8

99
101
95
96
95

.703
.619
.875
.464
.574

32. 62
31.14
42.00
22. 27
26. 98

32.19
31. 53
39.88
21.45
25. 72

Total_______________
Boners:
District 1._____ ______
District 2___________ .
District 3_____________

18

35

5.7

47.7

46.6

98

.716

34.15

33. 32

5____ ________
6___________ .
7_____________
8_____________

7
11
15
5
8
3
2
8

142
107
113
40
40
6
20
31 !

5. 7
5.6
5.8
5.9
5. 5
5.3
5.8
5.7

46.9
49.0
49.1
48.3
51.7
48.0
50.8
47.9

38.3
44.0
47.4
47.3
51.4
50.4
55.9
49.1

82
90
97
98
99
105
110
103

.815
.763
.698
.878
.787
.696
.565
.605

38. 22
37. 39
34. 27
42. 41
40. 69
33. 41
28. 70
28. 98

31.22
33.61
33. 05
41.54
40. 42
35. 07
31.62
29. 72

Total...........................

59

499 |

5.7

48.6

44.9

92

.751

36. 50

33. 68

5.7
5.7
5. 7
6.0
5.8
5.8
0)
5.5

47.7
48.9
50. 1
48.0
52.0
48.0
0)
48.3

47.4
48.3
47.1
59.0
50.3
50.0
0)
44.5

99
99
94
123
97
104
0)
92

.539
.483
.566
.444
.550
.531
0)
.527

25. 71
23. 62
28.36
21.31
28. 60
25. 49
0)
25.45

25. 54
23. 33
26. 63
26.19
27. 66
26. 53
0)
23. 46

5.7

49.5 i

49.0

99

. 522

25.84

25. 60

5.9
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.4

47.5
55.4
49.6
52.1
49.1
51.3
48. 7
53.7
50.1 1 54.1
48.0 | 51.8
57.5 1 57.5
48.8
45.2

117
.561
105
.559
104
.627
.490
110
108 ! .608
108
.697
.548
100
93
.606

26. 65
27.73
30. 79
23. 86
30. 46
33.46
31. 51
29. 57

31.11
29.15
32.14
26. 28
32.87
36.13
31.51
27.40

.584 i 28, G2

30. 66

Ham facers,
ers:
District
District
District
District
District

District
District
District
District

Trimmers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

strippers, and mark-

1_............. ........
2_____________
3_____________
4_____________
5_____________
6_____________
7_____________
8.................. .

i

5
12
8
4
4
2
1
7

34
48 I
31
9
32
5
0) i
10 j

Total_______ ______
Utility men, handy men , spell
men, assistant foremen., and
straw bosses:
District 1 ._____ ______
District 2_____________
District 3_____________
District 4_____________
District 5____________
District 6......... .............
District 7............ ..........
District 8 ............ ..........

43

173

5
12
12
5
8
2
2
5

33 1
49
32 !
9
18 1
9
2
12

T ota l..........................

51

164 |

5 Included in total.




5.9 1 49.0 |

52.5

107

71

GENERAL TABLES
T

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per toeek, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

C U T T I N G -F R E S H B E E F D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
Per
age
AveN um ­ N um ­ num­
age
age
of
age
ber of ber of ber of
full­
hours cent
full
earn­
estab­ em­
actually
time
time
days
ings
lish­ ploy­
worked hours worked actually per
ments
in one worked hour
per
ees
in one
week
week week

Aver­
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$29. 77
31.78
27. 55
0)
32. 51
33.17
32. 09
34.20

$29.34
30.19
29.19
0)
37. 39
34.08
32. 09
35. 43

age

m a l e s — continued

Cutters and general butchers:
District 1 . ____ ______________
District 2____________________
District 3.................... .............
District 4_...................................
District 5_.................... ..............
District 6-.................. ................
District 7_______ ___________
District 8_____ ____ _________
T otaL....................................

7
8

67
44

99 $0. 593
.658
95
.574
106
0)
0)
115
.618
103
.691
100
.569
104
.708

5.8
6.0
6.0
0)
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.2

50.2
48.3
48.0
0)
52.6
48.0
56.4
48.3

49.5
45.9
50.9
0)
60.5
49.3
56.4
50.1 -

212 1

5.9

50.2

51.2

102

.625

31.38

32.00

I
|
!
!
!

5.9
5.9
6.0
6.0
0)

47.2
51.3
48.0
48.0
0)

52.0
52.1
47.5
54.5
0)

110
102
99
114
0)

.505
.566
.540
.431
0)

23.84
29.04
25.92
20. 69
0)

26. 26
29.49
25. 65
23. 50
0)

3
1
10
3
2
7

0)
35
30
18
9

41

8

Graders and inspectors:
District 1 ................. ................District 2_________ __________
District 3_________ __________
District 4 .____ _____________
District 5 .............. ........... ........

4
9
3
2
1

11
15
4
2
0)

Total........................................

19

34

5.9

49.2

51.6

105

.527

25. 93

27.17

7
13
12
5
10 ,
1
2
8

255
179
143
50
123
0)
26;
83

5.8
5.9
5.7
5.8
5.8
0)
5.2
5.9

47.9
49.6
49.0
48.6
48.8
0)
56.5
47.8

52.8
52.5
48.4
51.7
54.8
0)
53.0
48. 9

110
106
99
106
112
0)
94
102

.489
.467
.470
.425
.460
0)
.378
. 521

23.42
23.16
23.03
20. 66
22. 45
0)
21.36
24. 90

25. 81
24. 52
22. 72
21.97
25. 22
0)
20. 01
25. 43

58

860

5.8

48.8

51.9

106

.473

23.08

24. 51

1 .____ ______________
2________ ___________
3________________
4_______ ______ _____
5____________________
7________ ___________
8____________________

4
8
11
3
4
3

203
110
141
47
43
0)
7

5.7
5.6
5.5
5.6
5.9
0)
5.7

48.1
48.1
48.7
48.0
48.8
0)
48.0

50.3
47.7
46.9
48.6
48.4
0)
49.1

105
99
96
101
99
0)
102

. 453
.435
.432
.378
.430
0)
.450

21.79
20. 92
21. 04
18.14
20. 98
0)
21.60

22. 74
20. 71
20. 25
18. 36
20. 81
0)
22.06

Total___ ____ _____________

Packers, meat runners, order men,
and stowers:
District 1...................................
District 2____________________
District 3___ ____ ___________
District 4_________ __________
District 5 .____ ______________
District 6_______________ ___
District 7____________________
District 8____________________
Total...................... .................
Truckers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1

34

555

5.6

48.4

48.6

100

.435

21.05

21.15

temperature men:
1_____ ______________
2 .________ __________
3_..................................
5 .____ ______________
6____ ______ ____ ___
8...................... ..............

4
7
5
5
3
3

133
30
29
14
6
10

5.6
5.9
5.6
6.6
5.7
6.0

47.9
49.2
50.7
56.4
48.0
47.7

52.5
49.8
51.4
60.0
42.5
50.3

110
101
101
106
89
105

.523
.494
.484
.513
.650
.452

25. 05
24.30
24. 54
28. 93
31. 20
21. 56

27. 49
24. 59
24. 88
30.74
27.64
22. 77

T otal.......................................

27

222

5.7

49.0

52.1

106

.513

25.14

26. 75

Calf skinners:
District 1_________ __________
District 2________ ___________
D istricts_____ __________ . . .
District 4______ _____________
District 5_________ _________
District 6_____ ______________
District 8____ __________ ____

5
8
9
4
3
3
5

21
29
15
24
3
13
5

5.9
5.7
6.0
5.8
6.0
5.6
5.8

47.9
50.6
49.2
48.0
61.7
48.0
48.0

50.7
36.3
53.0
49.2
49.7
49.8
46.1

106
72
108
103
81
104
96

.673
.844
.672
1. 254
1.102
.786
.724 j

32.14
42. 71
33. 06
60.19
67.99
37. 73
34. 75

33. 98
30. 62
35. 60
61.64
54.74
39.16
33. 37

Total........................................

37

110

5.8

49.2

46.5 |

95

. 870

42. 80

40. 50

Freezer and
District
District
District
District
District
District

i Included in total.




72

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-tim e
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

T a b le

C U T T IN G —FRESH BEEF D E P A R T M E N T —Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

A ver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$17.96
16.27

$13.76
15. 68

Aver­ Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
age
Num ­ Num ­ num­
age
hours cent of earn­
full­
ber of ber of ber of
full
time actually time
estab­ em­
days
ings
worked
lish­ ploy­
worked hours
per
in one actually per
ments
ees
in one week
week worked hour
week

FEMALES

Trimmers of trimmings:
District 2 . ............. .................
District 3 ______ ____________
District 5____________________

4
2
1

Total........................................

7

23
6

(9

4.9
5.8

(9

40

5.0

50.6
49.0

38.7
47.2

0)

0)

49.7

39.9

76 $0. 355
.332
96

(9

0)

(9

.330

16. 40

13.18

91 $0.446
91
.453
93
.438
105
.407
98
.447
88
.481
113
.398
102
.435

$21. 27
22. 06
21.86
19. 70
22. 35
25. 49
22.13
20.23

$19. 29
20.16
20. 28
20. 65
21.84
22. 51
24. 93
20.54

80

(9

C U T T IN G —FRESH POR K DEPAR TM EN T
MALES

Laborers:10
District 1_____________ ______
District 2____________________
District 3____________________
District 4____________________
District 5____________________
District 6_. ___ ____________
District 7____________________
District 8-------------------- ---------Total......................... .............
Ham and shoulder sawyers:
District 1__ ___________ - District 2____ _______ _______
District 3____________________
District 4____________________
District 5__________ ________
District 6__________ _____
District 7____________________
District 8____________________
Total........_............................ .
Ham cutters-ofE:
District 1_________ __________
District 2 ._____ _____________
District 3____________ ______
District 5____________ _______
District 6_____ ______________
District 7______ _____________
District 8_______ ____________
Total.................. ..................
Ham trimmers:
District 1____________________
District 2____________________
District 3_____ ______________
District 4_______ _______
.
District 5________ __________
District 6________ ___________
District 7____ _______________
District 8____ _______________

7
16
16
6
12
6
2
3
68
3
11
10
2
2
2
1
1
32
2
8
7
2
2
1
1

184
368
345
27
173
125
25
8

5.5
5.7
5.5
5.7
5.6
5.4
6.0
5.8

47.7
48.7
49.9
48.4
50.0
53.0
55.6
46.5

43.2
44.5
46.3
50.8
48.9
46.8
62.7
47.2

1, 255

5.6

49.6

46.2

93

.447

22.17

5
20
20
2
3
6

6.0
5.6
5.9
5. 5
5.3
5.0

48.0
49.3
50.1
48.0
48.0
54.0

47.1
41.5
47.0
44.3
47. 5
43.1

98
84
94
92
99
80

.504
.543
.538
.523
.545
. 476

24.19
26. 77
26.95
25.10
26.16
25.70

(9
(9

23. 73
22. 53
25. 27
23.14
25.88
20. 53

(9
(9

(9
(9

(9
(9

(9
(9

5.7

50.1

45.9

92

.534

26.75

24. 52

3
9
14
3
3

6.0
5.6
5.3
5.3
5.3

48.0
49.4
50.6
48.0
54.0

41.5
38.5
42.6
46.7
41.7

86
78
84
97
77

.537 ! 25.78
.573 j 28.31
.528 ! 26.72
.563 i 27.02
.507 | 27.38

22. 27
22.06
22. 50
26. 25
21.11

(9
(9
(9 I (9
* 26.66

22. 43

28. 27
30.85
30.52

26. 60
25. 35
28. 24

(9

(9
(9

34

0)
5.5

(9
(9

23

50.3

42.3 |

84

.530

5
15
12
1
2
2
2
1

31
36
43

5.6
5.8
5.7

48.0
49.2
49.3

45.2
40.4
45.6

94
82
92

.589
.627
.619

(9

(9

(9
(9

(9
(9

(9

5
6
2

(9

5.4
5.7
6.0

(9

48.0
54.0
57.5

45.4
44.5
58.8

(9
(9

95
82
102

(9

(9

T o t a l.._________ __________

40

125

5.7

49.2

44.2

90

Ham boners:
District 1____ _______________
District 2______ _____________
D istrict3_____ _
_____ . . .
District 4____________________
District 5_____ _______ ______
District 6________
_____
District 7_______ ____________
District 8 __________________

6
12
15
7
11
6
2
5

. 47
50
74
12
32
54
6
13

5.8
5.8
5.9
5.7
5.1
5.9
5.6
5.3

47.7
49.0
48.6
49.5
51.1
54.3
55.0
48.0

53.1
44.1
45.4
44.1
45.7
51.8
49.2
43.8

111
90
93
89
89
95
89
91

64

288

5.7

50.0

47.6

95

T ota l.....................................

20. 64

61

(9
(9

(9
(9

j

(9

(9 ! (9

.607 | 29.14
.557 ' 30.08
.543 i 31.22

(9 ! (9
.608

(9
(9

(9
(9

(9

27.54
24. 80
31.90

(9

29.91

26.89

.791 ! 37.73
.692
33.91
.730
35.48
.897 ; 44.40
.665
33.98
.605
32.85
.515 j 28.33
.645 ; 30.96

42.01
30. 56
33.14
39. 58
30. 37
31. 35
25. 37
28. 21

j

33. 38

.701

35.05

1Included in total.
10 Includes shovers, spacers, temperature men, counters, cutters-down, block tenders, sawyers-off of feet,
wrappers, machine tenders, cooler men, and skin bundlers.




GENERAL TABLES
T

73

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

C U T T IN G -F R E S H P O R K D EPAR T M EN T -C ontinued
Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­
worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
full­
hours cent of age
full
earn­
time actually time
ings
hours worked
actually
per
per
in one
week week worked hour

Aver­
Aver­
age
age
full­
earn­
time
ings
earn­
made
ings
in one
per
week week

m a l e s — continued

Choppers-off, shoulders, a n d
choppers, ribs:
D istrict 1................................... ........
District 2........... ........................
District 3________ ___________
District 4_________ __________
District 5_____ ______________
District 6______ _____________
District 7____________________
District 8...................... ..............

6
11
10
1
2
2
1
1

14
13
20
0)
3
6
0
0

5.6
5.7
5.9
0
5.3
5.2
0)
0

47.8
48.5
49.2
0
48.0
54.0
0
0)

42.7
43.8
45.5
0
44.7
37.5
0
0

T otal......................................

34

59

5.7

49.3

44.0

Shoulder trimmers:
District 1____________________
District 2_______ ____________
District 3 .______ _
________
District 4____________________
District 5................ .............. . . .
District 6____________________
District 7____________________
District 8...............................

5

10
7
1
1
3
2
1

14
26
21

5.6
5.7
5.5
(0

48.0
49.7
48.3
0

3

0
5.4
5.7
0

53.3
58.3
0

43.2
39.6
44.1
0
0
42.6
65.3
0

30

77

5.6

49.6

5
12
8
1
1

10
24
27

5.8
5.6
5.6
0
0

Total............................. .......... j
Shoulder boners:
District l._ ........... ................. ...
District 2 .. ______ ___________
District 3_____________ ______
District 5.................. ............ __
District 7 .______ ________ ..
Total______________________ !

8

0

0
0

$32.12
29. 83
27.01
0
26. 69
26.78
0)
0

$28.71
26.95
24. 96
0)
24. 83
18. 59
0
0

89

.585

28. 84

25. 75

90
80
91

30. 24
28.08
28. 40
0
0
29.42
22.45
0

27. 25
22.35
25. 94
0

80
112
0

.630
.565
.588
0
0
.552
.385
0

23. 51
25.10
0

43.4

88

.574

28.47

24.88

48.0
49.5
48.2
0
0
1

43.8
41.0
46.7
0)
0)

91
83
97

.583
.542
.698
0)
0

27.98
26. 83
33. 64
0
0

25. 52
22. 26
32. 59
0
0

0)

0)

0

0)
0)

0)

27

64

5.6

48.8 !

44.2

91

.613

29.91

27.08

5

12
15
14

5 .8

5.7
5.9

41.8
43.7
47.1
0
0
41.8

87
90
95

.540
.512
.534

25. 92
24. 99
26.54

22. 58
22. 36
25.18

77

0
.498

0)
26. 89

0
20.84

Butt pullers:
District 1 . . . ........................... .
District 2 ________________________
District 3____________________
District 4______________ ____
District 5____________________
District 6_________ _______

11
9
1
1
2

Total_________ ______ _____
Scribe sawyers:
District 1 _ _ _____ ____ ______
District 2_______________
District 3____________________
District 4_______________ ____
District 5__________ ____
__
District 6 .____ ______________
District 7________ ___________
Total_____ _______________

0
0)

89 $0.672
90
.615
92
.549
0
0
93
.556
.496
69
0
0
0
(0

4

0
5.3

48.0
48.8
49.7
0
0
54.0

29

48

5.7

49.3

43.9

89

.521

25. 69

22.86

5
10
10
2
2
2
1

13
13
22
2
4
2

5.6
5.3
5.9
4.0
5.5
5.5
0)

47.3
48.5
48.8
48.0
48.0
54.0
0

36.8
41.3
48.8
34.0
48.1
42.3
0)

78
85
100
71
100
78
0

.564
.567
.563
.535
.498
.471
0

26. 68
27.50
27. 47
25. 68
23. 90
25. 43
0

20. 72
23. 43
27. 47
18.19
23.96
19.91
0

0)

0

0)

0

0
0

0)

0)

0)

i

32

*7

5.6

48.7

43.8

90

.551

26. 83

24.16

Loin pullers:
j
District 1_________ _____
District 2________________________ !
District 3___________________
District 4____________________
District 5_____ __________ . . .
District 6________ ___________
District 7 ...................................
District 8............................. .......

6
13
10
1
2
2
1
2

24
30
31

47.6
49.6
49.0
0
48.0
54.0
0)
48.0

43.2
43.5
47.7
0
37.9
40.3
0
49.2

91
88
97

2

5.8
5.8
5.7
0
4.5
5.3
0
6.5

79
75
0
103

.601
.573
.613
0
.503
.555
0
.558

28. 61
28. 42
30.04
0
24.14
29. 97
0
26.78

25. 96
24. 93
29. 22
0
19. 04
22.37
0
27.45

101

5.7

49.3

44.7

91

.586

28.89

26.18

Total........................................
1Included in total.




37

0

4
8

0

0)

74

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

T a b le

C U T T IN G —F R E S H P O R K D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­
num­
ber of ber of
ber
of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­
worked
ees
ments
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
of
age
hours cent
full­
earn­
full
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually per
per
in one worked hour
week
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

84 $0. 615
.567
84
98
.599
C1)
0)
.637
100
82
.538
.526
110
0)
0)

$29. 27
27. 90
29. 71
0)
30.58
29.05
29. 82
(0

$24.67
23.48
29.23
0)
30. 67
23. 94
32.89
0)

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

males —continued

Ribbers:
District 1................ ...................
District 2____________________
District 3____________________
D istrict4_______ ____ __
...
District 5.............. . . . ..............
District 6___ ____ ___________
District 7....................................
District 8 .............. ....................
T o t a l...____ ______________
Trimmers and ham and shoulder
skinners:
District 1____
. _________
District 2____________________
District 3____ _____
_______
District 4 .____ _
__________
D istricts................ ..................
District 6________________
District 7____ _______________
District 8 ............. .......... ......
T otal.............. ................. .
Trimmers of trimmings:
District 1___________ ________
District 2____________________
District 3._______ ___________
District 4____________________
District 5__________________ .
District 6 ___________________
District 8__________ ____ ____
Total______________ ____
U tility men, handy men, all- 1
round men, assistant foremen,
and straw bosses:
District 1____________________
District 2___ ____ ___________
District 3____________________
District 4 ._______ _________ _
District 5____________________
District 6......... .
.. _______
District 7.____ ______________
District 8____________________
Total___ ____ _____________

6
12
11
1
2
2
2
1

23
31
37
(0

3
4
3

0)

5.3
5.7
5.9
0)
5. 7
5.5
6.0
0)

47.6
49.2
49.6
0)
48.0
54.0
56.7
0)

40.1
41.4
48.8
0)
48.2
44.5
62.6
0)

37

104

5.7

49.3

45.1

91

.587

28. 94

26.45

6
16
16
6
6
2
2
1

112
129
253
18
54
36
13
0)

5.8
5. 6
5.6
5.3
5.2
5.3
5.5
0)

47.8
49.4
49.5
49.0
50.2
54.0
55.8
0)

45.1
39.6
45.5
44.2
43.8
41.1
56.2
0)

94
80
92
90
87
76
101
0)

.571
.552
.558
.521
.564
.503
.552
0)

27.29
27. 27
27. 62
25.53
28.31
27.16
30.80
0)

25. 72
21.88
25.41
23.02
24. 69
20. 70
31.05
0)

55

616

5.6

49.6

44.0

89

. 556

27. 58

24. 47

5
5
6
2
2
3
2

28
49
140
9
11
39
4

5.6
5. 6
5. 6
5.9
5.2
5.4
6.0

48.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
53.5
54.3
48.0

45.1
36.4
43.2
47.2
48.0
40.7
43.4

94
76
90
98
90
75
90

.642
.631
.560
.660
.579
.463
.895

30. 82
30.29
26. 88
31.68
30. 98
25.14
42.96

28. 95
22.98
24.23
31.16
27. 77
18. 83
38.83

95

280

5.6

49.1

42.2

86

.576

28. 28

24.30
1

6
15
13
4
8
5
1
3

38
62
92
6
32
13
0)
13

5.9
5.7
5.8
5.2
5.8
5.8
0)
6.0

47.9
48.4
50.8
52.0
49.8
54.0
0)
48.0

47.1
45.3
48.1
55.3
52.3
53.9
0)
46.5

98
94
95
106
105
100
0)
97

.569
.582
.526
.554
.544
.551
0)
.589

27. 26
28.17
26. 72
28.81
27. 09
29. 75
0)
28. 27

26.81
26. 38
25. 27
30. 58
28. 43
29.66
0)
27.40

55

265

5.8

49.9

48.6

97

.556

27.74

27.03

Packers, nailers, car stowers, and
small-order men:
District 1_______ ____ _______
District 2__................................
District 3 ...................................
District 4____________________
District 5____________________
District 6.________ __________
District 7.______ ____________
District 8......................... ..........

6
14
15
5
12
6
1
5

111
163
270
25
248
82
0)
24

5.7
5.8
5.8
5.7
5.7
5.5
0)
5.7

47.9
48.8
50.2
50.9
52.8
54.8
0)
48.0

44.7
49.5
49.7
52.4
52.9
48.4
0)
46.0

93
101
99
103
100
88
0)
96

.482
.468
.437
.375
.474
.475
0)
.457

23.09
22.84
21. 94
19. 09
25. 03
26. 03
0)
21. 94

21.53
23.17
21.73
19. 67
25. 10
22.97
0)
21. 04

Total.................. .....................

64

952

5.7

50.9

49.9

98 | .460

23. 41

22. 96

1Included in total.




75

GENERAL TABLES
T

A . — Average number of days on which employees ivorked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time ivorked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

C U T T IN G —FRESH PO R K D E P A R T M E N T -C on tin u ed

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of
ber
of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­
worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
cent of
age
full­ hours
earn­
full
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually per
per
in one
hour
week week worked

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$21.04
21.74
20. 71
18.58
21.69
25. 30
0)

$21.31
22.18
18.97
17.63
21. 76
23. 25
0)

males —continued

Truckers:
District 1................ ..................
District 2______ _____________
District 3____________________
District 4____________________
District 5____________________
District 6______ ____________ .
District 7............................. .......

4
9
14
3
7
4
1

42
79
177
7
96
33
0)

5.8
5.6
5.5
5.4
5.6
5.5
0)

47.5
48.1
49.9
48.9
49.4
53.6
(0

48.1
49.1
45.7
46.4
49.6
49.3
0)

T otal........................ .............

42

435

5.6

49.5

47.7

96

.434

21. 48

20. 73

6
13
9
3
7
4
2

123
284
241
8
142
37
9

5.6
5.3
5.4
5.8
5.0
5.5
5.6

47.9
49.2
51. S
48.8
48.4
48. 8
47.0

40.6
38.6
41.9
42.8
36.7
40.2
39.5

85
78
82
88
76
82
84

.454
.457
.389
.370
.365
.461
.446

21.75
22.48
19.96
18.02
17.67
22. 50
20. 96

18.45
17.65
16.32
15. 82
13.42
18. 53
17.61

44

844

5.4

49.4

39.7

80

.421

20.80

16.70

2
7
4
2

7
32
16
3

5.0
5.2
5.8
5.0

48.0
52.7
48.0
50.0

35.3
37.0
44.4
40.5

74
70
93
81

.375
.400
.329
.360

18.00
21.08
15.79
18.00

13.24
14.81
14.62
14.57

15

58

5.3

50.7

39.1

77

.373

18.91

14.56

101 $0.443
92
.439
89
.422
86
.379
96
.432
87
.463
101
.432
93
.406

$21. 31
21.47
21.10
19. 59
22.16
24. 21
24.02
19.65

$21.64
19.74
18.84
16.96
21.16
21.15
24.32
18.31

101 $0. 443
.452
102
.415
92
95
.380
100
.439
92
.472
0)
0)

FEMALES

Trimmers of trimmings:
District 1___________ _______ _
District 2____ _______________
District 3.______ ____________
District 4----------- ------------------District 5_______________ ____
District 6_______ ____________
District 8........... .................... .
Total........... ........ ................
Miscellaneous workers: 11
District 1------ -----------------------District 2____________________
D istrict3......................... ..........
District 5________ ___________
T o ta l................................. .

LARD AND OLEO -O IL D EPAR T M E N T

MALES

Laborers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1............................. .......
2 .____ _______ ______
3...................................
4_______ ____ _______
5____________________
6_____ ____ _ _______
7....................................
8...................................

Total.................................. .
Melters: 13
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1_-........................ .........
2___________ ________
3____________________
4____________________
5________ ___________
6......... .........................
7........... .........................
8 ..................... ..............

T o t a l . . ............................. .

7
16
16
6
10
6
3
3

307
271
150
126
45
71
9
16

5.6
5.5
5.5
5.1
5.4
5.8
5.8
5.7

48.1
48.9
50.0
51.7
51.3
52.3
55.6
48.4

48.8
45.0
44.7
44.7
49.0
45.7
56.3
45.1

67

995

5.5 ! 49.6

46.4

94

.431

21.38

20.01

10
16
13
6
12
9
2
8

116
101
75
19
33
28
2
9

6.0
50.0
6.0
49.7
6.0
50.7
6.0
51.2
5.6
51.7
53.1
5.8
6.0 J 55.0
5.4 | 48.9

55.6
50.7
53.0
54.8
54.3
50.4
56.5
47.6

111
102
105
107
105
95
103
97

.502
.502
.483
.476
.489
.555
.559
.551

25.10
24.95
24.49
24.37
25.28
29.47
30.75
26.94

27.88
25.43
25.61
26.08
26.56
28.00
31.60
26.20

76

383

5.9 | 50.5

53.1

105

.501

25.30

26. 57

1Included in total
h Includes packers, inspectors, wrappers, helpers, skin bundlers, labelers, graders, etc.
13Includes kettle men, cooks, settlers, clarifiers, skimmers, tank men, and oleo makers.




76
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

LARD AND OLEO-OIL DEPARTMENT—Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of num­
ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­
worked
ees
ments
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
cent of
age
full­
hours
full
earn­
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually per
per
in one worked hour
week
week

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
earn­
time
ings
earn­
made
ings in
one
per
week
week

m a l e s — continued

Roller men:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1....................................
2 ________________________
3 __________________ _____
4 ....................................
5 _________ ______ ___
6________________________
7 -----------------------------

5
11
10
6
4
4
1

8____________________

9

10
17
17
8
5
5
9

6.1

50 !

72

5.9

49.8

51.9

104

.506

25.20

26.28

_____
1__________
2____________________
3____________ ______
4___ ____ ___________
5 . ________________
6___________ ____ ___
7______________ _____
8 ...................................

5
15
14
6
10
7
2
8

80

5.8
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.4
5.7
5.9
5.8

.492
. 465
.453
.444
.456
.460
.479
.46 2

23. 62
22.92
22.51
22.16
23.03
24.84
26.35
22.41

25.87
22.43

65
25
38
33
7
26

24.46
21.87
21.57
26. 59
21.87

Total......... ............................ .

67

350

Pumpers and refiners:
District 1____________________
District 2 _______ - _ _____
District 3___ _______ ________
District 4_______ _____ ______
District 5....................................
District 6 ...... ............................
District 7 ............ ......................
District 8...................................

4
12
11
6
4
2
1
4
44

T otal.......................................

Total.................................... .
Utility men, handy men, straw
bosses, and assistant foremen:
District 1_______ ____ _______
District 2____________________
District 3__-.................... .........
District 4......... ........................
District 5__............. .......... ........
District 6____________________
District 7_.____ _____________
District 8..................................

0)

0)

53.7
50.2
48.1
53.3
52.9
60.2

0)

0)

51.8

106

.575

28.18

29.78

0)

112 $0.540
101
.501
98
.475
105
.469
109
.461
107
.518

$25.92
24.80
23. 32
23.92
22.31
29.22

48.0
49.5
49.1
51.0
48 .4
56.4
(0
49 .0

Fillers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

6 .0
5 .9
5 .8
5 .6
5 .6
6 .2

0)

$28.98
25.16
22. 87
24.99
24.37
31.19

0)

48.0
49.3

52. 5
48.3

49.7

47.3

49.9
50.5
54.0
55.0
48.5

55.1
48.0
46.9
55.5
47.3

109
98
95
110
95
87
101
98

5.7

49.7

49.5

100

.466

23.16

23.07

31
26
19
18
7
4
0)
5

6.0
6.0
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.0
0)
6.0

48.0
49.2
49.3
50.7
51.7
54.0
0)
48.0

53.8
52.3
49.1
57.5
55.6
46.3
0)
49.7

112
106
100
113
108
86
0)
104

.505
.491
.516
.472
.544
.517
0)
. 577

24. 24
24.16
25.44
23. 93
28.12
27. 92
0)
27.70

27.13
25. 69
25.33
27.13
30. 29
23.93
0)
28.65

111

6.0

49.5

52.9

107

.504

24.95

26.66

76

21.40

ji
5
10
11
3
8
5
4
3

26
33
29
7
17
10
5
4

6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0

48.5
49.2
49.9
52.3
52. 6
54.6
56.0
51.0

54. 8
50.8
50.3
54.6
52.3
53.3
58.6
50.8

113
103
101
104
99
98
105
100

.531
.551
.563
.549
.545
.620
.517
.684

25.75
27.11
28.09
28.71
28. 67
33.85
28.95
34.88

29.15
28.00
28.31
29.99
28. 53
33.06
30.29
34.74

49

131

6.0

50.5

52.4

104

.556

28.08

29.15

Pressmen or wheelmen:
District 1___________ _______ _
District 2_______ ______ _____
District 3____________________
District 4____________________
District 5 ................... .............
District 6........... ............ ............
District 7____________________
District 8.................... ............. .

5
12
10
4
3
8
2
2

110
46
43
10
10
33
2
3

5.8
5.9
5.4
6.0
5.8
5.7
6.0
5.7

48.0
49.2
49.4
49.8
49.0
52.9
55.0
48.0

47.8
49.0
47.3
61.4
53.3
49.3
63. 5
41.9

100
100
96
123
109
93
115
87

.468
.486
.471
.438
.444
.501
.473
.548

22.46
23.91
23.27
21.81
21.76
26.50
26.02
26. 30

22.39
23.82
22. 30
26. 87
23.64
24.75
30.07
22.98

T otal...................................... .

46

257

5.8

49.2

48.9

99

.474

23.32

23. 22

Total.................................... .

i Included in total.




77

GENERAL TABLES
T

A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

LARD AND OLEO-OIL DEPARTMENT—Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
Num ­ N um ­
ber of ber of num­
ber
of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­
worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
cent of
age
hours
full
earn­
actually
ings
worked time
in one actually per
week worked hour

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
earn­
time
ings
earn­ made
ings
in one
per
week
week

FEMALES

Qan washers, tub liners, fillers,
and labelers:
District 1__..................... ..........
District 2...... ......................... .
District 3________________________
District 4______ ______ ______
District 5.................... ...............
District 6_____ _____ ________
District 8...................................

44
41
67
18
27
8
15

5.5
5.5
5 .8

48.0
49.4

48 .6
40.3

10
3
6
2
6

49 .7

4.9
5.0
5.6
5.6

53.0
48.7
48.0
48.0

45.1
34.7
41.0
42.0
43.8

T otal-.................... _................

40

220

5.5

49.3

43.4

5
8

101 $0. 372
82
.338
91
.314
65
.273
84
.273
88
.310
91
.342
88

$17. 86
16. 70
15. 61
14. 47
13. 30
14. 88
16. 42

$18 08
13.62
14.16
9.46
11.19
13. 02
14. 99

. 325

16. 02

14.11

$21. 22
22. 75
20. 62
18.18
22. 50
29.16
21.94

$20. 94
23. 87
20. 99
18. 82
21. 79
34. 64
23. 67

SAUSAGE D E PA RTM EN T
MALES

Truckers and forkers:
District 1........... ............ ............
______ ^___________
District 3 _ ____ ________ ____
District 4_____ _ ____________
District 5________ ___ _______
District 6______ __ ___ ___ _
District 8_____ ______________

52
3
7
232
District
11
63
3
6
6
30
12
2
5
8

5.7
5.8
5.8
5.3
5. 7
6.0
6.0

48. 0
48. 0
50.8
49.0
50.8
54. 0
48.0

47.4
50.4
51.8
50.8
49.1
64.2
51.8

99 $0. 442
105
.474
102
. 406
104
.371
97
.443
119
.540
108
.457

Total.... ...................................

37

194

5.8

49.7

50.8

102

.440

Machine tenders:13
District 1______ _______ _____
District 2_____ ______________
_ _
District 3____
District 4_____ ______________
District 5_____ ______________
District 6____ _____ _ _______
District 7_________ __________
District 8.................... ...............

8
15
15
7
13
6
3
9

56
104
96
33
55
29
10
19

5. 9
5.7
5.8
6.0
5.9
5.9
6. 0
6.0

47.9
48.5
49.4
48. 7
50. 6
54. 2
57.0
48.6

51. 4
50.2
54. 2
58. 7
•57.2
58.4
64.1
52.6

107
104
110
121
113
108
112
108

. 522
. 513
.488
.488
. 538
. 541
. 464
.579

25. 00
24. 88
24.11
23. 77
27. 22
29. 32
26. 45
28.14

26. 80
25. 77
26. 45
28. 65
30. 77
31. 59
29. 75
30.48

21. 87

22. 33

Total............................. .........

76

402

5.9

49.6

54.0

109

.513

25. 44

27. 74

Casing workers:14
District 1_____ ______________
District 2____ __________ ____
District 3________ __________
District 4.................. .................
District 5______ ______
District 6_______________ ____
District 7______ _____ ______

4
6
10
3
6
6
1

6
13
34
4
8
11

o. 0
6.0
5.8
6.0
6.1
5.8
0

48. 0
48. 0
48. 7
48. 0
50.1
54. 5
0

49. 5
49.8
58.1
54.3
58.4
55.8
0)

103
104
119
113
117
102
0

. 478
. 443
. 431
.451
.485
. 504
0)

22. 94
21. 26
20. 99
21. 65
24. 30
27. 47
0

23. 64
22. 02
25. 06
24. 47
28. 29
28.11
0

Total............................. ..........

36

77

5.9

49.6

55.5

112

.454

22. 52

25. 20

1________ ___________
2____________________
3______________ _____
4___ ________________
5......... .......... ................
6___________ ______ _
7______ _____________
8...................................

8
15
16
7
13
6
2
9

79
112
75
17
61
41
9
23

5.9
5.8
5.8
5.9
5.8
5. 9
6.0
5.9

47. 6
48. 5
49. 3
49.4
50.7
54.1
55.0
48.7

50. 3
48. 7
53. 7
50. 5
54. 7
55. 5
63.4
49.9

106
100
109
102
108
103
115
102

. 572
. 587
.534
. 616
.570
.550
.484
.565

27. 23
28. 47
26. 33
30. 43
28.90
29. 76
26. 62
27. 52 ,

28. 76
28. 58
28. 69
31. 08
31. 22
30. 53
30. 67
28.18

Total.................. ....................

76

417

5.8

49.5

51.9 |

105

. 565

27. 97

29. 34

Stuffers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

0

1Included in total.
13 Includes cutters, choppers, grinders, mixers, eurers, and feeders.
m Includes washers, turners, re-turners, measurers, cutters, tiers, and fatters*
1 0 9 5 3 8 °— 2 9 — — 6




78

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked , average f ull-time
and actual hours and earnings per week , average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation , sex, and district— Contd.

T a b le

S A U S A G E D E P A R T M E N T —Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
N u m -! Num ­
ber of ber of num­
ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­ worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
Per
age
age
of
age
full­
hours cent
full
earn­
time 1actually time
ings
hours worked
per
in one actually per
week
week worked hour

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

males —continued

L i n k e r s , twisters, tiers, and
hangers:
District 1............................... .
District 2_____________ ____
D istrict3_____
____ ______
District 6____________________
District 8_____________ ______

2
2
7
5
5
1

T otal.______ _______ _____ _

22

Ropers (wrappers and tiers):
District 1____ _ ___ _______
District 3_________ _________
District 4_____________ _____
District 5____________________
District 8.______ ____________

1
4
1
1
1

T otal.............. ........... ............
Laborers:15
District 1 ............................. .
District 2____________________
District 3__________ _____ ___
District 4_ ___ - ___ _ _
District 5_______ ____________
District 6____ _______________
District 7____________________
D istrict8__________ _ ...........
Total.................... ................
Cooks:
District 1._______ ___________
District 2 _____________ _____
District 3____________________
District 4 _______________ . _
D istrict5______ ________ . . .
District 6 ._____ _____________
District 7____________________
District 8 . . . ...............................
T o t a l-........... ........ ........ .
Smokers:
District 1____________________
District 2____________________ '
District 3 ._______ ___________
District 4____ ____ __________
District 5 .._ ____ ____________
District 6._______ _________ _
District 7_____ ____ _________
District 8 .______ __________ _!

7
24
30
20
50
0

1

132
0

8

0)
0
0)

6.0
5.9
5.8
6.0
5.7
0

48.0
48.0
50.0
48.8
5A. 6
0

49.4
49. 7
52.9
59.7
51.6
0)

5.8

51.1

52.7

103

0)
6.0
0)
0)
0)

0
51.0
0
0
0

0
51.4
0)
0
0

0
101
0
0
0)

103 $0.447
104
.453
106
.426
.541
122
95
.464
0
0

$21.46
21. 74
21. 30
26.40
25. 33
0

$22.08
22. 53
22. 57
32.31
23. 96
0

.465

23. 76

24. 50

0
.442
0
0
0

0
22. 54
0
0
0

0
22. 73
0
0
0

24

5.9

49.0

50.0

102

.500

24. 50

25.00

6 1
15
16
8
12
6
4
8

230
322
163
122
75
55
13
15

5.8
5.7
5.7
5. 4
5.4
5.6
5.7
5.7

47.8
49.4
49.1
49. 6
50.6
54.1
55.8
49.4

48.5
49.7
50.0
47. 7
52.0
52.7
60.3
50.0

101
101
102
96
103
97
108
101

.453
.450
.444
.372
.435
.461
.394
.460

21. 65
22. 23
21. 80
18. 45
22. 01
24. 94
21.99
22. 72

22. 01
22.38
22. 20
17.74
22. 61
24. 31
23. 75
23. 01

75

995 1

5.7

49.4

49.7

101

.439

21. 69

21. 85

6
15
14
‘ 6
11
6
2
8

21 i
54
43
20
25
20
3
10

6.0
5.9
6.0
5.8
5.8
6.0
6.0
5.9

48.0
48.7
49.7
48.6
54.1
54.9
58.7
49.5

54.1
55.9
58.0
53.6
01.2
59.3
73.0
51.6

113
115
117
110
113
108
129
104

.497
. 520
.473
.429
.495
.506
.475
.557

23.86
25. 32
23.51
20. 85
26. 78
27. 78
26.93
27. 57

26. 92
29.09
27. 42
23.00
30. 30
29. 99
34. 66
28. 74

5.9

50.3 1

57.0

113

.494

24.85

28.18

6.0 ! 51.4
5.9
49.5
5.9
50.6
48.4
6.1
56.4
5.9
5.7
53.1
6.0
55.8
6.0
55.3

56.1
53. 6
57.1
58.2
60.9
64.2
61.4
56.7

109
108
113
120
108
121
110
103

.538
.517
.511
.468
.574
.637
.542
.576

27. 65
25. 59
25. 86
22. 65
32. 37
33. 82
30. 24
31. 85

30. 20
27. 68
29. 16
27. 22
34. 97
40. 92
33. 27
32. 63

8

68 1

196

8
14
16
5
10
5
4
7

32
38
41
14
18
7
6
9

Total______________________ i
. Inspectors, packers, scalers, ship­
pers, and nailers:
District 1___............. ................
District 2____________________
District 3____________________
District 4________ _____ __ _1
District 5_________ ______ . . . !
District 6.______ ____ _______ !
District 7________________ . . . I
District 8 ................ ........ ..........

69

165

5.9

51.5

57.0

111

.532

27. 40

30. 33

6
13
16
5
6
5
4
7

103
73
109
25
18
52
8
17

5.9
5.9
5.9
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.4
6.1

47.9
49.2
49.0
48. 5
49.3
54.2
55. 6
48.0

48.6
50.6
50.4
54.4
52. 7
49.9
51.4
51.3

101
103
103
112
107
92
92
107

.508
.490
.489
.437
.447
.462
.350
.479

24. 33
24. 11
23. 96
21.19
22. 04
25. 04
19. 46
22. 99

24.71
24. 79
24. 65
23.76
23. 55
23. 07
18.01
24. 55

Total........... ............ ............... |

62

405 |

5.9

49. 5 !

50.3

102

.482

23. 86

24.25

I Included in total.
II Includes roustabouts, ham cylinder washers, cleaners-up, ham pressers, hangers, cooks’ helpers,
smokers’ helpers, and truckers of cages or bikes.




79

GENERAL TABLES
T

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

S A U S A G E D E P A R T M E N T -C o n tin u e d

Sex, occupation, and district

m ales—

Aver­
age
Num ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
estab­ em­
lish­ ploy-, days
worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
Per
age
age
age
hours cent of earn­
full­
time actually full
time
ings
hours worked
actually per
per
in one
week week worked hour

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$24. 70
27.24
25. 85
29. 07
27.29
32. 98
29. 60
27. 26

$26. 72
28. 07
27.51
32. 86
28. 28
32.84
30. 93
29.01

26. 90

28. 35

c o n tin u e d

Utility men, assistant foremen,
straw
bosses,
subforemen,
handy men, small-order men,
a n d all-round men:
District 1 ... ________________
District 2____________________
District 3_____ ______________
District 4 .____ _________ ____
District 5._____ ___ __ ______
District 6........... .......... ..........
District 7.................. ...............
District 8__________________ _
Total_________ ____________

5
11
13
6
5
4
5
6

37
36
36
7
21
10
6
16

55

169

5.8
5.9
5.8
6.0
5.9
5.8
6.0
5.9
5.9

1
10
8
2
3
1
3
28

0)
13
9
2
3
0)
3
32

0)
5.7
6.0
6.0
5.7
0)
6.0
5.8

4
12
14
5
7
2
3
8

85
109
81
28
28
3
29
19
382

5.7
5.8
5.7
5.0
5.8
6.0
5.3
5.8
5.7

47.6
49.0
50. 2
49. 7
51.4
55.8
56. 7
48.0
49.9

51.5
50.5
53.4
56.2
53.3
55. 6
59.2
51.1
52.6

108 $0. 519
103
. 556
. 515
106
. 585
113
104
.531
100
. 591
104
.522
.568
106
105
.539

FEMALES

Machine tenders:13
District 1__............... .................
District 2___ _____ __________
District 3____________________
District 4 ._______ ___________
District 5________ _________
District 6____________________
District 8___ ____ ___________
Total__.................................... !
Casing workers:14
District 1____________________
District 2____________________
District 3____________________
District 4 _____ _____________________
District 5_________ _________
District 6____________________
District 7_____ ____ _________
District 8_________ __________
T o ta l..______ _____________ i

55

0

)

48.9
48. 7
48.0
50.0
( 1)4

48.0
48.8
48.0
46.7
49.0
48.0
49.6
50.0
55.2
48.0
48.5

0

)

46.9
48.1
51.5
52.7
0)
48.0
48.2

)

0

96
99
107
105
0)
100

41.4
45.7
47.6
42.5
50.5
52.8
54.2
45.0
45.9

0

)

.349
.318
.295
.366
0)
.354

0

)

99

.338

17. 07
15. 49
14.16
18. 30
0)
16. 99
16. 49

86
98
97
89
102
106
98
94
95

.408
.377
.368
.288
.311
.434
.241
.375
.358

19. 58
17. 61
18. 03
13. 82
15. 43
21. 70
13. 30
18. 00
17. 36

0

)

16. 36
15. 29
15. 21
19. 25
0)
16. 99
16. 27
16. 91
17. 20
17. 52
12. 24
15. 73
22. 90
13. 06
18. 87
16. 45

S tu ffe r s :

District 1............................. .......1
District 2 .______ ____________
District 3____________________
District 5______ __ ______ __
District 7___________________
District 8___________ ______
Total______________________i
Linkers, twisters, tiers, and
hangers:
District 1______ _____________
District 2___________ _______
District 3 ________________
District 4 ._______ ___________
District 5................ ............. . .
District 6._________ _________
District 7___ ____ ___________
D istrict8 ............ ............. .

1
1
3
3
2
1
11

3
16
2
0)
41

5.0
5.7
6.0
0)
5.8

48.0
48.0
57.5
0)
48.5

46.7
47.0
47.5
0)
46. 7

8
14
16
7
13
5
4
9

192
268
247
88
183
73
58
66

5. 6
•5.8
5.6
5.5
5.7
5.8
5.7
5.8

47. 7
48.1
49.4
49.8
49.1
49.5
58.9
48.3

Total______________________
Kopers (wrappers and tiers):
District 1____________________
District 2____________________
District 3_____ ______________
District 4_______________ _____
District 5___..............................

76

1,175

5. 7

4
4
10
5
1

87
61
48
21

Total........................................

24

0

)

(0

0)

221

0 )
<l)

0

)
)

0
0

)
)

0
0

0

)
)

0

)

96

20. 06
16. 51
22. 66
0)
21. 29

0)
19. 50
16. 15
18. 73
0)
20. 53

44.6
46.6
49.1
42.6
49.1
47.4
56.5
45.3

94
97
99
86
100
96
96
94

.398
.412
.344
.361
.328
.327
.297
.372

18. 98
19. 82
16. 99
17. 98
16.10
16.19
17. 49
17. 97

17. 72
19.21
16. 89
15. 38
16.10
15.47
16. 81
16. 84

49.2

47.3

96

.364

17.91

17. 22

5.8
5.9
5.5
5.3
0)

48.0
48.0
48.1
48.0
0)

41.1
43.6
43.5
46.3

86
91
90
96

.418
.434
.334
.286

20. 06
20. 83
16. 07
13. 73

17.20
18. 93
14. 50
13. 26

0)

5.7

48.0

42.9

89

.388

18. 62

16. 63

97
98
83

0)

0)

i Included in total.
18 Incrudes cutters, choppers, grinders, mixers, curers, and feeders,
w Includes washers, turners, re-turners, measurers, cutters, tiers, and falters.




0)

)
)

.418
.344
.394
0)
.439

0

0

)

0

0)

0)

80
T

SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

S A U S A G E D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­ Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
age
Num-1 Num ­ num­
cent of
age
hours
full­
ber of j ber of ber of
earn­
full
estab­ em­
time actually time
days
ings
lish­ ploy­ worked hours worked actually per
per
in one worked hour
ments
ees
in one week
week
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

116 '$0. 472
0)
0)

$22. 66
W

$26. 21
0)

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

females —continued

Cooks:
District 2....................................
District 5._.................... ............

2

6.0
0)

48.0
0)

55.5
0)

5

5.8

48.0

45. 7

95

.375

18.00

17.13

5
12
15
7
6
4
1
7

78
180
81
54
48
63
0)
43

5.7
5.8
5.6
5.5
5.6
5.9
0)
5.7

48.0
48.9
48.9
49.0
49.7
49.1
0)
48.0

47.3
48.0
46.9
47.5
48.7
45.1
C1)
45.2

99
98
96
97
98
92
94

.381
.351
.338
.277
.293
.314
0)
.342

18.29
17. 16
16. 53
13. 57
14. 56
15. 42
0)
16.42

18. 02
16. 84
15. 83
13. 15
14. 24
14.15
0)
15.44

57

549

5.7

48.8

47.2

97

.336

16. 40

15. 85

General workers:17
District 1....................................
District 2____________________
District 3_______ ____________
District 4____________________
District 5______ _____________
District 6_______________ ____
District 7_________ __________
District 8.................... ................

3
9
8
4
4
2
1
4

21
113
22
10
6
4
0)
9

5.6
5.8
5.3
5.4
5.8
5.8
0)
5.4

48.0
49.5
49.9
48.0
49.8
48.0
0)
48.0

43.9
49.7
44.7
43.4
47.7
49.6
0)
42.0

91
100
90
90
96
103
0)
88

.333
.368
.321
.299
.397
.498
0)
.368

15.98
18. 22
16. 02
14. 35
19. 77
23. 90
0)
17.66

14. 60
18.31
14. 35
12. 95
18. 96
24. 72
0)
15. 46

Total_______ ______________

35

186

5.7

49.2

47.7

97

.359

17. 66

17.14

108 $0. 526
95
.506
94
.515
101
.459
.497
93
88
.493
106
.459
107
.488

$25. 35
24. 90
25. 96
22. 58
26. 19
26. 62
26.39
23. 72

$27. 31
23. 74
24. 47
22. 81
24. 40
23. 36
27.87
25. 50

Total......................................
P ackers:10
District 1__................. ........... .
District 2____________________
District 3____________________
District 4_______________ ____
District 5______ _____________
District 6_______ ____________
District 7____ _____ _________
District 8 .__,.............................
Total_______ _____ ______

2
1
3 ;

W

0)

C U R E D -M E A T D E P A R T M E N T

MALES

Graders:18
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1............................ .
2............................... .
3_.______ ___________
4_.______ ___________
5 ..______ ___________
6____ ____________
7______ _____ _______
8____________________

8
16
16
5
8
6
2
7

91
219
183
29
50
26
4
19

5.8
5.7
5.7
5.8
5.4
6.0
6.0
6.1

48.2
49. 2
50. 4
49.2
52.7
54.0
57.5
48.6

51.9
46.9
47.5
49.7
49.1
47.4
60.7
52.2

Total............. .........................

68

621

5.7

49.9

48.4

97

.507

25. 30

24. 55

Laborers:18
District 1________ ___________
District 2 ..______ ___________
District 3____________________
District 4____________________
District 5__________________ .
District 6____________________
District 7____________________
District 8 ..______ ___________

8
16
16
6
12
7
2
9

533
782
423
108
191
124
24
59

5.7
5.6
5.8
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.9

47.9
47.7
50.3
51.6
50.4
53. 1
55.4
48.9

50.5
45.8
48.3
45.5
46.7
46.0
54.4
48.4

105
96
96
88
93
87
98
99

.452
.443
.422
.392
.431
.460
.398
.438

21. 65
21.13
21. 23
20. 23
21. 72
24. 43
22. 05
21.42

22. 83
20. 30
20. 38
17. 81
20.13
21. 17
21. 65
21.19

Total...................................... .

76

2,244

5.7

49.1

47.6

97

.438

21.51

20. 87

1 Included in total.
16 Includes wrappers, inspectors, taggers, tiers, and packers’ helpers.
17 Includes labelers, laborers, box makers, sorters, and utility women.
18 Includes sorters, sizers, average men, spotters, inspectors, and chute men.
19 Includes ham and meat passers, ham stringers, haulers to vats, meat carriers, hangers, scrapers, soakers,
tossers, washers, and wipers; roustabouts, sewers, tiers, truck washers, vat washers, and helpers of graders,
inspectors, pickle makers, pumpers, smokers, and sorters.




81

GENERAL TABLES
T

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

C U R E D -M E A T D E P A R T M E N T —Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

110 $0. 515
98
.479
93
.465
90
.420
.468
101
88
.474
105
.372
103
.457

$24. 77
23. 42
23. 20
21. 63
24. 29
26. 26
20.53
22. 26

$27.37
23.03
21. 51
19. 44
24. 45
23.03
21. 47
22. 99

Aver­ Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
of age
hours cent
full­
ber of ber of ber of
full
earn­
time actually time
estab­ em­
ings
days
lish­ ploy­ worked hours worked actually per
per
in one worked
ees
ments
hour
in one week
week
week

males —continued

Packers:20
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1__________ _________
2............................. .......
3......................... ..........
4 . . . ______ __________
5....................................
6....................................
7............................. .......
8........................... ........

8
16
16
6
11
7
3
9

248
280
317
55
62
72
22
30

5.7
5.8
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.7
5.9
5.9

48.1
48.9
49.9
51.5
51.9
55.4
55.2
48.7

53.1
48.1
46.2
46.3
52.2
48.6
57.7
50.3

Total.......................................

76

1,086

5.7

49.9

49.1

98

.477

23.80

23. 45

Overhaulers:
District 1_________ __________
District 2____________ ____ _
District 3 ____ ______________
District 4______________ _____
District 5____________________
District 6___________ _____ _
District 7____________ _______
District 8....................................

8
16
16
5
10
7
2
7

149
165
192
13
54
57
10
16

5.8
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.8
5.9
6.1

48.3
49.0
50.9
50.8
51.6
55. 1
55.5
48.4

51.6
49.0
46.0
45.0
48.5
45.4
59.4
53.7

107
100
90
89
94
82
107
111

.486
.487
.486
.413
.470
.484
.487
.478

23.47
23. 86
24.74
20.98
24. 25
26. 62
27.03
23.14

25.09
23. 86
22. 39
18. 60
22.78
21. 96
28. 92
25. 64

Total........................................

71

656

5.7

50.3

48.6

97

.483

24. 29

23. 48

8
16
16
6
12
7
3
9

80
134
127
18
58
35
8
20

5.8
5.8
5.9
5.9
5.4
5.9
5.6
6.0

48.1
49.2
50.0
50.0
51.0
53.8
56.9
49.0

51.1
48.8
49.1
48.2
47.7
47. 9
55. 0
50.2

106
99
98
96
94
89
97
102

.506
.491
.496
.446
.494
.501
.509
.547

24. 34
24. 16
24. 80
22. 30
25.19
26. 95
28. 96
26. 80

25. 85
23. 96
24. 35
21. 48
23. 56
24.02
27. 99
27. 49

77 | 480

5.8

49.9

49.2

99

.497

24. 80

24.45

99
95
91
88
89
90

23. 77
23. 86
24. 25
22.13
24. 05
27.15
(0
24.11

23. 52
22.71
21. 97
19.51
21.51
24. 54
0)
25. 49

Picklers:21
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1................ ...................
2 ....................................
3_...................... ......... .
4......... - ................... .
5....................................
6.................................
7___.................... ..........
8.................... ................

Total.......................................

1

Rubbers, salters, and pilers:
District 1_______ _____ _____
District 2_________ ______ ___
District 3___ ____ ______ ____
District 4............................. .......
District 5___.................. .......... .
District 6. __________________
District 7.______ ____________
District 8............. .................... .

7
14
15
3
9
7
1
7

73
77
103
16
56
20
0)
9

5.6
5.7
5. 7
5.8
5.5
5.9
(0
6.2

48.8
49.2
49.9
48.0
49.8
54.3
0)
48.7

48.3
46.8
45.2
42.3
44.5
49.1
0)
51.5

0)
106

.487
.485
.486
.461
.483
.500
0)
.495

Total—....................................

63

358

5.7

49.7

46.5

94

.486

24.15

22. 61

6
13
14
6
13
6
2
9

13
29
28
14
19
12
4
15

5.8
6.0
5.8
6.3
6.2
5.9
6.3
6.1

48.0
56.8
53.1
54.0
61.2
60.3
57.5
57.9

55.1
58.9
55.9
53.7
65.7
60.5
67.1
58.9

115
104
105
99
107
100
117
102

.582
.517
.457
.435
.536
.533
.445
.503

27.94
29. 37
24. 27
23. 49
32.80
32.14
25. 59
29.12

32.10
30. 45
25.54
23.38
35. 23
32. 23
29. 83
29. 67

69

134

6.0

56.0

58.7

105

.504

28. 22

29.58

Smokers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1_________ __________
2....................................
3.................. ......... .......
4....................................
5...................................
6____________________
7____________________
8 _ _ ................................. ................

Total.................................. .

1Included in total.
20 Includes packers of beef, barrel pork, bellies, briskets, pig rinds, and smoked meats; dippers, vat men,
sweet-pickle packers, burlap sackers, wrappers, nailers, car loaders, and car stowers,
21 Includes pickle men, pickle makers, pumpers, and curers.




82

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-tim e
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of f ull time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

T a b le

C U R E D -M E A T D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of
ber
of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­ worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
A ver­
Per
age
age
of
age
hours cent
full­
full
earn­
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually per
per
in one worked 1. our
week
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$25. 78
25.07
24. 90
24.11
25. 50
29. 06
0)
37.08

$29. 03
23. 96
21.79
21. 64
24.28
29.00
0)
37. 53

males —continued

Butchers, trimmers, and knife
men:
District 1 ______ ____________
District 2___________________
District 3____________________
District 4_____ _____ ______
District 5______________ ___
District 8____________________
District 7____________________
District 8____ _____________

8
12
14
4
t
4
1
4

98
64
79
7
51
13
(0
8

5.8
5.7
5.6
6.0
5.4
5.8
0)
5.9

48.1
48.5
50.4
52.3
50.0
50.8
0)
47.6

54.1
46.3
44.1
46.9
47.6
50.7
0)
48.2

T o t a l......................... ............

54

321

5.7

49.3

48.6

99

.526

25. 93

25. 57

8 . . . ........................................

6
12
14
5
7
6
2
6

394
94
241
37
68
27
3
11

5.5
5.5
5.5
5.8
5.2
5.8
6.0
6.0

48.0
48.1
51.6
51.7
51.5
51.6
56.7
49.4

55.1
46.2
45.3
46.6
44.0
47.7
57.7
51.4

115
96
88
90
85
92
102
104

.448
.457
.424
.368
.436
.472
.397
.453

21. 50
21. 98
21.88
19.03
22. 45
24.36
22. 51
22. 38

24. 71
21.09
19.24
17.14
19. 21
22. 53
22. 87
23. 29

Total____ _____ ___________

58

875

5.5

49.6

50. 0

101

.440

21.82

21. 98

8
15
15
6
9
6
3
7

60
99
108
20
39
26
11
46

1
i
!
j
!

5.9
5.9
5.9
6.0
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.0

48.8
49.3
51.5
51.3
49.3
54.5
56.4
51.3

55.1
50.6
51.2
54.6
47.8
51. 8
56.7
53.2

113
103
99
106
97
95
101
104

. 536
. 559
.525
.518
.523
. 564
.592
.559

26.16
27. 56
27. 04
26. 57
25. 78
30. 74
33. 39
28. 68

29. 53
28. 28
26. 83
28.28
24. 99
29. 25
33. 59
29. 71

69

409 1

5.9

50. 6

51.9

103

.542

27. 43

28. 13

Miscellaneous workers: 22
District 1____________________
District 2____________________
District 3____________________
District 4____________________
District 5____________________
District 6____________________
District 7____________________
District 8 - ..____ _____ ______

6
12
13
6
9
4
2
6

115
180
198
38
87
27
16
36

5.7
5.5
5.8
5.4
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.2

48.0
48.7
52.0
50.1
50.5
49.3
55.3
48.0

46.0
43.6
48.0
41.3
46.8
44.5
52.4
40.3

96
90
92
82
93
90
95
84

.418
.372
.310
.287
.293
.321
.220
.331

20.06
18.12
16.12
14. 38
14. 80
15. 83
12.17
15. 89

19. 22
16.20
14. 87
11.85
13. 73
14.28
11. 51
13. 36

T o t a l...______ ____________

58

697 |
1

5.6

50.0

45.6

91

.339

16. 95

15. 45

129 $0. 544
.462
96
107
. 433
94
.426
0)
0)

$24. 92
23. 56
21.09
20. 45
0)

$32. 26
22. 50
22. 45
19.18
0)

23.18

26. 52

Truckers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1____ _______________
2____________________
3____________________
4____________________
5____________ ______
6_______ ___________
7 ______ _______ ____

Utility men, assistant butchers,
straw bosses, assistant fore­
men, and small-order men:
District 1____________________
District 2_____ ____ _________
District 3 . _______ ________ District 4____________________
District 5____ _____ _ _______
District 6_____________ _____ _
District 7____________________
District 8____________________
Total__________ _______ _

112 $0. 536
95
.517
88
.494
.461
90.
95
. 510
100
.572
0)
0)
.779
101

FEMALES

C A N N IN G D E P A R T M E N T
MALES

Cooks:
District
District
District
District
District

1___________________
2____________________
3__________ ________
5____________________
8____ ______ ________

3
2
4
2
1

11
2
9
3
C1)

6.1
5. 5
5.8
5.3
0)

45.8
51.0
48.7
48.0
0)

59.3
48.8
51.9
45.0
0)

T otal................ ........ ............ .

12

26

5.8

47.5

54.3

114

.488

1 Included in total.
22 Includes wrappers, labelers, laborers, packers, sewers (hand or machine), bag makers, weighers, tiers,
wipers, baggers, and trimmers.




83

GENERAL TABLES

T a b le A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.
C A N N IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

A verage
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­ worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
of
age
hours cent
full­
full
earn­
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually per
per
in one worked hour
week week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

117 $0. 494
0
.434
.490
0
0

$23. 02
0
20. 83
23. 52
0

$26. 95
0)
20. 99
20. 68
0)

.477

23. 18

24.17

96

0
.371
0

0
17.81
0

0
17.15
(0

101

.391

18. 77

18. 98

105

0
.411
0

0)
21.58
(0

0
22. 55
0

males —continued

Steam tenders, process men, and
retort men:
District 1_________ __________
District 2._____ _____________
District 3______ _____________
District 5........... . - ________
District 6____ _______________

3
1
3
2
.1

15
0)
10
6
0

5.9
0)
6.0
4.5
0

46. 6
0
48.0
48.0
0)

54.6
0
48.4
42.2
0

Total........... .......... ................-

10

37

5.7

48.6

50.7

0
5.9
0)

0)
48.0
0

0
46.2
0

10

5.8

48.0

48.6

4

0)
5. 8
0)

0
52.5
0

0
54.9
0

Passers and
District
District
District

pilers, cans:
1_________ _________
3____________________
4__............ .......

Total____ __________ ____

1
2
1

(0

7

0)

4

0

101
88

104
0
0

Trimmers, meat (by hand):
District 2___ ______ _________
District 3___________________
District 4____ ______ _______

1
2
1

Total____________ ________

4

7

5.9

50.6

55.5

110

.445

22. 52

24.69

Machine tenders (preparing and
stuffing meat into cans):
District 1__________ ________
District 2___ ____ ______ ____
District 3........... ............ ............
District 4_.................. ........ .......
District 5.................. .................
District 6___ __________ _____
District 7_____ ______________
District 8....................................

5
6
8
5
6
4
1
4

57
22
13
7
16
14
7

5.7
6.0
6.1
6.0
5.1
5.7
0
5.4

47.1
50.9
49.8
48.9
48. 1
54.4
0)
48.0

52. 2
49.4
52. 5
48.1
45.4
52.8
0
47.7

111
97
105
98
94
97
0
99

.518
.550
.416
.474
.459
.459
0
.443

24. 40
28.00
20. 72
23.18
22. 08
24. 97
0
21. 26

27. 03
27.16
21.81
22. 84
20. 83
24. 23
0
21.12

137

5.7

49.0

50.6

103

.493

24.16

24. 97

0
0
6.0
0
0)
0

0
0
48.0
0
0
0

0
0)
52.0
0)
0
0

0
0
.406
0)
0
0)

0)
0)
19. 49
0
0
0

0
0
21. 11
(0
0
0

Total_________ ____________
Stuffers (meat into cans by hand):
District 1____ _______________
District 2________ ___________
District 3____________________
District 4____ ____ ________ .
District 5________ ___________
District 6 ...................................

39
1
1
3
1
1
1

0
0

0

0
0

6

0
0
0)

0
0

0
0

108

0
0)
0)

8

24

5.7

50.3

49.0

97

.460

23.14

22. 54

Packers and nailers:
District 1________ _______ ___
District 2____________________
District 3____________________
District 4____________________
District 5_______ ____________
District 8___ ____ ___________
District 8............. ......................

3
2
5
1
1
2
1

34
9
25

5.5
6.0
5.2
0
0
5. 6
0

47.2
48.0
49.2
0
0
51.4
0

48.1
52. 9
42.8
0
0
48.3
0

102
110
87

.470
.469
.404
0
0
.396
0

22.18
22. 51
19. 88
0
0
20. 35
0

22. 62
24. 86
17. 30
0
0
19.12
0)

Total.................................. .

0
0

7

0

0
0

94

0

Total......................... ..............

15

83

5.5

48.3

46.9

97

.442

21. 35

20. 71.

Cappers:
District 1......... ..........................
District 2 .____ ______________
District 3___________ _____ _
District 4........... ..................... .
District 5____________________
District 6____ ________ ____
D istrict8........... ........................

4
3
3
1
2
1
1

22
8
21

5.6
5.8
5.9
0
5.8
0
0

46.4
48.0
48.0
0
48.0
0
0)

47.8
49.8
48.3
0
51. 6
0
0

103
104
101
0
108
0
0

.490
.481
.421
0
.482
0
0)

22. 74
23. 09
20. 21
0
23.14
(0
0)

23. 43
23. 95
20. 34
0
24. 89
0)
0

Total...................... .................

15

5.7

47.6

49.0

103

.461

21.94

22. 62

1Included in total.




0

4

0)
0)
58

84

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.
C A N N IN G D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­ worked
ees
ments
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
age
hours cent of
full­
full
earn­
time actually time
hours worked actually ings
per
in one worked per
hour
week
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$26.18
0)

$24. 21
0)

males —continued

Machine tenders, washing and
painting:
District 1____________________
District 5____________________
T o t a l______ ______ _____
General workers:
District 1____ ___

2
1

3
0)

6.0
0

47.0
0

43. 5
0)

0)

93 $0. 557
0)

3

7

5.4

47.6

41.5

87

.488

23. 23

20. 23

3
3

60
10
18
3
2

5.8
5.9
5. 6
6.0
5. 5
6.0
0

46.0
52.3
49. 0
52. 0
48.0
54.0
0)

53.1
51.9
45. 5
62.8
45. 3
54.0
0)

115
99
93
121
94
100
0)

.526
.491
.448
.414
.437
. 537
0)

24. 20
25. 68
21. 95
21. 53
20. 98
29.00
0)

27.95
25. 47
20.42
25. 98
19. 79
29. 00
0)

___
3___ ___
4____ ___
5___ ____
6__ _____
8________ _ _ _ _

3
2
2
1

T o t a l _______ ____ ______

19

96

5.8

47.6

51.7

109

. 505

24. 04

26.12

4
1
1
1

23
0)
0)
0)

5.7
0
0
0

47. 2
0)
0)
0)

47.2
0)
0)
0)

100
0)
0)
0)

.499
0)
0)
0)

23. 55
0)
0)
0)

23. 55
0)
0)
0)

7

29

5. 7

48. 2

47.9

99 ! .495

23. 86

23. 70

.456
.393
.388
.379
.419
0)

21. 57
18. 86
19. 05
18.19
20.61
0)

21. 23
20.13
18. 75
16. 96
18. 75
0)

.438

20.94

District
District
District
District
District

Inspectors:
District
District
District
District

1______ _
2___ ___
3_______
5____________

T o t a l _______ .
Truckers:
District
District
District
District
District
District

1
1____________ _____
2____________________
3......................
4__ _____ __ __ ___
________
5_______
8________ _____ ___

Total______________ . .
Laborers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

9

6
2
3
1

3

80
3
17
4
10
0)

17

* 115

2

5. 3
6.0
5. 6
5.8
5.1
0)

47. 3
48.0
49. 1
48.0
49.2
0)

46. 5
51.2
48.4
44.8
44. 7
0)

98
107
99
93
91
0)

5.3

47.8

46.9

98
!

I
1____ _______________
2_____ ___ . . . .
3____ _
4__________ ___ . .
5 __ _
6____________________ !
8____ _______________ |

4
6
5
2
3
1
1

236
109
37
6
6
0)
0)

5.6
5. 5
5. 8
6.0
4.7
0)
0)

45.8
52.3
49.8
48.0
50. 0
0)
0)

48.6
48.3
50.4
46. 9
42.1
0)
0)

Total...................___................ i

22

398

5.6

48.1

48.5 !

0)
5.1
0)

0)
48.0
0)

0
41.4
0)

20. 52
1

106
92
101
98
84
0)
0)

.458
'.872
.426
.403
0)
0)

20. 98
22. 70
18. 53
20. 45
20.15
0)
0)

22. 26
20. 98
18. 72
20. 00
16. 96
0)
0)

101

.442

21.26

21.44

86

0)
.249
0)

0)
11.95
0)

0)
10.31
0)

89

.389

18. 67

16.61

90

.384
0)
0)

18.12

16. 37
0)
0)

.368

17.74

FEMALES
Passers and
District
District
District

pilers, cans:
1______________ _____
5____________ _____
8 __________

Total...................... ...............
Trimmers, meat (by hand):
District 1____________ __ . . .
District 2________ _________
District 3.................................
Total........... .................. ........ i
1 Included in total.




1
2

1

0)

7

0)

4

20

5.2

48.0

42.7

3
1
1

42
0)
(0

5. 5
0)
0)

47.2
0)
0)

42.6
0)
0)

5

64

5. 5

48.2

42.9 !

0)
0)

0)
0)
89

8

15. 77

GENERAL TABLES
T

85

A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

CANNING D EPAR TM EN T-Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­ workec
,
ments
ees
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
cent of
age
full­ hours
earn­
T
full
time actuallj
, time
ings
hours workec
per
in one actuallyr per
week week workedL hour

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$18. 63
19.98
13.85
0
17. 41
0)

$18. 52
17. 99
9.16
0)
18.30
0

females—continued

Machine tenders (preparing and
stuffing meat into cans):
District 1....................................
District 2 .............. ................... .
District 3............. ........ .......... .
District 4____ _______________
District 5..................... .............
District 8......................... ..........
Total....................................

4
2
4
1
5
1

28
2
9
0

7

0)

5.6
6.0
5.0
0
5.9
0

46.7
51.5
49.3
0
52.6
0

46.4
46.4
32.6
0
55.3
0)

17

49

5.6

48.4

45.1

3
1
1

46
0)
0)

5.5
0
0

46.8
0
.0)

44.0
0
0)

5

55

5.4

46.6

4__.___________ _____
5 . . . ...................... ........
6__________ ___ _____
8 . . . ........... - _________

4
6 ;
13
5
9
3
3

186
211
154
98
109
68
23

5.6
5.6
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.8
5.8

T o t a l....................... .............

43 |

849

Stuffers (meat into cans b y hand):
District 1................... - _______
District 3------ ------- . . . -----------District 6....................... . ..........
Total............. ........... .......... .
Packers (slicod bacon and chipped
dried beof in cans, glass jars,
or cartons, b y hand):
District l-_ ._ _ ...........................
District 2 . . . ............. .................
District
District
District
District

99 $0. 399
90
.388
66
.281
0)
0
105
.331
0
0
93

.369

17. 86

16. 56

94

.359
0
0

16.80
0
0)

15. 77
0
0

42.7

92

.348

16. 22

14. 86

47.7
50. 4
50.3
48.2
50.0
49.5
48.0

49.5
45.4
44.8
40.5
45.5
48.1
43.9

104
90
89
84
91
97
91

.409
.367
.324
.298
.317
.316
.346

19.51
18. 50
16. 30
14. 36
15. 85
15. 64
16.61

20. 23
16. 65
14. 53
12. 05
14. 45
15. 23
15. 20

5.6

49.3

45.8

93

.351

17. 30

16. 08

0)
0)

Weighers (filled cans):
District 2 .________ ______ ___
District 4............. ............ ..........
District 6__._........... .................

5
5
2

14
10
9

5.5
6.0
5.8

50.0
49.2
50.3

44.8
43.1
48.2

90
88
96

.381
.288
.304

19. 05
14.17
15. 29

17. 05
12. 39
14. 67

33

5.7

49.9

. 45.2

91

.3.32 j 16. 57

14. 99

Total........................................

12

Wipers (filled cans):
District 1 . . . ......................... .
District 5_______ ^___________
District 8......... ..........................

1
1
1

Total........................................

3

7

1_______ ____________
2...................................
3___________________
4-------------- ---------------5 ............ ......................

3
1
2
1
2

Total...................... .................

9

Cappers:
District
District
District
District
District

Labelers and wrappers:
District 1......... ..........................
District 2________ ___________
District 3............. ............ ..........
District 4__________ _________
District 5................ ..................
District 8......... ..........................
Total...............................
1Included in total.




0
0
0

0)
0
0

0
0)
0

5.0

48.0

38.4

11
0)
7
0)
2

5. 5
0
5.4
(0
5.5

46.4
0
48.0
0
48.0

42.7
0)
40.6
0)
42.9

23

5.5

47.7

42.9

0)
0)
0

0)
0)
0

0

0
0
0)

80

.302

14. 50

11. 59

92

89

.389
0
.368
0
.272,

18. 05
0
17. 66
(0
13.06

16. 60
0
14. 94
0
11. 66

90

.365

17.41

15. 65
17.92
0)
12. 88
13.96
14.94
15. 54

85

0)

0)
0
0)

0
0)
0)

I
4
1
2
3
2
2

101
0
14
5
8
4

5.6
0
5.7
6.0
5.0
5.8

14

134

5.6

45.8
0
48.0
48.0
48.0 '
48.0

44.2
0
46.0
43.1
40.1
45.5

46.3

44.2

96
90
84
95

97

.405
0)
.280
.324
.373
.341

18. 55
0
13.44
15. 55
17. 90
16. 37

95

.385

17.83

0)

17.00
i-

86
T

SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

CA N N IN G D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­ worked
ments
ees
in one
w'eek

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$16.47
19. 72
14.29
13. 06
14. 56
0)
0)

$15.68
16.28
13. 39
9. 62
11.98
0)
0)

.350

16. 70

15. 20

102 $0. 714
97
. 634
98
.653
101
.678
100
.634
90
.713
100
.489
101
.674

$34. 56
30. 37
32. 78
33. 22
32. 40
35. 51
27. 73
32. 89

$35. 35
29. 35
32. 20
33. 69
32. 40
31.92
27. 86
33. 64

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
Per
age
age
age
hours cent of
full­
earn­
full
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually per
in one worked
per
hour
week
week

females —continued

General workers:
______________
District 1
District 2 ......... .......... ............
District 3
______
District 4 _____ _ __ ____
District 5 _ __ _______
District 6_______ - - __ ___
District 8___________ __
_
Total____ _____ ___________

4
2
4
3
3
1
1

173
40
13
8
18
0)
0)

5.7
5.6
5.8
5.3
5.0
0)
0)

46.0
53.0
49.8
48.0
48.7
0)
0)

43.8
43.7
46.6
35.4
40.0
0)
0)

18

262

5.6

47.7

43.4

95 $0.358
82
.372
94
. 287
.272
74
82
.299
0)
0)
0)
0)
91

M AIN T EN AN CE AND REPAIR D E P A R T M E N T

MALES

Blacksmiths:
District 1______ ____ ______
District 2____________________|
District 3____________________
District 4_________ _____
District 5____________ ____
District 6-------------- -------------District 7-------- .. . .. District 8_ __________________

8
14
16
6
8
7
3
8

33
30
24
6
14
9
3
8

6.0
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.6
6. 0
6.0

48.4
47.9
50.2
49.0
51.1
49.8
50. 7
48.8

49.5
46.3
49.3
49.7
51.1
44.8
56.9
49.9

Total______________________

70

127

5.9

49.3

48.8

99

.665

32. 78

32. 41

Boiler makers:
District 1 . _____ ___________
District 2____________________
District 3____________________
District 4_____ ___________ .
District 5_______ ___________
District 6____________________
District 8________________ ---

3
8
6
1
2
2
1

57
31
11
(0
3
2
0)

5.9
5.6
5.8
0)
6. 7
5.5
0)

48.0
47.9
50. 4
0)
49.3
51.0
0)

48.0
44.5
48. 2
0)
60.7
46.0
0)

100
93
86
0)
123
90
0)

.740
.640
.707
0)
.682
.701
(0

35. 52
30. 66
35. 63
0)
33. 62
35. 75
0)

35. 52
28. 48
34. 05
0)
41.40
32. 23
0)

Total______________________

23

5.8

48.3

47.2

98

.705

34. 05

33. 30

88
91
94
87
110
98
100

1.600
76. 80
1.349 1 63.67
.993
49. 85
1.418
68. 06
.880
44. 35
.730
36. 72
.647
31.06

67. 43
58.12
47.12
59. 38
48. 67
36.12
31. 08

1.274

61. 79

56. 94

j
1 .704
97
.613
96 | .614
95 ! .648
99
.641
91
.665
115
.726
99
.673

33. 86
29. 67
30. 76
31.36
31.92
34. 25
39.93
32. 84

33. 86
28. 77
29.40
29. 74
31.66
31.24
46.00
32. 38

32.24

31.66

Bricklayers and masons:
District 1 . . .
___________ !
District 2____________________ !
District 3____________ ______ !
District 4.. ________ _______
District 5_.____ _____________ !
District 6______ _____________ i
District 8 _ _ _______ _________________
T otal........................................

106 |

4
12
11
4
5
6
2

33
25
17
4
5
6
2

5.8
5.8
5.8
5.5
6.2
5.8
6.0

48.0
47.2
50.2
48.0
50.4
50.3
48.0

42.1
43.1
47.4
41.9
55.3
49.5
48.0

44

92

5.8

48.5

44.7 j

1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
4____________________
5____________________
6_______ ____________
7____________________
8____________________

9
14
15
6
12
8
3
9

424
214
127
31
78
33
3
31

5.8
5.8
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.8
6.0
6.0

48.1
48.4
50.1
48.4
49.8
51.5
55.0
48.8

1
48.1 !
46.9
47.9
45.9
49.4
47.0
63.3
48.1

Total.................. .....................

76

941

5.8

48.7

47.8 |

Carpenters:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1 Included in total.




92
ioo

98

.662

87

GENERAL TABLES

T a b l e A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and, actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hourf and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— C on td .
M A IN T E N A N C E A N D R E P A IR D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

S®x, occupation, and district

m ales—

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­ worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
Per
age
age
age
of
full­ hours cent
earn­
full
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually per
per
in OA3 worked hour
week
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

102 $0. 588
97
.603
91
.617
104
.603
96
.566
84
.577
93
.542
97
. 646

$28. 40
28.82
30. 85
29.19
28. 92
30.41
29. 81
32.04

$29.14
27. 95
28.14
30.41
27.90
25. 54
27.87
31.04

continued

Coopers (repairers):
District 1 __________ _________
District 2 ._____ _____________
District 3_______ ____________
District 4________ ___________
District 5_____________ _____
District 6 ________ _________________
District 7____________________
District 8_______ ____________

13
8
2
8

196
90
75
16
59
64
6
23

5.9
5.9
5.8
6.0
5.6
5.7
6.0
5.8

48.3
47.8
50.0
48.4
51.1
52.7
55.0
49.6

49.5
46.4
45.6
50.4
49.3
44.3
51.4
48.0

11
12
14
6

Total......... ..............................

74

529

5.8 | 49.4

47.8

97

.593

29. 29

28. 33

Electrical workers:
District 1____________________
District 2______ _____________
District 3________ _ ________
District 4_____________ _____
District 5____________________
District 6 ................. ......... . . ..............
District 7________ ___________
District 8______________ _____

9
13
16
6
12
8
2
6

100
74
73
19
26
30
2
10

5.9
6.0
5.9
5.9
6.0
5.8
6.0
6.1

48.2
48.1
50.1
47.8
50.8
50.4
55.0
48.6

48.7
50.5
50.3
46.6
52.1
49.6
55.0
49.7

101
105
100
97
103
98
100
102

.654
.628
.622
.679
.638
.685
.664
.737

31.52
30. 21
31.16
32.46
32.41
34. 52
36. 52
35. 82

31. 87
31.68
31. 30
31.65
33.21
33. 97
36. 52
36. 63

Total___ _____ _____________

72

334

6.0

49.0

49.7

101

.646

31. 65

32.15

Laborers:
District 1 ____________________
District 2____________________
District 3______ ____ ______
District 4____________________
District 5______ _ ______
__
District 6______ ____________
____ _____
District 7___
D istrict8....... . . . . ________

10
16
16
5
13
9
3
8

508
565
472
133
263
182
10
83

5.6
5.8
5.8
5.9
5.8
6.0
6.2
5.6

48.2
47.8
50.2
49.9
50.5
55.0
55. 5
50.3

48.0
47.3
48.4
49.5
50.6
52.6
62.0
47.7

100
99
96
99
100
96
112
95

.443
.438
.434
.398
..440
.451
.381
.434

21. 35
20.94
21.79
19. 86
22. 22
24. 81
21.15
21.83

21.24
20. 70
21.04
19. 72
22. 26
23.72
23. 58
20. 71

Total............................. ..........

80

2, 216

5.8

49.6

48.7

98

.437

21. 68

21. 28

Machinists:
District 1____________________
District 2_______ _____ _____
District 3_________ __ ______
District 4____ __ _ ________
District5______ __ ________
District 6_____ ______ ______
District 7____________________
District 8____________________

6
14
14
6
8
9
1
9

115
115
66
22
14
53
0)
24

5.9
5.9
5.7
5.6
6.0
5.9
0)
6.1

48.0
47.9
49.1
48.3
49.1
50.2
0)
49.1

49.2
48.9
50.6
45.5
51.7
51.2
C1)
51.1

103
102
103
94
105
102
0)
104

.679
.688
.651
.707
.694
.737
0)
.684

32. 59
32. 96
31. 96
34.15
34.08
37. 00
0)
33. 58

33. 42
33. 63
32. 94
32.17
35. 87
37. 76
0)
34. 97

Total.......................................

67

411

5.9

48.6

49.6

102

.687

33. 39

34. 08

Machine hands:
District 1___......... ................
District 2___________________
District 3______________ _____
District 4_______ ____________
District 5______ _____________
District 6______________ _____

3
5
8
2
2
2

47
6
17
2
4
2

5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
4.8
6.0

48.0
47.5
49.4
48.0
48.0
54.0

46.2
47.3
49.1
46.5
38.8
50.8

96
100
99
97
81
94

.597
.523
.620
.635
. 547
.609

28. 66
24. 84
30.63
30. 48
26. 26
32. 89

27. 58
24. 70
30. 44
29. 55
21. 21
30. 89

T otal..................... ................

22

78

5.7

48.4

40.7

96

.596

28. 85

27. 79

Millwrights:
District 1____________ _______
District 2________ ___________
District 3____________________
District 4_______________ ____
District 5..............
...............
District 6______ _____________
District 7____________________
District 8....................................

8
15
13
6
8
3
2
5

133
136
109
31
26
6
2
10

5.8
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.2
6.0
6.0
6.2

48.5
47.8
50.0
48.2
49.4
49.0
57.5
48.0

51.3
51.3
51.6
52.6
53.2
48.5
59.0
51.7

106
107
103
109
108
99
103
108

.675
.613
.644
.621
.617
.651
.617
.642

32. 74
29. 30
32. 20
29. 93
30.48
31.90
35. 48
30. 82

34. 65
31.46
33. 21
32. 66
32.81
31.58
36. 40
33.19

Total........................................

60

453

5.9

48.7

51.6

106

.640

31.17

33.04

! Included in total.




88

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-tim e
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

T a b le

M AIN T E N A N C E AND REPAIR D E P A R T M E N T —Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­ worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
cent of
age
full­ hours
full
earn­
time actually
time
ings
hours worked actually
per
per
in one
week
week worked hour

Aver­
age
fulltime
earnings
per
week

1
j! Aver­
! age
earn­
1 ings
made
in one
week

$28. 21
23. 66
25. 69
28.23
28. 48
29. 60
0)
33. 73

$28.50
23.11
24. 20
28.06
27. 54
24. 25
0)
27. 36

males —continued

Painters:
District 1-____ ______ ______ _
District 2____________________
D istrict3______ ____ ________
District 4____ _______________
District 5_______________ ____
District 6 .____ ______________
District 7____________________
District 8.................... ................

9
12
14
5
7
7
1
7

76
66
47
11
25
17
(0
13

5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5. 7
5.4
0)
5.0

48.3
48.0
49.7
48. 5
49. 7
50.6
0)
50.5

48.8
46.9
46.8
48. 2
48.1
41.4
(!)
40.9

101 $0. 584
98
.493
94
.517
99
.582
97
.573
82
.585
0)
0)
81
.668

62

258

5.7

49.0

47.0

96

.551

27.00

25. 91

Plumbers and pipe fitters:
District 1........... ............ ..........
District 2____ _____ _________
District 3........... .......... ...........
District 4____________________
District 5____ ______________
District 6____________________
District 7________ _____ _ .
District 8______ _____________

9
15
16
6
10
8
3
7

116
140
102
26
36
29
5
22

5.8
5.9
6.1
5.6
6.3
6.0
6.0
5.9

48.3
47.8
50.0
48.5
50.6
49.9
56.0
48.0

47.8
48.0
52.9
45.6
55. 6
50.0
56.5
47.3

99
100
106
94
110
100
101
99

.691
.615
.644
.609
.669
.702
.493
.642

33. 38
29. 40
32. 20
29. 54
33.85
35. 02
27. 61
30. 82

33. 06
29. 50
34.06
27. 75
37.16
35.12
27. 84
30. 37

Total.................... ...................

74

476

5.9

48.9

49.6

101

.648

31. 69

32.19

Repairers: 23
District 1_________ ______ _
District 2_______ ___________
District 3____________________
District 4____________________
District 5____________________
District 6____________________
District 7____________ _____ .
District 8_________ . ______

7
14
15
7
9
6
5
8

265
153
93
42
67
20
9
26

5.7
5.8
6.0
6.0
5.8
6.2
6.0
5.7

48.0
47.8
50.5
48.7
50.8
52.5
56.1
47.8

48.1
44.6
49.9
50.2
51.6
51.7
59.8
44.3

100
93
99
103
102
98
107
93

.694
.626
.573
.602
.617
. 685
. 556
.597

33.31
29. 92
28. 94
29. 32
31.34
35. 96
31.19
28. 54

33. 40
27. 96
28. 59
30. 23
31.84
35. 42
33.21
26.46

71

675

5.8

48.9

48.2

99

.643

31.44

30.95

1________ ___________
2____________________
3____________________
4____________________
5______ ____________
6 ___________________
7____________________
8 .............. ............ ........

5
13
11
5
7
7
1
6

89
73
44
12
17
13
0)
9

5.4
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.9
0)
6.0

48.0
47.8
49.5
48.0
49.1
51.8
0)
48.7

44.6
47.5
49.4
47.2
49.7
47.6
0)
48.3

93
99
100
98
101
92
0)
99

. 745
.582
.624
.639
.660
.678
0)
.681

35. 76
27. 82
30. 89
30. 67
32.41
35.12
(!)
33.16

33. 25
27. 63
30. 86
30.13
32. 77
32. 24
0)
32. 93

T otal..................................

T o t a l_________ ___________
Tinners:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

T o t a l .....................................

55

258

5.8

48.5

47.1

97

.660

32. 01

31.06

Other skilled occupations: 24
District 1_____________ _____ _
District 2__............. ...................
District 3................. ............. .
District 4 . . . ____ ____________
District 5__________ _____ ___
District 6________ ___________
District 7.................... ................
ibistrict 8_____ _____ ________

9
16
15
6
11
8
1
6

323
176
183
34
89
26
0)
25

5.8
6.0
6.1
5.9
6.0
5.7
0)
5.8

48.0
48.1
51.7
48.2
51.5
53.1
0)
49.4

49.2
48.6
51.9
48.9
52.1
50.2
0)
48.4

103
101
100
101
101
95
0)
98

.578
.576
.542
.550
.575
.622
0)
.626

27.74
27. 71
28. 02
26. 51
29. 61
33. 03
0)
30. 92

28. 48
28. 03
28.16
26. 88
29. 96
31. 20
0)
30. 29

T ota l.......................................

72

862

5.9

49.4

50.0

101

.571

28. 21

28. 57

» Included in total.
23 Includes belt men, box makers, brush makers, brush repairers, calkers, door canvassers, harness makers,
plasterers, plugmen, pump repairers, rope repairers, saw filers, tool grinders, truckmen, upholsterers, welders,
wheelmen, and wheelwrights.
24 Includes assistant foremen, boiler washers, cranemen, m jlders, oilers, pattern makers, pipe coverers,
roofers, steel men, stencil cutters, utility and general workers.




GENERAL TABLES

89

T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— C on td.
M A IN T EN AN C E AND REPAIR D E P A R T M E N T — C o n t in u e d

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­ Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
age
age
hours cent of age
ber of ber of ber of
full­
earn­
,
full
time actually1 time
estab­ em­
days 1 hours
ings
worked
lish­ ploy­
actually
worked
r
per
in one
ments
ees
per
worked
I
hour
in one week
week
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$24. 24
22. 32
24. 45
21. 36
28. 01
29.10
25.40

$23.86
21. 79
24.28
22. 57
28. 40
26.54
26. 00

males —continued

Blacksmiths’ helpers:
District 1................. ................
District 2........................... .........
District 3 .___________________
District 4____________________
District 5____________________
District 6............. .......................
District 8................. ................

6
10
8
4
4
5
4

26
16
10
4
9
6
5

5.7
5.8
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.7
6.0

48.0
47.6
48.8
48.0
50.2
50.0
50.4

47.3
46.5
48.5
50.8
£0.9
45.6
51.6

99 $0. 505
98
.469
99
.501
106
.445
101
.558
91
.582
102
.504

Total........................................

41

76

5.8

48.6

48.0

101

.506

24. 59

24. 30

Boiler makers’ helpers:
District 1................ ............ .......
District 2________ ___________
District 3________ ___________
District 5____ __________ ____
District 6........................ ..........

2
6
3
1
2

19
18
3
0)
2

5.7
5.7
6.0
0)
6.0

48.0
48.0
50.7
0)
51.0

45.0
44.3
51.3
0)
49.0

94
92
101
0)
96

.511
.469
.473
(0
.619

24. 53
22. 51
23. 98
0)
31. 57

22.97
20.78
24. 27
0)
30.31

T otal. ......................................
Carpenters’
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

14

45

5.8

48.3

45.4 |

94

.494

23. 86

22. 47

helpers:
1____________ _______
2 ...................................
3______________ _____
4________ ___________
5______ ___ _________
6____________________
7_______ ____________
8.................... ...............

7
7
6
4
6
5
2
2

23
54
18
6
10
10
3
6

5.5
5.8
5.8
6.0
5.8
5.8
5.7
5.8

48.5
47.9
49.7
50.0
51.0
51.2
56.7
52.0

46.4
47.3
46.5
48.3
48.9
48.0
53.2
51. 6

96
99
94
97
96
94
94
99

.463
.430
.458
.408
.461
.504
.458
.523

22. 46
20. 60
22. 76
20. 40
23. 51
25. 80
25. 97
27. 20

21. 46
20.34
21.31
19.71
22. 52
24.15
24. 34
26. 96

Total.......................................

39

130

5.8

49.3

47.6

97

.452

22. 28

21. 50

Electrical workers’ helpers:
District 1............. ......... ............
District 2................................
District 3_..................................
District 4................. .................
District 5...................................
District 6_______ ____________
District 7......... ........................ .
District 8...................................

6
8
12
3
4
4
1
4

34
15
26
4
6
8
0)
5

5.8
6.3
5.7
5.5
5.8
5.8
0)
6.0

48.0
48.0
50.7
48.0
48.7
48.8
0)
48.6

47.0
53.7
47.1
43.9
55.9
47.6
0)
49.3

98
112
93
91
115
98
0)
101

.468
.494
.452
.461
.421
. 557
0)
.524

22.46
23. 71
22. 92
22. 13
20. 50
27.18
0)
25.47

21. 96
26. 53
21. 35
20. 22
23. 53
26.47
0)
25.84

Total........................................

42

99

5.8

48.9

48.7

100

.476

23.23

23.16

I

Machinists’ helpers:
District 1......... ..........................
District 2............................. .......
District 3............. ........... ..........
District 4_____ ______ _______
District 5.................... ................
District 6.................. .................
District 8.................... ................

5
8
10
5
5
7
3

26
31
25
8
6
14
6

5.8
5.6
5.5
6.3
6.2
5.9
6.0

48.0
47.8
48.8
48.8
50.0
52.3
48.0

50.8
46.2
45.4
60.5
54.1
51.6
48.8

106
97
93
124
108
99
102

.505
.448
.462
.536
.527
.541
.498

24. 24
21.41
22. 55
26.16
26.35
28. 29
23. 90

25. 63
20. 70
21. 01
32.43
28. 50
27.93
24.28

Total...................................... .

43

116

5.8

48.8

49.2

101

.490

23.91

24.14

Millwrights’ helpers:
District 1___ ______ _________
District 2 .____ ______________
District 3____ _______________
District 4______ _________
District 5______ _____________
District 6________ ___________
District 8________ ___________

5
11
10
4
3
1
2

22
36
30
8
8
0)
3

5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.1
0)
6.3

48.5
47.7
50.3
48.0
48.0
0)
48.0

54.5
50.5
51.8
51.0
56.9
0)
52.3

112
106
103
106
119
0)
109

.474
.462
.472
.421
.491
0)
.498

22. 99
22.04
23.74
20. 21
23. 57
0)
23. 90

25. 83
23. 32
24.47
21. 49
27. 95
0)
26. 07

Total.................................... .

36

108

6.0

.468
22.74
" ::

24. 44

1Included in total.




48.6
52.2 1
:—------ =------------

107

90
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per tveek, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Contd.

able

M A IN T E N A N C E A N D R E P A I R D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

A ver­
age
N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of num­
ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­
worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
of
age
hours cent
full­
full
earn­
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually per
per
in one worked hour
week week

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

98 $0. 457
.455
96
97
.482
99
.456
99
. 505
99
. 552
0
0
89
.481

$22. 16
21. 79
24.24
21. 89
24. 24
27. 93
0
23. 71

$21. 73
21.03
23. 65
21. 76
24. 08
27. 54
0)
21. 14

males —continued

Plumbers’ and pipe fitters’ helpers:
District 1 ______ . . _ .. .
_____
District 3____________________
District 4____________________
District 5 _............... .................
District 6________
District 7__.........
_ _______
______ _________ _
Total........... ................. .......... 1
Repairers’ helpers:
District 1_____ ______ _______
District 2______ _____________
District 3____________________
District 4 ..______ _________ _
District 5____________ ______
District 6___________________
District8 - ____ ____________

8
48. 5
100
5.8
14
District872........-5. -7 _____
47. 9
13
57
50.3
5.8
4
11
48.0
5.8
3
5. 9
10
48.0
7
50. 6
26
6.1
1
0)
(0
0)
District
78__ 5. 4, 49.3
6

47. 5
46. 2
49. 0
47.7
47. 7
49.9
0)
44.0

56

300

5.8

48.9

47. 7

98

.472

23.08

22. 51

7
7
9
6
1
3
2

26
19
20
12
7
2

5. 5
5. 9
6. 0
6.0
0)
5. 7
5.5

48. 0
47. 7
49.4
51. 0
0)
49. 7
46.5

45. 6
46. 8
49. 7
49.9
0
46.9
44.3

95
98
101
98
(0
94
95

.511
.464
.493
.396
0
. 577
.494

24. 53
22.13
24. 35
20. 20
0
28. 68
22. 97

23.21
21. 77
24. 50
19. 73
0
27.08
21. 87

0

36

89

5.8

48. 8

47.7

98

.484

23. 62

23. 11

Tinners’ helpers:
District 1 ______
District 2 ..____ _____________
D is tr ic t3 ___ _ __________
District 4____
_______ _ __
District 5______ ____________
District 6______________
District 8___________________

3
8
8
4
3
4
1

20
30
20
7
6
4
0)

5. 8
6. 0
5.8
6.0
5.3
6. 0
0)

48. 0
47. 7
50.2
48.0
48.0
51. 0
0)

45. 9
49.0
49.9
48.3
43.3
48.3
0

96
103
99
101
90
95
0)

. 451
.471
.497
.425
.441
. 529
0

21. 65
22. 47
24. 95
20. 40
21. 17
26. 98
0

20. 66
23. 07
24. 83
20. 50
19. 06
25. 53
0

T otal.......................................

31

88

5.8

48.5

48.0

99

.471

22. 84 | 22.59

T o t a l..._______ __________

M ISCELLANEOU S EM PLOYEES, ALL D EPA R T M EN T S
MALES

Branders, markers, stampers,
stencilers, and taggers:
District 1___________ ____ ____
District 2____________ _______
District 3 ....................................
District 4___ ____ _____ _____
District 5______ _____________
District 6_______ ____________
District 7_______________ ____
District 8 .. ____ _____________
Total......................................

10
14
16
5
9
10
2
6

142
56
169
28
59
35
16
16

5.7
5.8
5.7
5.9
5.6
5.6
5.9
5.6

48.0
49.1
49.3
48.2
48.9
53.0
55.0
48.8

48.2
49.0
47.9
55.0
45.9
45.0
59.3
46.3

100 $0.483
100
.473
.452
97
114
.434
94
.345
85
.499
108
.379
95
. 459

$23.18
23. 22
22.28
20.92
16. 87
26. 45
20.85
22. 40

$23. 28
23.16
21. 65
23. 85
15. 83
22. 46
22.48
21.28

72

521

5.7

49.3

48.4

98

.450

22.19

21. 79

Elevator operators:
District 1_________ _______ _
District 2_______________ ____
District 3 . ____________ _____
District 4_______________ ____
District 5........... .......... ... ..........
District 6 ._____ _____________
District 7________ ___________
District 8 ..................... .............

8
11
14
6
10
9
2
8

111
43
110
30
71
40
5
24

5.7
6.0
5.9
5.9
5.6
5.9
5.4
6.0

48.1
48.7
50.2
48.6
50.6
53.4
55.0
49.3

55.7
53.2
53.7
55.5
53.5
53.8
53.3
52.4

116
109
107
114
106
101
97
106

.470
.482
.427
.410
.450
.493
.333
.447

22. 61
23. 47
21.44
19.93
22. 77
26. 33
18. 32
22.04

26.15
25. 65
22.96
22. 73
24. 08
26. 49
17. 73
23.41

T ota l.......................................

68

434

5.8

49.8

54.2

109

.452

22.51

24. 50

i Included in total.




91

GENERAL TABLES
T

A .— Average number of days on which employees worked, average full-time
and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent
of full time worked, 1927, by department, occupatio7i, sex, and district— C on td .

able

M ISCELLAN EO U S E M P LO Y E E S, A L L D E P A R T M E N T S —Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
N um ­ N um ­ num­
ber of ber of ber of
estab­ em­
days
lish­ ploy­
worked
ments
ees
in one
week

Aver­ Aver­
Per
Aver­
age
age
of
age
hours cent
full­
full
earn­
time actually time
ings
hours worked actually
per
in one
per
week week worked hour

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
made
in one
week

$24.94
25. 89
24. 35
23.13
27. 40
28. 51
23. 34
27.81

$27.03
26. 78
24. 23
23.91
27. 53
26.16
24. 25
28. 40

males—continued

Scalers and weighers:
District 1____________________
District 2 _ _ ............................... ..................
District 3 ..................................
District 4____________________
District 5____________________
District 6_____ ______________
District 7....................................
District 8...................... .............

10
13
16
6
12
9
3
7

171
89
243
40
135
41
11
27

5.8
6.0
5.9
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.0

47.6
49. 4
50.2
49.1
51.4
52.5
56.8
48.2

51.6
51.1
49.9
50.8
51.6
48.2
59.0
49.3

108 $0. 524
.524
103
99
.485
103
.471
100
.533
92
.543
104
.411
102
.577

76 i

757

5.8

49.9

50.8

102

.512

25. 55

25.99

6
9
14
2
5
6

62
46
107 .
21
8

5. 4
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.6
5.3

47.9
48.4
50.0
48.0
49.6
54.0

48.5
49.8
47.1
49.2
47.1
46.2

101
103
94
103
95
86

.346
.291
.305
.268
.315
.480

16. 57
14. 08
15. 25
12.86
15. 62
25.92

16. 79
14. 50
14. 37
13.19
14. 82
22.19

42

259

5.7

49. 2

48.0

98

.317 ! 15. 60

15.20

Branders, workers, stampers,
and stencilers:
District 1......... ..........................
District 2________ _____ _____
District 3._ __________ ______
District 5____________ ______
District 6______ _____________
District 7____________________
District 8_______ ____________

5
3
5
5
1
1
1

16
10
7
13
0)
0)
0)

5.9
5.8
5.1
5.2
0)
0)
0)

48.0
48.0
50. 6
49.5
(0
0)
0)

43.5
44.7
41.1
43.7
0)
0)
0)

91
93
81
88

.396
.362
.323
.353
0)
0)
0)

19. 01
17. 38
16. 34
17. 47
0)
0)
0)

17. 21
16.17
13.29
15. 45
0)
0)
0)

Total____ ................................

21

49

5.6

48.9

43.2

88

.364

17. 80

15. 72

94
90

.391
0)
.308
0)
.315
.353

18. 73
0)
15. 49
0)
15. 62
16. 94

18. 61
0)
14. 45
0)
14. 69
15.16

96

.350 j

17.15

16.44

Total.................. ................... .
Door men:
District
District
District
District
District
District

1_..................................
2____________________
3____________________
4____________________
5 ..____ _____________
6____________________

T otal.................................
FEMALES

Scalers and weighers:
District 1_______ ____________
District 2______ ___ _______
District 3 _____________ _____
District 4_______________ ____
District 5_____ _________ _____
District 8 .............. .....................
Total.......................................

1Included in total




0)
0)
0)

|
4
1
9
1
7
2

51
0)
24
0)
36
4

5.5
0)
5.8
0)
5.7
5.5

47.9
0)
50.3
(0
49.6
48.0

47.6
0)
47.0
0)
46.6
43.0

24 |

117

5.6

49.0

47.0

99
0)
0)

93

T

able

B . — Average and classified earnings per hour for employees in 31 typical occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and district

[District 1, Chicago. District 2, Kansas C ity, Omaha, St. Joseph, St. Louis, and East St. Louis. District 3, Austin (M inn .), Cedar Rapids, Des Moines, Mason City, Milwaukee,
Ottumwa, Sioux City, Sioux Falls, South St. Paul, Topeka, Waterloo, and Wichita. District 4, Dallas, Fort W orth, Houston, and Oklahoma City. District 5, Buffalo, Cin­
cinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Indianapolis, and Pittsburgh. District 6, Boston, New Haven, New York, Philadelphia, and Springfield (Mass.). District 7, Baltimore, Jack­
sonville, and Moultrie. District 8, Denver, Los Angeles, Portland, San Francisco, Seattle, and Tacoma]

N um ber of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—

Sex, occupation, and district

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

N um ­
ber of
wage
earners

A ver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

80
85
75
90
45
50
65
35
55
60
70
30
40
25
95
U n­ and
$1
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and
der
under
under
under
under
under under under under under under under under under
under under
25 under
85
90
80
95
75
50
55
65
70
40
45
60
35
30
$1.25
cents
$1
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents

$1.50
and
under
$1.75

1

1

1

1

AND

$1.25
and
under
$1.50

MALES

1
2
3

4
5

6
7

8

Total

............................

T o t a l . ..................................




25
44
18
10
5
6
3
8

51

119

.662

6
14
12
4
8
2
2
7

26
51
32
14
13
5
2
9

.535
. 537
. 557
. 547
. 626
. 883
.395
.567

55

152

.556

$0. 616
!
. 695
|
. 627
1
. 640
. 705
j
. 971
. 522 -------- --i
.643
1

1

|

(

11
14
11

4
4
3

2
1
2

3

1

4

2

2

1

i
1
i___
_i______
1
\
!

!
:

i
1

■

1

2

1

6

24

i
3

18
32
14

1
6
2

--------

1 !

1

1
1

1

2

1
2
39

5

2

6
11
6
2

5

3
1
1
1

2
19

9

1
1
1
3

3
2
2

2

1
1

1
1
14

1

7
67

37

6

5

.

. . . 1--------

i
i

6
10
1
5

!
:

1
2
1

|

13

6

8

2

3

8

3

!
!
I
1
____ 1!

I

1
3

!
i
!
i
i
1
1
-------- 1---------

2

3

3

INDUSTRY

Leg breakers:
District 1
District 2
District 3
District 4
District 5
District 6
District 7
District 8

6
15
8
4
4
3
3
8

MEAT-PACKING

Headers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

SLAUGHTERING

C A T T L E -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T

109538°— 29-

Floormen or siders:
District 1______________
District 2______________
District 3______________
District 4______________
District 5______________
District 6______________
District 7______________
District 8__ ___________

58
100

45
23
20
13
4
17

.864
.874
.847
.850
.852
.. 482
.673
.825

20

46
19
15

1

27

12
12

1
1

24
4
5
1

11

4
1

2

T ota l...........................
.618
.553
.561
.547
.615
.810
.521
.617

T ota l________________

.844
.862
.862
.850
.824
1.473
.644
.852

T o t a l . ................ .........

.876

1........................
2______________
3______________
4______________
5______________
6______________
7..........................
8______________

T o t a l . . . - ......................




162
329
139
92
73
28
20
31
72

5
3

7
14
*4
4
1

....
4

.587

1______________
2___............. .
3______________
4______________
5___.___________
6__ "_____ _____
7______________
8.........................

Laborers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

10

35
16
23
13

66

.462
.466
.456
.396
.430
.605
.292
.460

2
14
2

.451

29

2

22

7
46
2

81
140

66

10

36
1

2

16
77

43
13
24
10

2

5

25
34
15

5
16

....
....

13
17
7

TABLES

Splitters:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

125

4
19

GENERAL

Gutters and bung droppers:
District 1______________
District 2................... ......
District 3__.....................
District 4.......__............ .
District 5______________
District 6_____________
District 7______________
District 8___ __________

16

2

10

1

2

“~ _

25

16

CO
CO

T a b l e B . — Average and classified earnings per hour for employees in 81 typical occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and district

C ontd.

H O G -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T
N um ber of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—
A ver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

85
90
80
75
65
70
55
60
35
40
45
50
25
30
$1.25
95
$i
U n­
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and
der under
under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under
25
95
90
85
75
70
80
65
60
55
45 1 50
35
40
30
$1.25 $1.50
$1
cents
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents
1

MALES

Laborers:1
nixtTipf l/Jiil
1
Litt -I------- - ————
T^ictnV»l 9

68

818

.442

ft
u-------------- ---- --------7
ft

13
16
3
11
5
2
6

g
13
19
3
11
5
2
7

.662
.629
.646
.549
.634
.620
.551
614

T otal___________ _________

61

68

.631

6
15
16
4
11
5

47
91
175
9
152
55

.560
.528
.512
.593
. 532
. 559

District 4----------------------------T^ictripf A
1'kjQ^r»inf 7
T~^i‘■jftMof k
T otal......................................
Stickers:
1^icfri nf "1
7 )ictrio
9
Id11ILi~
L £----------------------------O------- -------- ---------T"^i«strir*t
T^i^tript
T^icfripf

Shavers and scrapers:
JJlol/I it t J---------------. . . . . . . . .
T^iQtrint 9
1^i ri of- 4.
llsQtript ^
District 6................................ -




1
14
3

7
4
8
2

2
23
54
9
19

3
1

3

18

21

108

15
35
39

9
21
15

4
9
11

5
8

1

29
44
4
3

22
13
1
3

6
11

5
7

1

344 : 169

84

41

25

1
2
1
2

1
1
4
2
1
3

2

.2

2

8

14

23

18
43
52
5
21
15

14
9
26
1
40
12

9
12
17
2
25
9

23
90
136
2
76 i
8
3 1
6 1

2

1

2

2

1

4
7
6

1
4
4

2

3
1

3

1

1

1

4

1
4
25

2
15
48

22 !
5 i1

27
8

12

4

2
3

3
3
2

11
1

1
2 ;!

i

1
i

1

__
1

..........1_____
1

3

i !

1

1

2
2

1

i

INDUSTRY

$0. 476
.453
.428
.307
.440
.493
. 361
.444

MEAT-PACKING

58
197
260
33
159
84
14
13

AND

6
16
16
4
13
6
2
5

$1.50
and
under
$1.75

SLAUGHTERING

Sex, occupation, and district

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
estab­ wage
lish­
ments earners

l

1
1
1
1
1 i

1 -

i

District 7..................................
District 8........................... .......

2
6

12
26

.507
.615

T otal............ ......................

.535

6
15
16
4
12
5
2
6

26
39
75
5
41
22
3
8

.584
.576
.566
.612
.623
.581
.567
.692

T otal..................... ................

66

219

.589

6
15
16
3
12
5
2
4

26
42
49
3
32
11
2
4

.644
.639
.623
.642
.618
.597
.621
.736

63

169

.630

Splitters:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1____ ______________
2___________________
3_______ ________
4___ ____________ _
5________ __________
6___________ _______
7_______ _________
8___________________

T otal.......... ....................... .

2

1

2

4
2

4
10

1
6

1
1

58

102

160

116

81

19

1
6

9
17
20

6
9
16
2
14
3

1
|
9 j

2
2

3
7
1
1

8
8
23
2
5
5
1
1

2

3
3
5
1
13
4
1
2

4

11

58

53

52

32

1
1

1
2

3
3
8

1
2
5

1

5
1
1

3
5

11
23
17
2
11
3

8
6
10
1
10
1

4

21

16

67

39

4

!

3
1
1

2

1

[
1

2
11

1

2

2 |

1

1

2

2
i
!
!
1

1
1
3

1
1

5

2

1

1
3
4

2

2
2

1

1
j

1

j
|

1
i

2
1
1
1
8

[
i
- ........1..........

8

2

i

1

1

11

2
3

TABLES

567

1

GENERAL

65

Gutters, bung droppers, and
rippers-open:
District 1_____ _____________
District 2___________________
District 3___________________
District 4___________________
District 5___________________
District 6 .______ ___________
District 7____ ______________
District 8 ___________________

..........

OFFAL (OTHER T H A N HID ES AN D CASINGS) D E P A R T M E N T
M ALES

Trimmers:
District 1___________________
District 2___________________
District 3___________________
District 4___________________
District 5___________________
District 6________ __________
D istrict8 ______ ___________
T o t a l2.......... ...................

7
16
16
5
12
8
5

97
210
197
37
93
41
8

$0. ,504
. 567
.507
.519
.526
.581
.513

70

684

.532

2

4

1
7

3
6
2

2

2

4

10

11

3
14
34
12
19

38
42
43
5
8
8

9
36
30
1
14
6
1

2
15
6

1

43
61
46
9
26
12
4

83

201

145

97

44

15
4
2

12
13
1
2
5
3

2

4

5
1
1
3

3
2

26

12

10

1
5
1

2

i

2
2

1

3

2

1

1

9

4 |

1
2

i
7

11

8

I

1 Includes drivers, penners, steamers, singers, washers, aitchbone breakers, and toe pullers.
2 Includes data for 1 establishment for which the details are not shown.




CD

T a b l e B . — Average and classified earnings per hour for employees in 81 typical occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and district— C on td.

SO

O F F A L (O T H E R T H A N H ID E S A N D C A S IN G S ) D E P A R T M E N T — Continued
Num ber of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—

m ales

A ver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

90
85
80
75
65
70
60
25
45
55
30
35
50
40
$1.25
95
$1
U n­ and and
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and
der under under under
under under under under under under under under under under under under under under
25
95
90
85
75
80
65
60
70
50
55
30
35
45
40
$1.25 $1.50
$1
cents cents cents cents
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents

$1.50
and
under
$1.75

—continued
3
11
11
4
2
2

7
12
7
2
2

10

60

33

32

2
4
3
2

3
7
4

13

11
8
7
1
13

21

60

41

11

16

6

2
3
5
3
3

9
16
10
1
4
3

3
8

3
5
6

1
3

1

3

1

1

1

16

43

21

15

5

2

47
75
38
11
13
6

$0.635
.573
.556
.482
.511
.493

1

47

194

.573

1

3
8
5
3
3

29
36
51
9
32

. 366
.372
.433
.343
.355

3
1

1
8
5
2

24

169

.373

4

4
10
7
3

15
33
33
6
17
6

.353
.359
.374
.282
.323
.299

110

.348

6

1
3
3
3

7
13
1

10
2
2

4
1

1

1

2

1

1

4
4

1

8

1

1

MEAT-PACKING

T o t a l».................................

10
31
10
1
4
4

13
10
4
7
5

AND

Tripe scrapers and finishers:
District 1
District 2
District 3
District 4
District 5
District 8

i
22

14

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

5

2

3

3

FEMALES

Trimmers:
District
District
District
District
District

1
2
3
4
5

Miscellaneous workers:4
District 1
District 2
District 3
District 4
District 5
District 7
Total




4

2
30

2
4
6

1
4
1

1

2

1
1

3

1

1

1

1

INDUSTRY

T o t a l3...................................

12
16
14

SLAUGHTERING

Sex, occupation, and district

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
estab­ wage
lish­
earners
ments

1.........

i

CASIN G D E P A R T M E N T
MALES
Casing pullers or runners:
District 1___________________
District 2_________________
District 3___________________
District 4_______________. . .
District 5 __________________
District 6_ ________________
District 7 _________________
District 8__ ..................... .

92
161
161
35
47
79
6
28

$0. 548
.551
.530
.495
.530
.570
.576
.544

.................................

68

609

.542

Strippers:
District 1_ __________ ______
District 2___________________
District 3. ________________
District 4. ________________
District 5 ______ __________
District 6. _ _____ __________
D istrict8 __ _______ ______

3
13
8
6
6
8
8

59
81
59
21
20
26
12

.481
.512
.538
.456
.486
.499
.513

|
|
1

Total 2................ ...................

53

279

.505

!

Total

Total......................... ............

4
15
11
4
7
4
6

34
85
53
14
18
16
13

51

233

Blowers, graders, and inspectors:
District 1....... ...........................
District 2 _ _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _
District 3............................... .
District 6 ..........................................
District 8.............. ...................

3
9
7
2
5

71
73
59

Total 2_..................................

27

221

.531
.541
.549
.447
.570
.620
.486
539

!

3

2
7
7

2
1
1

1

2
7
2

2

2

2

8

4
3
1
5

103

216

127

60

27

7

3

5

8
6
4
5
1
2
2

36
37
14
6
8
11
2

11
12
16
7
6
10
4

3
17
15

1
9
4

2

2

1

3
1
3

1

1
..........t..........
i
i

28

114

66

43

16

2

1

i

3
7
7
1
1

9
24
20
5
4
4
2

10
16
13
1
3
1
1

4
10
1

1
1
1

5

2

7
22
6
2
3
3
.7

1
1

5

21

50

68 !

45

21

4
9
7

4

5

2

4

1
1
5
!
1

43

7
27
13

1

1

6
30
26
13
8
12

29
29
31
5
11
16
1

1
1

9
3
14
6
5
6

35
54
68
11
16
22
2
8

4
1

1
2

i
!

1

3

3

4

4

i i
i

1
i |

i

2
1
4

3
1

1

TABLES

Trimmers of casings:
District 1___________________
District 2___________________
D istrict3________________ __
District 4_________________
District 5________________ __
District 6___________________
District 8___________________

3

2
2 i
6

1 1
1
i

8

3

GENERAL

5
16
14
5
9
8
2
9

2

i

5

4

2

1

I

FEM ALES

11

6

!
.397
i
.375
.383 _____ !_____
.352
.379

18
33
23
1
2

25
17
24
10
3

20
14
4

.384

77

80

38

_____ ' .......... L .
___ L........ L .

1
1

20

5

1

!

!

i

i
\

! -

.

i ____
1
!
i

i

1
2 Includes data for 1 establishment for which details are not shown.
8 Includes data for 2 establishments for which details are not shown.




< Includes washers and tripe washers, scalders, cookers, scrapers, and finishers.

CD
^1

T

able

B . — Average and classified earnings per hour for employees in SI typical occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and district— C on td.
C U T T IN G —FR E S H B EE F D E P A R T M E N T

Number of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—

Sex, occupation, and district

$1.50
and
under
$1.75

14
13
5
9
3
3
6

!
1
i
!
____________

_____

$0. 455
. 455
. 443
. 403
. 457
. 540
. 377
.442

60

1, 779 |

.451 !

7
11
15
8
3
2
8

142
107
113
40
40
6
20
31

. 815 i
. 763
. 698
. 878
. 787
.696
. 565
. 605

59

499

. 751

i
!

1

275
392
117
26
40
2
3
22

206
188
55
5
14
10

48
44
22
4
8
48

11
15
3
1
6
22

13

1

1

136 | 877

491

175

59

15

11

1

2
6
16

10
14
10

16
15
19

15
10
4

4

3

1

15
5
9
3
2

2
1

6
3

5
15

7
4
4
3

14
6
13
1
2
1
2
4

1
2

2

31

5!

71

47

43

37

1
4
8

3
16
6
3

4
! 84
i
9
9 i 37
1 1 1
1 (
1

2

2 !

li

1

1
2

i
|

i

3
6
1

l
i

i
j
I

|
i
2 1
1

2

10

2
8
1
4

1

4
6

!
1

!

1

1
;

1
i
i

I

!
I

1

6
8
3
2
3

5
7
4
3
7

1
3
2
3
1

18

22

26

10

3
6
1

3
3
5

3
1
7
2
3

1

1
1 !
7
2 !
6
i

19
4
3
3
4

2
1

77

33

3

8
2
11
3

3
1

35
16
12
9
3
1
1

16

C U T T IN G — F R E S H P O R K D E P A R T M E N T

MALES
Ham boners:
District 1
District 2
District 3
District 4....... ...........................




6
12
15
7

47
50
74
12

$0. 791
. 692
. 730
.897

1
3
......... |
1

5
1

12
6
11
1 !

1
3
9

1
4
10

11
1 !
1 i
3
i !..........

2 i:
2 !
1
1 |
!

1
1

INDUSTRY

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

547
732
209
82
75
92
5
37

MEAT-PACKING

Total.

$1.25
and
under
$1.50

MALES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Total
Boners:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

85
75
80
90
70
55
65
60
50
45
40
25
30
35
95
U n­ and
$1
and and and and 1 and and
and 1 and and and and and and and and
der under under
under
under
under under under
under under under under under under under under under
25
60
65
70
55
50
45
30
35 1 40
75 80 85 90 95 $1 $1.25
cents cents cents
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents

AND

Laborers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

A ver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

SLAUGHTERING

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
estab­ wage
lish­ earners
ments

District
District
District
District

5__________________
6___________________
7___________________
13

8 _ _ ______ ___________________

.665
.605
.515
.645

4 L
1

Total.................... . . . ..........

6 !

Trimmers and ham and shoulder
skinners:
District 1________________ __
District 2___________________
District 3___________________
District 4___________________
District 5___________________
District 6___________________
District 7___________________
Total 3...............................

112

129
253
18
54
36
13
55

29 !

.571
. 552
.558
.521
.564
.503
.552
. 556

182 j 122

22

95

40 |

2
3
1

1
1

6

5
2

1
2

1

1

15

10

4

123
284
241
8

T o t a l -- ..................

.454
.457
.389
.370
.365
. 461
.446

844

124

TABLES

142
37

GENERAL

FEMALES
Trimmers of trimmings:
District 1__________
District 2__________
District 3__________
District 4__________
District 5__________
District 6__________
District 8__________

i

162

SAU SAG E D E P A R T M E N T

MALES
Machine tenders: 9
District 1 .............................
District 2 _________________
District 3 ............ ....................
District 4 ________________
District 5 ________ _________
District 6_______ ____________
District 7 __________ ______
District 8_________________ .
T o t a l................................. .

8
15
15
7
13
6
3
9

56
104
96
33
55
29
10
19

76

402

$0. 522
. 513
.488
.488
.538
..541
.464
. 579
.513 !_____

1

7
1

2
2

1
1

9

2 Includes data for 1 establishment for which details are not shown.




3
7
21
8
11
2
1
53

25
48
27
19
10
8

3
22
11
1
9
4

3

15
18
20
2
6
11
3
6

4

5
5
5
1
6
1
2
1

140

81

54

26

1

2

1

1
1

1

1

1
1
I

6

1

4 Includes cutters, choppers, grinders, mixers, curers, and feeders.

CO
CO

T a b l e B . — Average and classified earnings per hour for employees in SI typical occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and district— C on td.
S A U S A G E D E P A R T M E N T —Continued

g

O

Num ber of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—
90
85
80
75
70
65
55
50
60
45
40
35
25
30
$1.25
95
$1
U n­ and
and and and
and and and and and and and and and and
der under under under under under under under under under under under under under under and and and
under under
under
25
95
90
85
80
70
75
45
65
60
40
50
55
35
30
$1.25 $1.50
$1
cents cents
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents

$1.50
and
under
$1.75

males —continued

Total

79
112
75
17
61
41
9
23

76

417 !

.565

8
14
16
7
13
5
4
9

192
268
247
88
183
73
58
66

.398
.412
.344
.361
.328
.327
.297
.372

76

1,175

.364

13 j
18
18
3
6
13

16
14
10
1
9
5
4
2

18
14
8
2 1
12
4
4

1

61

62

48

7
4
3
6

4

|

1

1

7
1
13
1
1

8

20
30
7
3
6
12
2
5

!

2

8

25

79

85

37
66
4
14
6

48
58
80
16
54
51
37
27

57
35
35
6
45
14
1
21

41
82
23
2
10
4

43
47
34
8
2

3
32
6
4

1

7

183

371

214

166

134

46

27

$0. 572
.587 I-------.534
i
.616
. 570
.550
.484
.565

2

i

7

1
i

9
16
12
6
4

2
10
2
1
6

1.
3
3
1

4
1
2
1

1
i

1
21

9

2

2
,!
'1

3

2

1

1

8

i
! !

1

2

2

--------2

FEM ALES

Linkers, twisters, tiers, and
hangers:
District 1
District 2
1/ lo VLIK/V o ---------. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DictTipt
-L/IoUl iOl/ 4
t. --------------- ---------. . .
l/lotl ll/t
-------------------------District 6
District 7
District 8
Total

6
15
5
6 I
1
26

50

4

1

1
I
I
;
!
1
1
_____ 1_____
!
_____ |I______
1
|

3

4

1

3

5
3
6

4
9

6

C U R E D -M E A T D E P A R T M E N T
M ALES

P ackers:8
Disitripf 1
District 3 ..................................




8
16
16

248
280
317

$0. 515
.479
.465

2

3
4

8
7

1
6
19

13
27
105

163
154
92

49
62
36

16
12
31

1
1

INDUSTRY

8
15
16
7
13
6
2
9

MEAT-PACKING

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

AND

Stuffers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

SLAUGHTERING

Sex, occupation, and district

ver­
N um ­ N um ­ Aage
ber of ber of earn­
estab­ wage
ings
lish­
earners
per
ments
hour

District
District
District
District
District

4
5
6
7
8

6
11

T o t a l..

76

P icklers:7
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1
2
3
4
5.
6
7
8

7

55
62
72

22

30

16
16
6

12

7
3

T o t a l..

10
1
5
1
1

.420
.468
.474
.372
.457

.506
.491
.496
.446
.494
.501
.509
.547

480

.497

21

16

11

7

6

22

26
1
11

2

11

14

2

236

.477

134
127
18
58
35
8
20

36

17

10

14

41
73
48
7
16

10

24
46
36
1

7
7
17

20

"~5~
3

14
1
7

2

2
GENERAL

CANNING D E P A R T M E N T
!
FEMALES

13
S
9
3
3

154
98
109
23

$0.409
.367
.324
.298
.317
.31 6
.346

To ta l......... ................................

43

849

.351

Labelers and wrappers:
District 1............................. ........
District 3 ______________________
District 4 ________ ______________
District 5 .......................... ...............
District 8 ................... ......................
Total *___............. ....................

4

6

4

2
3
2
2

14

186

211
68

101

5

12
7

7
42
33

20
8
7

24

117

11
1

4

.405
.280
.324
.373
.341

134

.385

12

14
5

8

50
72
78
39
51
54

6

350

51
3
5
3
62

52
64
23
13
25
5
4

35
42

186

94

8
1
2
1
5

11

11

4

3

18

14

1

26
17

1
2
1

19
4

4

1

1

i

!

1
1

i
i
!
i

j

47

24

5

2

7

5

5

7

2

1

7

5

5

7

2

1

•

TABLES

Packers (sliced bacon and chip­
ped dried beef in cans, glass
jars, or cartons, by hand):
District 1......................................
District 2 ..........................................
District 3 ______________________
District 4 __________ ___________
District 5 ______________________
District 6 ______________ ________
District 8 ............................ .............

______ L

1
i

1

|
!

2 Includes data for 1 establishment for which details are not shown.
8 Includes packers of beef, barrel pork, bellies, briskets, pig rinds, and smoked meat; dippers, vat men, sweet-pickle packers, burlap sackers, wrappers, nailers, car loaders, and car
stowers.
O
7 Includes pickle men, pickle makers, pumpers, and curers.




I—i
h-

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

102
T

able

C .— Average and classified full-time hours per week in 31 typical occupations,
1927, by department, sex, and district

[District 1, Chicago. District 2, Kansas Qjty, Omaha, St. Joseph, St. Louis, and East St. Louis. District 3,
Austin (M inn.), Cedar Rapids, Des Moines, Mason City, Milwaukee, Ottumwa, Sioux City, Sioux
Falls, South St. Paul, Topeka, Waterloo, and Wichita. District 4, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, and
Oklahoma City. District 5, Buffalo, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Indianapolis, and Pittsburgh. Dis­
trict 6, Boston, New Haven, New York, Philadelphia, and Springfield (Mass.). District 7, Baltimore,
Jacksonville, and Moultrie. District 8, Denver, Los Angeles, Portland, San Francisco, Seattle, and
Tacoma]
C A T T L E -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

N um ­ Num ­
ber of ber of
estab­ em­
lish­ ploy­
ments
ees

Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—

Un­
der
48

Over
48
and
under
54

48

Over
54
and
under
60

54

Over
60

60

MALES
Headers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1........ ........................ ......
2________________ _____
3___ _ _ ___ _________
4____
_ . _______
5___ ________
_______
6______________________
7_______________ ____
8___________ ____ ____ _

T otal........ ...................................

6
15
8
4
4
3
3
8
51 |

25
44
18
10
5
6
3
8
119 j

23
36
16
10
4
6

48.7
49. 1
48. 7
48.0
50. 4
48. 0
56. 7
48.4

1

6

1

49.0

1

101 |

10 I

6
14
12
4
8
2
2
7.

26
51
32
14
13
5
2
9

49.4
48.8
49.1
48. 0
49.9
48. 0
57. 5
48.7

22
45
26
14
8
5

T otal........ .......................... ........

55

152

49. 1

128

Floormen or siders:
District 1...... .......... ......................
District 2___
District 3_____________ ____ __
District 4____________ .
District 5___ __ ________
District 6__________________ _
District 7 . _____ _______
District 8........ ........................

8
15
13
5
9
3
3
9

58
100
45
23
20
13
4
17

48.4
49. 5
49. 6
48. 8
50. 3
48.0
56. 3
48.4

2

2

13

65

280

49.2

4

219

8
15
14
4
8
3
2
9

23
40
23
9
11
7
2
10

48.7
49.1
49. 3
48.0
50. 2
48.0
55. 0
48.3

1

63

125

49.0

8
15
14
5
8
3
3
9

32
48
25
13
10
10
3
9

48. 5
49. 2
49. 2
48.5
50.3
48.0
56. 7
48.3

1

1

7

150

49.1

2

122

Total__________ _________
bung droppers:
1______
_ _________
2______________________
3 ._____ _________
_ _
4______________ .
5_______ ________
6_______ ______ _______
7________ _____ _ _ _ _
8________________

T otal........ ..................................
Splitters:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1________________
2______ __
3________
_ _ .
4__________________
5__________________ _ _
6______________ _______
7............................... .
8________ _________

T otal________ _____ ___




2
1
1
2

1

5

2 1

i

Leg breakers:
District 1______________________
District 2________________ _____
District 3....... .............................
District 4................. ................... .
District 5.......... .............................
District 6___ __________________
District 7________
District 8___________ ________

Gutters and
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

7
2

65 !

3
6
4

20
33
18 !
9
5
7

1
1

8

53
77
33
20
10
13

4
3

4

10

12
12
3

1

1

8

2

3
11

8

2
3

1

17

3

2
8

29

5
5

2
2

tj

1
2

1
2

1

8
100
29
39
20
12
5
10

5

11

4
5
1

6

1

2
5
1

4
2

1

9

2

I
4

11

103

GENERAL TABLES
T

able

C . ' — Average and classified full-time hours per week in 81 typical occupations,

1927, by department, sex, and district— C on tin ued
C A T T L E -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
estab­ em­
lish­ ploy­
ments
ees

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per

week

Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—

Un­
der
48

Over
48
48

Over
54
54

an d
under

54
m ales—

and
under

60

Over
60

60

c o n tin u e d

Laborers:
District 1................. ......................
___
__District
_________
2
District 3__________ ____ ______
District 4______________________
District 5___ __________________
District 6_______ ______________
District 7____ _______ _ ______
District 8________ ___
______

8
15
15
5
12
3
5
9

162
329
139
92
73
28
20
31

48.3
49.5
49.0
49.2
51.3
49.3
56.3
48.7

3

1

26

Total________________________

72

874

49.4

4

665

153
247
116
73
25
25

66
23
19

6
16
11
3
5

1

15
37

19

1

36
|
36

4
112

H O G -K IL L IN G DEPAR TM EN T

MALES

Laborers:1
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

....................
1___ _
2____ _________________
3
_
_____
4___ _______ ____ ____
5
____
6
_ _ ______
7. _
__ _ ______
8_
__ _________

6
16
16
4
13
6
2
5

58
197
260
33
159
84
14
13

50.1
48.6
50.4
52.9
52.8
54.6
56.4
49.6

3

5

Total________________________

68

818

51.0

3

501

Stickers:
District 1___ _ __ ______ _
___ ____ ___________
District 2
District 3______________________
District 4_________
____ _____
District 5_____ ________________
District 6_ __
___
______
District 7______________________
District 8______________________

5
13
16
3
11
5
2
6

8
13
19
3
11
5
2
7

48.5
49.0
50.2
48.0
52.0
54.0
57.5
48.4

1

6
11
14
3
5
1

1

5

177
196
6
68
8

61

68

50.3

2

45

Shavers and scrapers:
District 1___ __________________
2
_______District
_______
3
______District
___ ___________
District 4
District 5______ _____ _________
District 6_____ _ _______
District 7______ _____ _________
District 8___ _________ ________

6
15
16
4
11
5
2
6

47
91
175
9
152
55
12
26

49.3
49.0
49.8
48.0
51.9
52.9
56.3
48.8

3

34
77
136
9
72
16

5

15

8

359

T otal_______________ _____

19
26
27

37

1
6

10

48
16
4

28

105

7

37
60
5
37

137

1
3

1
1

3
1
3

7

1
3

8

7
25

10
7
14

39
9

41
6
3

26

64

' 33
6

T otal........ .......... .......................

65

567

50.6

6
15
16
4
12
5
2
6

26
39
75
5
41
22
3
8

49.6
48.5
49.7
48.0
52.0
54.3
58.3
49.4

1

4

1

2

Total............................................

66

219

50.4

1

145

12

31

39

71

1
15

6
2
3

1

11
5
2

9

21

11
13

i Includes drivers, penners, steamers, singers, washers, aitchbone breakers, and toe pullers.




2
3
1
1

3

Gutters, bung droppers, and rippersopen:
District 1........................................
District 2
______________________
District 3________ _____________
District 4_ __ ______ _____ ____
District 5____ ____________ ____
District 6______________________
District 7........................................
District 8................... .....................

20
36
57
5
19
4

17
1

104
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

able

C .—

Average and classified full-time hours per week in 81 typical occupations,
1927, by department, sex, and district— Continued
H O G -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

N um ­ Num ­
ber of ber of
estab­ em­
lish­ ploy­
ments
ees

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—

Un­
der
48

Over
48
and
under
54

48

Over
54
and
under
60

54

Over
60

60

males —C ontinued

Splitters:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1________ _______ _____
2_______________ ______
3___ __________ _______
4_____________ ____ ___
5........ ............................ .
0........ ................... ............
7................... .................. .
8.....................................

T otal........ .................................

6
15
16
3
12
5
2
4

26
42
49
3
32
11
2
4

48. 6
49.1
50.1
48.0
51. 6
54.0
57.5
47.3

2

21
35
34
3
17
2

1

3

63

169

50.1

3

115

4
13

3
3
2

7
1

8
2
1

7

13

7

7

24

OFFAL (OTH ER T H A N H IDES AND CASINGS) D E PAR T M EN T
MALES

Trimmers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1........ ................. ..............
2______ ______ ______
3.......... ..............................
4...................... .................
5______ _______________
6........ ................. .............
8........................................

7
16
16
5
12
8
5

97
210
197
37
93
41
8

48. 2
49. 2
50.3
48.3
51.1
51.4
48.0

2

94
170
144
35
53
20
5

Total 2........................ .................

70

684

49.7

2

521

Tripe scrapers and finishers:
District 1........ ........................... .
District 2................................. .......
District 3........ ................................
District 4.......................................
District 5_________ _______ ____
District 8............ ............................

6
13
10
4
7
5

47
75
38
11
13
6

48.2
49.4
48.6
48.0
50. 7
48.0

46
61
34
11
7
6

47

194

49.0

167

1................................... .
2..................................... .
3........................................
4................................... .
5........ ................... ...........

3
8
5
3
3

29
36
51
9
32

48.0
48.2
49.3
48.0
53.6

29
35
42
9

Total 3 ................................. .

24
30
2

3
16
23

21

19
2

19
1
21

76

6
4

20
1
8

4
4

44

2
10

10

3

FEMALES

Trimmers:
District
District
District
District
District

1
7
3

29

3

37 1

Total 3.................... .....................

24

169

49.9

116

Miscellaneous workers: 4
District 1............ ................. .........
District 2..................... ................
District 3 ._ .....................................
District 4.......... .................. .........
District 5.......................... .............
District 7.........................................

4
10
7
3
4
2

15
33
33
6
17
6

48.0
48.5
50. 7
48.0
52. 6
55.8

15
30
20
6
4

13

Total............................................

30

110

49.2

75

27

1 Includes data for 1 establishment for which details are not shown.
1 Includes data for 2 establishments for which details are not shown.
« Includes washers and tripe washers, scalcjers, cookers, scrapers, and finishers.




2

ii

3
11

2

2
5

1

5

3

105

GENERAL TABLES
T a b le C .—

Average and classified full-time hours per week in 81 typical occupations,
1927, by department, sex, and district— Continued
CASING DEPARTMENT
Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
estab­ em­
lish­ ploy­
ments
ees

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

5
16
14
5
9
8
2
9

92
161
161
35
47
79
6
28

48.2
48.9
49.7
48.2
50.4
51.3
55.0
48.5

3

21

68

609

49.4

3

492

3
13
8
6
6
8
8

59
81
59
21
20
26
12

48.0
49.3
49.8
48.6
49.9
50.8
48.0

2

59
64
46
19
15
16
9

53

279

49.2

2

228

4
15
11
4
7
4
6

34
85
53
14
18
16
13

48.0
49.2
48.5
50.1
50.1
49.1
49.4

34
69
49
o
12
13
10

51

233

49.0

196

Blowers, graders, and inspectors:
District 1
- _______________
District 2
___________________
District 3
- _________________
District 6
District 8

3
9
7
2
5

71
73
59
11
6

48.0
48.6
48.3
48.0
47.5

7
3

1

71
66
56
11
5

Total 2__........................... ..........

27

221

48.3

1

210

10

Sex, occupation, and district

Un­
der
48

48

Over
48
and
under
54

54

Over
54
and
under
60

60

Over
60

MALES

Casing pullers or runners:
District 1________ _____ _______
District 2_________ ______ _____
District 3............ ........... ...............
District 4.........................................
District 5______________ ____ __
District 6 .......................................
District 7 _ _
.
.
District 8 __
T otal___ _______ ___________
Strippers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1___ __
2 __ _
3
4
. .
5
6___ __
8 _ . _

Total 2_ _

____ _
_ _
. . .

_____________

Trimmers of casings:
District 1
District 2
District 3
District 4 _ _ .
District 5
. _
District 6
District 8
____
T otal___

_ _

_ ........... .........

89
138
133
34
33
44

14
11
1

3
9
17

7

7
8

27
6
4
7

57

18

16
8
2

1
5
2
2

3
8
1
3

32

35

2

9
4
5

7

9

2

4
3
3
4

24

7

2

FEMALES

___ 1j......
|
i
1

CUTTING—FRESH BEEF DEPARTMENT
MALES

Laborers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1.......... .
2_______
3_........ .
4_............
5_............
6_............
7..............
8_............

7
14
13
5
9
3
3
6

547
732
209
82
75
92
5
37

47.5
49.6
48.9
48.7
50.4
48.2
59.0
48.6

Total.................

60

1, 779

48.8

99

1

1
159 i
33
10
13

27
7

7

1

4

35

12

3
4

32

100 1,410

a Includes data for 1 establishment for which details are not shown.




447
546
176
72
48
89

13

209

= 3

106
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

able

C .—

Average and classified full-time hours per week in 31 typical occupations,
1927, by department, sex, and district— Continued
C U T T IN G —FRESH BEEF D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
estab­ em­
lish­ ploy­
ees
ments

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
wTeek

7
11
15
5
8
3
2
8

142
107
113
40
40
6
20
31

46.9
49.0
49.1
48.3
51. 7
48.0
50.8
47.9

52

59

499

48.6

Un­
der
48

48

Over
48
and
under
54

Over
54
and
under
60

54

Over
60

60

males —continued

Boners:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1 __________ ___ _____ _
2 _____________________
3
__ - _____
4
_ _ __
5 . . __ ___________
6 _ . ____________
7
______________
8
. ____ _

Total ___________ ___________

9

3

90
90
93
38
21
6
12
27

55

377

9

10
20
2

7
10
8

1
33

15

10

CU T T IN G —FRESH PO R K D EP AR T M E N T
MALES

Ham boners:
District 1
District 2
District 3
District 4
District 5
District 6
District 7
District 8

__ __ ______________
___________
_________
_____
____ _ -___
__
_____

6
12
15
7
11
6
2
5

47
50
74
12
32
54
6
13

47.7
49.0
48.6
49.5
51.1
54.3
55.0
48.0

5

42
42
68
9
19
4

____________

64

288

50.0

5

197

6
16
16
6
6
2
2

112
129
253
18
54
36
13

47.8
49.4
49. 5
49.0
50.2
54.0
55.8

7

105
100
200
15
44

Total 2__......... ........................ .

55

616

49.6

7

465

Trimmers of trimmings:
District 1
____ ____________
District 2
_________________
District 3 _____________________
District 4
______________
District 5 ____________________
District 6
____ ________
District 8 ____________________

6
13
9
3
7
4
2

123
284
241
8
142
37
9

47.9
49.2
51.3
48.8
48.4
48.8
47.0

6

3

117
229
139
7
118
33
6

Total__________________ _____

44

844

49.4

14

649

3
1

6

7
7

43 i

___ i

13

Trimmers, and ham and shoulder
skinners:
District 1
______
__________
District 2
- District 3
District 4
_______ ___
District 5
_
____________
District 6 __
_____________
__________
District 7
. _

Total

5
5
3 |

6

1

6

56 |

9

23
44 1

6

15

9

3

8
11

2
19

1

106 j

17

16

11

39 !
72
1
8 1

FEMALES

5

* Includes data for 1 establishment for which details are not shown.




1

36 |

30
4

11

120 i
i

20

30

1

107

GENERAL TABLES
T

able

C .—

Average and classified full-time hours per week in 31 typical occupations,
1927, by department, sex, and district— Continued
SAUSAGE DEPAR TM EN T

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
estab­ em­
lish­ ploy­
ments
ees

Sex, occupation, and district

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per

week

Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—

Un­
der
48

48

Over
48
and
under
54

Over
54
and
under
60

54

Over
60

60

M ALES

Machine tenders:5
District 2
...... ............... ............
District3
__
.... .....................
District 4
____________
District 5
District 6
District 7 __
______________
District8
____
Total________________________
Stuffers:
District 1______ _____ _________
District 2
__ __ _
_____________
District 3______
District 4_........ ........... .......... .......
District 5 ____ _ ______________
__________District
District 7
...............
District 8 ______ ______ _______
Total
. ______________

47.9
48.5
49.4
48.7
50.6
54.2
57.0
48.6

76

56
104
96
33
55
29
10
19
402

8
15
16
7
13
66
2
9

79
112
75
17
61
41
9
23

47.6
48.5
49.3
49.4
50.7
54.1
55.0
48.7

10

76

417

49.5

10

306~

8
14
16
7
13
5
4
9
76

192
268
247
88
183
73
58

47.7
48.1
49.4
49.8
49.1
49.5
58.9
48.3
49.2

17

175
248
196
61
109

8
15
15
7
13
6

3
9

49.6

1

55
96
76
29
37
2

17 1
I ! 312

7
17
4

8

24

8

2
54 !

1
3
10
3
4

6

69
102
60
13
37
5

14
30

20

1

2

45

24

4
14
4

7

■

20

[_____ _

6

1
i

10
6

15 i

17

9

FEM ALES

Linkers, twisters, tiers, and hangers:
District 1_______ - - _ ________
District 2______________________
District 3________ _____________
District 4__________ ____ ___
District 5 _____________ _____
__
District 6______________
District 7____ __ _______ _
District 8 _ .
____ _
T otal............... ................. ..........

66

1,175

15
56
88

66
855

19

1
■ 45
27
33
26
8
52 j 107

6
9
53
62 |

5
11

CU R E D -M E A T D EPAR T M EN T

M ALES

Packers:6
District 1............... .........................
District 2____ _ ______________
District 3____________ ___ - . _
District 4_________________ ..
District 5____________ __ ___
District 6_________________ _ __
District 7_______ _
_____ _
District 8___________ _________

8
16
16
6
11
7
3
9

248
280
317
55
62
72
22
30

48.1
48.9
49.9
51. 5
51. 9
55.4
55. 2
48. 7

1

26

1

3

76

1, 086

49.9

1

802

23

1_______ ______________
2 ____ _____ _______ _
3_______ _ __________
4_____ _ . ___________
5________ _____________
6_______ _ ___________
7______________________
8_......................................

8
16
16
6
12
7
3
9

80
134
127
18
58
35
8
20

48.1
49.2
50.0
50.0
51. 0
53.8
56.9
49.0

2

77
108
101
12
32
4

T otal...... .......... .................. .......

77

480

49.9

2

T otal.............................. ........
Picklers:7
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

244
239
241
23
25
4

3
27
49
32

14
27

22
21

15
21
1

158

35

67

21
15
6

5

47

1
9

14
5

12
3
3

10

28

28

16

1

3

350

15

73

2

2

6 Includes cutters, choppers, grinders, mixers, curers, and feeders.
6 Includes packers of beef, barrel pork, bellies, briskets, pig rinds, and smoked meat; dippers, vat men,
sweet-pickle packers, burlap sackers, wrappers, nailers, car loaders, and car stowers.
7 Includes pickle men, pickle makers, pumpers, and curers.




108
T

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

able

C .—

Average and classified full-time hours per week in 31 typical occupationsj
1927, by department j sex, and district— Continued
CANN ING DEPAR TM EN T

Sex, occupation, and district

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
estab­ em­
lish­ ploy­
ments
ees

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Over
Un­
der
48

Over

48

54

and
under

and
under

54

60

FE M A LE S

Packers (sliced bacon and chipped
dried beef in cans, glass jars, or
cartons, b y hand):
District 1______________________
District 2 _ .______ _____________
District 3______________________
District 4______________________
District 5______________________
District 6______________________
District 8...................... ................
T o t a l .........................................
Labelers and wrappers:
District 1______________________
District 3 . . _____ ______________
District 4 . _____ _______________
District 5______ ________ ____ _
District 8 - _____ _______________
T o t a l2.........................................

211
154
98
109

47.7
50.4
50.3
48. 2
50.0
49.5
48.0

165
106
96
94
42
53
23

849

49.3

30

101

45.8
48 .0
48 .0
48 .0
48 .0

75

26
14
5

46.3

75

57

14
5

134

* Includes data for 1 establishment for which details are not shown.




175

60

Over
60

T a b l e D .— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week by employees in 81 typical occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and

district

109538°—29

fDistrict 1, Chicago. District 2, Kansas City, Omaha, St. Joseph, St. Louis, and East St. Louis. District 3, Austin (M inn.), Cedar Rapids, Des Moines, Mason City, Milwaukee,
Ottumwa, Sioux C ity, Sioux Falls, South St. Paul, Topeka, Waterloo, and W ichita. District 4, Dallas, Fort W orth, Houston, and Oklahoma City. District 5, Buffalo, Cin­
cinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Indianapolis, and Pittsburgh. District 6, Boston, New Haven, N ew York, Philadelphia, and Springfield (Mass.). District 7, Baltimore, Jack­
sonville, and Moultrie. District 8, Denver, Los Angeles, Portland, San Francisco, Seattle, and Tacoma]
C A T T L E -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T

Num ber of employees whose hours actually worked in one week were—

Sex, occupation, and district

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

N um ­
ber of
em­
ploy­
ees

Average
hours
actually
worked
in one
week

U n­
der
8

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

and
un­
der

36

and
un­
der

and
un­
der

40

and
un­
der

44

and
un­
der

and
un­
der

56

12

and
un­
der

48

52

and
un­
der

and
un­
der

and
un­
der

and
un­
der

and
un­
der

16

20

and
un­
der

24

28

32

36

40

44

48

52

56

60

60

and
over

MALES

Headers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

3

6
8

25
44
18

4

10
6

7 _______________ _________ _____________ __________

4
3
3

8 _ ........................................... ...........................................

8

8

46 .8
4 3 .5
46 .4
41 .8
46 .5
26 .6
61. 5
45 .9

51

119

4 4 .4

2 ............ ...........................................................................
3 ____________________ _______________ ____ ________
4 _ ............................................. ........................ ..............

15

5__............................... ....................................
6 ................. .............................................. ..........................

T otal_____
Leg breakers:
District 1
District 2 _ _ ......................... .......................... .................................
District 3 ___ ______________________ ______________________
District 4________ ______________________________ _
District 5_________ ______________________________
District 6 ________________ ________________ _________ _____
District 7 _ _________________________________________ _____
District 8 __________________________________ _____________
Total




6

5
3

7

9

44 .3
44 .2
45.1
43 .6
4 0 .0
30 .7
62 .0
4 8 .8

55

152

44 .1

14

12
4

8
2
2

26
51
32
14
13
5

2

2
1

2
1
1

1

2

1

1

3

4

1

----

2

1

5

1

I
1

1

4
1

1

2

1

3

1

1

3

2

1
1

5

36

22

12

13

3

3
5
3

17
4

12
6

5
7

6

3

4

1

3

8

2

2

3

3

1
4

1

6
10
1

2
5

10

5

2

2

1

1

1

8

4

;

1

1
•

3

2

3

1

2

3

7

3

2

2
1

1
1

5
9
3

1
2

9
19

2

4

1

1

1

1

1

7

13

40

29

6

2

22

19

|

T a b l e D .— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week by employees in 31 typical occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and
district— C on tin u ed
C A T T L E -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T — Continued
Number of employees whose hours actually worked in one week were—

Sex, occupation, and district

Num­
ber of
em­
ploy­
ees

Average
hours
actually
worked
in one
week

U n­
der
8

12
and
un­
der
16

1

1
1

16
and
un­
der
20

20
and
un­
der
24

24
and
un­
der
28

1

3
1

4

1

28
and
un­
der
32

32
and
un­
der
36

1
1

1
1
4
3

40
and
un­
der
44

44
and
un­
der
48

48
and
un­
der
52

52
and
un­
der
56

56
and
un­
der
60

4
5
1

25
29
12
9
2

21
36
3
7
3

3
7
7
5
7

4
16
3

1

3
17

7

3
3

1

77

3
73

36

29 i

8

2
3
1

9
13
4

4
9
2

4

1
1
1 I

4

1

1

1

3
4
6
2
2
1

1

j

1

60
and
over

mai .es—continued

Floormen or siders:

8
15
13
5
9
3
3
9
65

District
District
District
District
District
District
District

2
3
4
5
6
7
8_ ______________________________________
Total _____________ _________________________

Total _______
Splitters:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
Total

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

____________________________
-

_
-

__

- -

____ ________________ -

_______________________________________




_

44. 0
1
43. 8
47. 4
43. 4
42.1
27. 3
56. 3
47.8 |-------43.9 |
1

1

2

1 !

1

5 1

1

4

5 1

6

9

1

1

1

1
4

3
2

1

8
15
14
4
8
3
2
9

23
40
23
9
11
2
10

45. 6
43.2
47.1
43.1
42. 5
33. 8
53. 8
45.7

63

125 !

44.1

8
15
14
5
8
3
3
9

32
48
25
13
10
10
3
9

41. 8
47.1
50. 3
45. 5
40. 5
30. 2
56. 7
47.7

1

65

150

45.0

1

1
1

i

4

1

1
3 I

1

i

i
1

1

i
1 _

1

6

__

1
3

4

2

1

2

4 !

1

2

15 1

5

6

2
5
4

5

18

22 i

2

1
2
2

14
8
4
4

9
22
4
4
2

1
8
5
3
3

2

1

5

2
1

32

42

25

9

9

1

L.__

34

8

10

1
1

8

3
1

1

6
3

6 |

1
1 1
4

1
8

6

1
3
1
1

1
11 !

6

INDUSTRY

Gutters and bung droppers:
District 1
District 2
District 3
District 4
District 5
District 6
District 7
District 8

58
100
45
23
20
13
4
17
280 |

MEAT-PACKING

36
and
un­
der
40

AND

8
and
un­
der
12

SLAUGHTERING

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Laborers.
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1.
2
3
4
5.
6
7.
8.

8
15
15
5
12
3
5
9

162
329
139
92
73
28
20
31

4 5 .5
4 3 .9
4 5 .3
4 4 .4
3 8 .2
3 0 .9
5 7 .4
4 8 .9

1
2
5
1

T ota l. _

72

874

4 4 .1

10

4
3
2
2

5
2
1

1

2
5
1
4

4

2
2
2

3
1

2
8
1
3
3
4
2

3
8
7
2
8
4

2
11

14

12

6
9
1
2
15
2
1
1

7
24
4
5
16
4

38
65
17
19
7

19
31
29
18
2
3

2

51
84
13
18
7
1
1
3

3

6

3
3

149

108

114

6

15
44
51
1

23
25

23
10
1
3

23
14
2
6

10

23

32

37

62

178

6
3
1
1

3
8
10
4
1

1
3
9
5
12
12

2
3
18
6
8
3

4
13
35
6
9
4

12
34
25
1
23
1

11

26

42

40

72

1

2
2

14
68
11
10
5

7
11
16
4
1
1
9
49 |

12
6
23
6
3
1
12
2
65

H O G -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T
MALES

Laborers:1

T otal.

1

_

b . . . _______ __________________________________ ______
i 2 _____________________________________ _________ _______
t 3 ______________________________________________________
t 4 ______________________________________________________
t 5 __________________________________________________ . . .
t 6 _______________________________________________ ______
t 7 ______________________________________________________
t 8 _________________________________________ ______ ______

T otal.
I
t
;
;
t
t
t
t
t

s c r a p er s:
1 _________________________ ______ ______________________
2 ______________ _______________________________________
3 ______ ______ __________________________________ ______
4 _____________________ ______ _____________ _______ _
5 ................ ............................... ............................ ....................
6 ______________________________________________________
7 ______________________________________________________
8 .............. ............................... — .............................................

Total .

58
197
260
33
159
84
14
13

4 1 .8
4 3 .5
4 4 .8
2 9 .5
4 6 .3
4 9 .1
6 1 .0
4 7 .1

1
6
2
1
2

68

818

4 4 .7

13

5
13
16
3
11
5
2
6

8
13
19
3
11
5
2
7

4 8 .9
4 5 .8
4 7 .6
3 7 .0
5 2 .3
5 1 .0
5 9 .6
4 5 .8

61

68

4 8 .1

6
15
16
4
11
5
2
6

47
91
175
9
152
55
12
26

3 9 .7
4 3 .5
4 1 .7
3 5 .5
4 7 .0
4 4 .4
6 1 .1
4 7 .0

65

567

4 4 .1

1
3
5
2

6
4
4

2

1
1

8

16

1

1
11

31
22
17
6
1

1
1
1

5

4
7
19

1
13
32

13
16
3

21
16
g

1

96

83

148

98

63

91

2
5
3
2
2

1
2
2

1
4

2
2
1

3

1
2

2

2

1
2

1

2

2
2

1

I

I

1

1
1

1
3

1
1
1

2

1

2
6
1
1

3
2
12
1
5

1

1

1 Includes drivers, penners, steamers, singers, washers, aitchbone breakers, and toe pullers.




4
2

3

5

10

23

2

1

2

2

1

6

15

10

8

3
1
4

4
7
21
10

27
24
18
2
22

4
17
28
1
29
14

2
16
17

3
11
1

1
10
32
2
6
2

23

42

5

2

13

58

95

106

15
14

1

1

1

9

8

g

1
5

1
2
7

3
7

20
1
32
4
1
5

64

2

69

16
5
1

11
3
9
1

32

34

TABLES

Stickers:

6
16
16
4
13
6
2
5

GENERAL

1 _____________________________________ ______ __________
2 _____________________________________ _________________
3 _________________________________________ _______ _
4 _____ _________ __________________ _____________________
5 ______________________________________________________
6 ..
_______________
________________ _________
: 7 _________________________ _______ _____________________
; 8 ______ ___________ __________________________________ _

T

able

D . — Average and classified hours actually worked in one week by employees in 31 typical occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and

district— Continued

^

^

H O G -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T — Continued
N um ber of employees whose hours actually worked in one week were—

Sex, occupation, and district

N um ­
ber of
em­
ploy­
ees

Average
hours
actually
worked
in one
week

Un­
der

8
and
un­
der
12

males —continued
Gutters, bung droppers, and rippers-open:
District 1_____ ______________________
District 2____________________________
District 3_................. .............................
District 4_______ ____________________
District 5 .________ __________________
District 6.............................. ....................
District 7____________________________
District 8..................................................

12

and
un­
der
16

16
and
un­
der
20

20
and
un­
der
24

24
and
un­
der

and
un­
der
32

32
and
un­
der
36

36
and
un­
der
40

40
and
un­
der
44

44
and
un­
der
48

48
and
un­
der
52

52
and
un­
der
56

i

5
19
17
1
7

34
77
23
9
19

24
32
29
8
21

17
23
26
10
9

5
33
24
7
8

and
un­
der
60

and
over

AND

38.1
44.8
42.4
42.3
48.7
47.3
64.8
47.2

MEAT-PACKING

44. 5
44.5
45.2
47.4
45.9
47.1
46.0
59.7
45.6

T otal.............. .......................................

46.3

INDUSTRY

T ota l............ ........................................
Splitters:
District 1____________________________
District 2-------------------------------------------District 3____________________________
District 4........................................ ..........
District 5 . . . _______ _________________
District 6......................... ............. ...........
District 7________________ ___________
District 8..................................................

O F FA L (OTH ER TH AN HIDES AN D CASINGS) D EP A R T M E N T
MALES

Trimmers:
District 1
_____________- ____
District 2 _ ____________________________________
District 3 ................................. - ------------- --------------District 4
j
District 5..................... .................................................... i




7
16
16
5
12

97
210
197
37
93

44.2
44.0
45.3
47.4
43.2

SLAUGHTERING

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

1
1
1

1
1

1
4

1
1
4
I

2
1

2
2
14

»|

3 1
..........i
5 i
3

3
6
1
9

3
6
28

2
3
16
1

6

4

41

District 6__......................... .
District 8 __................. ...........

167

123

42.4
48.8
49.4
39.3
43.8
55.7

12
11
2

21

46.6

31

24

T o ta lJ..................... ............
"Tripe scrapers and finishers:
District 1--------------- -----------District 2 ______ ___________
District 3....................... .........
District 4 _................... ..........
District 5 __...........................
District 8__________________
T o ta l8..................................

23

82

47

30

15
18
4
1

4
2

1
20

38

FEMALES
37.4
42.8
28.5
40.5

1 - ..........................
2 ______ ___________
3__________________
4................... ............
5_____ ____________
169

10

7
1
3
16

2

2

28

27

39.0

6
12

37.7
42.4
37.0
42. 6
37.9
58.7
23

40.4

T otal____________________

13
14
4

TABLES

T o t a l3____ ______________
Miscellaneous workers:4
District 1________ _________
District 2__________________
District 3__________________
District 4 __________________
District 5__________________
District 7............ ...................

7
8

2

17

GENERAL

Trimmers:
District
District
District
District
District

43.8
44.9

C A S IN G D E P A R T M E N T
MALES

Casing pullers or runners:
District 1 ___________________________ _______ ___
District 2_______ _________________________________
District 3________________________________________
District 4__
__
.
____________ ______
District 5_ ........................ ......................... .......... ........
District 6
__
District 7
_
.......... ............. -.
District 8 __________
_________________ _____

5
16
14
5
9
8
2
9

92
161
161
35
47
79
6
28

41.4
43.0
46.5
46.4
45.2
44. 5
59.2
48.4

1
1
1

T o t a l-............................................................................

68

609

44.6

3

* Includes data for 1 establishment for which details are not shown.
• Includes data for 2 establishments for which details are not shown.




1

1
2

3
1
1

1

2
3
7
1

1
4
2

1
1

3

1
10

4
7
9
1
2
5
1

2

1

8

18

18

29

62

126

3
1
2

2
1

4

5

13
12
15
2
7
11

31
55
13
9
14
3

7
13
29
5
7
16

4

2
11
35
9
3
13
2
7

6

5

98

82

83

50

19
43
17
6
5
4

< Includes washers and tripe washers, scalders, cookers, scrapers, and finishers.
CO

5
7
18
5
10

1
1
10
2
2
2
4
22
h—*■

T

a b le

D . — Average and classified hours actually worked in one week by employees in 31 typical occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and

district— Continued

^

C A S IN G D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

59
81
59
21
20
26
12

43.9
44.2
48.3
41.4
48.0
43. 2
47.6

1

53

279

45.2

1

2

4
15
11
4
7
4
6

34
85
53
14
18
16
13

46. 2
41. 7
49.3
47. 3
42.4
35. 7
47.6

1

1

51

233

44.4

1

3
9
7
2
5

71
73
59
11
6

46.3
41.4
50. 5
39.8
47.3

1
2
1

221

45.5

4

8
and
un­
der
12

12
and
un­
der
16

16
and
un­
der
20

20
and
un­
der
24

24
and
un­
der
28

28
and
un­
der
32

32
and
un­
der
36

36
and
un­
der
40

40
and
un­
der
44

44
and
un­
der
48

48
and
un­
der
52

52
and
un­
der
56

1

2

6
5
2
1
2
7
3

21
27
8
4
2
3

13
13
3
2
6
2

7
9
4
1
3
5
3

56
and
un­
der
60

60
and
over

m ales—continued

Strippers:
n ic t n 'p t 1

District
District
District
District
District
District

2
3
4
5
6
8

T o ta l2

___
_____

______ ____________ __________________
____________________ ________________

Trimmers of casings:
District 1
District 2
District 3

___

"Oitji ript 4-

District 5
District 6
District 8

______________________________________

T otal..................... .......... .......................................... -

2

6
11
16
8
2
5
3

2 1

5

1

13

26

65 1

41

51

32

19

1

1

4

2
2

2
2

4
10
4

12
25

1
6
8
7

10
6
8

1
6

4

3
5
5

4
25
15
3
2
3

3

50

4
1

1

2

6

1
1

1
2

4
4

2

1
2

1

1

1

5

1

2

3
2

1 I

11

5

7

25

2

1

1
1

4

3

55

27

29

11
9
13
1
2

51
8
9
3
4

2

36

75

3

2

4
10

3
8

3

1
1

15

1

2

1
7

10

10

1
7

4

14

11

4

14

FEMALES

Blowers, graders, and inspectors:
District 1
District 2
District 3
Distrift
District 8__----------- ----------------------------------------------T o ta l2




............... .

27
i

1

1

3

1

47
6

1

2

4
3

1

7

9

2
2
1

5 1
1

1

55

INDUSTRY

3
13
8
6
6
8
8

Un­
de*
8

MEAT-PACKING

Average
hours
actually
worked
in one
week

AND

N um ­
ber of
em­
ploy­
ees

SLAUGHTERING

Num ber of employees whose hours actually worked in one week were—
N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish
ments

CUTTING— FRESH BEEF D E P A R T M E N T
MALES

Laborers:
District 1 . _________ ___ ____ _____________ ______
District 2 ________________ ________________ _______________
District s _________ _____ _________ ___ __
___
District 4 ___________ ________________ __________________
District 5 __ _______ _____ _______________ _____ _
District 6 _______________________________________ _____ _
District 7 _____________________ ____________ _________
D istrict8 ______________________________________

7
14
13
5
9
3
3

T otal. ............. ........................... ...............................

T o t a l ...... ................................................... ..............

2

6
1

3

7

9

1
1
1
1

2

2

5
9

6

51.7
50 .0
47.9
49 .6
52. 3
48 .7
56 .2
48 .2

60

1, 779

50.3

14

16

7

142
107
113
40
40

3

1
1

31

38 .3
44 .0
47 .4
47.3
51. 4
50 .4
55 .9
49.1

499

44 .9

11
15
5

8
3

2
8
59

6
20

5

2

2

3
5
4

5

6
4

1
2
2

1
1

9

12 1

1
1

2
1
2

7
7
3
3

1
2
1
1

12
17
5
4
3
4

2

22

22

5

7

121

292

372

8

44
18
28

10

7
39
29
15

1

]

21

142
55
16
19

14

20

25

45

4

5

43

9

2
1
1

2
1
2

2
1

g
9
3

2
2
1

14

20
1
1

3

3

3

2

1

6

5

9

48

16

69
95

104
83
23
14
13

12

12
12
12

17

18

2
2

3

3

363

221

243

g
14
14

3

ia l

1
1

105
194
13
19

2

12

4

102

4
4

99
90
63
3
g

26
59

4
9

4
4

9
3

9
1

g
7

1
7

3

4

8

2

26

47

108

105

64

31

26

6
11
10

14
4
g

3

10

TABLES

1

11
4

CUTTING— FRESH PO R K D EP A R T M E N T
MALES

Ham boners:
District 1......................
District 2________ _______
District 3________________
District 4________________
District 5________________
District 6________________
District 7________________
District 8___ _____ ______
T otal............... ..............

6
12
15

47
50
74

12
11
6
2

32
54

5

13

64

288

6

GENERAL

Boners:
District 1 .......................... ........... .................................
District 2 ....................................................... ..............................
District 3 ...................................................................................
District 4 _ _ ............................... ....................................................
District 5_ ________ ____ ____________ __________ _
District 6 .......................................... .........................
District 7 ............... ................... .......... ....................... .......
District8 ........... ........................................................

4

547
732
209
82
75
92
5
37

1

53.1
44.1
45. 4
44. 1
45 .7
5 1 .8
4 9 .2
4 3 .8

1

1
1

4 7 .6 !______

2

8

1

1

1

3

3

2
1
2

2

1

8

2

13

11
1

10 *

9
27

3

3

1
6

8

21

5

12
3

2 !

1

2

52

42

3
3
18

1

!

2

3
16
3

5

1

57

51

2
1

4

3

4

6
1

6

16

25

1

* Includes data for 1 establishment for which details are not shown.




Or

T a b l e D .— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week by employees in 31 typical occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and
district— Continued
C U T T I N G -F R E S H P O R K D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

N um ­
ber of
em­
ploy-

Average
hours
actually
worked
in one
week

Under
8

and
un­
der
12

12
and
un­
der
16

16
and
un­
der

20

20

and
un­
der
24

24
and
un­
der
28

and
un­
der
32

32
and
un­
der
36

36
and
un­
der
40

40
and
un­
der
44

44
and
un­
der
48

48
and
un­
der
52

52
and
un­
der
56

56
and
un­
der
60

60
and
over

m ales—continued

112

Total *....................................................

27 |
37 !
30 i
2!

45.1
39.6
45.5
44.2
43.8
41.1
56.2

11
2

19
1
3

22 i
20 I

1 !
71

44.0

26

FEMALES

Total........................................................




123
284
241
8
142
37
9

40.6
38.6
41.9
42.8
36.7
40.2
39.5
39.7

50 j
94 !
56 I

93

92

218 ! 123

44

49

INDUSTRY

Trimmers of trimmings:
District 1__________________ _____ ____
District 2_.................................................
District 3__........... ................................
District 4__...................... ........................
District 5_.................... ...................... ......
District 6__............................ ................. .
District 8_............... .................................

MEAT-PACKING

129
253
18
54

AND

Trimmers and ham and shoulder skinners:
District 1___________ ________ _______
District 2_................................................
District 3__.................... ......... ...............
District 4__.................................... ...........
District 5______ _____ _____ __________
District 6___ _______ _______ _________
District 7..................................................

SLAUGHTERING

Number of employees whose hours actually worked in one week wereN um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

SAUSAGE D E PA RTM EN T
MALES
Machine tenders: *
District
District
District
District
D istrict
District

3_ _ _____________________ _______________
4___________________________________ _____
5......................... .............. ................ .................
6________________________________________
7________________________________________
8________________________________________

T ota l__________________________________________

56
104
96
33
55
29
10
19

76

402

'

51.4
50.2
54. 2
58. 7
57.2
58.4
64.1
52.6

1 |
1 !

1
i

1

1

7

14
27
25
13
2
6
1
8

3

3

15

51

89

96

50

88

1
3

2
5
2

9
22
13
1
8
1

28
27
13
8
8
10

15
28
22

1

9
13
4
4
1
1

7
4
1
1
15
8

7
7
18
3
15
11
8

2
1

1

!
|
2 1

2

54.0

1
1
i

8
15
16
7
13
6
2
9

79
112
75
17
61
41
9
23

50.3
48.7
53. 7
50. 5
54. 7
55. 5
63.4
49.9

T o ta l. ...........................................................................

76

417

51.9

Linkers, twisters, tiers, and hangers:
District 1______________________________________
District 2___________________________. . . _________
District 3___________________
_____ __
District 4..... .......... ....................................... .................
District 5_____________ _______________________
D istrict 6____________________________ ______ ____
District 7_____________________ _________ ________
District 8.................................. .......................................

8
14
16
7
13
5
4
9

192
268
247
88
183
73
58
66

44. 6
46. 6
49.1
42. 6
49.1
47.4
56. 5
45.3

3

T otal.......... ........................................ ..........................

76

47.3

6

2

1
1

2
1

1

1

23
26
17
5
9
2

6
7
10
2
11
11

4
13
21
12
20
9
9

3

3

3

9

12
9
1
5

2

1

1

3

4

10

35

57

103

92

39

1

2
4
3
1

2
1

3

3
2
3
1
4

2
8
2
1

8
4
8
4
4

1

I

38
81
69
14
40
25
3
17

59
87
52
21
35
27
1
41

15
32
38
9
49
16
6

7
3
1
1
29

1

12
26
11
6
6
1

16

24

11

4

287

323

165

57

76

1

1

3
69

FEMALES

1,175

3 Includes data for 1 establishment for which details are not shown.




2

1
1
1
2

1

1

1
5 |

5

14

14

5

1

41
17
14
25
8
1
5
1

33

63

112

5 Includes cutters, choppers, grinders, mixers, curers, and feeders.

6
41
5

TABLES

1..................... .......................................... ........
2________________ ___ __________________
3________ _______________ _______________
4___ __________________________________
5______ _________________________________
6________ _______________________________
7______ _________________________________
8__________ _____________________________

1
A

7
15
17
1
10

2
1

1

I

2
10
3

GENERAL

Stuffers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
D istrict

8
15
15
7
13
6
3
9

T

able

D . — Average and classified hours actually worked in one week by employees in 31 typical occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and

£

00

district— Continued
C U R E D -M E A T D E P A R T M E N T

248
280
317
55
62
72
22
30

ees

Number of employees whose hours actually worked in one week were
52
56
44
48
40
36
32
28
24
16
20
8
60
12
Un­ and
! and and | and and and and and and and and and and and
der
under under under under under under under under under under under under under over
8
60
52
56
44
48
40
36
32
24
28
20
16
12

MALES

Packers:8
District 1
_ __ __________________
District 2
- ________
District 3 . . .......................... ..................... ................... District 4
District 5
District 6
I^

i o f *7

District 8 _____________ ________________________
T otal.......... ....... .........................................................
Picklers: 7
District
District
District
Divtript
District
Disfriot

76

1,086

53.1
48.1
46.2
46.3
52.2
48.6
57.7
50.3
49.1

4

1
1
2

2
2
1
1

1 I--------

-----

4

6

2
3

1
4

!

1

4

7

3
4
3
2
1

2
2
2

4
5
6
3
1
1

10
8
19
3
2
3

17
23
50
8
9
7
1
2

17
60
86
8
4
19

13

6

20

45

117

200

1

I

6

6

63
67
43
5
16
16
5
13

34
13
21
5
10
3
4
1

61
7
18
1
12
7
10
2

221

228

91

118

13
7
19

9
4
6
1
7

49

1

District 8 ------------------------------ ------------ ------------ -------

8
16
16
6
12
7
3
9

80
134
127
18
58
35
8
20

51.1
48.8
49.1
48.2
47.7
47.9
55.0
50.2

T otal............ ....................... - ........................................

77

480

49.2

1
2
3
4
5
fi

T^ictnV't 7




2
1

3

1

2
2

1

1
1

2

4
1
1

2

2

3

6

7

3

3

3
4
3
1
1

12

1
12
10
3
8
1

12
16
33
4
12
13

23
44
30
7
6
9

1

4

8

16
43
19
2
13
8
1
5

36

94

127

107

4
2
3
1

3
1
31

IN D U S T R Y

33
86
55
19
7
14
2
5

M E A T -P A C K IN G

8
16
16
6
11
7
3
9

em ­

ploy­

Average
hours
actually
worked
in one
week

AND

Num­
ber of

S L A U G H T E R IN G

Sex, occupation, and district

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

C A N N IN G D E P A R T M E N T
FEMALES

Packers (sliced bacon, and chipped dried beef in cans,
jars, or cartons, b y hand) :
District 1_ _______________________ ______________
District 2 ________________________________________
District 3 ________________________________________ ________
District 4 _______________________________ ______________ _
District 5________ _______________________________
District 6 _______ ________________________________
District 8________________________________________

186
211
154
98
109
68
23

49.5
45.4
44.8
40.5
45.5
48.1
43.9

1
1

1

2

6
13
5
9
3
3

2

1

2

4

1

2
1
1

1
1
1

5

3
4

1
1

6
2

5

3
7

3

2

4

4

7

1

2

2

1

T o t a l.......................................... ..................................

43

849

45.8

5

2

Labelers and wrappers:
District 1 ............ .............................................................
District 3__............... ....................................................
District 4 ..........................................................................
District 5................ ....................................... .................
District 8............................................. ...........................

4

101
14
5
8
4

44.2

1

1

2
3
2
2

46.0
43.1
40.1
45.5

Total 2...........................................................................

14

134

44.2

5

6

10

3

9
15
5
27
3

1

18

14

21

1

1

1

63 |
5

1
2

19
21
15
35

37
78
44
5
25
34
1

35
30
37

10

38

19
13

3

3

2
2

30
48
23
35
21
15
18

98

190

224

134

17

42

16
1
3
5

66
1
2

1
11

6

2

25

70

17

6

2

4

1
1

1

2

1

3

6

2
2

1

1
3

9 Includes data for 1 establishment for which details are not shown.
Includes packers of beef, barrel pork, bellies, briskets, pig rinds, and smoked meat; dippers, vat men, sweet-pickle packers, burlap sackers, wrappers, nailers, car loaders, and
car stowers.
7 Includes pickle men, pickle makers, pumpers, and curers.




T

able

E . — Average and classified earnings actually made in one week by employees in 81 typical occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and

C A T T L E -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T

Sex, occupation, and district

Average
N um ­ earnings
ber of actually
em­
made
ployees in one
week

Number of employees whose actual earnings in one week were—
$50
$60
$30
$35
$40
$45
$12
$14
$20
$25
$6
$16
$4
$8
$10
$70
Un­ and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and
der under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under and
$4
$60
$70 over
$30
$35
$45
$50
$14
$25
$40
$6
$8
$10
$12
$20
$16

AND

MALES
12
3
4
5
6
7
8

Total

T o ta l--




- - __

25
44
18
10
6
3
8

$28.85
30.23
29.11
26. 73
32. 78
25.82
32.13
29.50

51

119

29. 36

6
14
12
4
8
2
2
7
55

26
51
32
14
13
5
2
9
152

23. 72
23. 77
25.14
23.84
25.07
27.10
24. 50
27.66
24. 52

1
1

1
1

i

1
2
1
1

4
7
2
2
2

3

10
13
5
3
1
4
1
2

20

39

20

6
8
1
2

1
i
1

2

1
1

1

2
1

2 !

5
4
4
3
1

1

16
26
11
6
4
1

3
18
10
5
2
3
1
7

64

49

1
1
1

1

3

1

1

14

1
2

3
1
7

2
7
6
1
2
1
1

2
6
1

20

9

.................
I

___ 1___
1
1
I
I

1

1
1

1

13

3

1

I
!
j
I.

2

___ .....
2

i
..........
1
I1

___ ......
!
!
!

INDUSTRY

Leg breakers:
District 1____
District 2
District 3__ ____ ___
_ _
__ _
District 4. _
District 5____________________________
District 6 __
District 7____
____
District 8 ________ ______ ___________

6
15
8
4
4
3
3
8

MEAT-PACKING

Headers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

SLAUGHTERING

[District 1, Chicago. District 2, Kansas City, Omaha, St. Joseph, St. Louis, and East St. Louis. District 3, Austin (M inn.), Cedar Rapids, Des Moines, Mason City, Milwaukee,
Ottumwa, Sioux C ity, Sioux Falls, South St. Paul, Topeka, Waterloo, and Wichita. District 4, Dallas, Fort W orth, Houston, and Oklahoma City. District 5, Buffalo, Cin­
cinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Indianapolis, and Pittsburgh. District 6, Boston, New Haven, New York, Philadelphia, and Springfield (Mass.). District 7, Baltimore, Jack­
sonville, and Moultrie. District 8, Denver, Los Angeles, Portland, San Francisco, Seattle, and Tacoma]

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

^

<3

district

Floormen or siders:
District I . . . ............... ............................
District 2................................................
District 3..................................................
District 4 . ................................................
D istrict 5.................................. ................
District 6____________________________
District 7_______________
_________
District 8 . ....................................... .........

8
15
13
5
9
3
3
9

58
100
45
23
20
13
4
17

$37.97
38.30
40.14
36.85
35.87
40.52
37.89
39.45

i
..........j

T ota l..................... ................................

65

280

38. 51

_____ |

63

125

25. 93

1.............................. ............. .
2_________ __________________
3____________________________
4_________________ ___
5_________ __________________
6 _________________________
7________ . _ ___ __________
8----------------------------------- -------

8
15
14
5
8
3
3
9

32
48
25
13
10
10
3
9

35.30
40. 56
43. 32
38. 69
33. 36
44.48
36.51
40.61

T ota l................................ .....................

65

150

39.44 _____ !______!

Laborers:
District 1..................................................
District 2___________ ________________
District 3___________ _____________
District 4 ______ _____________________
District 5 . . ______ ___________________
District 6___________ ________________
District 7____ ____ __________________
D istrict8 ...............................................

8
15
15
5
12
3
5
9

162
329
139
92
73
28
20
31

21.02
20.43
20.68
17. 58
16.43
18.69
16. 77
22.49

l
5
6
2

T ota l......................................................

72

874

19.88

15

1
1

1

1

1

1
1

5

i
1

2

1
3 I!

1

i

1

7

i

1

13

49

108

10
17
5
7
3
3
1
2

4
15
10
2

5
1
3

4

4-8
1

3

1

4
3
3
2

3
5

1

1
2
1
2

13

14

1

4
3

1
2
3
1
4
1
12

2

3
1
3

4
11
6

1

.

[

1
8

4
4
3

9

32

11
|
-------- i..........

3
1

1

3

1
1

2

1

37

15

10

2

10

10
27
6
7
1

2
7
3

2
7

1
2

5
8
7
4
2
2
I
2

2

1
3

---- 1---------

2

1

1

25

54

31

16

14

i

6
11
9

3
2

1

i
i

1

1

4

1
2

1

57

5

j
i
i

10
23
11
6

7

27
46
6
12
9
3
3
2

17
12
7
3
1
2

2
4
2
4
1

6 !

2
2
3
3
1

3
8
1
5
4
1
1
1

3
9
6
9
7
2
2

5
11
3
7
19
1
1
1

60
108
32
36
23
5
6
7

63
136
45
23
11
12
7
7

16
29
22
6

8

3

2

24

38

48

277

304

85

30

g

1
3

1

3

2

■j
!

4

1

!
i

TABLES

28.17
23.92
26.41
23. 57
26.14
27. 37
28.02
28.15




2
1

1
2 |______

!

23
40
23
9
11
7
2
10

Splitters:
p istrict
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1

2

8
15
14
4
8
3
2
9

T ota l....................................................

1
1

GENERAL

Gutters and bung droppers:
District 1_..................... ...........................
District 2__................... ............ ..............
District 3 _____ ______________________
District 4 ........ ................ ............ ............
District 5______________ ___________
District 6 ................................... ............
District 7____________________________
District 8 ................... ............ ..................

2

T a b l e E .— Average and classified earnings actually made in one week by employees in 81 typical occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and
district— C on tin u ed
K
H O G -K IL L IN G D E P A R T M E N T

Sex, occupation, and district

Num ber of employees whose actual earnings in one week were—
$10
$12
$14
$20
$4
$60
$25
$40
$45
$30
$50
$8
$16
$6
$35
Un­ and and
$70
and 1 and and and
and and and
and
and and
and
and and
der under under under
under under under under under under under under under under under under and
$4
$70 over
$12
$14
$8
$16
$20
$25
$45
$6
$30
$35
$50
$60
$10
$40

MALES

__

__

19. 77

22

5
13
16
3
11
5
2

8
13
19
3
11
5
2
7
68

32.41
28. 82
30. 76
20. 30
33.11
31. 63
32.84
28.10
30. 35

47
91
175
9
152
55
12
26

22. 23
22. 99
21.38
21. 07
25. 02
24. 83
30. 98
28. 95

567

23.56

6

61

Total
Shavers and scrapers:
District 1
.
___
District 2
___
District 3
.............
........
District 4
District 5
_____________
______
District 6
District 7
District 8 .............................................




818

___ _______

6

15
16
4
11
5
2
6

65 |

1
3
2

1

5
4
5
11

6

9
10
4

2
1

4
5
3
6
2
1

3

1
8

26

30

21

1
5
28
3
12
4

3
4
15
2
12

16
67
80

9
19
33

7
9
7

38
14
2
8

30
37
3
3

8
8
3

1
2

1

!"........

14
62
68
1
43
16
2
1

53

207

225

134

42

10

1

3
6
8

2
3
1

2
1
2

1
1
2

1

2
3
2
3

2
2

3
1
1

3

39
|
i

■

1

i
i

2
3

1
16

3
2
4

1

1

6

1

1
5
1

1
1
2

6

1

5
1

1

3

4

11
14
26
2
34
19
2
9

i
7
12
1
28
7
2
5

4
4

1
1

25
7
1
1

28
45
62
4
34
10
2
7

13
1
4
1

91

192

117

63

27

2
2
1
2
9

11

1
1
1

6

24

10 ;

18

_J

13

3

1

..... 1___

2
1
1
21

1
|

i

5
2

3
13
41

!
|
!
2

3
13 i

10

7 1

2
|
i
I
1
1
2

|
......... i..........
1
t

INDUSTRY

1
2
3
4
5 ____
6
7
8_ _

Total

68

16
16
4
13
6

T o t a l - ............................................
Stickers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

$19.91
19. 69
19.19
9. 07
20. 39
24.18
22.03
20. 93

1
9
6
3
2

2
5

58
197
260
33
159
84
14
13

6

.

MEAT-PACKING

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

AND

Laborers:1
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

SLAUGHTERING

Average
N um ­ N um ­ earnings
ber of
of actually
estab­ ber
made
em­
lish-'
in one
ments ployees
week

Gutters, bung droppers, and rippers-open:
District 1____________________________
District 2____________________________
District 3__________________________
District 4__________________ ___
District 5__________________________
District 6 ______ ____________
District 7____________________________
District 8 ____ _______________

6
15
16
4
12
5
2
6

26
39
75
5
41
22
3
8

22.23
25. 78
24. 02
25. 87
30. 36
27. 44
36. 72
32. 63

1

T otal.....................................................

66

219

26.18

1

1

1__________________
2
______________
3 ________ __ ___
4____________________ ____ _
5 ________
6___________________
7 _________________
8________ ________________

6
15
16
3
12
5
2
4

26
42
49
3
32
11
2
4

28. 65
28. 88
29. 53
29. 51
29.09
27. 50
37. 02
33.40

Total

______ ____________________

63

169

29.17

2

I

2

2

2

3

4

3

!

44

42

20

2

3
8
10

4
10
12

3

9
1

14
15
11
2
2
8

4
4
7
1
5
1

4
1

3
1

3

2

71

2

1

t
!
_____ i_____ !____

1
19

12

2

1

2
3
15
1
13
4
1
3

1

1

j
i
1

1

1

3

2

5

14
19
22
2
6
7

31

5
12
16
2
4
3

1

11
1
1
2

53

41

3
2
9
5
1

1
1
1
1

1

4

2

2
3

2

1

1

2
1
1

22

9

2

GENERAL

Splitters:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1

i
i

OFFAL (OTHER TH AN HIDES AND CASINGS) DEPAR TM EN T

TABLES

MALES

Trimmers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1 __________________________
_
2 ___________

7
16
16
5

97

2

1

1
1

3

.1
2

6

4

5

5

6

3

13

3

3

5

2
1

12
8

197
37
93
41

5

8

$22. 29
24. 97
22. 96
24. 58
22. 72
25.41
23. 01

Total 2....................................................

70

684

23. 70

2

6

Tripe scrapers and finishers:
District 1 ___ _______________________
District 2 _________ _______________ ________
District 3 _________ ________________________
District 4 _ . ..................... .......................... .. .
District 5 ................................... ........ ...............
District 8 ................................... ..........................

6

47
75
38

1
1

10

1
1
1

3 _____________________
____
4 _ _ _____ __________ _____________
5 ____________________ _____________
6 _______________ _______ ________
8 _ ________________ ______________

T o t a l3................................................ .

210

4
7
5

13

6

26. 93
27. 97
27. 47
18. 97
22. 41
27.46

47

194

26. 72

13

11

1

17
26
34

8
1

6

10

12

1
1

1

11

3

3

______

2

25

1
1
2

1 Includes drivers, penners, steamers, singers, washers, aitchbone breakers, and toe pullers.
* Includes data for 1 establishment for which details are not shown.




3

4

2

2

1

19
16
3

5

11

2

12

5

3

4
4

1

1

5

1

11
2
1

18

6

18
58
39
3
16
13

24
5
3

22

117

237

148

55

6

7
23

16

13

20

10

9

3

7
5

1
1

54
74
51
18

2
2
22

15
3

rj

1
.........
........1

1

2

7
9

2

18

2

1

4

1

4

1
2

3

1

5

46

55

31

3

31

|

1

3 Includes data for 2 establishments for which details are not shown
ro

bO

able

E . — Average and classified earnings actually made in one week by employees in 81 typical occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and
district— Continued

124

T

O F F A L (O T H E R T H A N H ID E S AND C A S IN G S ) D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

Num ber of employees whose actual earnings in one week were—
$4
$6
$10 1 $12
$14
$35
$40
$45
$60
$8
$20
$25
$30
$50
$16
Un­ and
$70
j and and and j and | and and and and and and and and and and
der under under under! under under!under under
under under under under under under under under and
over
$4
$12
$14 | $16
$35
$40
$45
$50
$60
$70
$6 | $8
$10
$20
$25
$30
!

FEMALES

1 ..
2____ _
3___________
4
5

T o t a l3

29
36
51
9
32

$13. 68
15.94
12. 32
13. 90
15. 73

______ _______

24

169

4
10

Miscellaneous workers: 4
District 1
- _____
District 2____________________________
District 3
____________
District 4
- District 5
. •_
__
__ _______
District 7
Total

1
1
4
1

4
1
1

14.53

6

7

13. 29
15. 26
13. 84
12. 01
12. 21
17. 53

2

1
1

3
4
2

15
33
33
6
17
6

30

110

14. 04

2

1
9

4

1
11

3
1
6
1
1

12
4
11
2
1

8
11
5
3
8

5
15
2
1
14

3
3
1
2

1

31

36

41

15

2

3
6
7

2
3

1
1

6

12

2
1

4
6
9
2
2

5
15
4
2
2
1

5
4

1

23

29

25

6

2

3
1
2

3

1
1
3
1
1

4

6

6

7

!

1

1

1

1

1

2

|
i

MEAT-PACKING

_ _ _

3
8
5
3
3

_____
_
_ _ __
___________

AND

Trimmers:
District
District
District
District
District

SLAUGHTERING

Average
N um ­ N um ­ earnings
ber of ber of actually
estab­
made
em­
lish­
in one
ments ployees
week

C A S IN G D E P A R T M E N T

Casing pullers or runners:
District 1
District 2
District 3
District 4
District 5
District 6
District 7
District 8
Total




- - -

5
16
14
5
9
8
2
9

92
161
161
35
47
79
6
28

$22. 66
23. 66
24. G2
22.96
23.96
25.36
34.08
26.28

______________________

68

609

24.19

- -

■2

;

1
1
1
i

i

1

j
i

_____
!_____
j..........
1..........
3

i I
1

0

2

3

2
1

~

4
2

i

i

j

6
3
1

2

3

5

1

1

10

10

13

16
30
14
5
7
9

20
43
42
6
9
23

1

40
60
55
21
21
25
1
6

82

229

14

6
12
24
2
6
16
2
3

2
2
2
2

157

71

18

2
8

1
2
2

1
1

1
6

1

1

INDUSTRY

!

MALES

Strippers:

109538'
T o t a l2

......................

Trimmers of casings:
District 1
_ .... ................
District 2 __
_ _
__________
___ __ __________
District 3. . . .
District 4___ ______________: ___ ____
District 5 ___
. ______________
District 6____ __
_______ ________
_____ ______________

21.13
22. 67
26. 01
18. 86
23. 30
21. 56
24. 45

1

53

279

22. 83

1

4
15
11
4
7
4
6

34
85
53
14
18
16
13

24. 57
22. 57
27. 05
21. 16
24. 14
22. 11
23. 12

51

233

23. 92

3
9
7
2
5

71
73
59
11
6

18. 36
15. 51
19. 34
14. 00
17. 94 ,

1
2
1

27

221

17. 45

4

2
1
2

1

1

5

2
2
1

1
1

1
1
4
1
2
1
1

22
23
5
3
2
6
1

23
26
9
11
6
16
4

10
20
19
2
9
3
5

2
4
13

62

95

68

21

8
17
3
6
1
3
3

12
30
22
6
7
10
6

6
23
9
2
4

5
11

3

1
1
28

5

2

11

2

3
1

1
1

I
2

1

1

3

2

5

2

41

93

49

1
3

1
23
2
1

13
12
12
4
1

29
23
19
3
4

20
8
18

4

42

79

47

9

256
339
71
32
28
38
2
23

167
180
34
13
14
21

1

54
120
72
15
15
2
1
6

37

285

789

435

|
2
2

1

1
1
5
■

i

1

2
!
I
i

1
Q

!

I

:

i

I

2
4

1

1
!

i
i

!

2

I

8

1

!

i

F E M A L E S

Blowers, graders, and inspectors:
District 1
___________
District 2 _______________ ____________
District 3
________
District 6 ___ _ ________
________
District 8 _____________________ ____
Total 2____________________ _____

2
2
1
1
5

1

2
6

27

i

!
!

1

5
|

1

i
1

I
---- !---------

|

!
i

i

TABLES

59
81
59
21
20
26
12

GENERAL

Total _____

3
13
8
6
6
8
8

C U T T IN G — F R E S H B E E F D E P A R T M E N T
M

A L E S

Laborers:
District 1 ___ ______________ _______
_ ___________
District 2 __ __ _ _
D istricts ___________________________
District 4
_
_ ______
District 5
_
__________
District 6
__
_________
District 7
______
District 8
__
___________

7
14
13
5
9
3
3
6

547
732
209
82
75
92
5
37

$23. 53
22. 26
21. 22
19. 99
23. 90
26. 27
21.17
21. 31

6
13
1
5

T ota l. ....................................................

60

1, 779

22. 68

25 !

9
1

5
5
2

1

1
8
8
1

5
7
6
4

1
1

1
1

1

2 Includes data for 1 establishment for which details are not shown.
* Includes data for 2 establishments for which details are not shown.




4
3

8

12

1
13

18

24

9
12
2
7
4
2

35
29
9
3
9
24
1

4
6
2
1
3
3

110

19

1
1
1
1

j
;
!i

6
2

2 !

4 Includes washers and tripe washers, scalders, cookers, scrapers, and finishers.

to
Or

T

able

E . — Average and classified earnings actually made in one week by employees in SI typical occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and

district— Continued

fcO
o

C U T T IN G —F R E S H BEE F D E P A R T M E N T — Continued

Sex, occupation, and district

m a l e s

!

$60
$50
$45
$40
$35
$30
$25
$14
$20
$10 1 $12
$16
$6
$8
$4
$70
Un­
and and and and 1 and and and and and and and and and and and and
der under
under under under under under under under under under under iunder under under under over
$4
$70
$50
$60
$45
$40
$35
$30
$12
$14
$20
$25
$10
$16
$6
$8

continued

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

_

_________ ______________

7
11
15
5
8
3
2
8

142
107
113
40
40

59

499

6

20
31

31.22
33. 61
33. 05
41. 54
40. 42 *
35. 07
31. 62
29. 72
33. 68

1
1

3

1
1
1

1

1
2
1

3
8
5
2

41
21
21
6
2

16
10
23
3

1

2

4

3

1

1

2

2

1 j
7
3

18

3
6

60 ! 100
1

45
24
17
7
15
2
9

9

!

128

1
!

23
5
17
4
4
3
5
5

7
5
10
3
4
1
1
1

1
11
3
8
5

66

32

28

C U T T IN G —F R E S H P O R K D E P A R T M E N T

M ALES

Ham boners:
District 1___________________________
District 2_______ __________1________
District 3__............. ................. ..............
District 4 ____________ ______________
District 5. ______ ___________________
District 6_....................... .......................
District 7_ __________ _______________
District 8_ ....................................... ......

33. 38

T otal_____________________________
Trimmers and ham and shoulder skinners
District 1___________________________
District 2_ ................. .......... ...................
District 3__............... ............. ...............




112

25. 72

129
253

21.88

25.41

3
3
2
5

1

2

1
36

13

2

INDUSTRY

$42.
30.
33.
39.
30.
31.
25.
28.

3
13
11
8

MEAT-PACKING

Total

—

Number of employees whose actual earnings in one week w'ere—

AND

Boners:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

Average
N um ­ earnings
ber of actually
made
em­
ployees in one
week

SLAUGHTERING

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

30

District 4

_ ________________________

10
34
19
2

2
7
3
1

1
3
1
1

3

4

61

242

149

47

42

20

14
34
35
1
7
12

42
92
69
5
29
2
5

36
47
33

9
14
17

3
17
6

5

14
4
2

6
4

2
3

2

103

244

136

50

31

7

1

District 6______________
__________
District 7_ _________________________

6
6
2
2

18
54
36
13

23. 02
24. 69
20. 70
31.05

Total >_ ................................................

55

616

24. 47

9

3

3

4

9

10

15

Trimmers of trimmings:
District 1_____ ______________________
District 2 ___ _______________________
District 3_________________ ________
District 4______________ _____________
District 5____________________________
District 6....................... ........................
District 8____________________________

6
13
9
3
7
4
2

123
284
241
'8
142
37
9

18. 45
17. 65
16. 32
15. 82
13. 42
18. 53
17. 61

4
13
6

6
7

1
4
14

9
17
16

2

8
1

23
1

2
8
19
1
28
2

9
1
1

3
27
18
1
14
5
1

T otal............ ........... ............ ................

44

844

16. 70

25

22

43

60

53

69

1

1

2
1

1

3
3
10

1
5

1

1

1

FEMALES

1

1

1
i

1

GENERAL

i

SAUSAGE D E P A R T M E N T

MALES

8
15
15
7
13
6
3
9

56
104
96
33
55
29
10
19

$26. 80
25. 77
26. 45
28. 65
30. 77
31. 59
29. 75
30. 48

T ota l________ _____________________

76

402

27. 74

8
15
16
7
13
6
2
9

79
112
75
17
61
41
9
23

28. 76
28. 58
28. 69
31.08
31. 22
30. 53
30. 67
28.18

76

417

29. 34

Staffers:
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District

1 ________ __________________
2
3
___ __
4
__________
__
5
6
7 _ _ ____________
__ _
8____________________________

Total _ __________________________

1
1

3
11
9

1
1

1

6
1

2
2

2 Includes data for 1 establishment for which details are not shown.




2
1

3

1

1
1

1
1
1

2
1

1

4

1

30

119

108

78

36

14

2

1

1

2
1
2

19
28
16
4
14
11
1
9

30
42
22
3
12
17
1
7

14
23
21
4
11
2
3
5

7
11
12
1
11
4
3

5
4
1
2
7
3

1
1

102

134

83

49

24

1
1

1

4
7
6
2
7
4
3
3

3
1
1
2
5

6

5
22
15
8
17
3
2
6

3

1

2

17
23
30
10
8
14

1

1
1

24
36
32
11
7
4
2
3

2

1
1
1
2

8

2
2
1

1
2

7

3

TABLES

M achine tenders: 5
District 1 __________________________
District 2____________________________
District 3
__ _
_____
District 4 ___________________________
District 5____________________________
___ __________
District 6
District 7____________________________
District 8____________________________

2

8 Includes cutters, choppers, grinders, mixers, curers, and feeders.

fcO

T

able

E . — Average and classified earnings actually made in one week by employees in 8

typical occupations, 1927, by department, sex, and

district— Continued

to

00

S A U S A G E D E P A R T M E N T —Continued

Average
earnings
actually
made
in one
week

Num ber of employees whose actual earnings in one week were—
$60
$40
$50
$45
$35
$25
$30
$20
$16
$14
$12
$6
$8
$10
$4
$70
U n­ and
I and and | and ! and and and and and and and and and and and
der under under under under under under under under under under under under under undef under and
over
$4
$45
$50
$70
$60
$35
$40
$30
$20
$12
$25
$6
$10
$14
$16
$8

FEMALES

XJ1 L111 I

----------------------------------------- --------

T^ictripf- A

Total

4
9

192
268
247
88
183
73
58
66

$17. 72
19.21
16. 89
15. 38
16. 10
15.’ 47
16. 81
16. 84

2
1
1
4
1
2
2
1

76

1,175

17. 22

14

5

1
1

5
3
14
6
7
1
1

8
4
12
22
10

7

37

3
4
1
2

10

4
1

26
19
37
7
53
46
9
13

83
144
64
19
54
13
19
31

55
71
54
8
16
6
18

1
15
20
8
8

4
2

9
10
36
9
31
5
4
11

62

115

210

427

228

60

1

4

2
4
18
3
4
3
1

13
35
82
19
10
11
1
2

93
145
119
22
21
28
8
19

94
67
49
4
15
19
4
5

19
15
25

19
1
3

9
7
2
3

1
1
1

22

35

173

455

257

80

1

1

4

1

11
14

22
73
52

42
40
36

5
5
19

1
1
3

MEAT-PACKING

fi

T^iGtripf
XJloll ILL \)-------------------------------------------------T^i'ct riot 7
District 8 ______________________ ______

g
14
16
7
13

AND

Linkers, twisters, tiers, and hangers:
District 1----- -------------------------------------

SLAUGHTERING

Sex, occupation, and district

um ­
ber of N
ber of
estab­
em­
lish­
ployees
ments

8

C U R E D -M E A T D E P A R T M E N T

MALES

District 8..................... ............................

11
7
3
9

248
280
317
55
62
72
22
30

$27. 37
23.03
21.51
19.44
24. 45
23.03
21.47
22. 99

T ota l...... ..............................................

76

1,086

23. 45

8
16
16

80
134
127

25. 85
23.96
24. 35

1
9
^
A

8
16
16

District 5

T)iQtripf
“P)ictript
T^iQtr’pl'
Tiictrint

T)iqtripf (\
T^iQtript 1

Picklers: ’
‘Di<3triPt 1
T^ictripf 9

District 3 - . . ...................... .....................




1
6

1
1
1

1
2
3
1

1

1
1
4
2
1

1
1
3
1

4
7
4
4
1

3
1
7

4

8

9

9

1
4
1

1

2

1

INDUSTRY

Packers: 1

!

>

1

i

1
j
!

26 !_____ ;
1

4
1

1

l

!

I

1 !______!_____
i
1

District
District
District
District
District

4__...............................................
5. ..............................................
6____________________________
7 .................................... ..............
8................ ........... ......................

6
12
7
3
9

18
58
35
8
20

21.48
23. 56
24.02
27.99
27. 49

T o t a l .............................. ............. .......

77

480

24. 45

j
1
I
!

___ 1
1
1

6
1
1

!
5

3

7

4

3

!

5
10
4
1

12
15
15
1
5

1
18
12
1
10

6
2
1
4

49

195

160

42

1
3
1
10 I
1

..........!.......... I ____
!
!

1i
i
2

|

I

1
I

C A N N IN G D E P A R T M E N T
1
FEM ALES

Packers (sliced bacon and chipped dried
beef in cans, glass jars, or cartons, b y
hand) :
District 1____ _____________________
District 2____________________________
District 3___________________________
District 4__ _________________________
District 5.......... ......................... ..............
District 6......................... .........................
District 8................... ................. ............

4
6
13
5
9
3
3

186
211
154
98
109
68
23

$20.23
16.65
14.53
12. 05
14.45
15.23
15. 20

2
2
3
2

43

849

16. 08

9

Labelers and wrappers:
District 1____________ _______________
District 3_________ _________________
District 4________ ___________________
District 5________ ___________________
District 8.......... ............... ............ ...........

4
2
3
2
2

101
14
5
8
4

17. 92
12. 88
13.96
14. 94
15. 54

2

T o ta l2....................................................

14

134

17. 00

2

T o ta l...................................................

2
2
1
1
6

4
2
5
5
4

3
8
6
15
11

1
11
14
22
4
1
1

14
13
30
31
21
7
10

20
49
33
14
21
45
1

41
89
50
9
44
14
9

55
36
11

43

54

126

183

256

106

1

3
1

11
9
2
3

33
3
3
2
1

25

11

25

42

33

1
21

1

1

1

4

3

33
1

11

j
..
—

I

..........I —
"~i
|

..........i.........

1
34 i
11

11
3

i
'
-------- —

1

i—

r
,—

;

i
I

3
3
11

11

3

1
i

2 Includes data for 1 establishment for which details are not shown.
6Includes packers of beef, barrel pork, bellies, briskets, pig rinds, and smoked meat; dippers, vat men, sweet-pickle packers, burlap sackers, wrappers, nailers, car loaders, and
car stowers.
7 Includes pickle men, pickle makers, pumpers, and curers.







APPENDIX
SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT-PACKING DEPARTMENTS AND
OCCUPATIONS
CATTLE-KILLING DEPARTMENT

Under this department are included data for employees whose work
is primarily that of slaughtering cattle. The information obtained
from the pay rolls of a few establishments shows, however, that some
employees also did other work. But the time worked in other than
their specified regular occupation connected with cattle killing was
but a very small per cent of the total time worked by them during
the pay-roll period. In tabulating the data for this and all other
departments, each employee who did work other than in his specified
regular occupation has been included in the occupation in which he
worked the most time. The average hours worked and the average
earnings in one week and the average hourly earnings are for all work
done during the weekly pay-roll periods of the establishments, includ­
ing both the time worked at and the earnings for specified regular occu­
pations and for any other work done during the pay-roll period. In
15 establishments a very small number of sheep and lambs were
slaughtered during the pay-roll period for which data were obtained,
the number being so small that a regular sheep-slaughtering gang was
not necessary. In these establishments the sheep and lambs were
slaughtered by a small number of the cattle-killing gang who were
detailed temporarily to do this work. In seven establishments some of
the cattle-killing gang also slaughtered hogs. The hours and earnings
for this work are included in this department because the employees
who did this worked much more of their time in this department than
out of it.
Seventy-five of the 86 establishments that furnished 1927 data for
this report slaughter cattle. In one of the 75 the cattle are slaughtered
by the hog-killing gang, and the data for the work are shown in the
hog-killing department because the employees who did it worked
much more of their time in that department than out of it. Eleven
plants do not slaughter any cattle.
A brief description of the occupations found in this department is
here given in the regular order of their usual performance. The order
varies in some establishments, due to different machinery and arrange­
ment of buildings and rooms and especially to the size of the gangs
or crews.
Drivers and 'penners.— Drivers drive the cattle from the establish­
ment yards or pens to the killing floor. Little or no experience is
necessary. Penners receive the cattle from the drivers, making a
record of lot and lot numbers and place the cattle in small pens on
the killing floor adjoining a narrow pen running parallel with and a




131

132

SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

little higher than the killing floor. This narrow pen is the one in
which cattle are placed for knocking. The penner drives and prods
the cattle into this pen. In some establishments one man does the
driving and penning.
The knocking pen is about 4 feet wide and separated into com ­
partments by gates, each compartment being about 10 feet long and
4 feet wide and large enough for two cattle at one time. It is separated
from the killing floor by gates which are raised and lowered by
machinery which is located overhead or in the gallery. When a rope
attached to the machinery is pulled the machinery is set in opera­
tion, the gate to the killing floor is lifted, and, as the floor of the com ­
partment is tilted on its axis by means of a chain which is attached to
the gate and to the back part of the floor, the raising of the gate
lifts the back part of the floor, lowers the front part and dumps the
cattle, after they have been knocked, to the killing floor. The gate
and the floor then automatically drop into position.
Knockers.— Walk on boards at the top and over the edge of the
knocking pen or on a shelf-like platform about 2 feet from the top
and on the opposite side of the knocking pen from the killing beds,
strike the cattle on the forehead with a hammer which weighs about
4 pounds, pull the rope attached to the hoisting machinery and
dump the cattle to the killing floor. When the knocker is assisted,
the assistant, who is a laborer, pulls the rope.
Shacklers or stingers.— Attach one end of a short chain (with a
hook on each end) around the hind feet of the cattle, hook the other
end to the hoisting machinery, and pull a rope setting in operation the
machine which hoists the cattle to an overhead rail leading to a point
on the killing floor where the animals are to be stuck. In some estab­
lishments the animals are dropped automatically to this rail, while in
others a laborer who works overhead or in the gallery hooks the cattle
from the hoist to the rail. In establishments where cattle are slaugh­
tered according to the kosher or Jewish method, the cattle are
shackled, thrown to the killing floor, and partly hoisted, the head,
neck, and shoulders resting on the floor. In these establishments the
shackler is called a “ slinger.”
Stickers.— Stick the cattle in the neck through the chest to the hol­
low with a knife, cutting the arteries running from the heart to the
neck.
Head holders.— Hold the head of the animal for the kosher sticker
by attaching an instrument shaped somewhat like a muzzle over the
nose and face and pull the head over to the floor, thereby stretching
the neck. The muzzle or holder has a wooden handle about 3 feet
lo n £-

When cattle are being slaughtered by the kosher or Jewish method,
there are no knockers. The slinger throws the live animal by
shackling the hind feet and then hoists it until the shoulder, neck,
and head only are on the floor. While in this position the head is
held by the holder and the sticker cuts the throat by drawing a very
sharp knife across the throat a few inches from the head, cutting the
jugular vein.
Headers,— Skin out the heads; that is, take the hides from heads
and cut through the neck and joint of the vertebrae back of the head,
cutting the head entirely from the carcass. In some plants headers
do not complete the work of cutting the heads from the carcass




DEPARTMENTS AND OCCUPATIONS

133

but leave parts of it for another employee. The heads are kept in
regular order so that they may be identified with the carcasses from
which they came. The heads are trucked to a place convenient for
the Government inspectors.
Droppers and pritchers-up.— These two occupations are combined
because in many establishments one man does both the dropping
and the pritching-up. Droppers drop the carcasses from the sticking
or bleeding rail to the killing beds by pulling a rope attached to
machinery in the gallery. Pritchers-up roll or raise cattle on backs
with all feet up and keep them in that position by placing one end of
a pritch (a small steel instrument about 2 feet long with a point
on one end) against the breast or brisket and the other end against
the floor.
Foot skinners.— Skin the fore legs from the foot to the knee and
take off the leg at the knee joint. This operation consists of cutting
through the skin at the back of the foot or hoof, cutting off the dewclaws, splitting the hide from the foot to the knee, skinning out the
leg bone, and taking off the leg by cutting through the knee joint.
In some establishments the dewclaws are not cut off until the hide
reaches the hide cellar. Droppers and pritchers-up are promoted
to this work.
Leg breakers.— Skin out the hind legs from the foot to above the
gamb (the hamstring or tendon located at the back of the leg imme­
diately above the hock joint), cut through the hock joint, break the
joint, and take off the hind leg at that joint. In some establishments
the leg is not broken or taken off by the leg skinners, but is left on
until the carcass is hoisted for gutting and other operations, and
is then broken or taken off by some other employee. In some estab­
lishments leg breakers also rip open, that is, rip open the hide from
the bung to the neck.
Rippers-open.— Rip open the hide from the bung to the neck and
in some establishments assist floormen or siders.
Gullet raisers.— Cut through the neck to the gullet and feeding tube
(weasand) leading from the mouth to the hollow of the carcass, cut
them loose from the neck, and tie the loose end of the weasand to
prevent purging. This is a minor knife job.
Floormen or siders.— Skin out the breast and belly and remove the
skin or hide from the inside of the hind legs and from the sides.
This is one of the most skilled operations in this department.
It
requires speed, care, accuracy, and long experience and is the job or
occupation that the dropper, pritcher-up, foot skinner, and leg breaker
look forward to.
Breast or brisket breakers and sawyers .— Saw through the center of
the breastbone from outside to inside the carcass.
Crotch breakers.— Cut through the crotch or aitchbone, which is
part of the hip bone or pelvis, from the outside to the hollow. The
cut is made with a knife except when old cows are slaughtered.
Then it is necessary to saw through, as the bones are very hard and
can not be cut or broken easily.
Bolsters.— Look after the hoisting machinery which is used in lift­
ing animals from the floor, attach spreaders to the carcasses to be
hoisted from the killing beds, and after the work on the floor has
been completed set the machinery in operation by pulling a rope
attached to it.




134

SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

Tail rippers and pullers.— Rip open the skin or hide on the tail
from the butt to the tip end and pull or skin the hide from the tail.
Bung droppers.— Cut around the bung, separating it from the car­
cass. In some establishments the bung dropper also cuts off and
saves the bladder, while in others the bladder is cut off and saved
by an employee who does nothing else.
Rumpers.— Skin the hide from around the rump and top of the
hips. This is a very important occupation and requires skill and
experience, as the skin on that part of the carcass adheres very closely
to the meat, making it extremely difficult to remove the hide without
cutting or scoring it or cutting through the outside membrane which
covers the outer surface of the meat. A cut or score in the hide
would decrease its value, while a cut through the membrane would
mar the appearance of the meat.
Fell cutters.— Cut or skin the hide from the back and outside of
the hips or the top of the legs. This operation requires very careful
work, owing to the fact that the fell, that is, the white, silvery tissue
or membrane which lies immediately between the hide and the meat,
adheres so closely to the meat and hide that a slight cut through it
would either score or cut the hide or score the meat. In either case
it would make a bad job.
Fell pullers and beaters.— Employees do this work, in pairs. One
takes the leg skin as left by the leg breaker, pulls and jerks it while
the other beats the meat side of the skin, thereby removing the hide
from above the gamb to the top of the leg.
Backers.— Skin the hide from the back from the rump to the top
of the shoulders near the neck. Experience and skill are necessary.
Shank skinners.— Skin out the shanks of the fore legs from the
knee joints to the shoulders. In most establishments this operation
is done by the hide droppers.
Hide droppers.— Clear out the shanks in establishments where other
employees do not do this operation, clear the hide from the front
of the shoulders and the neck, dropping it from the carcass to the
killing floor where the hide inspector examines or inspects it for
cuts and scores.
Gutters.— Take the paunch, intestines, liver, heart, and lungs from
the carcass and cut through the kidney fat along the backbone from
the hips to the bottom of the kidney fat, thereby separating the fat
into two equal parts and at the same time preparing the carcass for
the splitters. The Government inspector here inspects the heart,
liver, lungs, paunches, intestines, and the glands for signs of disease.
If any such signs are found, the carcass and all offal, including the
head and the caul fat, are sent to the retaining room for final in­
spection by a Government veterinary inspector.
Caul pullers.— Cut through the meat between the hind legs to
crotch or aitch bone, split open the belly from the crotch to the
breastbone or brisket, and pull the caul fat from around the paunch
and intestines. The caul is placed in a separate bucket or other
vessel so that it may be identified with the carcass of the animal from
which it came.
Tail sawyers.— Saw through the tail bone and part of the back­
bone or vertebrse down between the hip bones to a point nearly
opposite the hip or socket joint. This work is done in some plants
with an electric-power saw and in others by hand with a small meat
saw.




DEPARTMENTS AND OCCUPATIONS

135

Splitters.— Split through the center of the backbone or vertebrae
from the hips to the chuck or to a point in the backbone near the
third or fourth rib. A long, heavy, sharp cleaver is used for this
operation. The occupation is one of the most important in this
department.
Chuck splitters.— Split through the chuck and neck from the point
where the splitters completed their work, through the last joint of
the vertebrae in the neck next to the head, thereby completing the
splitting of the backbone into two equal parts and completely separ­
ating the carcass into halves. This work is done in many of the
plants with an electric-power saw and in others with a heavy, sharp
cleaver.
Scribers.— Saw through the top part of the backbone between the
spinal cord canal and the top of the back or the outer surface of the
carcass, beat, break, or bend the bones of the back while the carcass
is still warm. This is done from loin to a point opposite the third
or fourth rib for the purpose of giving that part of the carcass a
smooth, well-rounded, and thicker appearance. It is done only
when a very good grade of cattle is being slaughtered, and not when
carmers or cows are slaughtered. Scribers do other work when old
cows are slaughtered.
Trimmers.— Trim bruises, skirts, rounds, and tails. Trim bruises
from carcass, cutting out the blood clots and bruised meat to improve
the appearance of the carcass. Trim skirts or diaphragms by cutting
the surplus membrane from them. Care should be taken in this
operation not to cut entirely through the membrane to the lean meat,
as by so doing the membrane draws up when the carcass cools and
shows the meat, thus marring the appearance of the inside of the
carcass. Trim rounds by cutting out bruises and cutting off uneven
or irregular particles that may be hanging to them. Trim tails by
cutting out bruises and cutting off fat. These operations are all
knife jobs.
Utility men (handy men, straw bosses, and all-round men).— Efficient,
experienced, all-round, handy employees who are shifted from one
kind of skilled work to another as needed or who fill in for employees
who are temporarily off duty.
Washers and wipers.— Wash and clean dressed carcasses with a hose
and water under pressure, sometimes with a brush attached to the
end of hose which rubs or wipes the carcass, thereby removing blood
from them.
Butchers, general.— D o all the operations necessary in slaughtering
cattle. These employees are as a rule found in small establishments
or in establishments that are primarily engaged in the slaughter of
hogs but also slaughter a few bulls for bologna sausage.
Tonguers.— Cut tongues from the heads, leaving them hanging by
a small particle of meat so that the Government inspector may easily
cut into and examine the glands of the head for disease.
Laborers.— D o the unskilled work in and about the killing depart­
ment. They assist the penners, the knockers, and the hoisters,
squilgee or clean the blood from the floor, attach hooks or rollers in
gambs, pull toes or hoof, tie bladders, pull spinal cords from the
spinal canal, skewer loins and necks, wrap cloths around the side or
half of beef to absorb moisture, wash cloths to be used for wiping




136

SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

carcasses and for absorbing the blood in necks and kidney ducts or
canals, clean rollers, carry rollers, oil rollers, and shove carcasses on
rail running from the killing floor to the conveyor which carries car­
casses to the coolers or chill rooms.
Truckers.— Truck material and supplies into and about the depart­
ment, and truck offal, mostly paunches and intestines, to chutes
leading from the killing department to the offal department.
HOG-KILLING DEPARTMENT

Inasmuch as hog killing and hog cutting are both done by one gang
or crew of employees in practically all establishments that furnished
data for this report, and as many of the employees have at least
two regular occupations, it was necessary to classify the employees
in either the killing or cutting occupation of such employees. Prefer­
ence, therefore, has been given to the occupations in which the
employee worked the greater part of the time. The hours worked
and earnings for each pay period are for both the killing and the
cutting occupations, and for any other work done during the pay-roll
period. Some employees worked at both killing and cutting occupa­
tions and also did other work. The average hourly earnings are for
all kinds of work done during the pay-roll period, and were obtained
by dividing the total earnings by the total hours worked.
Seventy-seven of the 86 establishments that furnished 1927 data
for this report slaughter hogs. In six of the 77 the hogs are slaugh­
tered by the cattle-killing gang and the data for hog killing are
included in the data shown under the cattle-killing department. One
establishment kas its hogs slaughtered by another plant and therefore
has no data shown for it under this department, and eight plants do
not slaughter any hogs.
The occupations shown under this department are described as
follow s:
Laborers, drivers, penners, steamers, singers, washers, and aitchbone
breaJcers.— D o the various kinds of unskilled work on the killing floor;
drive hogs from the establishment pens to the killing floor; pen hogs
on the killing floor, that is, place them in pen next to the revolving
hoisting machine, and make record of lot and lot numbers; assist
shacklers by catching and holding the hogs; steam hogs, while being
shaved and scraped, using a steam hose; singe hogs while being
dressed; wash hogs and break crotch or aitchbones, using an instru­
ment similar in shape to a tinner’s shears.
Shacklers.— Receive hogs from drivers or penners, place them in
the small pen connected with the revolving hoisting machine, attach
or hook one end of shackle (a short chain with a hook on each end)
around one leg of the hog and attach the other end to the revolving
hoisting wheel. The wheel is operated by machinery and hoists the
hogs from the floor, dropping them automatically to a rail running
from the wheel to the sticker. In some plants an incline conveyor
chain is used for hoisting the hogs instead of a wheel, but the principle
is the same.
Stickers.— Stick the hogs in the neck, penetrating the neck to the
hollow of the hog, cutting the arteries running from the heart to the
neck and head. A sticker, in many plants, is assisted by another
employee who catches and holds the hog for the sticker as it comes




DEPARTMENTS AND OCCUPATIONS

137

to him over the rail leading from the wheel. The assistant is really
a learner, apprentice, or laborer. In some establishments the assist­
ant fills in for the sticker, being paid approximately the sticker’s
rate. In this case he is included with the stickers.
Scolders, tubmen, droppers, gamb cutters, polemen, and duckers.—
These employees handle the hog from the time it leaves the sticker
until it is hooked to the scraping or dehairing machine. Droppers
receive the hogs as they come from the sticker and detach the shackles,
dropping the hogs into the scalding tubs or vats, and return the
shackles by gravity rails to the shackling pen. Scalders keep the
water in the scalding vats at the required temperature, test the
scalding, using a pole with a hook on it for the purpose of determin­
ing whether the scalding has been sufficient to remove the hair.
When a scalder finds that the hog is scalded so that the hair may
be removed easily he shoves the hog to the gamb cutter. Polemen
and duckers assist the scalder and tubmen by ducking or keeping the
hogs under water while they are being scalded. Gamb cutters slit
the skin on the back part of the hind legs immediately above the
hock joint and cut between the leg bone and the gamb or hamstring
so that a hook or the gambrel stick may be easily inserted in the
gamb, and also insert hooks used in attaching hog to dehairing
machine.
Hooker s-on, hookers-ojf, hangers-ojf, straighteners, and feeders, chain—
These employees handle the hog from the time it leaves the gamb
cutter until it is hooked to the moving conveyor, which is operated
by machinery, excepting during head and feet scraping, which is usu­
ally done en route. In some establishments a gambrel stick is inserted
in each gamb, after which the hog is hooked to the scraping or de­
hairing machine. In other establishments a short chain with a hook
on each end is used, one hook being attached to the gamb and the
other to the machine. The hog is then carried through the dehairing
or scraping machine. After passing through, it is automatically
dropped to a shaving bench or moving table which carries it to the
chain or moving conveyor. While on the moving table, the head
shavers, scrapers, and cleaners do their work. In some establish­
ments the hog is not dropped from the rail after passing through the
dehairing machine but all scraping, shaving, and other work is done
while the hog is on the chain or conveyor moving to the cooler.
Feeders attach hook or feed the hogs from the table to the moving
conveyor. In some establishments, in which hogs are dressed by the
Canadian or English method, immediately after passing through the
dehairing machine they are dropped to a table near the singeing
machine, which consists of an endless chaiu passing up a steel pipe
or chimney of burning gas. The chimney is of sufficient size to allow
the passage of as large a hog as may be killed. The hog is marked
by cutting a slit between the jawbones. A chain with a hook on
each end is used to attach the hog to the singeing machine. One
hook is inserted in the slit between the jawbones and the other is
hooked to the endless chain. The hog passes through the pipe and
is thoroughly singed, coming out a very dark brown. After passing
out at the top of the pipe the hog is lowered to a table. It is carried
through the chimney to the top of the machine head first and lowered
feet first. This work is heavy.




138

SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

Shavers and scrapers.— Shave and scrape off the hair left on the
hogs after the scraping machine has done its work, and scrape hogs
after they have been singed. This work is done with knives.
Headers.— Cut off the head, unjointing it from the body at the
first joint of the vertebrse immediately back of the head, cutting
through the flesh and joint, but leaving the head hanging to the
carcass by a small part of the skin and jowl. The head is so left on
the body that the Government inspector may cut into the glands
of the head and inspect them for signs of tuberculosis or any other
disease. If any sign of disease is found, a metal stamp is attached
to the carcass and no further work is done upon it until it arrives in
the retaining room, where the work of dressing is completed under
the supervision of veterinary inspectors of the Department of Agri­
culture.
Gutters, bung droppers, and rippers-open.— Rip open the skin and
belly from the bung to the neck or the cut made by the sticker.
Bung droppers cut around the bung, separating it from the carcass,
and as a rule also cut out the bladder. The gutter removes the
paunch, intestines, and the pluck. In many establishments one
employee does all these operations. The paunch, intestines, and
pluck are here inspected by the Government inspectors for signs of
disease.
Splitters.— Separate the hog into halves by cutting through the
center of the backbone from tail to and through the neck bones.
In some establishments the splitting is done by cutting the ribs
loose from the backbone on both sides, thereby taking the back­
bone out whole. This work is done with a heavy, sharp cleaver.
Ham facers.— Trim or cut the surplus fat from the inside or face
of the ham. This is done in order to improve the appearance of the
ham and at the same time show as much lean as possible.
Leaf-lard pullers.— Remove the leaf lard from the carcass. Leaf
lard is a thick layer of fat inside the carcass extending from the
vertebrse to the belly and from the crotch almost to the breastbone.
It is the highest grade of fat in the hog.
Leaf-lard scrapers.— Scrape the small pieces or particles of lard
left in the carcass by the leaf-lard puller.
Bruise trimmers, head removers, and Tcidney pullers.— Trim bruises
on the dressed carcasses, removing blood clots, blood, and discolora­
tions; cut the small part of the jowl and skin which was left uncut
by the header, thus removing the head from the carcass. Pull
kidneys from the leaf lard while it is still warm.
Utility men.— All-round, efficient, handy men who are shifted
from one occupation to another as needed, spelling or filling in for
employees temporarily off duty for any reason or period of time.
Truckers.— Truck materials, supplies, and offal into, about, and
from the department.
Kidney pullers, shavers, singers, and spreaders.— These terms des­
ignate the few occupations in which a very small number of women
are employed on the killing floor. The number of women so em­
ployed is so small that all have been transferred to one group.




DEPARTMENTS AND OCCUPATIONS

139

SHEEP-KILLING AND CALF-KILLING DEPARTMENT

Under this department are included data for employees whose work
is primarily that of killing and dressing sheep, that is, those who
work much more of their time at this than at any other work.
Forty-nine of the 86 plants that furnished 1927 data for this report
have regular gangs or crews for this work, and the data here shown
are for the employees in these plants. Nine plants in which sheep
are killed do not have regular gangs, the wrork usually being done by
some of the cattle-killing gang detailed to do it, and the data for
that work are not included here but are included under the cattlekilling department where these employees work most of the time.
Sheep, lambs, and calves are not killed in 28 plants.
The number of employees in a gang or crew of sheep butchers
varies from 2 to 3 men in the smallest plants to 50 to 60 in the largest.
Those in the smallest plants do all the different operations of dressing
sheep and are called sheep butchers. In the largest plants each
employee does one operation only, and in such plants are found
clear-cut, well-defined, standardized occupations such as are shown
for some of the plants in districts 1 and 2. Employees in medium­
sized plants do more than one operation, the number varying with
the number of employees in the gang. Each employee in the
medium-sized plants has been given the occupation at which he
worked most during the pay-roll period taken, or the most important
occupation at which he worked where the time worked at each occu­
pation was not given.
Employees who do the sheep killing also as a rule do the calf
killing, for which they are paid the same rate per hour, even though
they do an entirely different kind of work. A very small per cent
of the calves are skinned on the killing floor. The dressing of calves
when the hides are left on the carcasses consists of shackling, stick­
ing (cutting the throat), skinning out the feet (legs from hoofs to the
knees) and the head, washing, combing, and cleaning the coat (hair),
ripping the hide from bung to the neck, ripping open the belly,
breaking the crotch or aitch bone, splitting the brisket, dropping the
bung, gutting, taking out the pluck, and washing inside the carcass.
When this has been done, the carcasses with hides on go to the chill
room. Plants frequently receive orders for calves dressed with
hides on. Those not sold with hides on are skinned in the chill room
the morning after the killing by some of the sheep and calf butchers.
The pay for skinning cold calves is sometimes by an hourly rate and
sometimes by a piece rate.
A brief description of occupations found in this department is here
given in the regular order of their performance. The order, however,
varies in some plants, due to different machinery, room arrange­
ment, etc. Not every occupation found in this department is shown
separately in the tabulation, as the conditions in a few plants made it
necessary to combine some of the occupations.
Laborers.— Included under this term are drivers, penners, holders,
shovers, hookers-on to conveyers, hangers-up of racks, and squilgeers.
Drivers drive sheep from the establishment pens to the killing floor
and deliver them to the penners. Penners receive the sheep from the
drivers, count and sort them by lots, making record of lot and lot
number, and place them in an inclosure adjoining the small pen




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connected with the revolving hoisting wheel. Holders catch and
hold sheep for shacklers. Shovers shove sheep along on an overhead
rail to the chain or moving conveyor or from conveyor to a rail leading
to the cooler. Hookers-on hook or transfer sheep from rail to con­
veyor. Hangers-up of racks hang racks on rail leading from con­
veyor to the cooler. Squilgeers dean up the killing floor.
Shacklers.— Receive sheep from penners; prod and push them into
a small pen connected with the revolving hoisting wheel; attach
one end of the shackle (a short chain with a hook on each end) to
leg of sheep and hook the other end to the hoisting wheel. The
wheel, which is operated by machinery, lifts the sheep from the floor
and drops them automatically to a rail running from the wheel
to the bleeding rail.
Stickers.— Pull the sheep from the wheel along the rail; stick knife
into the side of the neck near the back of the jaw, draw the knife
across the throat, cutting the jugular veins.
Joint breakers.— Break the joints between the fore feet and the legs
by hand.
Scalpers.— Skin the pelt from the scalp and face. This is a knife
operation. In some establishments it is not done until the pelt is
dropped from the carcass, being done then by the pelt droppers.
Miscellaneous workers.— Include hookers-up, fore quarters and
hind legs; jaw skinners, raisers and tiers of weasands, cutters-off of
toes, cod punchers, shoulder punchers, leg rollers, leg crossers, and
shank pinners. Hookers-up hook up fore quarters by attaching the
fore feet to a spreader attached to a rail running parallel with the
rail to which the hind legs are attached; hook or transfer hind
legs from overhead rail to the ring or moving conveyor, remove
shackles and return them by gravity rail to the hoisting wheel or
shackling pen, and in some establishments pull pelt from the outside
of the hind leg from the broken joint to about the hock joint. Jaw
skinners skin the pelt from around the jaws and neck. Raisers
and tiers of weasands cut through the neck from the head to the
chest, cutting the gullet and weasand loose from the meat, and tie
the end of the weasand to prevent purging. Cutters-off of toes cut
off toes of the front feet at the broken joint, thereby releasing the
fore legs from the spreader, leaving the animal hanging by the hind
leg. Cod and shoulder punchers punch the pelt loose from around
the cod and the shoulders. Leg rollers wrap the caul fat around the
hind legs, attaching it to them with short wooden skewers. Leg
crossers take one hind leg from one hook on the conveyor and attach
it to another hook to which the other hind leg is fastened. Shank
pinners bend the fore leg (foot or knee) back to shank, and pin leg
and shank together with small wooden skewers. These occupations
or operations are not generally found in establishments, as the work
is usually done by employees working at more important occupations;
hence the necessity of showing them here in one group as miscellaneous
workers.
Leggers (fore and hind).— Skin the pelt from the fore legs from the
foot to the shoulders and from the inside and back part of the hind
legs from the foot to the crotch and cut off the hind foot at the joint
between the leg and the foot. In some establishments the fore
leggers skin the pelt from the neck, jaw, shoulders, and breast.




DEPARTMENTS AND OCCUPATIONS

141

Brisket or breast pullers.— Rip open the pelt through the breast and
part of the belly and pull it from the point of the brisket on both sides
to the shoulders.
Facers.— Rip open the pelt from the crotch to near the breast and
skin it from the belly and part of the sides by holding the pelt with
one hand and punching it loose from the carcass with the fist of the
other. In some plants employees who do this work are called
pelters. This is one of the most important occupations in this
department.
Bumpers and hack pullers.— Skin the pelt from the rump, clearing
it from the carcass at the top of the hips near the tail. Pull the pelt
from the carcass from the top of the hips to the neck. In some
establishments back pullers also drop the bung by cutting the end
loose from the carcass. In others the bung is dropped by the gutters.
Brisket or breast splitters.— Split the breastbone through from out­
side to inside or hollow, by driving a sharp knife through the bone
with a small mallet.
Pelt droppers.— Skin the pelt from the neck to the head, clearing it
from the carcass. In some plants the pelt droppers also skin the pelt
from the head.
Scrubbers, washers, and wipers.— Scrub or wash the carcass, using
a fountain brush supplied with water by a hose, and wipe or dry the
carcass with cloths made of several layers of cheesecloth. Carcasses
are washed and wiped thoroughly after the pelt has been dropped and
again after the gutting has been completed.
Caul pullers.— Cut open the belly and pull the caul fat from the
paunch and intestines and place it in a small pan attached to the
moving conveyor near the carcass. There is a separate pan for each
caul. When sheep are caul dressed the caul is draped over the kidneys
and wrapped around the hind legs by the dressers.
Gutters (bung droppers and rippers-open).— Cut through the crotch
and crotch bone to the hollow of the animal, drop the bung and
remove the intestines, paunch, and pluck. In some cases sheep are
dressed with the pluck left in the carcass and are so sold to the trade.
The pluck is the liver, heart, and lungs. The viscera inspection is
here made by the United States inspectors.
Headers and neck trimmers.— Cut the head from the carcass and
trim the neck.
Dressers.— Include rib sawyers or Boston cutters, setters or Boston
setters, caul dressers, and dressers. There are many methods of
dressing sheep, due to the demands of the trade in different sections
of the country and in different cities in the same section, also to the
age and size of the animals. Some of those most used are here
defined. Caul dressers take the caul from the small pan on the
conveyor next to the carcass and drape or hang it around the hind
legs and over the kidneys. In some plants they also roll or wrap it
around the legs and fasten it to them with skewers. Rib sawyers or
Boston cutters saw across the ribs inside the carcass about midway
between the backbone and the breastbone and belly, using a small
scribe saw, then bend the brisket and rib outward. Boston setters
or setters set a stay stick inside the carcass to hold the ribs back to
the position in which they were placed by the sawyers or cutters.
109538°— 29------ 10




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Luggers.— Lift the carcass from the moving conveyor or ring and
carry it to the rack on the rail which run? from the killing floor to the
chill room.
Utility men, spelters, handy men, all-round men.— All-round, efficient,
handy men who are shifted from one skilled occupation to another
as needed, filling in for employees temporarily off duty.
Sheep or calf butchers.— Dress sheep and calves entirely, doing all
the operations. These employees are usually found in small establish­
ments where only a small number of animals are dressed from day to
day. In most establishments they also do other work.
OFFAL (OTHER THAN HIDES AND CASINGS) DEPARTMENT

The dressed carcass is the direct product of the slaughtered animal.
Offal is the indirect product and therefore consists of hides, casings or
intestines, fats obtained from animals while being slaughtered,
paunches, livers, hearts, feet or legs, tongues, tails, sweetbreads,
spleens or milts, weasands, heads (horns, brains, cheek, and other
head meat, beef lips or mouths, and head bones), and blood.
Before the development of the modern meat-packing establishment
very little of the offal except hides and tallow or fats was saved. The
modern meat-packing establishment has eliminated this waste.
Now everything is saved. All that is edible or fit for human food is
cleaned and prepared for food, and the remainder is made into
inedible grease, tallow, fertilizer, combs or ornamental articles, knife
handles, buttons, neat’s-foot oil, glue, etc.
Under this department are included all employees who save, clean,
trim, and prepare all beef, hog, sheep, and calf offal other than hides
and casings, including pigtails and pigs’ feet and snouts. Offal re­
quires immediate and careful attention while animals are being
slaughtered, as it spoils quickly.
The working conditions in this department are fairly good, as a
rule. The work is usually done in rooms with tile or cement floors.
Employees stand on floor racks which enables them to keep their
feet dry.
Eighty-one of the 86 establishments that furnished 1927 data for
this report have employees in this department. In two plants the
work of this department is done by the cattle-killing gang and in one
by the hog-killing gang. Two plants have no offal, one having no
killing department, and the other one selling all offal to a company
that does the work of this department.
It is almost impossible to give a detailed definition of the various
operations or occupations of this department? especially for trimmers.
In large establishments employees are given only one operation to do.
In small and medium-sized establishments one employee does more
than one operation; that is, trims more than one kind of offal. In
some cases the whole force does all the trimming, being shifted from
one kind to another.
The occupations found in this department are described as follows:
Chiselers, checkers, and templers.— Chiselers insert a chisel between
the bones of the head, pull the jawbones out of socket, and tear head
meat loose from the bones. Templers cut or loosen meat from
around the temples and cheeks. Cheekers cut or trim the cheek
meat from heads.




DEPARTMENTS AND OCCUPATIONS

143

Machine operators.— Including skull splitters or choppers, jaw­
bone pullers, knockers-out of teeth or grinders-out of teeth, head or
turbinated bone grinders, sawyers of horns, shanks, or shin bones;
snout pullers, marrow blowers. These employees operate machines
that split heads, pull jawbones, knock or grind teeth out of jaw­
bones, remove lard or grease from, head bones, saw off horns, saw
shank or shin bones, pull snout skins, or blow marrow from bones.
They not only operate the machines, but also handle the heads or
bones, placing them in or on the machines in the necessary or required
positions.
In some establishments beef heads are not split by
machinery, the work being done by hand with a heavy, sharp ax.
After the head is split the brain is taken from the skull and placed in
pans, buckets, or other vessels.
Trimmers.— These employees are knife workers. They trim the
various kinds of offal, cutting off meat, skins, and membranes, and
separating the fat from the lean meat. In many establishments they
are called general trimmers, while in other establishments each em­
ployee has a special or specific operation to perform. They trim head
meats, trim pecks, cut out palates, cut out and trim sweetbreads,
trim cheek meat, trim livers, trim fats, hearts, lungs, etc.
Pluck trimmers.— Cut off, cut out, or separate plucks, pull and split
weasands. The pluck consists of the heart, lungs, gullet, and weasands. It is separated or trimmed by cutting off the heart and weasand
and trimming the fat from the heart and from around the gullet or
windpipe.
Inspectors.— Include graders, slunk skinners, utility men, spell
men. Inspectors inspect the offal trimmings to see if they are clean
and also for the purpose of grading them as to quality. Spell men
fill in for employees who are temporarily absent from duty. They are
efficient employees who are competent to do the various kinds of
skilled work in this department. Slunk skinners remove the skin
or hides from calves.
Laborers.— Laborers do the various kinds of unskilled work in this
department. They clean up floors, cut sinews from legs, save hair,
pick up fat, catch blood, wash barrels, and do general roustabout and
general unskilled work. In many establishments the laborers are
shifted from one kind of unskilled work to another.
Rippers-open of paunches and pecks.— Cut open paunches and pecks
and dump the contents.
Washers.— Wash and pick over offal trimmings and fats. The
washing is sometimes done by hand and sometimes by machinery.
When done by machinery, the washer operates the machines.
Truckers.— Load and unload trucks and truck material and sup­
plies into, about, and out of the department.
Tripe washers.— Wash and clean beef paunches after they have
been dumped. This work is sometimes done by hand and some­
times by machinery. It is very important and requires care, as the
paunch must be thoroughly cleaned and washed before it is cooked,
finished, and made into tripe.
Tripe scolders and cookers.— Scald and cook beef paunches after
they have been thoroughly cleaned.
Tripe scrapers and finishers.— Scrape the inside or mucous lining
of the paunch after it has been cooked and finish the cleaning by
scraping all the fat and membrane from the outside, thereby leaving




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only the muscular tissue of the paunch and do the necessary trim­
ming. The tripe is now ready for packing in cans, casks, or tierces
filled with vinegar pickle.
Pigs’ feet shavers, cleaners, scrapers, and singers.— These employees
shave, clean, scrape, and singe the hair and scurf from pigs’ feet and
prepare them for market or for vinegar pickle.
Feet splitters, and trimmers.— These employees split the feet into
two equal parts, and do necessary trimming.
Finishers.— D o the final trimming of pigs’ feet and pack them in
tierces and fill the tierces with vinegar pickle
HIDE DEPARTMENT

This department includes all employees who handle cattle hides,
calfskins, and sheep pelts. The operations begin with the inspec­
tion of the hides on the killing floor for cuts and scores, and ends
with the take-up employees or gang who pull the cured hides from
the pack, shake out the salt by shaking the hide over a wooden
horse, flesh side down as a rule, roll, tie, and prepare them for ship­
ment. Seventy-one of the 86 establishments that furnished 1927
data for this report had regular hide gangs, and data shown in this
department are for employees in these establishments. Eleven
establishments had no hide employees, as no cattle, calves, or sheep
were slaughtered in any of them. No data were reported for two
establishments, as the hides from cattle slaughtered in them were
sold green, and in two establishments this work was done by the
killing and the offal gangs.
Hides are graded, inspected, and trimmed by the most skilled
employees in the department. This work, however, is frequently
done by sub, or assistant, foremen in many of the medium-sized
establishments, and by the foremen in the very small establishments.
Foremen and assistants in the medium-sized and small establish­
ments who did this work are included in the data for trimmers,
graders, and inspectors. All other employees in this department are
unskilled. It requires only a few daty s’ experience for new employees
to become efficient spreaders and salters, or laborers. The take-up
employees in many establishments are more or less temporary as
there is no work for them except when the establishments have
orders to be filled.
The occupations shown in the tabulation for this department are
described as follows:
Inspectors, trimmers, and graders.— Inspect green hides for cuts and
scores; trim hides by splitting the ears so that they will lie even
on the pack when salted; cut off the tail or switch; cut off loose or
hanging particles of hide at the edges and trim off surplus pieces of
meat that were carelessly left on the hide when it was taken from
the carcass; grade hides before they are salted down on packs and
after they are taken from packs.
Spreaders and salters.— Spread green hides on packs, hair side
down, and salt them down, that is, cover them with salt.
Laborers.— Pull hides from the bottom of the chute leading from
killing floor to cellar; truck green hides from the chute to the hide
packs; pull them from packs after they are cured, shake out salt,
sweep, roll, tie, pack, and ship hides; cu tou t ear hair; and do general
roustabout work.




DEPARTMENTS AND OCCUPATIONS

145

CASING DEPARTMENT

Casings are the coverings for sausage and other meat products
and are prepared from the intestines of cattle, hogs, and sheep,
from beef, hog, and calf bladders, from beef weasands, or gullet,
and from hog stomachs. The intestines are divided into three
kinds of casings— bungs, rounds, and middles. The bung is the
largest in diameter and from 4 to 5 feet in length, according to size
of the animal from which it comes. The round is the small intestine
and the middle is the large intestine.
Employees in this department are entirely dependent for work
upon the number of animals that are slaughtered in the establish­
ment as a whole, as when no animals are slaughtered there are no
casings to clean. Whenever animals are slaughtered the casings or
intestines generally come to this department by a chute leading from
the killing floor.
Seventy-six of the 86 plants that furnished 1927 data for this
report have casing workers. Ten of the 86 plants have no casing
workers. Eight of them sell the casings as taken from the animals,
one has its slaughtering done by another plant, and one has no
casings as it is primarily a canning plant.
Inasmuch as casings are cleaned in rooms with cement floors, and
as there is, in some establishments, much water standing or running
on the floors, the working conditions of the employees in this de­
partment are generally not good. Employees working under these
conditions are provided with floor racks.
The occupations are as follows:
Casing pullers or runners.— Pull and cut bungs out of casing sets
which consist of bungs, rounds, middles, and the ruffle or fat of the
intestines; run or pull rounds and middles out of sets, usually using
a knife to separate them from the set and ruffle fat.
Strippers.— Rem ove the contents from bungs, rounds, and middles.
In some establishments one end of the casing is attached to a pipe or
tube; water is then turned into and forced through them, thus forcing
the contents from them. In other establishments stripping is done
with machines or by hand.
Falters and slimers.— Operate and feed machines that remove fat
from the outside surface and slime or mucous lining from the in­
side surface of casings. In some establishments the sliming is done
by hand both before and after the casings are turned. In some the
fatting is done by one machine and the sliming by another.
Turners.— Turn casings inside out. This is done with water.
One end of the casing is turned by hand enough to get the force of
the water. The running water then forces its way entirely through
casing, turning it inside out.
Blowers, graders, and inspectors.— Casings are inspected and graded
by forcing water through them or by filling them with air by com ­
pressed-air machines. This is done for the purpose of finding leaks
or defects, and also for separating them into grades— “ narrows,”
“ wides,” and “ middles.”
Measurers and bunchers.— Measure rounds and middles by length
and make bunches of approximately 100 feet in each bunch of rounds
and 60 feet in each bunch of middles.
Salters and packers.— Place the cleaned bunches of casings in boxes,
covering them with a sufficient quantity of salt. After standing in the




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AND M EAT-PACKING

INDUSTRY

salt until the next day they are taken out of the salt boxes, packed
in tierces, and moved to and stored in the casing chill room, ready
for marketing.
Trimmers oj casings.— Cut off fat ends from bungs before they are
cleaned, and knots or warts after they have been cleaned and turned
inside out; trim fat from around necks of bladders; trim and skin
weasands; skin bungs, taking off the outside skin or membrane.
Blowers and tiers of bladders and weasands.— Attach neck of bladder
to compressed-air machine, fill bladder with air and tie the neck
with cord; attach open end of wreasand, one end already being tied,
to compressed-air machine, fill the weasand with air, and tie the
untied end.
General workers.— Including those who clean and wash casings,
weasands, and bladders; who save, wash, and clean chitterlings; all­
round men; those who wash and clean calf rennets, and over-cleaners.
They do various kinds of work in this department, being shifted
from one kind to another as needed.
Laborers.— These are unskilled employees who do general roust­
about work.
Truckers.— Load and unload trucks with casing products, bringing
the products into the department, transferring them from place to
place in the department, and trucldng the finished casings from the
casing cleaning room to the chill room.
CUTTING— FRESH-BEEF DEPARTMENT

The data shown under this department are for employees in the
industry who take dressed carcasses of cattle, calves, sheep, and
Iambs as they come from the killing department; look after and
care for them in the coolers and chill rooms; see that the chilling
is properly done; cut and separate them into the various cuts of
meat according to orders to be filled or to the demands of the trade;
trim cuts and trimmings of cuts; pack, ice, prepare, or load fresh
beef, calf, and sheep products for shipment from the establishment.
Cutting is the most important division of this department, as most
of the skilled occupations are found in the cutting room. Practically
all other employees in this department are common, unskilled
laborers, many of them being shifted from one occupation to another
as needed.
Methods of cutting vary according to the kinds or grades of car­
casses to be cut, or to the demands of the trade. Carcasses come
to the cutting room in halves if cut in the establishments in which
they are slaughtered, or in quarters if slaughtered in subsidiary
plants. The very large establishments in Chicago have in other
cities or localities branch establishments wThich ship dressed beef,
already separated into quarters, to the central Chicago establish­
ment for final cutting. In the main establishment a side of beef,
if of good grade and of a quality to meet the demands of the trade,
is separated into quarters by cutting across the half carcass between
the twelfth and thirteenth ribs from the belly and through the
backbone, leaving 12 ribs in the fore quarter and one in the hind
quarter.
The fore quarter is separated into the following cuts: Fore shank,
clod, plate, rib, and chuck. The fore shank is the first cut and is
made by cutting through the shoulder joint separating the upper




DEPARTMENTS AND OCCUPATIONS

147

fore leg from the shoulder blade and along the upper leg bone to
the knee joint, cutting the meat (clod) from that part of the leg
bone. The employees who make this cut are called shank dropp rs.
The clod, which is the heavy muscle of the top of the fore leg n xt
to the shoulder, is next cut or pulled from the quarter. The employee
who does this operation is called the clod puller. The plate, which
consists of the brisket and navel, is next cut by sawing across the
12 ribs, beginning with the twelfth rib, 10 or 12 inches from the back­
bone, and cutting through to the first rib, the cut passing near the
shoulder joint where the shank was dropped from the fore quarter.
The remainder of the fore quarter is next separated into the rib of
beef and the chuck by cutting between the fourth and fifth ribs to
and through the backbone. The rib of beef consists of eight ribs;
two ribs of the butt end have the thin part of the shoulder blade
included. The chuck consists of the neck and top of the shoulder
with four ribs and most all of the shoulder blade.
The hind quarter is separated into two cuts, loin and round, by
cutting through the muscle and meat in front of the hind leg from
the stifle joint along the leg bone to the hip or socket joint and across
the rump to the backbone to a point a few inches from the tail bone.
The round consists of the round and rump, but does not include the
knuckle, the heavy muscle in front of the hind leg. The loin in­
cludes the knuckle when the hind quarter is cut by this method.
Kosher-dressed carcasses are as a rule of very good grade and are
cut as described above except that the kosher meat is the first cut
made from the half carcass. The kosher meat (shank, clod, shoulder,
neck, brisket, and in some localities the navel) consists of the front
of the fore quarter. It is separated from the half carcass by cutting
across between the fourth and fifth ribs to and through both the back­
bone and the brisket. In some localities the kosher meat includes
all the plate.
Carcasses are separated into the cuts described above because
many retailers have greater demands for certain cuts, such as ribs
and loins or rounds and chucks, than they have for any other cuts,
thereby making it necessary for them to buy special cuts, in addition
to whole carcasses, halves, and quarters.
Carcasses of “ canners” — that is, old cows— and other animals of
poor grade are cut as described above except that hind quarters are
separated into rounds, loins, and rumps. The round in this case
includes the knuckle but does not include the rump. In the good
grade the loin includes the knuckle and the round includes the
rump. The hind quarter is separated, first, by cutting along the
top part of the round or leg next to the crotch bone or pelvis to
the hip joint and from the hip joint across the thick, meaty part of
the flesh in front of the leg bone, leaving all the knuckle on the
round; second, by cutting the rump from the loin by sawing across
the hip and cutting through the meat from the hip joint to the
backbone a few inches from the tail bone. This method of cutting
the hind quarter makes a smaller loin, making the butt end short,
and a larger round. The round in this case consists of three parts—
the inside or the top round, the outside or the bottom round, and
the knuckle. These three pieces of the round are used in making
beef hams or dried beef. All cuts made from canners— old cows— and




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SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

other carcasses of poor grade are boned; that is, employees called
boners take bones from the cuts.
In the large establishments, after the shank has been dropped and
the clod pulled, carcasses are separated into cuts by power machines
equipped with band saws. In the smaller establishments all the cut­
ting is done by a small force of employees. They are called cutters
and do all the cutting and boning required entirely by hand, using
knives, meat saws, and cleavers.
Seventy-two of the 86 establishments that furnished 1927 data for
this report have employees who work regularly in this department.
Fourteen plants do not have any employees in this department.
The occupations shown in this department are described below.
Ribbers.— Separate halves of carcasses into quarters by cutting
between the twelfth and thirteenth ribs from near the bottom of the
belly to the backbone or vertebrse. The cut should be made midway
between the ribs.
Laborers.— Shove carcasses on overhead rails from coolers k) the
cutting room or from cars on tracks in yards of establishments to
the cutting room; hang meat hooks on rails; pick up hooks; saw
through the backbone at the point between the twelfth and thirteenth
ribs where the ribber cut; cut the small part of the belly left uncut
by the ribber, thereby completely severing the fore quarter from the
hind quarter, cut gambs, dropping hind quarters from overhead rails
to shoulders of luggers; chop flanks from the hind quarters by chop­
ping through the rib that was left on the hind quarter; pull kidney
or kidney fat out of hind quarters, and do other miscellaneous, un­
skilled, roustabout work in and about the department.
Luggers and lifters.— Carry quarters of meat from rails to cutting
tables or blocks, or to cutting machines.
Sawyers, power.— Operate power machines used in separating
quarters into cuts. The operator shoves the fore quarter through
the machine after the shank has been dropped and the clod pulled,
and cuts the plate from the rib and chuck, then shoves the remainder
through, separating it into the rib and chuck, the cut being made
between the fourth and fifth ribs, or separates the hind quarter into
cuts by shoving it through the saw, separating the round from the
loin by one of the two methods described above.
Ham facers, strippers, and markers.— The ham facer and marker
cuts the skin or fell from the outside surface of the round of beef
and marks the knuckle for the ham strippers by cutting from the
stifle joint to the butt end of the round. This mark or cut indicates
the division between the inside (top) and the outside (bottom) of the
round. Strippers hang the round of beef to a post, shank end of the
round up, and cut or strip the knuckle, outside and inside, from the
round, leaving the leg bone or shank with the shank meat on it.
Boners.— Take bones from various cuts of meat. In large estab­
lishments the cutting-room force is so arranged that each employee
performs a specific or special operation; that is, takes bones from
plates, ribs, chucks, rumps, loins, or butts of loins, drops shanks or
pulls clods or tenderloins, or breaks butts. In small establishments
employees called boners remove the bones from ail cuts, and therefore
are general boners. Plate boners take ribs and breastbones from
plates. Chuck boners take the neck bones, ribs, part of the back­




DEPARTMENTS AND OCCUPATIONS

149

bone or vertebrae, and shoulder blade from chucks
Rib boners take
ribs and vertebrae or backbone and the small part of the shoulder
blade from the rib of beef. The outside membrane or the outer
surface is sometimes also removed from the rib of beef
Shank boners
cut the shank meat from the shanks.
Rump boners take out the
part of the hip bone that is left in the rump when the cut is made.
Sometimes the rump boners also take out the tail bone or part of the
vertebrae that is left in the rump. Tenderloin pullers cut or trim out
the tenderloin which is inside the loin of beef and extends from the
hip or crotch to near the thirteenth rib. It lies just inside the back­
bone. The butt breakers separate the loin into two parts by cutting
through the loin from top to bottom, beaking the joint in the ver­
tebrae at a point sometimes called the fox joint. This leaves all
the hip bone that is usually left in a loin of beef in the butt end of
the loin and leaves the small end of the loin of beef (the part of the
loin from which the cut commonly known as the porterhouse steak
is cut) with only part of the backbone in it. Butt boners take the
hip bone and backbone out of the butt end of the loin.
Strip boners strip the meat from the backbone. In some estab­
lishments they take all the bones out of the whole loin of beef, while in
others one employee or group of employees take the hip bone and
backbone out of the butt end of the loin and another takes the back­
bone out of the small end. The employee who takes the bone out
of the small end is called a stripper.
Trimmers.— Trim cuts of meat alter the bones have been removed;
trim from bones small particles of meat that were left on them by
the boners, or trim trimmings of meats.
Utility men, handy men, spellers, assistant foremen, and straw bosses.—
General, all-round, handy men who are efficient and fill in wherever
needed, and who do the work of other employees who are tempo­
rarily off duty.
Cutters and general butchers.— These employees are, as a rule, found
m small establishments and do all the cutting and boning of cuts
required, and are efficient, skilled, and experienced employees.
Graders.— Grade cuts of meat by quality and weight.
Packers, meat runners, order men, and stowers.— Pack fresh beef,
calf, and sheep products, select and make up orders, and stow and
pack meats in cars for shipment.
Truckers.— Load and unload trucks and truck supplies into and
about and out of the department.
Freezer and temperature men.— These employees work in the freezers,
taking fresh cuts of meat in there to be frozen and bringing them out
after they have been frozen.
Calj skinners.— Skin calves in the coolers. Calves are frequently
dressed with the skins on in the killing department and sent in that
condition to the coolers. This work is done in some establishments
by some of the skilled sheep and calf butchers.
Trimmers of trimmings.— These workers are females. They sepa­
rate the lean meat from the fat in the trimmings left over from the
various cuts of meat.




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SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

CUTTING— FRESH-PORK DEPARTMENT

The data shown under this department are for those employees
(except those who work at both a killing and a cutting occupation
who are shown under the “ Hog-killing department ” ) who take
dressed carcasses as they come from the hog-killing department, look
after and care for the carcasses in the chill rooms, see that the chilling
is properly done, separate them into the various cuts (hams, shoulders,
pork loins, bellies, fatbacks, shoulder butts, and “ picnics” or “ calas,”
etc.), trim cuts, trim trimmings of cuts, separating the fat from the
lean, or pack, ice, prepare, and load fresh-pork products for shipment
from establishments. Methods of cutting hams, shoulders, bellies,
etc., are very numerous, varying according to the demands of the
trade, both domestic and foreign.
Hams, shoulders, bellies, fatbacks, and ‘‘ picnics” or “ calas” are
sent to the cured-meat department to be cured; the fat trimmed
from trimmings is sent to lard rooms to be used in making lard, and
the lean trimmed from trimmings is sent to the sausage department
to be used in making sausage.
Data for 1927 are shown in this department for 75 establishments
including six in which hogs are slaughtered by the cattle-killing gang
and one that has its hogs slaughtered by another plant. Eleven
plants do not have any employees in this department.
The occupations shown in this department are described below.
Laborers.— This term includes shovers, spacers, temperature men,
counters, cutters-down, block tenders, sawyers-off of feet, wrappers,
machine tenders, and skin bundlers. Shovers shove hogs on rails
into and out of chill rooms. Spacers space carcasses in coolers by
keeping them in straight lines on rails a certain and regular distance
apart. Temperature men look after the temperature of the chill
rooms, keeping it as nearly to the required temperature as possible.
Counters count and make record of carcasses as they are shoved into
and out of the chill rooms. Cutters-down cut the gamb or hamstrings,
dropping half of the carcass from the rail running from the chill room
to the cutting room to a bench or moving table in the cutting room.
Block tenders shove part of the carcass from the table to the block
used by the shoulder chopper, and after the shoulder has been sepa­
rated from the middling take shoulder and middling from the block,
shoving the shoulder to the shoulder sawyer and the middling to the
scribe sawyer. Sawyers-off of feet operate small band saws used in
sawing feet from shoulders and hams. Wrappers wrap paper around
cuts of meat. Machine tenders operate fatting machines which
remove fat from hog skins or rinds. Skin bundlers bunch or bundle
small pieces of hog skins or rinds and tie the bunches.
Ham and shoulder sawyers.— Ham sawyers saw through the hip
bone at the point where the ham was marked to be cut from the half
carcass. The sawing is done by a small meat hand saw. Shoulder
sawyers operate power machines equipped with a band saw. They
shove the whole shoulder to the saw, holding it so that the saw cuts
through and separates the shoulder into parts— the top and bottom ,
or butts, and “ picnics” or “ calas.”
Ham cutters-off.—Cut the ham from the half carcass by using a
knife and cutting down through the half carcass at the point where
the ham sawyer sawed through the backbone or vertebrae.




bEPAETMENTS AND OCCUPATIONS

151

Ham trimmers.— Trim hams as required according to the method
of cutting, cutting off the fat around the edges, face, and butt of
the ham, which gives it a smooth, well-rounded appearance.
Ham ioners.— Cut out the part of the pelvis or hip bone that is
left in hams when they are cut from the carcass, cutting to the hip
or socket joint, cut around the socket joint, use a small curved
instrument to push the meat from around the leg bone from the
hip joint to the stifle joint, cut through the stifle joint and remove
the upper part of the leg bone, cut around the bone from the stifle
joint to the point where the foot was cut from the ham and take out
the lower part of the leg bone, skin the ham, leaving as little fat as
possible on the skin, carefully trim the fat off of the skinned ham,
wrap the skin around the ham and tie the skin and ham securely
with a cord. The fat having been removed, the ham is now almost
entirely lean and ready for cooking.
Choppers-ojf, shoulders, and ribs.— The work of chopping off
shoulders is done with a power-driven circular knife, with a mechan­
ical chopper, or with a long, sharp hand cleaver. The cut is made
entirely through one-half of the carcass immediately back of the
shoulder, about the fourth rib, cutting through the ribs, vertebrae
or backbone, and part of the shoulder blade, severing the shoulder
from the middling. This is a very important occupation which
requires strength, skill, and accuracy, and commands a good wage.
Rib choppers chop or cut the neck bones or ribs, and lift or take them
out of the shoulder.
Shoulder trimmers.— Trim shoulders, cutting off all irregular pieces
of meat in order to give the shoulder a smooth, even, well-rounded
appearance. This is very important, especially when “ picnics” or
“ calas” are being trimmed to give them the appearance of small hams.
Shoulder boners.— Remove the bones from the shoulder.
Butt pullers.— Take the top or butt end of the shoulder as it is
after the whole shoulder has been separated by the shoulder sawj^er
into the butt and “ picnic,” and pull the lean inside part of the meat
out of the butt. This is done with a curved knife. The cut left after
the butt has been pulled is called the shoulder plate.
Scribe sawyers.— Saw across the ribs inside the middling, from the
point where the shoulder was chopped off to the cut made where the
ham was cut off, cutting entirely through the ribs. This cut is made
about 8 inches from the backbone.
Loin pullers.— Pull or cut the pork loin out of the middling, using a
long two-handled knife similar to a drawing knife. The pork loin
extends from the point where the ham was cut off to the point where
the shoulder was chopped off and from the point where the scribe
sawyer sawed across the ribs to the top of the back, and includes the
ribs, part of the backbone, and all the lean meat in the upper part of
the middling.
Bibbers.— Cut the ribs from the bellies or the lower part of the
middling. Bacon is made from bellies.
Trimmers, and ham and shoulder skinners.— Trim all cuts of meat
other than hams and shoulders, such as bellies, loins, butts, etc., and
remove the skins from hams and shoulders. These occupations are
knife jobs of more or less importance.




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SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

Trimmers of trimmings.— Trim the ham, shoulder, belly, and all
other fresh-pork trimmings; that is, separate the lean from the fat
and remove the hog skins or rinds from the trimmings.
Utility men, handy jnen, all-round men, assistant forem en, and straw
bosses.— All-round, efficient, skilled, and experienced employees who
are able to fill in where needed or to take the place of skilled em­
ployees who are temporarily absent from duty.
Small-order men.— Make up small orders, selecting the cuts by
grades and arrange them for shipment.
Packers, nailers, and car stowers.— Pack fresh-pork cuts and prod­
ucts in containers, boxes, barrels, etc., fastening containers with
nails, and load and stow them in cars, for shipment.
Truckers.— Truck supplies into and about the department, and
meats from it for shipment. In most establishments truckers also
load and unload trucks.
LARD AND OLEO-OIL DEPARTMENT

Under this department is a combination of employees of the lard
department and the oleo-oil department. The combination was
made because the occupations are of almost the same character.
Another reason for the combination is that the number of employees
in each force is not of sufficient importance to show separately. One
force renders or reduces hog fat to lard and the other melts or reduces
beef fat to oleo oil.
The supplies or fats come to this department from the hog-killing
department, the fresh-pork cutting and trimming rooms, the beefkilling department, the fresh-beef cutting and trimming rooms, and
from the offal and the casing departments.
The hog fat is usually thoroughly chilled before it is sent to the lard
or rendering rooms. It is hashed, fed to the melting or rendering
kettles, melted, settled, clarified, bleached when off color, and made
into lard. The lard is drawn off into pails, cans, tierces, barrels or
tanks.
Beef fat usually comes to the oleo-oil house or room from the killing
floors, casing rooms, offal rooms, and the cutting and trimming rooms,
and while it has been washed and cleaned it is not so thoroughly chilled
as it should be before it is hashed. It is thrown or forked into vats
of cold water, again washed, sorted, or graded, and partly chilled.
It passes from the cooling vats to the chilling vats (vats of ice water,
or vats of water chilled by pipes or coils filled with brine), and
through them to the hasher. The hasher is a machine which chops
the fat into small particles, and empties it into a conveyor which
carries it from the hasher to the melting kettle. The temperature
at which fat is melted depends entirely upon the grade of fat. Num­
ber 1, or the very best grade, is melted at a temperature from 152°
to 155° F.; number 2, at 155°; number 3, at 160°; yellow, at 160°;
mutton fat, at 165°. The melted beef fat is settled and siphoned
into a clarifying kettle and is there settled and skimmed. It is now
oleo stock from which oleo oil and beef stearin are made. It is
drawn from the settling kettle into seeding trucks and trucked to the
seeding rooms and kept there at a temperature of approximately 90°
until it is granulated and in condition to be pressed and made into
oleo oil and stearin. It is stirred or agitated while in the seeding or
cooling room in order that the cooling may be uniform. It is trucked




DEPARTMENTS AND OCCUPATIONS

153

from the seeding room to the press room and pressed by a force of
employees who are called wheelmen because they work at a revolving
table. The force or gang of wheelmen or press men consists of one
man who spreads the cloths on the revolving table; one who handles
the stock in the seeder truck, shoving it to the one who takes it from
the truck and fills the cloths on the table; one who folds the cloths
after the stock has been placed on them; one who places the filled
and folded cloths on the press; one who drops steel press plates on
each layer of cloths— all working on or about the revolving table or
wheel or at the press. When the press is filled the power is turned
on and the oleo oil is pressed from the stock. The oil runs into tanks
from which it is drawn into barrels or tierces and stored. The oil
is used in making butterine; that is, a substitute for butter. The
pressing of the oil from the stock leaves a product in the cloths which
is called stearin. Stearin is frequently used in making compound
lard by combining it with cottonseed oil.
Lard is of three kinds— neutral, prime steam, and compound.
Neutral lard is made from leaf lard and fatback and is reduced in
open kettles at about 130° F. Prime steam lard is made from fat
trimmings and intestinal fats and is rendered in a closed kettle or
tank at 240° F. As it is frequently off color it is bleached with fuller's
earth or clay, which is removed from it by pumping through filter
presses. Compound lard is a substitute lard made from refined
cottonseed oil and oleo or beef stearin, with little or no lard in the
mixture. It is always bleached and pumped through filter presses.
There are very few skilled occupations in this department. Almost
all employees are unskilled and they are shown in this tabulation
as laborers. M any of them are shifted from one kind of work to
another, and in some establishments they are called general workers
or roustabouts.
Eighty-one of the 86 establishments covered in 1927 have employees
who work in lard and oleo-oil departments, and five plants do not
have any employees in these departments.
The occupations found in this department are described as follows:
Laborers.— Load and unload trucks, push or shove trucks, wash
seeding trucks, varnish tierces, pass empties to fillers, roll tierces,
pile tierces, put covers on cans, pack shavings between cans, roll
barrels, take away and pile tierces and barrels, take away pails,
scrape seeding trucks, clean up floors. These employees are unskilled
and in many establishments are shifted from one kind of work to
another as needed.
Melters.— Also called kettlemen, cookers, settlers, clarifiers, skim­
mers, tank men, and oleo makers. These employees look after the
fat while in the kettles, see that the melting or cooking is properly
done, and that the melted fat is clarified, settled, and skimmed.
Roller men.— Look after or operate the cooler roller machinery.
The roller is filled with brine and as it turns comes in contact with
and cools lard which runs into a curved basin or shallow tank at the
bottom of the roller machinery.
Fillers.— Draw the lard from kettles or tanks into pails, buckets,
tierces, and barrels. This is done by opening and closing valves or
spigots.
Pumpers and refiners.— Operate machinery that pumps lard from
tanks into vats or through the filter presses. They pump lard from




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SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT-PACKING

INDUSTRY

tanks to the bleaching-room tanks, mix the necessary amount of
fuller’s clay or earth with it to bleach it, and pump it through filter
presses. The presses have steel plates with heavy layers of canvas
between the plats. As the lard is forced through the canvas by the
pump the canvas catches and removes the earth from the lard.
Utility men.— Also called handy men, straw bosses, and assistant
foremen. General all-round handy men who fill in wherever needed.
These employees are efficient and skilled and do the highest grade of
work in this department, being shifted from one kind of work to
another as needed.
Labelers.— Paste labels on pails, cans, buckets, etc.
Pressmen or ivheelmen.— Press oil from lard or from oleo stock.
Spread cloths on a revolving table, fill cloths with lard or oleo stock,
fold the four sides or edges of the cloths over the lard or stock, place
the filled and folded cloths in or on the press, drop steel press plates
on each layer of three or four cloths, repeating the operations until
the press is built or filled, and then turn on the power to operate the
press. The oil runs through the cloths and from the press into tanks,
leaving the stearin in the cloths.
After the oil has been pressed from
the lard or stock, the press is pulled down and the stearin is shaken
out of the cloths. These employees are called wheelmen because
they work at a revolving table.
Gan washers, tub liners, fillers, and labelers.— These occupations
include all the female workers employed in the lard and oleo depart­
ment. These workers wash the cans, line and fill tubs, and paste
on labels.
SAUSAGE DEPARTMENT

Supplies used in this department are fresh-beef trimmings which
come from the fresh-beef cutting or chill rooms, hearts, head meat,
and giblet or weasand meat from the beef cellars or freezers, fresh
lean pork trimmings from the fresh-pork cutting or chill rooms, and
casings from the casing department chill rooms.
The meat used in making sausage is not, in its original condition, so
palatable as steaks, roasts, and chops, but it is wholesome. B y
chopping, curing, grinding, mixing, and spicing it becomes very
palatable, and is also an economical article of food.
Large and important establishments usually have two gangs or
crews of sausage makers. One makes domestic sausage which is
cooked and smoked and requires only a few days to make; and the
other makes dry-cured or summer sausage, which is not cooked and
requires several months to make. Each has many different varieties
and grades. Data shown for this department are for both gangs
combined, as the operations are almost the same.
Practically all employees in the sausage department are unskilled.
It requires a very short period of service for new employees to become
efficient workers in this department. Seventy-nine of the 86 plants
that furnished 1927 data have employees in occupations in this
department. Sausage is not made in seven plants.
The occupations in this department are described as follows:
Truckers and forkers.— Truck meat and casings into and about
the sausage department and sausage from the department for ship­
ment, and fork meat from trucks to chopping and grinding machines
or to curing shelves




DEPARTMENTS AND OCCUPATIONS

155

Cutters.— Also called choppers, grinders, mixers, curers, feeders,
and machine tenders. Operate the various kinds of machines used
in chopping and grinding sausage meat, feed the machines, and mix
the curing ingredients and spices with the meat as it is being chopped
and ground.
Casing workers.— Including washers, turners, re-turners, measurers, cutters, tiers, and fatters. Casings, although washed and
cleaned thoroughly in the casing department, are again washed,
turned, and inspected before they are used in the sausage department,
re-turned, measured, and cut to the length required, and one end tied
with cord. Fatters cut or trim fat from hog bungs.
Stuffers.— Operate compressed-air stuffing machines. The stuffer
fills the machine with meat, attaches the open end of the casing to a
tube on the machine, turns on power by turning a small crank, turns
off power when the casing is full, and drops the filled casing on a table
at which linkers, tiers, and hangers work.
Linkers, twisters, tiers, and hangers.— Take the filled casing or
sausage from the table, tie the open end of the casing with a cord and
twist or turn it, thereby making links; hang sausage on truck or
trees. It must not be construed that emplo 37ees who are called
“ linkers” do no other work, as a machine crew— consisting of a stuffer,
linkers or tiers, and hangers— does not make link sausage continuously.
The crew stuffs many different kinds of sausage.
Ropers.— Including wrappers and tiers. Wrap sausage with cords;
that is, loop cord around the stuffed sausage. This is a dry-cured or
summer sausage occupation. The wrapping is done after the sausage
has been cured. The cord is wrapped or tied around the curved
surface of the sausage, each wrap of the cord being a short distance
apart.
Laborers.— Including roustabouts, ham-cylinder washers, clean ersup, ham pressers, hangers, cooks’ helpers, smokers’ helpers, and
truckers of cages or bikes. They are the employees who, as a rule,
do the various kinds of unskilled labor in and about the sausage
department.
Cookers.— Put sausage and hams into cooking vats or ovens; keep
the water and steam in the vats and ovens at the required tempera­
ture, and cook the sausage and hams the required time.
Smokers.— Keep up the fires in the smokehouse, making the
required amount of smoke, and see that the sausage and meats are
properly smoked.
Packers, male.— Including scalers and packers, shippers, and nailers.
Weigh and pack sausage in containers for shipment.
Packers, female.— Including wrappers, inspectors, labelers, taggers,
tiers, box makers, and packers’ helpers. Wrap sausage in paper, tie
packages, attach labels and tags to packages, set up paper boxes or
cartons to be used in packing sausage, and assist packers by passing
sausage to them, and inspect wrapping, labeling, tagging, and tying
of packages prepared for shipment.
General workers, female.— D o general work in the sausage depart­
ment, such as washing pans, peeling onions, etc.
Utility men.— Called also assistant foremen, straw bosses, subfore­
men, handy men, small-order men, and all-around men. These em­
ployees are of a higher grade of skill than the usual run of sausage




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SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

workers and are shifted as needed to the various kinds of the higher
grade work in the sausage department.
CURED-MEAT DEPARTMENT

The supplies or meats come to this department from the fresh-pork
and fresh-beef departments, and consist principally of hog hams,
shoulders, bellies, fatbacks, “ picnics” or “ calas” (i. e., shoulders with
the butt ends cut off— see “ Fresh-pork department” ), plates (the fat
outside top of the shoulder or the piece of the butt end remaining
after the lean inside of the butt has been pulled), jowls, pork loins,
and beef hams (inside or top of the round, outside or bottom of the
round and the knuckle).
The cuts of meat enumerated above are cured either by the dry-salt
or sweet-pickle method of curing meat. The cure by each method
begins with pumping or injecting pickle or cure into meat around
bones and into joints. This is done with a small pressure pump, small
hose, and hollow needle. The needle is inserted into the meat where
the pickle or cure is most needed. The pickle is forced through the
hose and needle into the meat by operating the pump. The pickle
hastens the cure and lessens danger of the loss of meat by souring
while in the process of cure. The cure is continued by putting meat
down in salt; that is, a layer of salt is put down on the floor or meat
racks, followed by a layer of meat with salt over each piece and layer,
the process being continued until the pile of meat is as high as desired.
This is the dry-salt method. In the sweet-pickle method the cure is
continued by packing meat into vats or tierces. When the vats or
tierces are filled, sweet pickle is poured over the meat until it is com ­
pletely submerged. During the process of cure, or while the meat is
down in salt or m sweet pickle, it is overhauled; that is, pulled, from
one vat, tierce, or barrel and placed in another, at regular intervals
to help the cure and to prevent spoiling or souring. After the meat
has been down in salt or pickle for the required time, it is taken out
of the salt or pickle and transferred to the smokehouse, where the
cure is completed by smoking.
Shoulder clods, boned beef plates, and rumps are corned or cured
by packing in salt pickle or brine. Uncooked pigtails, pig snouts,
lamb tongues, ox lips, or beef mouths are also cured by this method.
Cooked pigs’ feet and snouts, tripe, and tongues are packed in vinegar
pickle.
The working conditions in this department are not so good as in
other departments because the cure takes place in the lower rooms
or cellers of establishments. The rooms are as a rule very damp,
cold, not well lighted or ventilated.
There are very few skilled employees in this department. An
unusually large per cent of the employees are unskilled and are
therefore shown in this tabulation as laborers. M ost of the occupa­
tions other than laborers require very little skill. These occupations
can be filled by new employees after a very short period of experience.
Eighty of the 86 establishments that furnished 1927 data for this
report have cured-meat departments. Five establishments do not
have any employees in this department.
The occupations found in this department are here described.
Graders.— Also called sorters, sizers, average men, spotters, inspec­
tors, and chute men. Receive the cuts of meat as they come into




DEPARTMENTS AND OCCUPATIONS

157

this department and grade or sort them according to size and quality;
inspect meat while in process of cure to see that the cure is being
made and to detect bruises, spots, or bone sour, etc.
Laborers.— Including graders’ helpers, pickle makers' helpers,
inspectors’ helpers, sorters’ helpers, pumpers’ helpers, smokers’
helpers, ham passers, meat passers, passers to pumpers, passers to
salters, passers to packers, takers from pumpers, haulers to vats,
meat carriers, meat tossers, meat wipers, meat hangers, meat scrapers,
meat stringers, bacon stringers, ham stringers, sewers, tiers, meat
soakers, meat washers, roustabouts, vat washers, truck washers, and
general workers. These employees do the various kinds of unskilled
work in and about this department. In many establishments this
class of labor is shifted from one place or kind of work to another as
needed.
Packers.— Including packers of beef, barrel pork, bellies, briskets,
pig rinds, and smoked meat, vat men, sweet-pickle packers, wrappers,
burlap sackers, car stowers, car loaders, and dippers. These em­
ployees pack meat in vats or tierces or put it down in dry salt and
also pack and wrap meat for shipment. The two occupations or
operations of packing meat for cure and packing it for shipment
were combined because it was impossible to separate them, as many
establishments carried them on their pay rolls as “ packers” without
classification.
Overhaulers.— Also called meat pullers and turners. These em­
ployees overhaul the meat while being cured by pulling it out of vats,
shifting it from one vat to another, by rolling tierces, or by taking
meat up out of salt.
Picklers.— Including pickle men, pickle makers, pumpers, and
curers. These employees make, according to formula, the pickle
used in curing meats, pump pickle into meat, or fill vats and tierces
with sweet pickle. In some establishments one man or employee
does the pickle making and pumping, and also fills the vats and
tierces with the pickle.
Rubbers, salters, and pilers.— Pile meats in layers and sprinkle salt
on each piece and layer of meat.
Smokers.— Look after the smokehouse and the meats in the smoke­
house and see that the smoking is properly done.
Butchers, trimmers, and knife men.— D o all the knife work required
in this department— the trimming and cutting of meats.
Truckers.— Truck meat and salt into the department and truck
the meats about and out of the departments.
Utility men.— Called also assistant butchers, straw bosses, assistant
foremen, small-order men. These employees do general work of
the highest grade in this department, filling in whenever and wherever
needed. They are shifted from one kind of work to another.
Female employees.— All female employees in this department are
shown in one group because the number employed in any one kind
of work is too small to show separately. They rub borax on meat,
clean meat, make sacks for meat, make canvas covers for meat,
operate sewing machines, put meat into sacks or bags, wrap and tie
hams, wrap and tie bacon, and paste labels on boxes and packages
prepared for shipment.
109538°—29----- 11




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3LAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

CANNING DEPARTMENT

M eat canning to any considerable extent is done by relatively few
slaughtering and meat-packing establishments. In the Chicago dis­
trict (division 1) only 3 of the 11 plants included in the 1927 study
have canning departments, but each of the 3 has a very large pro­
duction. In districts 2 to 8 only nine plants have departments
engaged in the work of canning various meat products. In addition
to these the employees of 32 plants who slice and pack bacon and
dried beef in cans, glasses, and cartons are included in this department.
The meat products of these canning departments are almost with­
out number, and no attempt is made here to catalogue them or to
enumerate the operations performed in preparing them. The occu­
pations which have been tabulated are, rather, general ones and do
not purport specifically to describe meat canning in all its ramifica­
tions. However, practically all the work done in canning the stand­
ard products, such as corned beef, sliced dried beef and bacon, tongues,
and sausage, readily finds a place in one or the other of these general
occupations.
Comparatively so little time is given to operating the machines
used in preparing some of the special products or to some particular
stage of such work that the few employees so engaged have been
classed as “ general workers,” unless the work on which they were
engaged was so similar to that of some one of the general occupations
tabulated that they could be combined with employees in such occu­
pation without distorting it.
The heads of these departments and the chief foremen are skilled
and experienced men to whom large salaries are paid, but the greater
part of the ordinary canning work can be done satisfactorily by men
or girls after a short period of training. New and inexperienced
employees usually are paid the minimum time rate while learning.
On piecework jobs an employee who can not earn a reasonable
amount after a few weeks’ experience is given less exacting work with
lower earnings or dropped altogether as the case may warrant.
Practically all canning work, especially in the larger plants and those
divisions in which women are employed, is done under the best con­
ditions possible. A good part of the work of women is done while
seated.
Brief descriptions of the work done by meat-canning employees in
the 20 occupations tabulated follow:
Cookers.— Prepare meat for canning, regulate the quantity and
temperature of water in the cooking vats, the temperature of ovens,
and the length of cooking. In small plants they may regulate steam
also or do other work which in large plants would be done by sep­
arate gangs.
Steam tenders.— Regulate temperature of the retorts in which meats
after canning are subjected to further cooking, watch steam gauges,
regulate length of the “ process,” and tend agitators which keep meat
stirred while cooking. In large plants the term includes also employ­
ees who regulate steam in the cook room. The work is done under
the constant supervision of the retort department foreman, as the suc­
cess of the product depends on proper “ processing.”
Washers of empty cans.— Feed machine which washes inside of cans
preparatory to their being filled, or wash cans and glass jars by hand.




DEPARTMENTS AND OCCUPATIONS

159

Passers and pilers, cans.— Put cans in place for either hand or ma­
chine fillers, remove and set for capping, feed and take from vacuum
vent-soldering machine, arrange right side up on conveyors for wash­
ing and painting machines, stack up to dry after painting, put in
place for either hand or machine labeling and wrapping, pile in store­
room or shipping room, and at various stages of the canning opera­
tion batch cans for inspectors.
Trimmers, meat (by hand).— Trim fat, sinews, skin, gristle, bruises,
or blood clots from corned beef; cut out palate, pieces of gullet,
glands, loose skin, or peel outer skin from tongues; trim fat, pieces
of bone, gristle, or any rough, hard surfaces that might interfere with
the operation of the slicing machines, from dried beef (“ insides,”
“ outsides,” and “ knuckles” ), etc. The trimming of corned beef and
tongues requires some skill in the use of the knife and rapidity of
motion mainly, but the trimming of dried beef requires, in addition,
strength and calloused hands. All trimmers need keen sight and
well-developed powers of observation, as they must closely inspect
the meats as they work.
Machine tenders (preparing and stuffing meat into cans).— The ma­
chines include rotary trimming machines, which remove thick skin
and gristle from corned beef and dried beef; bacon and dried-beef
slicing machines, machines cutting linked sausage to proper lengths
for stuffing, and sorting the lengths; Hamburg steak, hash, and vealloaf mixing machines, and machines stuffing corned beef, Hamburg
steak, hash, or veal loaf into cans. Tending or assisting in the opera­
tion of these machines requires experience and care rather than
special skill. Some of the large concerns have installed stuffing ma­
chines which have a capacity of 22,000 cans of corned beef per eight
hours, the operators feeding empty cans to the machines with one
hand and pushing away filled cans with the other, an occupation
requiring unwavering attention and great dexterity. M any of the
other machines, however, work automatically, careful observation
being necessary only when starting or stopping the machine.
Stuffers (meat into cans, by hand).— Canning beef, pork, or lamb
tongues, and sausage, is done by hand and usually by females. Sau­
sage is the principal meat product put into cans by the stuffers. A
sufficient quantity of tongue for the size of the can to be filled is
weighed#and placed before the stuffer, who, using a funnel and pestle,
stuffs it into a can. In sausage stuffing, linked sausage which has
been cut into exact lengths is heaped before the stuffer, who holds
a can with one hand while with the other with unerring accuracy
and great speed she grabs the proper number of lengths and stuffs
them upright into the can.
Packers (sliced bacon and chipped dried beej, in cans, glass jars, or
cartons, by hand).— 1T he exact amount of bacon or beef for each jar
or carton is weighed in a bowl and placed before the packer. In
packing jars the sides are lined with the larger pieces, the ends of
which are folded over the top after the smaller pieces have been
filled in. In packing cartons the pieces are laid in flat and smooth
with paper between the layers. Some packers of the highest grade
of bacon use tweezers and do not touch the product with their
fingers.
In packing round cans with chipped beef much less precision is
required. In some plants the proper amount for each can is placed




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SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

before the packer, while in others the packer must scale the filled
can for the exact weight. Disks of parchment paper are placed at
botton and top of each can.
This work in big establishments, in particular, is done under most
agreeable conditions, the packers being seated and the light and
ventilation good.
Weighers (filled cans).— Girls scale the filled can and either add to
the contents or remove a sufficient amount to make the weights
exact.
Wipers {-filled cans).— Wipe cans, especially cap grooves, top, and
inside of rim, after filling, so that cap will fit closely. Usually done
by hand but the work sometimes is done by a mechanical brushing
device.
Cap setters.— Lay caps in place on top of filled cans ready for the
capper to solder, or for the crimping machine to turn flange and crimp
to the can.
Cappers.— Complete the closing of cans after filling, using various
devices, such as:
1. Glass-jar capping machine: The operator puts jars with caps
laid on in box of machine, closes cover, presses foot lever, thereby
creating a vacuum and turning down and crimping flange tight
under rim of jar; opens machine, and removes jars.
2. Crimping machine: After can with cap set on has been placed
in the machine the operator presses with one foot a lever and the
machine turns down the flange of the cap crimping it fast under the
rim of the can.
3. Floater conveyor: The operator tends conveyor which carries
small filled cans from the crimping machine through a bath of thin
liquid solder, keeping the cans right side up.
4. Spindle capping machine: After cans with caps set on have
been placed under the spindles, which are in groups of five or six,
the operator clamps the spindles down on the caps and starts the
machine. Each can revolves under its spindle and as the machine
revolves is brought in turn before the operator, who with a stick of
solder in one hand and a hot soldering iron in the other completes
the capping by soldering the cap on.
5. Vacuum machine: After cans with caps soldered on are fed
onto conveyor which carries them into the circular box of tjhe ma­
chine until it is full, the operator fastens down cover, pulls a lever
creating a vacuum, turns with his left hand a wheel slowly moving
the cans and as each can passes under a glass section of the cover,
with his right hand touches with a hot iron a drop of solder which
has been placed on the cap, melting it over the vent hole. The
machine is then opened and the cans carried out by the conveyor on
the side opposite that by which they entered.
6. Sanitary machine: Cans of cut linked sausage are fed onto
conveyor which carries them to the steam exhaust box of the ma­
chine, and after passing to and fro for a few minutes they are ex­
pelled and carried on conveyor to capping machine. The caps are
fed automatically and are crimped to the cans, which then pass
through another steam bath. The machine men control the steam
and the can feeder and expeller, keep the cap cylinder filled, and con­
trol the crimping device.




DEPARTMENTS AND OCCUPATIONS

161

The work connected with operating any of these devices is com ­
paratively simple. M any of the machines are operated by girls.
Washing and painting machine tenders.— Wash and paint filled cans
before labeling and wrapping. Helpers, passers, and pilers feed cans
onto a conveyor which carries them through the steam and lye bath
of the washing machine and then so place them on another conveyor
that when carried between the parallel brushes of the painting
machine both ends are coated. About 12,000 cans pass through the
steam bath each working hour. The machine tenders wratch and
control all the operations, and keep the machine in order and supplied
with proper quantities of steam, caustic soda, and paint. The work
requires mechanical ability and good judgment.
Painters (can, by hand).— Paint such cans as require more painting
than the machine would give them or which are too large for it.
The cans are held in one gloved hand while they are painted by
the other. The work is somewhat disagreeable and exhausting,
owing to the odor and speed, but is usually done by girls.
Labelers and wrappers.— Paste labels on filled cans or cartons, and
wrap these containers in printed paper covers preparatory to ship­
ping. Largely rapid handwork and done by girls, a few men being
employed in operating some of the labeling and wrapping machines.
Packers.— Pack cans, jars, or cartons in boxes for shipping, including
nailing and strapping the boxes.
General workers.— In every canning department there are large
numbers of utility workers; that is, men and girls who are changed
from one occupation to another as the product changes or as con­
ditions necessitate. This may happen any number of times in one
day. M any of these employees are skilled workers who can do any
kind of canning work, but a large number of the females are relatively
new and unskilled employees, while most of the men are slightly
above the grade of common laborers.
Inspectors.— The work of the canning department is carefully
inspected at every stage, beginning with the cooking and trimming
of meats and ending with the packed boxes ready for shipment,
covering the washing and wiping of empty cans, the stuffing or pack­
ing of meats in cans, jars, or cartons, the weighing of the filled cans,
the crimping and soldering of caps, the soldering of vents, and filledcan washing, painting, labeling, wrapping, and packing. M uch of
the inspecting is done by girls, but the final inspection 01 the capping
and vent soldering usually is made by experienced men who are
responsible for the success of the finished product.
Truckers.— Employed all through the department trucking meats,
empty cans, filled cans, boxes, etc.
Laborers.— In some establishments employees so designated include
some men who possibly might have been more definitely classed,
but an effort has been made to separate all general workers so that
by far the greater part of these employees are common laborers.
MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR DEPARTMENT

This department includes all employees covered in the 1927 study of
the slaughtering and meat-packing industry who are engaged in
general maintenance and repair work on buildings, cars, tracks,
trucks, and on installation and repair of necessary machinery and
other equipment of the plants. The occupations are blacksmiths,




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SLAUGHTERING AND M EAT-PACKING INDUSTRY

boiler makers, bricklayers, carpenters, coopers, electrical workers,
machinists, machine hands, millwrights, painters, plumbers and pipe
fitters, a group designated as “ repairers,” tinners, a group designated
as “ other skilled occupations,” and helpers of employees in the
skilled occupations named above. In plants large in number of wage
earners each person is generally limited to one occupation only, but
in other plants wTith a small number of wage earners it is necessary that
each person w^ork at more than one occupation.
The occupations are briefly described as follow s:
Blacksmiths (including hammersmiths, bulldozers, and bolt head­
ers).'— Shape light or medium-sized forgings and do general anvil
work, using forge, anvil, and hammer in repairing machinery, tools,
trucks, and other equipment.
Boiler makers (including riveters, layers-out, flangers, and buckers).— Overhaul, patch, or repair tanks, boilers, tubing, etc.
Bricklayers and masons.— Construct brick or stone foundations,
walls, partitions, and chimneys, lay tile or cement floors, and do
general masonry repair work.
Carpenters (including pattern makers, cabinetmakers, body car­
penters, tank carpenters, door makers, rip sawyers, and millmen).—
D o general carpentry work, make packing and shipping boxes, panels,
stairways, lay wooden floors, and general wood repair work.
Coopers (including repairers of tight barrels, loose barrels, slack
barrels, vats, and tubs, and driving-machine operators).— D o general
cooper repair work such as repairing wooden barrels, casks, tubs,
vats, and tierces.
Electrical workers (including electricians, trouble men, armature
winders, wiremen, linemen, electric shopmen, motor tenders, m otor
inspectors, testers and operators, and electric elevator repairmen).—
Install, operate, and keep in repair the wiring and all other electrical
equipment.
Laborers (including all general unskilled labor designated on pay
rolls as sewer men, barrel, box, car, rack, tank, and truck washers,
cartmen, roustabouts, janitors, lamp cleaners, truckers, sweepers,
clean-up men, scrap sorters, material men, wheel rollers, cement
mixers, barrel heaters, nailers, tool-room men, stablemen, track labor,
sewer diggers, truck drivers, and cranemen helpers).— D o the general
unskilled labor work.
Machinists (including engine repairmen, brass molders, and die
makers).— Skilled employees who set up, repair, and operate one or
more of the various types of machines and machine tools used in
repairing machinery and equipment.
Machine hands (including boring-machine operators, drill-press
operators, lathe hands, milling-machine hands, and puneh-press
operators).— Competent as a rule to set up and operate one of the
specified machines. In some plants trained in the operation of one
machine only, but not able to set it up.
Millwrights.— Skilled in arrangement, installation, and maintenance
of general power and transmission machinery and equipment.
Painters.— D o general painting of buildings, trucks, wagons, signs,
tierces, and any other necessary equipment.
Plumbers and pipe Jitters (including steam fitters).— Install and
maintain necessary plumbing and steam-fitting equipment, including
all pipe work required in connection with ammonia systems.




DEPARTMENTS AND OCCUPATIONS

163

Repairers (including various skilled employees designated on pay
rolls as beltmen, box makers, brush repairers, calkers, door canvass­
ers, harness makers, plasterers, plugmen, hog-scraper machine re­
pairers, car bracers, pump repairers, scale repairers, knife sharpeners,
elevator repairers, tool grinders, canvas repairers, engine repairers,
gauge repairers, door repairers, air-brake repairers, tank valve men,
car repairmen, rope repairers, saw filers, welders, or wheelwrights).—
The employees in these occupations are grouped because there is not
a sufficient number of wage earners in any one of them to warrant
separate tabulation.
Tinners.— Lay and repair tin roofing and do other necessary con­
struction and repair of tin work.
Other skilled occupations (including various skilled employees desig­
nated on pay rolls as assistant foremen, working foremen, boiler
washers, cranemen, gas men, battery men, bung-boring machine men,
air-drill men, cement finishers, galvanizers, air-brake inspectors, ele­
vator inspectors, motor inspectors, scale inspectors, car inspectors,
barrel inspectors, barrel steamers, chain inspectors, lamp inspectors,
thermometer men, glaziers, handy men, scale testers, strap pullers,
roofmen, roofers, house men, mortar mixers, oilers, pipe coverers,
stencil cutters, solderers, switch tenders, spraymen, window washers,
stevedores, storeroom men, turbine men, utility men, and general
workers).— The occupational names in general describe the work of
these employees. The number of employees in each of these occu­
pations is not of sufficient importance to warrant separate tabulation.
Blacksmiths’ helpers.— Assist blacksmiths and tool dressers.
Boiler makers’ helpers.— Assist the boiler makers in cutting out
bolts, riveting by hand, and holding the club or “ d olly ” for the
riveters.
Carpenters’ helpers.— Assist carpenters and in general do rough
carpentry work.
Electrical workers’ helpers.— Assist electricians and in general do
work little above that of common labor.
Machinists’ helpers.— Assist machinists.
.Millwrights’ helpers.— Assist millwrights in setting up machinery.
Plumbers’ and pipefitters’ helpers.— Carry tools, keep plumber sup­
plied with materials, and otherwise assist in plumbing work; assist
pipe fitter by holding pipe, threading pipe, and also make minor fit­
tings under the direction of the plumber or pipe fitter.
Repairers’ helpers.— Assist general repairmen and repairers of the
specified machinery or equipment.
Tinners’ helpers.— Assist tinners in laying and repair of roofing and
in repair of tanks, guttering, etc., and also keep tinners supplied with
materials. .