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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W . N. DOAK, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES ) BUREAU OF LA B O R STA T IST IC S > WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR • No. 525 SERIES WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY 1929 JANUARY, 1931 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1931 for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, Price 15 cents CONTENTS Page Introduction_______________________________________________________ Average hours and earnings, 1929, by occupations_____________________ Average hours and earnings, 1929, by districts________________________ Average and classified earnings per hour, 1929________________________ Full-time hours in 1929_____________________________________________ Changes in full-time hours and wage rates since January 1, 1928________ Bonus systems and payments, 1929__________________________________ Pay for overtime and work on Sunday and holidays___________________ Days actually worked in one week, 1929_________•____________________ Growth of the industry_____________________________________________ Scope and method__________________________________________________ General tables: T a b l e A.—Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked, and average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district_______________________ T a b l e B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district______________ T a b l e C.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district_____ T a b l e D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and districtT a b l e E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district_____ A p p e n d i x A.— Definitions of occupations_____________________________ A p p e n d i x B.— The history of Portland cement________________________ m 1 1 3 4 6 11 12 13 13 14 15 17 32 38 44 50 57 59 BULLETIN OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS No. 525 WASHINGTON January, 1931 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY, 1929 INTRODUCTION T h is report presents the results of the first comprehensive study, by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, of wages and hours of labor of wage earners in the Portland cement industry in the United States by occupations. The statistics in the report were computed from wage data for 20,544 males and 157 females, which were collected by agents of the bureau from the pay rolls and other records of 102 Portland cement plants in 28 States. The wage data covered the actual hours worked, wage rates, and amount earned by each wage earner in a representative pay period in 1929 and other pertinent information.. Most of the information was taken from pay rolls in the last four months in 1929 and consequently is representative of the conditions as of that period. AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1929, BY OCCUPATIONS T a b l e 1 shows for all occupations in the industry, and also for each of the specified occupations in each department of the industry, sum maries of average earnings per hour and of average full-time hours and earnings per week. The group designated in the table as “ other employees” includes wage earners in other occupations, each too small in number to warrant tabulation as an occupation. Average full-time hours per week for males in all occupations were 60.8, for females 52, and for both sexes, or the industry, 60.8. Average earnings per hour for males were 51.8 cents, for females 38.9 cents, and for both sexes, or the industry, 51.7 cents. Average full-time earnings per week for males in all occupations were $31.49, for females $20.23, and for both males and females, or the industry, $31.43. Average full-time hours per week for males range by occupations from 54.5 for “ sack cleaners” in the cement department to 80 for “ elevator tenders” in the coal-mill department, and for females from 48.8 for “ sack tiers” in the cement department to 52.2 for “ other employees” in the same department. Average earnings per hour for males range from 36.3 cents for “ laborers” in the coal-mill department to 87 cents for “ packers (sackers)” in the cement depart ment, and for females from 31.2 cents for “ laborers” in the cement department to 49.2 cents for “ sack tiers” in the same department. Average full-time earnings per week for males range from $21.78 for “ laborers” in the shops and miscellaneous departments to $48.81 for “ packers (sackers)” in the cement department, and for females from 1 2 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR $16.10 for “ laborers” in the cement department to $24.01 for “ sack tiers” in the same department. T able 1.—AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1929, FOR THE IN D U ST R Y A N D FOR EACH OCCUPATION IN EACH D E P A RT M E N T, B Y SEX Department and occupation Industry All occupations. D o............... Sex Male........ Female.... Male and female. Do.. Quarry . Drillers.................................................... Blasters.............................................. . . . Shovel engineers..................................... Shovel cranemen..................................... Shovel firemen....................................... Locomotive engineers............................. Locomotive firemen................................ Laborers.................................................. Other employees..................................... Raw Unloaders, hand..................................... Unloaders, mechanical........................... Crusher operators................................... Elevator tenders................................ Conveyor tenders................................... Mixer tenders......................................... Dryer tenders......................................... Dryer firemen......................................... Grinder operators............ ...................... Raw-finish mill operators...................... Oilers....................................................... Laborers.................................................. Other employees..................................... Coal miU Laborers............... . Elevator tenders... Conveyor tenders.. Dryer tenders....... . Dryer firemen____ Crusher operators.. Grinder operators.. Other employees... Average Number Number full-time Average Average of estab of em hours per earnings full-time lishments ployees per hour earnings week per week 102 102 Male.. ..d o... ..d o... ..do.. ..do.. ..d o... ..d o... ..d o... ..d o... 20,544 157 $0,518 $31.49 20.23 .517 31.43 56.9 55.9 57.5 57.1 58.7 57.3 57.5 57.4 58.2 .525 .534 .730 .595 .461 .532 .471 .395 .499 29.87 29.85 41.98 33.97 27.06 30.48 27.08 22.67 29.04 162 124 206 14 295 113 127 62 322 208 181 434 665 60.4 61.7 56.9 63.2 66.9 63.5 64.6 .411 .506 .503 .423 .428 .479 .461 .438 .503 .505 .406 .403 .500 24.82 31.22 28.62 26.73 28.63 31.66 29.78 30.48 33.60 32.77 27.85 25.59 32.30 119 71.2 80.0 69.7 64.2 69.1 65.7 68.3 68.3 .373 .427 .472 .450 .463 .519 .458 25.85 29.84 29.76 30.30 31.10 30.42 35.45 31.28 56.0 61.3 58.7 57.4 .651 .572 .371 .562 36.46 35.06 21.78 32.26 69.4 67.2 67.7 .534 .456 .456 .366 .445 .498 .449 .422 .497 40.32 34.87 31.60 28.59 25.55 30.88 33.02 31.16 28.36 33.65 57.8 60.0 56.1 55.2 48.8 57.2 57.2 51.6 .437 .434 .870 .495 .492 .560 .416 .312 25.26 26.04 48.81 27.32 24.01 32.03 23.80 20,701 544 142 250 95 110 324 82 1,213 1,239 Male.. ...do... .do.. ..d o ... ..d o ... ..d o ... ..d o ... ..d o ... ..d o ... ..d o ... ..d o .. -.do-_ ..d o .. Male.. d o .. d o .. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. 60.8 52.0 66.1 64.6 69.6 66.8 64.9 68.6 Shops and miscellaneous Machinists______ Repairmen.......... Laborers.............. Other employees. Male.. ...d o .. ..d o .. _.do._ Clinker Burners, first........ Burners, second.... Cooler tenders____ Mixers.................... Elevator tenders... Conveyor tenders. Clinker grinders. -. Oilers.................... Laborers............... Other employees... Male.. ...d o do. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. .do. 101 433 1,329 90 1,212 101 2,559 101 322 46 25 31 9 61 93 75 67 85 220 57 104 23 206 396 262 315 701 64.2 65.3 69.3 65.7 Cement Conveyor tenders. Elevator tenders.. Packers (sackers) _. Sack tiers.............. Sack tiers________ Loaders................. Laborers............... D o................... Male.. do._ do._ --do___ Female.. Male___ ...d o ----Female.. 132 4 1,249 130 8 148 728 5 *6.10 PORTLAND CEMENT: INDUSTRY 3 T able 1.— A VERAG E HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1929, FOR THE IN D U STRY AND FOR EACH OCCUPATION IN EACH D E P A R T M E N T , B Y SEX—Continued Department and occupation Sex Cement— C ontinued Sack cleaners............................................. Male_____ D o....................................................... Female__ Inspectors.................................................. Male____ Oilers......................................................... __ do______ Other employees_______________ ______ __ do_____ Do.......................................... .......... Female__ Power Laborers___ _________________________ Male_____ Firemen_____________________________ __ do_____ Engineers_____________________ ______ ...d o ____ Pump men......... ..................................... ...d o .......... Oilers_______________________________ ...d o ........ Other employees......... ............................. ...d o _____ Average Average Number Number full-time of estab of em hours per earnings lishments ployees per hour week Average full-time earnings per week 40 3 22 17 94 26 106 14 61 22 743 130 54.5 51.4 58.3 56.9 57.0 52.2 $0,427 .425 .420 .466 .532 .382 $23.27 21.85 24.49 26.52 30.32 19.94 26 26 SI 24 32 82 71 116 253 57 99 S63 63.2 61.9 60.7 69.3 70.5 67.3 .395 .523 .587 .450 .461 .557 24.96 32.37 35.63 31.19 32.50 37.49 AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1929, BY DISTRICTS A v e r a g e full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time earnings per week are presented in Table 2 for wage earners of each sex and for both sexes combined in each of 12 geographic districts in the United States. The districts are those shown by the Bureau of Mines in Portland Cement in July, 1929, except that no data are shown in this table for Maine in district 2; for Louisiana in district 6; for Minnesota and South Dakota in district 7; nor for Wyoming and Idaho in district 10. The districts are as follows: No. No. No. No. 1.— Eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland. 2.— New York. 3.— Ohio, West Virginia, and western Pennsylvania. 4.— Michigan. No. 5.— Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 6.— Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. 7.— Iowa and eastern Missouri. 8.— Kansas, Oklahoma; Nebraska, and western Missouri. 9.— Texas. 10.— Utah, Montana, and Colorado. 11.— California. 12.— Oregon and Washington. Average full-time hours for males range from 53.9 per week in dis trict No. 12 to 67.9 in district No. 9, and for females from 45.1 in one of the districts for which averages are not shown separately to 57.8 in district No. 8. Averages for females are not shown for dis tricts 2, 9, and 12 because data for each are for one plant only. Average earnings per hour for males range from 37.3 cents in district No. 9 to 60.9 cents in district No. 12, and for females from 23.4 cents in one of the districts for which averages are not shown separately to 52.8 cents in district No. 11. Average full-time earnings per week for males range from $25.33 in district No. 9 to $35.02 in district No. 4, and for females from $13.34 in one of the districts for which averages are not shown separately to $25.24 in district No. 11. Average full-time hours per week for males and females combined, or the industry, range from 53.9 in district No. 12 to 67.8 in district No. 9; average earnings per hour range from 37.3 cents in district No. 9 to 60.8 cents in district No. 12; and average full-time earnings per week range from $25.29 in district No. 9 to $34.84 in district No, 4, WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 4 T able 2.—N U M BER OF ESTABLISHM ENTS A N D OF WAGE EARNERS AN D AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1929, BY SEX AND D ISTR IC T Number of estab lishments Number of employ ees Average full-time hours per week 7______ ____________________ _____ 8_________ ______ __________________ ! 9.............................................................: 10....... ................— .................... ......... 11_______ ______________ ______ ____ ; 12_________ _____________ _____ ____ 16 6 10 9 10 13 6 7 3 6 9 7 4,566 1,230 2,194 1,409 2,708 2,043 1,892 1,292 607 617 1,416 570 61.2 60.7 61.5 62.1 60.2 64.0 61.6 60.0 67.9 56.8 55.2 53.9 Total........ ................................... ...... 102 i 20,544 60.8 Sex and district Average earnings per hour Average full-time earnings per week i Males } No. 1................. ................. ......................... ! No. 2________ _________________________ ; No. 3 .. . ....... ................................................ i NO. 4------- -------------- ----------------------------No. No. No. No. No. No. Females No. 1..................— ........— ..................... No. 2.......... ................... ............ ................. No. 3 - ....... — ...........................— - ........... No. 5__________________________ _______ No. 7 „ .................. ...................... — ........... No. 8 - ............ -........................................No. 9.------------------ -------------------- --------No. 10.......... ........................... — - ......... — No. 11............................................................ No. 12.......... ............................................... Total..................................................- 1 2 1 2 4 5 2 3 1 5 2 1 28 ! 11 0) 0 10 11 31 39 8 10 22 0 $0,554 .551 .558 .564 .495 .427 .479 .446 .373* .526 .587 .609 50.4 56.7 51.7 54.6 57.8 0) 48.8 47.8 0 31.49 .518 19.08 .356 53.6 0 $33.90 33.45 34.32 35.02 29.80 27.33 29.51 26.76 25.33 29.88 32.40 32.83 0 0 .448 .348 .370 .331 .399 .416 .528 0 0 0 22.58 19.73 19.13 18.07 23.06 20.30 25.24 0 157 52.0 .389 20.23 No. 6............ ................... ............ ............... No. 7— ............................ — - ................... No. 8— . ................. ......... ........... - ............ No. 9..................... .........- ......... - ................ No. 10.................- .......................— ............ No. 11....... ......... .............. ........... ................ No. 12.......... .......... ...................— .......... 10 9 10 13 6 7 3 6 9 7 4,577 1,241 2,204 1,420 2,739 2,043 1,931 1,300 609 627 1,438 572 61.1 60.6 61.4 62.0 60.2 64.0 61.5 60.0 67.8 56.7 55.1 53.9 .553 .550 .558 .562 .494 .427 .476 .446 .373 .525 .586 .608 33.79 33.33 34.26 34.84 29.74 27.33 29.27 26.76 25.29 29. 77 32.29 32.77 Total................................................... 102 20, 701 60.8 .517 31.43 M a l e s and fe m a les No. No. No. No. 1..................... ..................................... j 2 „ ........................................... .............. i 3.................... ........................ ................ 4....... ......... - ............... ......................... 1 Included in “ Total.” plant separately. 16 <> Not shown here as it is the policy of the bureau not to publish data for any one AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR, 1929 T a b l e 3 presents a percentage distribution, by average earnings per hour, of the male employees in 14 representative occupations in the Portland cement industry. The employees in these occupations represent between 36 and 37 per cent of all employees included in the study. The classified figures in the table are representative of the spread of average earnings per hour of the employees in all occupations in the industry. The figures for “ drillers” in the quarries, the first occupation shown in the table, are for 544 wage earners in 85 quarries They earned an average of 52.5 cents per hour, and less than 1 per cent of them earned 25 and under 30 cents; 2 per cent earned 30 and under 35 cents, and 6 per cent earned 35 and under 40 cents. The distri bution continues by groups to 2 per cent at $1.25 and under $1.50 per hour and to less than 1 per cent at an average earning of $1,50 and under $1.75 per hour. TABLE 3 .— A V E R A G E A N D CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR OF M ALE EM PLOYEES IN 14 SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONS, 1929, B Y D E P A R T M E N T Department and occupation Per cent of employees whose earnings (in cents) per hour were— Num Num Average ber of ber of earn em15, ings lish- ploy- per un ments der hour 20 (0 0) 544 $0,525 250 .730 1,213 .395 0) 2 | 0) 5 Raw 322 434 .503 .503 0) 1 1 0) 0) Coal mill Grinder operators.......................... Laborers........................................ 76 206 119 .519 Laborers......................................... 90 1,212 .371 Clinker Burners, first................................. Clinker grinders......................... . Laborers....... ................................ 101 322 396 315 .628 .498 .422 1,249 728 .870 .416 49 33 22 31 0) 200 CEMENT Crusher operators. .............. ........ Grinder operators............... ......... Laborers......................................... 175, un der PORTLAND Quarry Drillers........... ........... ................... Shovel engineers............................ Laborers................... .................... 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, 150, un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 35 40 45 85 75 80 70 90 95 100 125 150 175 50 55 60 65 Shops and miscellaneous 11 0) 0) (*) 0) 0) <9 Cement Packers (sackers) ........................... Laborers........................ ............... i Less than 1 per cent. 35 0) 0) 10 0) INDUSTRY 93 67 (9 6 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR FULL-TIME HOURS IN 1929 T a b l e 4 shows for the male wage earners in each of 14 repre sentative occupations in the industry average full-time hours pei week and also the per cent of wage earners in each occupation working each classified number of full-time hours per week. Full-time hours per week represent the standard full time as established by the regular time of beginning and quitting work on each day of the week less the regular time off duty each day for dinner, lunch, or any other meal, without taking into consideration any time off by any employee for any cause. Average full-time hours for the 544 “ drillers,” the first occupation shown in the table, were 56.9 per week. The percentage distribution of the employees in this occupation shows that the full-time hours per week of 23 per cent of them were 48; of 15 per cent were 54; and of 6 per cent were 55. The distribution continues by groups to 2 per cent at 77 hours per week. T able 4.—A VE R AG E AN D CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS PER W EE K OF M ALE EM PLOYEES IN 14 SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONS, 1929, BY DEPARTM ENT Per cent of employees whose full-time hours per week were— Department and occupation Average Number Number full-time of estab of em hours lish ployees per week ments Over 56, under 60 Over 40 48 under 54 54 55 544 250 1,213 56.9 57.5 57.4 Raw Crusher operators________________________ Grinder operators________________________ Laborers________________________________ 85 95 79 206 322 434 56.9 66.8 63.5 7 3 3 18 3 7 10 2 11 Grinder operators________________________ Laborers________________________________ 76 33 206 119 68.3 71.2 5 1 1 Shops and miscellaneous Laborers________________________________ 90 1,212 58.7 1 10 Clinker Burners, first____________________________ Clinker grinders_________________________ Laborers_ ____________________________ 101 93 67 322 396 315 64.2 66.3 67.2 2 4 1 1 2 Cement Packers (sackers)________________________ Laborers ____________________________ 96 87 1,249 728 56.1 57.2 23 18 17 2 15 15 12 6 6 7 7 4 6 2 3 3 34 38 46 7 6 3 2 4 22 1 21 8 2 5 1 2 22 49 20 1 3 4 43 19 2 9 1 13 6 3 6 45 1 2 3 2 65 52 28 7 14 13 2 3 7 5 0) (0 Over 70 77 80H 84 86 94H 77 4 4 4 1 2 2 2 1 (0 2 2 4 1 1 3 4 34 19 2 10 4 6 1 1 42 43 4 4 1 1 1 14 (,)i 4 5 1 3 1 47 46 5 8 2 1 0) (i) (i) W 1 2 Coal mill 23 21 1 0) 1 0) INDUSTRY O 1 1 1 4 0) 1 1 2 CEMENT 85 87 91 Over 60, under 70 60 PORTLAND Quarry Drillers_________________________________ Shovel operators________________________ Laborers. __ ___ ______ ______ ______ 56 29 36 31 i i Less than 1 per cent. <1 8 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR Full-time hours per week and per day are shown in Table 5 by geographic districts for the wage earners in the quarry, coal-mill, and cement departments of the Portland cement industry; for those in the raw department, who did the crushing and the grinding of rock; and for those in the clinker department, who did the burning and the grinding of the burnt rock. The geographic districts are Nos. 1 to 12 and are described on page 3. Much of the work in the cement industry was continuous because of the relation to the burning and the grinding of rock in the clinker department. Except when closed for necessary repairs, kilns were kept burning day and night in 101 of the 102 plants included in the study, and grinding of burnt rock was continuous, or of two or more shifts per day, in all except 4 of the 102 plants. There was much variation in the regular hours per week and per day of wage earners in the different departments and also in the same department, es pecially of those who worked on different shifts. A typical example in one plant is as follows: Example of variations in regular hours of labor in a cement plant Regular hours of shifts Department Work done Quarry.................. All in department..... ......... JCrushing rock....................... [Grinding rock........ ........ ...... Coal m ill- ,:......... All in department................ Number of shifts 1 (d ay )................. 1 (day)___ ______ /I (day)............. . \1 (night)............... A (day).................. \1 (night)................ crushed rock.......... 3 in 24 hours......... Clinker................. /Burning \Grinding burnt rock............ 1 (day)............. C em e n t All in departm en t . 1 (day)............ ...... Power____ ______ i All in power house................ 2 in 24 hours_____ Raw...................... Per Monday Satur week to Friday day 60 60 73X 94H 73H 94X 56 73X 60 84 10 10 10M 18H mi 13H 8 10X 10 12 10 10 10X 13X 10X 13X 8 10X 10 12 Sun day 10H 13X 10X 13X 8 10X 12 Quarries were generally in operation during the day, or one shift only. Data are shown in the table for 95 quarries because 7 of the 102 cement plants covered in the study used oyster shells, marl, or other fine materials, or purchased rock. The hours of this depart ment were usually the basis of the hours of wage earners who worked at the rock crushers in the raw department. Crushing was done in the quarries of a very few plants. There was day work, or one shift only, in 77 of the 87 plants in which there was raw crushing and both day and night work in 10 plants. There was no crushing in 15 plants because crushed stone was purchased, materials used did not require crushing, or crushers were not in operation in the pay period taken. The operation of grinding rock in the raw department was generally continuous, consisting of two or more shifts per day. There was day work in 6 and day and night work in 95 plants in which there was grinding in the raw department. One plant purchased material already ground. The operation of the coal-mill departments, which * supplied pulverized coal to the kilns, was usually continuous, or of two or more shifts, in all except 5 of the 82 plants in which coal was used. Twenty of the 102 plants used gas or oil. The cement PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY 9 department, where the product was finished, bagged, and placed in storage, or loaded for shipment from the plants, was in operation during the day or one shift only. Data are shown for 100 cement departments because in 2 of the 102 plants covered in this study the work of this department was done by contract with figures for such work not available. The data in Table 5 show that the full-time hours of 18 quarries were 48 per week, or 8 hours each on 6 days, there being no work on Sunday at any of the 18. Two of them were in geographic district No. 1; 2 in No. 3; 3 in No. 5; 1 in No. 7; 1 in No. 8; 2 in No. 10; 3 in No. 11; and 4 were in district No. 12. The hours for 7 quarries were 56 per week, or 8 each day, Monday to Friday, Saturday, and Sunday; for 2 quarries 63 per week, or 9 each of 7 days; for 4 quarries 70 per week, or 10 each on 7 days; for 2 quarries 77 per week, or 11 each on 7 days; and for 2 other quarries 84 per week, or 12 hours each on 7 days. There were no regular hours of work on Sunday at 78 of the 95 quarries included in the table. It will be observed under “ crushing in raw department,” that in 3 plants there were three shifts of 8 hours each on 7 days, or 56 hours per week; that in 1 plant there were two shifts each on 7 days, the hours of the first shift being 10K each on 7 days or 73K per week, and of the second shift 13y2 each on 7 days or 94% per week; that in 1 plant there were two shifts, the hours of the first being 11 each on 7 days or 77 per week, and of the second 13 each on 7 days or 91 per week; and that in 5 plants there were two shifts, the hours of each shift being 12 each on 7 days or 84 per week. Work in these plants was continuous and employees in them alternated; that is, they worked one shift one week or pay period and the next week or pay period worked the next or other shift. T able 5.—FULL-TIM E HOURS PER W EEK AND PER DA Y , 19f9, B Y GEOGRAPHIC DIS TR ICTS AND DE PA RTM E N TS [For explanation of geographic districts, see p. 3] QUARRY DEPARTMENT Hours per week Monday Satur Sun to day day Friday 48............ ................ 54 .................... 55....... ..................... 56 ......................... 57 5 9 ........................... 60............................ 60 - 62 63............................ 66........................... 70............................ 7 2 ................. 77 .................... 84_______ ________ Total_______ 8 9 10 8 9.5 10 10 10.3 10.5 9 11 10 12 11 12 8 9 ..._ 5 8 9.5 9 10 8.5 9.5 9 9 U 10 10 12 U U 12 12 Number of plants in geographic district N o.Total 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 4 4 6 3 2 1 7 8 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 5 8 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 9 3 10 11 12 2 3 2 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 5 2 6 10 4 10 13 6 7 3 6 8 6 18 13 4 7 1 2 35 1 1* 2 2 4 1 2 2 95 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 10 T a ble 5 .— FULL-TIM E HOURS PER W EEK AND PER DA Y , 1929, B Y GEOGRAPHIC DIS TR ICTS AND D E P A RTM E N TS—Continued CRUSHING IN RAW DEPARTMENT Hours per week 48— 51— 54— 55— 56— 56 i_. 57— Monday Satur Sun to day day Friday 8 8.5 9 10 8 12 1 1J 1 ..I— 2! 1 "IT— i 13 3 10 10 10 21 11 1 3 1 9.5 9 10.5 9 10.5 8.5 5.5 9.5 9 10.5 11.5 11.5 10 10 11 11 70___ 73.5 K. 77___ 77 84 12 18 10.3 63.. 63. 11 18 9.5 60— 60:5. Total 10 1 i 2 2I 1 8.5 9 5 8 Number of plants in geographic district N o - 18 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 10 210.5 210.5 2 10.5 11 11 11 311 311 3 11 412 412 412 Total . 1 2 1 5 16 I 5 87 11 GRINDING IN RAW DEPARTMENT 54............................ 55............................ 56 1....................... 59 ......................... 6 0 ...........-........... . 66 73.5 2 .................... 77 *.......................... 84 ....................... 9 9 5 10 18 18 18 10 9 10 10 11 11 210.5 210.5 2 10.5 3 11 3 11 3 11 412 412 412 • Total............ 1 5 1 2 2 7 2 2 1 5 1 6 16 6 9 8 3 1 5 1 4 1 1 2 1 4 ~~3~ 10 12 4 ____ 5 7 1 3 "Y 2 1 2 .... .... 6 7 3 7 2 2 1 3 2 6 4 4 4 5 2 ------ 1 1 45 1 1 2 2 13 35 8 101 7 1 9 1 COAL MILL DEPARTMENT 54 56 1.......................... 63............................ 70......................... — 70 5 ................. 72 . ___ 73.52 ................... 77 3 .................... 84 4........................... 9 18 9 10 * 10 12 210.5 3 11 412 9 18 9 10 * 10 12 2 10.5 3 11 412 1 7 | 2 4 2 5 210.5 3 11 412 ’ "7 ’ 2 2 1 5 1 6 1 2 1 4 ” 4’ 16 6 10 9 18 9 10 #10 Total............. 1 10 3 1 2 13 3 4 1 4 1 34 1 2 1 1 2 7 33 82 BURNING IN CLINKER DEPARTMENT 5 4 ........................... 56 1.......................... 63 1 ...................... 77 3.......................... 84 K......................... Total............. 1 3 shifts. * Of first shift. 1 Of first shift. 4 Of first shift. • Of first shift. 9 18 19 3 11 412 9 18 19 3 11 412 18 19 8 11 412 1 11 'T 16 3 2 1 6 i 1 51 i 3 I1 6 8 1 1 1 11 I 1 4 5| 1 3 ” 4’ 10 9 10 Second shift, 94.5 per week, or 13.5 each of 7 days. Second shift, 91 per week, or 13 each of 7 days. Second shift, 84 per week, or 12 each of 7 days. Second shift, 98 per week, or 14 each of 7 days, 13 3 1 2 6 7 2 1 .... *T 1 1 1 60 1 10 30 3 6 9 7 102 1 7 5 PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY T able 11 5.—FULL-TIM E HOURS P E R W EEK AND PER D A Y , 1929, B Y GEOGRAPHIC DIS TR ICTS AND D E PA RTM E N TS—Continued GRINDING IN CLINKER DEPARTMENT Hours per week Number of plants in geographic district N o - Monday Satur Sun to day Friday day 48.. 54.. 60.. 70«... 73.5 K. 77 77 84 <._.. 8 8 9 9 18 18 10 10 11 11 * 10 «10 210.5 U0.5 «11 «11 3 11 Ul <12 <12 Total. 8 10 11 12 Total 1 1 46 1 1 1 18 « 9 10 2 2 10.5 o 11 1 13 35 311 <12 10 16 102 CEMENT DEPARTMENT 48.. 5154.. 55.. 56-. 57.. 59.. 8 8.5 9 10 8 9.5 70.. 72.. 4 2 9.5 9 10 11 11 10 10 12 12 1 8.5 10 10 10.3 10.5 27 8 4 43 1 8.5 10.5 Total....................................................... 16 2 3 1 1 10 9 10 12 100 13 shifts. * Of first shift. Second shift, 94.5 per week, or 13.5 each of 7 days. * Of first shift. Second shift, 91 per week, or 13 each of 7 days. < Of first shift. Second shift, 84 per week, or 12 each of 7 days. * Of first shift. Second shift, 98 per week, or 14 each of 7 days. «2 shifts. CHANGES IN FULL-TIME HOURS AND WAGE RATES SINCE JANUARY 1, 1928 In m a k in g the 1929 study of the industry, each of the cement estab lishments from which wage figures were obtained was asked to furnish information concerning changes made in regular full-time hours per day and per week and in wage rates of wage earners since January 1, 1928. Hours of burners, clinker grinders, and oilers of the clinker depart ment of one cement plant were changed from two shifts of 12 hours each day and night or 84 per week, to three shifts of 8 hours each shift, or 56 hours per week. The hours of burners of the clinker department of another plant were changed from two shifts of 10% hours each on 7 days, or 73% hours per week for the day shift, and of 13 % hours each on 7 nights, or 94% hours per week for the night shift, to three shifts of 8 hours each, or 56 hours per week. The hours of the shift workers of a third plant, that is, the wage earners engaged in continuous 24-hour operations who regularly alternate on three 8-hour shifts, were changed in June, 1929, from 1 day of 8 hours off every three weeks with pay to 1 day off each week without pay, and wage rates were increased approximately 3 per cent to make up partially for the loss of earnings by the change from 7 to 6 days per week. Between January 1, 1928, and the 1929 study there was no change in hours of any wage earners of 99 of the 102 plants, and no change in wage rates in 101 plants. 12 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR BONUS SYSTEMS AND PAYMENTS, 1929 A b o n u s , as generally applied, is compensation in addition to earn ings of employees at regular time or piece rates. In 19 o f the 102 Portland cement plants that were included in the study, earnings of all or of a specified part of the employees of each plant, as shown in Table 6, were increased by the addition of bonus payments. The table shows the kind or basis of each bonus, the employees who may get the bonus, and the amount and conditions of the bonus. The basis of the bonus in 9 plants was “ safety,” being a specified per cent of earnings provided there was no loss of time by any employees on account of accident while on duty in a certain period of time. In 1 plant a “ safety” bonus was paid to all employees, a “ production” bonus to drillers and a “ set standard of cost” bonus was paid to locomotive engineers and shovel operators. In 7 plants a “ pro duction” bonus was paid to a specified part of the employees. In 1 plant a bonus was paid to shovel cranemen provided there was no breakage of the teeth of the shovel in a month, and a “ service” bonus was paid to all employees of 1 plant. T Number of plants able 6.—BONUS SYSTEMS IN 19 CEM EN T PLANTS, 1929 Kind of bonus 7 ! Safety.. Employees entitled 1 per cent of earnings for no lost-time accident during pay period. Employees are divided into safety groups. Groups having no accidents in the calendar month receive 1 per cent of earnings as bonu^ __do................. Mine, quarry, mill, shops, All employees of 5 days’ service in each de and miscellaneous. partment free of accidents are paid 1 per cent bonus at the end of each month. All..................................... 1 per cent of earnings for no lost-time accident ___d o.. during pay period. 1 (Production........ Drillers only...................... $2.02 per foot drilled over the set daily standard. [Set standard of Locomotive engineers and A figure is set as the standard cost for hauling cost. shovel operators. and loading rock. Any savings shown in these occupations is prorated according to earnings of the employees showing the savings. Production.. All employees in the shale The cost of production is set at 9 cents per ton quarry, and crusher for rock from quarry through the crusher. If less than this figure, the savings is prorated tenders. among employees working in the quarry and crusher tenders. A certain number of barrels per day is set as _do_. Packers only.. the standard of production. When packers exceed this set standard of production they receive in addition to the regular rate a fixed amount for each barrel over and above the set standard. The amount per barrel allowed in each plant was 0.0071, 0.0172, and 0.01364 cent, respectively. ...d o ......... Loaders, hand, and loaders 95 cents per car of rock loaded for all over 5 cars per day in addition to the regular rate. with Modock (quarry). ....d o ......... Shovel operators, shovel 95 cents per car of rock loaded for all over 5 cars per day in addition to the regular rate. cranemen, shovel fire men, locomotive engi neers, pitmen, conduc tors, all in quarry. .do................. Sorters only....................... A set number of sacks constitute a standard day. For all sacks sorted over this set stand ard the sorter receives 0.001 cent per sack. No breakage of Shovel cranemen..... ......... If no teeth in the shovel bucket are broken teeth of shovel during the month the shovel craneman re ceives $5. All wage earners receive $5. Bonus paid in All.................................... . Period of services December of each year. Period of service necessary to entitle employee to participation was not reported. 1 ____do. All.. Amount and conditions .d o. PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY 13 PAY FOR OVERTIME AND WORK ON SUNDAY AND HOLIDAYS A n y time worked by an employee in excess of the regular full-time hours per day or per week is usually considered overtime. In the cement industry certain departments in most of the plants operate continuously night and day. Work on Sunday and holidays in such departments is regular working time and consequently is paid for as such. Only 4 of the 102 plants covered in the study paid extra for either overtime or work on Sunday and holidays. In 1 plant all employees were paid one and one-half times the regular rate for any work on Sunday; in 1, all employees were paid one and one-half times the regular rate for any work on Christmas eve and twice the regular rate for any work on Christmas, New Year, and July 4; in 1, black smiths only; and in 1, employees in the packing department, machine shop, and quarry, and the locomotive crew were paid one and onehalf times the regular rate for any work after the regular hours per day. DAYS ACTUALLY WORKED IN ONE WEEK, 1929 T a b l e 7 presents for each of the 14 representative occupations in the industry for which classified figures are shown in this report, the average number of days on which male wage earners in each occupa tion worked in one week in 1929, and also the per cent of the male employees in each of them who worked on each specified number of days in the week. Any part of a day on which an employee did any work was counted as a day. It was frequently reported that wage earners in occupations of two shifts per day were on duty both shifts on one day of the week, or 24 hours. The employees in such occupations, almost invariably, alternated, in some plants each week and in others every two weeks, so that the wage earners of each shift had an equal amount of day work and night work. Example: There were two shifts, one for day workers designated “ A,” and the other for night workers designated “ B.” The workers on the day shift were on duty 12 hours each on 6 days and 24 hours continuously on the seventh day, or 96 hours one week, and those on the night shift were on duty 12 hours each on 6 nights and did no work on the seventh night, or 72 hours per week. The next week those designated “ A ” were on duty 6 nights of 12 hours each or 72 hours per week and those designated “ B ” were on duty 6 days of 12 hours each and 24 hours on Sunday or 96 hours per week. The employees of each shift had 24 hours’ continuous work one week and 24 continuous hours off duty the next week. The 24 hours on the seventh day were counted a day in computing Table 7. The hours of shifts were not the same in all establishments, nor were the hours of the day shifts the same as the hours of the night shifts. The first line of the table shows data for 544 drillers, of 85 quarries, who worked an average of 5.6 days in one week; 2 per cent of them worked on 1 day only; 1 per cent on 2 days; 2 per cent on 3 days; 6 per cent on 4 days; 20 per cent on 5 days; 49 per cent on 6 days; and 19 per cent of them were on duty on 7 days in one week. The table shows a considerable number of employees in each occupation as 0615°—31----- 2 14 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR having worked on less than 6 days in the week. The reasons therefor are many. Employees shown as having worked on less than 6 days may have entered service or left service at any time during the week, may have been absent one or more days in the week on account of illness or other disability, may have been off duty voluntarily part of the time, or also for other causes. T a b l e 7 .— N UM BER OF DAYS ON W HICH M ALE EM PLOYEES IN 14 SPECIFIED OCCU PATIONS W ORKED IN ONE W EEK, 1929, BY D E P A R T M E N T Number of— Department and occupation Average number of days Estab* Em worked in lish1 week. ments ployees Quarry: Drillers.................................. Shovel engineers................... Laborers................................ Raw: Crusher operators................ Grinder operators................. Laborers_________ ________ Shops and miscellaneous: Laborers................................ Coal mill: Grinder operators................. Laborers_________________ Clinker: Burners, first_________ ____ Clinker grinders.................... Laborers................................ Cement: Packers (sackers)__________ Laborers................................ Per cent of employees who worked each specified number of days 2 1 2 3 1 85 87 91 544 250 1, 213 5.6 5.8 5.4 0) 85 95 79 206 322 434 5.9 6.3 5.9 0) 0) 90 1, 212 5.5 76 33 206 119 6.5 6.1 101 ! 93 67 1 322 396 315 6.7 6.2 6.1 1 2 1 1 96 • 1,249 87 | 728 5.3 5.3 2 4 3 5 2 3 0) 1 <*) 2 2 0) 4 2 0 3 0) 4 4 6 7 2 2 3 6 8 9 20 12 23 49 57 48 19 19 12 2 2 5 3 3 16 7 12 50 35 42 27 53 37 4 7 17 51 16 1 6 8 30 29 61 55 2 2 1 4 4 3 5 9 21 34 33 74 53 49 6 3 8 5 18 13 59 64 5 6 0) 0 5 1 Less than 1 per cent. GROWTH OF THE INDUSTRY I n 1929 the production of Portland cement in the United States was 170,646,036 barrels, or approximately 31,000,000 barrels more than in the 16 years from 1890 to 1905 combined. The tremendous growth was due primarily to the trend to permanency of building construc tion, to the increasing scarcity of wood, and to the increase in the use of cement in the construction of the extensive network of concrete highways everywhere. T able 8 .— PRODUCTION, IN NUM BER OF BARRELS, EACH YEAR FROM Year Barrels Year Barrels 1890............ 1891............ 1892............ 1893............ 1894............ 1895............ 1896............ 1897............ 1898............ 1899............ 335,500 454,813 547,440 590,652 798,757 990,324 1,543,023 2,677,775 3,692,284 5,652,266 1900.......... 1901........... 1902........... 1903........... 1904.......... 1905........... 1906........... 1907........... 1908........... 1909........... 8,482,020 12,711,225 17,230,644 22,342,973 26,505,881 35, 246,812 46,463,424 48,785,390 51,072,612 64,991,431 i U. S. Bureau of Mines. Year 1910............ 1911........... 1912............ 1913............ 1914............ 1915............ 1916............ 1917............ 1918............ 1919............ 1890 Barrels Year 76,549,951 78,528,637 82,438,096 92,097,131 88,230,170 85,914,907 91,521,198 92,814,202 71,081,663 80,777,935 1920 ....... 1921______ 1922______ 1923.......... 1924______ 1925______ 1926______ 1927............ 1928 .......... 1£29.._....... TO 1929» Barrels 100,023,245 98,842,049 114,789,984 137,460,238 149,358,109 161,658,901 164,530,170 173,206, 513 176,598,846 170,646,036 Mineral Resources of the United States: 1924-1929, pt. 2. The figures in Table 9, which were drawn from the reports of the United States Census of Manufactures, show for each of the years, 1919, 1921,1923, 1925,1927, and 1929, the total number of Portland cement PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY 15 plants in the country; average number of wage earners; amount paid as wages; average yearly earnings of wage earners as computed by the bureau; the number of barrels produced, not including puzzolan and natural cement; and also the average production in number of barrels per wage earner. Between 1919 and 1929 the number of plants increased 30.9 per cent; the average number of wage earners increased 21.3 per cent; the amount paid as wages, 44.2 per cent; the average wages per wage earner per year, 18.8 per cent; production, 113.3 per cent; and the average production per wage earner, 74.2 per cent. T a b l e 9 . — NUM BER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, W AGE EARNERS, WAGES, CEM ENT PRO DUCED, AND PRODUCTION PER WAGE EA R N ER IN THE CEM EN T INDUSTRY, 1919, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1927, AN D 1929 Number of estab lishments Year 1919........................................................ 1921........................................................ 1923........................................................ 1925........................................................ 1927........................................................ ................. 1929 ...................................... Per cent increase, 1919-1929........ 123 125 133 145 161 161 30.9 Average number of wage earners Produc tion per wage earner (barrels) Average wages per year Cement produced (barrels) 25,524 $33,194,920 26,231 34,415,677 35,091 49,707,992 38,437 53,911,519 36,322 53,110,745 30,961 47,872,091 $1,301 1,312 1,417 1,403 1,462 1,546 80,777,935 98,842,049 137,460,238 161,658,901 173,206,513 170,646,036 3,165 3,789 3,955 4,251 4,827 5,512 44.2 18.8 111.3 74.2 21.3 Amount paid in wages SCOPE AND METHOD T h e figures shown in the various tables of this report were com puted from data of the wage earners only in the Portland cement industry, beginning with the drilling in the quarry and ending with loading the finished product for shipment from the plants. The report does not include any data for executives, supervisors, office force (including clerks, sample collectors, testers, analysts, chemists), and persons engaged in the construction of new or the repair of old buildings. Average earnings per hour of wage earners in each occupation, as presented in the various tables in this report, were computed by divid ing the combined earnings of all wage earners in the occupation by the total hours worked by them. Average full-time hours per week of wage earners in each occupa tion were obtained by dividing the aggregate full-time hours of all wage earners in the occupation by the number of wage earners. The full-time hours per week of each wage earner were used in arriving at this average, even though some employees may have worked more or less than full time on account of overtime, sickness, disability, or other cause. Average full-time earnings per week of wage earners in each occu pation were computed by multiplying the average earnings per hour by the average full-time hours per week. This shows what the earn ings would have been had all wage earners in the occupation worked full time, no more nor less, at the same average earning per hour as in the one week covered in the 1929 study of the industry. The bureau in this study obtained wage data from plants in every State in which the manufacture of Portland cement was of material importance in number of wage earners. Selections of plants were 16 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR made from lists of the Portland Cement Association, United States Bureau of Mines, trade directories, etc. Based on the 1929 Census of Manufactures, this study covers 68 per cent of the average number of wage earners in the industry in the United States. The frequency of wage payments to the wage earners of the 102 plants for which data are shown in the report was every week in 12, every two weeks in 87, and monthly in 3 plants. In the 90 plants in which the length of the pay period was more than one week, data were so taken as to make it possible to present averages for one week for wage earners in all plants. GENERAL TABLES I n a d d itio n to the preceding text tables, wage figures covering aver ages and classified hours and earnings by occupations and districts are shown in five general tables. For description of districts see page 3. T a b l e A.— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked, and average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district. Line 1 of the table shows averages for 93 drillers of 16 quarries in District No. 1— Eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland (p. 17). They worked an average of 5.5 days in one week. Their average full-time hours per week were 57.9, and in one week they worked an average of 56.3 hours, or 97.2 per cent of full time. They earned an average of 52.8 cents per hour and an average of $29.70 in the week. Had they worked full time in the week, or 57.9 hours, at the same average earnings per hour as in 56.3 hours,they would have earned $30,57. T a b l e B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district. T a b l e C.—Average and classified full-time hours per week in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district. In the classification of full-time hours in this table, especially of wage earners in occupations associated with grinding in the raw department and burning in the clinker department, a comparatively large percentage of them are shown at 84 hours per week. The wage earners at these hours were in occupations in which work was con tinuous, or of two shifts per day. In some plants each shift was 12 hours. In others, one shift was 11 and the other 13 hours per day, but as wage earners alternated, working on one shift one week and on the other the next, they averaged 12 hours per day and 84 per week. T a b l e D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district. T a b l e E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district. PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY 17 T a b l e A .— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district Average— Department, occupation, sex, and district Estab- Wage lish- earn ments ers Average— Days em Full time ploy hours ees worked per in one week week Hours actu ally work ed in one week Per cent of full time work ed Full Actu al Earn time earn ings earn ings per ings in hour per week one week Quarry Drillers, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3................ ......... 4.......................... 5........................ . 6.......................... 7..................... 8........................ . 9......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12......... ............... 16 5 8 3 9 11 5 7 2 5 8 6 93 38 68 15 60 55 76 31 8 13 61 26 5.5 5.4 5.1 5.5 5.8 5.4 5.8 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.3 5.8 57.9 58.7 54.8 60.0 56.7 61.4 56.1 54.8 60.0 55.7 54.6 54.2 56.3 54.3 49.6 57.7 52.3 54.9 57.1 49.7 56.3 53.1 55.8 48.7 Total..................................... 85 544 5.6 56.9 54.0 94.9 .525 29.87 28.38 Blasters, male: District No. 1.......................... 2......................... 3................... . 4........... .............. 5................. ........ 6.............. .......... 7______ ________ 8______ ________ 9.......................... 10.............. ........... 11........... .............. 12______ ________ 16 5 7 2 7 8 4 5 1 3 8 4 28 14 24 2 17 13 11 7 5.4 5.8 5.1 6.0 6.1 5.2 6.1 5.9 56.4 61.3 54.2 60.0 53.1 62.3 54.9 54.9 55.0 64.2 49.4 60.0 52.9 50.7 60.0 53.0 97.5 104.7 91.1 100.0 99.6 81.4 109.3 96.5 .540 .537 .521 .550 .519 .456 .499 .476 30.46 32.92 28.24 33.00 27. 56 28.41 27.40 26.13 29.68 34.47 25.69 33.00 27.46 23.13 29. 95 25.20 Total................. ............... Shovel engineers, male: District No. 1........................ . 2................ ......... 3..................... . 4.......................... 5.................. .... 70 1 7................ ......... 8......................... 9................... . 10................... . 11.......................... 12.......................... 15 5 10 4 9 11 6 6 3 6 8 4 Total..................................... 87 6________ Shovel cranemen, male: District No. 1..................... . 2...... ............ . 3.................................. 4.......................... 5.t....................... 8 1 7 2 8 5 | 0)6.7 18 4 6.2 5.5 57.3 51.7 53.8 58.0 52.8 49.0 101.2 102.1 91.1 .523 .624 .732 29.97 32.26 38.74 30.31 32.90 35.89 142 5.7 55.9 54.2 89.1 .534 29.85 28. 97 48 16 45 10 34 23 26 14 7 7 14 6 5.6 5.6 5.7 4.8 5.9 6.1 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.6 6.5 5.2 57.8 57.4 57.2 63.6 56.2 62.0 57.8 55.7 60.0 53.1 53.8 50.5 56.4 53.6 55.3 49.0 54.5 57.8 57.2 56.7 65.7 55.1 58.1 48.2 97.6 93.4 96.7 77.0 97.0 93.2 99.0 101.8 110.0 103.8 108.0 95.5 .701 .809 .800 .677 .655 .659 .762 .621 .636 .730 .909 .832 40.52 46.44 45. 76 43.06 36.81 40.86 44.04 34.59 38.16 38.76 48.90 42.01 39.54 43.35 44.24 33.19 35.73 38.10 43.56 35.24 41.82 40.24 52.83 40.07 250 5.8 57.5 55.8 97.0 .730 41.98 40.74 95.3 . 552 30.86 29.43 .589 .512 39.14 35.34 28.62 5.5 55.9 0) 53.3 0)16 0)5.9 0) 57.9 0) 57.0 3 6.0 5.9 60.0 55.9 62.8 57.2 59.8 54.0 20 6.......................... ...... 7................................... 8................................... 10................................... 11................................... 5 4 5 3 13 5 .9 5 .9 4 8 3 6.3 5.6 6.7 Total..................................... 48 95 5.8 8 * Data included in total to avoid identification of plant. $29.70 25.66 32.05 23.43 25.89 22.90 27.10 21.98 22.72 40.85 32.81 34.72 0)3 16 (») 97.2 $0,528 $30.57 92.5 .473 27.77 90.5 .646 35.40 96.2 .406 24.36 92.2 .495 28.07 89.4 .417 25.60 .475 26.65 101.8 90.7 .442 24.22 .404 24.24 93.8 95.3 .770 42.89 102.2 .588 32.10 89.9 .713 38.64 0) 0 • .676 0) 98.4 99.7 96.6 86.8 97 .7 111.1 52.3 54.7 54.5 55.9 60.0 45.8 58.0 87.6 106.0 57.1 54.5 9 5 .4 54.0 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) .47 2 .6 0 4 29.64 .534 28.84 .595 .782 31.12 42.78 38.53 36.27 27.62 25.73 33.79 32.01 27.26 45.34 .59 5 33.97 32.41 34.55 18 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con. Average— Department, occupation, sex, and district Estab- Wage lish- earn ments ers Days | em- ] Full ploy- j time ees i hours worked per in one ! week week i Average— Hours actu ally work ed in one week Per cent of full time work ed Full Actu al Earn time earn ings earn ings per ings in hour per one week week Quarry—Continued Shovel firemen, male: District No. 1................ ......... 2— ..................... 3......... ............... 4.____ _________ 5.......................... 6........ ................. 7........... .............. 8...... .................. 9______________ 10.......................11.......................... 9 2 3 1 7 6 5 5 1 4 4 26 4 12 0) 22 12 14 8 0) 5 5 5.4 5.5 5.9 0 6.0 6.1 6.4 6.3 0 6.8 6.4 57.0 63.0 59.2 0 57.9 63.9 61.3 55.5 0 57.2 53.8 56.9 59.3 63.5 0 58.4 62.6 62.0 58.2 0 56.4 55.8 99.8 $0,471 $26.85 94.1 .720 45.36 107.3 .502 29.72 0 0 0) 100.9 .405 23.45 98.0 .426 27.22 101.1 .444 27.22 104.9 .412 22.87 0 0 0) .482 27.57 98.6 103.7 .554 29.81 $26.80 42.67 31.88 0 23.66 26.65 27. 55 23.96 0) 27.18 30.93 Total....................... ............. 47 110 6.0 58.7 59.4 101.2 .461 27.06 27.42 Locomotive engineers, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3_____ _________ 4...... .................. 5........................ 6.......................... 7................ ......... 8......................... 9.......................... 10...... .......... ........ 11...... ......... ......... 12................ ......... 15 5 10 4 10 11 5 7 1 5 7 4 62 23 62 10 53 26 26 24 9 20 6 5.7 5.3 5.5 4.7 5.9 6.2 5.9 6.3 0 6.6 6.4 5.2 57.7 57.1 57.9 62.4 56.2 61.8 56.2 54.8 0) 53.8 57.4 49.3 57.5 50.7 56.5 51.1 56.0 58.3 55.2 59.1 0 52.8 63.5 43.3 99.7 88.8 97.6 81.9 99.7 94.3 98.2 107.8 0) 98.1 110.6 87.8 .518 .567 .534 .499 .513 .461 .586 .467 0 .501 .673 .689 29.89 32.38 30.92 31.14 28.83 28.49 32.93 25.59 0 26.95 38.63 33.97 29.81 28.73 30.16 25.45 28. 75 26.86 32.32 27.62 0) 26.45 42.77 29.86 Total................................... 84 324 5.8 57.3 56.3 98.3 .532 30.48 29.96 Locomotive firemen, male: District No. 1______________ 2_____ _________ 3................ ......... 4................ ......... 5................ ......... 6........................ . 7........................ 8.......................... 10...................... 11.......................... 12................... 2 2 2 1 4 5 2 2 2 1 1 9 11 7 6.6 5.0 5.1 (l) 6.4 6.3 5.8 5.8 6.0 (1) 0 56.8 61.6 54.9 0 59.5 60.7 51.0 55.2 54.0 0 0) 66.7 48.9 49.1 0) 59.5 61.2 51.2 51.9 54.8 0 0) 117.4 79.4 89.4 0 100.0 100.8 100.4 94.0 101.5 0 0) .590 .448 .446 0) .424 .408 .498 .424 .522 0 0) 33.51 27.60 24.49 0 25.24 24.77 25.40 23.40 28.19 39.33 21.90 21.91 0 25.24 24.93 25.46 22.03 28.58 0 0 19 11 12 5 2 0 0) 0) 0 24 82 6.0 57.5 56.4 98.1 .471 27.08 26.57 Laborers, male: District No. 1........................ 2....................... . 3_____ _________ 4...... ............... 5______ ________ 6.......................... 7.......................8-..................... 9........................ . 10.......................... 11.......................12.......................... 15 5 10 4 10 12 6 7 3 6 7 6 186 44 182 35 145 209 161 75 41 25 69 41 5.3 5.2 5.5 5.8 5.6 4.8 5.5 5.5 5.4 6.4 6.1 5.8 57.8 58.8 56.7 62.7 56.2 60.8 56.8 55.0 60.0 52.3 53.5 53.5 51.4 50.0 54.5 60.1 51.3 45.1 53.2 50.6 52.0 52.5 52.5 47.2 88.9 85.0 96.1 95.9 91.3 74.2 93.7 92.0 86.7 100.4 98.1 88.2 .431 .494 .450 .376 .370 .283 .378 .351 .281 .468 .460 .591 24.91 29.05 25.52 23.58 20.79 17.21 21.47 19.31 16.86 24.44 24.61 31.62 22.15 24.69 24.49 22.63 18.99 12.78 20.09 17.74 14.60 24.59 24.16 27.85 Total—. ...................... ......... 91 1, 213 5.4 57.4 51.1 89.0 .395 22.67 20.17 Total................................. 1Data included in total to avoid identification of plant. PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY 19 A.— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full time and actual hours and earnings per weekt per cent of full time worked and average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con. T a b le Average— Department, occupation, sex, and district Estab- Wage lish- earn ments ers Days em Full ploy time ees hours worked per in one week week Average— Hours actu ally work ed in one week Per cent of full time work ed Full Actu al Earn time ings earn earn ings ings per in hour per one week week Quarry—Continued Other employees, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12.......................... 15 5 10 4 10 13 6 7 2 4 8 5 267 62 268 23 128 148 158 72 14 15 55 29 5.9 5.7 5.4 5.8 5.9 5.4 5.9 5.5 6.1 6.2 6.1 6.3 59.2 61.0 55.0 64.7 60.0 61.0 56.2 57.7 62.2 58.6 58.1 55.7 59.6 61.6 51.2 61.3 56.8 52.8 56.7 52.9 63.4 55.1 56.4 52.5 Total..................................... 89 1,239 5.7 58.2 55.7 95.7 Unloaders, shovel, male: District No. 1______________ 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 11.......................... 12.......................... 5 3 2 6 7 4 2 3 1 1 22 15 4 27 39 28 5 17 0) 6.5 5.8 6.8 5.8 6.0 5.8 6.6 6.9 55.1 54.4 60.0 57.8 60.4 57.4 55.2 86.1 56.6 58.6 73.6 58.7 57.5 55.6 62.5 85.1 102.7 107.7 122.7 101.6 95.2 96.9 113.2 98.8 100.8 $0.524 $31.02 .490 29.89 101.0 .519 28.55 93.1 94.7 .487 31.51 .444 26.64 94.7 86.6 .449 27.39 100.9 .508 28.55 91.7 .426 24.58 103.5 .378 25.51 .484 28.36 94.0 97.1 .580 33.70 94.3 .644 35.87 $31.25 30.19 26.61 29.84 25.23 23.71 28.82 22.53 23.99 26.65 32.72 33.80 .499 29.04 27.81 .516 .413 .499 .460 .404 .375 .387 .280 29.21 24.17 36. 71 26.97 23.20 20.86 24.16 23.83 (l) 0) C1) 28.43 22.47 29.94 26.59 24.40 21.53 21.36 24.11 Raw 0) (l) 0) 0) 0) 0) (l) 0 0 0) 0) Total..................................... 34 162 6.1 60.4 60.6 100.3 .411 24.82 24.93 Unloaders, mechanical, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12.......................... 5 4 7 6 7 3 3 6 3 2 5 2 9 8 18 21 21 7 8 10 6 5 7 4 6.3 5.4 6.0 5.1 6.1 5.9 6.6 6.3 7.0 6.2 6.4 6.3 78.1 63.0 61.2 51.8 54.1 68.9 79.5 58.5 60.0 56.0 54.1 68.3 75.0 55.2 62.3 48.9 55.9 56.1 77.3 64.3 82.5 48.8 60.5 59.3 96.0 87.6 101.8 94.4 103.3 81.4 97.2 109.9 137.5 87.1 111.8 86.8 .431 .436 .450 .677 .554 .326 .528 .515 .430 .503 . 53G .472 33.66 27.47 27.54 35.07 29.97 22.46 41.98 30.13 25.80 28.17 29.00 32.24 32.31 24.07 28 03 33.07 31.00 18.26 40. 76 33.14 35.48 24.52 32.43 27.97 Total..................................... 53 124 6.0 61.7 60.4 97.9 .506 31.22 30.59 Crusher operators, male: District No. 1........................ 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 6 . . . .................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12.......................... 15 5 9 4 9 10 5 7 2 5 8 6 48 10 19 20 25 16 15 11 5 8 11 18 5.9 5.3 6.3 5.1 6.0 5.7 5.9 6.0 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.1 57.0 66.6 61.9 46.0 56.9 64.5 57.5 55.1 60.0 56.5 59.9 49.3 56.7 58.9 65.1 43.8 55.0 52.6 56.3 57.8 68.8 54.6 63.2 49.6 99.5 88.4 105.2 95.2 96.7 81.6 97.9 104.9 114.7 96.6 105.5 100.6 .497 .452 .480 .738 .427 .401 .466 .454 .362 .531 .635 .577 28.33 30.10 29.71 33.95 24.30 25.86 26.80 25.02 21. 72 30.00 38.04 28.45 28.16 26.60 31.27 32. 30 23.48 21.11 26.26 26.21 24.89 28.98, 40.18 28.64 Total.................................... 85 206 5.9 56.9 55.8 98.1 .503 28.62 28.05 i Data included in total to avoid identification of plant. ...... -1 20 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T a b l e A*— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked, and average earnings per hourf 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con. Average— Estab- Wage lish- earn ments ers Department, occupation, sex, and district Days em Full ploy time ees hours worked per in one week week Average— Hours actu ally work ed in one week Per cent of full time work ed Full Actu al Earn time earn ings earn ings per ings in hour per week one week Raw—Continued Elevator tenders, male: District No. 1.......................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7................... . 11.......................... 3 1 2 2 1 Total..................................... Conveyor tenders, male: District No. 1.............. .......... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 6...................... 7......................... 8.......................... 9......................... 10................... . 11................... . 12........................ Total................................ . Mixer tenders, male: District No. 1................. ........ 2......... ............ . 3____ __________ 4______________ 5............ ............ 6____________ 7______________ 10______________ 11.......................... Total................................... Dryer tenders, male: District No. 1 . . . .......... ......... 2 ............... ......... 3......... ............ . 4 ........ .......... 5......... ................ 6.......................... 7______________ 8 .............. .......... 9 ._____________ 1 0 ...___________ 11................. ........ 4 2 3 6.0 0 6.0 7.0 0 55.6 0 56.0 79.3 0 67.6 0 59.3 81.5 0 121.6 $0.429 $23.85 0) 0 0) 105.9 .444 24.86 .425 33.70 102.8 0 0 0 $29.01 0 26.32 34.64 0 9 14 6.1 63.2 65.7 104.0 .423 26.73 27.80 7 4 5 8 9 7 0 7 2 2 6 2 38 15 18 33 56 21 24 26 9 6 41 8 6.1 5.9 6.1 5.8 6.2 6.2 6.5 6.2 6.4 7.0 6.5 6.9 78.8 68.1 63.6 66.5 67.1 63.1 72.3 61.8 84.0 56.0 59.3 55.0 75.4 62.0 61.1 61.2 64.7 58.1 71.9 57.9 77.3 56.0 56.7 54.3 95.7 91.0 96.1 92.0 96.4 92.1 99.4 93.7 92.0 100.0 95.6 98.7 .441 .438 .477 .512 .396 .352 .413 .388 .280 .500 .457 .500 34.75 29.83 30.34 34.05 26.57 22.21 29.86 23.98 23.52 28.00 27.10 27.50 33.28 27.17 29.16 31.34 25.65 20.40 29.71 22.44 21.65 28.00 25. 91 27.46 61 295 6.2 | j 66.9 63.7 95.2 .428 28.63 27.25 4 2 3 5 7 6 3 2 4 11 6 14 21 24 14 7 6 10 6.6 5.8 6.7 5.6 6.2 6.8 6.3 7.0 6.7 73.8 66.7 66.0 54.9 68.8 76.3 72.0 56.0 61.6 72.5 63.5 65.5 52.5 59.4 68.4 72.0 57.3 60.8 98.2 95.2 99.2 95.6 86.3 89.6 100.0 102.3 98.7 .435 .534 .481 .643 .422 .355 .448 .500 .544 32.10 35.62 31. 75 35.30 29.03 27.09 32.22 28.00 33.51 31.59 33.94 31.55 33.76 25.09 24.25 32.22 28.67 33.10 36 113 6.3 66.1 62.3 94.3 .479 31.66 29.84 32.74 28.77 36.18 34.73 23.62 27.44 31.72 27.77 0 36.22 28.60 30.31 30.81 31.15 32.47 22.16 24.12 30.00 27.61 0 35.15 27.94 0 0 i i 97.7 .514 .461 .450 .603 .401 .350 .400 .445 0 .566 .430 33 127 6.2 64.6 60.3 93.3 .461 29.78 27.83 20 7 3 11 6 5.9 6.3 7.0 6.3 3 72.3 64.0 80.5 76.4 74.3 64.8 63.1 83.0 71.2 50.0 .462 .489 .438 .393 .304 0 .472 33.40 31.30 35. 26 30.03 22.59 29.94 30.8$ 36.37 27.97 15.18 10.__............ 8 3 2 3 2 1 3 30.82 28.65 Total..................................... 22 .438 30.48 27.67 Total.............................. ...... Dryer firemen, male: District No. 1.......................... 2______________ 3.............. ........... 5______________ 6_______ _____ _ 7 -_ ..................... 4 2 4 3 6 3 2 2 1 3 3 20 5 10 20 37 10 3 5 0 0 7 8 6 62 6.3 6.6 5.9 5.5 6.3 5.8 6.7 6.4 6.8 63.7 62.4 80.4 57.6 58.9 78.4 79.3 62.4 (l) 64.0 66.5 0)6.9 V) 6.5 6.2 1Data included in total to avoid identification of plant. 59.0 66.9 69.2 53.8 55.2 68.9 75.0 62.0 92.6 107.2 86.1 93.4 93.7 87.9 94.6 99.4 65.0 0) 62.1 0) 97.0 0) 0) 60.8 89.6 98.6 103.1 93.2 67.3 0 93.1 69.6 63.1 90.7 65.3 0) 0) PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY 21 A.—Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full time and actual hours and earnings per weekt per cent of full time worked and average earnings per hourt 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con. T a b le Average— Department, occupation, sex, and district Es- Wage tablish- earn ers ments Days em Full ploy time ees hours worked per in one week week Average— Hours actu ally work ed in one week Per cent of full time work ed Full Actu al Earn time earn ings earn ings per ings in hour per one week week Raw—C ontinued Grinder operators, male: District No. l - _ ...................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4_........................ 5.......................... 6.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12.......................... 16 6 10 8 10 11 6 7 3 6 7 5 78 18 29 26 38 26 22 24 7 16 25 13 6.2 5.8 6.1 5.8 6.4 6.2 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.9 64.9 65.0 69.4 72.0 69.3 69.9 68.7 66.5 84.0 59.5 61.1 59.1 59.4 59.8 65.0 62.0 64.6 59.9 66.2 62.3 80.9 57.5 61.8 60.2 91.5 $0,527 $34.20 92.0 .490 31.85 93.7 .536 37.20 86.1 .565 40.68 93.2 .487 33.75 85.7 .431 30.13 96.4 .443 30.43 93.7 .445 29.59 96.3 .361 30.32 96.6 .542 32.25 101.1 .568 34.70 101.9 .519 30.67 $31.26 29.32 34.83 35.03 31.48 25.82 29.29 27.70 29.25 31.20 35.05 31.26 Total..................................... 95 322 6.3 66.8 62.1 93.0 .503 33.60 31.21 Raw-finish mill operators, male: District No. 1__...................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4......................... 5...................... 6.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9_........................ 11......................... 12.......................... 8 5 6 9 9 5 3 2 1 4 3 44 20 17 29 39 16 8 7 6.4 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.1 7.0 64.3 62.4 67.5 68.7 67.5 69.9 63.0 64.0 60.3 55.6 63.6 65.1 59.0 55.9 60.0 67.6 93.8 89.1 94.2 94.8 87.4 80.0 95.2 105.6 .504 .495 .478 .575 .456 .451 .454 .463 32.41 30.89 32.27 39.50 30.78 31.52 28.60 29.63 30.38 27.53 30.41 37.40 26.87 25.22 27.23 31.28 53.8 57.9 52.3 106.4 97.2 .639 .563 34.76 30.29 36.96 29.45 0)15 11 0)6.6 6.6 0) 54.4 C1) (l) (l) 0) (9 Total..................................... 55 208 6.3 64.9 60.0 92.4 .505 32.77 30.31 Oilers, male: District No. 1__...................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5............... 6.......................... 7......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12................... 11 3 5 5 5 8 5 4 1 5 6 4 37 9 15 12 14 20 15 15 6.3 5.2 6.0 6.8 6.2 6.2 6.5 6.7 72.1 65.8 78.4 76.0 71.4 71.4 76.5 63.2 67.0 52.8 69.3 75.7 67.0 62.5 73.5 63.5 92.9 80.2 88.4 99.6 93.8 87.5 96.1 100.5 .350 .447 .449 .425 .448 .352 .394 .397 25.24 29.41 35.20 32.30 31.99 25.13 30.14 25.09 23.43 23.63 31.13 32.13 30.01 21.98 28.98 25.22 6.9 6.1 58.3 59.2 52.3 59.5 48.2 89.0 100.5 92.2 .470 .424 .505 27.40 25.10 26.41 24.38 25.26 24.36 0)14 15 13 06.4 ) 0) 0) 51.9 0) 0) 0) C1) Total..................................... 62 181 6.3 68.6 63.8 93.0 .406 27.85 25.90 Laborers, male: District No. 1.......................... 2_........................ 3_...................... . 4.......................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7--------------------- 13 4 8 7 8 7 6 77 10 31 59 44 35 6.0 5.9 4.8 5.2 6.0 5.6 65.2 56.1 46.5 52.7 58.1 60.5 95.6 98.4 79.2 88.3 86.8 86.8 .418 .425 .418 .450 .355 .263 28.51 24.23 24.54 26.87 23.75 17.62 27.27 23.86 19.43 23.72 20.65 15.90 6 3 5 8 4 26 27 18 29 62 16 6 .5 6 .2 6 .4 6 .3 6 .5 5 .5 68.3 61 .4 .29 3 .45 5 .455 .604 27.41 22.48 24.61 27.35 25.71 26.72 21.76 22.98 24.55 52.0 78.3 53.9 57.3 45.7 9 7 .4 9 6 .7 93 .2 8 9 .7 101.4 8 7 .9 .39 1 8 .................................. 9 .................................. 1 0 .11................................... 12................................... 68.2 57.0 58.7 59.7 66.9 67.0 70.1 63.5 31.41 26.05 27.58 Total.................................... 79 434 5 .9 63.5 58.7 9 2 .0 .403 25.59 23.66 ............. *Data included in total to avoid identification of plant. 8 4 .0 60.1 56.5 .354 22 WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full time and actual hours and earnings per weeky per cent of full time worked and average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con. Average— Department, occupation, sex, and district Estab- Wage lish- earn ments ers Raw—Continued Other employees, male: District No. 1.......................... 2__...................... 3__....... .............. 4.............. .......... 5_........................ 6 ........ ................ 7__...................... 8__....... — - ........ 9......................... 10______________ 11................ ......... 12.... ..................Total................................... Coal mill Laborers, male: District No. l - _ ....... - ............. 3......... ............... 5 6 7______ ____ ___ 8 ._ ....... — ......... 10______________ 1 2 -..____ _______ Total................................. . Elevator tenders, male: Districts Nos. 1, 4, and 5-. Conveyor tenders, male: District No. 1__............ ......... 2__............ ............. 3______________ 4______________ 5_.....................- 6________ ______ 7______________ 8________ ______ 12........ .......... — Total.................................... Dryer tenders, male: District No. l_ -_ ............... . 2______________ 3______________ 4................. ........ 5______________ 6_______________ 7_........................i 8....................... 12..........................1 Total.................... ................ Dryer firemen, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4__.............. ........ 5_........................ 6_............................ 7.......................... 10.......................... Total..................................... Days em Full ploy time ees hours worked per in one week week Per cent of full time work ed Hours actu ally work ed in one week Full Actu al Earn time ings earn earn ings per ings in hour per week one week 16 4 8 8 9 9 5 4 3 3 7 4 225 48 56 53 71 52 47 34 12 10 27 30 6.4 6.2 6.5 6.2 6.5 5.8 6.6 6.7 5.9 6.7 6.7 5.7 62.0 62.4 70.0 67.4 63.4 74.8 67.7 62.5 84.0 59.2 55.9 58.3 59.1 61.5 69.0 65.9 54.6 56.7 65.0 62.6 68.6 59.6 56.4 54.3 80 665 6.3 64.6 60.4 93.5 .500 32.30 30.19 7 3 7 7 4 1 3 1 33 21 8 34 21 22 6.1 6.3 6.2 5.9 6.6 (»> 4.2 0) 6.1 71.0 59.9 72.6 69.7 73.8 (*) 63.0 0) 71.2 jj 62.7 62.2 66.4 58.5 70.0 37.7 0) 63.4 88.3 103.8 91.5 83.9 94.9 0) 59.8 89.0 .411 .413 .359 .285 .362 0) .434 0) .363 29.18 24.74 26.06 19.86 26.72 0) 27.34 C1) 25.85 25.76 25.67 23.82 16.69 25.35 0) 16.30 0) 23.02 5.2 80.0 61.3 76.6 .373 29.84 22.82 67.2 68.6 73.2 65.9 74.7 71.8 74.7 70.0 52.0 69.7 63.5 60.7 73.1 61.6 67.7 70.0 70.6 65.7 53.3 65.8 94.5 88.5 99.9 93.5 90.6 97.5 94.5 93.9 102.5 94.4 .495 .471 .326 .507 .420 .276 .397 .397 .540 .427 33.26 32.31 23.86 33.41 31. 37 19.82 29.66 27.79 28.08 29.76 31.44 28.62 23.80 31.23 28.41 19.30 28.03 26.05 28.78 28.05 65.2 69.8 88.9 96.9 .447 .450 32.77 32.40 29.12 31.39 30.64 29.20 28.96 26.65 0) 5 0) 119 i 3 6 2 3 5 5 4 2 4 2 2 29 5 5 13 17 18 2 9 6 6 81 6.0 5.8 6.7 5.1 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.1 6 2 1 6 7 6 3 1 2 34 17 4 6.3 6.0 8 3 6 1 5 5 4 2 34 | (*)20 0) 22 6 13 (917 9 13 6 88 i 73.3 72.0 0) 95.3 $0,531 $32.92 .494 30.83 98.6 .526 36.82 98.6 .527 35.52 97.8 .475 30.12 86.1 .391 29.25 75.8 .458 31.00 96.0 .414 25.88 100.2 .338 28.39 81.7 .484 28.65 100.7 100.9 .617 34.49 93.1 .556 32.41 (l) 0) 0) 0) (») (*) $31.38 30.35 36.32 34.71 25.93 22.17 29.79 25.94 23.16 28.85 34.80 30.18 (») 52.2 68.7 67.5 60.3 0) 56.0 64.2 56.0 68.4 60.5 51.7 0) 50.3 61.0 107.3 99.6 89.6 85.7 0) 89.8 95.0 .587 .425 .429 .442 0) .551 .472 30.86 30.30 32.85 29.05 25.93 22.84 0) 27.68 28.77 6.5 6.3 6.8 66.0 61.3 77.5 66.5 65.8 75.9 100.8 107.3 97.9 .482 .507 .472 31.81 31.08 36.58 32.06 33.37 35.84 5.6 6.3 6.8 65.9 68.7 71.1 70.0 69.1 49.5 61.6 72.0 65.0 94.1 .448 .384 .405 .459 .450 29.52 26.38 28.80 62 .2 75.1 89.7 101.3 88.9 22.20 23.66 29.17 28.55 29.26 5.8 22 6.7 11 6.4 13 5.6 0) 0) 6 6.5 98 j| 6.2 0) 6 .3 6 .4 i Data included in total to avoid identification of plant. Average— 0) (l) (1) I -i 0) C1) 0) 32.13 31.10 0) PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY 23 Table A.—Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con. Average— Department, occupation, sex, and district Coal mill—Continued Crusher operators, male: District No. 1_........................ 2.......................... 3.......................... 5__...................... 6__...................... 8 _ ....................... 12. ........................ Total.................................. Grinder operators, male: District No. 1__...................... 2.......................... 3__...................... 4................. 5__.................... 6.......................... 7_........................ 8.......................... 10-_...................... 12__...................... Total..................................... Other employees, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4................. 5 ................... 6---------------------7......................... 10.......................... Total..................................... Shopsandmiscellaneous Machinists, male: District No. 1................. 2_............... 3................. 4................ 5_................ 6__.............. 7__.............. 8................ 9_................ 10--.............. 11................. 12................. Total..................................... Repairmen, male: District No. 1_............... 2._.............. 3-_.............. 4_............... 5................. 6................. 7................. 8................. 9................. 10................. 11................. 12................. Total..................................... Estab- Wage lish- earn ments ers 2 1 1 1 4 1 2 5 Days em Full time ploy ees hours worked per in one week week 7 56.0 12 28 6.3 65.7 61.7 93.9 .463 30.42 28.52 16 6 9 9 9 10 6 4 4 3 46 12 25 29 27 20 17 11 11 8 6.6 6.3 6.4 5.9 6.3 6.7 6.8 6.5 6.9 6.8 67.2 68.7 72.8 65.9 69.5 75.6 69.2 68.7 61.1 53.0 67.6 71.9 69.5 60.8 65.4 68.0 68.5 63.3 60.3 51.5 100.6 104.7 95.5 92.3 94.1 89.9 99.0 92. 1 98.7 97.2 .515 .525 .570 .592 .493 .449 .474 .448 .521 .607 34.61 36.07 41.50 39.01 34.26 33.94 32.80 30.78 31.83 32.17 34.79 37.73 39.62 36.01 32.23 30.54 32.46 28.35 31.38 31.26 76 206 6.5 68.3 65.7 96.2 .519 35.45 34.12 7 2 1 1 5 4 3 20 9 6.6 6.7 64.4 64.4 0 64.6 70.1 100.3 108.9 0 .509 .458 0 32.78 29.50 0 32.89 32.09 0 84.7 91.1 .459 .361 .419 32.41 24.26 29.19 32.79 30.48 20.56 27.17 .656 .585 .683 .747 .652 32.11 32.41 28.47 39.96 39.44 38.69 37.51 34.56 33.41 39.0-1 34.32 31.79 32.81 30.84 32.07 39.22 38.28 35.10 33.03 37.51 36.91 41.83 39.50 36.46 34.03 0 0 0 0) 0 0 6.8 0) 25 10 13 0 6.4 6.4 6.5 15 115 6 25 10 38 8 34 10 56 13 41 6 42 7 24 3 6 5 11 9 32 7 9 99 433 16 312 6 94 10 136 9 111 11 161 12 87 6 111 7 82 3 29 6 41 9 135 6 30 101 1,329 5.2 6.1 5.3 5.8 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.1 5.4 5.6 6.3 6.0 6.3 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.7 6.4 6.4 6.2 2 25 5 85 0) 0 72.0 0) 0 70.6 67.2 71.1 5.6 6.4 67.2 68.3 5.0 55.4 58.5 51.8 53.0 64.1 54.9 54.3 61.0 54.5 51.1 i Data not included in total to avoid identification of plant. Full Actu al Earn time earn ings earn ings per ings in hour per one week week 0)6.9 0) (09 67.2 0 Per cent Hours actu of full ally time work-* work ed in ed one week 67.2 0 0 0 72.2 0 54.9 0 6.8 Average— 57.4 50.1 56.0 62.0 64.9 67.2 59.0 60.7 63.2 62.3 58.9 72.0 59.4 52.8 54.8 61.3 0) 0 66.5 56.9 64.8 54.2 64.3 100.0 $0.475 $31.92 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100.3 .415 29.88 0 0 0 98.0 .573 32.09 0 94.2 56.7 51.3 56.3 56.5 59.5 51.3 50.3 47.3 52.3 60.9 59.9 65.7 57.2 55.7 98.2 92.3 97.8 96.9 91.8 57.8 50.2 61.8 62.6 69.6 57.3 54.4 59.3 52.7 59.7 0) 0 80.6 .488 26.47 94.1 .458 31.28 29.43 85.4 87.9 98.8 96.9 96.8 87.8 103.3 104.1 97.5 94.1 98.4 94.4 93.4 49.0 48.7 0 $31.92 0 0 ' 0 29.94 0 31.41 .609 .579 .568 .643 .644 .734 .835 .651 .565 .534 .655 .558 .522 97.8 100.5 .525 100.7 .506 96.7 .437 96.5 .539 103.0 .716 96.2 .663 97.4 .572 .576 37.65 35.03 34.66 38.71 38.65 33.87 32.99 32.71 29.80 31.46 32.02 37.80 36.33 35.06 34.41 32.00 37.81 37.44 31.09 32.28 32.87 29.97 30.42 30.92 38.94 34.91 34.17 24 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con. Average- Department, occupation, sex, and district Estab- Wage lish- earn ments ers Days em Full ploy time ees hours worked per in one week week Average— Hours actu ally work ed in one week Per cent Actu of full Earn Full al time earn time earn ings work ings ings per in ed per hour one week week Shops and miscellaneous—Contd. Laborers, male: District No. 1.......................... 2__...................3...... ......... ......... 4__...................... 5. .................... 6 ._............ ......... 7_ _............ ......... 8 ......................... 9...... ................... 10_..................... 11_................. . 12._............ ......... 15 5 8 8 9 13 6 7 3 5 7 4 236 28 123 85 148 170 121 89 102 43 47 20 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.1 6.4 5.9 5.3 59.1 56.4 56.0 58.0 56.1 62.1 66.5 54.6 60.9 56.4 50.6 52.7 53.4 52.3 53.9 56.5 51.7 53.3 58.2 51.6 52.1 54.3 48.3 46.0 90.7 $0,422 $24.94 92.7 .439 24.76 96.3 .421 23.58 97.4 .447 25.93 92.2 .361 20.25 85.8 .262 16.27 87.5 .350 23.28 94.5 .335 18.29 85.6 .281 17.11 96.3 .431 24.31 95.5 .435 22.01 87.3 .482 25.40 $22.52 22.96 22.69 25.25 18.64 13.99 20.39 17.26 14.64 23.41 20.99 22.21 90 1, 212 5.5 58.7 53.4 91.0 .371 21.78 19.77 Other employees, male: District No. 1____ '._________ 2.......................... 3_....... ................ 4........... .............. 5 ........................ 6 ......................... 7__...................... 8__..................... 9____________ 10______________ 11_-............ ......... 12„ ........................ 16 6 10 9 10 13 6 7 3 6 8 7 618 145 251 123 307 255 247 193 89 59 199 73 5.3 5.7 6.1 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.5 6.4 6.0 57.6 55.7 58.0 59.2 55.3 62.2 59.2 56.2 61.2 58.8 52.3 52.7 51.1 54.4 59.1 58.5 52.8 57.5 58.9 55.9 61.9 55.8 53.6 50.2 88.7 97.7 101.9 98.8 95.5 92.4 99.5 99.5 101.1 94.9 102.5 95.3 .584 .559 .599 .602 .558 .511 .511 .499 .457 .561 .650 .677 33.64 31.14 34.74 35.64 30.86 31.78 30.25 28.04 27.97 32.99 34.00 35.68 29.83 30.40 35.38 35.25 29.49 29.39 30.11 27.88 28.24 31.30 34.81 33.97 Total.................................... 101 2,559 5.8 57.4 55.0 95.8 .562 32.26 30.95 16 6 10 8 10 13 6 7 3 6 9 7 67 14 30 22 31 30 25 18 6 17 43 19 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.1 6.5 6.9 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.9 7.0 6.7 62.6 64.6 70.0 64.4 63.2 62.8 68.3 65.3 84.0 59.3 61.9 60.6 62.6 70.5 70.0 61.2 61.2 61.8 70.3 67.2 82.2 58.2 61.6 58.8 100.0 109.1 100.0 95.0 96.8 98.4 102.9 102.9 97.9 98.1 99.5 97.0 .630 .623 .664 .722 .617 .632 .558 .526 .467 .619 .656 .691 39.44 40.25 46.49 46.50 38.99 39.69 38.11 34.35 39.23 36.71 40.61 41.87 39.44 43.95 46.49 44.19 37.76 39.04 39.17 35.32 38.35 35.99 40.41 40.67 101 322 6.7 | 64.2 64.0 99.7 .628 40.32 40.16 8 3 7 4 10 5 3 2 2 1 1 58 12 18 12 56 11 29 14 4 (0 0) 6.6 5.7 6.9 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.4 6.5 0) 0) 59.8 62.0 63.8 84.0 68.5 67.5 59.9 72.0 84.0 0) 0) 58.6 55.5 65.7 74.7 62.5 62.6 59.3 64.7 78.0 0) 0) 98.0 89.5 103.0 88.9 91.2 92.7 99.0 89.9 92.9 Cl) <0 .579 .524 .573 .462 .531 .534 .535 .460 .351 0) 0) 34.62 32.49 36.56 38.81 36.37 36.05 32.05 33.12 29.48 0) 33.95 29.07 37.63 34.48 33.21 33.43 31.75 29.76 27.38 0) 0) 46 i 220 6.5 65.3 61.8 94.6 .534 34.87 33.03 Total.................... ............ . Clinker Burners, first, male: District No. 1......................... 2______________ 3_____________ _ 4_______ _____ _ 5 — .................... 6______________ 7 8______________ 9__...................... 10.......................... 1 1 .............. ......... 1 2 ........................ Total.................... ................ ! Burners, second, male: District No. 1—.............. ........ 2_....... ............... 3_-............... . 4 .......... ...... ........ 5_ ................. . 6 .................. ... 7__............... — . 8 . . ................. . 9_........................ 10-..................... . 11.......................... Total..................................... i i Data included in total to avoid identification of plant. PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY 25 A.— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full time and actual hours and earninc' per week, per cent of full time worked and average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sea;, and district— C o n . T able Average— Department, occupation, sex, and district Estab- Wage lish- earn ments ers Clinker— Continued Cooler tenders, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.......................... 6__...................... 7_........................ 8_........................ 9.......................... 10__. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.......................... 12......................... Total..................................... 3 2 5 1 3 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 25 Mixers, male: District No. 1 _ ....................... 2__...................... 3.......................... 4__...................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10.......................... Total....... . . ........................... !! 5 4 1 4 3 3 2 4 1 4 31 Elevator tenders, male: j District No. 4 _ ....................... j 8 4 12 0 0 0 0 0 Hours actu ally work ed in one week Full Actu al Earn time earn ings earn ings per ings in hour per week one week 8 6.4 6.3 5.9 0 6.7 6.0 0 6.6 4 57 0 0 6.8 6.4 84.0 72.0 67.7 0 56.0 75.8 0 63.0 0 0 0 54.0 69.3 5.9 6.3 0 5.7 6.6 5.9 5.7 6.9 0 6.7 6.2 73.1 66.4 0 63.5 63.0 85.5 57.9 61.1 0 62.2 65.7 67.5 69.7 0 58.7 62.8 71.0 49.6 69.4 0 59.0 62.7 5.6 6.2 0 84.0 61.6 101.3 92.8 to 0) .415 .366 0 32.37 25.55 32.75 23.70 7 3 W 16 10 0 Days em Full ploy time ees hours worked per in one week week Average— Per cent of full time work ed 15 16 7 15 11 0 ) 9 104 81.1 75.3 60.3 0 56.3 64.6 0 61.2 0 0 0 54.0 65.7 96.5 $0,434 $36.46 104.6 .464 33.41 89.1 .513 34.73 0 0 0 100.5 .489 27.38 .354 26.83 85.2 0 0 0 ) 97.1 .392 24.70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t o 100.0 .549 29.65 94.8 .456 31.60 92.3 105.0 23 6.7 6.3 0 78.0 69.8 67.2 57.6 0 0 79.0 64.8 5 10 94.9 95.4 .505 .447 0 .549 .471 .331 .440 .377 0 .489 .456 34.86 29.67 28.30 25.48 23.03 0) 30.42 28.59 32.19 29.54 23.48 21.85 26.17 0 28.87 28.58 80.0 93.5 .369 .330 31.00 20.33 24.78 19.03 0 99.7 83.0 85.7 113.6 0 ) 36.92 29.68 .$35.14 34.90 30.94 0 27.52 22.88 0 23.99 0 0 0 29.65 29.95 0 ) 34.09 31.14 0 ) Total................. „ ................ 1 2 3 1 1 2 9 Conveyor tenders, male: District No. 1__...................... 2__...................... 3-_...................... 4__...................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7 ......................... 8__...................... 9__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10__. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11__. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.......................... Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j 7 2 6 6 7 6 4 7 3 3 7 3 61 28 5 20 22 33 12 17 19 8 13 24 5 206 6.2 6.4 5.6 5.9 6.2 6.2 6.5 6.9 6.1 6.8 6.9 6.6 6.3 77.8 62.4 78.4 64.4 71.3 70.0 70.8 64.8 84.0 64.6 59.3 51.2 69.4 71.4 62.8 65.2 56.4 63.6 64 0 66.9 64.6 73.9 61.0 59.3 55.2 63.9 | 91.8 100.6 83.2 87.6 89.2 91.4 94.5 99.7 88.0 94.4 100.0 107.8 92.1 .442 .445 .441 .555 .450 .365 .414 .388 .331 .482 .475 .531 .445 34.39 27.77 34.57 35.74 32.09 25.55 29.31 25.14 27.80 31.14 28.16 27.19 30.88 31.56 27.92 28.75 31.30 28.63 23.38 27.64 25.05 24.50 29.40 28.16 29.32 28.44 Clinker grinders, male: District No. 1__...................... 2.......................... 3__...................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10.......................... 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.......................... Total..................................... 16 6 10 9 10 10 6 7 3 4 7 5 93 90 27 47 33 60 35 24 24 9 11 23 13 396 6.0 6.1 6.4 5.7 6.1 6.4 6.3 6.7 6.6 6.7 6.6 6.7 6.2 67.1 64.0 69.1 61.9 66.7 65.5 67.7 65.3 84.0 56.0 62.5 69.2 66.3 61.1 59.6 65.4 57.1 61.3 59.1 66.1 63.6 80.3 56.7 60.3 66.4 61.9 91.1 93.1 94.6 92.2 91.9 90.2 97.6 97.4 95.6 101.3 96.5 96.0 93.4 .517 .500 .512 .627 .483 .426 .446 .458 .321 .546 .544 .477 .498 34.69 32.00 35.38 38.81 32.22 27.90 30.19 29.91 26.96 30.58 34.00 33.01 33.02 31.56 29.81 33.46 35.82 29.63 25.19 29.51 29.15 25.75 30.96 32.80 31.69 30.82 6 _ .................... .............. 7- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - j 8 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______ ! 0 to3 <*) 1 Data included in total to avoid identification of plant. 0 ) 0 ) 0} t o 26 WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR T a b l e A .— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con. Average— Department, occupation, sex, and district Estab- Wage lish- earn ments ers Average— Days em Full ploy time hours ees worked per in one week week Hours actu ally work ed in one week Per cent Actu of full Earn Full al time earn time earn ings work ings per ings ed in hour per one week week Clinker—Continued Oilers, male: District No. 1______________ 2.......................... 3__...................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7.......................... 8_........................ 9_........................ 10__...................... 11__...................... 12.......................... 13 5 8 5 6 10 3 5 2 6 7 5 56 14 32 15 19 31 7 18 8 23 23 16 6.3 6.2 6.8 6.5 6.4 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.4 6.8 6.8 6.4 72.0 70.3 78.8 76.5 68.5 67.6 76.0 71.6 84.0 58.4 58.4 57.5 68.6 64.8 79.1 71.5 62.6 69.1 75.3 71.8 77.3 56.8 57.6 51.8 $95.3 $0,463 $33.34 92.2 .490 34.45 100.4 .469 36.96 93.5 .437 33.43 91.4 .438 30.00 102.2 .385 ?6. 03 99.1 .394 29.94 100.3 .369 26.42 92.0 .282 23.69 97.3 .482 28.15 .572 33.40 98.6 90.1 .515 29.61 $31.81 31.79 37.14 31.25 27.45 26.58 29.70 26.49 21.82 27.37 32.95 26.64 Total_______________ ____ 75 262 6.6 69.4 67.1 96.7 .449 31.16 30.16 Laborers, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7........................ 8_........................ 9 ......................... 10........................ 11__...................... 12.......................... 14 5 6 4 9 6 4 5 3 3 7 1 74 12 30 10 56 24 12 15 10 7 61 0) 6.1 5.3 6.3 5.9 5.9 4.8 6.6 6.6 6.7 5.4 6.7 67.4 57.0 71.3 69.9 66.8 69.4 66.7 76.4 84.0 58.0 62.9 0) 66.3 51.9 70.4 61.7 54.4 43.5 68.5 69.8 84.2 45.0 46.1 0) 98.4 91.1 98.7 88.3 84.4 62.7 102.7 91.4 100.2 77.6 73.3 0) .427 .426 .412 .406 .394 .303 .388 .351 .280 .458 .569 0) 28.78 24.28 29 38 ?8.38 26.32 21.03 25 88 26.82 23.53 26.56 35.79 0) 28.33 22.10 29.02 25.03 21.43 13.19 26.53 24.48 23.58 20.60 26.21 Total..................................... 67 315 6.1 67.2 58.5 87.1 .42? 28.36 24.66 Other employees, male: District No. 1__...................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 6........................ 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12......................... 15 6 8 6 10 10 6 7 3 4 8 2 187 51 39 31 82 60 83 53 20 8 75 12 6.2 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.2 6.6 6.6 6.7 67.7 59.7 74.7 78.7 68.7 71.9 66.5 68.8 84.0 56.0 60.3 52.7 64.6 59.0 74.2 73.4 65.8 62.6 63.5 67.7 73.8 53.0 58.9 53.9 95.4 98.8 99.3 93.3 95.8 87.1 95.5 98.4 87.9 94.6 97.7 102.3 .510 .500 .587 .461 .493 .495 .452 .411 .373 .517 .572 .598 34.53 32.85 43.85 36.28 33.87 35.59 30.06 28.28 31.33 28.95 34.49 31.51 32.93 29.52 43.54 33.88 32.44 30.99 28.68 27.86 27.51 27.38 33.68 32.26 Total..................................... 85 701 i fi.4 67.7 64.5 95.3 .497 33.65 32.05 Conveyor tenders, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12.......................... 7 3 4 3 5 5 4 3 2 5 7 4 22 8 7 7 20 11 13 10 11 5 13 5 5.6 5.8 5. 7 6.3 5.1 5.5 5.5 5.6 6.0 6.8 6.0 5.6 57.9 60.0 58.3 69.4 58.2 62.5 58.6 56.4 58.6 52.0 50.2 50.4 55.8 63.3 61.9 70.9 41.1 55.0 51.8 54.8 61.0 60.0 50.9 45.7 96.4 105.5 106.2 102.2 70.6 88.0 88.4 97.2 104.1 115.4 101.4 90.7 .462 .474 .509 .475 .407 .442 .368 .393 .321 .482 .489 .531 26.75 28.44 29.67 32.97 23.69 27.63 21. 56 22.17 18.81 25.06 24.55 26.76 25.79 30.00 31.49 33.67 16. 72 24.34 19.08 21.52 19.58 28.91 24.87 24.25 Total..................................... 52 132 5.7 57.8 54.3 93.9 .437 25.26 23.74 0) 0) Cement *Data included in total to avoid identification of plant. PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY 27 T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full time and actual hours and earnings per weeky per cent of full time worked and average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con. Average— Department, occupation, sex, and district Estab- Wage lish- earn ments ers Days em Full ploy time ees hours worked per in one week week Average— Hours actu ally work ed in one week Per cent of full time work ed Full Actu al Earn time earn ings earn ings per ings in per hour one week week Cement—Continued Elevator tenders, male: Districts Nos. 5,6, and 11......... 3 4 5.8 60.0 59.9 Packers (sackers), male: District No. 1 ......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10........................ . 11.......................... 12.......................... 16 6 10 8 10 11 6 5 3 6 9 6 352 83 132 71 151 97 92 81 38 28 87 37 5.4 5.6 5.3 4.8 5.2 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.6 6.4 5.9 5.4 57.3 59.0 56.8 60.6 53.2 58.5 55.4 56.4 60.8 50.9 50.5 49.3 46.5 49.5 46.0 46.3 39.3 41.6 39.6 42.5 54.5 52.9 46.8 40.2 81.2 83.9 81.0 76.4 73.9 71.1 71.5 75.4 89.6 103.9 92.7 81.5 .999 .891 1.094 .863 .952 .569 .904 .617 .524 .651 .663 .776 57.24 52.57 62.14 52.30 50.65 33.79 50.08 34.80 31.86 33.14 33. 48 38.26 46.49 44.09 50.33 39.95 37.42 23.67 35.78 26.24 28.53 34.42 31.01 81.17 99.8 $0,434 $26.04 $26.00 Total..................................... 96 1,249 5.3 56.1 44.8 79.9 .870 48.81 38.97 Back tiers, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12.......................... 9 3 4 5 8 8 4 2 3 4 9 6 23 4 10 7 10 16 9 4 5 11 22 9 5.7 5.3 4.4 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.0 4.6 4.5 6.1 5.3 57.9 57.0 56.0 57.1 55.2 59.3 54.7 57.0 61.8 48.7 51.6 50.7 52.3 47.8 43.0 51.3 44.3 53.3 40.4 43.0 45.6 31.3 53.3 40.9 90.3 83.9 76.8 89.8 80.3 89.9 73.9 75.4 73.8 64.3 103.3 80.7 .463 .602 .517 .516 .558 .400 .502 .560 .369 .429 .542 .591 26.81 34.31 28.95 29.46 30.80 23.72 27.46 31.92 22.80 20.89 27.97 29.96 24.23 28.75 22.22 26.46 24.69 21.35 20.26 24.08 16.83 13.41 28.90 24.21 Total.................................... 65 130 5.3 55.2 47.1 85.3 .495 27.32 23.32 Sack tiers, female: District Nos. 3 and 5.............. 3 8 5.8 48.8 46.8 95.9 .492 24.01 23.00 Loaders, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4........................ . 5................. ........ 6........... .......... 9.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12.......................... 7 4 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 26 39 5.2 4.3 61.2 58.5 49.6 44.0 81.0 75.2 35.86 34.63 29.06 26.04 2.2 4.6 55.4 54.9 18.5 41.0 33.4 74.7 .586 .592 0) .726 .389 0). 40.22 21.36 13.40 15.96 Total.................................. . 25 Laborers, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12.......................... Total..................................... 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 6.8 6.0 6.5 53.6 48.0 48.0 57.6 49.2 51.0 107.5 102.5 106.3 .537 .543 .577 28.78 26.06 27.70 30.93 26.70 29.45 148 4.2 57.2 39.2 68.5 .560 32.03 21.95 16 161 6 46 9 . 67 7 81 9 93 9 61 6 70 5 31 2 14 6 37 7 52 5 15 5.7 5.3 4.8 5.0 5.4 5.0 5.5 4.8 4.7 5.8 5.5 5.2 58.6 58.4 57.7 62.6 54.3 61.3 56.0 57.6 62.6 48.8 50.5 51.2 57.3 52.7 444 49.6 46.3 48.5 51.1 46.4 46.9 46.4 46.3 45.5 97.8 90.2 77.0 79.2 85.3 79.1 91.3 80.6 74.9 95.1 91.7 88.9 .453 .428 .452 .429 .395 .277 .392 .372 .352 .464 .429 .469 26.55 25.00 26.08 26.86 21.45 16.98 21.95 21.43 22.04 22.64 21.66 24.01 25.96 22.53 20.05 21.29 18.30 13.42 20.03 17.29 16.50 21.54 19.87 21.30 87 5.3 57.2 50.0 87.4 .416 23.80 20.77 39 19 10 5 2 728 (») *Data included in total to avoid identification of plant. 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) <*) 0) 0) 0) 0) 28 WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR A.— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— C o n . T able Average— Department, occupation, sex, and district Es tab Wage lish- earn ments ers Days em Full ploy time ees hours worked per in one week week Average— Hours actu ally work ed in one week Per cent of full time work ed Full Earn time ings earn per ings hour per week Actu al earn ings in one week Cement— C ontinued Laborers, female: Districts Nos. 3 and 10........... 2 5 4.4 51.6 38.0 3 3 4 2 6 4 3 3 1 6 3 9 5 12 4 14 9 10 8 0) 8 16 8 5.7 5.0 4.5 6.0 5.4 5.7 4.8 5.0 0) 5.4 6.3 4.8 55.8 57.6 57.3 60.0 55.7 59.2 55.2 55.1 0 49.5 48.8 49.0 55.2 47.6 44.5 59.6 45.9 54.8 43.6 49.4 0 44.8 49.5 37.2 98.9 82.6 77.7 99.3 82.4 92.6 79.0 89.7 0 90.5 101.4 75.9 .434 .446 .476 .441 .400 .326 .433 .371 0 .409 .476 .581 24.22 25.69 27.27 26.46 22.28 19.30 23.90 20.44 0 20. 25 23.23 28.47 23.98 21.24 21.18 26.29 18.36 17.85 18.85 18.34 0 18.29 23.54 21.69 Total..................................... 40 106 5.4 54.5 48.4 88.8 .427 23. 27 20.65 Sack cleaners, female: Districts Nos. 2, 5, and 7........ 3 14 5.3 51.4 44.6 86.8 .425 21.85 18.93 7 5.7 0 0 0 54.4 0 0 0 59.9 0 0 110.1 0 0 .428 0) 0 23.28 0)5 0) 6.3 0 6.4 0 55.7 0) 60.6 82.0 104.8 0 120.3 0 0 .360 .430 0 .507 0) 0 21.38 23.95 0 30.72 0 17.51 25.14 0 36.99 0 48.7 58.4 0 72.9 0 0) 25.65 0 0 0 61 5.5 58.3 54.1 92.8 .420 24.49 22.71 8 5.8 0 60.3 0 0 0) 6.3 5.7 0 0) 55.3 48.0 97.0 0 0) 0 0) 96.4 88.1 .461 0 0 0) 0) .476 .561 27.80 0 0 0) 0 26.33 26.93 26.98 6 3 58.5 0 0 0) 0) 53.3 42.3 Sack cleaners, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4........................ 5.......................... 6...... ................... 7.............. .......... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10.......................... 11........... .......... ... 12.......................- Inspectors, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4............... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 12.......................... 2 4 1 1 1 1 7 2 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 31 7 0)5.1 0) 59.4 P > 0 73.6 $0,312 $16.10 O) 0 0) $11.84 0) 0) Total..................................... 22 Oilers, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 5............... 6.......................... 7.......................... 11.......................... 12................ ......... 5 1 1 1 1 5 3 Total..................................... 17 22 5.9 56.9 53.4 93.8 .466 26.52 24.89 16 6 10 189 53 62 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.7 57.6 59.3 55.4 59.2 57.9 57.0 46.8 96.2 99.8 99.7 96.1 .590 .532 .562 .609 .529 .493 .506 33.98 31.55 32.65 36.11 27.98 29.63 28.08 21.74 20.74 35.10 31.12 26.15 32.68 31.46 32.53 34.71 24.80 28.76 30.32 28.87 Other employees, male: District No. 1.......................... 2............... 3.......................... 4............... 5............... 6............... 7............... 8......... ..... 9.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12.......................... Total..................................... 9 10 12 6 6 3 3 8 0 0) 0) 0 49 96 81 48 0) 5.5 5 47 47 6 45 20 5.9 6.0 6.1 5.0 5.0 6.0 5.5 94 743 5.7 t Data included in total to avoid identification of plant. 0) 58.1 59.3 52.9 60.1 55.5 56.9 61.0 49.3 53.2 48.6 57.0 58.3 55.8 57.1 48.4 88.5 97.0 100.5 100.4 79.3 .382 41.0 52.1 44.2 83.2 97.9 90.9 .340 .712 .585 .538 54.2 95.1 .532 0 0) 25.33 23.75 28.23 21.74 16.47 29.17 30.47 23.73 PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY 29 T a b l e A .— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con. Average— Average— Department, occupation, sex, and district Es tab Wage lish* earn ments ers Days em Full time ploy hours ees worked per in one week week Hours actu ally work ed in one week Per cent of full time work ed Full Actu al Earn time earn ings earn ings per ings in per hour one week week Cemcnl—Continued Other employees, female: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4....................... 5.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12.......................... 2 1 1 4 5 2 8 1 4 2 1 11 23 35 8 <0 8 .22 0) Total..................................... 26 130 5.5 12 6.0 (l) 6.6 5.7 5.1 5.4 (l) 11 W 0) 4.9 W 0) 5.3 5.6 5.8 5.8 53.6 77.2 $0,356 $19.08 0) b) b) (0 0) &7 100.0 0) 0) 0) <0 0) 19.47 25.24 0) 47.1 90.2 .382 19.94 17.97 64.3 0) 76.3 60.0 58.3 68.2 65.1 0) 73.8 56.8 47.2 56.6 101.2 0) 96.7 94.7 81.0 83.0 28.23 32. \d 26.34 21.63 16.03 28.59 0) 31.64 24.92 17.51 13.31 W M 0) W (l) b) .439 0) .429 .439 .371 .235 0) 0) 0) 0) 52.2 49.0 47.8 48.9 * 44.5 51.3 53.9 0) 45.4 47.8 86.2 84.0 95.0 93.3 19.73 18.55 16.69 23.06 0) 21.02 25.24 $14.74 .348 .350 .309 .399 0) .429 .528 56.7 53.0 54.0 57.8 O 5.8 6.0 41.4 b) 17.04 15.61 15.84 21.54 Power Laborers, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 8.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 7 1 3 4 5 3 1 1 1 Total..................................... 26 71 5.7 63.2 57.6 31 7 16 9 25 5 9 6.2 6.1 6.8 6.7 6.8 4.8 6.7 61.0 78.9 63.0 62.2 56.0 62.4 74.7 59.6 74.1 62.5 61.8 53.3 44.8 72.0 10.......................... 11.......................... 5 2 5 3 4 2 2 1 1 1 6....................... Firemen, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 6....................... 7.......................... 8....................... 0) 8 14 21 10 W W 0) P) ?} 0 in 0) 0) 0 0) (*) 0) f1) 0) (0 0) (M (0 91.1 .395 24.96 22.72 97.7 93.9 99.2 99.4 95.2 71.8 96.4 .536 .491 .545 .600 .499 .371 .409 (i) 32.70 38.74 34.34 37.32 27.94 23.15 30.55 (l) 31.91 36.40 34.09 37.08 26.60 16.63 29.43 0) (v b) (*) VI b) (i) V <l> 0) \l) b) 0) 14 b) Total____________________ 26 116 6.5 61.9 59.4 96.0 .523 32.37 31.05 Engineers, male: District No. 1______________ 2.......................... 3______________ 4........................ 5............... 6______________ 7.......................... 8.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12.......................... 8 4 8 6 7 4 2 5 4 1 2 88 28 27 20 38 10 5 14 12 0) 7 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.2 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.6 7.0 0) 7.0 58.1 58.3 64.3 68.8 61.2 64.8 67.2 64.0 56.0 95.2 101.2 98.9 97.4 100.0 102.5 100.0 95.9 100.0 0) 109.8 .590 .520 .642 .629 .564 .517 .543 .566 .651 58.3 55.3 59.0 63.6 67.0 61.2 66.4 67.2 61.4 56.0 0) 64.0 .564 34.28 30.32 41.28 43.28 34.52 33.50 36.46 36.22 36.46 0) 32.88 32.66 30.66 40.82 42.10 34.52 34.32 36.46 34.74 36.46 0) 36.12 Total____________________ 51 253 6.5 60.7 59.7 98.4 .587 35.63 35.03. 1 Data included in total to avoid identification of plant* 6615°—31------ 3 C1) 30 WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR A.— Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and average earnings per hour, 1929y by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con. T able Average— Department, occupation, sex, and district Estab- Wage lish- earn ments ers Average— Days em Full time ploy hours ees worked per in one week week Hours actu ally work ed in one week 0) 65.6 72.0 65.7 72.0 70.8 84.0 67.2 84.0 0) (9 61.8 72.3 60.3 72.0 70.6 80.5 67.2 81.0 0) Per cent of full time work ed Full Earn time ings earn per ings per hour week Actu al earn ings in one week Power—Continued Pumpmen, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10.......................... 1 2 3 3 2 6 2 2 2 1 5 7 12 7 8 4 5 3 0) Total..................................... 24 57 6.5 69.3 67.5 97.4 .450 31.19 30.37 4 2 4 3 5 2 2 3 1 22 5 8 6 14 15 12 7 9 0) 6.5 4.8 6.8 5.8 6.6 6.9 6.8 6.1 6.9 0) 71.3 72.0 82.3 74.7 63.7 63.7 84.0 72.0 56.0 0) 68.8 57.4 80.3 60.7 63.3 64.0 81.0 63.6 56.0 0 96.5 79.7 97.6 81.3 99.4 100.5 96.4 88.3 100.0 0 .494 .536 .506 .473 .443 .436 .373 .434 .516 0 35.22 38.59 41.64 35.33 28.22 27.77 31.33 31.25 28.89 0 34.02 30.76 40.66 28.67 28.05 27.90 30.22 27.62 28.89 0 Oilers, male: District No. 1...... ................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 10.......................... 12.......................... 6 0) 5.8 6.9 5.8 6.9 6.5 6.8 7.0 7.0 0) 0 0) 0 94.2 $0,521 $34.18 100.4 .456 32.83 91.8 .548 36.00 100.0 .417 30.00 99.7 .359 25.42 95.8 .411 34.52 100.0 .411 27.64 86.4 .302 25.37 0 0) 0 0 $32.21 32.93 33.07 30.00 25.37 33.07 27.64 24.43 0) Total..................................... 32 99 6.5 70.5 67.3 95.5 .461 32.50 31.03 Other employees, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9........................ 10.......................... 11.......................... 16 6 9 8 10 13 6 7 3 2 2 243 77 74 71 97 95 76 76 28 16 10 6.3 6.0 6.6 6.0 6.5 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.6 6.8 64.2 65.8 75.1 62.7 67.0 69.4 71.1 68.8 78.5 56.0 56.0 63.0 43.4 72.4 60.3 64.7 64.9 67.5 66.3 71.6 53.0 56.0 98.1 66.0 96.4 96.2 96.6 93.5 94.9 96.4 91.2 94.6 100.0 .563 .813 .535 .646 .536 .535 .486 .475 .465 .604 .543 36.14 53.50 40.18 40.50 35.91 37.13 34.55 32.68 36.50 33.82 30.43 35.45 35.27 38.75 38.91 34.71 34.75 32.77 31.47 33.31 32.00 30.43 Total..................................... 82 863 6.4 67.3 62.9 93.5 .557 37.49 35.06 16 4,566 6 1,230 10 2,194 9 1,409 10 2,708 13 2,043 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.9 5.7 61.2 60.7 61.5 63.1 60.2 64.0 93.6 91.9 95.1 91.5 91.7 86.7 .554 .551 .558 .564 .495 33.90 33.45 34.32 35.02 29.80 31.74 30.71 32.64 32.00 27.30 .4 2 7 6 .0 6 .0 5 .8 6 .4 6 1 .6 6 0 .0 6 7.9 56 .8 57.3 55.8 58.5 56.8 55.2 55.6 59.0 .44 6 .37 3 27.33 29.51 26.76 25.33 23.73 28.22 2 5.60 23.31 All departments All employees, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4......................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7 ................................... 8 ................................... 9 ................................... 10................................... 6 7 3 6 1,892 1,292 607 617 11.......................... 12.......................... 9 7 1,416 570 6.4 6.0 102 20,544 5.9 Total____________________ *Data included in total to avoid identification of plant. .479 5 7.4 62 .4 54.1 9 5 .8 9 5 .7 91 .9 9 5 .2 55.2 53.9 54.3 50.1 98.4 92.9 .526 .587 .609 29.88 32.40 32.83 28.45 31.88 30.54 60.8 56.7 93.3 .518 31.49 29.33 PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY 31 T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which employees worked in one week, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, per cent of full time worked and average earnings per hour, 1929, by department, occupation, sex, and district— Con. Average— Department, occupation, sex, and district Estab- Wage lish- earn ments ers Days Full em time ploy hours ees worked per in one week week Average— Hours actu ally work ed in one week Per cent of full time work ed Full Actu al Earn time earn ings earn ings per ings in hour per one week week All departments—Continued All employees, female: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4................... . 5.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12.......................... 2 1 2 4 5 2 3 1 5 2 1 11 0) 10 11 31 39 8 0) 10 22 0) 4.9 0) 4.7 5.3 5.6 5.7 5.8 0) 5.3 6.0 (0 63.6 0) 50.4 56.7 51.7 54.6 57.8 0) 48.8 47.8 0) (9 Total..................................... 28 157 5.5 52.0 46.6 All employees, male and female: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 5............... 6.......................... 7.......................... 8.......................... 9.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12.......................... 16 4,577 6 1,241 10 2,204 9 1,420 10 2,739 13 2,043 6 1,931 7 1,300 3 609 6 627 9 1,438 7 572 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.9 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.4 6.4 6.0 61.1 60.6 61.4 62.0 60.2 64.0 61.5 60.0 67.8 56.7 55.1 53.9 Total____________________ 102 20,701 5.9 60.8 i Data Included in total to avoid identification of plant. 41.4 0) 39.4 48.9 44.9 51.2 53.9 0) 42.0 47.8 77.2 $0,356 $19.08 (9 (9 (9 $14.74 (9 78.2 86.2 86.8 93.8 93.3 .448 .348 .370 .331 .399 22.58 19.73 19.13 18.07 23.06 17.65 17.04 16.63 16.95 21.54 86.1 100.0 .416 .528 17.43 25.24 <9 (9 20.30 25.24 89.6 .389 20.23 18.12 57.3 55.7 58.4 56.7 55.0 55.6 58.8 57.4 62.3 53.9 54.2 50.1 93.6 91.9 95.1 91.5 91.4 86.7 95.6 95.7 91.8 95.1 98.4 92.9 .553 .550 .558 .562 .494 .427 .476 .446 .373 .525 .586 .608 33.79 33.33 34.26 34.84 29.74 27.33 29.27 26.76 25.29 29.77 32.29 32.77 31.70 30.60 32.57 31.88 27.18 23.73 27.99 25.58 23.25 28.28 31.78 30.48 56.6 93.1 .517 31.43 29.25 (9 <9 (9 <9 (9 (9 T a b le WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR B .— Average and classified .earnings per hour in H specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district 15 5 10 4 10 12 6 7 3 6 7 6 186 44 182 35 145 209 161 75 41 25 69 41 .431 .494 .450 .376 .370 .283 .378 .351 .281 .468 .460 .591 27 Total.................................................. 91 1,213 .395 27 ! 128 Crasher operators, male: District No. 1....................................... 2....................................... 3....................................... 4.................................. . 5....................................... 6....................................... 7....................................... 8....................................... 9....................................... 10....................................... 11....................................... 12....................................... 15 5 9 4 9 10 5 7 2 5 8 6 48 10 19 20 25 16 15 11 5 8 11 18 .497 .452 .480 .738 .427 .401 .466 .454 .362 .531 .635 .577 2 2 11 12 8 79 1 18 85 40 28 1 1 133 3 1 16 1 8 1 7 13 17 2 3 3 10 26 3 164 52 7 36 3 18 11 2 6 3 7 2 7 ■~T 4 1 8 3 1 1 2 2 2 5 9 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 2 8 1 3 3 19 50 15 117 34 105 11 132 16 46 3 29 13 67 11 33 12 3 26 270 384 6 3 6 3 23 14 PORTLAND Laborers, male* District No 1....................................... 2....................................... 3................... .................... 4....................................... 5....................................... 6............................. ......... 7....................................... 8....................................... 9....................................... 10....................................... 11....................................... 12....................................... Raw department 5 3 1 2 Total.................................................. 85 206 .503 16 6 10 8 10 11 6 7 3 6 7 5 78 18 29 26 38 26 22 24 7 16 25 13 .527 .490 .536 .565 .487 .431 .443 .445 .361 .542 .568 .519 2 Total.................................................. 95 322 .503 2 3 4 1 3 1 1 1 37 35 58 23 14 1 5 4 11 1 8 6 2 4 6 4 2 4 3 6 7 1 14 15 5 2 13 7 10 12 42 4 6 4 4 3 14 36 5 2 4 11 24 8 2 3 5 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 3 5 8 5 6 1 8 2 86 65 68 21 8 ....... 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 5 6 2 2 3 3 3 INDUSTRY 1 2 CEMENT 3 Grinder operators, male: District No. 1....................................... 2....................................... 3....................................... 4....................................... 5....................................... 6....................................... 7....................................... 8....................................... 9....................................... 10....................................... 11....................................... 12....................................... 3 1 9 2 6 3 2 6 4 3 1 1 2 3 3 4 ---- - = = = TTTT T a b l e B . — Average WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR and classified earnings per hour in H specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district— Continued Coal mill 46 12 25 29 27 20 17 11 11 8 .515 .525 .570 .592 .493 .449 .474 .448 .521 .607 Total............................... ................. 76 206 .519 Laborers, male: District No. 1....................................... 3...................................... 5....................................... 6....................................... 7....................................... 8....................................... 10....................................... 12....................................... 7 3 7 7 4 1 3 1 21 8 34 21 22 0) 5 0) .411 .413 .359 .285 .362 0) .434 0) 4 33 119 .363 4 Burners, first, male: District No. 1....................................... 2........................ ............... 3....................................... 4........................ .............. 5................... ................... 6...................... ................ 7.................................... 8...................................... 9....................................... 10................... ................... 11....................................... 12....................................... 16 6 10 8 10 13 6 7 3 6 9 7 67 14 30 22 31 30 25 18 6 17 43 19 .630 .623 .664 .722 .617 .632 .558 . 526 .467 .619 .656 .691 Total.................................................. 101 322 .628 Total................................................ 2 2 8 4 18 2 2 3 8 4 11 2 3 14 6 6 4 17 6 19 53 59 21 6 5 4 2 2 1 1 2 39 5 1 1 11 1 3 6 2 2 1 4 1 5 6 28 1 20 <9 2 3 3 11 2 2 2 2 2 4 3 5 4 1 3 2 4 3 1 4 3 1 1 1 9 3 5 6 2 30 11 5 7 4 2 6 2 4 2 10 2 13 7 9 2 9 3 11 4 19 3 2 2 10 4 5 14 2 3 3 2 6 5 3 8 11 11 4 6 9 3 9 3 4 2 3 2 84 60 45 19 3 8 CEMENT 16 6 9 9 9 10 6 4 4 3 PORTLAND Grinder operators, male: District No. 1_____________________ 2....................................... 3....................................... 4....................................... 5....................................... 6....................................... 7....................................... 8....................................... 10....................................... 12....................................... 0) 8 4 58 Clinker 2 4 4 1 2 ..... 2 5 9 13 5 1 12 3 38 1 3 30 INDUSTRY 2 4 3 1 1 1 12 = 1Included in total to avoid identification of plant. CO Ox T a b l e B .— Average and classified earnings per hour in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by sex, department, and district— Continued WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 6615°—31 PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY CO T a b le C.— Average and classified full-tim e hours per week in 14 specified occupations, 1989, by department, sex, and district Department, occupation, sex, and district Number of— Aver age full time Estab Em hours lish. ployper roents week Number of employees whose fu ll-tim e hours per week were— 40 48 Over 48, under 54 54 55 56 Over 56, under 60 60 Over 60, under 70 70 Over 70, under 77 77 80H 94H Quarry 93 3 4 85 544 124 79 45 37 183 4 5 6 7 8 9........ 10........ 11........ 12........ 87 250 57.5 LABOR 57.8 57.4 57.2 63.6 56.2 62.0 57.8 55.7 60.0 53.1 53.8 50.5 3 12 OF Shovel engineers, male: District No. 1........ 2........ Total................... 56.9 HOURS Total................... 19 AND 5 6 7 8 9........ 10........ 11........ 12........ 57.9 58.7 54.8 60.0 56.7 61.4 56.1 54.8 60.0 55.7 54.6 54.2 WAGES Drillers, male: District No. 1........ 2........ 10 95 15 10 Laborers, male: District No. 14_ 5. 6. 7_. 8. 9_ 101112- 1,213 15 5 9 4 9 10 5 7 2 5 8 6 48 10 19 20 25 16 15 11 5 8 11 18 57.0 66.6 61.9 46.0 56.9 64.5 57.5 55.1 60.0 56.5 59.9 49.3 85 206 56.9 16 6 10 8 10 11 6 7 3 6 7 5 78 18 29 26 38 26 22 24 7 16 25 13 64.9 65.0 69.4 72.0 69.3 69.9 68.7 66.5 84.0 59.5 61.1 59.1 95 322 66.8 13 39 25 8 37 .......... :.......... !_____ :_____ 21 44 46 6 15 50 ......... j.......... 13 32 17 7 57.4 ;.......... 208 144 4 2 4 6 1 1 23 39 24 24 16 9 19 19 84 71 39 19 54 3 116 31 64 135 87 19 41 3 8 8 16 10 4 13 34 13 i I j 5 ...........! ____ 561 42 3 9 7 2 2 1 5 6 8 7 2 3 5 1 47 ! . 3 13 4 Raw Crusher operators, male: District No. 1........... 2........... 4.. 5_ 6_ 7_ 8. 9_ 101112T otalGrinder operators, male: District No. 1______ 2_......... 4_ 5. 6_ 7. 8_ 9_ 10. 11. 12. Total.. 14 14 11 4 1 1 6 1 4 7 2 15 2 38 1 3 21 1 I 7 4 3 1 45 4 51 1........... 46 9 10 1 4 2 10 20 8 12 15 46 2 ..... .. - 5 2 157 4 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 17 2 5 1 6 2 1 3 8 4 22 2 15 13 14 10 10 g 2 5 1 2 4 1 2 5 2 2 1 1 2 7 14 14 7 4 2 11 8 1 3 INDUSTRY 91 57.8 58.8 56.7 62.7 56.2 60.8 56.8 55.0 60.0 52.3 53.5 53.5 CEMENT 186 44 182 35 145 209 161 75 41 25 69 41 PORTLAND Total.. 15 5 10 4 10 12 6 7 3 6 7 6 7 4 111 6 1 CO CD WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY T a b le C.— Average and classified fu ll-tim e hours per week in H specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district— Continued Department, occupation, sex, and district Number of— Aver age full time Estab Em hours lish ploy per ments ees week Number of employees whose fu ll-tim e hours per week were— 40 Over 48, under 54 48 54 55 56 Over 56, under 60 Over 60, under 70 60 Over 70, under 77 70 77 80^ 84 86 94H Clinker—Continued 93 396 66.3 14 5 6 4 9 6 4 5 3 3 7 1 74 12 30 10 56 24 12 15 10 7 61 (0 67 315 g 9 1 0 .......................... 11 12 Total............................. - ........... 1 14 I 2 3 -------- 6 67.4 57.0 71.3 69.9 66.8 69.4 66.7 76.4 84.0 58.0 62.9 (0 2 3 4 4 67.2 6 207 1______ 22 5 24 2 4 3 1 1 2 89 i 5 |........... i l. 22 44 13 iI 1 5 7 13 2 141 4 21 4 5 2 1 <9 5 3 6 2 13 3 8 _______ i 2 1' 5 O! 9 4 i! 11 2 4 --------- i -------- 6 46 9 i 4| 1 ...........r : : i i 11 17 3 3 33 2 22 15 23 7 10 8 9 10 1 10 4 20 3 4 11 10 15 16 4 4 5 98 1 LABOR Total................... ...................... Laborers, male: District No. 1 2 3 .............................. 4 5 G ..................... 7 14 4 48 15 25 3 37 18 14 16 5 OF 67.1 64.0 69.1 61.9 66.7 65.5 67.7 65.3 84.0 56.0 62.5 69.2 HOURS 90 27 47 33 60 35 24 24 9 11 23 13 AND 16 6 10 9 10 10 6 7 3 4 7 5 WAGES Clinker grinders, male: District No. 1_________________ 2 ............................. 3 ........................... 4 ........................... 5 ............................ 6 ......... ................. 7 ...................... 8 ............................ 9 .......................... 10 12 .......................... 12 Cement Packers (sackers), male: District No. 1......... 2......... 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9......... 10......... 11........ . 12......... 352 83 132 71 151 97 92 81 15 20 57 33 1,249 56.1 161 46 67 81 93 61 70 31 14 37 52 15 58.6 58.4 57.7 62.6 54.3 61.3 56.0 57.6 62.6 48.8 50.5 51.2 34 36 11 728 57.2 155 1Included in total to avoid identification of plant. 85 6 12 6 284 15 1 4 9 173 29 26 12 11 17 22 11 6 8 18 15 44 6 9 12 40 26 65 21 13 14 4 3 4 2 92 25 2 18 2 24 584 60 34 61 34 39 60 49 30 31 19 25 1 10 1 10 85 5 8 174 69 74 47 66 71 . . 32 40 40 1 6 4 334 ______1........... 13 8 8 12 i 13 59 i ....... " T ......... i 12 8 i INDUSTRY 87 6 43 14 20 17 CEMENT Total.................... 16 54 PORTLAND Total................... . Laborers, male: District No. 1........ . 2......... 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9......... 10......... 11......... 12......... 57.3 59.0 56.8 60.6 53.2 58.5 55.4 56.4 60.8 50.9 50.5 49.3 CO T a b le D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 9..................... ..... Total................................ . Grinder operators, male: District No 1............... .......... 2 ; .............................. 3— ....................... 4.......................... 5 .— .................................. 6..................... ..... 7.......................... 51.4 50.0 54.5 60.1 51.3 45.1 53.2 50.6 52.0 52.5 52.5 47.2 51.5 15 5 9 4 9 48 10 19 20 25 56.7 58.9 65.1 43.8 55.0 10 12 6 7 3 6 7 6 49.6 85 206 55.8 4 16 6 10 8 78 18 29 26 38 26 22 24 3 3 8......................................... 9......................................... 10..................................... . 11......................................... 12......................................... 3 6 7 5 16 25 13 Total..............,.................. 96 322 62.1 10 11 6 7 7 *Whosehourswere90.5. 8 1 1 16 15 11 5 8 11 18 52.6 56.3 57.8 68.8 54.6 63.2 4 1 5 7 2 5 8 6 10 59.4 59.8 65.0 62.0 64.6 59.9 66.2 62.3 80.9 57.5 61.8 60.2 7 5 35 3 6 6 8 3 8 17 1 1 2 3 22 2 14 19 16 23 8 4 2 3 5 5 3 1 1 3 1 1 2 3 4 2 4 52 41 99 61 1 1 1 19 2 7 9 ” 5“ 1 .... 18 36 12 i7_ 5 7 6 .... 2’ 27 1 2 3 1 7 3 2 1 1 3 2 4 1 1 .... 15 9 11 29 1 2 1 " ’ 0’ 2 2 2 16 2 2 3 3 2 4 2 ..... 1 i" 4 3 1 3 1 1 5 7 11 2 42 3 1 1 20 3 11 g 38 1 1 2 2 2 7 * 21 2 8 6 5 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 78 12 48 1 8 3 1 1 4 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 .... 2 2 1 2 20 1 1 2 5 7 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 5 1 4 6 5 5 4 2 11 7 ..... 1 2 1 1 2 9 2 2 9 1 2 2 6 3 2 1 35 .... 9 4 1 10 17 16 1 7 2 5 2 6 3 1 5 1 2 2 3 4 1 1 2 1 ” 3 2 2 12 1 2 5 5 1 4 4 5 15 2 7 3 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 5 2 2 1 10 2 1 1 2 1 ” 5 5 39 15 2 3 17 21 55 7 2 12 29 22 25 15 10 7 10 44 27 4 7 21 6 13 11 9 14 22 5 3 11 116 82 32 87 76 33 163 126 204 1 6 1 13 7 U 7 1 1 1 1 4 9 10 4 1 1 4 2 6 5 2 7 39 20 1 14 14 ” 2’ 1 2 3 11 3 2 5 3 1 2 1 1 2 6 3 6 4 1 4 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 18 28 Includes 1 whosehourswere90.5. 1 4 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 5 1 2 INDUSTRY 10......................................... 11......................................... 12......................................... 91 186 44 182 35 145 209 161 75 41 25 69 41 1,213 CEMENT 6 ......................................... 7......................................... 8......................................... 15 5 4 10 PORTLAND laborers, male: District No. 1........................... 2........................... 3-........................ 4........................... 5.......................... 6.......................... 7........................... S__________ ___ 9.......................... 10.......................... 11........................... 12........................... Total................................. Raw Crasher operators, male: District No. 1........................... 2 .......................... 3........................... 4.......................... 5.......................... 1 10 A 4 A % 7 1 a 0 ^ T a b le D.— Average and classified h o u r s a c t u a l l y w o rk e d Number o fDepartment, occupation, sex, and district Estab- xp—. lishments p y in one week in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district— Continued Number of employees whose hours o f actual Aver age hours Over Over Over Over Over actually Un 24, 32, 60, 54, 40, 48, 50, worked der un un 40 un 48 un 50 un 54 un 60 un 72 in one 24 der der der der der der der 32 40 72 54 60 50 48 work in one week were— Over Over 84, 72, un 84 un 90 der der 90 84 Over Over 96, 102 91, un and un 96 91 der over der 102 96 WAGES Raw^-C ontinued 13 4 77 10 Total............................... . 79 434 58.7 16 46 67.6 71.9 69.5 60.8 65.4 7 6 6 3 5 8 g 3 2 1 5 2 5 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 7 2 .... 1 1 19 13 3 1 2 4 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 7 3 1 3 3 4 3 11 1 14 17 12 33 1 5 2 1 1 1 1 ~T 1 1 2 1 9 4 1 8 1 19 3 9 4 5 9 13 I 7 5 3 1 2 .... 3 5 9 16 7 1 1 6 5 4 3 2 2 4 7 3 1 2 .... 13 27 4 2 73 38 77 8 6 1 2 5 1 1 7 3 1 1 2 2 6 1 32 3 15 2 7 1 1 3 7 6 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 4 2 .... 1 1 2 15 5 1 33 31 7 3 .... 7 1 3 4 4 ..... 1 1 36 7 1 2 Coal mill Grinder operators, male: District No. 1...................... 2..................... 3 4 5 6 „ ................. . 7 8 10...................... 12.................... . Total............................... 6 9 9 9 10 6 12 25 29 27 20 .... 1 4 6 11 11 8 68.5 63.3 60.3 51.5 76 206 65.7 1 7 1 1 2 1 3 3 2 68.0 4 4 3 17 1 1 2 4 6 4 3 1 19 6 5 2 6 2 8 .... 1 1 3 4 ’ ~2" 1 1 2 5 3 3 4 ~T 4 3 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 5 2 1 4 2 43 13 25 14 21 21 10 3 2 4 2 4 LABOR 4 7 8 1 .... OF 6 7 8 9..................... 10................... 11— ................ 12...................... 5 1 8 HOURS 65.2 56.1 46.5 52.7 58.1 60.5 68.3 61.4 78.3 53.9 57.3 45.7 31 59 44 35 26 27 18 29 62 16 8 AND Laborers, male: District No. 1..................... 2..................... 3 4 £ 05 Laborers, male: District No. 1_. 3_. 5_. _. 8_. 6 7.. 7 3 7 7 4 1 0 | 1 1 1 1 1 (*) ? (\ o 62.7 62.2 66.4 58.5 70.0 (4) 37.7 (4) 21 8 34 21 22 1 10.. 12. . 3 Total............ 33 119 63.4 8 2 1 15 5 8 8 9 13 6 7 3 236 28 123 85 148 170 10 10 10 7 4 89 102 43 47 20 53.4 52.3 53.9 56.5 51.7 53.3 58.2 51.6 52.1 54.3 48.3 46.0 90 1,212 53.4 69 16 6 10 8 10 13 6 7 3 6 9 7 67 14 30 22 31 30 25 18 6 17 43 19 62.6 70.5 70.0 61.2 61.2 61.8 70.3 67.2 82.2 58.2 61.6 58.8 101 322 64.0 1 1 3 j | ! ! ------ i-----1----I! 1 1 1 6 9 6 1 r 6 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 2 2 5 1 1 16 9 j 25 3 6 2 1 2 6 '(<)' 1 1 1 8 1 3 (<) 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 (<) *2 1 4 2 1 3 3 5 37 3 2 12 12 15 1 Shops and miscellaneous 2_. 3.. 4_. 5_. 6.. 7_. 8.. 3 7 3 4 8 ? 8 4 8 4 8 1 5 6 6 4 3 5 .... 1 2 2 43 13 1 55 39 23 4 7 5 20 "22_ 16 2 5 2 4 9 10 "~8~ 2 29 1 2 MR I 71 4 4 5" 1 3 7 9 1 3 ” 8~ 5 2 2 1 1 13 8 1 2 3 2 1 1 10 2 16 2 4 1 26 75 38 41 3 2 1 4 1 1 5 31 3 24 4 22 31 6 9 14 15 8 1 32 13 15 28 31 14 9 2 6 3 1 38 8 41 20 22 30 21 17 29 4 1 2 168 155 233 1 12 1 13 2 2 1 1 1 16 1 2 13 1 1 8 6 3 8 1 27 42 19 5 2 1 2 1 1 INDUSTRY Total. 5 ? 1 3 CEMENT 9_. 10.. 11-. 12.. 121 12 1 8 10 9 5 9 1 2 2 ? PORTLAND Laborers, male: District No. 1_. Clinker Burners, first, male: District No. l - ~ 2 ... 3— 4— 5__ 9.. lOll.. 12.. Total . * Include? 1 whose hours were 90.5. 1 1 3 1 1 1 5 i1 3 6 1 4 2 ! 1 ! ! i 1| ------ 9 1 4 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 29 3 .... 2 1 5 1 2 1 14 31 12 1 1 22 1 6 3 11 13 5 3 1 includes 1 whose hours were 90.9. 1 7 1 121 15 12 2 4 1 5 2 2 2 "i 3 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 35 11 5 2 "’ 3" 4 3 6 4 4 1 2 1 1 7 6 2 2 2 7 22 40 5 22 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 7 25 4 1 6 2 1 * Included in total to avoid identification of plant. <1 T a b le D.— Average and classified h o u r s a c t u a ll y w o rk e d in one week in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district— Continued Number of employees whose hours o f actual work in one week were— Aver age hours Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Department, occupation, sex, and district Estab Em actually Un 24, 32, 96, 102 84, 72, 60, 54, 50, 91, 48, 40, un un 40 un 48 un 50 un 54 un 60 un 72 un 84 un 90 91 un 96 un and der der lish ploy worked der in one der over der der der der der der der der ments ees week 24 32 40 102 96 84 90 72 60 54 50 48 Number of— WAGES Clinker—Continued 3 4 7 g g in T o t a l...__ - ______________________ 2 3 4 K a •j g 9 in ii 12. ....................................... Total.............................................. ..... 10 10 6 7 3 4 7 5 93 11 23 13 396 1 3 4 61.1 .... 1 59.6 65.4 . . . . 2 5 57.1 1 "T 3 61.3 1 59.1 66.1 1 2 9 1 1 63.6 80.3 56.7 60.3 66.4 61.9 3 2 1 5 6 15 14 15 5 4 7 7 4 3 1 3 1 7 61 («) 1 1 .... 66.3 51.9 . . . . 1 70.4 1 61.7 5 6 54.4 3 3 3 5 43.5 68.5 I 69.8 i 84.2 1 1 45.0 46.1 (<) 69 315 58.5 74 6 30 6 56 24 4 9 4 5 3 3 7 12 10 12 15 10 9 ! 13 11 1 2 1 4 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 10 9 20 2 3 6 4 3 2 1 4 5 1 1 1 5 6 ----- —----- 14 " T 11 2 2 89 5 2 22 8 2 1 16 2 2 2 2 2 6 3 3 8 13 4 4 2 2 3 2 4 3 1 1 1 52 26 1 2 18 41 7 6 6 1 1 1 1 5 (<) 63 21 ------- 65 11 1 5 4 3 3 --34 (<) 3 7 1 2 1 3 5 5 1 1 1 2 1 5 5 2 1 1 1 2 1 8 9 I! 5 32 1 4 2 7 1 2 4 2 1 1 1 .... 9 5 3 2 2 3 8 1 .... 1 4 2 1 7 3 3 9 7 5 1 1 1 9 4 .... 7 1 3 21 1 10 2 1 14 5 2 1 1 1 8 1 4 54 1 1 2 4 1 7 1 1 2 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 9 25 37 6 1 3 8 1 1 1 1 3 ------- ----- ----- 1 2 3 ===== LABOR Laborers, male: District No 1 9 90 27 47 33 60 35 24 24 9 OP 12 ........................... ............ 6 10 HOURS K ft 16 AND Clinker grinders, male: nietrir>t Mn 1 o Cement Packers (sackers), male: District No. 1......................................... 2 ......................................... 3......................................... 4......... , ......... ................... 5................................. . 6........................ ................ 7...................................... 8........................ ................ 9........................................ 10........................ ................ 11 ......................................... 12.................................. . 1,249 16 9 7 9 9 6 5 2 6 7 5 161 46 67 81 93 61 70 31 14 37 52 15 57.3 52.7 44.4 49.6 46.3 48.5 51.1 46.4 46.9 46.4 46.3 45.5 17 5 16 2 10 2 4 3 4 4 6 3 2 ~~2~ 4 1 87 728 50.0 72 6 9 6 4 Included in total to avoid identification of plant. 14 41 4 1 13 19 ?, 15 33 3 9 94 8 13 7 9 1 47 9 11 4 16 13 n 16 5 2 2 4 6 2 64 8 10 3 25 3 6 2 16 ..... ""I" 3 46 ’ i§’ 5 10 ” <T 1 14 4 1 10 2 4 1 1 5 ~~6~ 1 . . . . 13 23 1 5 1 1 2 11 10 2 44.8 112 1115 152 31 211 51 24 6 2 "~2 1 3 7 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 4 4 5 2 2 26 3 5 1 3 .... 9 4 2 .... 1 2 3 1 ~~2 34 10 11 26 6 8 2 ii~ 1 1 1 1 10 5 27 1 73 53 33 21 24 ~2’ 2 10 20 6 1 57 16 7 5 5 5 " 3" 9 4 3 17 25 7 14 3 ’ J6" 18 11 2 8 5 5 37 5 36 15 2 2 3 3 3 1 12 120 5 3 6 3 16 2 43 7 46 1 4 1 2 6 2 3 9 9 3 2 2 18 1 22 4 ..... 2 1 1 1 3 6 54 3~ 30 11 10 9 21 11 15 10 2 9 4 1 1 ..._ 10 1 128 i " ' " 1 ....... 1 | 1 i " " j ....... 29 5 1 1 , 1 1 1 184 1 1 1 4 2 6 3 49 2 3 7 128 5 2 9 4 6 3 1 2 30 2 7 8 5 1 5 18 13 1 11 3 1 1 1 1 3 I 1 — ....... 1........ i i 1 1X 1 1 1 5 4 14 6 a 3 1 2 67 116 1 3 14 ! ! .... 2 4 INDUSTRY Total............. ..................................... 96 5 3 46.5 49.5 46.0 46.3 39.3 41.6 39.6 42.5 54.5 52.9 46.8 40.2 CEMENT Laborers, male: District No. 1 . ....................................... 2........................................ 3........................ ................ 4................... ......... ........... 5......................................... 6.................................. . 7........................ ................ 8__________ ____________ 9______________________ 10................... ..................... 11........................................ 12......................................... 6 352 83 132 71 151 97 92 81 38 28 87 37 PORTLAND Total............................... ................... 16 6 10 8 10 11 6 T able E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in Department, occupation, sex, and district Number of— Aver age actual earn $5 $10 Estab- Em Un der and and lish- ploy ings in 1 under under ments ees $5 week $10 $15 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district Number of employees whose earnings per week were— $15 and under $20 $20 $25 $30 $35 $40 and and and and and under under under under under $25 $30 $35 $40 $45 $45 $50 $55 and and and under under under $50 $55 $60 $65 $60 $70 $75 $80 $85 $90 and and and and and and and under under under under under under over $80 $85 $65 $70 $75 $90 16 5 85 Total.................................... 87 5............... 6............... 7............... 8............... 28.38 2 1 1 1 1 1 7 7 48 39. 54 16 43.35 45 44.24 10 33.19 34 35.73 23 38.10 26 43.56 14 35.24 7 41.82 7 40.24 14 52.83 6 40.07 1 40.74 1 250 3 1 4 2 1 1 1 14 12 9 4 1 10 13 9 1 2 25 11 6 7 22 22 23 15 1 1 13 17 6 19 6 16 7 19 4 1 1 6 7 20 9 14 2 4 30 1 _____1_____ 18 3 1 1 4 9 2 1 4 9 10 2 1 25 19 5 15 5 14 2 3 1 3 4 3 1 2 7 3 2 109 102 37 1 4 10 5 1 5 0 3 3 6 3 6 4 4 3 2I 3 i 4 l_____ : 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 1 2 4 8 2 8 1 1 4 3 1 34 55 4 1 8 10 26 1 5 4 146 3 2 1 2 8 1 1 61 1 5 • 2 1 2 8 33 1 1 1 3 1 4 a 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 3 5 5 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 5 3 1 2 1 29 29 12 1 6 3 1 2 2 LABOR 9.......................... 10.......................... 11.......................... 12.......................... 15 5 10 4 9 11 6 6 3 6 8 4 544 1 3 1 OF Shovel engineers, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 1 2 HOURS Total.................................... 7............... 93 $29.70 38 25.66 68 32.05 15 23.43 60 25.89 55 22.90 76 27.10 31 21.98 8 22.72 13 40.85 61 32.81 26 34.72 AND 8.......................... 9.......................... 10......................... 11.......................... 12...................... . 8 3 9 11 5 7 2 5 8 6 WAGES Quarry Drillers, male: District No. 1.......................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4.......................... 6.......................... 6__...................... 1 . 1- 15 5 3. 4. 5. 10 2. 6. 7. 4 10 12 6 9. 7 3 10. 6 8. 11. 12. 7 6 186 22.15 44 24.69 182 24.49 35 22.63 145 18.99 209 12.78 161 20.09 75 17.74 41 14.60 25 24.59 69 24.16 41 27.85 1,213 20.17 15 5 9 4 9 48 28.16 28.60 31.27 32.30 23.48 5 1 1 4 2 5 4 35 5 5 6 2 1 1 1 1 26 3 57 i 63 39 8 6 1 52 14 31 3 48 48 36 33 19 4 17 20 16 10 8 8 3 7 12 2 1 182 305 372 173 59 25 13 3 10 22 6 2 4 3 6 1 6 3 6 2 1 5 2 4 7 3 9 6 4 1 19 110 8 5 19 50 23 65 9 93 24 1 9 61 2 8 1 15 3 16 1 21 4 2 7 1 9 1 .... ...... i ....... 1 1 I i 1 1 ...... !....... ...... (...... 12 i 1 1 1 Sam 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. )rs, ► . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 5 7 2 5 8 6 20 25 16 15 21.11 •1 3 1 1 26.26 11 26.21 5 24.89 8 28.98 11 40.18 18 28.64 1 5 3 1 85 206 28.05 2 2 16 78 18 29 26 38 26 22 24 7 16 25 13 31.26 29.32 34.83 35.03 31.48 25.82 29.29 27.70 29 ’ 5 31.20 35. 05 31. 26 1 1 10 8 10 11 6 7 3 6 7 5 95 322 31. 21 1 6 1 1 5 9 4 3 3 6 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 ___ 1___ 1 i 1 1 1 4 6 5 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 ----- 1 1 19 40 67 39 22 10 1 1 1 2 4 5 22 7 2 9 12 5 2 1 11 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 5 28 6 5 5 9 5 10 5 4 4 12 6 78 99 46 27 12 1 1 1 3 7 1 6 3 5 5 2 1 2 2 2 8 5 5 14 1 8 4 2 7 7 3 2 3 1 3 6 15 32 5 3 3 2 1 i 1 1 1 2 2 4 i 1 ! ___ ! ___ 1 1 ............ !................ ! 1 1 i ! 1 2 2 ...............! - - J ................ INDUSTRY 12. 10 10 19 CEMENT [>rs, ». 12. 3. 4. 5. PORTLAND 91 1 T a b le E .— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 14 specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district— Continued Department, occupation, sex, and district Number of— Aver age actual $15 $5 $10 earn Un and Estab Em and and der lish ploy- ings under under in 1 under $5 ments $15 $10 week O* to Number of employees whose earnings per week were— $20 $25 $30 and and and under under under $25 $30 $35 $45 $35 $40 $50 $55 $60 and and and and and and and under under under under under under under $40 $45 $70 $50 $55 $60 $65 $80 $85 $70 $75 and and and and and under under under under over $85 $75 Raw—Continued 6 . ________ . .............. ................. Total............................ 79 23.66 236 28 123 85 148 170 19 117 12 OF 434 HOURS 9_____ 10 11 12 AND $27.27 23.86 19.43 23.72 20.65 15.90 26.72 21.76 22.98 24. 55 26.05 27.58 ................. 7 8 WAGES Laborers, male: District No. 1................. 2 3 . 4 5 Shops and miscellaneous ................. ................. ................. 102 20 22.52 22.96 22.69 25.25 18.64 13.99 20.39 17.26 14.64 23.41 20.99 22.21 T otal.......... ................ 1,212 19.77 . ............... 6 7 8 9 .. . 10 11 12 121 89 43 47 LABOR Laborers, male: District No. 1................. 2 3 .. . 4 5 64 157 322 359 206 49 Grinder operators, male: District No. 1......... . 16 IS— o9I99 2 ............ . 3 4 5 6 . . . . 7........ . 8.......... 10............ . 12............ . Total..................... 76 206 34.89 37.73 39.62 36.01 32.23 30.54 32.46 28.35 31.38 31.26 15 1 34.12 48 7 10 2 4 5 50 30 12 Laborers, male: District No. 1......... . 3_....... . 5 . 6 7 8 21 . 23.02 22 . <*) 33 5 4 4 11 9 10 3 16 1 10 0) 0) CEMENT 119 21 10.............. 12............ . Total..................... 0) 25.76 25.67 23.82 1 16.69 1 25.35 70" 0) 16.38 0) 8 34 PORTLAND Coal mill 0) 12 10 Clinker 39.44 43.95 46.49 44.19 37.76 39.04 39.17 35.32 38.35 35.99 40.41 40.67 2. ........... 3_......... 4_....... . 5......... . 6 . ......... 7 8 9...... 10. ........... 11.............. 12.............. Total..................... 101 322 40.16 17 4 2 2 7 10 5 9 13 5 1 4 24 7 2 4 5 4 1 10 1 2 2 103 INDUSTRY Burners, first, male: District No. 1_____ 13 1 7 10 5 12 1 6 2 2 72 12 i Included in total to avoid identification of plant. O* CO T ab le E .— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in 1£ specified occupations, 1929, by department, sex, and district—Continued Number of employees whose earnings per week were— Number of— Department, occupation, sex, and district 2 3 6 10 11 12 Total 5 g 7 g 9 10 11 12 Total..................................... 93 396 30.82 14 5 74 28. 33 6 4 9 i (i ! 4 1 ! 3 12 30 10 56 24 12 1 15 10 7 61 0) 67 315 3 22.10 29.02 25.03 21. 43 13.19 26. 53 24.48 23.58 20.60 26. 21 3 4 1 1 1 1 3 g 1 1 1 1 6 5 3 11 6 4 5 3 9 9 5 24 16 rj 12 4 3 8 9 i 1 6 1 1 3 2 16 3 15 6 6 3 7 3 ] 5 10 3 4 4 1 14 1 1 3 5 5 3 4 3 1 11 3 1 3 66 33 13 2 2 13 5 32 13 8 3 1 2 1 8 2 1 1 9 19 13 3 3 5 4 10 7 1 8 6 6 1 1 1 2 1 6 7 5 2 22 2 12 2 2 1 22 10 3 j 1 86 l 2 2 124 5 1 8 14 3 43 ej 1 4 25 16 ______ 2 i i i i 1 1 ............ ' 1 ................ ___________ I i 1 I i i i i 1 0) 0) 24.66 20 LABOR 2 3 4 7 3 4 7 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 $80 $85 $90 and and and under under over $85 $90 $75 and under $80 $65 $70 $60 and and and under under under $75 $65 $70 OF Laborers, male: District No 1 9 10 10 6 90 $31. 56 27 29.81 47 33.46 33 35. 82 60 29.63 35 25.19 24 29. 51 24 29.15 9 25.75 11 30. 96 23 32.80 13 31.69 $55 and under $60 HOURS s 9 6 10 $50 $45 and and under under $50 $55 AND 4 • 5 16 $30 $25 $35 $40 $15 $20 $10 $5 Un and and and and and and and and der under under under under under under under under $5 $25 $35 $40 $45 $20 $30 $15 $10 WAGES Clinker grinders, male: Aver age actual Estab Em earn lish ploy ings in 1 ments ees week ^ 7 7 22 29 ^ — --------- y ---- ----------<— — — ‘j ------------ 1•' ------------- j------------- 1-------------- 86 99 47 I 11 6 1' 1 .........i........ .. | , i ■ Cement Packers (sackers), male: District No. 1......... 3 4 5 6 7 8 9......... 10. ........... 11............. 12............. Total.................... 1,249 Laborers, male: District No. 1 -------- 161 7 8 . 9_____ 10............. 11............. 12............. 87 20.77 JIncluded in total to avoid identification of plant. 70 118 137 44 9 25 8 13 4 5 6 1 2 2 3 41 13 11 10 7 3 11 150 115 142 122 99 19 4 10 9 12 1 2 8 1 23 15 6 9 23 33 51 147 246 114 2 1 48 24 40 5 5 3 3 1 7 20 1 19 4 4 8 1 12 1 7 4 2 48 21 8 4 1 3 3 1 1 77 63 2 1 1 1 2 2 40 7 10 6 10 3 1 1 INDUSTRY 728 61 6 42 13 10 8 8 2 8 3 41 13 6 10 24 3 10 6 4 4 17 4 42 12 3 2 34 5 11 9 5 2 16 9 CEMENT 3 4 5 Total..................... 70 31 14 37 52 15 25.96 22.53 20.05 21.29 18.30 13. 42 20.03 17.29 16.50 21.54 19.87 21.30 46 67 81 93 2 _______ 38.97 21 PORTLAND 352 46.49 83 44.09 132 50.33 71 39.95 151 37.42 97 23.67 92 35.78 81 26.24 38 28.53 28 34.42 87 31.01 37 31.17 2........ Cn Oi APPENDIXES APPENDIX A.—DEFINITIONS OF OCCUPATIONS QUARRY DEPARTMENT [The definitions for each of the occupations in the industry as given here were formed from descriptions of the occupation as found in several representative mills and therefore do not necessarily apply in detail to all mills] Drillers use power drilling rigs to drill holes in the rock for placing dynamite to blast the rock down. Blasters place dynamite in the holes made by the drillers, tamping the dyna mite in and setting off the charges. Shovel engineers operate power shovels, controlling the swing and movement of the boom, to load the rock into cars for transportation to the crusher. Shovel cranemen control the operation of the “ ram” or “ dipper stick ” and dump on large power shovels. Shovel firemen fire and tend the boilers on the steam shovels. Locomotive engineers operate locomotives, usually of the “ dinky” type, to haul cars of rock from the quarry to the crusher or rock dump and empty cars back to the quarry. Locomotive firemen fire the boilers on the larger types of locomotives that are used in some quarries to haul rock to the crusher. The “ dinky” type is usually fired by the engineer. Laborers do unskilled work in the quarry, such as cleaning out dirt, laying track, helping to move machine equipment, etc. Other employees include all workers not included in the specified occupations, such as couplers, cablemen, brakemen, ropemen, switchmen, track foremen, etc. RAW DEPARTMENT Unloaders, hand, unload raw materials, using a hand shovel. Unloaders, mechanical, unload coal, limestone, gypsum, or other raw materials by. using a mechanical device. Crusher operators tend the crushers that reduce the rock almost to a powder as it comes from the quarry. Elevator tenders tend the elevators, usually of the bucket type, that elevate crushed rock from the crushers to the storage bins. Conveyor tenders tend the conveyors, belts, or trams that convey the crushed rock from the crushers to storage bins. Conveyors are often used where the mill is removed some distance from the quarry, while an elevator may be used if the mill adjoins the quarry. Mixer tenders tend to the mixing of the crushed shale and limestone before it is conveyed to the grinding machines. Dryer tenders tend the apparatus used to dry rock, clay, etc., so that it can be properly mixed with other ingredients before burning. Dryer firemen fire the drying apparatus used to dry rock, clay, etc. Grinder operators tend the grinders that grind the mix, shale, and limestone. Raw finish mill operators tend the mills that finish grinding the mixture of shale and limestone, making it ready for the burning process. Oilers oil the bearings and grease the guide tracks on the grinding machines. Laborers do unskilled work, such as sweeping and cleaning. Other employees include all workers not included in the specified occupations, such as tube-mill helpers, dryer-tender helpers, shale punchers, weighers, helpers, transfer engineers, etc. COAL MILL DEPARTMENT Laborers do unskilled work such as shoveling coal, sweeping and cleaning in the coal mill. Elevator tenders operate elevators, usually of the bucket type, conveying coal from the storage pile to the coal crusher or grinder. Conveyor tenders tend conveyors where a conveyor instead of an elevator is used to move coal from the stock pile to the crushers or grinders. Dryer tenders tend the apparatus that dries the pulverized coal before it is delivered to the kilns. Dryer firemen fire and tend boilers that furnish heat for the coal dryers. Crusher operators operate the crushers that crush coal into small sizes. Grinder operators operate grinding machines that reduce coal to a powder for use as fuel in the kilns* 57 58 APPENDIXES Other employees include all workers not included in the specified occupations, such as miller’s helpers, coal-dump operators, carmen, etc. SHOPS AND MISCELLANEOUS DEPARTMENTS Machinists are skilled workmen that make and replace worn parts and repair any of the machinery used in the plant. Repairmen make repairs to broken or defective mill and yard equipment, such as railroad cars and quarry machinery, which do not involve the machining of parts. Laborers handle materials and do other unskilled work around the shop and yard. Other employees include all workers not included in the specified occupations such as tinners, blacksmiths, welders, plumbers, riggers, belt makers, painters, carpenters, lumber-shed men, brick masons, etc. CLINKER DEPARTMENT Burners, first, are in charge of the kilns in which the raw materials are burned to make clinker. Burners, second, assist the first burners and under their direction regulate the flow of fuel, the amount of the blast, etc., that controls the heat and the distance of the zone of intense heat from the lower end of the kilns. Cooler tenders look after the apparatus used to cool the hot clinker. Mixers tend the machines that are used to mix gypsum with the clinker in the proper proportions before the clinker is ground. Elevator tenders tend the elevators that are used in the clinker department to take the clinker from the kilns to the seasoning pile. Conveyor tenders attend the belts that bring seasoned clinker to the grinders, or take the ground clinker to the storage bins in the cement department. Clinker grinders attend a battery of machines that grind the clinker mixed with gypsum. The material after grinding to the proper fineness is Portland cement. Oilers oil or grease the various machines and conveyors in the department. Laborers do unskilled work, such as cleaning up around the mills. Other employees include all workers not included in the specified occupations, such as coal-tank tenders, clinker dumpmen, weighers, cranemen, screenmen, pumpmen, gypsum men, etc. CEMENT DEPARTMENT Conveyor tenders attend the conveyors that carry the cement from the silos or storage bins to the packing machines and the bagged cement from the packing machines to the warehouse or loading platform. Elevator tenders attend elevators in the cement department of plants in which the cement or the bags have to be elevated rather than conveyed to a desired location. Packers (sackers) place empty bags on the nozzle of the packing machines which automatically fill the bags through a flap in the bottom with 94 pounds of cement and drops them upon a conveyor that takes them to the loading platform or warehouse. These workers usually alternate with the workers that load cars. Sack tiers tie the open ends of the sacks or close them with a wiring device before the sacks go to the packing machine. Loaders carry bags of cement by hand to load a freight car higher than truck high, or load boats and other means of conveyance. When the loading is done by workers that alternate with the packers, they usually work on a piecework basis and in this report are included with packers. Laborers clean cars, carry empty bags, and do other unskilled work in the ce ment department. Sack cleaners operate devices, such as cleaning cylinders, etc., for cleaning cloth bags that have had cement in them and have been returned to be used again. Inspectors examine used bags to determine whether they are fit for further use. Oilers oil and grease the bearings and guide tracks in the department. Other employees include all workers not included in the specified occupations such as cement-pump operators, car sealers, sack sorters and menders, etc. POWER DEPARTMENT Firemen fire and tend the boilers that furnish steam for power. Engineers operate steam engines that furnish power for the operation of air compressors and of the different machines in the mill. Pumpmen operate the pumps that furnish water for boilers and spray for the cooler. APPENDIXES 59 Oilers oil bearings of the engines and other equipment in the power department. Laborers sweep and do other unskilled work in the power department. Other employees include all workers not included in the specified occupations for the department such as switchboard men, instrument watchers, motor tenders, turbine operators, tube blowers, lancers, etc. APPENDIX B.— THE HISTORY OF PORTLAND C EM EN T1 Although the Portland cement industry has now attained great importance, it is less than a century old and its period of rapid growth did not really begin until within the last 35 years. The industry is very young in comparison with the manufacture of iron. Lime mortar for all structural work continued to be used until very near the close of the eighteenth century, when a new series of cementing materials was developed at almost the same time in England and in France. These were the natural cements that have been marketed from time to time down to the present. About the year 1756 Smeaton, an English engineer, began a series of experi ments on lime mortars. His purpose was to devise a lime suitable for marine construction in the Eddystone Lighthouse. It was not until 35 years had elapsed that any record of these experiments were published. In 1796, in England and in France, a cement similar to our present-day natural or Rosendale cement was invented. Parker, an Englishman, called his patent “ Roman cement.” This cement consisted chiefly of using clay and limy matter, burned and powdered, which when mixed into a paste with water would harden under water as well as in the open. When the building of the Erie Canal was begun it was planned to use lime as the mortar, and since great quantities of lime were to be used many quarries were opened along the line of the canal’s construction. The stone, taken from a quarry opened in the town of Sullivan, Madison County, N. Y ., failed to slake. On examination, Benjamin Wright and Canvass White, who were familiar with European cements, discovered that this lime was really a highgrade natural cement that required only grinding to prepare it for use. A number of tests were conducted, and it was used in the locks and walls of the middle section of the canal during the years 1818 and 1819. When the lime was pulverized and used by mixing two parts of lime and one part of sand it was discovered that the mixture set under water even better than in the open. This discovery led to a search of the country for similar material. About six years later (1824) Joseph Aspdin, of Leeds, England, received a British patent for a cementing product, which he named “ Portland cement.” The name was due to a resemblance between the set cement and a well-known English building stone— the oolitic limestone of the Isle or Portland. In his patent, Aspdin stated that a definite amount of clay and limestone was to be used, and then went on to describe the method to be followed in amalgamating and calcining these two materials to make his “ Portland” cement. Portland cement differs from natural cements at the present time in the fol lowing particulars: (1) Natural cements are not made from carefully prepared and finely ground artificial mixtures but from natural rock. (2) Natural cements are burned at a lower temperature than Portland cements, the mass in the kiln never being heated high enough to even approach the fusing or clinkering point. (3) Natural cements, after burning and grinding are, as a rule, yellow to brown in color and light in weight, having a specific gravity of 2.7 to 3.1, whereas Portland cement is commonly blue to gray in color and heavier, its specific gravity ranging from 3 to 3.2. (4) Natural cements set more rapidly than Portland cement but do not attain so high a tensile strength. (5) Portland cement is a definite product, its percentages of lime, silica, alumina, and iron oxide varying only between narrow limits, whereas brands of natural cements differ greatly in composition. The uniformity of quality last noted became assured for Portland cement as a result of the meeting of a committee in June, 1911, composed of government engineers in conference with representative consumers and the manufacturers, and a special committee of the national engineering societies. They laid down certain definite specifications for all Portland cement bought and used by the United States Government. President Taft approved these specifications April 30, 1912. As improvements are made, the specifications are accordingly changed from time to time. » Adapted from Willis, Henry Parker, and Byers, John R. B. Portland cement prices. New York, 1924. 60 APPENDIXES The cement industry has made great strides in England and in Germany, but no real attempt was made to advance its manufacture in the United States until about 1872, when a plant was built at Kalamazoo, Mich. This project, from a commercial viewpoint, was a complete failure. In 1875, however, a true Portland cement was being made at a small plant located in western Pennsylvania, the raw materials being limestone and clay. In the meantime, an entirely separate set of experiments laid the foundation of the great Portland cement industry in the Lehigh Valley district. Natural cement had long been manufactured in this region, and in the early seventies D. O. Saylor and his associates began selecting from the natural cement rock quarries the stone which would, on burning, yield Portland cement. The result was that a small quantity of Portland cement was produced in this district, but it really was a by-product of the natural cement industry. The Portland cement industry, having now gained a foothold in America, was soon to advance even beyond its European predecessors. This was almost entirely due to the improvements made from a technical point of view. In the early part of the industry, the process used by practically all European manufacturers involved reducing the soft, natural, raw materials to powder or to a wet “ slurry,” mixing them to a paste with water; forming the mixture (after partial drying) into bricks or balls, charging these bricks (often by hand) in the vertical kiln in which they were burned, unloading the kiln by hand, and finally grinding the clinker in an ineffective and expensive way. The early American mills attempted faithfully to follow this practice, but the producers in the Lehigh district quickly realized that with their hard, dry raw materials this wet European practice was too expensive. Also, the American experimenters realized that the relatively dear labor and cheap fuel of the United States, as contrasted with cheap labor and dear fuel of Europe, would necessitate changes in the technology of the industry if it were ever to be established on a firm commercial footing. Accepting the conditions they expended their greatest efforts in solving these problems. In order to meet conditions, the old sta tionary kilns and millstones were displaced by the rotary kilns and by the modern grinding machinery. The patents for the Ransome rotary kilns were taken out in Great Britain in 1885 and in the United States in 1886. The kilns now in use are the direct successors of the Ransome type. It was at South Rondout, N. Y ., in 1889, that a rotary kiln was first used in the United States. It was a large steel cylinder lined with fire brick and set at a slight inclination to the horizontal. The raw material was fed in at the upper end and traveled slowly downward by gravity as the kiln was revolved. The fuel was blown in at the lower end, and the burned clinker also fell out at this lower end. Petroleum was used as a fuel and for some years its use eontinued to be the current American practice. Another saving was made when it was found possible to charge the mixed and ground materials direct to the kiln without wetting. Thus, the two main types of present-day American practice were then in operation— (1) the dry process, used with limestone or cement rock, (2) the wet process, used with marl. Of the two, the dry process has proved far the more economical and at present is almost universally used. The next step in the development of American Portland cement manufac turing methods began about 1895, when powdered coal was substituted for petroleum as fuel. Its use soon became standard practice throughout the United States, except at the few localities where petroleum and natural gas abounded. The use of coal brought about an economy in manufacturing costs because the industry was able to consume the fine coal, which at that time did not have any important use or market. The latest complete report of the United States Geological Survey (1922) shows that of the 118 plants in operation, 90 burn coal in their kilns; 7 coal and crude oil; 1 coal and gas; 17 crude oil; 2 crude oil, coal and gas; and 1 natural gas. The same report shows that the kilns varied in length as follows: Length (feet) Number of kilns 40 to 60_______________________________________________________ 61 to 99_______________________________________________________ 100 to 109_____________________________________________________ 110____________________________________________________________ 78 91 102 54 120____________________________________________________ 101 12 5 _ 126 to 149_____________________________________________________ 150 to 199_____________________________________________________ 200 to 260_______________________________________________ _____ 162 66 75 31 APPENDIXES 61 Thus the most recent improvement in the rotary kiln has been merely to increase its size and almost to center on coal as its fuel. Parallel with the changes in type and capacity came the great changes in crushing and grinding machinery which have produced enormous tonnages of raw and finished material. The cracker crushers and millstones of the early industry have given place to larger and more economical reducers. This was due to the development of the gyratory crusher, the Griffin and Huntington mills, and the ball and tube mills. As these are still used in one stage or more, a description of their importance must be furnished as descriptive of presentday practice. The raw materials used in the manufacture of Portland cement may be grouped as: Cement materials proper, including limestone, marl, shells, cement rock, clay, shale, etc., which may be combined to form the actual cement mixture. Fuels, including the coal, oil, or gas used to burn the cement plus the fuel usually required to furnish power for the plant. Accelerators and retarders, including gypsum, lime, chloride, alkalies, fluorite, etc., which may be added to the cement or the cement mixture at different stages to accomplish certain purposes. STAGES OF PRODUCTION There are three distinct and separate operations from the preparation of the raw material to the finished product. The first process is mechanical and includes the assembling, preparing, grinding, and amalgamating of the raw ma terial. The second process is chemical, during which the material prepared by the first process is calcined or roasted at a high temperature, bringing about chemical combination of the various ingredients. The third and final process is partly mechanical and partly chemical, in which the clinker resulting from the calcination, together with a small amount of retarding agent, is reduced to fine powder. The materials must be mixed in the exact proportions determined by tests, these proportions being changed as often as necessary to allow for any variation in the chemical composition of the raw materials. The crushing of the rock is accomplished by means of immense gyratory or roll crushers, which reduce the huge masses of quarried rock to small-size pieces ready for the pulverizing or grinding machines. Before going to these machines, however, the rock is passed through dryers. These dryers are horizontal steel cylinders, which revolve as the crushed rock passes slowly through them. A current of heated air flows through the cylinder, thus removing from the rock by evaporation moisture that would prevent efficient pulverization. The powdering or pulverizing of the raw material is one of the most important steps in the manufacture of the cement. Decided advances have been made during the past few years in the grinding and pulverizing machines, and types found to be most advantageous in the Portland cement industry are quite novel. Nearly all grinding machines work on the principle of striking or pounding the material between a hammer in some form and a solid metal mass. The ball mill, for example, is a horizontal iron cylinder 6 to 8 feet in diameter, and 4 to 6 feet long, revolving about its axis 23 to 25 revolutions per minute. This mill is partly filled with steel balls and is lined with steel plates fastened inside the cylinder and arranged in steps. In rolling around, the balls fall from these steps on to the material (fed in at one end) until it passes small screens fastened to the outer side of the cylinder and revolving with it. The particles too coarse to pass the screens are returned to the grinding chamber through the openings under the stepped grinding plates. The output of a machine ranges from 15 to 24 barrels per hour. Other types of grinding machines are the Huntington mill and the Griffin mill, which consist essentially of a steel ring or die, against the inside of which a heavy steel crushing roll mounted on a pendulum suspended by a universal joint is made to roll by centrifugal force. The pendulum is rotated by a pulley, and the grinding zone is between the steel outside stationary ring and the revolving pendu lum. The principle of this mill is more clearly illustrated by the simple and crude illustration of a boy swinging around and around over his head a weight tied to the end of a string. If this weight or ball were made to travel about the inside of a steel cylinder there would be a grinding action between the cylinder and the revolving ball on the end of the string or pendulum shaft. That is what takes place in the Griffin mill but, of course, under more favorable conditions. The output of one of these mills is about eight barrels of raw material per hour. 62 APPENDIXES While the mills described grind the rock quite fine— the particles averaging in size one-fiftieth of an inch— it is further pulverized in the tube mills. A tube mill is a long steel cylinder that makes about 25 revolutions a minute. The cylinder is lined with very hard material, either iron or a specially hard natural stone, and is partly filled with flint pebbles, which also are extremely hard. When the partly ground rock is fed into the revolving tube mill, these pebbles are constantly rolling over and falling on one another, and the rock, being relatively softer, is so broken by this grinding action that when it reaches the discharge end it is pulverized to extreme fineness. The crushing of the raw material is followed by the mixing and proportioning, which is done by means of automatic weighing machines that weigh out just the right quantity of cement rock and the right quantity of limestone. These auto matic weighing machines are under the direct control of the chemists in charge of the operation throughout the day and night, so that with this control the mix ture never varies. The next process is burning, where the pulverized raw material passes into a new chemical compound known as “ cement clinker.” This is accomplished by using rotary kilns. The rotary kiln as used to-day differs very slightly from the earlier model, and will produce from 500 to 3,000 barrels per day, according to size; and, as already stated, this alone has been largely instrumental in reducing the cost of manufacture to such an extent as to make Portland cement an economi cal building material. The kiln consists of steel cylinders varying from 60 feet long and 5 feet in diameter to 260 feet long and 12 feet in diameter. Present practice favors the use of longer kilns. These immense machines are inclined at a pitch of about three-fourths of an inch per foot of length and are supported by roller bearings at several points along their length. The upper end of the kiln is connected with a stack, the draft to which is controlled by a'damper. The raw material is fed into the upper end of the kiln and because <?f the kiln’s inclined position and its slow rotation of about three-fourths revolution per minute about its axis, the material slowly moves toward the lower or discharge end. The fuel chiefly used is finely pulverized, highly violatile, bituminous coal. This coal is blown in at the discharge end of the kiln and instantly ignites and maintains an intense combustion zone 10 to 20 feet from the lower end of the kiln. The hot gases pass through the kiln to the stack and heat the raw material as it passes. On entering the kiln at the upper end, the raw material continues to gather heat until the hot zone is reached, when the chemical combination forming Portland cement clinker takes place. The clinker after it passes over the remaining length of the kiln drops out in the form of red-hot nodules varying from bird-shot size to perhaps a 2-foot size. This hot clinker is then conveyed to rotary or stationary coolers. The clinker is then ground and pulverized into the Portland cement of com merce. The process of grinding and the machines used are practically the same as those used for the grinding and pulverizing of the raw material. The cement is usually deposited in bulk bins, each bin having a capacity of several thousand barrels. Samples of the cement are taken from these bins and complete tests are made for fineness, setting, soundness, strength, and chemical analysis. Hav ing passed these tests satisfactorily, the cement is ready for packing and shipment. The packing of Portland cement is an important item in preparing it for the market. Because of the immense quantities annually used, economical methods have been devised for packing the cement in bags, cloth, or paper or in barrels. These containers are being continually tested and improved in order to insure safe delivery on the job. The cement is delivered from the storage bins to the packing house by conveyors and feeds down through hoppers and automatic weighing machines. Thus the exact quantity required is placed in each bag. Cloth bags are not filled through the top, for this is tied shut while the bag is empty, the cement being introduced into the bag through a valve in the bottom. These bags must be of the best material, and are of such fineness as to be very costly. One of the latest developments in marketing Portland cement for large building operations is the shipping of it in bulk— loose, in a box freight car. This has worked well, with even less loss of cement through wetting than when shipped in cloth or paper bags. LIST OF BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS The following is a list of all bulletins of the Bureau of Labor Statistics published since July, 1912, except that in the case of bulletins giving the results of periodic surveys of the bureau only the latest bulletin on any one subject is here listed. A complete list of the reports and bulletins issued prior to July, 1912, as well as the bulletins published since that date, will be furnished on application. Bulletins marked thus (*) are out of print. ConciliationandArbitration (includingstrikesandlockouts). ♦No. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. [1913.] •No. 133. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade on its inquiry into industrial agreements. [1913.] No. 139. Michigan copper district strike. [1914.] *No. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City. [1914.] ♦No. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York City. [1914.] ♦No. 191. Collective bargaining in the anthracite-coal industry. [1916.] ♦No. 198. Collective agreements in the men’s clothing industry. [1916.] No. 233. Operation of the industrial disputes investigation act of Canada. [1918.] No. 255. Joint industrial councils in Great Britain. [1919.] No. 283. History of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, 1917 to 1919. No. 287. National War Labor Board: History of its formation, activities, etc. [1921.J •No. 303. Use of Federal power in settlement of-railway labor disputes. [1922.] No. 341. Trade agreement in the silk-ribbon industry of New York City. [1923.] No. 402. Collective bargaining by actors. [1926.] No. 468. Trade agreements, 1927. No. 481. Joint industrial control in the book and job printing industry. [1928.] Cooperation. No. 313. Consumers’ cooperative societies in the United States in 1920. No. 314. Cooperative credit societies (credit unions) in America and in foreign countries. No. 437. Cooperative movement in the United States in 1925 (other than agricultural). [1922.] EmploymentandUnemployment. ♦No. No. ♦No. ♦No. No. 109. 172. 183. 195. 196. ♦No. 202. No. 206. ♦No. 227. No. 235. ♦No. 241. No. 247. ♦No. 310. No. 409. No. 520. Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices in the United States. [1913.] Unemployment in New York City, N. Y. [1915.] Regularity of employment in the women’s ready-to-wear garment industries. [1915.] Unemployment in the United States. [1916.] Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference held at Minneapolis, Minn., January 19 and 20,1916. Proceedings of the conference of Employment Managers’ Association of Boston, Mass., held May 10,1916. The British system of labor exchanges. [1916.] Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and 3, 1917. Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association. [1918.] Public employment offices in the United States. [1918.] Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N. Y., May 9-11,1918. Industrial unemployment: A statistical study of its extent and causes. [1922.] Unemployment in Columbus, Ohio, 1921 to 1925. Social and economic character of unemployment in Philadelphia, April, 1929. ForeignLaborLaws. ♦No. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries. No. 494. Labor legislation of Uruguay. [1929.] No. 510. Labor legislation of Argentina. [1930.] [1914.] Housing. ♦No. No. No. No. 168. 263. 295. 624. Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries. Housing by employers in the United States. [1920.] Building operations in representative cities in 1920. Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in [1921 to] 1929. (I) [1914.] Industrial AccidentsandHygiene. •No. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enameled sanitary ware factories. [1912.] No. 120. Hygiene of painters* trade. [1913.] *No. 127. Dangers to workers from dust and fumes, and methods of protection. [1913.] • *No. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. [1914.] ♦No. 157. Industrial accident statistics. [1915.] *No. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. [1914.] ♦No. 179. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. [1915.] No. 188. Beport of British departmental committee on the danger in the use of lead in the painting of buildings. [1916.] ♦No. 201. Report of the committee on statistics and compensation insurance cost of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. [1916.] ♦No. 209. Hygiene of the printing trades. [1917.] *No. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives. [1917.] No. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories. [1917.] No. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories. [1917.] ♦No. 231. Mortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades (inorganic dusts). [1918.] ♦No. 234. Safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917. No. 236. Effects of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. [1918.] No. 249. Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of Munition Workers' Committee. [1919.] No. 251. Preventable death in the cotton-manufacturing industry. [1919.] No. 256. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. [1919.] No. 267. Anthrax as an occupational disease. [1920.] No. 276. Standardization of industrial accident statistics. [1920.] No. 280. Industrial poisoning in making coal-tar dyes and dye intermediates. [1921.] •No. 291. Carbon-monoxide poisoning. [1921.] No. 293. The problem of dust phthisis in the granite-stone industry. [1922.] No. 298. Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry, 1910-1919. No. 306. Occupational hazards and diagnostic signs: A guide to impairments to be looked for in hazardous occupations. [1922.] No. 392. Survey of hygienic conditions in the printing trades. [1925.] No. 405. Phosphorus necrosis in the manufacture of fireworks and in the preparation of phosphorus. [1926.] No. 427. Health survey of the printing trades, 1922 to 1925. No. 428. Proceedings of the Industrial Accident Prevention Conference, held at Washington, D. G„ July 14-16, 1926. No. 460. A new test for industrial lead poisoning. [1928.] No. 466. Settlement for accidents to American seamen. [1928.] No. 488. Deaths from lead poisoning, 1925-1927. No. 490. Statistics of industrial accidents in the United States to the end of 1927. No. 507. Causes of death by occupation. [1929.] Industrial Relations andLabor Conditions. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 237. 340. 349. 361. 380. 383. 384. 399. Industrial unrest in Great Britain. [1917.] Chinese migrations, with special reference to labor conditions. [1923.] Industrial relations in the West Coast lumber industry. [1923.] Labor relations in the Fairmont (W. Va.) bituminous-coal field. [1924.] Postwar labor conditions in Germany. [1925.] Works council movement in Germany. [1925.] Labor conditions in the shoe industry in Massachusetts, 1920-1924. Labor relations in the lace and lace-curtain industries in the United States. [1925.1 Labor Lawsof theUnitedStates (includingdecisionsof courtsrelating tolabor). No. 211. No. 229. No. 285. No. 321. No. 322. No. 343. No. 370. No. 408. No. 486. No. 517. Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States. [1917.] Wage-payment legislation in the United States. [1917.] Minimum wage laws of the United States: Construction and operation. [1921.] Labor laws that have been declared unconstitutional. [1922.] Kansas Court of Industrial Relations. [1923.] Laws providing for bureaus of labor statistics, etc. [1923.] Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto. [1925.] Laws relating to payment of wages. [1926.] Labor legislation of 1928. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1927-28. <n) Proceedings of Annual Conventions of the Associationof Governmental Labor Officials of the United Statesand Canada. (Namechangedin1928to Associationof Government OfficialsinIndustryof the UnitedStatesandCanada.) No. 266. No. 307. No. 323. ♦No. 352. ♦No. 389. ♦No. 411. No. 429. ♦No. 455. No. 480. No. 508. Seventh, Seattle, Wash., July 12-15, 1920. Eighth, New Orleans, La., May 2-6,1921. Ninth, Harrisburg, Pa., May 22-26,1922. Tenth, Richmond, Va., May 1-4, 1923. Eleventh, Chicago, 111., May 19-23, 1924. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 13-15, 1925. Thirteenth, Columbus, Ohio, June 7-10, 1926. Fourteenth, Paterson, N. J., May 31 to June 3, 1927. Fifteenth, New Orleans, La., May 21-24, 1928. Sixteenth, Toronto, Canada, June 4-7, 1929. Proceedings of Annual Meetings of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. No. 210. No. 248. No. 264. ♦No. 273. No. 281. No. 304. No. 333. ♦No. 359. No. 385. No. 395. No. 406. No. 432. ♦No. 456. No. 485. No. 511. Third, Columbus, Ohio, April 25-28, 1916. Fourth, Boston, Mass., August 21-25,1917. Fifth, Madison, Wis., September 24-27, 1918. Sixth, Toronto, Canada, September 23-26, 1919. Seventh, San Francisco, Calif., September 20-24,1920. Eighth, Chicago, HI., September 19-23, 1921. Ninth, Baltimore, Md., October 9-13, 1922. Tenth, St. Paul, Minn., September 24r-26, 1923. Eleventh, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 26-28,1924. Index to proceedings, 1914-1924. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 17-20, 1925. Thirteenth, Hartford, Conn., September 14-17, 1928. Fourteenth, Atlanta, Ga., September 27-29,1927. Fifteenth, Paterson, N. J., September 11-14,1928. Sixteenth, Buffalo, N. Y., October 8-11, 1929. Proceedingsof Annual Meetingsof the International Associationof Public EmploymentServices. No. 192. First, Chicago, December 19 and 20,1913; second, Indianapolis, September 24 and 25,1914; third, Detroit, July 1 and 2,1915. No. 220. Fourth, Buffalo, N. Y., July 20 and 21,1916. No. 311. Ninth, Buffalo, N. Y., September 7-9,1921. No. 337. Tenth, Washington, D. C., September 11-13, 1922. No. 355. Eleventh, Toronto, Canada, September 4-7, 1923. No. 400. Twelfth, Chicago, 111., May 19-23,1924. No. 414. Thirteenth, Rochester, N. Y., September 15-17, 1925. No. 478. Fifteenth, Detroit, Mich., October 2&-28, 1927. No. 501. Sixteenth, Cleveland, Ohio, September 18-21, 1928. Productivityof Labor. No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.] No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923. No. 407. Labor costs of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper boxboard industry. [1926.] No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925. No. 441. Productivity of labor in the glass industry. [1927.] No. 474. Productivity of labor in merchant blast furnaces. [1928.] No. 475. Productivity of labor in newspaper printing. [1929.] Retail PricesandCost of Living. ♦No. ♦No. ♦No. No. No. No. No. 121. 130. 164. 170. 357. 369. 495. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. [1913.] Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. [1913.] Butter prices, from producer to consumer. [1914.] Foreign food prices as affected by the war. [1915.] Cost of living in the United States. [1924.] The use of cost-of-living figures in wage adjustments. [1925.] Retail prices, 1899 to 1928. SafetyCodes. ♦No. 331. Code of lighting: Factories, mills, and other work places. No. 336. Safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries. No. 350. Specifications of laboratory tests for approval of electric headlighting devices for motor vehicles. ♦No. 351. Safety code for the construction, care, and use of ladders. No. 375. Safety code for laundry machinery and operations. No. 378. Safety code for woodworking plants. No. 382. Code for lighting school buildings. <m ) SafetyCodes—Continued. No. 410. No. 430. No. 433. No. 436. No. 447. No. 451. No. 463. No. 509. No. 512. No. 519. Safety code for paper and pulp mills. Safety code for power presses and foot and hand presses. Safety codes for the prevention of dust explosions. Safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels Safety code for rubber mills and calenders. Safety code for forging and hot-metal stamping. Safety code for mechanical power-transmission apparatus—first revision. Textile safety code. Code for identification of gas mask canisters. Safety code for woodworking plants, as revised, 1930. Vocational andWorkers’ Education. *No. 159. ♦No. 162. *No. 199. No. 271. No. 459. Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory school experiment. [1915.1 Vocational education survey of Richmond, Va. [1915.] Vocational education survey of Minneapolis, Minn. [1917.] Adult working-class education in Great Britain and the United States. [1920.] Apprenticeship in building construction. [1928.] WaffesandHoursof Labor. ♦No. 146. Wages and regularity of employment and standardization of piece rates in the dress and waist industry of New York City. [1914.] ♦No. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry. [1914.] No. 161. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913. No. 163. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913. ♦No. 190. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914. No. 204. Street-railway employment in the United States. [1917.] No. 225. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1915. No. 265. Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States, 1919. No. 297. Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry, 1920. No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.] No. 358. Wages and hours of labor in the automobile-tire industry, 1923. No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923. No. 365. Wages and hours of labor in the paper and pulp industry, 1923. No. 394. Wages and hours of labor in metalliferous mines, 1924. No. 407. Labor costs of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper boxboard industry. [1926.] No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925. No. 416. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous coal mining, 1922 and 1924. No. 472. Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, 1927. No. 476. Union scales of wages and hours of labor, 1927. [Supplement to Bulletin 457.] No. 484. Wages and hours of labor of common street laborers, 1928. No. 487. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1928. No. 492. Wages and hours of labor in cotton-goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1928. No. 497. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber industry in the United States, 1928. No. 498. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1910 to 1928. No. 499. History of wages in the United States from colonial times to 1928. No. 502. Wages and hours of labor in the motor-vehicle industry, 1928. No. 503. Wages and hours of labor in the men’s clothing industry, 1911 to 1928. No. 504. Wages and hours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industries, 1907 to 1928. No. 513. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1929. No. 514. Pennsylvania Railroad wage data. From Report of Joint Fact Finding Committee in wage negotiations in 1927. No. 515. Union scales of wages, May 15, 1929. No. 516. Hours and earnings in bituminous coal mining, 1929. No. 522. Wages and hours of labor in foundries and machine shops, 1929. No. 523. Wages and earnings in the manufacture of airplanes and aircraft engines, 1929. (In press.) Welfare Work. ♦No. 123. Employers’ welfare work. [1913.] No. 222. Welfare work in British munitions factories. [1917.] ♦No. 250. Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States. [1919.] No. 458. Health and recreation activities in industrial establishments, 1926. WholesalePrices. No. 284. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries. [1921.] No. 453. Revised index numbers of wholesale prices, 1923 to July, 1927. No. 521. Wholesale prices, 1929. (IV) Women and Children in Industry. No. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected Industries in the District of Columbia. [1913.] ♦No. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons. [1913.1 ♦No. 118. Ten-hour maximum working-day for women and young persons. [1913.] No. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin. [1913.3 ♦No. 122. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. [1913.1 ♦No. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments and garment factories. [1914.1 ♦No. 167. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. [1915.] ♦No. 175. Summary of the report on conditions of woman and child wage earners in the United States. [1915.1 ♦No. 176. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. [1915.1 ♦No. 180. The boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts as a vocation for women. [1915.1 ♦No. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass. [1916.] No. 193. Dressmaking as a trade for women in Massachusetts. [1916.1 No. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in Massachusetts. [1917.] ♦No. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial employ ment of women and children. [1918.1 ♦No. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war. [1917.] No. 253. Women in the lead industries. [1919.1 Workmen’s Insurance and Compensation (including laws relating thereto). ♦No. 101. Care of tuberculous wage earners in Germany. [1912.1 ♦No. 102. British national insurance act, 1911. No. 103. Sickness and accident insurance law in Switzerland. [1912.] No. 107. Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. [1913.] ♦No. 155. Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States. [1914.1 ♦No. 212. Proceedings of the conference of social insurance called by the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Washington, D. C., December 5-9,1916. ♦No. 243. Workmen’s compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries, 1917 and 1918. No. 301. Comparison of workmen’s compensation insurance and administration. [1922.] No. 312. National health insurance in Great Britain, 1911 to 1921. No. 379. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States as of January 1,1925. No. 477. Public-service retirement systems, United States and Europe. [1929.1 No. 496. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada as of January, 1929. (With text of legislation enacted in 1927 and 1928.) No. 529. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the Latin American countries. Miscellaneous series. ♦No. 174. Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to May 1, 1915. No. 208. Profit sharing in the United States. [1916.1 No. 242. Food situation in central Europe, 1917. No. 254. International labor legislation and the society of nations. [1919.] No. 268. Historical survey of international action affecting labor. [1920.] No. 282. Mutual relief associations among Government employees in Washington, D. C. [1921.] No. 319. The Bureau of Labor Statistics: Its history, activities, and organization. [1922.1 No. 326. Methods of procuring and computing statistical information of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. [1923.1 No. 342. International Seamen’s Union of America: A study of its history and problems. [1923.] No. 346. Humanity in government. [1923.1 No. 372. Convict labor in 1923. No. 386. Cost of American almshouses. [1925.1 No. 398. Growth of legal-aid work in the United States. [1926.] No. 401. Family allowances in foreign countries. [1926.1 No. 461. Labor organization in Chile. [1928.] No. 462. Park recreation areas in the United States. [1928.1 No. 465. Beneficial activities of American trade-unions. [1928.1 No. 479. Activities and functions of a State department of labor. [1928.] No. 483. Conditions in the shoe industry in Haverhill, Mass., 1928. No. 489. Care of aged persons in United States. [1929.1 No. 491. Handbook of labor statistics, 1929 edition. No. 505. Directory of homes for the aged in the United States. [1929J No. 506. Handbook of American trade-unions: 1929 edition. No. 518. Personnel research agencies, 1930 edition. (V)