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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W . N. DOAK, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES )
BUREAU OF LA B O R STA T IST IC S >
WAGES

AND

HOURS

OF

LABOR

• No. 525
SERIES

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
IN THE PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY
1929

JANUARY, 1931

UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1931

for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C,




Price 15 cents




CONTENTS
Page

Introduction_______________________________________________________
Average hours and earnings, 1929, by occupations_____________________
Average hours and earnings, 1929, by districts________________________
Average and classified earnings per hour, 1929________________________
Full-time hours in 1929_____________________________________________
Changes in full-time hours and wage rates since January 1, 1928________
Bonus systems and payments, 1929__________________________________
Pay for overtime and work on Sunday and holidays___________________
Days actually worked in one week, 1929_________•____________________
Growth of the industry_____________________________________________
Scope and method__________________________________________________
General tables:
T a b l e A.—Average number of days on which employees worked in
one week, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week,
per cent of full time worked, and average earnings per hour, 1929, by
department, occupation, sex, and district_______________________
T a b l e B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 14 specified
occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district______________
T a b l e C.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in 14
specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district_____
T a b l e D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week
in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and districtT a b l e E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 14
specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district_____
A p p e n d i x A.— Definitions of occupations_____________________________
A p p e n d i x B.— The history of Portland cement________________________




m

1
1
3
4
6
11
12
13
13
14
15

17
32
38
44
50
57
59




BULLETIN OF THE

U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
No. 525

WASHINGTON

January, 1931

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE PORTLAND
CEMENT INDUSTRY, 1929
INTRODUCTION
T h is report presents the results of the first comprehensive study,
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, of wages and hours of labor of
wage earners in the Portland cement industry in the United States
by occupations.
The statistics in the report were computed from wage data for
20,544 males and 157 females, which were collected by agents of the
bureau from the pay rolls and other records of 102 Portland cement
plants in 28 States.
The wage data covered the actual hours worked, wage rates, and
amount earned by each wage earner in a representative pay period in
1929 and other pertinent information.. Most of the information was
taken from pay rolls in the last four months in 1929 and consequently
is representative of the conditions as of that period.

AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1929, BY OCCUPATIONS
T a b l e 1 shows for all occupations in the industry, and also for each
of the specified occupations in each department of the industry, sum­
maries of average earnings per hour and of average full-time hours and
earnings per week. The group designated in the table as “ other
employees” includes wage earners in other occupations, each too
small in number to warrant tabulation as an occupation.
Average full-time hours per week for males in all occupations were
60.8, for females 52, and for both sexes, or the industry, 60.8. Average
earnings per hour for males were 51.8 cents, for females 38.9 cents,
and for both sexes, or the industry, 51.7 cents. Average full-time
earnings per week for males in all occupations were $31.49, for females
$20.23, and for both males and females, or the industry, $31.43.
Average full-time hours per week for males range by occupations
from 54.5 for “ sack cleaners” in the cement department to 80 for
“ elevator tenders” in the coal-mill department, and for females from
48.8 for “ sack tiers” in the cement department to 52.2 for “ other
employees” in the same department. Average earnings per hour
for males range from 36.3 cents for “ laborers” in the coal-mill
department to 87 cents for “ packers (sackers)” in the cement depart­
ment, and for females from 31.2 cents for “ laborers” in the cement
department to 49.2 cents for “ sack tiers” in the same department.
Average full-time earnings per week for males range from $21.78 for
“ laborers” in the shops and miscellaneous departments to $48.81 for
“ packers (sackers)” in the cement department, and for females from




1

2

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

$16.10 for “ laborers” in the cement department to $24.01 for “ sack
tiers” in the same department.
T able 1.—AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1929, FOR THE IN D U ST R Y A N D FOR
EACH OCCUPATION IN EACH D E P A RT M E N T, B Y SEX

Department and occupation

Industry
All occupations.
D o...............

Sex

Male........
Female....
Male and
female.

Do..
Quarry
. Drillers....................................................
Blasters.............................................. . . .
Shovel engineers.....................................
Shovel cranemen.....................................
Shovel firemen.......................................
Locomotive engineers.............................
Locomotive firemen................................
Laborers..................................................
Other employees.....................................
Raw
Unloaders, hand.....................................
Unloaders, mechanical...........................
Crusher operators...................................
Elevator tenders................................
Conveyor tenders...................................
Mixer tenders.........................................
Dryer tenders.........................................
Dryer firemen.........................................
Grinder operators............ ......................
Raw-finish mill operators......................
Oilers.......................................................
Laborers..................................................
Other employees.....................................
Coal miU
Laborers............... .
Elevator tenders...
Conveyor tenders..
Dryer tenders....... .
Dryer firemen____
Crusher operators..
Grinder operators..
Other employees...

Average
Number Number full-time
Average Average
of estab­ of em­ hours per earnings full-time
lishments ployees
per hour earnings
week
per week

102
102

Male..
..d o...
..d o...
..do..
..do..
..d o...
..d o...
..d o...
..d o...

20,544
157

$0,518

$31.49
20.23

.517

31.43

56.9
55.9
57.5
57.1
58.7
57.3
57.5
57.4
58.2

.525
.534
.730
.595
.461
.532
.471
.395
.499

29.87
29.85
41.98
33.97
27.06
30.48
27.08
22.67
29.04

162
124
206
14
295
113
127
62
322
208
181
434
665

60.4
61.7
56.9
63.2
66.9

63.5
64.6

.411
.506
.503
.423
.428
.479
.461
.438
.503
.505
.406
.403
.500

24.82
31.22
28.62
26.73
28.63
31.66
29.78
30.48
33.60
32.77
27.85
25.59
32.30

119

71.2
80.0
69.7
64.2
69.1
65.7
68.3
68.3

.373
.427
.472
.450
.463
.519
.458

25.85
29.84
29.76
30.30
31.10
30.42
35.45
31.28

56.0
61.3
58.7
57.4

.651
.572
.371
.562

36.46
35.06
21.78
32.26

69.4
67.2
67.7

.534
.456
.456
.366
.445
.498
.449
.422
.497

40.32
34.87
31.60
28.59
25.55
30.88
33.02
31.16
28.36
33.65

57.8
60.0
56.1
55.2
48.8
57.2
57.2
51.6

.437
.434
.870
.495
.492
.560
.416
.312

25.26
26.04
48.81
27.32
24.01
32.03
23.80

20,701

544
142
250
95
110

324
82
1,213
1,239

Male..
...do...
.do..
..d o ...
..d o ...
..d o ...
..d o ...
..d o ...

..d o ...
..d o ...
..d o ..
-.do-_
..d o ..
Male..
d o ..
d o ..
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.

60.8
52.0

66.1

64.6
69.6
66.8

64.9

68.6

Shops and miscellaneous
Machinists______
Repairmen..........
Laborers..............
Other employees.

Male..
...d o ..
..d o ..
_.do._

Clinker
Burners, first........
Burners, second....
Cooler tenders____
Mixers....................
Elevator tenders...
Conveyor tenders.
Clinker grinders. -.
Oilers....................
Laborers...............
Other employees...

Male..
...d o ­
do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
-do.
.do.
.do.

101

433
1,329

90

1,212

101

2,559

101

322

46
25
31
9
61
93
75
67
85

220

57
104
23
206
396
262
315
701

64.2
65.3
69.3
65.7

Cement
Conveyor tenders.
Elevator tenders..
Packers (sackers) _.
Sack tiers..............
Sack tiers________
Loaders.................
Laborers...............
D o...................




Male..
do._
do._
--do___
Female..
Male___
...d o ----Female..

132
4
1,249
130
8

148
728
5

*6.10

PORTLAND CEMENT: INDUSTRY

3

T able 1.— A VERAG E HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1929, FOR THE IN D U STRY AND FOR
EACH OCCUPATION IN EACH D E P A R T M E N T , B Y SEX—Continued

Department and occupation

Sex

Cement— C ontinued
Sack cleaners............................................. Male_____
D o....................................................... Female__
Inspectors.................................................. Male____
Oilers......................................................... __ do______
Other employees_______________ ______ __ do_____
Do.......................................... .......... Female__
Power
Laborers___ _________________________ Male_____
Firemen_____________________________ __ do_____
Engineers_____________________ ______ ...d o ____
Pump men......... ..................................... ...d o ..........
Oilers_______________________________ ...d o ........
Other employees......... ............................. ...d o _____

Average Average
Number Number full-time
of estab­
of em­ hours per earnings
lishments ployees
per hour
week

Average
full-time
earnings
per week

40
3
22
17
94
26

106
14
61
22
743
130

54.5
51.4
58.3
56.9
57.0
52.2

$0,427
.425
.420
.466
.532
.382

$23.27
21.85
24.49
26.52
30.32
19.94

26
26
SI
24
32
82

71
116
253
57
99
S63

63.2
61.9
60.7
69.3
70.5
67.3

.395
.523
.587
.450
.461
.557

24.96
32.37
35.63
31.19
32.50
37.49

AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1929, BY DISTRICTS
A v e r a g e full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time
earnings per week are presented in Table 2 for wage earners of each
sex and for both sexes combined in each of 12 geographic districts
in the United States. The districts are those shown by the Bureau of
Mines in Portland Cement in July, 1929, except that no data are
shown in this table for Maine in district 2; for Louisiana in district 6;
for Minnesota and South Dakota in district 7; nor for Wyoming and
Idaho in district 10. The districts are as follows:

No.
No.
No.
No.

1.— Eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland.
2.— New York.
3.— Ohio, West Virginia, and western Pennsylvania.
4.— Michigan.

No.

5.— Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky.

No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

6.— Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida.
7.— Iowa and eastern Missouri.
8.— Kansas, Oklahoma; Nebraska, and western Missouri.
9.— Texas.
10.— Utah, Montana, and Colorado.
11.— California.
12.— Oregon and Washington.

Average full-time hours for males range from 53.9 per week in dis­
trict No. 12 to 67.9 in district No. 9, and for females from 45.1 in
one of the districts for which averages are not shown separately to
57.8 in district No. 8. Averages for females are not shown for dis­
tricts 2, 9, and 12 because data for each are for one plant only.
Average earnings per hour for males range from 37.3 cents in district
No. 9 to 60.9 cents in district No. 12, and for females from 23.4 cents
in one of the districts for which averages are not shown separately
to 52.8 cents in district No. 11.
Average full-time earnings per week for males range from $25.33 in
district No. 9 to $35.02 in district No. 4, and for females from $13.34
in one of the districts for which averages are not shown separately
to $25.24 in district No. 11.
Average full-time hours per week for males and females combined,
or the industry, range from 53.9 in district No. 12 to 67.8 in district
No. 9; average earnings per hour range from 37.3 cents in district
No. 9 to 60.8 cents in district No. 12; and average full-time earnings
per week range from $25.29 in district No. 9 to $34.84 in district No, 4,



WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

4
T

able

2.—N U M BER OF ESTABLISHM ENTS A N D OF WAGE EARNERS AN D AVERAGE
HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1929, BY SEX AND D ISTR IC T

Number
of estab­
lishments

Number
of employ­
ees

Average
full-time
hours per
week

7______ ____________________ _____
8_________ ______ __________________ !
9.............................................................:
10....... ................— .................... .........
11_______ ______________ ______ ____ ;
12_________ _____________ _____ ____

16
6
10
9
10
13
6
7
3
6
9
7

4,566
1,230
2,194
1,409
2,708
2,043
1,892
1,292
607
617
1,416
570

61.2
60.7
61.5
62.1
60.2
64.0
61.6
60.0
67.9
56.8
55.2
53.9

Total........ ................................... ......

102 i

20,544

60.8

Sex and district

Average
earnings
per hour

Average
full-time
earnings
per week

i
Males
}
No. 1................. ................. ......................... !
No. 2________ _________________________ ;
No. 3 .. . ....... ................................................ i
NO. 4------- -------------- ----------------------------No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

Females
No. 1..................— ........— .....................
No. 2.......... ................... ............ .................
No. 3 - ....... — ...........................— - ...........
No. 5__________________________ _______
No. 7 „ .................. ...................... — ...........
No. 8 - ............ -........................................No. 9.------------------ -------------------- --------No. 10.......... ........................... — - ......... —
No. 11............................................................
No. 12.......... ...............................................
Total..................................................- 1

2
1
2
4
5
2
3
1
5
2
1
28 !

11
0)

0

10
11
31
39
8
10
22

0

$0,554
.551
.558
.564
.495
.427
.479
.446
.373*
.526
.587
.609

50.4
56.7
51.7
54.6
57.8
0)
48.8
47.8
0

31.49

.518

19.08

.356

53.6
0

$33.90
33.45
34.32
35.02
29.80
27.33
29.51
26.76
25.33
29.88
32.40
32.83

0

0

.448
.348
.370
.331
.399
.416
.528

0

0

0

22.58
19.73
19.13
18.07
23.06
20.30
25.24

0

157

52.0

.389

20.23

No. 6............ ................... ............ ...............
No. 7— ............................ — - ...................
No. 8— . ................. ......... ........... - ............
No. 9..................... .........- ......... - ................
No. 10.................- .......................— ............
No. 11....... ......... .............. ........... ................
No. 12.......... .......... ...................— ..........

10
9
10
13
6
7
3
6
9
7

4,577
1,241
2,204
1,420
2,739
2,043
1,931
1,300
609
627
1,438
572

61.1
60.6
61.4
62.0
60.2
64.0
61.5
60.0
67.8
56.7
55.1
53.9

.553
.550
.558
.562
.494
.427
.476
.446
.373
.525
.586
.608

33.79
33.33
34.26
34.84
29.74
27.33
29.27
26.76
25.29
29. 77
32.29
32.77

Total...................................................

102

20, 701

60.8

.517

31.43

M a l e s and fe m a les

No.
No.
No.
No.

1..................... ..................................... j
2 „ ........................................... .............. i
3.................... ........................ ................
4....... ......... - ............... .........................

1 Included in “ Total.”
plant separately.

16
<>

Not shown here as it is the policy of the bureau not to publish data for any one

AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR, 1929
T a b l e 3 presents a percentage distribution, by average earnings per
hour, of the male employees in 14 representative occupations in the
Portland cement industry. The employees in these occupations
represent between 36 and 37 per cent of all employees included in
the study. The classified figures in the table are representative of
the spread of average earnings per hour of the employees in all
occupations in the industry.
The figures for “ drillers” in the quarries, the first occupation
shown in the table, are for 544 wage earners in 85 quarries They
earned an average of 52.5 cents per hour, and less than 1 per cent of
them earned 25 and under 30 cents; 2 per cent earned 30 and under
35 cents, and 6 per cent earned 35 and under 40 cents. The distri­
bution continues by groups to 2 per cent at $1.25 and under $1.50
per hour and to less than 1 per cent at an average earning of $1,50
and under $1.75 per hour.




TABLE 3 .— A V E R A G E A N D CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR OF M ALE EM PLOYEES IN 14 SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONS, 1929, B Y D E P A R T M E N T

Department and occupation

Per cent of employees whose earnings (in cents) per hour were—

Num­ Num­ Average
ber of ber of earn­
em15,
ings
lish- ploy- per un­
ments
der
hour 20

(0

0)

544 $0,525
250 .730
1,213
.395

0)

2 | 0)

5

Raw
322
434

.503
.503

0)

1
1
0)

0)

Coal mill
Grinder operators..........................
Laborers........................................

76

206
119

.519

Laborers.........................................

90

1,212

.371

Clinker
Burners, first.................................
Clinker grinders......................... .
Laborers....... ................................

101

322
396
315

.628
.498
.422

1,249
728

.870
.416

49

33

22

31

0)

200

CEMENT

Crusher operators. .............. ........
Grinder operators............... .........
Laborers.........................................

175,
un­
der

PORTLAND

Quarry
Drillers........... ........... ...................
Shovel engineers............................
Laborers................... ....................

30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, 150,
un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­
der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der
35 40 45
85
75 80
70
90 95 100 125 150 175
50
55
60
65

Shops and miscellaneous
11

0) 0)

(*) 0)
0)

<9

Cement
Packers (sackers) ...........................
Laborers........................ ...............
i Less than 1 per cent.




35

0) 0)

10

0)

INDUSTRY

93
67

(9

6

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

FULL-TIME HOURS IN 1929
T a b l e 4 shows for the male wage earners in each of 14 repre­
sentative occupations in the industry average full-time hours pei
week and also the per cent of wage earners in each occupation working
each classified number of full-time hours per week. Full-time hours
per week represent the standard full time as established by the
regular time of beginning and quitting work on each day of the week
less the regular time off duty each day for dinner, lunch, or any other
meal, without taking into consideration any time off by any employee
for any cause.
Average full-time hours for the 544 “ drillers,” the first occupation
shown in the table, were 56.9 per week. The percentage distribution
of the employees in this occupation shows that the full-time hours
per week of 23 per cent of them were 48; of 15 per cent were 54; and of
6 per cent were 55. The distribution continues by groups to 2 per
cent at 77 hours per week.




T

able

4.—A VE R AG E AN D CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS PER W EE K OF M ALE EM PLOYEES IN 14 SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONS, 1929, BY
DEPARTM ENT
Per cent of employees whose full-time hours per week were—

Department and occupation

Average
Number Number full-time
of estab­
of em­
hours
lish­
ployees per week
ments

Over
56,
under
60

Over
40

48

under
54

54

55

544
250
1,213

56.9
57.5
57.4

Raw
Crusher operators________________________
Grinder operators________________________
Laborers________________________________

85
95
79

206
322
434

56.9
66.8
63.5

7
3
3

18
3
7

10
2
11

Grinder operators________________________
Laborers________________________________

76
33

206
119

68.3
71.2

5

1
1

Shops and miscellaneous
Laborers________________________________

90

1,212

58.7

1

10

Clinker
Burners, first____________________________
Clinker grinders_________________________
Laborers_ ____________________________

101
93
67

322
396
315

64.2
66.3
67.2

2
4

1
1
2

Cement
Packers (sackers)________________________
Laborers
____________________________

96
87

1,249
728

56.1
57.2

23
18
17

2

15
15
12

6
6
7

7
4
6

2
3
3

34
38
46

7
6
3

2
4

22
1
21

8
2
5

1
2

22
49
20

1
3

4

43
19

2

9

1

13

6

3

6

45

1
2
3

2

65
52
28

7

14
13

2
3

7
5

0)

(0

Over
70

77

80H

84

86

94H

77

4
4
4
1

2

2
2
1

(0

2
2
4

1
1
3

4
34
19

2
10

4
6

1
1

42
43

4

4

1

1
1
14

(,)i
4

5

1
3
1

47
46

5
8

2

1

0)

(i)
(i)
W 1

2

Coal mill

23
21

1
0)

1
0)

INDUSTRY

O

1

1
1

4

0)

1
1

2

CEMENT

85
87
91

Over
60,
under
70

60

PORTLAND

Quarry
Drillers_________________________________
Shovel operators________________________
Laborers.
__ ___ ______ ______ ______

56

29
36
31

i

i Less than 1 per cent.




<1

8

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

Full-time hours per week and per day are shown in Table 5 by
geographic districts for the wage earners in the quarry, coal-mill, and
cement departments of the Portland cement industry; for those in
the raw department, who did the crushing and the grinding of rock;
and for those in the clinker department, who did the burning and the
grinding of the burnt rock.
The geographic districts are Nos. 1 to 12 and are described on
page 3.
Much of the work in the cement industry was continuous because
of the relation to the burning and the grinding of rock in the clinker
department. Except when closed for necessary repairs, kilns were
kept burning day and night in 101 of the 102 plants included in the
study, and grinding of burnt rock was continuous, or of two or more
shifts per day, in all except 4 of the 102 plants. There was much
variation in the regular hours per week and per day of wage earners
in the different departments and also in the same department, es­
pecially of those who worked on different shifts. A typical example
in one plant is as follows:
Example of variations in regular hours of labor in a cement plant
Regular hours of shifts
Department

Work done

Quarry.................. All in department..... .........
JCrushing rock.......................
[Grinding rock........ ........ ......
Coal m ill- ,:......... All in department................

Number of shifts

1 (d ay ).................
1 (day)___ ______
/I (day)............. .
\1 (night)...............
A (day)..................
\1 (night)................
crushed rock.......... 3 in 24 hours.........
Clinker................. /Burning
\Grinding burnt rock............ 1 (day).............
C em e n t
All in departm en t .
1 (day)............ ......
Power____ ______ i All in power house................ 2 in 24 hours_____

Raw......................

Per
Monday Satur­
week to Friday day
60
60
73X
94H
73H

94X
56
73X
60
84

10
10
10M
18H
mi
13H
8
10X
10
12

10
10
10X
13X
10X
13X
8
10X
10
12

Sun­
day

10H
13X
10X
13X
8
10X
12

Quarries were generally in operation during the day, or one shift
only. Data are shown in the table for 95 quarries because 7 of the
102 cement plants covered in the study used oyster shells, marl, or
other fine materials, or purchased rock. The hours of this depart­
ment were usually the basis of the hours of wage earners who worked
at the rock crushers in the raw department. Crushing was done in
the quarries of a very few plants. There was day work, or one shift
only, in 77 of the 87 plants in which there was raw crushing and both
day and night work in 10 plants. There was no crushing in 15 plants
because crushed stone was purchased, materials used did not require
crushing, or crushers were not in operation in the pay period taken.
The operation of grinding rock in the raw department was generally
continuous, consisting of two or more shifts per day. There was
day work in 6 and day and night work in 95 plants in which there
was grinding in the raw department. One plant purchased material
already ground. The operation of the coal-mill departments, which
* supplied pulverized coal to the kilns, was usually continuous, or of
two or more shifts, in all except 5 of the 82 plants in which coal was
used. Twenty of the 102 plants used gas or oil. The cement




PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY

9

department, where the product was finished, bagged, and placed in
storage, or loaded for shipment from the plants, was in operation
during the day or one shift only. Data are shown for 100 cement
departments because in 2 of the 102 plants covered in this study the
work of this department was done by contract with figures for such
work not available.
The data in Table 5 show that the full-time hours of 18 quarries
were 48 per week, or 8 hours each on 6 days, there being no work on
Sunday at any of the 18. Two of them were in geographic district
No. 1; 2 in No. 3; 3 in No. 5; 1 in No. 7; 1 in No. 8; 2 in No. 10;
3 in No. 11; and 4 were in district No. 12. The hours for 7 quarries
were 56 per week, or 8 each day, Monday to Friday, Saturday, and
Sunday; for 2 quarries 63 per week, or 9 each of 7 days; for 4 quarries
70 per week, or 10 each on 7 days; for 2 quarries 77 per week, or 11
each on 7 days; and for 2 other quarries 84 per week, or 12 hours each
on 7 days. There were no regular hours of work on Sunday at 78
of the 95 quarries included in the table.
It will be observed under “ crushing in raw department,” that
in 3 plants there were three shifts of 8 hours each on 7 days, or 56
hours per week; that in 1 plant there were two shifts each on 7 days,
the hours of the first shift being 10K each on 7 days or 73K per week,
and of the second shift 13y2 each on 7 days or 94% per week; that in 1
plant there were two shifts, the hours of the first being 11 each on 7
days or 77 per week, and of the second 13 each on 7 days or 91 per
week; and that in 5 plants there were two shifts, the hours of each
shift being 12 each on 7 days or 84 per week. Work in these plants
was continuous and employees in them alternated; that is, they
worked one shift one week or pay period and the next week or pay
period worked the next or other shift.
T able

5.—FULL-TIM E HOURS PER W EEK AND PER DA Y , 19f9, B Y GEOGRAPHIC DIS­
TR ICTS AND DE PA RTM E N TS
[For explanation of geographic districts, see p. 3]
QUARRY DEPARTMENT

Hours per week

Monday Satur­ Sun­
to
day
day
Friday

48............ ................
54
....................
55....... .....................
56 .........................
57
5 9 ...........................
60............................
60
- 62
63............................
66...........................
70............................
7 2 .................
77 ....................
84_______ ________
Total_______




8
9
10
8
9.5
10
10
10.3
10.5
9
11
10
12
11
12

8
9
..._
5
8
9.5
9
10
8.5
9.5
9
9
U
10
10
12
U
U
12
12

Number of plants in geographic district N o.Total
1

2

3

2
2
2

3

2
1
1

2
4
1
1
1

2

4

4

6

3

2

1

7

8

1
1

1
4

1

1
1
1

5

8

3

2

1

1

1
1

2

9

3

10

11

12

2

3
2

4

3

1

1

1

1
1

1

1
16

5

2
6

10

4

10

13

6

7

3

6

8

6

18
13
4
7
1
2
35
1
1*
2
2
4
1
2
2
95

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

10
T a ble 5 .—

FULL-TIM E HOURS PER W EEK AND PER DA Y , 1929, B Y GEOGRAPHIC DIS­
TR ICTS AND D E P A RTM E N TS—Continued
CRUSHING IN RAW DEPARTMENT

Hours per week

48—
51—
54—
55—
56—
56 i_.
57—

Monday Satur­ Sun­
to
day
day
Friday

8

8.5
9
10
8

12

1
1J
1

..I—

2! 1

"IT—
i

13
3

10
10

10

21

11

1
3
1

9.5
9

10.5
9
10.5

8.5
5.5
9.5
9
10.5

11.5

11.5

10

10

11
11

70___
73.5 K.
77___
77
84

12

18

10.3

63..
63.

11

18

9.5

60—
60:5.

Total
10

1 i 2

2I 1

8.5
9
5
8

Number of plants in geographic district N o -

18

2

2
2
1
1
1
2

10

210.5 210.5 2 10.5
11
11
11
311 311 3 11
412 412 412

Total .

1

2

1
5
16 I 5

87

11

GRINDING IN RAW DEPARTMENT
54............................
55............................
56 1....................... 59 .........................
6 0 ...........-........... .
66
73.5 2 ....................
77 *..........................
84 .......................

9
9
5
10
18
18
18
10
9
10
10
11
11
210.5 210.5 2 10.5
3 11
3 11
3 11
412
412
412
•

Total............

1
5
1

2

2
7

2
2

1
5

1
6

16

6

9

8

3

1

5

1
4
1
1
2

1
4 ~~3~
10

12

4

____

5

7

1
3 "Y

2
1

2

....

....

6

7

3

7

2

2

1
3

2

6

4

4

4

5

2

------

1
1
45
1
1
2
2
13
35

8

101

7

1

9

1

COAL MILL DEPARTMENT
54
56 1..........................
63............................
70......................... —
70 5
.................
72
.
___
73.52 ...................
77 3 ....................
84 4...........................

9
18
9
10
* 10
12
210.5
3 11
412

9
18
9
10
* 10
12
2 10.5
3 11
412

1
7

|
2

4

2

5

210.5
3 11
412
’ "7 ’

2
2

1
5

1
6

1
2
1
4 ” 4’

16

6

10

9

18
9
10
#10

Total.............

1

10

3
1
2

13

3

4

1
4

1
34
1
2
1
1
2
7
33
82

BURNING IN CLINKER DEPARTMENT
5 4 ...........................
56 1..........................
63 1 ......................

77 3..........................
84 K.........................
Total.............
1 3 shifts.

* Of first shift.
1 Of first shift.
4 Of first shift.
• Of first shift.




9
18
19
3 11
412

9
18
19
3 11
412

18
19
8 11
412

1
11
'T
16

3
2
1
6

i
1
51
i 3 I1 6 8
1
1
1 11
I 1
4 5|
1 3 ” 4’
10

9

10

Second shift, 94.5 per week, or 13.5 each of 7 days.
Second shift, 91 per week, or 13 each of 7 days.
Second shift, 84 per week, or 12 each of 7 days.
Second shift, 98 per week, or 14 each of 7 days,

13

3
1
2
6

7

2
1

....

*T

1
1

1
60
1
10
30

3

6

9

7

102

1

7

5

PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY
T

able

11

5.—FULL-TIM E HOURS P E R W EEK AND PER D A Y , 1929, B Y GEOGRAPHIC DIS­
TR ICTS AND D E PA RTM E N TS—Continued
GRINDING IN CLINKER DEPARTMENT

Hours per week

Number of plants in geographic district N o -

Monday Satur­ Sun­
to
day
Friday day

48..
54..
60..
70«...
73.5 K.
77
77
84 <._..

8
8
9
9
18
18
10
10
11
11
* 10
«10
210.5 U0.5
«11
«11
3 11
Ul
<12
<12

Total.

8

10

11

12

Total
1
1
46
1
1
1

18
«

9

10

2

2 10.5

o 11

1
13
35

311
<12

10

16

102

CEMENT DEPARTMENT
48..
5154..
55..
56-.
57..
59..

8
8.5
9
10
8

9.5

70..
72..

4

2

9.5
9
10

11

11

10

10
12

12

1

8.5

10
10

10.3
10.5

27

8

4
43
1

8.5
10.5

Total....................................................... 16

2

3
1
1
10

9

10

12

100

13 shifts.
* Of first shift. Second shift, 94.5 per week, or 13.5 each of 7 days.
* Of first shift. Second shift, 91 per week, or 13 each of 7 days.
< Of first shift. Second shift, 84 per week, or 12 each of 7 days.
* Of first shift. Second shift, 98 per week, or 14 each of 7 days.
«2 shifts.

CHANGES IN FULL-TIME HOURS AND WAGE RATES SINCE
JANUARY 1, 1928
In m a k in g the 1929 study of the industry, each of the cement estab­
lishments from which wage figures were obtained was asked to furnish
information concerning changes made in regular full-time hours per
day and per week and in wage rates of wage earners since January
1, 1928.
Hours of burners, clinker grinders, and oilers of the clinker depart­
ment of one cement plant were changed from two shifts of 12 hours
each day and night or 84 per week, to three shifts of 8 hours each
shift, or 56 hours per week. The hours of burners of the clinker
department of another plant were changed from two shifts of 10%
hours each on 7 days, or 73% hours per week for the day shift, and of
13 % hours each on 7 nights, or 94% hours per week for the night shift,
to three shifts of 8 hours each, or 56 hours per week. The hours of the
shift workers of a third plant, that is, the wage earners engaged in
continuous 24-hour operations who regularly alternate on three 8-hour
shifts, were changed in June, 1929, from 1 day of 8 hours off every
three weeks with pay to 1 day off each week without pay, and wage
rates were increased approximately 3 per cent to make up partially
for the loss of earnings by the change from 7 to 6 days per week.
Between January 1, 1928, and the 1929 study there was no change in
hours of any wage earners of 99 of the 102 plants, and no change in
wage rates in 101 plants.



12

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

BONUS SYSTEMS AND PAYMENTS, 1929
A b o n u s , as generally applied, is compensation in addition to earn­
ings of employees at regular time or piece rates.
In 19 o f the 102 Portland cement plants that were included in the
study, earnings of all or of a specified part of the employees of each
plant, as shown in Table 6, were increased by the addition of bonus
payments.
The table shows the kind or basis of each bonus, the employees who
may get the bonus, and the amount and conditions of the bonus. The
basis of the bonus in 9 plants was “ safety,” being a specified per cent
of earnings provided there was no loss of time by any employees on
account of accident while on duty in a certain period of time. In
1 plant a “ safety” bonus was paid to all employees, a “ production”
bonus to drillers and a “ set standard of cost” bonus was paid to
locomotive engineers and shovel operators. In 7 plants a “ pro­
duction” bonus was paid to a specified part of the employees. In 1
plant a bonus was paid to shovel cranemen provided there was no
breakage of the teeth of the shovel in a month, and a “ service”
bonus was paid to all employees of 1 plant.
T

Number
of plants

able

6.—BONUS SYSTEMS IN 19 CEM EN T PLANTS, 1929

Kind of bonus

7 ! Safety..

Employees entitled

1 per cent of earnings for no lost-time accident
during pay period.
Employees are divided into safety groups.
Groups having no accidents in the calendar
month receive 1 per cent of earnings as bonu^
__do................. Mine, quarry, mill, shops, All employees of 5 days’ service in each de­
and miscellaneous.
partment free of accidents are paid 1 per cent
bonus at the end of each month.
All..................................... 1 per cent of earnings for no lost-time accident
___d o..
during pay period.
1 (Production........ Drillers only...................... $2.02 per foot drilled over the set daily standard.
[Set standard of Locomotive engineers and A figure is set as the standard cost for hauling
cost.
shovel operators.
and loading rock. Any savings shown in
these occupations is prorated according to
earnings of the employees showing the
savings.
Production..
All employees in the shale The cost of production is set at 9 cents per ton
quarry, and crusher
for rock from quarry through the crusher.
If less than this figure, the savings is prorated
tenders.
among employees working in the quarry and
crusher tenders.
A certain number of barrels per day is set as
_do_.
Packers only..
the standard of production. When packers
exceed this set standard of production they
receive in addition to the regular rate a
fixed amount for each barrel over and above
the set standard. The amount per barrel
allowed in each plant was 0.0071, 0.0172, and
0.01364 cent, respectively.
...d o .........
Loaders, hand, and loaders 95 cents per car of rock loaded for all over 5 cars
per day in addition to the regular rate.
with Modock (quarry).
....d o .........
Shovel operators, shovel 95 cents per car of rock loaded for all over 5 cars
per day in addition to the regular rate.
cranemen, shovel fire­
men, locomotive engi­
neers, pitmen, conduc­
tors, all in quarry.
.do................. Sorters only....................... A set number of sacks constitute a standard
day. For all sacks sorted over this set stand­
ard the sorter receives 0.001 cent per sack.
No breakage of Shovel cranemen..... ......... If no teeth in the shovel bucket are broken
teeth of shovel
during the month the shovel craneman re­
ceives $5.
All
wage earners receive $5. Bonus paid in
All....................................
.
Period of services
December of each year. Period of service
necessary to entitle employee to participation
was not reported.
1 ____do.




All..

Amount and conditions

.d o.

PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY

13

PAY FOR OVERTIME AND WORK ON SUNDAY AND
HOLIDAYS
A n y time worked by an employee in excess of the regular full-time
hours per day or per week is usually considered overtime. In the
cement industry certain departments in most of the plants operate
continuously night and day. Work on Sunday and holidays in such
departments is regular working time and consequently is paid for as
such.
Only 4 of the 102 plants covered in the study paid extra for either
overtime or work on Sunday and holidays. In 1 plant all employees
were paid one and one-half times the regular rate for any work on
Sunday; in 1, all employees were paid one and one-half times the
regular rate for any work on Christmas eve and twice the regular
rate for any work on Christmas, New Year, and July 4; in 1, black­
smiths only; and in 1, employees in the packing department, machine
shop, and quarry, and the locomotive crew were paid one and onehalf times the regular rate for any work after the regular hours per
day.
DAYS ACTUALLY WORKED IN ONE WEEK, 1929
T a b l e 7 presents for each of the 14 representative occupations in
the industry for which classified figures are shown in this report, the
average number of days on which male wage earners in each occupa­
tion worked in one week in 1929, and also the per cent of the male
employees in each of them who worked on each specified number of
days in the week. Any part of a day on which an employee did any
work was counted as a day.
It was frequently reported that wage earners in occupations of two
shifts per day were on duty both shifts on one day of the week, or
24 hours. The employees in such occupations, almost invariably,
alternated, in some plants each week and in others every two weeks, so
that the wage earners of each shift had an equal amount of day work
and night work. Example: There were two shifts, one for day workers
designated “ A,” and the other for night workers designated “ B.”
The workers on the day shift were on duty 12 hours each on 6 days
and 24 hours continuously on the seventh day, or 96 hours one week,
and those on the night shift were on duty 12 hours each on 6 nights
and did no work on the seventh night, or 72 hours per week. The
next week those designated “ A ” were on duty 6 nights of 12 hours
each or 72 hours per week and those designated “ B ” were on duty 6
days of 12 hours each and 24 hours on Sunday or 96 hours per week.
The employees of each shift had 24 hours’ continuous work one week
and 24 continuous hours off duty the next week. The 24 hours on the
seventh day were counted a day in computing Table 7. The hours of
shifts were not the same in all establishments, nor were the hours of
the day shifts the same as the hours of the night shifts.
The first line of the table shows data for 544 drillers, of 85 quarries,
who worked an average of 5.6 days in one week; 2 per cent of them
worked on 1 day only; 1 per cent on 2 days; 2 per cent on 3 days; 6
per cent on 4 days; 20 per cent on 5 days; 49 per cent on 6 days; and
19 per cent of them were on duty on 7 days in one week. The table
shows a considerable number of employees in each occupation as
0615°—31----- 2




14

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

having worked on less than 6 days in the week. The reasons therefor
are many. Employees shown as having worked on less than 6 days
may have entered service or left service at any time during the week,
may have been absent one or more days in the week on account of
illness or other disability, may have been off duty voluntarily part
of the time, or also for other causes.
T a b l e 7 .— N UM BER

OF DAYS ON W HICH M ALE EM PLOYEES IN 14 SPECIFIED OCCU­
PATIONS W ORKED IN ONE W EEK, 1929, BY D E P A R T M E N T
Number of—

Department and occupation

Average
number of
days
Estab* Em­ worked in
lish1
week.
ments ployees

Quarry:
Drillers..................................
Shovel engineers...................
Laborers................................
Raw:
Crusher operators................
Grinder operators.................
Laborers_________ ________
Shops and miscellaneous:
Laborers................................
Coal mill:
Grinder operators.................
Laborers_________________
Clinker:
Burners, first_________ ____
Clinker grinders....................
Laborers................................
Cement:
Packers (sackers)__________
Laborers................................

Per cent of employees who worked each
specified number of days

2

1

2

3

1

85
87
91

544
250
1, 213

5.6
5.8
5.4

0)

85
95
79

206
322
434

5.9
6.3
5.9

0)
0)

90

1, 212

5.5

76
33

206
119

6.5
6.1

101 !
93
67 1

322
396
315

6.7
6.2
6.1

1
2

1
1

96 • 1,249
87 | 728

5.3
5.3

2
4

3
5

2

3

0)

1
<*)
2

2
0)

4

2
0

3
0)

4

4

6

7

2
2
3

6
8
9

20
12
23

49
57
48

19
19
12

2
2

5
3
3

16
7
12

50
35
42

27
53
37

4

7

17

51

16

1

6
8

30
29

61
55

2
2

1
4
4

3
5
9

21
34
33

74
53
49

6
3

8
5

18
13

59
64

5
6

0)
0

5

1 Less than 1 per cent.

GROWTH OF THE INDUSTRY
I n 1929 the production of Portland cement in the United States was
170,646,036 barrels, or approximately 31,000,000 barrels more than in
the 16 years from 1890 to 1905 combined. The tremendous growth
was due primarily to the trend to permanency of building construc­
tion, to the increasing scarcity of wood, and to the increase in the use
of cement in the construction of the extensive network of concrete
highways everywhere.
T

able

8 .—

PRODUCTION, IN NUM BER OF BARRELS, EACH YEAR FROM

Year

Barrels

Year

Barrels

1890............
1891............
1892............
1893............
1894............
1895............
1896............
1897............
1898............
1899............

335,500
454,813
547,440
590,652
798,757
990,324
1,543,023
2,677,775
3,692,284
5,652,266

1900..........
1901...........
1902...........
1903...........
1904..........
1905...........
1906...........
1907...........
1908...........
1909...........

8,482,020
12,711,225
17,230,644
22,342,973
26,505,881
35, 246,812
46,463,424
48,785,390
51,072,612
64,991,431

i U. S. Bureau of Mines.

Year
1910............
1911...........
1912............
1913............
1914............
1915............
1916............
1917............
1918............
1919............

1890

Barrels

Year

76,549,951
78,528,637
82,438,096
92,097,131
88,230,170
85,914,907
91,521,198
92,814,202
71,081,663
80,777,935

1920 .......
1921______
1922______
1923..........
1924______
1925______
1926______
1927............
1928 ..........
1£29.._.......

TO

1929»

Barrels
100,023,245
98,842,049
114,789,984
137,460,238
149,358,109
161,658,901
164,530,170
173,206, 513
176,598,846
170,646,036

Mineral Resources of the United States: 1924-1929, pt. 2.

The figures in Table 9, which were drawn from the reports of the
United States Census of Manufactures, show for each of the years, 1919,
1921,1923, 1925,1927, and 1929, the total number of Portland cement




PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY

15

plants in the country; average number of wage earners; amount paid
as wages; average yearly earnings of wage earners as computed by
the bureau; the number of barrels produced, not including puzzolan
and natural cement; and also the average production in number of
barrels per wage earner.
Between 1919 and 1929 the number of plants increased 30.9 per
cent; the average number of wage earners increased 21.3 per cent;
the amount paid as wages, 44.2 per cent; the average wages per wage
earner per year, 18.8 per cent; production, 113.3 per cent; and the
average production per wage earner, 74.2 per cent.
T a b l e 9 . — NUM BER

OF ESTABLISHMENTS, W AGE EARNERS, WAGES, CEM ENT PRO­
DUCED, AND PRODUCTION PER WAGE EA R N ER IN THE CEM EN T INDUSTRY, 1919,
1921, 1923, 1925, 1927, AN D 1929

Number
of estab­
lishments

Year

1919........................................................
1921........................................................
1923........................................................
1925........................................................
1927........................................................
.................
1929 ......................................
Per cent increase, 1919-1929........

123
125
133
145
161
161
30.9

Average
number
of wage
earners

Produc­
tion per
wage
earner
(barrels)

Average
wages
per year

Cement
produced
(barrels)

25,524 $33,194,920
26,231 34,415,677
35,091 49,707,992
38,437 53,911,519
36,322 53,110,745
30,961 47,872,091

$1,301
1,312
1,417
1,403
1,462
1,546

80,777,935
98,842,049
137,460,238
161,658,901
173,206,513
170,646,036

3,165
3,789
3,955
4,251
4,827
5,512

44.2

18.8

111.3

74.2

21.3

Amount
paid in
wages

SCOPE AND METHOD
T h e figures shown in the various tables of this report were com­
puted from data of the wage earners only in the Portland cement
industry, beginning with the drilling in the quarry and ending with
loading the finished product for shipment from the plants. The report
does not include any data for executives, supervisors, office force
(including clerks, sample collectors, testers, analysts, chemists), and
persons engaged in the construction of new or the repair of old
buildings.
Average earnings per hour of wage earners in each occupation, as
presented in the various tables in this report, were computed by divid­
ing the combined earnings of all wage earners in the occupation by
the total hours worked by them.
Average full-time hours per week of wage earners in each occupa­
tion were obtained by dividing the aggregate full-time hours of all
wage earners in the occupation by the number of wage earners. The
full-time hours per week of each wage earner were used in arriving at
this average, even though some employees may have worked more or
less than full time on account of overtime, sickness, disability, or
other cause.
Average full-time earnings per week of wage earners in each occu­
pation were computed by multiplying the average earnings per hour
by the average full-time hours per week. This shows what the earn­
ings would have been had all wage earners in the occupation worked
full time, no more nor less, at the same average earning per hour as in
the one week covered in the 1929 study of the industry.
The bureau in this study obtained wage data from plants in every
State in which the manufacture of Portland cement was of material
importance in number of wage earners. Selections of plants were




16

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

made from lists of the Portland Cement Association, United States
Bureau of Mines, trade directories, etc. Based on the 1929 Census
of Manufactures, this study covers 68 per cent of the average number
of wage earners in the industry in the United States.
The frequency of wage payments to the wage earners of the 102
plants for which data are shown in the report was every week in 12,
every two weeks in 87, and monthly in 3 plants. In the 90 plants
in which the length of the pay period was more than one week, data
were so taken as to make it possible to present averages for one week
for wage earners in all plants.
GENERAL TABLES
I n a d d itio n to the preceding text tables, wage figures covering aver­
ages and classified hours and earnings by occupations and districts
are shown in five general tables. For description of districts see
page 3.
T a b l e A.— Average number of days on which employees worked in
one week, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week,
per cent of full time worked, and average earnings per hour, 1929, by
department, occupation, sex, and district.
Line 1 of the table shows averages for 93 drillers of 16 quarries in
District No. 1— Eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland
(p. 17). They worked an average of 5.5 days in one week. Their
average full-time hours per week were 57.9, and in one week they
worked an average of 56.3 hours, or 97.2 per cent of full time. They
earned an average of 52.8 cents per hour and an average of $29.70 in
the week. Had they worked full time in the week, or 57.9 hours, at
the same average earnings per hour as in 56.3 hours,they would have
earned $30,57.
T a b l e B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 14 specified
occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district.
T a b l e C.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in 14
specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district.
In the classification of full-time hours in this table, especially of
wage earners in occupations associated with grinding in the raw
department and burning in the clinker department, a comparatively
large percentage of them are shown at 84 hours per week. The wage
earners at these hours were in occupations in which work was con­
tinuous, or of two shifts per day. In some plants each shift was 12
hours. In others, one shift was 11 and the other 13 hours per day, but
as wage earners alternated, working on one shift one week and on the
other the next, they averaged 12 hours per day and 84 per week.
T a b l e D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one
week in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and
district.
T a b l e E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 14
specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district.




PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY

17

T a b l e A .— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average

full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and
average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district
Average—

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Estab- Wage
lish- earn­
ments ers

Average—

Days
em­
Full­
time
ploy­
hours
ees
worked per
in one week
week

Hours
actu­
ally
work­
ed in
one
week

Per
cent
of full
time
work­
ed

Full­ Actu­
al
Earn­ time earn­
ings earn­
ings
per
ings
in
hour
per
week one
week

Quarry
Drillers, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3................ .........
4..........................
5........................ .
6..........................
7.....................
8........................ .
9.........................
10..........................
11..........................
12......... ...............

16
5
8
3
9
11
5
7
2
5
8
6

93
38
68
15
60
55
76
31
8
13
61
26

5.5
5.4
5.1
5.5
5.8
5.4
5.8
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.3
5.8

57.9
58.7
54.8
60.0
56.7
61.4
56.1
54.8
60.0
55.7
54.6
54.2

56.3
54.3
49.6
57.7
52.3
54.9
57.1
49.7
56.3
53.1
55.8
48.7

Total.....................................

85

544

5.6

56.9

54.0

94.9

.525

29.87

28.38

Blasters, male:
District No. 1..........................
2.........................
3................... .
4........... ..............
5................. ........
6.............. ..........
7______ ________
8______ ________
9..........................
10.............. ...........
11........... ..............
12______ ________

16
5
7
2
7
8
4
5
1
3
8
4

28
14
24
2
17
13
11
7

5.4
5.8
5.1
6.0
6.1
5.2
6.1
5.9

56.4
61.3
54.2
60.0
53.1
62.3
54.9
54.9

55.0
64.2
49.4
60.0
52.9
50.7
60.0
53.0

97.5
104.7
91.1
100.0
99.6
81.4
109.3
96.5

.540
.537
.521
.550
.519
.456
.499
.476

30.46
32.92
28.24
33.00
27. 56
28.41
27.40
26.13

29.68
34.47
25.69
33.00
27.46
23.13
29. 95
25.20

Total................. ...............
Shovel engineers, male:
District No. 1........................ .
2................ .........
3..................... .
4..........................
5.................. ....

70 1

7................ .........
8.........................
9................... .
10................... .
11..........................
12..........................

15
5
10
4
9
11
6
6
3
6
8
4

Total.....................................

87

6________

Shovel cranemen, male:
District No. 1..................... .
2...... ............ .
3..................................

4..........................
5.t.......................

8
1
7
2
8
5

|

0)6.7

18
4

6.2
5.5

57.3
51.7
53.8

58.0
52.8
49.0

101.2
102.1
91.1

.523
.624
.732

29.97
32.26
38.74

30.31
32.90
35.89

142

5.7

55.9

54.2

89.1

.534

29.85

28. 97

48
16
45
10
34
23
26
14
7
7
14
6

5.6
5.6
5.7
4.8
5.9
6.1
5.9
5.9
6.0
6.6
6.5
5.2

57.8
57.4
57.2
63.6
56.2
62.0
57.8
55.7
60.0
53.1
53.8
50.5

56.4
53.6
55.3
49.0
54.5
57.8
57.2
56.7
65.7
55.1
58.1
48.2

97.6
93.4
96.7
77.0
97.0
93.2
99.0
101.8
110.0
103.8
108.0
95.5

.701
.809
.800
.677
.655
.659
.762
.621
.636
.730
.909
.832

40.52
46.44
45. 76
43.06
36.81
40.86
44.04
34.59
38.16
38.76
48.90
42.01

39.54
43.35
44.24
33.19
35.73
38.10
43.56
35.24
41.82
40.24
52.83
40.07

250

5.8

57.5

55.8

97.0

.730

41.98

40.74

95.3

. 552

30.86

29.43

.589
.512

39.14
35.34
28.62

5.5

55.9

0)

53.3

0)16

0)5.9

0)
57.9

0)
57.0

3

6.0
5.9

60.0
55.9
62.8
57.2

59.8
54.0

20

6.......................... ......
7...................................
8...................................
10...................................
11...................................

5
4
5
3

13

5 .9
5 .9

4
8
3

6.3
5.6
6.7

Total.....................................

48

95

5.8

8

* Data included in total to avoid identification of plant.




$29.70
25.66
32.05
23.43
25.89
22.90
27.10
21.98
22.72
40.85
32.81
34.72

0)3

16

(»)

97.2 $0,528 $30.57
92.5
.473 27.77
90.5
.646 35.40
96.2
.406 24.36
92.2
.495 28.07
89.4
.417 25.60
.475 26.65
101.8
90.7
.442 24.22
.404 24.24
93.8
95.3
.770 42.89
102.2
.588 32.10
89.9
.713 38.64

0)

0 • .676
0)

98.4
99.7
96.6
86.8
97 .7
111.1

52.3
54.7

54.5
55.9
60.0

45.8
58.0

87.6
106.0

57.1

54.5

9 5 .4

54.0

0)

0)

0)

0)

0)

.47 2
.6 0 4

29.64

.534

28.84

.595

.782

31.12
42.78

38.53
36.27
27.62
25.73
33.79
32.01
27.26
45.34

.59 5

33.97

32.41

34.55

18

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average

full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and
average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con.
Average—

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Estab- Wage
lish- earn­
ments ers

Days |
em- ] Full­
ploy- j time
ees i hours
worked per
in one ! week
week i

Average—

Hours
actu­
ally
work­
ed in
one
week

Per
cent
of full
time
work­
ed

Full­ Actu­
al
Earn­ time earn­
ings earn­ ings
per
ings
in
hour
per
one
week week

Quarry—Continued
Shovel firemen, male:
District No. 1................ .........
2— .....................
3......... ...............
4.____ _________
5..........................
6........ .................
7........... ..............
8...... ..................
9______________
10.......................11..........................

9
2
3
1
7
6
5
5
1
4
4

26
4
12
0)
22
12
14
8
0)
5
5

5.4
5.5
5.9
0
6.0
6.1
6.4
6.3
0
6.8
6.4

57.0
63.0
59.2
0
57.9
63.9
61.3
55.5
0
57.2
53.8

56.9
59.3
63.5
0
58.4
62.6
62.0
58.2
0
56.4
55.8

99.8 $0,471 $26.85
94.1
.720 45.36
107.3
.502 29.72
0
0
0)
100.9
.405 23.45
98.0
.426 27.22
101.1
.444 27.22
104.9
.412 22.87
0
0
0)
.482 27.57
98.6
103.7
.554 29.81

$26.80
42.67
31.88
0
23.66
26.65
27. 55
23.96
0)
27.18
30.93

Total....................... .............

47

110

6.0

58.7

59.4

101.2

.461

27.06

27.42

Locomotive engineers, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3_____ _________
4...... ..................
5........................
6..........................
7................ .........
8.........................
9..........................
10...... .......... ........
11...... ......... .........
12................ .........

15
5
10
4
10
11
5
7
1
5
7
4

62
23
62
10
53
26
26
24
9
20
6

5.7
5.3
5.5
4.7
5.9
6.2
5.9
6.3
0
6.6
6.4
5.2

57.7
57.1
57.9
62.4
56.2
61.8
56.2
54.8
0)
53.8
57.4
49.3

57.5
50.7
56.5
51.1
56.0
58.3
55.2
59.1
0
52.8
63.5
43.3

99.7
88.8
97.6
81.9
99.7
94.3
98.2
107.8
0)
98.1
110.6
87.8

.518
.567
.534
.499
.513
.461
.586
.467
0
.501
.673
.689

29.89
32.38
30.92
31.14
28.83
28.49
32.93
25.59
0
26.95
38.63
33.97

29.81
28.73
30.16
25.45
28. 75
26.86
32.32
27.62
0)
26.45
42.77
29.86

Total...................................

84

324

5.8

57.3

56.3

98.3

.532

30.48

29.96

Locomotive firemen, male:
District No. 1______________
2_____ _________
3................ .........
4................ .........
5................ .........
6........................ .
7........................
8..........................
10...................... 11..........................
12...................

2
2
2
1
4
5
2
2
2
1
1

9
11
7

6.6
5.0
5.1
(l)
6.4
6.3
5.8
5.8
6.0
(1)
0

56.8
61.6
54.9
0
59.5
60.7
51.0
55.2
54.0
0
0)

66.7
48.9
49.1
0)
59.5
61.2
51.2
51.9
54.8
0
0)

117.4
79.4
89.4
0
100.0
100.8
100.4
94.0
101.5
0
0)

.590
.448
.446
0)
.424
.408
.498
.424
.522
0
0)

33.51
27.60
24.49
0
25.24
24.77
25.40
23.40
28.19

39.33
21.90
21.91
0
25.24
24.93
25.46
22.03
28.58

0

0

19
11
12
5
2

0
0)

0)

0

24

82

6.0

57.5

56.4

98.1

.471

27.08

26.57

Laborers, male:
District No. 1........................
2....................... .
3_____ _________
4...... ............... 5______ ________
6..........................
7.......................8-..................... 9........................ .
10..........................
11.......................12..........................

15
5
10
4
10
12
6
7
3
6
7
6

186
44
182
35
145
209
161
75
41
25
69
41

5.3
5.2
5.5
5.8
5.6
4.8
5.5
5.5
5.4
6.4
6.1
5.8

57.8
58.8
56.7
62.7
56.2
60.8
56.8
55.0
60.0
52.3
53.5
53.5

51.4
50.0
54.5
60.1
51.3
45.1
53.2
50.6
52.0
52.5
52.5
47.2

88.9
85.0
96.1
95.9
91.3
74.2
93.7
92.0
86.7
100.4
98.1
88.2

.431
.494
.450
.376
.370
.283
.378
.351
.281
.468
.460
.591

24.91
29.05
25.52
23.58
20.79
17.21
21.47
19.31
16.86
24.44
24.61
31.62

22.15
24.69
24.49
22.63
18.99
12.78
20.09
17.74
14.60
24.59
24.16
27.85

Total—. ...................... .........

91

1, 213

5.4

57.4

51.1

89.0

.395

22.67

20.17

Total.................................

1Data included in total to avoid identification of plant.




PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY

19

A.— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average
full time and actual hours and earnings per weekt per cent of full time worked and
average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con.

T a b le

Average—

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Estab- Wage
lish- earn­
ments ers

Days
em­
Full­
ploy­
time
ees
hours
worked per
in one week
week

Average—
Hours
actu­
ally
work­
ed in
one
week

Per
cent
of full
time
work­
ed

Full­ Actu­
al
Earn­ time
ings earn­ earn­
ings
ings
per
in
hour
per
one
week week

Quarry—Continued
Other employees, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5..........................
6..........................
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
10..........................
11..........................
12..........................

15
5
10
4
10
13
6
7
2
4
8
5

267
62
268
23
128
148
158
72
14
15
55
29

5.9
5.7
5.4
5.8
5.9
5.4
5.9
5.5
6.1
6.2
6.1
6.3

59.2
61.0
55.0
64.7
60.0
61.0
56.2
57.7
62.2
58.6
58.1
55.7

59.6
61.6
51.2
61.3
56.8
52.8
56.7
52.9
63.4
55.1
56.4
52.5

Total.....................................

89

1,239

5.7

58.2

55.7

95.7

Unloaders, shovel, male:
District No. 1______________
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5..........................
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
11..........................
12..........................

5
3
2
6
7
4
2
3
1
1

22
15
4
27
39
28
5
17
0)

6.5
5.8
6.8
5.8
6.0
5.8
6.6
6.9

55.1
54.4
60.0
57.8
60.4
57.4
55.2
86.1

56.6
58.6
73.6
58.7
57.5
55.6
62.5
85.1

102.7
107.7
122.7
101.6
95.2
96.9
113.2
98.8

100.8 $0.524 $31.02
.490 29.89
101.0
.519 28.55
93.1
94.7
.487 31.51
.444 26.64
94.7
86.6
.449 27.39
100.9
.508 28.55
91.7
.426 24.58
103.5
.378 25.51
.484 28.36
94.0
97.1
.580 33.70
94.3
.644 35.87

$31.25
30.19
26.61
29.84
25.23
23.71
28.82
22.53
23.99
26.65
32.72
33.80

.499

29.04

27.81

.516
.413
.499
.460
.404
.375
.387
.280

29.21
24.17
36. 71
26.97
23.20
20.86
24.16
23.83

(l)

0)
C1)

28.43
22.47
29.94
26.59
24.40
21.53
21.36
24.11

Raw

0)

(l)

0)
0)

0)
0)

(l)

0
0

0)
0)

Total.....................................

34

162

6.1

60.4

60.6

100.3

.411

24.82

24.93

Unloaders, mechanical, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5..........................
6..........................
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
10..........................
11..........................
12..........................

5
4
7
6
7
3
3
6
3
2
5
2

9
8
18
21
21
7
8
10
6
5
7
4

6.3
5.4
6.0
5.1
6.1
5.9
6.6
6.3
7.0
6.2
6.4
6.3

78.1
63.0
61.2
51.8
54.1
68.9
79.5
58.5
60.0
56.0
54.1
68.3

75.0
55.2
62.3
48.9
55.9
56.1
77.3
64.3
82.5
48.8
60.5
59.3

96.0
87.6
101.8
94.4
103.3
81.4
97.2
109.9
137.5
87.1
111.8
86.8

.431
.436
.450
.677
.554
.326
.528
.515
.430
.503
. 53G
.472

33.66
27.47
27.54
35.07
29.97
22.46
41.98
30.13
25.80
28.17
29.00
32.24

32.31
24.07
28 03
33.07
31.00
18.26
40. 76
33.14
35.48
24.52
32.43
27.97

Total.....................................

53

124

6.0

61.7

60.4

97.9

.506

31.22

30.59

Crusher operators, male:
District No. 1........................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5..........................
6 . . . ....................
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
10..........................
11..........................
12..........................

15
5
9
4
9
10
5
7
2
5
8
6

48
10
19
20
25
16
15
11
5
8
11
18

5.9
5.3
6.3
5.1
6.0
5.7
5.9
6.0
6.6
6.6
6.5
6.1

57.0
66.6
61.9
46.0
56.9
64.5
57.5
55.1
60.0
56.5
59.9
49.3

56.7
58.9
65.1
43.8
55.0
52.6
56.3
57.8
68.8
54.6
63.2
49.6

99.5
88.4
105.2
95.2
96.7
81.6
97.9
104.9
114.7
96.6
105.5
100.6

.497
.452
.480
.738
.427
.401
.466
.454
.362
.531
.635
.577

28.33
30.10
29.71
33.95
24.30
25.86
26.80
25.02
21. 72
30.00
38.04
28.45

28.16
26.60
31.27
32. 30
23.48
21.11
26.26
26.21
24.89
28.98,
40.18
28.64

Total....................................

85

206

5.9

56.9

55.8

98.1

.503

28.62

28.05

i Data included in total to avoid identification of plant.




...... -1

20

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

T a b l e A*— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average

full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked, and
average earnings per hourf 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con.
Average—
Estab- Wage
lish- earn­
ments ers

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Days
em­
Full­
ploy­
time
ees
hours
worked per
in one week
week

Average—
Hours
actu­
ally
work­
ed in
one
week

Per
cent
of full
time
work­
ed

Full­ Actu­
al
Earn­ time earn­
ings earn­ ings
per
ings
in
hour
per
week one
week

Raw—Continued
Elevator tenders, male:
District No. 1..........................
5..........................
6..........................
7................... .
11..........................

3
1
2
2
1

Total.....................................
Conveyor tenders, male:
District No. 1.............. ..........
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5..........................
6......................
7.........................
8..........................
9.........................
10................... .
11................... .
12........................
Total................................ .
Mixer tenders, male:
District No. 1................. ........
2......... ............ .
3____ __________
4______________
5............ ............
6____________
7______________
10______________
11..........................
Total...................................
Dryer tenders, male:
District No. 1 . . . .......... .........
2 ............... .........
3......... ............ .
4 ........ ..........
5......... ................
6..........................
7______________
8 .............. ..........
9 ._____________
1 0 ...___________
11................. ........

4
2
3

6.0
0
6.0
7.0
0

55.6
0
56.0
79.3
0

67.6
0
59.3
81.5
0

121.6 $0.429 $23.85
0)
0
0)
105.9
.444 24.86
.425 33.70
102.8
0
0
0

$29.01
0
26.32
34.64
0

9

14

6.1

63.2

65.7

104.0

.423

26.73

27.80

7
4
5
8
9
7
0
7
2
2
6
2

38
15
18
33
56
21
24
26
9
6
41
8

6.1
5.9
6.1
5.8
6.2
6.2
6.5
6.2
6.4
7.0
6.5
6.9

78.8
68.1
63.6
66.5
67.1
63.1
72.3
61.8
84.0
56.0
59.3
55.0

75.4
62.0
61.1
61.2
64.7
58.1
71.9
57.9
77.3
56.0
56.7
54.3

95.7
91.0
96.1
92.0
96.4
92.1
99.4
93.7
92.0
100.0
95.6
98.7

.441
.438
.477
.512
.396
.352
.413
.388
.280
.500
.457
.500

34.75
29.83
30.34
34.05
26.57
22.21
29.86
23.98
23.52
28.00
27.10
27.50

33.28
27.17
29.16
31.34
25.65
20.40
29.71
22.44
21.65
28.00
25. 91
27.46

61

295

6.2 |
j 66.9

63.7

95.2

.428

28.63

27.25

4
2
3
5
7
6
3
2
4

11
6
14
21
24
14
7
6
10

6.6
5.8
6.7
5.6
6.2
6.8
6.3
7.0
6.7

73.8
66.7
66.0
54.9
68.8
76.3
72.0
56.0
61.6

72.5
63.5
65.5
52.5
59.4
68.4
72.0
57.3
60.8

98.2
95.2
99.2
95.6
86.3
89.6
100.0
102.3
98.7

.435
.534
.481
.643
.422
.355
.448
.500
.544

32.10
35.62
31. 75
35.30
29.03
27.09
32.22
28.00
33.51

31.59
33.94
31.55
33.76
25.09
24.25
32.22
28.67
33.10

36

113

6.3

66.1

62.3

94.3

.479

31.66

29.84

32.74
28.77
36.18
34.73
23.62
27.44
31.72
27.77
0
36.22
28.60

30.31
30.81
31.15
32.47
22.16
24.12
30.00
27.61
0
35.15
27.94

0
0

i

i

97.7

.514
.461
.450
.603
.401
.350
.400
.445
0
.566
.430

33

127

6.2

64.6

60.3

93.3

.461

29.78

27.83

20
7
3
11
6

5.9
6.3
7.0
6.3
3

72.3
64.0
80.5
76.4
74.3

64.8
63.1
83.0
71.2
50.0

.462
.489
.438
.393
.304
0
.472

33.40
31.30
35. 26
30.03
22.59

29.94
30.8$
36.37
27.97
15.18

10.__............

8
3
2
3
2
1
3

30.82

28.65

Total.....................................

22

.438

30.48

27.67

Total.............................. ......
Dryer firemen, male:
District No. 1..........................
2______________
3.............. ...........
5______________
6_______ _____ _
7 -_ .....................

4
2
4
3
6
3
2
2
1
3
3

20
5
10
20
37
10
3
5
0

0

7
8

6
62

6.3
6.6
5.9
5.5
6.3
5.8
6.7
6.4
6.8

63.7
62.4
80.4
57.6
58.9
78.4
79.3
62.4
(l)
64.0
66.5

0)6.9

V)

6.5

6.2

1Data included in total to avoid identification of plant.




59.0
66.9
69.2
53.8
55.2
68.9
75.0
62.0

92.6
107.2
86.1
93.4
93.7
87.9
94.6
99.4

65.0

0)
62.1

0)
97.0

0)

0)

60.8

89.6
98.6
103.1
93.2
67.3
0
93.1

69.6

63.1

90.7

65.3

0)

0)

PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY

21

A.—Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average
full time and actual hours and earnings per weekt per cent of full time worked and
average earnings per hourt 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con.

T a b le

Average—

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Es- Wage
tablish- earn­
ers
ments

Days
em­
Full­
ploy­
time
ees
hours
worked per
in one week
week

Average—
Hours
actu­
ally
work­
ed in
one
week

Per
cent
of full
time
work­
ed

Full­ Actu­
al
Earn­ time earn­
ings earn­ ings
per
ings
in
hour
per
one
week week

Raw—C ontinued
Grinder operators, male:
District No. l - _ ......................
2..........................
3..........................
4_........................
5..........................
6..........................
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
10..........................
11..........................
12..........................

16
6
10
8
10
11
6
7
3
6
7
5

78
18
29
26
38
26
22
24
7
16
25
13

6.2
5.8
6.1
5.8
6.4
6.2
6.5
6.5
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.9

64.9
65.0
69.4
72.0
69.3
69.9
68.7
66.5
84.0
59.5
61.1
59.1

59.4
59.8
65.0
62.0
64.6
59.9
66.2
62.3
80.9
57.5
61.8
60.2

91.5 $0,527 $34.20
92.0
.490 31.85
93.7
.536 37.20
86.1
.565 40.68
93.2
.487 33.75
85.7
.431 30.13
96.4
.443 30.43
93.7
.445 29.59
96.3
.361 30.32
96.6
.542 32.25
101.1
.568 34.70
101.9
.519 30.67

$31.26
29.32
34.83
35.03
31.48
25.82
29.29
27.70
29.25
31.20
35.05
31.26

Total.....................................

95

322

6.3

66.8

62.1

93.0

.503

33.60

31.21

Raw-finish mill operators, male:
District No. 1__......................
2..........................
3..........................
4.........................
5......................
6..........................
7..........................
8..........................
9_........................
11.........................
12..........................

8
5
6
9
9
5
3
2
1
4
3

44
20
17
29
39
16
8
7

6.4
6.1
6.3
6.4
6.2
6.2
6.1
7.0

64.3
62.4
67.5
68.7
67.5
69.9
63.0
64.0

60.3
55.6
63.6
65.1
59.0
55.9
60.0
67.6

93.8
89.1
94.2
94.8
87.4
80.0
95.2
105.6

.504
.495
.478
.575
.456
.451
.454
.463

32.41
30.89
32.27
39.50
30.78
31.52
28.60
29.63

30.38
27.53
30.41
37.40
26.87
25.22
27.23
31.28

53.8

57.9
52.3

106.4
97.2

.639
.563

34.76
30.29

36.96
29.45

0)15
11

0)6.6
6.6

0)
54.4

C1)

(l)

(l)

0)

(9

Total.....................................

55

208

6.3

64.9

60.0

92.4

.505

32.77

30.31

Oilers, male:
District No. 1__......................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5...............
6..........................
7.........................
8..........................
9..........................
10..........................
11..........................
12...................

11
3
5
5
5
8
5
4
1
5
6
4

37
9
15
12
14
20
15
15

6.3
5.2
6.0
6.8
6.2
6.2
6.5
6.7

72.1
65.8
78.4
76.0
71.4
71.4
76.5
63.2

67.0
52.8
69.3
75.7
67.0
62.5
73.5
63.5

92.9
80.2
88.4
99.6
93.8
87.5
96.1
100.5

.350
.447
.449
.425
.448
.352
.394
.397

25.24
29.41
35.20
32.30
31.99
25.13
30.14
25.09

23.43
23.63
31.13
32.13
30.01
21.98
28.98
25.22

6.9
6.1

58.3
59.2
52.3

59.5
48.2

89.0
100.5
92.2

.470
.424
.505

27.40
25.10
26.41

24.38
25.26
24.36

0)14
15
13

06.4
)

0)

0)
51.9

0)

0)

0)

C1)

Total.....................................

62

181

6.3

68.6

63.8

93.0

.406

27.85

25.90

Laborers, male:
District No. 1..........................
2_........................
3_...................... .
4..........................
5..........................
6..........................
7---------------------

13
4
8
7
8
7
6

77
10
31
59
44
35

6.0
5.9
4.8
5.2
6.0
5.6

65.2
56.1
46.5
52.7
58.1
60.5

95.6
98.4
79.2
88.3
86.8
86.8

.418
.425
.418
.450
.355
.263

28.51
24.23
24.54
26.87
23.75
17.62

27.27
23.86
19.43
23.72
20.65
15.90

6
3
5
8
4

26
27
18
29
62
16

6 .5
6 .2
6 .4
6 .3
6 .5
5 .5

68.3
61 .4

.29 3
.45 5
.455
.604

27.41
22.48
24.61

27.35
25.71

26.72
21.76
22.98
24.55

52.0

78.3
53.9
57.3
45.7

9 7 .4
9 6 .7
93 .2
8 9 .7
101.4
8 7 .9

.39 1

8 ..................................
9 ..................................
1 0 .11...................................
12...................................

68.2
57.0
58.7
59.7
66.9
67.0
70.1
63.5

31.41

26.05
27.58

Total....................................

79

434

5 .9

63.5

58.7

9 2 .0

.403

25.59

23.66

.............

*Data included in total to avoid identification of plant.




8 4 .0
60.1
56.5

.354

22

WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR

T a b l e A . — Average

number of days on which employees worked in one week, average
full time and actual hours and earnings per weeky per cent of full time worked and
average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con.
Average—

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Estab- Wage
lish- earn­
ments ers

Raw—Continued
Other employees, male:
District No. 1..........................
2__......................
3__....... ..............
4.............. ..........
5_........................
6 ........ ................
7__......................
8__....... — - ........
9.........................
10______________
11................ .........
12.... ..................Total...................................
Coal mill
Laborers, male:
District No. l - _ ....... - .............
3......... ...............
5
6
7______ ____ ___
8 ._ ....... — .........
10______________
1 2 -..____ _______
Total................................. .
Elevator tenders, male:
Districts Nos. 1, 4, and 5-.
Conveyor tenders, male:
District No. 1__............ .........

2__............ .............

3______________
4______________
5_.....................-

6________ ______

7______________
8________ ______
12........ .......... —
Total....................................
Dryer tenders, male:
District No. l_ -_ ............... .
2______________
3______________
4................. ........
5______________

6_______________

7_........................i
8.......................
12..........................1
Total.................... ................

Dryer firemen, male:

District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4__.............. ........
5_........................

6_............................

7..........................
10..........................
Total.....................................

Days
em­
Full­
ploy­
time
ees
hours
worked per
in one week
week

Per
cent
of full
time
work­
ed

Hours
actu­
ally
work­
ed in
one
week

Full­ Actu­
al
Earn­ time
ings earn­ earn­
ings
per
ings
in
hour
per
week one
week

16
4
8
8
9
9
5
4
3
3
7
4

225
48
56
53
71
52
47
34
12
10
27
30

6.4
6.2
6.5
6.2
6.5
5.8
6.6
6.7
5.9
6.7
6.7
5.7

62.0
62.4
70.0
67.4
63.4
74.8
67.7
62.5
84.0
59.2
55.9
58.3

59.1
61.5
69.0
65.9
54.6
56.7
65.0
62.6
68.6
59.6
56.4
54.3

80

665

6.3

64.6

60.4

93.5

.500

32.30

30.19

7
3
7
7
4
1
3
1
33

21
8
34
21
22

6.1
6.3
6.2
5.9
6.6
(»>
4.2
0)
6.1

71.0
59.9
72.6
69.7
73.8
(*)
63.0
0)
71.2 jj

62.7
62.2
66.4
58.5
70.0
37.7
0)
63.4

88.3
103.8
91.5
83.9
94.9
0)
59.8
89.0

.411
.413
.359
.285
.362
0)
.434
0)
.363

29.18
24.74
26.06
19.86
26.72
0)
27.34
C1)
25.85

25.76
25.67
23.82
16.69
25.35
0)
16.30
0)
23.02

5.2

80.0

61.3

76.6

.373

29.84

22.82

67.2
68.6
73.2
65.9
74.7
71.8
74.7
70.0
52.0
69.7

63.5
60.7
73.1
61.6
67.7
70.0
70.6
65.7
53.3
65.8

94.5
88.5
99.9
93.5
90.6
97.5
94.5
93.9
102.5
94.4

.495
.471
.326
.507
.420
.276
.397
.397
.540
.427

33.26
32.31
23.86
33.41
31. 37
19.82
29.66
27.79
28.08
29.76

31.44
28.62
23.80
31.23
28.41
19.30
28.03
26.05
28.78
28.05

65.2
69.8

88.9
96.9

.447
.450

32.77
32.40

29.12
31.39

30.64
29.20
28.96
26.65

0)
5
0)
119

i

3

6

2
3
5
5
4
2
4
2
2
29

5
5
13
17
18
2
9
6
6
81

6.0
5.8
6.7
5.1
6.3
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.7
6.1

6
2
1
6
7
6
3
1
2
34

17
4

6.3
6.0

8
3
6
1
5
5
4
2
34 |

(*)20

0)

22
6
13

(917
9

13
6

88 i

73.3
72.0

0)

95.3 $0,531 $32.92
.494 30.83
98.6
.526 36.82
98.6
.527 35.52
97.8
.475
30.12
86.1
.391 29.25
75.8
.458 31.00
96.0
.414 25.88
100.2
.338 28.39
81.7
.484 28.65
100.7
100.9
.617 34.49
93.1
.556 32.41

(l)

0)

0)

0)

(»)

(*)

$31.38
30.35
36.32
34.71
25.93
22.17
29.79
25.94
23.16
28.85
34.80
30.18

(»)

52.2
68.7
67.5
60.3
0)
56.0
64.2

56.0
68.4
60.5
51.7
0)
50.3
61.0

107.3
99.6
89.6
85.7
0)
89.8
95.0

.587
.425
.429
.442
0)
.551
.472

30.86
30.30

32.85
29.05
25.93
22.84
0)
27.68
28.77

6.5
6.3
6.8

66.0
61.3
77.5

66.5
65.8
75.9

100.8
107.3
97.9

.482
.507
.472

31.81
31.08
36.58

32.06
33.37
35.84

5.6
6.3
6.8

65.9
68.7
71.1
70.0
69.1

49.5
61.6
72.0
65.0

94.1

.448
.384
.405
.459
.450

29.52
26.38
28.80

62 .2

75.1
89.7
101.3
88.9

22.20
23.66
29.17
28.55
29.26

5.8
22
6.7
11
6.4
13
5.6
0)
0)
6
6.5
98 j| 6.2

0)

6 .3
6 .4

i Data included in total to avoid identification of plant.




Average—

0)

(l)

(1)

I

-i

0)

C1)

0)

32.13
31.10

0)

PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY

23

Table A.—Average number of days on which employees worked in

one week, average
full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and
average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con.
Average—

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Coal mill—Continued
Crusher operators, male:
District No. 1_........................
2..........................
3..........................
5__......................
6__......................
8 _ .......................
12. ........................
Total..................................
Grinder operators, male:
District No. 1__......................
2..........................
3__......................
4.................
5__....................
6..........................
7_........................
8..........................
10-_......................
12__......................
Total.....................................
Other employees, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................

4.................

5 ...................
6---------------------7.........................
10..........................
Total.....................................

Shopsandmiscellaneous
Machinists, male:
District No. 1.................

2_...............
3.................
4................
5_................
6__..............
7__..............
8................
9_................
10--..............
11.................
12.................

Total.....................................
Repairmen, male:
District No. 1_...............

2._..............
3-_..............
4_...............
5.................
6.................
7.................
8.................
9.................
10.................
11.................
12.................

Total.....................................

Estab- Wage
lish- earn­
ments ers

2
1
1
1
4
1
2

5

Days
em­
Full­
time
ploy­
ees
hours
worked per
in one week
week

7

56.0

12

28

6.3

65.7

61.7

93.9

.463

30.42

28.52

16
6
9
9
9
10
6
4
4
3

46
12
25
29
27
20
17
11
11
8

6.6
6.3
6.4
5.9
6.3
6.7
6.8
6.5
6.9
6.8

67.2
68.7
72.8
65.9
69.5
75.6
69.2
68.7
61.1
53.0

67.6
71.9
69.5
60.8
65.4
68.0
68.5
63.3
60.3
51.5

100.6
104.7
95.5
92.3
94.1
89.9
99.0
92. 1
98.7
97.2

.515
.525
.570
.592
.493
.449
.474
.448
.521
.607

34.61
36.07
41.50
39.01
34.26
33.94
32.80
30.78
31.83
32.17

34.79
37.73
39.62
36.01
32.23
30.54
32.46
28.35
31.38
31.26

76

206

6.5

68.3

65.7

96.2

.519

35.45

34.12

7
2
1
1
5
4
3

20
9

6.6
6.7

64.4
64.4
0

64.6
70.1

100.3
108.9
0

.509
.458
0

32.78
29.50
0

32.89
32.09
0

84.7
91.1

.459
.361
.419

32.41
24.26
29.19
32.79

30.48
20.56
27.17

.656
.585
.683
.747
.652

32.11
32.41 28.47
39.96 39.44
38.69 37.51
34.56 33.41
39.0-1
34.32
31.79
32.81
30.84 32.07
39.22 38.28
35.10
33.03
37.51
36.91
41.83 39.50
36.46 34.03

0

0
0

0)

0
0
6.8

0)

25
10
13

0
6.4
6.4
6.5

15 115
6 25
10 38
8 34
10 56
13 41
6 42
7 24
3
6
5 11
9 32
7
9
99 433
16 312
6 94
10 136
9 111
11 161
12 87
6 111
7 82
3 29
6 41
9 135
6 30
101 1,329

5.2
6.1
5.3
5.8
5.7
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.2
6.1
5.4
5.6
6.3
6.0
6.3
5.8
5.8
6.0
6.4
6.2
6.2
6.7
6.4
6.4
6.2

2
25

5
85

0)

0
72.0

0)

0

70.6
67.2
71.1

5.6
6.4

67.2
68.3

5.0

55.4
58.5
51.8
53.0
64.1
54.9
54.3
61.0
54.5
51.1

i Data not included in total to avoid identification of plant.




Full­ Actu­
al
Earn­ time earn­
ings earn­
ings
per
ings
in
hour
per
one
week week

0)6.9

0)
(09

67.2
0

Per
cent
Hours
actu­ of full
ally
time
work-* work­
ed in
ed
one
week

67.2
0
0
0
72.2
0
54.9

0

6.8

Average—

57.4

50.1

56.0

62.0
64.9
67.2

59.0
60.7

63.2
62.3

58.9
72.0
59.4

52.8
54.8
61.3

0)
0
66.5

56.9
64.8

54.2
64.3

100.0 $0.475 $31.92
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100.3
.415 29.88
0
0
0
98.0
.573 32.09

0
94.2

56.7

51.3
56.3
56.5
59.5
51.3
50.3
47.3
52.3
60.9
59.9
65.7
57.2
55.7

98.2
92.3
97.8
96.9
91.8

57.8
50.2

61.8
62.6
69.6
57.3
54.4
59.3

52.7

59.7

0)

0

80.6 .488
26.47
94.1 .458 31.28 29.43
85.4
87.9
98.8
96.9
96.8
87.8
103.3
104.1
97.5
94.1
98.4
94.4
93.4

49.0

48.7

0

$31.92
0
0 '
0
29.94
0
31.41

.609
.579

.568
.643
.644
.734
.835
.651

.565
.534
.655
.558
.522
97.8
100.5
.525
100.7
.506
96.7
.437
96.5
.539
103.0 .716
96.2 .663
97.4
.572
.576

37.65

35.03

34.66
38.71
38.65
33.87
32.99
32.71
29.80
31.46
32.02
37.80
36.33
35.06

34.41
32.00
37.81
37.44
31.09
32.28
32.87
29.97
30.42
30.92
38.94
34.91
34.17

24

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average

full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and
average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con.
Average-

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Estab- Wage
lish- earn­
ments ers

Days
em­
Full­
ploy­
time
ees
hours
worked per
in one week
week

Average—
Hours
actu­
ally
work­
ed in
one
week

Per
cent
Actu­
of full Earn­ Full­
al
time earn­
time
earn­
ings
work­
ings
ings
per
in
ed
per
hour
one
week week

Shops and miscellaneous—Contd.
Laborers, male:
District No. 1..........................
2__...................3...... ......... .........
4__......................
5. ....................
6 ._............ .........
7_ _............ .........
8 .........................
9...... ...................
10_.....................
11_................. .
12._............ .........

15
5
8
8
9
13
6
7
3
5
7
4

236
28
123
85
148
170
121
89
102
43
47
20

5.3
5.5
5.5
5.7
5.5
5.4
5.6
5.5
5.1
6.4
5.9
5.3

59.1
56.4
56.0
58.0
56.1
62.1
66.5
54.6
60.9
56.4
50.6
52.7

53.4
52.3
53.9
56.5
51.7
53.3
58.2
51.6
52.1
54.3
48.3
46.0

90.7 $0,422 $24.94
92.7
.439 24.76
96.3
.421 23.58
97.4
.447 25.93
92.2
.361 20.25
85.8
.262 16.27
87.5
.350 23.28
94.5
.335 18.29
85.6
.281 17.11
96.3
.431 24.31
95.5
.435 22.01
87.3
.482 25.40

$22.52
22.96
22.69
25.25
18.64
13.99
20.39
17.26
14.64
23.41
20.99
22.21

90

1, 212

5.5

58.7

53.4

91.0

.371

21.78

19.77

Other employees, male:
District No. 1____ '._________
2..........................
3_....... ................
4........... ..............
5 ........................
6 .........................
7__......................
8__.....................
9____________
10______________
11_-............ .........
12„ ........................

16
6
10
9
10
13
6
7
3
6
8
7

618
145
251
123
307
255
247
193
89
59
199
73

5.3
5.7
6.1
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.1
6.0
5.9
6.5
6.4
6.0

57.6
55.7
58.0
59.2
55.3
62.2
59.2
56.2
61.2
58.8
52.3
52.7

51.1
54.4
59.1
58.5
52.8
57.5
58.9
55.9
61.9
55.8
53.6
50.2

88.7
97.7
101.9
98.8
95.5
92.4
99.5
99.5
101.1
94.9
102.5
95.3

.584
.559
.599
.602
.558
.511
.511
.499
.457
.561
.650
.677

33.64
31.14
34.74
35.64
30.86
31.78
30.25
28.04
27.97
32.99
34.00
35.68

29.83
30.40
35.38
35.25
29.49
29.39
30.11
27.88
28.24
31.30
34.81
33.97

Total....................................

101

2,559

5.8

57.4

55.0

95.8

.562

32.26

30.95

16
6
10
8
10
13
6
7
3
6
9
7

67
14
30
22
31
30
25
18
6
17
43
19

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.1
6.5
6.9
6.6
6.8
6.8
6.9
7.0
6.7

62.6
64.6
70.0
64.4
63.2
62.8
68.3
65.3
84.0
59.3
61.9
60.6

62.6
70.5
70.0
61.2
61.2
61.8
70.3
67.2
82.2
58.2
61.6
58.8

100.0
109.1
100.0
95.0
96.8
98.4
102.9
102.9
97.9
98.1
99.5
97.0

.630
.623
.664
.722
.617
.632
.558
.526
.467
.619
.656
.691

39.44
40.25
46.49
46.50
38.99
39.69
38.11
34.35
39.23
36.71
40.61
41.87

39.44
43.95
46.49
44.19
37.76
39.04
39.17
35.32
38.35
35.99
40.41
40.67

101

322

6.7 | 64.2

64.0

99.7

.628

40.32

40.16

8
3
7
4
10
5
3
2
2
1
1

58
12
18
12
56
11
29
14
4
(0
0)

6.6
5.7
6.9
6.3
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.4
6.5
0)
0)

59.8
62.0
63.8
84.0
68.5
67.5
59.9
72.0
84.0
0)
0)

58.6
55.5
65.7
74.7
62.5
62.6
59.3
64.7
78.0
0)
0)

98.0
89.5
103.0
88.9
91.2
92.7
99.0
89.9
92.9
Cl)
<0

.579
.524
.573
.462
.531
.534
.535
.460
.351
0)
0)

34.62
32.49
36.56
38.81
36.37
36.05
32.05
33.12
29.48
0)

33.95
29.07
37.63
34.48
33.21
33.43
31.75
29.76
27.38
0)
0)

46 i

220

6.5

65.3

61.8

94.6

.534

34.87

33.03

Total.................... ............ .

Clinker
Burners, first, male:
District No. 1.........................
2______________
3_____________ _
4_______ _____ _
5 — ....................
6______________
7
8______________
9__......................
10..........................
1 1 .............. .........
1 2 ........................
Total.................... ................ !
Burners, second, male:
District No. 1—.............. ........
2_....... ...............
3_-............... .
4 .......... ...... ........
5_ ................. .
6 .................. ...
7__............... — .
8 . . ................. .
9_........................
10-..................... .
11..........................
Total.....................................

i

i Data included in total to avoid identification of plant.




PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY

25

A.— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average
full time and actual hours and earninc' per week, per cent of full time worked and
average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sea;, and district— C o n .

T able

Average—

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Estab- Wage
lish- earn­
ments ers

Clinker— Continued
Cooler tenders, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5..........................
6__......................
7_........................
8_........................
9..........................
10__. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11..........................
12.........................
Total.....................................

3
2
5
1
3
2
1
3
1
1
1
2
25

Mixers, male:
District No. 1 _ .......................
2__......................
3..........................
4__......................
5..........................
6..........................
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
10..........................
Total....... . . ........................... !!

5
4
1
4
3
3
2
4
1
4
31

Elevator tenders, male:
j
District No. 4 _ ....................... j

8
4
12
0
0
0
0
0

Hours
actu­
ally
work­
ed in
one
week

Full­ Actu­
al
Earn­ time earn­
ings earn­ ings
per
ings
in
hour
per
week one
week

8

6.4
6.3
5.9
0
6.7
6.0
0
6.6

4
57

0
0
6.8
6.4

84.0
72.0
67.7
0
56.0
75.8
0
63.0
0
0
0
54.0
69.3

5.9
6.3
0
5.7
6.6
5.9
5.7
6.9
0
6.7
6.2

73.1
66.4
0
63.5
63.0
85.5
57.9
61.1
0
62.2
65.7

67.5
69.7
0
58.7
62.8
71.0
49.6
69.4
0
59.0
62.7

5.6
6.2
0

84.0
61.6

101.3
92.8

to

0)
.415
.366

0
32.37
25.55

32.75
23.70

7
3

W

16
10
0

Days
em­
Full­
ploy­
time
ees
hours
worked per
in one week
week

Average—
Per
cent
of full
time
work­
ed

15
16
7
15
11

0 )

9
104

81.1
75.3
60.3
0
56.3
64.6
0
61.2
0
0
0
54.0
65.7

96.5 $0,434 $36.46
104.6
.464 33.41
89.1
.513 34.73
0
0
0
100.5
.489 27.38
.354 26.83
85.2
0
0
0 )
97.1
.392 24.70
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
t o
100.0
.549 29.65
94.8
.456 31.60
92.3
105.0

23

6.7
6.3

0
78.0
69.8

67.2
57.6
0
0
79.0
64.8

5
10

94.9
95.4

.505
.447
0
.549
.471
.331
.440
.377
0
.489
.456

34.86
29.67
28.30
25.48
23.03
0)
30.42
28.59

32.19
29.54
23.48
21.85
26.17
0
28.87
28.58

80.0
93.5

.369
.330

31.00
20.33

24.78
19.03
0

99.7
83.0
85.7
113.6
0 )

36.92
29.68

.$35.14
34.90
30.94
0
27.52
22.88
0
23.99
0
0
0
29.65
29.95

0 )

34.09
31.14
0 )

Total................. „ ................ 1

2
3
1
1
2
9

Conveyor tenders, male:
District No. 1__......................
2__......................
3-_......................
4__......................
5..........................
6..........................
7 .........................
8__......................
9__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10__. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11__. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12..........................
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j

7
2
6
6
7
6
4
7
3
3
7
3
61

28
5
20
22
33
12
17
19
8
13
24
5
206

6.2
6.4
5.6
5.9
6.2
6.2
6.5
6.9
6.1
6.8
6.9
6.6
6.3

77.8
62.4
78.4
64.4
71.3
70.0
70.8
64.8
84.0
64.6
59.3
51.2
69.4

71.4
62.8
65.2
56.4
63.6
64 0
66.9
64.6
73.9
61.0
59.3
55.2
63.9 |

91.8
100.6
83.2
87.6
89.2
91.4
94.5
99.7
88.0
94.4
100.0
107.8
92.1

.442
.445
.441
.555
.450
.365
.414
.388
.331
.482
.475
.531
.445

34.39
27.77
34.57
35.74
32.09
25.55
29.31
25.14
27.80
31.14
28.16
27.19
30.88

31.56
27.92
28.75
31.30
28.63
23.38
27.64
25.05
24.50
29.40
28.16
29.32
28.44

Clinker grinders, male:
District No. 1__......................
2..........................
3__......................
4..........................
5..........................
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
10..........................
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12..........................
Total.....................................

16
6
10
9
10
10
6
7
3
4
7
5
93

90
27
47
33
60
35
24
24
9
11
23
13
396

6.0
6.1
6.4
5.7
6.1
6.4
6.3
6.7
6.6
6.7
6.6
6.7
6.2

67.1
64.0
69.1
61.9
66.7
65.5
67.7
65.3
84.0
56.0
62.5
69.2
66.3

61.1
59.6
65.4
57.1
61.3
59.1
66.1
63.6
80.3
56.7
60.3
66.4
61.9

91.1
93.1
94.6
92.2
91.9
90.2
97.6
97.4
95.6
101.3
96.5
96.0
93.4

.517
.500
.512
.627
.483
.426
.446
.458
.321
.546
.544
.477
.498

34.69
32.00
35.38
38.81
32.22
27.90
30.19
29.91
26.96
30.58
34.00
33.01
33.02

31.56
29.81
33.46
35.82
29.63
25.19
29.51
29.15
25.75
30.96
32.80
31.69
30.82

6 _ .................... ..............
7- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - j
8 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______ !

0

to3

<*)

1 Data included in total to avoid identification of plant.




0 )

0 )

0}

t o

26

WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR

T a b l e A .— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average

full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and
average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con.
Average—

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Estab- Wage
lish- earn­
ments ers

Average—

Days
em­
Full­
ploy­
time
hours
ees
worked per
in one week
week

Hours
actu­
ally
work­
ed in
one
week

Per
cent
Actu­
of full Earn­ Full­
al
time earn­
time
earn­ ings
work­ ings
per
ings
ed
in
hour
per
one
week week

Clinker—Continued
Oilers, male:
District No. 1______________
2..........................
3__......................
4..........................
5..........................
6..........................
7..........................
8_........................
9_........................
10__......................
11__......................
12..........................

13
5
8
5
6
10
3
5
2
6
7
5

56
14
32
15
19
31
7
18
8
23
23
16

6.3
6.2
6.8
6.5
6.4
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.4
6.8
6.8
6.4

72.0
70.3
78.8
76.5
68.5
67.6
76.0
71.6
84.0
58.4
58.4
57.5

68.6
64.8
79.1
71.5
62.6
69.1
75.3
71.8
77.3
56.8
57.6
51.8

$95.3 $0,463 $33.34
92.2
.490 34.45
100.4
.469 36.96
93.5
.437 33.43
91.4
.438 30.00
102.2 .385 ?6. 03
99.1
.394 29.94
100.3
.369 26.42
92.0
.282 23.69
97.3
.482 28.15
.572 33.40
98.6
90.1
.515 29.61

$31.81
31.79
37.14
31.25
27.45
26.58
29.70
26.49
21.82
27.37
32.95
26.64

Total_______________ ____

75

262

6.6

69.4

67.1

96.7

.449

31.16

30.16

Laborers, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5..........................
6..........................
7........................
8_........................
9 .........................
10........................
11__......................
12..........................

14
5
6
4
9
6
4
5
3
3
7
1

74
12
30
10
56
24
12
15
10
7
61

0)

6.1
5.3
6.3
5.9
5.9
4.8
6.6
6.6
6.7
5.4
6.7

67.4
57.0
71.3
69.9
66.8
69.4
66.7
76.4
84.0
58.0
62.9
0)

66.3
51.9
70.4
61.7
54.4
43.5
68.5
69.8
84.2
45.0
46.1
0)

98.4
91.1
98.7
88.3
84.4
62.7
102.7
91.4
100.2
77.6
73.3
0)

.427
.426
.412
.406
.394
.303
.388
.351
.280
.458
.569
0)

28.78
24.28
29 38
?8.38
26.32
21.03
25 88
26.82
23.53
26.56
35.79
0)

28.33
22.10
29.02
25.03
21.43
13.19
26.53
24.48
23.58
20.60
26.21

Total.....................................

67

315

6.1

67.2

58.5

87.1

.42?

28.36

24.66

Other employees, male:
District No. 1__......................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5..........................
6........................
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
10..........................
11..........................
12.........................

15
6
8
6
10
10
6
7
3
4
8
2

187
51
39
31
82
60
83
53
20
8
75
12

6.2
6.3
6.7
6.3
6.5
6.6
6.6
6.5
6.2
6.6
6.6
6.7

67.7
59.7
74.7
78.7
68.7
71.9
66.5
68.8
84.0
56.0
60.3
52.7

64.6
59.0
74.2
73.4
65.8
62.6
63.5
67.7
73.8
53.0
58.9
53.9

95.4
98.8
99.3
93.3
95.8
87.1
95.5
98.4
87.9
94.6
97.7
102.3

.510
.500
.587
.461
.493
.495
.452
.411
.373
.517
.572
.598

34.53
32.85
43.85
36.28
33.87
35.59
30.06
28.28
31.33
28.95
34.49
31.51

32.93
29.52
43.54
33.88
32.44
30.99
28.68
27.86
27.51
27.38
33.68
32.26

Total.....................................

85

701 i

fi.4

67.7

64.5

95.3

.497

33.65

32.05

Conveyor tenders, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5..........................
6..........................
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
10..........................
11..........................
12..........................

7
3
4
3
5
5
4
3
2
5
7
4

22
8
7
7
20
11
13
10
11
5
13
5

5.6
5.8
5. 7
6.3
5.1
5.5
5.5
5.6
6.0
6.8
6.0
5.6

57.9
60.0
58.3
69.4
58.2
62.5
58.6
56.4
58.6
52.0
50.2
50.4

55.8
63.3
61.9
70.9
41.1
55.0
51.8
54.8
61.0
60.0
50.9
45.7

96.4
105.5
106.2
102.2
70.6
88.0
88.4
97.2
104.1
115.4
101.4
90.7

.462
.474
.509
.475
.407
.442
.368
.393
.321
.482
.489
.531

26.75
28.44
29.67
32.97
23.69
27.63
21. 56
22.17
18.81
25.06
24.55
26.76

25.79
30.00
31.49
33.67
16. 72
24.34
19.08
21.52
19.58
28.91
24.87
24.25

Total.....................................

52

132

5.7

57.8

54.3

93.9

.437

25.26

23.74

0)

0)

Cement

*Data included in total to avoid identification of plant.




PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY

27

T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average

full time and actual hours and earnings per weeky per cent of full time worked and
average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con.
Average—

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Estab- Wage
lish- earn­
ments ers

Days
em­
Full­
ploy­
time
ees
hours
worked per
in one week
week

Average—
Hours
actu­
ally
work­
ed in
one
week

Per
cent
of full
time
work­
ed

Full­ Actu­
al
Earn­ time earn­
ings earn­
ings
per
ings
in
per
hour
one
week week

Cement—Continued
Elevator tenders, male:
Districts Nos. 5,6, and 11.........

3

4

5.8

60.0

59.9

Packers (sackers), male:
District No. 1 .........................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5..........................
6..........................
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
10........................ .
11..........................
12..........................

16
6
10
8
10
11
6
5
3
6
9
6

352
83
132
71
151
97
92
81
38
28
87
37

5.4
5.6
5.3
4.8
5.2
4.9
5.0
5.1
5.6
6.4
5.9
5.4

57.3
59.0
56.8
60.6
53.2
58.5
55.4
56.4
60.8
50.9
50.5
49.3

46.5
49.5
46.0
46.3
39.3
41.6
39.6
42.5
54.5
52.9
46.8
40.2

81.2
83.9
81.0
76.4
73.9
71.1
71.5
75.4
89.6
103.9
92.7
81.5

.999
.891
1.094
.863
.952
.569
.904
.617
.524
.651
.663
.776

57.24
52.57
62.14
52.30
50.65
33.79
50.08
34.80
31.86
33.14
33. 48
38.26

46.49
44.09
50.33
39.95
37.42
23.67
35.78
26.24
28.53
34.42
31.01
81.17

99.8 $0,434 $26.04

$26.00

Total.....................................

96

1,249

5.3

56.1

44.8

79.9

.870

48.81

38.97

Back tiers, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5..........................
6..........................
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
10..........................
11..........................
12..........................

9
3
4
5
8
8
4
2
3
4
9
6

23
4
10
7
10
16
9
4
5
11
22
9

5.7
5.3
4.4
5.4
5.3
5.4
5.1
5.0
4.6
4.5
6.1
5.3

57.9
57.0
56.0
57.1
55.2
59.3
54.7
57.0
61.8
48.7
51.6
50.7

52.3
47.8
43.0
51.3
44.3
53.3
40.4
43.0
45.6
31.3
53.3
40.9

90.3
83.9
76.8
89.8
80.3
89.9
73.9
75.4
73.8
64.3
103.3
80.7

.463
.602
.517
.516
.558
.400
.502
.560
.369
.429
.542
.591

26.81
34.31
28.95
29.46
30.80
23.72
27.46
31.92
22.80
20.89
27.97
29.96

24.23
28.75
22.22
26.46
24.69
21.35
20.26
24.08
16.83
13.41
28.90
24.21

Total....................................

65

130

5.3

55.2

47.1

85.3

.495

27.32

23.32

Sack tiers, female:
District Nos. 3 and 5..............

3

8

5.8

48.8

46.8

95.9

.492

24.01

23.00

Loaders, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4........................ .
5................. ........
6........... ..........
9..........................
10..........................
11..........................
12..........................

7
4
1
2
2
1
1
3
2
2

26
39

5.2
4.3

61.2
58.5

49.6
44.0

81.0
75.2

35.86
34.63

29.06
26.04

2.2
4.6

55.4
54.9

18.5
41.0

33.4
74.7

.586
.592
0)
.726
.389
0).

40.22
21.36

13.40
15.96

Total.................................. .

25

Laborers, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5..........................
6..........................
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
10..........................
11..........................
12..........................
Total.....................................

0)

0)

0)
0)

0)

6.8
6.0
6.5

53.6
48.0
48.0

57.6
49.2
51.0

107.5
102.5
106.3

.537
.543
.577

28.78
26.06
27.70

30.93
26.70
29.45

148

4.2

57.2

39.2

68.5

.560

32.03

21.95

16
161
6
46
9 . 67
7
81
9
93
9
61
6
70
5
31
2
14
6
37
7
52
5
15

5.7
5.3
4.8
5.0
5.4
5.0
5.5
4.8
4.7
5.8
5.5
5.2

58.6
58.4
57.7
62.6
54.3
61.3
56.0
57.6
62.6
48.8
50.5
51.2

57.3
52.7
444
49.6
46.3
48.5
51.1
46.4
46.9
46.4
46.3
45.5

97.8
90.2
77.0
79.2
85.3
79.1
91.3
80.6
74.9
95.1
91.7
88.9

.453
.428
.452
.429
.395
.277
.392
.372
.352
.464
.429
.469

26.55
25.00
26.08
26.86
21.45
16.98
21.95
21.43
22.04
22.64
21.66
24.01

25.96
22.53
20.05
21.29
18.30
13.42
20.03
17.29
16.50
21.54
19.87
21.30

87

5.3

57.2

50.0

87.4

.416

23.80

20.77

39
19
10
5
2

728

(»)

*Data included in total to avoid identification of plant.




0)

0)
0)

0)
0)
0)

0)

0)
0)

0)

0)

<*)

0)

0)

0)
0)

28

WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR

A.— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average
full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and
average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— C o n .

T able

Average—

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Es­
tab­ Wage
lish- earn­
ments ers

Days
em­
Full­
ploy­
time
ees
hours
worked per
in one week
week

Average—
Hours
actu­
ally
work­
ed in
one
week

Per
cent
of full
time
work­
ed

Full­
Earn­ time
ings earn­
per
ings
hour
per
week

Actu­
al
earn­
ings
in
one
week

Cement— C ontinued

Laborers, female:
Districts Nos. 3 and 10...........

2

5

4.4

51.6

38.0

3
3
4
2
6
4
3
3
1
6
3

9
5
12
4
14
9
10
8
0)
8
16
8

5.7
5.0
4.5
6.0
5.4
5.7
4.8
5.0
0)
5.4
6.3
4.8

55.8
57.6
57.3
60.0
55.7
59.2
55.2
55.1
0
49.5
48.8
49.0

55.2
47.6
44.5
59.6
45.9
54.8
43.6
49.4
0
44.8
49.5
37.2

98.9
82.6
77.7
99.3
82.4
92.6
79.0
89.7
0
90.5
101.4
75.9

.434
.446
.476
.441
.400
.326
.433
.371
0
.409
.476
.581

24.22
25.69
27.27
26.46
22.28
19.30
23.90
20.44
0
20. 25
23.23
28.47

23.98
21.24
21.18
26.29
18.36
17.85
18.85
18.34
0
18.29
23.54
21.69

Total.....................................

40

106

5.4

54.5

48.4

88.8

.427

23. 27

20.65

Sack cleaners, female:
Districts Nos. 2, 5, and 7........

3

14

5.3

51.4

44.6

86.8

.425

21.85

18.93

7

5.7
0
0
0

54.4
0
0
0

59.9
0
0

110.1
0
0

.428
0)
0

23.28

0)5
0)

6.3
0
6.4
0

55.7

0)
60.6

82.0
104.8
0
120.3
0

0
.360
.430
0
.507

0)

0
21.38
23.95
0
30.72
0

17.51
25.14
0
36.99

0

48.7
58.4
0
72.9
0

0)

25.65
0
0
0

61

5.5

58.3

54.1

92.8

.420

24.49

22.71

8

5.8
0

60.3
0

0
0)
6.3
5.7

0
0)
55.3
48.0

97.0
0
0)
0
0)
96.4
88.1

.461
0
0
0)
0)
.476
.561

27.80
0
0
0)
0
26.33
26.93

26.98

6
3

58.5
0
0
0)
0)
53.3
42.3

Sack cleaners, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4........................
5..........................
6...... ...................
7.............. ..........
8..........................
9..........................
10..........................
11........... .......... ...
12.......................-

Inspectors, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4...............
5..........................
6..........................
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
12..........................

2

4
1

1

1
1
7
2
1
3
1

0
0
0
0

31
7

0)5.1

0)
59.4

P
>
0

73.6 $0,312 $16.10

O)
0
0)

$11.84

0)

0)

Total.....................................

22

Oilers, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
5...............
6..........................
7..........................
11..........................
12................ .........

5
1
1
1
1
5
3

Total.....................................

17

22

5.9

56.9

53.4

93.8

.466

26.52

24.89

16
6
10

189
53
62

5.8
5.7
5.9
5.7

57.6
59.3

55.4
59.2
57.9
57.0
46.8

96.2
99.8
99.7
96.1

.590
.532
.562
.609
.529
.493
.506

33.98
31.55
32.65
36.11
27.98
29.63
28.08
21.74
20.74
35.10
31.12
26.15

32.68
31.46
32.53
34.71
24.80
28.76

30.32

28.87

Other employees, male:
District No. 1..........................

2...............
3..........................
4...............
5...............
6...............
7...............
8......... .....

9..........................
10..........................
11..........................
12..........................
Total.....................................

9
10
12
6
6
3
3
8

0

0)

0)
0

49
96
81
48

0)

5.5

5

47
47
6
45
20

5.9
6.0
6.1
5.0
5.0
6.0
5.5

94

743

5.7

t Data included in total to avoid identification of plant.




0)

58.1
59.3
52.9
60.1

55.5
56.9
61.0
49.3
53.2
48.6
57.0

58.3
55.8
57.1
48.4

88.5

97.0
100.5
100.4
79.3

.382

41.0
52.1
44.2

83.2

97.9
90.9

.340
.712
.585
.538

54.2

95.1

.532

0
0)
25.33
23.75

28.23
21.74
16.47
29.17
30.47
23.73

PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY

29

T a b l e A .— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average

full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and
average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con.
Average—

Average—

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Es­
tab­ Wage
lish* earn­
ments ers

Days
em­
Full­
time
ploy­
hours
ees
worked per
in one week
week

Hours
actu­
ally
work­
ed in
one
week

Per
cent
of full
time
work­
ed

Full­ Actu­
al
Earn­ time earn­
ings earn­ ings
per
ings
in
per
hour
one
week week

Cemcnl—Continued
Other employees, female:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4.......................
5..........................
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
10..........................
11..........................
12..........................

2
1
1
4
5
2
8
1
4
2
1

11
23
35
8
<0
8
.22
0)

Total.....................................

26

130

5.5

12

6.0
(l)
6.6
5.7
5.1
5.4
(l)

11

W
0)

4.9

W
0)

5.3
5.6
5.8
5.8

53.6

77.2 $0,356 $19.08

0)

b)

b)

(0
0)

&7
100.0

0)

0)

0)

<0

0)
19.47
25.24
0)

47.1

90.2

.382

19.94

17.97

64.3
0)
76.3
60.0
58.3
68.2

65.1
0)
73.8
56.8
47.2
56.6

101.2
0)
96.7
94.7
81.0
83.0

28.23
32. \d
26.34
21.63
16.03

28.59
0)
31.64
24.92
17.51
13.31

W
M

0)
W

(l)
b)

.439
0)
.429
.439
.371
.235
0)

0)

0)

0)
52.2

49.0
47.8

48.9
* 44.5
51.3
53.9
0)
45.4
47.8

86.2
84.0
95.0
93.3

19.73
18.55
16.69
23.06
0)
21.02
25.24

$14.74

.348
.350
.309
.399
0)
.429
.528

56.7
53.0
54.0
57.8

O

5.8
6.0

41.4

b)

17.04
15.61
15.84
21.54

Power
Laborers, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5..........................
8..........................
10..........................
11..........................

7
1
3
4
5
3
1
1
1

Total.....................................

26

71

5.7

63.2

57.6

31
7
16
9
25
5
9

6.2
6.1
6.8
6.7
6.8
4.8
6.7

61.0
78.9
63.0
62.2
56.0
62.4
74.7

59.6
74.1
62.5
61.8
53.3
44.8
72.0

10..........................
11..........................

5
2
5
3
4
2
2
1
1
1

6.......................

Firemen, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5..........................

6.......................
7..........................

8.......................

0)

8
14
21
10

W
W
0)

P)
?}
0

in
0)

0)
0
0)

(*)
0)

f1)
0)
(0

0)
(M
(0

91.1

.395

24.96

22.72

97.7
93.9
99.2
99.4
95.2
71.8
96.4

.536
.491
.545
.600
.499
.371
.409
(i)

32.70
38.74
34.34
37.32
27.94
23.15
30.55
(l)

31.91
36.40
34.09
37.08
26.60
16.63
29.43

0)

(v
b)

(*)
VI
b)

(i)
V
<l>

0)
\l)
b)

0)
14
b)

Total____________________

26

116

6.5

61.9

59.4

96.0

.523

32.37

31.05

Engineers, male:
District No. 1______________
2..........................
3______________
4........................
5...............
6______________
7..........................
8..........................
10..........................
11..........................
12..........................

8
4
8
6
7
4
2
5
4
1
2

88
28
27
20
38
10
5
14
12
0)
7

6.3
6.5
6.6
6.2
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.6
7.0
0)
7.0

58.1
58.3
64.3
68.8
61.2
64.8
67.2
64.0
56.0

95.2
101.2
98.9
97.4
100.0
102.5
100.0
95.9
100.0
0)
109.8

.590
.520
.642
.629
.564
.517
.543
.566
.651

58.3

55.3
59.0
63.6
67.0
61.2
66.4
67.2
61.4
56.0
0)
64.0

.564

34.28
30.32
41.28
43.28
34.52
33.50
36.46
36.22
36.46
0)
32.88

32.66
30.66
40.82
42.10
34.52
34.32
36.46
34.74
36.46
0)
36.12

Total____________________

51

253

6.5

60.7

59.7

98.4

.587

35.63

35.03.

1 Data included in total to avoid identification of plant*

6615°—31------ 3




C1)

30

WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR

A.— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average
full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and
average earnings per hour, 1929y by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con.

T able

Average—

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Estab- Wage
lish- earn­
ments ers

Average—

Days
em­
Full­
time
ploy­
hours
ees
worked per
in one week
week

Hours
actu­
ally
work­
ed in
one
week

0)
65.6
72.0
65.7
72.0
70.8
84.0
67.2
84.0
0)

(9
61.8
72.3
60.3
72.0
70.6
80.5
67.2
81.0
0)

Per
cent
of full
time
work­
ed

Full­
Earn­ time
ings earn­
per
ings
per
hour
week

Actu­
al
earn­
ings
in
one
week

Power—Continued
Pumpmen, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5..........................
6..........................
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
10..........................

1
2
3
3
2
6
2
2
2
1

5
7
12
7
8
4
5
3
0)

Total.....................................

24

57

6.5

69.3

67.5

97.4

.450

31.19

30.37

4
2
4
3
5
2
2
3
1

22
5
8
6
14
15
12
7
9
0)

6.5
4.8
6.8
5.8
6.6
6.9
6.8
6.1
6.9
0)

71.3
72.0
82.3
74.7
63.7
63.7
84.0
72.0
56.0
0)

68.8
57.4
80.3
60.7
63.3
64.0
81.0
63.6
56.0
0

96.5
79.7
97.6
81.3
99.4
100.5
96.4
88.3
100.0
0

.494
.536
.506
.473
.443
.436
.373
.434
.516
0

35.22
38.59
41.64
35.33
28.22
27.77
31.33
31.25
28.89
0

34.02
30.76
40.66
28.67
28.05
27.90
30.22
27.62
28.89
0

Oilers, male:
District No. 1...... ...................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5..........................
6..........................
7..........................
8..........................
10..........................
12..........................

6

0)

5.8
6.9
5.8
6.9
6.5
6.8
7.0
7.0
0)

0
0)
0
94.2 $0,521 $34.18
100.4
.456 32.83
91.8
.548 36.00
100.0
.417 30.00
99.7
.359 25.42
95.8
.411 34.52
100.0
.411 27.64
86.4
.302 25.37
0
0)
0

0
$32.21
32.93
33.07
30.00
25.37
33.07
27.64
24.43
0)

Total.....................................

32

99

6.5

70.5

67.3

95.5

.461

32.50

31.03

Other employees, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5..........................
6..........................
7..........................
8..........................
9........................
10..........................
11..........................

16
6
9
8
10
13
6
7
3
2
2

243
77
74
71
97
95
76
76
28
16
10

6.3
6.0
6.6
6.0
6.5
6.4
6.5
6.5
6.3
6.6
6.8

64.2
65.8
75.1
62.7
67.0
69.4
71.1
68.8
78.5
56.0
56.0

63.0
43.4
72.4
60.3
64.7
64.9
67.5
66.3
71.6
53.0
56.0

98.1
66.0
96.4
96.2
96.6
93.5
94.9
96.4
91.2
94.6
100.0

.563
.813
.535
.646
.536
.535
.486
.475
.465
.604
.543

36.14
53.50
40.18
40.50
35.91
37.13
34.55
32.68
36.50
33.82
30.43

35.45
35.27
38.75
38.91
34.71
34.75
32.77
31.47
33.31
32.00
30.43

Total.....................................

82

863

6.4

67.3

62.9

93.5

.557

37.49

35.06

16 4,566
6 1,230
10 2,194
9 1,409
10 2,708
13 2,043

5.8
5.7
5.8
5.6
5.9
5.7

61.2
60.7
61.5
63.1
60.2
64.0

93.6
91.9
95.1
91.5
91.7
86.7

.554
.551
.558
.564
.495

33.90
33.45
34.32
35.02
29.80

31.74
30.71
32.64
32.00
27.30

.4 2 7

6 .0
6 .0
5 .8
6 .4

6 1 .6
6 0 .0
6 7.9
56 .8

57.3
55.8
58.5
56.8
55.2
55.6
59.0

.44 6
.37 3

27.33
29.51
26.76
25.33

23.73
28.22
2 5.60
23.31

All departments
All employees, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4.........................
5..........................
6..........................
7 ...................................
8 ...................................
9 ...................................
10...................................

6
7
3
6

1,892
1,292
607
617

11..........................
12..........................

9
7

1,416
570

6.4
6.0

102 20,544

5.9

Total____________________

*Data included in total to avoid identification of plant.




.479

5 7.4
62 .4
54.1

9 5 .8
9 5 .7
91 .9
9 5 .2

55.2
53.9

54.3
50.1

98.4
92.9

.526
.587
.609

29.88
32.40
32.83

28.45
31.88
30.54

60.8

56.7

93.3

.518

31.49

29.33

PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY

31

T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average

full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and
average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con.
Average—

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Estab- Wage
lish- earn­
ments ers

Days
Full­
em­
time
ploy­
hours
ees
worked per
in one week
week

Average—
Hours
actu­
ally
work­
ed in
one
week

Per
cent
of full
time
work­
ed

Full­ Actu­
al
Earn­ time earn­
ings earn­ ings
per
ings
in
hour
per
one
week week

All departments—Continued
All employees, female:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4................... .
5..........................
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
10..........................
11..........................
12..........................

2
1
2
4
5
2
3
1
5
2
1

11
0)
10
11
31
39
8
0)
10
22
0)

4.9
0)
4.7
5.3
5.6
5.7
5.8
0)
5.3
6.0
(0

63.6
0)
50.4
56.7
51.7
54.6
57.8
0)
48.8
47.8
0)

(9

Total.....................................

28

157

5.5

52.0

46.6

All employees, male and female:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
5...............
6..........................
7..........................
8..........................
9..........................
10..........................
11..........................
12..........................

16 4,577
6 1,241
10 2,204
9 1,420
10 2,739
13 2,043
6 1,931
7 1,300
3
609
6
627
9 1,438
7
572

5.8
5.7
5.8
5.6
5.9
5.7
6.0
6.0
5.8
6.4
6.4
6.0

61.1
60.6
61.4
62.0
60.2
64.0
61.5
60.0
67.8
56.7
55.1
53.9

Total____________________

102 20,701

5.9

60.8

i Data Included in total to avoid identification of plant.




41.4
0)
39.4
48.9
44.9
51.2
53.9
0)
42.0
47.8

77.2 $0,356 $19.08

(9

(9

(9

$14.74

(9

78.2
86.2
86.8
93.8
93.3

.448
.348
.370
.331
.399

22.58
19.73
19.13
18.07
23.06

17.65
17.04
16.63
16.95
21.54

86.1
100.0

.416
.528

17.43
25.24

<9

(9

20.30
25.24

89.6

.389

20.23

18.12

57.3
55.7
58.4
56.7
55.0
55.6
58.8
57.4
62.3
53.9
54.2
50.1

93.6
91.9
95.1
91.5
91.4
86.7
95.6
95.7
91.8
95.1
98.4
92.9

.553
.550
.558
.562
.494
.427
.476
.446
.373
.525
.586
.608

33.79
33.33
34.26
34.84
29.74
27.33
29.27
26.76
25.29
29.77
32.29
32.77

31.70
30.60
32.57
31.88
27.18
23.73
27.99
25.58
23.25
28.28
31.78
30.48

56.6

93.1

.517

31.43

29.25

(9

<9

(9

<9

(9

(9

T a b le

WAGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR




B .— Average and classified .earnings per hour in H specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district

15
5
10
4
10
12
6
7
3
6
7
6

186
44
182
35
145
209
161
75
41
25
69
41

.431
.494
.450
.376
.370
.283
.378
.351
.281
.468
.460
.591

27

Total..................................................

91

1,213

.395

27 ! 128

Crasher operators, male:
District No. 1.......................................
2.......................................
3.......................................
4.................................. .
5.......................................
6.......................................
7.......................................
8.......................................
9.......................................
10.......................................
11.......................................
12.......................................

15
5
9
4
9
10
5
7
2
5
8
6

48
10
19
20
25
16
15
11
5
8
11
18

.497
.452
.480
.738
.427
.401
.466
.454
.362
.531
.635
.577

2

2

11
12
8
79
1

18
85

40

28
1
1

133

3
1
16

1

8
1
7

13
17
2

3
3

10
26

3

164

52

7

36

3

18
11
2
6
3
7
2
7 ■~T
4
1
8
3
1
1
2
2
2
5

9

1

1
1

2

1
1

1

4

2
8

1

3
3

19
50
15
117
34

105
11
132
16
46
3
29
13

67
11
33

12

3
26

270

384

6

3

6

3

23
14

PORTLAND

Laborers, male*
District No 1.......................................
2.......................................
3................... ....................
4.......................................
5.......................................
6............................. .........
7.......................................
8.......................................
9.......................................
10.......................................
11.......................................
12.......................................

Raw department

5
3
1
2

Total..................................................

85

206

.503

16
6
10
8
10
11
6
7
3
6
7
5

78
18
29
26
38
26
22
24
7
16
25
13

.527
.490
.536
.565
.487
.431
.443
.445
.361
.542
.568
.519

2

Total..................................................

95

322

.503

2

3

4

1
3

1

1

1

37

35

58

23

14

1

5
4

11
1
8

6
2
4

6

4
2
4

3
6
7
1

14
15
5
2
13
7
10
12

42

4
6

4
4

3

14

36

5

2

4

11

24
8
2
3

5

2
2
1
2

3
3
2

3
5

8
5
6

1
8

2

86

65

68

21

8

.......

1

1
1

1

2

1

2

5

6

2

2

3

3

3

INDUSTRY

1

2

CEMENT

3

Grinder operators, male:
District No. 1.......................................
2.......................................
3.......................................
4.......................................
5.......................................
6.......................................
7.......................................
8.......................................
9.......................................
10.......................................
11.......................................
12.......................................




3
1

9
2
6
3
2
6
4
3
1

1
2

3

3

4

---- - = = = TTTT

T a b l e B . — Average

WAGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR




and classified earnings per hour in H specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district— Continued

Coal mill
46
12
25
29
27
20
17
11
11
8

.515
.525
.570
.592
.493
.449
.474
.448
.521
.607

Total............................... .................

76

206

.519

Laborers, male:
District No. 1.......................................
3......................................
5.......................................
6.......................................
7.......................................
8.......................................
10.......................................
12.......................................

7
3
7
7
4
1
3
1

21
8
34
21
22
0)
5
0)

.411
.413
.359
.285
.362
0)
.434
0)

4

33

119

.363

4

Burners, first, male:
District No. 1.......................................
2........................ ...............
3.......................................
4........................ ..............
5................... ...................
6...................... ................
7....................................
8......................................
9.......................................
10................... ...................
11.......................................
12.......................................

16
6
10
8
10
13
6
7
3
6
9
7

67
14
30
22
31
30
25
18
6
17
43
19

.630
.623
.664
.722
.617
.632
.558
. 526
.467
.619
.656
.691

Total..................................................

101

322

.628

Total................................................

2

2

8

4

18
2
2
3
8
4
11
2
3

14
6
6
4
17
6

19

53

59

21
6
5
4
2

2
1

1

2

39

5

1

1

11

1

3
6

2
2
1

4
1
5

6

28
1
20
<9
2

3
3

11
2
2
2
2

2
4

3
5

4

1
3

2

4

3

1

4

3

1

1

1
9

3
5
6

2

30

11

5

7

4

2

6
2
4
2
10
2

13
7
9
2
9
3
11
4

19
3
2
2
10
4
5

14
2
3
3
2
6

5

3

8

11
11
4

6
9

3
9
3

4
2

3

2

84

60

45

19

3

8

CEMENT

16
6
9
9
9
10
6
4
4
3

PORTLAND

Grinder operators, male:
District No. 1_____________________
2.......................................
3.......................................
4.......................................
5.......................................
6.......................................
7.......................................
8.......................................
10.......................................
12.......................................

0)
8

4

58

Clinker

2
4

4
1
2

.....

2

5

9

13

5
1
12
3

38

1
3

30

INDUSTRY

2
4

3

1
1
1

12

=

1Included in total to avoid identification of plant.




CO

Ox

T a b l e B .—

Average and classified earnings per hour in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by sex, department, and district— Continued

WAGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR




6615°—31
PORTLAND
CEMENT
INDUSTRY




CO

T a b le

C.— Average and classified full-tim e hours per week in 14 specified occupations, 1989, by department, sex, and district

Department, occupation, sex, and
district

Number of— Aver­
age
full­
time
Estab­ Em­ hours
lish. ployper
roents
week

Number of employees whose fu ll-tim e hours per week were—

40

48

Over
48,
under
54

54

55

56

Over
56,
under
60

60

Over
60,
under
70

70

Over
70,
under
77

77

80H

94H

Quarry
93

3
4

85

544

124

79

45

37

183

4
5

6
7
8
9........
10........
11........
12........
87

250

57.5

LABOR

57.8
57.4
57.2
63.6
56.2
62.0
57.8
55.7
60.0
53.1
53.8
50.5

3




12

OF

Shovel engineers, male:
District No. 1........
2........

Total...................

56.9

HOURS

Total...................

19

AND

5

6
7
8
9........
10........
11........
12........

57.9
58.7
54.8
60.0
56.7
61.4
56.1
54.8
60.0
55.7
54.6
54.2

WAGES

Drillers, male:
District No. 1........
2........

10

95

15

10

Laborers, male:
District No. 14_
5.
6.
7_.
8.
9_
101112-

1,213

15
5
9
4
9
10
5
7
2
5
8
6

48
10
19
20
25
16
15
11
5
8
11
18

57.0
66.6
61.9
46.0
56.9
64.5
57.5
55.1
60.0
56.5
59.9
49.3

85

206

56.9

16
6
10
8
10
11
6
7
3
6
7
5

78
18
29
26
38
26
22
24
7
16
25
13

64.9
65.0
69.4
72.0
69.3
69.9
68.7
66.5
84.0
59.5
61.1
59.1

95

322

66.8

13

39
25
8

37
..........
:..........
!_____
:_____

21

44
46
6

15
50

.........
j..........

13
32
17

7

57.4 ;..........

208

144

4
2
4

6
1
1

23

39

24

24

16

9
19
19
84

71

39

19

54
3
116
31
64
135
87
19
41
3
8

8
16

10
4

13
34
13 i
I
j
5 ...........! ____

561

42

3

9

7
2
2

1

5
6
8
7
2
3
5
1

47 !

.

3
13

4

Raw
Crusher operators, male:
District No. 1...........
2...........
4..
5_
6_
7_
8.
9_
101112T otalGrinder operators, male:
District No. 1______
2_.........
4_
5.
6_
7.
8_
9_
10.
11.
12.
Total..




14

14

11

4

1

1

6
1

4
7

2
15

2

38

1

3

21 1
I

7
4
3
1

45

4

51
1...........

46
9
10

1

4
2

10

20
8
12
15

46

2

..... .. -

5

2

157

4
2

1
1

2
4

2

3
17

2

5

1

6

2

1

3

8

4

22
2
15
13
14
10
10
g

2

5

1

2
4

1

2
5
2

2
1

1

2

7

14
14
7

4
2
11

8
1

3

INDUSTRY

91

57.8
58.8
56.7
62.7
56.2
60.8
56.8
55.0
60.0
52.3
53.5
53.5

CEMENT

186
44
182
35
145
209
161
75
41
25
69
41

PORTLAND

Total..

15
5
10
4
10
12
6
7
3
6
7
6

7

4

111

6

1
CO
CD

WAGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR




PORTLAND
CEMENT
INDUSTRY




T a b le

C.— Average and classified fu ll-tim e hours per week in H specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district— Continued

Department, occupation, sex, and
district

Number of— Aver­
age
full­
time
Estab­ Em­ hours
lish­ ploy­
per
ments ees
week

Number of employees whose fu ll-tim e hours per week were—

40

Over
48,
under
54

48

54

55

56

Over
56,
under
60

Over
60,
under
70

60

Over
70,
under
77

70

77

80^

84

86

94H

Clinker—Continued

93

396

66.3

14
5
6
4
9
6
4
5
3
3
7
1

74
12
30
10
56
24
12
15
10
7
61
(0

67

315

g

9
1 0 ..........................
11
12
Total............................. - ...........




1

14

I
2

3 --------

6

67.4
57.0
71.3
69.9
66.8
69.4
66.7
76.4
84.0
58.0
62.9
(0

2
3

4
4

67.2

6

207 1______
22
5
24
2
4
3

1
1

2

89

i

5 |...........

i
l.
22

44

13 iI

1

5
7
13

2

141

4

21

4
5

2

1

<9
5

3

6
2
13
3
8 _______ i
2
1'
5
O!
9
4 i!
11
2
4 --------- i --------

6
46
9

i
4|

1
...........r : :
i
i

11
17
3

3

33
2
22
15
23
7
10
8
9

10

1

10
4
20
3
4
11
10
15

16

4

4

5

98

1

LABOR

Total................... ......................
Laborers, male:
District No. 1
2
3 ..............................
4
5
G
.....................
7

14

4

48
15
25
3
37
18
14
16

5

OF

67.1
64.0
69.1
61.9
66.7
65.5
67.7
65.3
84.0
56.0
62.5
69.2

HOURS

90
27
47
33
60
35
24
24
9
11
23
13

AND

16
6
10
9
10
10
6
7
3
4
7
5

WAGES

Clinker grinders, male:
District No. 1_________________
2 .............................
3 ...........................
4 ...........................
5 ............................
6 ......... .................
7
......................
8 ............................
9
..........................
10
12
..........................
12

Cement
Packers (sackers), male:
District No. 1.........
2.........
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
7
.
8
.
9.........
10.........
11........ .
12.........

352
83
132
71
151
97
92
81

15

20
57
33

1,249

56.1

161
46
67
81
93
61
70
31
14
37
52
15

58.6
58.4
57.7
62.6
54.3
61.3
56.0
57.6
62.6
48.8
50.5
51.2

34
36
11

728

57.2

155

1Included in total to avoid identification of plant.




85
6
12

6

284

15

1

4
9

173

29

26
12
11

17

22
11

6

8

18

15

44
6
9

12
40
26

65
21

13

14

4
3
4

2

92

25

2

18
2
24

584

60

34

61
34
39
60
49
30
31
19

25

1

10
1

10

85

5

8

174
69
74
47
66
71 . .
32
40

40

1
6
4
334

______1...........

13
8

8
12
i

13

59

i
....... " T .........
i
12

8

i

INDUSTRY

87

6

43
14
20

17

CEMENT

Total....................

16

54

PORTLAND

Total................... .
Laborers, male:
District No. 1........ .
2.........
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
7
.
8
.
9.........
10.........
11.........
12.........

57.3
59.0
56.8
60.6
53.2
58.5
55.4
56.4
60.8
50.9
50.5
49.3

CO

T a b le

D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district

WAGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR




9..................... .....

Total................................ .
Grinder operators, male:
District No 1............... ..........
2 ; ..............................
3— .......................
4..........................
5 .— ..................................
6..................... .....
7..........................

51.4
50.0
54.5
60.1
51.3
45.1
53.2
50.6
52.0
52.5
52.5
47.2
51.5

15
5
9
4
9

48
10
19
20
25

56.7
58.9
65.1
43.8
55.0

10
12
6

7
3
6
7
6

49.6

85

206

55.8

4

16
6
10
8

78
18
29
26
38
26
22
24

3

3

8.........................................
9.........................................
10..................................... .
11.........................................
12.........................................

3
6
7
5

16
25
13

Total..............,..................

96

322

62.1

10
11

6

7

7

*Whosehourswere90.5.

8
1

1

16
15
11
5
8
11
18

52.6
56.3
57.8
68.8
54.6
63.2

4

1

5
7
2
5
8
6

10

59.4
59.8
65.0
62.0
64.6
59.9
66.2
62.3
80.9
57.5
61.8
60.2




7 5 35 3
6
6
8
3 8 17
1
1
2
3 22 2
14 19 16 23
8
4 2 3
5 5 3
1
1
3
1
1
2
3
4
2
4
52 41 99 61

1

1
1

19 2
7
9 ” 5“
1 ....
18
36
12 i7_
5 7
6 ....
2’ 27

1

2

3
1

7

3

2

1
1

3

2

4
1

1

....

15

9

11

29

1

2

1

" ’ 0’

2

2

2

16

2

2

3

3
2
4
2

.....

1

i"

4

3

1

3

1

1

5

7

11

2

42

3

1
1

20

3

11

g

38

1
1
2

2

2

7

*

21

2

8

6

5

2

3
3
2
2
2
2

78

12

48

1
8

3

1

1

4

1
1
3

1

1
1

1

....

2

2

1
2

20

1

1

2
5

7
2
1

1
2
2
2

1

1
1

2
2

2
2
5
1
4

6
5
5

4

2

11

7
.....

1

2

1
1

2

9

2

2

9

1

2

2

6

3

2

1

35

....

9

4
1
10

17

16
1

7
2
5
2
6
3
1
5
1

2
2

3

4

1

1

2
1
” 3

2
2
12

1
2

5 5

1
4

4
5

15

2

7

3

1
1
2

1

3
2

1

1
1
5
2

2
1

10

2

1

1

2
1 ” 5

5
39
15 2 3
17 21 55
7
2 12
29 22 25
15 10 7
10 44 27
4 7 21
6
13
11
9
14
22

5
3
11
116 82 32 87 76 33 163 126 204
1

6

1

13 7 U 7
1
1
1
1
4 9 10 4
1
1
4
2
6
5 2
7 39 20
1 14 14 ” 2’
1
2
3 11
3 2 5

3

1
2

1
1

2

6

3

6
4
1
4
4
1

1

1
2
1

1
1

18 28

Includes 1 whosehourswere90.5.

1
4

1

2

2

1
1

2

1

5

1

2

INDUSTRY

10.........................................
11.........................................
12.........................................

91

186
44
182
35
145
209
161
75
41
25
69
41
1,213

CEMENT

6 .........................................
7.........................................
8.........................................

15
5
4

10

PORTLAND

laborers, male:
District No. 1...........................
2...........................
3-........................
4...........................
5..........................
6..........................
7...........................
S__________ ___
9..........................
10..........................
11...........................
12...........................
Total.................................
Raw
Crasher operators, male:
District No. 1...........................
2 ..........................
3...........................
4..........................
5..........................

1
10

A
4

A
%

7

1

a
0
^

T a b le

D.— Average and classified

h o u r s a c t u a l l y w o rk e d

Number o fDepartment, occupation, sex, and district Estab- xp—.
lishments p y

in one week in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district—

Continued

Number of employees whose hours o f actual
Aver­
age
hours
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
actually Un­ 24, 32,
60,
54,
40,
48,
50,
worked der un­ un­ 40 un­ 48 un­ 50 un­ 54 un­ 60 un­ 72
in one 24 der der
der
der
der
der
der
32 40
72
54
60
50
48

work in one week were—
Over
Over
84,
72,
un­ 84 un­ 90
der
der
90
84

Over
Over
96, 102
91,
un­ and
un­
96
91
der over
der
102
96

WAGES

Raw^-C ontinued
13
4

77
10

Total............................... .

79

434

58.7

16

46

67.6
71.9
69.5
60.8
65.4

7
6
6

3
5
8

g

3

2
1

5

2

5
2

2

1

1

2
2
2

7

2
....

1
1

19

13

3

1
2

4

5

1

1
1
2
1
1

2

1

7
3

1

3

3

4

3

11
1

14

17

12

33

1
5
2
1
1
1

1

~T

1
1

2
1

9

4
1

8
1

19

3
9
4
5

9
13

I

7
5

3

1
2 ....

3
5

9

16

7

1
1

6
5

4

3
2
2

4

7
3
1
2 ....

13
27
4

2

73

38

77

8

6
1

2

5

1
1

7

3

1
1
2
2
6
1

32

3

15

2

7

1

1

3
7
6

3

2
1

2
2

1

3

4

2 ....

1

1

2

15

5

1

33

31

7
3

....

7

1

3
4
4

.....

1
1

36

7

1

2

Coal mill
Grinder operators, male:
District No. 1......................
2.....................
3
4

5

6 „ ................. .
7
8
10......................
12.................... .
Total...............................




6

9
9
9
10
6

12

25
29
27
20

....

1

4

6

11
11
8

68.5
63.3
60.3
51.5

76

206

65.7

1

7

1

1

2

1

3

3

2

68.0

4
4
3

17

1

1

2

4

6

4

3
1

19

6

5

2

6

2

8 ....

1
1

3
4 ’ ~2"

1
1
2

5

3
3
4 ~T

4

3

2

4
1
2
1
1

2
2
1

5
1

1

1
1

2

1
1
2

1
1

2

1

5
2

1

4
2

43

13

25

14

21

21

10

3

2

4

2

4

LABOR

4

7

8

1 ....

OF

6
7
8
9.....................
10...................
11— ................
12......................

5

1
8

HOURS

65.2
56.1
46.5
52.7
58.1
60.5
68.3
61.4
78.3
53.9
57.3
45.7

31
59
44
35
26
27
18
29
62
16

8

AND

Laborers, male:
District No. 1.....................
2.....................
3
4

£

05

Laborers, male:
District No. 1_.
3_.
5_.

_.
8_.
6

7..

7
3
7
7
4
1

0

| 1

1

1

1
1
(*)

?

(\
o

62.7
62.2
66.4
58.5
70.0
(4)
37.7
(4)

21
8

34
21
22

1

10..
12. .

3

Total............

33

119

63.4

8

2

1

15
5
8
8
9
13
6
7
3

236
28
123
85
148
170

10

10

10

7
4

89
102
43
47
20

53.4
52.3
53.9
56.5
51.7
53.3
58.2
51.6
52.1
54.3
48.3
46.0

90

1,212

53.4

69

16
6
10
8
10
13
6
7
3
6
9
7

67
14
30
22
31
30
25
18
6
17
43
19

62.6
70.5
70.0
61.2
61.2
61.8
70.3
67.2
82.2
58.2
61.6
58.8

101

322

64.0

1

1

3
j
|
!
!
------ i-----1----I!

1

1
1
6

9

6
1

r

6

2

1
1

3
3

1
1

2
2

5

1

1

16

9 j 25

3
6
2

1
2
6

'(<)'

1

1
1
8
1

3
(<)

1

1
1

1

1

3

2

1

(<)

*2 1 4

2

1

3

3

5

37

3
2

12

12

15

1

Shops and miscellaneous

2_.

3..
4_.
5_.
6..
7_.
8..

3
7
3
4
8

?

8
4
8
4
8

1
5
6

6
4
3

5

....

1

2

2

43

13

1

55 39

23
4
7
5

20 "22_
16 2
5
2
4
9
10
"~8~
2 29
1
2
MR I 71

4
4

5"

1
3

7

9
1
3 ” 8~
5
2
2

1
1

13
8
1

2
3
2
1
1
10
2

16

2

4

1

26

75

38

41

3
2

1

4

1
1

5

31
3
24
4
22
31
6
9
14
15
8
1

32
13
15
28
31
14
9
2
6
3
1

38
8
41
20
22
30
21
17
29
4
1
2

168 155

233

1

12
1

13

2

2

1
1
1
16
1

2

13
1

1
8
6
3
8
1

27

42

19

5

2

1

2

1

1

INDUSTRY

Total.

5

?
1

3

CEMENT

9_.

10..
11-.
12..

121

12
1
8
10
9
5
9
1
2
2

?

PORTLAND

Laborers, male:
District No. 1_.

Clinker
Burners, first, male:
District No. l - ~
2 ...
3—

4—
5__

9..
lOll..
12..
Total .

* Include? 1 whose hours were 90.5.




1

1

3
1

1

1

5 i1

3

6

1

4

2

! 1
!
! i
1|
------

9
1
4
3

1

2
1

1
1

2
29

3
....

2
1

5

1
2
1

14
31
12

1

1

22
1
6
3
11
13
5
3

1

includes 1 whose hours were 90.9.

1

7

1

121

15

12
2
4
1
5
2
2
2

"i
3
1
1
1

4

1
2
1
35

11

5
2 "’ 3"
4
3
6
4

4

1
2
1

1
7
6
2

2
2

7

22

40

5 22
1
1
1
1
1

2
1
1

4

1
2
1
1

7 25

4

1

6

2

1

* Included in total to avoid identification of plant.
<1

T a b le

D.— Average and classified

h o u r s a c t u a ll y w o rk e d

in one week in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district—

Continued

Number of employees whose hours o f actual work in one week were—
Aver­
age
hours
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Department, occupation, sex, and district Estab­ Em­ actually Un­ 24, 32,
96, 102
84,
72,
60,
54,
50,
91,
48,
40,
un­ un­ 40 un­
48 un­ 50 un­ 54 un­ 60 un­ 72 un­ 84 un­ 90 91 un­ 96 un­ and
der der
lish­ ploy­ worked
der
in
one
der
over
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
ments ees
week 24 32 40
102
96
84
90
72
60
54
50
48
Number of—

WAGES

Clinker—Continued

3
4

7

g
g
in

T o t a l...__ - ______________________
2
3
4

K
a
•j
g
9

in
ii
12. .......................................
Total.............................................. .....




10
10
6

7
3
4
7
5

93

11

23
13
396

1
3 4
61.1
....
1
59.6
65.4 . . . . 2
5
57.1
1 "T
3
61.3
1
59.1
66.1

1

2

9
1

1

63.6
80.3
56.7
60.3
66.4
61.9

3

2

1

5

6

15

14

15
5
4
7
7
4
3

1

3

1

7
61
(«)

1
1 ....
66.3
51.9 . . . . 1
70.4
1
61.7
5
6
54.4
3
3 3 5
43.5
68.5
I
69.8
i
84.2
1
1
45.0
46.1
(<)

69

315

58.5

74

6

30

6

56
24

4
9
4
5
3
3
7

12
10
12

15
10

9 ! 13

11

1

2

1

4
3

3
2
1

2

2

2
1
1

3

1

1
10

9

20

2

3
6

4

3

2
1

4
5
1
1

1

5
6
----- —-----

14 " T

11

2

2

89
5

2
22
8

2

1

16

2

2
2
2
2
6

3
3

8

13
4

4

2
2

3
2

4

3
1

1
1

52
26

1

2

18

41

7

6
6

1

1
1
1

5
(<)

63 21
-------

65

11
1

5
4

3

3 --34
(<)

3

7

1

2

1

3

5
5

1
1

1

2
1

5
5

2
1

1

1

2

1

8

9 I!

5
32

1

4

2

7

1

2

4

2

1

1

1 ....

9
5

3
2

2

3
8
1 ....
1
4
2
1

7

3

3

9
7
5

1
1

1

9

4 ....
7

1

3

21
1

10

2

1

14
5

2
1
1

1

8
1

4 54

1

1

2

4

1

7

1

1

2

5

1

1

1

1
1
1

4

1

9

25

37

6
1

3

8

1

1

1

1

3

------- ----- -----

1

2

3
=====

LABOR

Laborers, male:
District No 1

9

90
27
47
33
60
35
24
24
9

OP

12 ........................... ............

6
10

HOURS

K
ft

16

AND

Clinker grinders, male:
nietrir>t Mn 1
o

Cement
Packers (sackers), male:
District No. 1.........................................
2 .........................................
3.........................................
4......... , ......... ...................
5................................. .
6........................ ................
7......................................
8........................ ................
9........................................
10........................ ................
11 .........................................
12.................................. .

1,249

16
9
7
9
9
6
5
2
6
7
5

161
46
67
81
93
61
70
31
14
37
52
15

57.3
52.7
44.4
49.6
46.3
48.5
51.1
46.4
46.9
46.4
46.3
45.5

17 5
16 2
10 2
4
3
4 4
6
3
2 ~~2~
4
1

87

728

50.0

72

6

9

6

4 Included in total to avoid identification of plant.




14 41
4
1
13 19
?,
15
33
3
9 94
8
13
7 9
1

47
9
11

4
16
13
n
16

5
2
2

4
6
2

64
8 10
3
25
3
6
2
16
.....
""I"
3
46 ’ i§’
5
10
” <T
1
14
4
1
10
2
4
1
1
5
~~6~ 1 . . . .
13 23
1
5
1

1
2
11
10

2

44.8 112 1115 152

31

211

51

24

6
2 "~2
1
3

7

1

2
2

1
2

2
2

4
4

5
2

2

26

3
5

1
3 ....
9
4
2 ....
1
2 3
1
~~2
34

10

11
26
6
8
2

ii~
1
1
1

1 10
5 27
1

73

53

33

21

24

~2’

2

10
20
6

1

57
16
7
5
5

5 " 3"
9
4
3

17
25
7
14

3 ’ J6"

18

11

2

8

5
5

37

5

36
15

2

2

3
3
3
1

12

120

5

3

6

3

16

2

43
7

46

1
4
1

2
6
2
3

9
9
3

2
2
18

1

22

4

.....

2

1

1
1
3
6

54

3~
30

11

10
9
21
11

15
10
2

9
4
1
1 ..._

10
1

128

i

" ' " 1 .......
1

|

1

i
" " j .......
29

5
1

1

,

1
1

1

184

1

1

1

4
2
6
3

49

2

3

7

128

5
2
9
4
6
3

1

2

30

2

7

8

5

1

5

18
13
1

11

3
1
1

1
1

3

I

1

—

....... 1........
i
i

1

1X

1

1

1

5

4

14
6
a

3

1
2

67

116

1

3

14

!
!

....

2

4

INDUSTRY

Total............. .....................................

96

5
3

46.5
49.5
46.0
46.3
39.3
41.6
39.6
42.5
54.5
52.9
46.8
40.2

CEMENT

Laborers, male:
District No. 1 . .......................................
2........................................
3........................ ................
4................... ......... ...........
5.........................................
6.................................. .
7........................ ................
8__________ ____________
9______________________
10................... .....................
11........................................
12.........................................

6

352
83
132
71
151
97
92
81
38
28
87
37

PORTLAND

Total............................... ...................

16
6
10
8
10
11
6

T

able

E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Number of— Aver­
age
actual
earn­
$5
$10
Estab- Em­
Un­
der and and
lish- ploy­ ings
in
1
under
under
ments ees
$5
week
$10 $15

14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district

Number of employees whose earnings per week were—
$15
and
under
$20

$20 $25
$30
$35
$40
and and and and and
under under under under under
$25 $30 $35
$40 $45

$45
$50
$55
and and and
under under under
$50
$55
$60

$65
$60
$70 $75 $80 $85 $90
and and and and and and and
under under under under under under over
$80
$85
$65
$70 $75
$90

16

5

85

Total....................................

87

5...............
6...............
7...............
8...............




28.38

2
1

1
1

1

1

7

7

48 39. 54
16 43.35
45 44.24
10 33.19
34 35.73
23 38.10
26 43.56
14 35.24
7 41.82
7 40.24
14 52.83
6 40.07

1

40.74

1

250

3
1
4
2
1
1
1
14

12
9
4
1
10
13
9
1
2

25
11
6
7
22
22
23
15
1
1
13

17
6
19
6
16
7
19
4
1
1
6
7

20
9
14
2
4
30

1 _____1_____

18
3

1
1
4
9
2

1
4
9

10
2

1

25

19

5

15

5

14

2
3
1
3
4
3
1
2

7
3

2

109

102

37

1
4

10
5
1

5

0

3
3
6
3
6
4
4
3

2I
3 i
4
l_____
:
4
1
1
1

1
1
1
14
1
2
4

8
2
8

1
1

4
3
1

34

55

4
1

8

10

26

1

5
4

146

3
2
1

2

8
1
1

61

1

5
• 2

1
2
8

33

1

1

1

3

1
4

a

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

3

3
5

5

1

2

1

1

2

2

1

1
2
1

1

1

5

3
1

2
1

29

29

12

1

6

3

1
2

2

LABOR

9..........................
10..........................
11..........................
12..........................

15
5
10
4
9
11
6
6
3
6
8
4

544

1

3
1

OF

Shovel engineers, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................

1
2

HOURS

Total....................................

7...............

93 $29.70
38 25.66
68 32.05
15 23.43
60 25.89
55 22.90
76 27.10
31 21.98
8 22.72
13 40.85
61 32.81
26 34.72

AND

8..........................
9..........................
10.........................
11..........................
12...................... .

8
3
9
11
5
7
2
5
8
6

WAGES

Quarry
Drillers, male:
District No. 1..........................
2..........................
3..........................
4..........................
6..........................
6__......................

1

.

1-

15
5

3.
4.
5.

10

2.
6.

7.

4

10
12
6

9.

7
3

10.

6

8.

11.
12.

7

6

186 22.15
44 24.69
182 24.49
35 22.63
145 18.99
209 12.78
161 20.09
75 17.74
41 14.60
25 24.59
69 24.16
41 27.85
1,213

20.17

15
5
9
4
9

48

28.16
28.60
31.27
32.30
23.48

5
1
1

4
2

5

4
35

5

5

6

2

1

1

1

1

26

3
57

i

63

39

8

6

1

52
14
31
3
48
48
36
33
19
4
17

20

16
10

8
8

3

7

12

2
1

182

305

372

173

59

25

13

3

10

22

6
2

4

3

6

1
6

3

6

2
1
5

2

4
7
3

9
6

4
1

19
110
8

5
19

50
23
65
9
93
24
1

9

61

2
8
1

15
3

16

1
21

4

2

7

1

9

1 ....
...... i .......

1

1

I
i

1
1

...... !.......
...... (......

12

i

1
1

1

Sam

6.

7.
8.

9.
10.

11.

)rs,
►
. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.

9.

10.

11.
12.




5
7
2

5

8
6

20

25
16
15

21.11

•1

3

1
1

26.26
11 26.21
5 24.89
8 28.98
11 40.18
18 28.64

1

5
3

1

85

206

28.05

2

2

16

78
18
29
26
38
26
22
24
7
16
25
13

31.26
29.32
34.83
35.03
31.48
25.82
29.29
27.70
29 ’ 5
31.20
35. 05
31. 26

1

1

10
8
10
11
6
7
3
6
7
5
95

322

31. 21

1

6

1
1

5
9
4
3
3
6

1
2
2
1
1
2

2
1

___ 1___

1

i

1

1

1

4

6

5

4
3

1

1

1

1

1

-----

1

1

19

40

67

39

22

10

1
1

1
2

4

5

22

7
2
9
12
5
2
1

11

1
6
1

1
1
1

1

5

28
6
5
5
9
5
10
5
4
4
12
6

78

99

46

27

12

1

1
1
3
7

1
6
3
5
5
2
1

2
2
2
8
5
5
14
1
8
4

2

7
7
3

2

3
1

3

6

15

32

5
3
3
2

1

i

1

1

1
2
2
4

i

1
!

___ ! ___

1

1
............ !................
!

1
1

i
!

1

2

2

...............! -

-

J ................

INDUSTRY

12.

10

10

19

CEMENT

[>rs,
». 12.
3.
4.
5.

PORTLAND

91

1

T a b le

E .— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district— Continued

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

Number of— Aver­
age
actual
$15
$5
$10
earn­
Un­ and
Estab­ Em­
and and
der
lish­ ploy- ings
under
under
in
1
under
$5
ments
$15
$10
week

O*

to

Number of employees whose earnings per week were—
$20
$25
$30
and and and
under under under
$25
$30
$35

$45
$35
$40
$50
$55
$60
and and and and and and and
under under under under under under under
$40
$45
$70
$50
$55
$60
$65

$80 $85
$70
$75
and and and and and
under under under under over
$85
$75

Raw—Continued

6

.

________
. ..............
.................

Total............................

79

23.66

236
28
123
85
148
170

19

117

12

OF

434

HOURS

9_____

10
11
12

AND

$27.27
23.86
19.43
23.72
20.65
15.90
26.72
21.76
22.98
24. 55
26.05
27.58

.................

7
8

WAGES

Laborers, male:
District No. 1.................
2
3
.
4
5

Shops and miscellaneous

.................
.................
.................

102
20

22.52
22.96
22.69
25.25
18.64
13.99
20.39
17.26
14.64
23.41
20.99
22.21

T otal.......... ................

1,212

19.77

. ...............
6

7
8
9 .. .
10
11
12




121

89
43
47

LABOR

Laborers, male:
District No. 1.................
2
3 .. .
4
5

64

157

322

359

206

49

Grinder operators, male:
District No. 1......... .

16

IS— o9I99

2 ............ .

3
4
5

6

.
.
.

.

7........ .
8..........
10............ .
12............ .

Total.....................

76

206

34.89
37.73
39.62
36.01
32.23
30.54
32.46
28.35
31.38
31.26

15
1

34.12

48

7
10
2

4
5

50

30

12

Laborers, male:
District No. 1......... .
3_....... .
5
.
6

7
8

21

.

23.02

22

.

<*)
33

5

4
4
11

9

10

3
16
1
10

0)

0)

CEMENT

119

21

10..............
12............ .

Total.....................

0)

25.76
25.67
23.82
1
16.69
1
25.35
70"
0)
16.38
0)

8

34

PORTLAND

Coal mill

0)
12

10

Clinker
39.44
43.95
46.49
44.19
37.76
39.04
39.17
35.32
38.35
35.99
40.41
40.67

2. ...........

3_.........
4_....... .
5......... .
6

. .........

7
8

9......

10. ...........
11..............
12..............

Total.....................

101

322

40.16

17
4

2

2

7

10

5
9
13
5
1
4
24
7

2

4
5
4
1
10
1

2

2

103

INDUSTRY

Burners, first, male:
District No. 1_____

13
1
7
10
5
12

1
6

2

2

72

12

i Included in total to avoid identification of plant.




O*
CO

T ab le E .— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 1£ specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district—Continued
Number of employees whose earnings per week were—

Number of—

Department, occupation, sex,
and district

2
3
6

10
11
12

Total

5
g

7
g

9
10
11
12

Total.....................................




93

396

30.82

14
5

74

28. 33

6

4
9 i
(i !
4 1
!
3

12

30
10

56
24
12

1

15
10
7
61
0)

67

315

3

22.10

29.02
25.03
21. 43
13.19
26. 53
24.48
23.58
20.60
26. 21

3

4

1

1

1
1

3
g

1

1

1
1

6

5
3

11
6

4
5
3

9
9
5
24
16
rj

12

4
3
8

9

i

1

6
1

1

3
2

16
3
15

6

6

3
7
3
]
5

10

3
4
4
1

14

1
1

3
5
5

3
4
3

1

11

3
1

3

66

33

13

2
2

13
5

32

13

8

3

1

2

1
8

2
1

1

9

19

13

3

3
5

4

10

7

1
8
6

6
1
1

1
2
1
6

7
5
2
22

2
12

2

2
1

22

10

3

j

1

86

l

2

2

124

5

1

8

14
3

43

ej

1

4

25

16

______

2

i
i
i

i
1

1

............ ' 1 ................

___________

I
i

1
I
i
i

i
i

1

0)

0)
24.66

20

LABOR

2

3
4

7
3
4
7
5

1
1
1
1
1
1

$80 $85
$90
and and and
under under over
$85
$90

$75
and
under
$80

$65
$70
$60
and and and
under under under
$75
$65 $70

OF

Laborers, male:
District No 1

9

10
10
6

90 $31. 56
27 29.81
47 33.46
33 35. 82
60 29.63
35 25.19
24 29. 51
24 29.15
9 25.75
11 30. 96
23 32.80
13 31.69

$55
and
under
$60

HOURS

s
9

6
10

$50
$45
and and
under under
$50
$55

AND

4 •
5

16

$30
$25
$35
$40
$15 $20
$10
$5
Un­ and
and and and and and and and
der under under
under under under under under under
$5
$25
$35
$40
$45
$20
$30
$15
$10

WAGES

Clinker grinders, male:

Aver­
age
actual
Estab­ Em­ earn­
lish­ ploy­ ings
in 1
ments ees
week

^

7

7

22

29

^ — --------- y ---- ----------<— — — ‘j ------------ 1•' ------------- j------------- 1--------------

86

99

47 I

11

6

1'

1

.........i........ ..

|
,

i ■

Cement
Packers (sackers), male:
District No. 1.........
3
4
5
6

7
8
9.........
10. ...........
11.............
12.............

Total....................

1,249

Laborers, male:
District No. 1 --------

161

7
8
.
9_____
10.............
11.............
12.............

87

20.77

JIncluded in total to avoid identification of plant.




70

118

137

44
9
25
8
13
4
5
6
1
2
2
3

41
13
11
10
7
3
11

150

115

142

122

99

19
4
10
9

12
1
2
8

1

23
15
6
9
23

33

51

147

246

114

2

1

48

24

40
5
5
3
3

1

7

20
1
19
4
4

8

1

12
1

7

4

2

48

21

8

4

1

3
3

1
1

77

63

2

1

1
1

2
2

40
7
10
6
10

3

1

1

INDUSTRY

728

61

6

42

13

10
8
8
2
8
3

41
13
6
10
24
3
10
6
4
4
17
4

42
12
3
2
34
5
11
9
5
2
16
9

CEMENT

3
4
5

Total.....................

70
31
14
37
52
15

25.96
22.53
20.05
21.29
18.30
13. 42
20.03
17.29
16.50
21.54
19.87
21.30

46
67
81
93

2 _______

38.97

21

PORTLAND

352 46.49
83 44.09
132 50.33
71 39.95
151 37.42
97 23.67
92 35.78
81 26.24
38 28.53
28 34.42
87 31.01
37 31.17

2........

Cn
Oi




APPENDIXES
APPENDIX A.—DEFINITIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
QUARRY DEPARTMENT
[The definitions for each of the occupations in the industry as given here were formed from descriptions
of the occupation as found in several representative mills and therefore do not necessarily apply in detail
to all mills]

Drillers use power drilling rigs to drill holes in the rock for placing dynamite
to blast the rock down.
Blasters place dynamite in the holes made by the drillers, tamping the dyna­
mite in and setting off the charges.
Shovel engineers operate power shovels, controlling the swing and movement
of the boom, to load the rock into cars for transportation to the crusher.
Shovel cranemen control the operation of the “ ram” or “ dipper stick ” and dump
on large power shovels.
Shovel firemen fire and tend the boilers on the steam shovels.
Locomotive engineers operate locomotives, usually of the “ dinky” type, to
haul cars of rock from the quarry to the crusher or rock dump and empty cars
back to the quarry.
Locomotive firemen fire the boilers on the larger types of locomotives that are
used in some quarries to haul rock to the crusher. The “ dinky” type is usually
fired by the engineer.
Laborers do unskilled work in the quarry, such as cleaning out dirt, laying
track, helping to move machine equipment, etc.
Other employees include all workers not included in the specified occupations,
such as couplers, cablemen, brakemen, ropemen, switchmen, track foremen, etc.
RAW DEPARTMENT

Unloaders, hand, unload raw materials, using a hand shovel.
Unloaders, mechanical, unload coal, limestone, gypsum, or other raw materials
by. using a mechanical device.
Crusher operators tend the crushers that reduce the rock almost to a powder
as it comes from the quarry.
Elevator tenders tend the elevators, usually of the bucket type, that elevate
crushed rock from the crushers to the storage bins.
Conveyor tenders tend the conveyors, belts, or trams that convey the crushed
rock from the crushers to storage bins. Conveyors are often used where the
mill is removed some distance from the quarry, while an elevator may be used
if the mill adjoins the quarry.
Mixer tenders tend to the mixing of the crushed shale and limestone before it
is conveyed to the grinding machines.
Dryer tenders tend the apparatus used to dry rock, clay, etc., so that it can be
properly mixed with other ingredients before burning.
Dryer firemen fire the drying apparatus used to dry rock, clay, etc.
Grinder operators tend the grinders that grind the mix, shale, and limestone.
Raw finish mill operators tend the mills that finish grinding the mixture of
shale and limestone, making it ready for the burning process.
Oilers oil the bearings and grease the guide tracks on the grinding machines.
Laborers do unskilled work, such as sweeping and cleaning.
Other employees include all workers not included in the specified occupations,
such as tube-mill helpers, dryer-tender helpers, shale punchers, weighers, helpers,
transfer engineers, etc.
COAL MILL DEPARTMENT

Laborers do unskilled work such as shoveling coal, sweeping and cleaning in
the coal mill.
Elevator tenders operate elevators, usually of the bucket type, conveying coal
from the storage pile to the coal crusher or grinder.
Conveyor tenders tend conveyors where a conveyor instead of an elevator is
used to move coal from the stock pile to the crushers or grinders.
Dryer tenders tend the apparatus that dries the pulverized coal before it is
delivered to the kilns.
Dryer firemen fire and tend boilers that furnish heat for the coal dryers.
Crusher operators operate the crushers that crush coal into small sizes.
Grinder operators operate grinding machines that reduce coal to a powder for
use as fuel in the kilns*




57

58

APPENDIXES

Other employees include all workers not included in the specified occupations,
such as miller’s helpers, coal-dump operators, carmen, etc.
SHOPS AND MISCELLANEOUS DEPARTMENTS

Machinists are skilled workmen that make and replace worn parts and repair
any of the machinery used in the plant.
Repairmen make repairs to broken or defective mill and yard equipment,
such as railroad cars and quarry machinery, which do not involve the machining
of parts.
Laborers handle materials and do other unskilled work around the shop and
yard.
Other employees include all workers not included in the specified occupations
such as tinners, blacksmiths, welders, plumbers, riggers, belt makers, painters,
carpenters, lumber-shed men, brick masons, etc.
CLINKER DEPARTMENT

Burners, first, are in charge of the kilns in which the raw materials are burned
to make clinker.
Burners, second, assist the first burners and under their direction regulate the
flow of fuel, the amount of the blast, etc., that controls the heat and the distance
of the zone of intense heat from the lower end of the kilns.
Cooler tenders look after the apparatus used to cool the hot clinker.
Mixers tend the machines that are used to mix gypsum with the clinker in the
proper proportions before the clinker is ground.
Elevator tenders tend the elevators that are used in the clinker department to
take the clinker from the kilns to the seasoning pile.
Conveyor tenders attend the belts that bring seasoned clinker to the grinders, or
take the ground clinker to the storage bins in the cement department.
Clinker grinders attend a battery of machines that grind the clinker mixed with
gypsum. The material after grinding to the proper fineness is Portland cement.
Oilers oil or grease the various machines and conveyors in the department.
Laborers do unskilled work, such as cleaning up around the mills.
Other employees include all workers not included in the specified occupations,
such as coal-tank tenders, clinker dumpmen, weighers, cranemen, screenmen,
pumpmen, gypsum men, etc.
CEMENT DEPARTMENT

Conveyor tenders attend the conveyors that carry the cement from the silos or
storage bins to the packing machines and the bagged cement from the packing
machines to the warehouse or loading platform.
Elevator tenders attend elevators in the cement department of plants in which
the cement or the bags have to be elevated rather than conveyed to a desired
location.
Packers (sackers) place empty bags on the nozzle of the packing machines which
automatically fill the bags through a flap in the bottom with 94 pounds of cement and
drops them upon a conveyor that takes them to the loading platform or warehouse.
These workers usually alternate with the workers that load cars.
Sack tiers tie the open ends of the sacks or close them with a wiring device before
the sacks go to the packing machine.
Loaders carry bags of cement by hand to load a freight car higher than truck
high, or load boats and other means of conveyance. When the loading is done
by workers that alternate with the packers, they usually work on a piecework
basis and in this report are included with packers.
Laborers clean cars, carry empty bags, and do other unskilled work in the ce­
ment department.
Sack cleaners operate devices, such as cleaning cylinders, etc., for cleaning cloth
bags that have had cement in them and have been returned to be used again.
Inspectors examine used bags to determine whether they are fit for further use.
Oilers oil and grease the bearings and guide tracks in the department.
Other employees include all workers not included in the specified occupations
such as cement-pump operators, car sealers, sack sorters and menders, etc.
POWER DEPARTMENT

Firemen fire and tend the boilers that furnish steam for power.
Engineers operate steam engines that furnish power for the operation of air
compressors and of the different machines in the mill.
Pumpmen operate the pumps that furnish water for boilers and spray for the
cooler.




APPENDIXES

59

Oilers oil bearings of the engines and other equipment in the power department.
Laborers sweep and do other unskilled work in the power department.
Other employees include all workers not included in the specified occupations
for the department such as switchboard men, instrument watchers, motor tenders,
turbine operators, tube blowers, lancers, etc.
APPENDIX B.— THE HISTORY OF PORTLAND C EM EN T1
Although the Portland cement industry has now attained great importance, it is
less than a century old and its period of rapid growth did not really begin until
within the last 35 years. The industry is very young in comparison with the
manufacture of iron.
Lime mortar for all structural work continued to be used until very near the
close of the eighteenth century, when a new series of cementing materials was
developed at almost the same time in England and in France. These were the
natural cements that have been marketed from time to time down to the present.
About the year 1756 Smeaton, an English engineer, began a series of experi­
ments on lime mortars. His purpose was to devise a lime suitable for marine
construction in the Eddystone Lighthouse. It was not until 35 years had
elapsed that any record of these experiments were published.
In 1796, in England and in France, a cement similar to our present-day natural
or Rosendale cement was invented. Parker, an Englishman, called his patent
“ Roman cement.” This cement consisted chiefly of using clay and limy matter,
burned and powdered, which when mixed into a paste with water would harden
under water as well as in the open.
When the building of the Erie Canal was begun it was planned to use lime as
the mortar, and since great quantities of lime were to be used many quarries
were opened along the line of the canal’s construction. The stone, taken
from a quarry opened in the town of Sullivan, Madison County, N. Y ., failed to
slake. On examination, Benjamin Wright and Canvass White, who were
familiar with European cements, discovered that this lime was really a highgrade natural cement that required only grinding to prepare it for use. A
number of tests were conducted, and it was used in the locks and walls of the
middle section of the canal during the years 1818 and 1819. When the lime
was pulverized and used by mixing two parts of lime and one part of sand it
was discovered that the mixture set under water even better than in the open.
This discovery led to a search of the country for similar material.
About six years later (1824) Joseph Aspdin, of Leeds, England, received a
British patent for a cementing product, which he named “ Portland cement.”
The name was due to a resemblance between the set cement and a well-known
English building stone— the oolitic limestone of the Isle or Portland. In his
patent, Aspdin stated that a definite amount of clay and limestone was to be
used, and then went on to describe the method to be followed in amalgamating
and calcining these two materials to make his “ Portland” cement.
Portland cement differs from natural cements at the present time in the fol­
lowing particulars: (1) Natural cements are not made from carefully prepared
and finely ground artificial mixtures but from natural rock. (2) Natural cements
are burned at a lower temperature than Portland cements, the mass in the kiln
never being heated high enough to even approach the fusing or clinkering point.
(3) Natural cements, after burning and grinding are, as a rule, yellow to brown
in color and light in weight, having a specific gravity of 2.7 to 3.1, whereas
Portland cement is commonly blue to gray in color and heavier, its specific
gravity ranging from 3 to 3.2. (4) Natural cements set more rapidly than
Portland cement but do not attain so high a tensile strength. (5) Portland
cement is a definite product, its percentages of lime, silica, alumina, and iron
oxide varying only between narrow limits, whereas brands of natural cements
differ greatly in composition.
The uniformity of quality last noted became assured for Portland cement
as a result of the meeting of a committee in June, 1911, composed of government
engineers in conference with representative consumers and the manufacturers,
and a special committee of the national engineering societies. They laid down
certain definite specifications for all Portland cement bought and used by the
United States Government. President Taft approved these specifications
April 30, 1912. As improvements are made, the specifications are accordingly
changed from time to time.
» Adapted from Willis, Henry Parker, and Byers, John R. B. Portland cement prices. New York, 1924.




60

APPENDIXES

The cement industry has made great strides in England and in Germany, but
no real attempt was made to advance its manufacture in the United States until
about 1872, when a plant was built at Kalamazoo, Mich. This project, from a
commercial viewpoint, was a complete failure. In 1875, however, a true Portland
cement was being made at a small plant located in western Pennsylvania, the
raw materials being limestone and clay.
In the meantime, an entirely separate set of experiments laid the foundation
of the great Portland cement industry in the Lehigh Valley district. Natural
cement had long been manufactured in this region, and in the early seventies
D. O. Saylor and his associates began selecting from the natural cement rock
quarries the stone which would, on burning, yield Portland cement. The result
was that a small quantity of Portland cement was produced in this district, but
it really was a by-product of the natural cement industry. The Portland cement
industry, having now gained a foothold in America, was soon to advance even
beyond its European predecessors. This was almost entirely due to the
improvements made from a technical point of view.
In the early part of the industry, the process used by practically all European
manufacturers involved reducing the soft, natural, raw materials to powder or
to a wet “ slurry,” mixing them to a paste with water; forming the mixture
(after partial drying) into bricks or balls, charging these bricks (often by hand)
in the vertical kiln in which they were burned, unloading the kiln by hand,
and finally grinding the clinker in an ineffective and expensive way.
The early American mills attempted faithfully to follow this practice, but the
producers in the Lehigh district quickly realized that with their hard, dry raw
materials this wet European practice was too expensive. Also, the American
experimenters realized that the relatively dear labor and cheap fuel of the United
States, as contrasted with cheap labor and dear fuel of Europe, would necessitate
changes in the technology of the industry if it were ever to be established on a
firm commercial footing. Accepting the conditions they expended their greatest
efforts in solving these problems. In order to meet conditions, the old sta­
tionary kilns and millstones were displaced by the rotary kilns and by the modern
grinding machinery. The patents for the Ransome rotary kilns were taken
out in Great Britain in 1885 and in the United States in 1886. The kilns now
in use are the direct successors of the Ransome type.
It was at South Rondout, N. Y ., in 1889, that a rotary kiln was first used in
the United States. It was a large steel cylinder lined with fire brick and set
at a slight inclination to the horizontal. The raw material was fed in at the
upper end and traveled slowly downward by gravity as the kiln was revolved.
The fuel was blown in at the lower end, and the burned clinker also fell out at
this lower end. Petroleum was used as a fuel and for some years its use eontinued to be the current American practice. Another saving was made when
it was found possible to charge the mixed and ground materials direct to the
kiln without wetting. Thus, the two main types of present-day American
practice were then in operation— (1) the dry process, used with limestone or
cement rock, (2) the wet process, used with marl. Of the two, the dry process
has proved far the more economical and at present is almost universally used.
The next step in the development of American Portland cement manufac­
turing methods began about 1895, when powdered coal was substituted for
petroleum as fuel. Its use soon became standard practice throughout the
United States, except at the few localities where petroleum and natural gas
abounded. The use of coal brought about an economy in manufacturing costs
because the industry was able to consume the fine coal, which at that time did
not have any important use or market.
The latest complete report of the United States Geological Survey (1922)
shows that of the 118 plants in operation, 90 burn coal in their kilns; 7 coal and
crude oil; 1 coal and gas; 17 crude oil; 2 crude oil, coal and gas; and 1 natural gas.
The same report shows that the kilns varied in length as follows:
Length (feet)

Number
of kilns

40 to 60_______________________________________________________
61 to 99_______________________________________________________
100 to 109_____________________________________________________
110____________________________________________________________

78
91
102
54

120____________________________________________________

101

12 5
_
126 to 149_____________________________________________________
150 to 199_____________________________________________________
200 to 260_______________________________________________ _____

162
66
75
31




APPENDIXES

61

Thus the most recent improvement in the rotary kiln has been merely to
increase its size and almost to center on coal as its fuel.
Parallel with the changes in type and capacity came the great changes in
crushing and grinding machinery which have produced enormous tonnages of
raw and finished material. The cracker crushers and millstones of the early
industry have given place to larger and more economical reducers. This was
due to the development of the gyratory crusher, the Griffin and Huntington
mills, and the ball and tube mills. As these are still used in one stage or more,
a description of their importance must be furnished as descriptive of presentday practice.
The raw materials used in the manufacture of Portland cement may be
grouped as:
Cement materials proper, including limestone, marl, shells, cement rock,
clay, shale, etc., which may be combined to form the actual cement mixture.
Fuels, including the coal, oil, or gas used to burn the cement plus the fuel
usually required to furnish power for the plant.
Accelerators and retarders, including gypsum, lime, chloride, alkalies, fluorite,
etc., which may be added to the cement or the cement mixture at different
stages to accomplish certain purposes.
STAGES OF PRODUCTION

There are three distinct and separate operations from the preparation of the
raw material to the finished product. The first process is mechanical and
includes the assembling, preparing, grinding, and amalgamating of the raw ma­
terial. The second process is chemical, during which the material prepared by
the first process is calcined or roasted at a high temperature, bringing about
chemical combination of the various ingredients. The third and final process
is partly mechanical and partly chemical, in which the clinker resulting from the
calcination, together with a small amount of retarding agent, is reduced to fine
powder. The materials must be mixed in the exact proportions determined by
tests, these proportions being changed as often as necessary to allow for any
variation in the chemical composition of the raw materials.
The crushing of the rock is accomplished by means of immense gyratory or
roll crushers, which reduce the huge masses of quarried rock to small-size pieces
ready for the pulverizing or grinding machines. Before going to these machines,
however, the rock is passed through dryers. These dryers are horizontal steel
cylinders, which revolve as the crushed rock passes slowly through them. A
current of heated air flows through the cylinder, thus removing from the rock by
evaporation moisture that would prevent efficient pulverization.
The powdering or pulverizing of the raw material is one of the most important
steps in the manufacture of the cement. Decided advances have been made
during the past few years in the grinding and pulverizing machines, and types
found to be most advantageous in the Portland cement industry are quite novel.
Nearly all grinding machines work on the principle of striking or pounding the
material between a hammer in some form and a solid metal mass. The ball
mill, for example, is a horizontal iron cylinder 6 to 8 feet in diameter, and 4 to
6 feet long, revolving about its axis 23 to 25 revolutions per minute. This mill
is partly filled with steel balls and is lined with steel plates fastened inside the
cylinder and arranged in steps. In rolling around, the balls fall from these steps
on to the material (fed in at one end) until it passes small screens fastened to the
outer side of the cylinder and revolving with it. The particles too coarse to pass
the screens are returned to the grinding chamber through the openings under the
stepped grinding plates. The output of a machine ranges from 15 to 24 barrels
per hour.
Other types of grinding machines are the Huntington mill and the Griffin mill,
which consist essentially of a steel ring or die, against the inside of which a heavy
steel crushing roll mounted on a pendulum suspended by a universal joint is made
to roll by centrifugal force. The pendulum is rotated by a pulley, and the
grinding zone is between the steel outside stationary ring and the revolving pendu­
lum. The principle of this mill is more clearly illustrated by the simple and
crude illustration of a boy swinging around and around over his head a weight
tied to the end of a string. If this weight or ball were made to travel about
the inside of a steel cylinder there would be a grinding action between the cylinder
and the revolving ball on the end of the string or pendulum shaft. That is what
takes place in the Griffin mill but, of course, under more favorable conditions.
The output of one of these mills is about eight barrels of raw material per hour.




62

APPENDIXES

While the mills described grind the rock quite fine— the particles averaging
in size one-fiftieth of an inch— it is further pulverized in the tube mills. A tube
mill is a long steel cylinder that makes about 25 revolutions a minute. The
cylinder is lined with very hard material, either iron or a specially hard natural
stone, and is partly filled with flint pebbles, which also are extremely hard.
When the partly ground rock is fed into the revolving tube mill, these pebbles are
constantly rolling over and falling on one another, and the rock, being relatively
softer, is so broken by this grinding action that when it reaches the discharge
end it is pulverized to extreme fineness.
The crushing of the raw material is followed by the mixing and proportioning,
which is done by means of automatic weighing machines that weigh out just the
right quantity of cement rock and the right quantity of limestone. These auto­
matic weighing machines are under the direct control of the chemists in charge
of the operation throughout the day and night, so that with this control the mix­
ture never varies.
The next process is burning, where the pulverized raw material passes into a
new chemical compound known as “ cement clinker.” This is accomplished by
using rotary kilns. The rotary kiln as used to-day differs very slightly from the
earlier model, and will produce from 500 to 3,000 barrels per day, according to
size; and, as already stated, this alone has been largely instrumental in reducing
the cost of manufacture to such an extent as to make Portland cement an economi­
cal building material.
The kiln consists of steel cylinders varying from 60 feet long and 5 feet in diameter
to 260 feet long and 12 feet in diameter. Present practice favors the use of longer
kilns. These immense machines are inclined at a pitch of about three-fourths
of an inch per foot of length and are supported by roller bearings at several points
along their length. The upper end of the kiln is connected with a stack, the draft
to which is controlled by a'damper. The raw material is fed into the upper end
of the kiln and because <?f the kiln’s inclined position and its slow rotation of about
three-fourths revolution per minute about its axis, the material slowly moves
toward the lower or discharge end. The fuel chiefly used is finely pulverized,
highly violatile, bituminous coal. This coal is blown in at the discharge end of
the kiln and instantly ignites and maintains an intense combustion zone 10 to
20 feet from the lower end of the kiln. The hot gases pass through the kiln to the
stack and heat the raw material as it passes. On entering the kiln at the upper
end, the raw material continues to gather heat until the hot zone is reached, when
the chemical combination forming Portland cement clinker takes place. The
clinker after it passes over the remaining length of the kiln drops out in the form
of red-hot nodules varying from bird-shot size to perhaps a 2-foot size. This hot
clinker is then conveyed to rotary or stationary coolers.
The clinker is then ground and pulverized into the Portland cement of com­
merce. The process of grinding and the machines used are practically the same
as those used for the grinding and pulverizing of the raw material. The cement is
usually deposited in bulk bins, each bin having a capacity of several thousand
barrels. Samples of the cement are taken from these bins and complete tests
are made for fineness, setting, soundness, strength, and chemical analysis. Hav­
ing passed these tests satisfactorily, the cement is ready for packing and shipment.
The packing of Portland cement is an important item in preparing it for the
market. Because of the immense quantities annually used, economical methods
have been devised for packing the cement in bags, cloth, or paper or in barrels.
These containers are being continually tested and improved in order to insure
safe delivery on the job. The cement is delivered from the storage bins to the
packing house by conveyors and feeds down through hoppers and automatic
weighing machines. Thus the exact quantity required is placed in each bag.
Cloth bags are not filled through the top, for this is tied shut while the bag is
empty, the cement being introduced into the bag through a valve in the bottom.
These bags must be of the best material, and are of such fineness as to be very
costly. One of the latest developments in marketing Portland cement for large
building operations is the shipping of it in bulk— loose, in a box freight car.
This has worked well, with even less loss of cement through wetting than when
shipped in cloth or paper bags.




LIST OF BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

The following is a list of all bulletins of the Bureau of Labor Statistics published since
July, 1912, except that in the case of bulletins giving the results of periodic surveys of the
bureau only the latest bulletin on any one subject is here listed.
A complete list of the reports and bulletins issued prior to July, 1912, as well as the bulletins
published since that date, will be furnished on application. Bulletins marked thus (*) are
out of print.
ConciliationandArbitration (includingstrikesandlockouts).
♦No. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. [1913.]
•No. 133. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade on its inquiry into industrial
agreements. [1913.]
No. 139. Michigan copper district strike. [1914.]
*No. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City. [1914.]
♦No. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York City.
[1914.]
♦No. 191. Collective bargaining in the anthracite-coal industry. [1916.]
♦No. 198. Collective agreements in the men’s clothing industry. [1916.]
No. 233. Operation of the industrial disputes investigation act of Canada. [1918.]
No. 255. Joint industrial councils in Great Britain. [1919.]
No. 283. History of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, 1917 to 1919.
No. 287. National War Labor Board: History of its formation, activities, etc. [1921.J
•No. 303. Use of Federal power in settlement of-railway labor disputes. [1922.]
No. 341. Trade agreement in the silk-ribbon industry of New York City. [1923.]
No. 402. Collective bargaining by actors. [1926.]
No. 468. Trade agreements, 1927.
No. 481. Joint industrial control in the book and job printing industry. [1928.]

Cooperation.
No. 313. Consumers’ cooperative societies in the United States in 1920.
No. 314. Cooperative credit societies (credit unions) in America and in foreign countries.
No. 437. Cooperative movement in the United States in 1925 (other than agricultural).

[1922.]

EmploymentandUnemployment.
♦No.
No.
♦No.
♦No.
No.

109.
172.
183.
195.
196.

♦No. 202.
No. 206.
♦No. 227.
No. 235.
♦No. 241.
No. 247.
♦No. 310.
No. 409.
No. 520.

Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices in the United States. [1913.]
Unemployment in New York City, N. Y. [1915.]
Regularity of employment in the women’s ready-to-wear garment industries. [1915.]
Unemployment in the United States. [1916.]
Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference held at Minneapolis, Minn., January
19 and 20,1916.
Proceedings of the conference of Employment Managers’ Association of Boston, Mass., held
May 10,1916.
The British system of labor exchanges. [1916.]
Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and 3,
1917.
Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association. [1918.]
Public employment offices in the United States. [1918.]
Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N. Y., May 9-11,1918.
Industrial unemployment: A statistical study of its extent and causes. [1922.]
Unemployment in Columbus, Ohio, 1921 to 1925.
Social and economic character of unemployment in Philadelphia, April, 1929.

ForeignLaborLaws.
♦No. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries.
No. 494. Labor legislation of Uruguay. [1929.]
No. 510. Labor legislation of Argentina. [1930.]

[1914.]

Housing.
♦No.
No.
No.
No.

168.
263.
295.
624.

Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries.
Housing by employers in the United States. [1920.]
Building operations in representative cities in 1920.
Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in [1921 to] 1929.




(I)

[1914.]

Industrial AccidentsandHygiene.
•No. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enameled sanitary ware factories.
[1912.]
No. 120. Hygiene of painters* trade. [1913.]
*No. 127. Dangers to workers from dust and fumes, and methods of protection. [1913.]
• *No. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. [1914.]
♦No. 157. Industrial accident statistics. [1915.]
*No. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. [1914.]
♦No. 179. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. [1915.]
No. 188. Beport of British departmental committee on the danger in the use of lead in the painting
of buildings. [1916.]
♦No. 201. Report of the committee on statistics and compensation insurance cost of the International
Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. [1916.]
♦No. 209. Hygiene of the printing trades. [1917.]
*No. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives. [1917.]
No. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories. [1917.]
No. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories. [1917.]
♦No. 231. Mortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades (inorganic dusts). [1918.]
♦No. 234. Safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917.
No. 236. Effects of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. [1918.]
No. 249. Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of Munition Workers'
Committee. [1919.]
No. 251. Preventable death in the cotton-manufacturing industry. [1919.]
No. 256. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. [1919.]
No. 267. Anthrax as an occupational disease. [1920.]
No. 276. Standardization of industrial accident statistics. [1920.]
No. 280. Industrial poisoning in making coal-tar dyes and dye intermediates. [1921.]
•No. 291. Carbon-monoxide poisoning. [1921.]
No. 293. The problem of dust phthisis in the granite-stone industry. [1922.]
No. 298. Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry, 1910-1919.
No. 306. Occupational hazards and diagnostic signs: A guide to impairments to be looked for in
hazardous occupations. [1922.]
No. 392. Survey of hygienic conditions in the printing trades. [1925.]
No. 405. Phosphorus necrosis in the manufacture of fireworks and in the preparation of phosphorus.
[1926.]
No. 427. Health survey of the printing trades, 1922 to 1925.
No. 428. Proceedings of the Industrial Accident Prevention Conference, held at Washington, D. G„
July 14-16, 1926.
No. 460. A new test for industrial lead poisoning. [1928.]
No. 466. Settlement for accidents to American seamen. [1928.]
No. 488. Deaths from lead poisoning, 1925-1927.
No. 490. Statistics of industrial accidents in the United States to the end of 1927.
No. 507. Causes of death by occupation. [1929.]

Industrial Relations andLabor Conditions.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

237.
340.
349.
361.
380.
383.
384.
399.

Industrial unrest in Great Britain. [1917.]
Chinese migrations, with special reference to labor conditions. [1923.]
Industrial relations in the West Coast lumber industry. [1923.]
Labor relations in the Fairmont (W. Va.) bituminous-coal field. [1924.]
Postwar labor conditions in Germany. [1925.]
Works council movement in Germany. [1925.]
Labor conditions in the shoe industry in Massachusetts, 1920-1924.
Labor relations in the lace and lace-curtain industries in the United States.

[1925.1

Labor Lawsof theUnitedStates (includingdecisionsof courtsrelating tolabor).
No. 211.
No. 229.
No. 285.
No. 321.
No. 322.
No. 343.
No. 370.
No. 408.
No. 486.
No. 517.

Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States. [1917.]
Wage-payment legislation in the United States. [1917.]
Minimum wage laws of the United States: Construction and operation. [1921.]
Labor laws that have been declared unconstitutional. [1922.]
Kansas Court of Industrial Relations. [1923.]
Laws providing for bureaus of labor statistics, etc. [1923.]
Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto. [1925.]
Laws relating to payment of wages. [1926.]
Labor legislation of 1928.
Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1927-28.




<n)

Proceedings of Annual Conventions of the Associationof Governmental Labor Officials of the United
Statesand Canada. (Namechangedin1928to Associationof Government OfficialsinIndustryof the
UnitedStatesandCanada.)
No. 266.
No. 307.
No. 323.
♦No. 352.
♦No. 389.
♦No. 411.
No. 429.
♦No. 455.
No. 480.
No. 508.

Seventh, Seattle, Wash., July 12-15, 1920.
Eighth, New Orleans, La., May 2-6,1921.
Ninth, Harrisburg, Pa., May 22-26,1922.
Tenth, Richmond, Va., May 1-4, 1923.
Eleventh, Chicago, 111., May 19-23, 1924.
Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 13-15, 1925.
Thirteenth, Columbus, Ohio, June 7-10, 1926.
Fourteenth, Paterson, N. J., May 31 to June 3, 1927.
Fifteenth, New Orleans, La., May 21-24, 1928.
Sixteenth, Toronto, Canada, June 4-7, 1929.

Proceedings of Annual Meetings of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and
Commissions.
No. 210.
No. 248.
No. 264.
♦No. 273.
No. 281.
No. 304.
No. 333.
♦No. 359.
No. 385.
No. 395.
No. 406.
No. 432.
♦No. 456.
No. 485.
No. 511.

Third, Columbus, Ohio, April 25-28, 1916.
Fourth, Boston, Mass., August 21-25,1917.
Fifth, Madison, Wis., September 24-27, 1918.
Sixth, Toronto, Canada, September 23-26, 1919.
Seventh, San Francisco, Calif., September 20-24,1920.
Eighth, Chicago, HI., September 19-23, 1921.
Ninth, Baltimore, Md., October 9-13, 1922.
Tenth, St. Paul, Minn., September 24r-26, 1923.
Eleventh, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 26-28,1924.
Index to proceedings, 1914-1924.
Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 17-20, 1925.
Thirteenth, Hartford, Conn., September 14-17, 1928.
Fourteenth, Atlanta, Ga., September 27-29,1927.
Fifteenth, Paterson, N. J., September 11-14,1928.
Sixteenth, Buffalo, N. Y., October 8-11, 1929.

Proceedingsof Annual Meetingsof the International Associationof Public EmploymentServices.
No. 192. First, Chicago, December 19 and 20,1913; second, Indianapolis, September 24 and 25,1914;
third, Detroit, July 1 and 2,1915.
No. 220. Fourth, Buffalo, N. Y., July 20 and 21,1916.
No. 311. Ninth, Buffalo, N. Y., September 7-9,1921.
No. 337. Tenth, Washington, D. C., September 11-13, 1922.
No. 355. Eleventh, Toronto, Canada, September 4-7, 1923.
No. 400. Twelfth, Chicago, 111., May 19-23,1924.
No. 414. Thirteenth, Rochester, N. Y., September 15-17, 1925.
No. 478. Fifteenth, Detroit, Mich., October 2&-28, 1927.
No. 501. Sixteenth, Cleveland, Ohio, September 18-21, 1928.

Productivityof Labor.
No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923.
No. 407. Labor costs of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper boxboard industry.
[1926.]
No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
No. 441. Productivity of labor in the glass industry. [1927.]
No. 474. Productivity of labor in merchant blast furnaces. [1928.]
No. 475. Productivity of labor in newspaper printing. [1929.]

Retail PricesandCost of Living.
♦No.
♦No.
♦No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

121.
130.
164.
170.
357.
369.
495.

Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. [1913.]
Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. [1913.]
Butter prices, from producer to consumer. [1914.]
Foreign food prices as affected by the war. [1915.]
Cost of living in the United States. [1924.]
The use of cost-of-living figures in wage adjustments. [1925.]
Retail prices, 1899 to 1928.

SafetyCodes.
♦No. 331. Code of lighting: Factories, mills, and other work places.
No. 336. Safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries.
No. 350. Specifications of laboratory tests for approval of electric headlighting devices for motor
vehicles.
♦No. 351. Safety code for the construction, care, and use of ladders.
No. 375. Safety code for laundry machinery and operations.
No. 378. Safety code for woodworking plants.
No. 382. Code for lighting school buildings.




<m )

SafetyCodes—Continued.
No. 410.
No. 430.
No. 433.
No. 436.
No. 447.
No. 451.
No. 463.
No. 509.
No. 512.
No. 519.

Safety code for paper and pulp mills.
Safety code for power presses and foot and hand presses.
Safety codes for the prevention of dust explosions.
Safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels
Safety code for rubber mills and calenders.
Safety code for forging and hot-metal stamping.
Safety code for mechanical power-transmission apparatus—first revision.
Textile safety code.
Code for identification of gas mask canisters.
Safety code for woodworking plants, as revised, 1930.

Vocational andWorkers’ Education.
*No. 159.
♦No. 162.
*No. 199.
No. 271.
No. 459.

Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory school experiment. [1915.1
Vocational education survey of Richmond, Va. [1915.]
Vocational education survey of Minneapolis, Minn. [1917.]
Adult working-class education in Great Britain and the United States. [1920.]
Apprenticeship in building construction. [1928.]

WaffesandHoursof Labor.
♦No. 146. Wages and regularity of employment and standardization of piece rates in the dress and
waist industry of New York City. [1914.]
♦No. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry. [1914.]
No. 161. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913.
No. 163. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913.
♦No. 190. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914.
No. 204. Street-railway employment in the United States. [1917.]
No. 225. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1915.
No. 265. Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States, 1919.
No. 297. Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry, 1920.
No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
No. 358. Wages and hours of labor in the automobile-tire industry, 1923.
No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923.
No. 365. Wages and hours of labor in the paper and pulp industry, 1923.
No. 394. Wages and hours of labor in metalliferous mines, 1924.
No. 407. Labor costs of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper boxboard industry.
[1926.]
No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
No. 416. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous coal mining, 1922 and 1924.
No. 472. Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, 1927.
No. 476. Union scales of wages and hours of labor, 1927. [Supplement to Bulletin 457.]
No. 484. Wages and hours of labor of common street laborers, 1928.
No. 487. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1928.
No. 492. Wages and hours of labor in cotton-goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1928.
No. 497. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber industry in the United States, 1928.
No. 498. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1910 to 1928.
No. 499. History of wages in the United States from colonial times to 1928.
No. 502. Wages and hours of labor in the motor-vehicle industry, 1928.
No. 503. Wages and hours of labor in the men’s clothing industry, 1911 to 1928.
No. 504. Wages and hours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industries, 1907 to 1928.
No. 513. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1929.
No. 514. Pennsylvania Railroad wage data. From Report of Joint Fact Finding Committee in wage
negotiations in 1927.
No. 515. Union scales of wages, May 15, 1929.
No. 516. Hours and earnings in bituminous coal mining, 1929.
No. 522. Wages and hours of labor in foundries and machine shops, 1929.
No. 523. Wages and earnings in the manufacture of airplanes and aircraft engines, 1929. (In press.)
Welfare Work.
♦No. 123. Employers’ welfare work. [1913.]
No. 222. Welfare work in British munitions factories. [1917.]
♦No. 250. Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States. [1919.]
No. 458. Health and recreation activities in industrial establishments, 1926.

WholesalePrices.
No. 284. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries. [1921.]
No. 453. Revised index numbers of wholesale prices, 1923 to July, 1927.
No. 521. Wholesale prices, 1929.




(IV)

Women and Children in Industry.
No. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected Industries
in the District of Columbia. [1913.]
♦No. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons. [1913.1
♦No. 118. Ten-hour maximum working-day for women and young persons. [1913.]
No. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin. [1913.3
♦No. 122. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. [1913.1
♦No. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments
and garment factories. [1914.1
♦No. 167. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. [1915.]
♦No. 175. Summary of the report on conditions of woman and child wage earners in the United States.
[1915.1
♦No. 176. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. [1915.1
♦No. 180. The boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts as a vocation for women. [1915.1
♦No. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass. [1916.]
No. 193. Dressmaking as a trade for women in Massachusetts. [1916.1
No. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in Massachusetts. [1917.]
♦No. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial employ­
ment of women and children. [1918.1
♦No. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war. [1917.]
No. 253. Women in the lead industries. [1919.1
Workmen’s Insurance and Compensation (including laws relating thereto).
♦No. 101. Care of tuberculous wage earners in Germany. [1912.1
♦No. 102. British national insurance act, 1911.
No. 103. Sickness and accident insurance law in Switzerland. [1912.]
No. 107. Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. [1913.]
♦No. 155. Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States. [1914.1
♦No. 212. Proceedings of the conference of social insurance called by the International Association of
Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Washington, D. C., December 5-9,1916.
♦No. 243. Workmen’s compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries, 1917 and
1918.
No. 301. Comparison of workmen’s compensation insurance and administration. [1922.]
No. 312. National health insurance in Great Britain, 1911 to 1921.
No. 379. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States as of January 1,1925.
No. 477. Public-service retirement systems, United States and Europe. [1929.1
No. 496. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada as of January, 1929.
(With text of legislation enacted in 1927 and 1928.)
No. 529. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the Latin American countries.
Miscellaneous series.
♦No. 174. Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to May 1,
1915.
No. 208. Profit sharing in the United States. [1916.1
No. 242. Food situation in central Europe, 1917.
No. 254. International labor legislation and the society of nations. [1919.]
No. 268. Historical survey of international action affecting labor. [1920.]
No. 282. Mutual relief associations among Government employees in Washington, D. C. [1921.]
No. 319. The Bureau of Labor Statistics: Its history, activities, and organization. [1922.1
No. 326. Methods of procuring and computing statistical information of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
[1923.1
No. 342. International Seamen’s Union of America: A study of its history and problems. [1923.]
No. 346. Humanity in government. [1923.1
No. 372. Convict labor in 1923.
No. 386. Cost of American almshouses. [1925.1
No. 398. Growth of legal-aid work in the United States. [1926.]
No. 401. Family allowances in foreign countries. [1926.1
No. 461. Labor organization in Chile. [1928.]
No. 462. Park recreation areas in the United States. [1928.1
No. 465. Beneficial activities of American trade-unions. [1928.1
No. 479. Activities and functions of a State department of labor. [1928.]
No. 483. Conditions in the shoe industry in Haverhill, Mass., 1928.
No. 489. Care of aged persons in United States. [1929.1
No. 491. Handbook of labor statistics, 1929 edition.
No. 505. Directory of homes for the aged in the United States. [1929J
No. 506. Handbook of American trade-unions: 1929 edition.
No. 518. Personnel research agencies, 1930 edition.




(V)