The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W . N. DOAK, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS CHARLES E. BALDWIN, Acting Commissioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES I BUREAU OF LABOR STA TIST IC S/ WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR •* •No.571 SERIES WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY 1910 TO 1931 / y \ NOVEMBER, 1932 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1932 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 10 cents CONTENTS Page Trend of hours and earnings, 1910 to 1931_____________________________ Hours and earnings, 1929 and 1931, by sex and State----------------------------Average and classified earnings per hour, 1929 and 1931, by occupation. Classified earnings per hour, 1931, by sex_______________________________ Average and classified full-time hours per week, 1910 to 1931, by occupation. Changes in full-time hours per day and per week_______________________ Changes in wage rates_________________________________________________ Pay for overtime______________________________________________________ Bonus systems________________________________________________________ Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, 1923 to 1931___________ Importance of the industry____________________________________________ Scope and method_____________________________________ _______________ General tables--------------------------- ------------- --------------------------------------------Table A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by occu pation, sex, and State___________________________________________ Table B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in seven specified occupations, 1931, by sex and State_____________________________ Table C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in seven specified occupations, 1931, by sex and State____________________ Appendix.— Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classifica tion by the Bureau of Labor Statistics_______________________________ h i 1 4 6 8 9 14 14 16 17 20 21 23 24 25 35 41 47 BULLETIN OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS WASHINGTON n o . S7i N o v e m b e r , 1932 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 This report presents the results of the study made in 1931 by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics of hours and earnings and other wage conditions in the furniture industry in the United States. Studies of this industry were also made in each of the years 1910 to 1913 and in 1915 and 1929. TREND OF HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1910 TO 1931 Summaries of earnings per hour and average full-time hours and earnings per week for 1931 and for each of the years from 1910 to 1929 in which studies have been made by the bureau are presented in Table 1. Averages for the industry and index numbers therefor, with the 1913 average as the base or 100 per cent, are given at the beginning of the table. Similar figures follow for the wage earners in each of the important occupations in the industry. The group of “ other employees” near the end of the table includes wage earners in all occupations other than those referred to as important occupa tions, because no occupation in the group had a sufficient number of wage earners to warrant the tabulation of averages and index numbers for it. Full-time hours per week for the 30,659 wage earners included in the 1931 study of the industry averaged 51.8 in that year, as compared with 51.9 in 1929, or a decrease of 0.2 per cent. Earnings per hour averaged 41.1 cents in 1931, as against 49.0 cents in 1929, or a decrease of 16.1 per cent, while full-time earnings per week averaged $21.29 in 1931, as against $25.43 in 1929, a decrease of 16.3 per cent. Average earnings per hour for males in each of the 19 occupations shown in Table 1 and in the group of “ other employees” were less in 1931 than in 1929. Those for females were less m 12 occupations and the group of “ other employees” and more in 3 occupations in 1931 than in 1929. Average earnings per hour of males ranged, by occupations, in 1929 from 30.4 cents for helpers to 95.6 cents for hand carvers and in 1931 from 23.1 cents for helpers to 74.5 cents for hand carvers, and of females ranged in 1929 from 22.4 cents for helpers to 47.5 cents for spring setters and in 1931 from 19.5 cents for helpers to 40.5 cents for spring setters. The industry averages in the table for each of the years 1910 to 1913 and 1915 are for a combination of the wage earners in selected occupations only and are directly comparable one year with another. 1 2 “WAGJhJS AND HOUKS OF LABOli Those for 1915, 1929, and 1931 are for a combination of the wage earners in all occupations in the industry and likewise are comparable one year with another. The latter figures, however, should not be compared with those for the years 1910 to 1915. The index numbers in Table 1 are for the purpose of making the figures for one year comparable with another over the entire period from 1910 to 1931. The index for any year from 1910 to 1913 and 1915 for the selected occupations is the per cent that the average for the year is of the average for 1913. Those for all occupations for 1929 or 1931 were computed by increasing or decreasing the 1915 index for selected occupations in proportion to the increase or decrease in the averages for 1929 or in 1931 as compared with the averages for all occupations in 1915. Thus it will be seen that average full-time hours per week for the industry increased from an index of 101.4 in 1910 to 101.7 in 1911, then decreased to 101.4 in 1912, and continued to drop to an index of 89.8 in 1931. Average earnings per hour decreased from an index of 98.6 in 1910 to 97.3 in 1912, increased to 100.0 in 1913, to 103.2 in 1915, and to 236.3 in 1929, then dropped to 198.2 in 1931. Although it is noted that average full-time earnings per week followed the same general trend as earnings per hour, they did not increase or decrease m the same proportion because of the changes from year to year in full-time hours per week. T able 1*— Average hours and earnings, with index numbers, 1910 to 1981, by occupation, sex, and year THE INDUSTRY AverAver Aver . age Num age full Num age full ber of ber of time earn time Year estab wage earn ings lish hours per ings ments earners per per week hour week Occupation and sex Selected occupations only................ 1910 1911 1912 1913 1915 1915 1929 1931 All occupations................................... 128 199 231 232 1 240 1240 312 299 9,398 13.299 16,390 16,723 16,691 25,576 44,870 30,659 58.2 $0.217 $12.56 58.4 .216 12.50 .214 12.41 58.2 .2 2 0 12.58 57.4 57.1 .227 1 2 .8 8 57.4 .214 12.24 51.9 .490 25.43 .411 21.29 51.8 Index numbers (1913=100) Full time hours per week 101.4 101.7 101.4 1 0 0 .0 Full Earn time ings earn per ings hour per week 98.6 98.2 97.3 ICO.O 99.8 99.4 98.6 1 0 0 .0 99.5 103.2 102.4 89.9 89.8 236.3 198.2 2 1 2 .8 101.4 101.9 100.4 101.3 98.2 178.1 !I BY OCCUPATIONS Assemblers and cabinetmakers: Male >................................................... 1910 1911 1912 1913 1915 1929 1931 Female.......................... ....................... 1929 1931 112 169 199 171 203 302 289 13 16 1,966 2,682 3,392 3,373 3,767 5,735 4,207 54 52 58.0 $0,228 $13.22 58.3 .230 13.41 58.1 .223 12.96 57.2 .227 12.98 57.1 .235 13.42 52.1 .560 29.18 51.9 .445 23.10 50.7 .317 16.07 49.7 .283 14.07 1 0 1 .8 103.3 99.8 1 0 1 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 99.8 91.1 90.7 103.5 246.7 196.0 103.4 224.8 178.0 i T w o sets of averages are shown for this year—1 for selected occupations and 1 for all occupations in the industry. T he 1910 to 1915 averages for selected occupations are comparable 1 year with another, as are those for all occupations 1 year with another for 1915, 1929, and 1931. * In reports prior to 1929 data were published separately for “ cabinetmakers” and “ chair assemblers.” In this report the figures are for the 2 occupations combined because of the similarity of the work and the failure of some factories to make a clear-cut distinction between the work of a cabinetmaker and of an assembler. 3 FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 T able 1,—-Average hours and earnings, with index numbers, 1910 to 1981, by occupation, sex, and year— Continued B Y O C C U P A T IO N S —Continued Occupation and sex Num ber of Year estab lish ments Carvers, hand: M ale..................................................... 1910 1911 1912 1913 1915 1929 1931 Carvers,*macbine: 1915 1929 1931 Craters and packers: M ale..................................................... 1929 1931 Female____ ______________________ 1929 1931 Index numbers (1913=100) Aver Aver Aver age age N um full age full earn time ber of time Full Full ings Earn time earn wage time hours earners per ings hours ings earn per per per ings week hour week per per week hour week 65 76 82 80 97 91 75 315 367 350 352 321 295 161 56.1 $0,313 $17.36 .312 17.28 56.2 .313 17.44 53.3 .317 17.32 55.2 .322 17.73 55.5 .956 46.46 48.6 .745 37.03 49.7 55 138 140 91 394 342 56.6 51.1 51.7 .286 .765 .576 16.12 ............1 39.09 29.78 288 249 34 29 1,931 1,242 132 95 52.8 52.4 50.3 50.6 .435 .365 .331 .252 22.97 19.13 16.65 12.75 1929 1931 1929 1931 68 184 126 57 47 50.0 49.8 50.6 49.1 .571 .514 .353 .334 28.55 25.60 17.86 16.40 1929 1931 Female___________________________ 1929 1931 Finishers: M ale.................................................... 1910 1911 1912 1913 1915 1929 1931 Female_______________ ___________ 1929 1931 Qluers, rough stock: Male ___________________________ 1929 1931 Helpers, excluding apprentices: M ale___________ _________ _______ 1929 1931 Female___________________________ 1 1929 j 1931 Laborers: Male .... .......................... ................. 1929 1931 Machine hands: M ale..................................................... 1910 1911 1912 1913 1915 1929 1931 Female......... ............ - ............ - ........ - 1929 1931 Polishers and rubbers : 8 M ale............................. ...................... 1929 1931 Female............. .............................. . 1929 1931 Sanders, hand: M ale........................ ........................... 1929 1931 Female___________________________ 1929 1931 72 67 42 30 253 178 135 111 50.0 50.3 50.1 49.6 .647 .566 .409 .383 32.35 28.47 20.49 19.00 128 192 228 219 238 297 269 59 32 3,132 4,407 5,290 5,132 5,300 3,164 2,191 251 90 58.5 58.5 58.2 57.3 56.9 52.0 51.6 50.5 50.2 .195 .194 .197 .206 .208 .505 .414 .371 .319 11.40 11.31 11.44 11.79 11.80 26.26 21.36 18.74 16.01 206 178 583 364 52.5 52.3 .460 .379 24.15 19.82 288 236 30 16 3,658 2,322 153 72 52.4 52.6 52.0 51.2 .304 .231 .224 .195 15.93 12.15 11.65 9.98 281 224 2,693 1,505 52.2 52.2 .378 .317 19.73 16.55 121 3,151 4,855 .2 1 2 .2 1 1 .2 1 1 5,817 8,567 6,355 30 16 58.7 58.8 58.5 57.8 57.5 52.4 52.1 51.1 52.4 .217 .223 .512 .428 .293 .310 12.39 12.35 12.30 12.49 12.74 26.83 22.30 14.97 16.24 11 1,897 1,194 33 31 52.7 52.8 52.5 50.9 .507 .403 .300 .259 26.72 21.28 15.75 13.18 249 199 61 45 2,283 1,189 653 301 52.5 52.8 51.6 50.1 .419 .331 .268 .226 2 2 .0 0 Cushion and pad makers: Female................................................. 58 17 20 Cutters, upholstering materials: Maie .................. .......................— . 192 226 223 232 296 284 13 8 247 208 14 * Included with finishers, 1910 to 1915, inclusive. 6 ,2 1 2 6 ,6 8 6 17.48 13.83 11.32 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .0 1 0 0 .0 100.5 98.7 98.4 98.7 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .6 1 0 0 .0 i i 99.3 90.8 90.1 1 0 1 .6 101.7 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .0 99.5 90.7 90.1 102.4 268.2 213.8 301.6 235.0 8 8 .0 90.0 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .6 1 0 0 .0 99.8 100.7 94.7 94.2 95.6 96.7 95.9 97.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .1 245.1 2 0 1 .0 222.7 181.2 97.7 97.2 97.2 99.2 98.9 98.5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .0 235.9 197.2 214.8 178.5 4 T WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR able 1.— Average hours and earnings, with index numbers, 1910 to 1981, by occupation, sex, and year— Continued B Y O C C U P A T IO N S —Continued I Occupation and sex Aver Aver age Aver N um age Num age full ber of ber of full earn time Year estab time wage earn ings lish earners hours per ings per ments per hour week week Sewers: M ale...................................... .............. 1929 1931 Female.. _......... - ................ ................ 1929 1931 Sprayers: 3 M ale............................. .......... ............ 1929 1931 Female....... ............ ............... 1929 1931 Spring setters: M ale...................... .......... .......... ........ 1929 1931 Female................ ............ ........... ....... 1929 1931 Trimmers: M ale.................................................... 1929 1931 Female................................................. 1929 1931 Upholsterers: M ale.................................................... 1910 1911 1912 1913 1915 1929 1931 Female............................. .......... ........ 1929 1931 Veneerers: M ale..................................................... 1910 1911 1912 1913 1915 1929 1931 Female......................... ............. ......... 1929 1931 Other employees: M ale.................................................... 1915 1929 1931 Female. _________ ________________ 1915 1929 1931 19 16 92 40 27 932 681 270 235 1,155 813 10 10 22 71 67 5 5 100 Index numbers (1913=100) Full time hours per week 49.3 $0.670 $33.03 50.5 .578 29.19 49.4 .408 20.16 .374 18.33 49.0 16 52.8 52.4 52.0 48.2 .527 .445 .386 .324 27.83 23.32 20.07 15.62 557 396 57 42 50.0 50.2 49.7 50.1 .507 .444 .475 .405 25.35 22.29 23.61 20.29 215 176 18 7 991 610 89 19 52.2 61.9 50.9 52.1 .506 .432 .314 .205 26.41 22.42 15.98 38 49 54 43 62 151 138 13 16 501 558 583 493 755 2,523 2,119 49 71 55.0 55.8 56.4 56.2 55.3 50.1 50.3 50.3 52.2 .297 .300 .291 .295 .312 .724 .538 .403 .296 16.20 16.55 16.33 16.46 17.12 36.27 27.06 20.27 15.45 97.9 99.3 100.4 58 94 123 117 124 145 135 58.8 58.7 58.3 57.3 57.0 52.5 52.5 51.5 50.4 .2 0 0 18 333 430 563 687 640 1,165 729 107 41 .206 .213 .217 .218 .454 .376 .290 .296 12.36 12.43 12.34 23.84 19.74 14.94 14.92 240 292 281 33 53 33 8,560 3,844 2,806 325 204 98 58.2 51.6 51.5 54.1 50.3 50.1 .191 .516 .489 .145 .343 .297 11.14 26.63 25.18 7.83 17.25 14.88 22 Full Earn time ings earn per ings per hour week 1 0 .6 8 100.7 101.7 98.6 98.4 100.5 99.2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 98.4 89.1 89.5 105.8 245.4 182.4 104.0 220.4 164.4 11.75 1 0 2 .6 1 2 .1 0 102.4 101.7 92.2 94.9 98.2 94.5 97.3 99.4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 99.5 91.6 91.6 100. 5 209.2 173.3 99.3 191.8 158.8 d e lu d e d with finishers, 1910 to 1915, inclusive. HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1929 AND 1931, BY SEX AND STATE Table 2 shows average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time earnings per week for the wage earners included in the studies of the industry in 1929 and 1931. The averages are for males and females separately, also for both sexes combined, in each State and in all States, or the industry. Average full-time hours per week of males ranged by States in 1929 from a low of 47.0 to a high of 56.9, and in 1931 from 47.4 to FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 55.0; those of females ranged in 1929 from 45.4 to 55.0 and in 1931 from 44.8 to 55.0; and those of both sexes combined, or the industry, ranged in 1929 from 46.9 to 57.0, and in 1931 from 47.2 to 55.0. The average for all males in all the States was 52.1 in 1929 and 51.9 in 1931; and for females, 50.5 in 1929 and 49.8 in 1931. Average earnings per hour of males ranged by States in 1929 from 29.0 to 64.6 cents, and in 1931 from 23.6 to 59.4 cents; those of females ranged in 1929 from 14.5 to 49.2 cents, and in 1931 from 14.1 to 47.0 cents. The average for males in all States was 49.9 cents in 1929 and 41.6 cents in 1931; and for females, 34.5 cents in 1929 and 31.4 cents in 1931. The 1931 average for males in each State and for females, except in two States, was less than the 1929 average. The 1931 average for males in all States was 16.6 per cent, and for females 9 per cent, less than the 1929 average. T able %.— Average hours and earnings in the f urniture industry, 1929 and 1981, by sex and State Number of N um ber of establish wage earners ments Sex and State Males: California.................... Georgia........................ Illinois.......................... Indiana........................ Kentucky.................... M aryland.................... Massachusetts............ Michigan................. . Missouri...................... New Jersey................. N ew Y ork ................... North Carolina--------Ohio............................. Pennsylvania________ Tennessee.................... Virginia-...................... Wisconsin.............. . T otal......................... Females: California.................... Georgia........................ Illinois.......................... Indiana........................ Kentucky.................... Maryland.................... Massachusetts.......... . M ic h ig a n .............. . Missouri...................... N ew Jersey................. New Y ork ........ .......... North Carolina--------Ohio........... ................. Pennsylvania........ . Tennessee................ . Virginia....................... Wisconsin.................... Average earnings per hour 1931 1929 1931 1929 1931 15 5 30 39 4 15 5 30 31 5 1,606 643 4,947 4,701 708 763 1,904 5,158 642 509 6,526 3,951 2,266 2,978 716 1,351 2,543 1,264 722 3,297 3,125 516 498 1,151 2,856 476 511 3,917 3,206 1,381 2,026 423 1,605 1,902 47.0 55.1 50.0 52.6 56.9 51.1 48.3 51.2 51.9 49.0 51.4 55.0 53.6 53.2 54.4 55.0 53.7 47.4 $0,599 $0.525 $28.15 55.0 .290 .244 15.98 50.1 .608 .498 30.40 51.6 .443 .399 23.30 .389 25.78 54.3 .453 49.5 .516 .482 26.37* 48.6 .646 .594 31.20 51.0 .555 .461 28.42 50.8 .432 24.76 .477 49.0 .619 .589 30.33 51.3 .475 29.09 .566 54.2 .333 .288 18.32 53.8 .493 .435 26.42 .474 53.3 .418 25.22 52.7 .348 .289 18.93 55.0 .298 .236 16.39 .459 53.6 .430 24.65 299 41,912’ 28,876 52.1 51.9 .499 .416 26.00 21.59 132 44.8 55.0 50.1 61.1 52.9 49.0 46.4 51.8 49.8 45.5 48.6 49.4 49.7 50.6 50.7 .470 .208 .375 .233 .232 .350 .436 .295 .277 .434 .336 .176 .314 .241 . 141 22.34 (l) 21.35 14.39 0) 19.35 16.98 17.48 15.95 18.66 18.98 10.40 18.63 18.44 21.06 11.44 18.79 11.91 12.27 17.15 20.23 15.28 13.79 19.75 16.33 8.69 15.61 12.19 7.15 60.0 .492 (l) .427 .272 0) .387 .356 .340 .319 .404 .389 .189 .374 .363 .161 .145 .315 .297 7. &8 15.75 14.85 15.64 12 11 18 23 13 16 23 13 5 55 17 23 25 4 55 17 24 26 4 8 8 13 13 312 10 1 12 21 1 11 3 8 16 4 9 15 17 14 17 8 8 3 32 5 14 16 3 3 28 5 13 9 8 0) 462 255 0) 71 201 563 49 11 326 54 184 101 99 65 319 177 45.4 0) 50.0 52.9 0) 50.0 47.7 51.4 50.0 46.2 48.8 55.0 49.8 50.8 55.0 55.0 50.0 121 24 47 115 256 25 28 187 52 121 58 89 1929 Average full time earn ings per week 1929 6 i Average full-time hours per week 1931 1929 1931 $24.89 13.42 24.95 20.59 2 1 .1 2 23.86 28.87 23.51 21.95 28.86 24.37 15.61 23.40 22.28 15.23 12.98 23.05 2 11 13 165 26 333 T o ta l-...................... 180 162 2,958 1,783 50.5 49.8 .345 .314 17.42 Males and females: California.................... Georgia........................ Illinois......................... Indiana.................... . . Kentucky.................... 15 5 30 39 4 15 5 30 31 5 1,738 663 5,409 4,956 713 1,363 787 3,616 3,246 540 46.9 55.1 50.0 52.6 57.0 47.2 56.0 50.1 51.5 54.2 .591 .289 .593 .434 .453 .521 .241 .488 .394 .383 27.72 24.59 15.92 13.26 29.65 24.45 22.83 20.29 25.82 | 20.76 1 Data included in total, 2 8 .8 6 0 WAGES ANl) HOUBS OF LABOK T able 2*— Average hours and earnings in the furniture industry, 1929 and 1981, by sex and State— Continued Sex and State Number of N um ber of establish wage earners ments Average full-time hours per weeK Average earnings per hour Average full time earn ings per week i Males and females—Continued. M aryland...................................... Massachusetts.............................. Michigan................... .................. Missouri................................. ....... New Jersey........................ ......... : N ew Y ork ..................................... 1 North Carolina- ........... ............. ! Ohio................................... — ..... 1 Pennsylvania.............................. Tennessee_______ ______ ______ Virginia............................. ........... ! Wisconsin............................ ........ Total............................ ........... - 1929 1931 12 11 18 23 13 16 23 13 5 55 17 23 25 4 6 55 17 24 26 4 1929 1931 1929 1931 834 2,105 5,721 691 520 6,852 4,005 2,450 3,079 881 1,377 2,876 545 1,266 3,112 501 539 4,104 3,258 1,502 2,084 512 1,605 2,079 51.0 48.2 51.2 51.8 48.9 51.2 55.0 53.3 53.1 54.5 55.0 53.3 49.5 $0,505 $0,471 $25.76 $23.31 48.4 .620 .581 29.88 28.12 .535 51.0 .449 27.39 22.90 50.8 .467 .425 24.19 21.59 .615 48.8 .580 30.07 28.30 51.2 .558 .469 28.57 24.01 54.1 .331 .286 18.21 15.47 53.5 .485 .425 25.85 22.74 53.2 .471 .413 25.01 21.97 52.3 .313 .266 17.06 13.91 55.0 .296 .236 16.28 12.98 .445 53.3 .420 23.72 22.39 299 44,870 30,659 51.9 51.8 8 8 13 13 312 1929 .490 1931 .411 1929 25.43 1931 21.29 AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR, 1929 AND 1931, BY OCCUPATION Table 3 shows average earnings per hour and the per cent of wage earners at each classified group of such earnings for males and for females in each of seven representative occupations in 1929 and 1931. The percentage distribution of the wage earners in these occupations illustrates the spread and the high and low average earnings per hour of the wage earners in all occupations in the industry. Average earn ings per hour and the number of wage earners at each classified group of such averages are shown in Table B (p. 35), by States, for the wage earners covered in these occupations in 1931. In 1929 the 22,210 males employed in these occupations represent 53 per cent of the males in all occupations; the 1,858 females, 63 per cent of the females; and the 24,068 for both sexes combined, 54 per cent of the wage earners included in the study in that year. In 1931 the 15,820 males covered in these occupations represent 55 per cent of the males; the 1,193 females, 67 per cent of the females; and the 17,013 for both sexes combined, 55 per cent of the total of all wage earners included in the study in that year. In the occupation of assemblers and cabinetmakers the males earned an average of 56.0 cents per hour in 1929 and 44.5 cents in 1931, and the females an average of 31,7 cents per hour in 1929 and 28.3 cents in 1931. The percentage distribution of these wage earners, by average earnings, shows that there was no change in the high average from one year to the other for either sex, but that the low average dropped from 14 and under 16 cents in 1929 to 12 and under 14 cents in 1931 for males, and from 16 and under 18 cents in 1929 to under 12 cents in 1931 for females. T able 3,— Average and classified earnings per hour in seven specified occupations, 1929 and 1981, by occupation, sex, and year Per cent of wage earners whose earnings per hour w ereN um N um ber of ber of estab wage lish, earn ers ments Occupation and sex Female_____________ Female................. ....... Polishers and rubbers: M a le.......................... Female............... ........ Sanders, hand: M a le................. .......... Female................... . Upholsterers: M ale............................ Female............... ........ Veneerers: M a le..................... ....... Female........................ * Less than 1 per cent. $0,560 .445 .317 .283 1929 1931 1929 1931 296 284 13 8 8,567 6,355 30 16 .512 .428 .293 .310 1929 1931 1929 1931 247 208 14 11 1,897 1,194 33 31 .507 .403 .300 .259 1929 1931 1929 1931 199 61 45 2,283 1,189 653 301 .419 .331 .268 .226 1929 1931 1929 100 92 40 27 932 681 .670 .578 .408 .374 1929 1931 1929 1931 151 138 13 16 2,523 2,119 49 71 .724 .538 .403 .296 1929 1931 1929 1931 145 135 1,165 729 107 41 .454 .376 .290 .296 19 16 22 18 0 0 2 02 0 00 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 ) 1 6 3 1 6 0 4 2 10 0 1 0 . ... 1 3 2 02 ) 0 0 0 6 9 0 1 ...... 02 02 5 1 12 5 0 ) 0 0 0 5 20 0 0 0 16 1 3 03 4 14 3 7 15 7 11 8 0 0 0 14 5 0 0 1931 Female...... ............ . 5,735 4,207 54 52 TO Sewers: M a le -—...................... 302 289 13 16 INDUSTRY, 1910 Machine hands: M ale............................ 1929 1931 1929 1931 $ 40 45 20 25 30 50 70 12 16 14 18 35 80 90 Un- and $1 1.20 $1.40 and and and and and and and and and and and and and cents and der unaer under and and under under under under under under under under under under under under and under under 12 80 14 60 over 18 25 35 40 45 50 70 90 under $1.20 16 20 cents cents cents $1.40 cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1 FURNITURE Assemblers and cabinet makers: M a le -—...................... Aver age earn ings per hour 8 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR, 1931, BY SEX Table 4 shows the number and the per cent of male laborers, of males and of females separately, and of both sexes combined in all occupations, found in the study of the industry in 1931, at each classified group of average earnings per hour. For the 1,505 male laborers, average earnings per hour ranged by classified groups from 10 and under 11 cents to $1 and under $1.10 per hour. Of this number 167, or 11.1 per cent, earned less than 20 cents per hour and 24, or 1.6 per cent, earned 60 cents or more per hour. The largest number in any one group was 200, or 13 per cent, at 35 and under 37K cents. The average earnings per hour of the 28,876 males in all occupations ranged by classified groups from 5 and under 6 cents to $2 and under $2.25. Of this number, 1,682, or 5.8 per cent, earned less than 20 cents per hour and 4,399, or 15.2 per cent, earned 60 cents or more per hour. The largest number in any one group was 2,911, or 10 per cent, at 50 and under 55 cents per hour. For the 1,783 females in all occupations, average earnings per hour ranged by classified groups from 7 and under 8 cents to $1.40 and under $1.50 per hour. Of this number, 261, or 14.6 per cent, earned less than 20 cents per hour and 66, or 3.7 per cent, earned 60 cents or more. The largest number in any one group was 194, or 10.9 per cent, at 25 and under 27K cents per hour. T 4.— Number and per cent of male laborers, of males and of females in all occupations, and of both sexes combined, at each classified group of earnings per hour in 19S1 able Number Classified earnings per hour ( Labor ers, male 5 and under 6 cents__________ ______ I............. 6 and under 7 cents________ ________ i_______ 7 and under 8 cents............. ................. ;.............. 8 and under 9 cents..............................L ............ 9 and under 10 cents . ! 1 0 and under 11 cents............................ i 3 11 and under 1 2 cents..........................- j 1 4 12 and under 13 cents........................... : 13 and under 14 cents - ___ 14 and under 15 cents______ _______ ' 2 54 15 and under 16 cents........... .............. i 16 and under 17 cents............... ............ I 11 38 17 and under 18 cents........................... ! 34 18 and under 19 cents.......................... 1 20 19 and under 20 cents........................... 104 2 0 and under 21 cents.......................... 9 21 and under 2 2 cents........................ 66 22 and under 23 cents........................ . ! 10 23 and under 24 cents........................... 13 24 and under 25 cents.......................... I 153 25 and under 27H cents........................ 43 27H and under 30 cents........................ 167 30 and under 32H cents........................ ! 54 32H and under 35 cents........................ ; 2 00 35 and under 37H cents........................ 72 3 7^ and under 40 cents........................ : 195 40 and under 42M cents........................ 33 42H and under 45 cents.................... — I 1 Less than 1 per cent. Per cent Employees in all occu pations— Male 'Female i 1 1 1 10 2 5 57 6 37 4 9 17 109 21 122 382 230 123 898 132 618 169 203 1,735 970 1,993 1,316 2.148 1,415 2,480 1,192 Total 20 22 48 25 92 52 46 31 40 194 161 164 124 113 76 92 66 19 25 7 166 27 177 38 48 462 142 404 278 148 990 184 664 200 243 1,929 1,131 2,157 1,440 2,261 1,491 2,572 1,258 Employees in all occu pations— Male 1 1 18 15 140 34 39 445 Labor ers, male Female ) (!) 0) (0 (0 0) 0) 0 0) 0) (l) 0 ) 0 ) 0) 0) 4 1 1 1 4 1 i 10 3 11 13 5 13 2 2 ) 1 1 0 ) 1 2 1 1 fi 3 7 5 ) 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 3 2 2 11 9 9 7 6 5 9 4 , 1 0) 1 3 (i) (i) 0) 0) 0) 2 0 (0 0 3 (0 1 3 1 Total 4 5 4 1 (l) 0) 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 o 1 1 fi 4 7 5 7 5 8 4 9 FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 T a b le 4.— Number and per cent of male laborers, of males and of females in all occupations, and of both sexes combined, at each classified group of earnings per hour in 19S1— Continued Number Classified earnings per hour Labor ers, male Employees in all occu pations— Male 45 and under 47M cents_____________ 4 7^ and under 50 cents_____________ 50 and under 55 cents_______________ 55 and under 60 cents_______________ 60 and under 65 cents_______________ 65 and under 70 cents_________ _____ 70 and under 75 cents_______________ 75 and under 80 cents__________ ____ 80 and under 85 cents______________ 85 and under 90 c e n t s _____________ 90 and under 95 c e n t s _____________ 95 cents and under $1.00 $1 .0 0 and under $1 .1 0 _______ ____ __ $1 .1 0 and under $1 .2 0 _ . $1.20 and under $1.30 _ _ $1.30 and under $1.40_______________ $1.40 and under $1.50__________ ____ $1.50 and under $1.60 $1.60 and under $1.70_______________ $1.90 and under $2.00_______________ $2.00 and under $2.25 ______________ 73 23 83 16 9 Total_____ ___________________ 1,50.5 6 4 3 o Per cent 1,869 1,014 2,911 1,732 1,537 878 569 402 298 146 185 57 125 Female Total 60 40 76 29 42 1,929 1,054 2,987 1,761 1,579 889 572 405 301 149 185 57 125 11 3 3 3 3 112 21 112 21 35 16 35 17 1 12 12 4 4 1 1 1 1 28,876 1, 783 30,659 Labor ers, male Employees in all occu pations— M ale 0 0 0 5 6 2 6 1 1 4 2 10 6 4 2 I 1 1 1 0 0 5 3 2 1 1 <l) I (l) 1 ) ) (l) 0 0 8 (») 0 ) ) <*) 0) 0) 1 0 0 .0 3 ) ) ) 1 0 0 .0 6 10 6 2 2 1 ) 8 0 Total 3 5 3 ) ) ) 0 0 Female 1 0 0 .0 (l) ) ) ) (l) 0) 0 0 0 1 0 0 .0 !___ 1 Less than 1 per cent. AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1910 TO 1931, BY OCCUPATION The regular or customary full-time hours per week of an estab lishment, or of an employee, are the hours of elapsed time between the regular time of beginning and of quitting work on each day of the week, less the regular time off duty for meals, and with no over time and no short time from any cause. Full-time hours per week do not indicate the amount of employment or unemployment in any week. They are the hours that would have been worked had each wage earner in each occupation worked no more nor less than his estab lished full-time hours in the week, for which figures are shown in this report. Table 5 shows average full-time hours per week and the per cent of wage earners of each sex at each specified number or group of hours per week in each of seven representative occupations in the industry for each of the specified years, 1910 to 1931, in which studies have been made by the bureau. For a similar classification, by number, of the wage earners in each of these occupations in each States in 1931, see Table C (p. 41). Average full-time hours per week of assemblers and cabinetmakers, males, as shown at the beginning of the table, increased from 58.0 in 1910 to 58.3 in 1911 and then decreased from year to year to 51.9 per week in 1931. The percentage distribution of assemblers and cabinetmakers, males, by full-time hours per week, shows that the hours of only 6 10 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR per cent of those covered in 1910,1911,1912, of 4 per cent in 1913, and of 7 per cent in 1915 were less than 54 per week, as compared with 54 per cent in 1929 and 55 per cent in 1931; also that those at 60 or more hours per week decreased from 57 per cent in 1911 to 52 per cent in 1912, to 41 per cent in 1913, to 40 per cent in 1915, to 1 per cent in 1929, and to less than 1 per cent in 1931. For female assemblers and cabinetmakers, full-time hours per week averaged 50.7 in 1929 and 49.7 in 1931, and for all except 9 per cent in 1929 and 2 per cent in 1931 were less than 52% per week. No figures are shown in the table for females for any year prior to 1929. T able 5.— Average full-time hours per week and per cent of employees at each classified number of hours, in seven specified occupations, 1910 to 1981, by sex and year Occupation and sex N um ber of Year estab lish ments 192 226 223 232 296 284 13 58.0 58.3 58.1 57.2 57.1 52.1 51.9 50. 7 49.7 3,151 4,865 58.7 11 1,897 1,194 33 31 52.7 52.8 52.5 60.9 249 199 61 46 2,283 1,189 653 301 52.5 52.8 51.6 50.1 19 16 40 27 932 681 49.3 50.5 49.4 49.0 8 1 00 92 as “ under 64” in previous reports. 4 2 2 6 6 2 2 4 4 (3) <3) 2 6 34 34 74 71 Over Over 52^, 50, under 52K under 64 52H 5 4 1 1 13 <*) 1 I 3 2 5 5 3 2 1 1 1 3 4 4 3 4 4 (3) (3) <*> 1 1 cot 2 8 13 4 1 6 16 (*) 15 7 4 4 7 6 4 9 2 3 13 10 1 3 <*> <3) 2 2 7 2 3 3 21 3 16 1 15 15 34 32 60 31 29 27 27 48 30 24 48 62 50 56 36 34 54 16 8 *6 *6 14 i7 <9 4 3 27 24 g 8 0 Over 54, under 55 55 215 14 2 19 16 19 29 *12 1 1 19 17 30 34 3 3 2 7 5 5 3 6 12 1 4 4 1 2 6 x 9 1 2 1 5 7 1 * Grouped as “ over 64 and under 67” in previous reports. 2 5 5 4 *3 »2 *3 3 23 2 22 <*> 3 9 7 13 44 (*) 14 1 0 (3) (3) ?3) (3) 11 * 13 2 13 2 17 2g a 14 1 1 21 20 32 38 4 3 1 (») 2 2 12 *2 55 57 52 41 40 20 12 (3) 55, 60 under un<fer and 67 over 60 26 19 15 60 62 52 48 46 1 1 1 10 6 1 1 34 44 4 3 48 29 9 1 8 12 1 33 45 20 8 7 3 4 2 1 * Less than 13 15 5 6 1 4 4 5 3 4 2 1 per cent. i 3 3 2 (3) 1931 5,817 8,567 6,355 30 16 247 208 14 (3) 1 2 50 6 8 .8 68.5 57.8 57.5 52.4 52.1 51.1 52.4 6 ,2 1 2 6 ,6 8 6 3 4 Over 48, under 49M 49H 48 TO 121 1,966 2,682 3,392 3,373 3,767 5,736 4,207 54 52 Over 44, under 48 44 INDUSTRY, 1010 1 G rouped 112 169 199 171 203 302 289 13 16 Per cent o f wage earners whose full-time hours per week were— FURNITURE Assemblers and cabinetmakers: M ale—____. . . ....................... ........................... 1910 1911 1912 1913 1916 1929 1931 Female................ ............ ................................ 1929 1931 M achine hands. M ale.................. ....................... ..................... 1910 1911 1912 1913 1916 1929 1931 Female......................... .............. ..................... 1929 1931 Polishers and rubbers: M ale............................. 1929 1931 Fem ale........................... ......................... ......... 1929 1931 Sanders, hand: M ale_________________ _ 1929 1931 F e m a le .-_____ __________________________ 1929 1931 Sewers: M ale______ ______________________________ 1929 1931 Fem ale............................................................. 1929 1931 N um Aver ber of age full time wage earn hours Un per der 44 ers week 1 1 4 T able 5.— Average full-time hours per week and per cent of employees at each classified number of hours, in seven specified occupations, 1910 to 1931, by sex and year— Continued Occupation and sex Female . Female. 1 94 123 117 124 145 135 22 18 Grouped as “ under 54” in previous reports. 55.0 55.8 56.4 56.2 55.3 50.1 50.3 50.3 52.2 333 430 563 687 640 1,165 729 107 41 58.8 58.7 58. 3 57.3 57.0 52.5 52.5 51.5 50.4 Over 44, under 48 48 Over 48, under 49H 49M 50 Over 50, under 52X 52J* Over 52^, under 54 54 Over 54, under 55 55 55, under umfer and 57 60 over 2 16 212 i7 18 18 (3) 2 1 4 (3) 2 15 2 11 16 (3) (3) 2 15 15 1 1 10 18 4 7 18 31 31 15 (a) 20 20 15 16 13 (3) 220 i i 2 1 12 (3) (3) 56 53 43 37 *21 2 28 29 2 12 1 76 J Grouped as “ over 54 and under 57” in previous reports. 3 5 7 > Less than 8 1 per cent. ' OF LABOR 1910 1911 1912 1913 1915 1929 1931 1929 1931 501 558 583 493 755 2,523 2,119 49 71 44 HOURS Veneerers: M a le ... 38 49 54 43 62 151 138 13 16 Per cent of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were— AND 1910 1911 1912 1913 1915 1929 1931 1929 1931 Aver N um age full ber of time wage hours Un earn per der 44 ers week WAGES Upholsterers: M ale......... N um ber of Year estab lish ments J-* 13 FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 The full-time hours per week and per day, Monday to Friday, and on Saturday, as shown in Table 6, were the regular or customary hours of the wage earners in the 299 establishments covered in 1931. In a few establishments in which there was a variation of hours as between different groups of wage earrers or occupations, the pre vailing hours (those of the majority of the wage earners) of such establishments were used in compiling this table. Hours per week ranged from 43% in 1 establishment to 60 in another. In 19 establishments the hours were 44 per week; in 27, 48; in 90, or 30 per cent, 50; in 79, or 26 per cent, 55; and in 10, over 55 per week. Hours per day, Monday to Friday, ranged from 8 to 10)e. The 10-hour day, Monday to Friday, was in effect in 89, or 30 per cent, of the 299 establishments covered by the study in 1931. Hours on Saturday in the 292 establishments that were on the 6-day-week basis ranged from 4 to 10 per day. Seven establishments were on the 5-day-week basis with no work on Saturday. T able 6.— Number of establishments in each State in which the full-time hours per week and per day of the wage earners were as specified, 1981 Full-time hours per day 50— m i-.. 5 2 ... 52J4----5 3 5 4 5 4^ — 5 5 55J4— _ 55f t — _ 8 1 m 3 3 4h m m m 9Ho m m 10 10 10 10 10 ft 10 ft 10 Wisconsin Virginia 1 Tennessee 1 Pennsylvania Ohio 3 4 North Carolina Jersey Missouri New Maryland | Massachusetts K entucky 1 fc 1 l 19 3 l 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 38 % 9ft 9 1 & 2 4% 10 2 0 8?/4 9 9 9 9Mo 9Ma .... M 1 ft J 1 m m 8 m 3 .... 1 1 1 1 a 7 .... 1 --- 1 1 7 17 1 1 1 1 1 m *m 4 9 4 9^ — - 1 5 4 5 8 ft ; 2 1 i 0 0 47........... 56ft----60.......... 7 5 Michigan 4 47 H ----- 56— Indiana 0 43$i----4 4 4 5 45 »....... 50 *____ 4 8 Illinois California Full time hours per week Georgia j Number of establishments i n - 1 4 4ft 5 2 21 1 12 1 1 'T 4Ho 4 18 10 2 1 1 1 5 8 1 3 4 1 4^2 1 2 1 1 1 0 5 4ft 5 3 3 3 8 5H 5 4H 5 5 5 .... 6H 5H ! 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 5H 5H 4 9 3 14 9 10 1 3 10 2 — 5 2 .... 1 1 1 .... .... .... 2 1 5 36 1 2 1 2 15 1 30 2 1 2 8 9 5 1 1 1 1 1 15 18 5 30 31 months of year. 3 4 months of year. 136825°— 32 5 11 16 79 1 10 Total. 14 85 2 2 1 23 33 5 55 17 23 25 3 Friday, 8 ft hours. * Thursday, 8 ft hours. 4 8 13 299 14 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR CHANGES IN FULL-TIME HOURS PER DAY AND PER WEEK Between July 1, 1929, and the period of the 1931 study, only 10 of the 299 factories included in the report made changes m regular or customary full-time hours. Table 7 shows for each of the factories in which changes were made the hours per day, Monday to Friday, Saturday, and per week before and after the change, the wage earners affected, and the date of the change. It will be noted that there were reductions in hours per week in each factory, which in nine factories affected all wage earners and in one factory males only. The hours of one factory were changed from 10K Monday to Friday and 5K Saturday, or 58 per week, to 10 Monday to Friday, with no work on Saturday, or 50 per week. In another factory the hours were changed from 9 on five days and 4K on Saturday, or 4 9 per week, to 9% Monday to Friday, with no work on Saturday, or 47K per week. T able 7.— Changes in full-time hours per day and per week between July 1, 1929, and the period of the 1981 study Change in hours— Num ber of estab lish ments From— T o— Wage earners affected Date of change All............... 50 5 m ........do........... 45 ........do........... 44 ........do........... 49H ........do......... . 52H ........do........... 48 ........do......... . 47Vi ........do______ 44 ........d o .......... .50 Males______ February» 1930. M ay, 1930. March, 1930. April, 1930. November, 1929. March, 1931. D o. April, 1930. June, 1930. January, 1931. M onday M onday to Friday Saturday Per week to Friday Saturday Per week 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10H 10X 10 10 m m 9 9 8*4 m m 5 5 5 m 5 m 4M 5 68 55% 55 55 54 53^4 49 V2 49li 48 52K* 10 0 9H 8 8 9 9H m\ PA : 8 i 9 ! 5 5 4 4H 5 m o 45 CHANGES IN WAGE RATES The 1931 study covered 299 furniture factories. Between July 1, 1929, and the period of the 1931 study wage rates were reduced one or more times in all but 62 factories. Kates were reduced once only in each of 148 factories; twice in 73; three times in 9; four times in 1 factory; in 1 factory were reduced 10 per cent, increased 5 per cent, and then reduced twice— 10 and 10 per cent; and in 5 factories the number of changes was not definitely reported. In those factories in which one change only was made reductions ranged from 5 to 40 per cent; in those in which two changes were made they ranged from 5 and 5 per cent to 10 and 33K per cent; in those in which three were made, from 10, 10, and 10 per cent to 10, 10, and 25 per cent; and in one the reductions were 10, 5,12, and 12 per cent. The most frequent change was 10 per cent. The increase reported affected all wage earners in one factory only, while the decreases affected all the wage earners in 212 factories and a certain part (such as time workers, piece workers, those in specified occupations, or those earning more or less than a specified amount per week) in 25 factories. FUBNITUJEtB INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 15 number of changes in rates by years were 4 in 1929, 96 in 1930, 5 in 1931, with 7 not definitely reported as to years, e 8 shows the number of factories in which wage rates were d, the wage earners affected, and the amount of the change. >.— Changes in wage rates between July 1, 1929, and period of the 1981 study Am ount of decreases Wage earners affected b y the decreases 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 73 1 4 1 28 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 11 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 All........ ___ do.. ___ d o.. ___ d o.. . . . . d o.. -d o.. -d o.. .d o .. .d o .. .d o .. .d o .. .d o .. .d o .. .d o .. .d o .. .d o .. .d o .. .d o .. .d o .. ..d o.. ..d o „ -d o .. ..d o.. -d o.. .d o .. .d o.. .d o .. ..d o .... ..d o .... ..d o __ ..d o .... .d o .. .d o .. .d o .. .d o .. -d o.. .d o .. -d o.. ___ do.. ..d o.. — do............ ....................................... ............... ___ <io....... ................. ........ ................................... .— do..................... ............. ............................... . ___d o ................... - ................................................ ___do....... ......... ................................................... All piece workers.................................................. All time workers................................................... rhose at under $ 2 0 per week............................... rhose at $20 and undei $30 per week............... . rhose over $30 per we 9 k....................................... All except piece workers and those at 35 cents and over per hour. A.11 piece workers, and those at 35 cents and over per hour, il l except piece workers and those at over 60 cents per hour. All piece workers, and those at over 60 cents per hour. All except piece workers....................................... Piece workers.......................................................... All except those earning 50 cents or more per houri rhose earning 50 cents and over per hour......... All except cabinetmakers, machine operators, and finishers. Daoinetmakers, machine operators and finish ers. 5 per cent. 5 to 10 per ce n t 5 and 5 per cent. 5 and 6 .6 per cent. 5 and 8 per cent. 7 and 7 per cent. 7.5 per cent. 7.5 and 7.5 per cent. 8 and 8 per cent. 8 and 7 per cent. 8 and 8 per cent. 9 per cent. 10 per cent. 10 per cent, a slight change by readjustment, and 5 per cent. 10 and 5 per cent. 10 and 8.5 per cent. 1 0 and 1 0 per cent. 10 . 10 , and 10 per cent. 10 , 5,i 10 , and 10 pei cent. 10 , 5 , 12 , and 12 per cent. 1 0 . 10 , and 12 per cent. 10.10, and 13 per cent. 10.10, and 25 per cent. 10 and 13 per cent. 10 and 15 per cent. 1 0 and 2 0 per cent. 10 and 33.5 per cent. 10 per cent and 25 cents per day. 1 0 per cent and bonus eliminated. 12 per cent. 12 and 10 per cent. 12 and 2 0 per cent. 12 .5 and 10 per cent. 12.5 and 12.5 per cent. 14 and 10 per cent. 15 and 10 per cent. 15 per cent. 19.8 per cent. 2 0 per cent. 25 per cent. 25 and 10 per cent. 30 per cent. 40 per cent. 5 cents per hour twice. Premium eliminated. 5 and 12.5 per cent. 5 and 10 per cent. 10 and 3 per cent. 10 and 5 per cent. 10 and 7.5 per cent. 1 0 per cent. 10 and 9 per cent. 10 per cent. 10 and 10 10 10 per cent. and 1 0 per cent. per cent. 10 10 and 1 0 per cent. per cent. 10 10 per cent. per cent; and changed from time-work to piece-work rates. 16 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T a b l e 8 *— Changes Number of estab lish^ ments in wage rates between July 1, 1929, and period of the 1981 study— Continued Wage earners affected b y the decreases All except those in the finishing department... Piece workers in finishing department.............. All except piece workers in finishing depart ment. 11 per cent of wage earners................................... 2 0 per cent of wage earners................................... 25 per cent of wage earners................................... 43 per cent of wage earners................................... 60 per cent of wage earners................................... 75 per cent of wage earners................................... 80 per cent of wage earners................................... 95 per cent of wage earners................................... ____do....................................................................... Hourly workers............... ............. ........................ H ourly workers at 3 2 to 35 cents, inclusive-. Hourly workers at 35 cents and over................. All except hourly workers at Z2\i cents per . hour or more. Hourly workers........ ........ .................................... [Piece workers................................................. ........ do. / - . . d o ....................................................................... \Hourly workers...................................................... /P iece workers......................................................... \Hourly workers...................................................... eekly salaried workers..................................... (W Piece workers......................................................... Amount of decreases per cent. 12,12.5, and 15 per cent. 12 and 15 per cent. 12 per cent. D o. D o. 25 per cent. 8 per cent. 10 per cent. D o. D o. 5 per cent. 10 per cent. 5 and 10 per cent. 10 and 10 per cent. 1 0 per cent. 10 per cent. 25 per cent. 10 per cent. 17 per cent. 8 per cent. 2 0 per cent. 10 per cent. 1 0 and 10 per cent, 2 0 per cent. 10 per cent. Hourly workers...................................................... $ 2 0 per month. 2 0 per cent. M onthly salaried employees............................... All except working foremen................................. 10 per cent. ----- d o ....................................................... .............. 12.5 per cent. Cabinetmakers, packers, porters, apprentices, 6 per cent. and finishers. Cutters, sewing-machine operators, and cush 5.5 to 12.5 per cent. ion stuffers. 2 0 per cent. .Upholsterers............................................................ Finishers................................................................. 10 per cent. D o. /M achine and cabinet-room workers.................. \AU except machine and cabinet-room workers. 3.75 per cent. Machine workers................................................... 10 per cent. D o. 7 per cent of machine department...................... 80 per cent of machine hands and cabinet 33 per cent. makers. 35 per cent. U pholsterers........................................................... / . . . . d o ......................... .......... ................................... 12.5 per cent. \One working supervisor-finisher.................. ...... 6% per cent. 50 per cent of upholsterers_________ __________ 2 0 per cent. /Piece workers in upholstery department.......... 10 per cent from hourly base rates and piece work abolished. \Those in sewing and cutting department......... 20 PAY FOR OVERTIME Overtime is any time worked before or after the regular established time of beginning and of quitting work on each day of the week (including Sunday and holidays for those whose schedules provide for work on those days) or any time worked during the regular estab lished time for meals regardless of the rate of pay or amount of time credited for such extra work. Work on Sunday or on holidays is overtime when done by employees who are not expected to work regularly on those days. Part of the employees in 191 of the 299 establishments covered in the study worked some overtime during the week for which figures are shown in this report, and part of those in 34 establishments did some work on Sunday and holidays. The same rate was paid for overtime as for regular working time in 176 of the 191 establishments 17 FTJBN1TTJEE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 and for work on Sunday and holidays in 19 of the 34 establishments, while in only 15 establishments was a higher rate paid for such work. Table 9 shows for each of the 15 establishments the wage earners who were paid a higher rate for overtime and for work on Sunday and holidays and the rates for such work. T able 9.— Number of establishments, wage earners entitled, and times regular rate for overtime and work on Sunday and holidays, 1931 N um ber of estab lish ments Times regular rate for— Wage earners entitled Over time 1 A ll................................................................................................................................ 1 ____ do___ _____ _______________ _____ _______ ____________ __________ _____ 5 ____ do___________________________________________________________________ 2 ___ do.......................................................................................................................... f A ll time workers_________________________________________________________ 1 \A11 piece workers_________ _____ _________________________________________ /A ll except maintenance workers__________________________________________ 1 (Maintenance w ork ers___________________________________________________ 1 A ll except working forem en__________________________________________ __ 1 A ll except piece workers_________________________________________________ 1 A ll time w ork ers________________________________________________________ 1 All on hourly rates___ ___________________________________________________ W ork on Sunday and holidays m m ix IH 1X 1X 1X 2 IX IH (2) IK IX IX IX IX ix lX ix IX ix 0 1 N o provision. 2 Straight piecework earnings plus one-half of their time rate. BONUS SYSTEMS A bonus is compensation in addition to earnings at time or piece rates. Of the 299 establishments covered in the study, 39 had bonus systems in operation when wage figures were collected by the bureau in 1931. Table 10 shows the kind and amount of bonus, the wage earners entitled to participate, and the conditions or requirements necessary to earn it. A production bonus system was in operation in each of 24 estab lishments. A specified part of the wage earners could earn the bonus by the completion of a certain unit of work in less than the time allotted to it. The amount of the bonus was equal to all of the time saved at the basic rates of pay in 17 establishments, to one-half of the time saved in 4, and to three-quarters of the time saved in 2 estab lishments. In one the amount was not reported. A production bonus system providing for a bonus to be earned when the work was accomplished in less, or a penalty to be assessed when completed in more, than the time allotted to it was in opera tion in 12 establishments. A production and economy bonus system was in operation in one establishment and a bonus based on a set standard of labor cost for certain units of work in two establishments. The labor-cost bonus m two establishments provided for a bonus when labor cost at basic rates was less than the set standard and a penalty when more than the standard. 18 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T a b l e 1 0 .— B o n u s sy stem s o f 8 9 esta blish m en ts in the fu r n itu r e in d u s tr y , 1981 N um ber of estab lish ments K ind of bonus Production. ____d o......... Wage earners entitled Productive workers. Am ount of bonus Bonus earned or penalty A ll of time saved at basic rates. Bonus earned b y saving time b y com pletion of specified unit o f work in less than the time allotted to it. D o. Productive workers on time -d o.. rates. Productive workers in ma .d o.. chine, cabinet, finishing, r u b b i n g , upholstering, and packing departments. .d o .. A ll except laborers, craters, -d o.. and packers. .d o. A ll except laborers, polish .d o . ers and rubbers, stock men, inspectors, mill wrights, and elevator op erators. A ll except maintenance, ve .do. ........d o......... neer, carving and com po sition departments, un skilled laborers, foremen, and craters and packers. -d o.. . — d o........... Assemblers and cabinet makers, machine carvers, craters and packers, fin ishers, heavy-stock gluers, helpers, machine hands, polishers and rubbers, hand sanders, sewers, sprayers, trimmers, up holsterers, hand scrapers, and chair cleaners. .d o .. .d o ........... Assemblers and cabinet makers, craters and pack ers, stainers, fillers, heavystock gluers, machine help ers, machine hands, rub bers, hand sanders, spray ers, and veneerers, when on time rates. -do.. Assemblers and cabinet .do.. makers, craters and pack ers, finishers, heavy-stock gluers, helpers, machine hands, polishers and rub bers, hand sanders, and sprayers. do.. ........do........... Assemblers, machine carv ers, finishers, heavy-stock gluers, helpers, machine hands, hand sanders, and sprayers. Production workers in cabi .d o.. net and machine depart ments. Cabinetmakers and machine .d o.. hands. Machine operators, off-bear.d o .. ers, and rough gluers. Machine operators and ma .d o .. chine off-bearers. Craters and packers, rub .d o .. bers and trimmers. Assemblers and cabinet One-half of time saved .d o . at basic rates. makers, craters and pack ers, finishers, gluers, help ers, lumber-yard men, ma chine hands, polishers and rubbers, hand sanders, and sprayers. ...d o ... Assemblers and cabinet . . . do. makers, hand sanders, sprayers and their helpers, craters, trimmers, and rip saw and cut-off operators and their helpers. ____d o......... D o. D o. D o. D o. D o. D o. D o. D o. D o. D o. D o. D o. D o. D o. Do. 19 FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 T a b le N um ber of estab lish ments 10.— Bonus systems of 39 establishments in the furniture industry> 1981Continued Kind of bonus Wage earners entitled Amount of bonus Bonus earned or penalty Production.. Finishing and shipping de partments, stockman, and a part of the cabinet de partment. One-half of time saved at basic rates. Bonus earned b y saving time b y completion of specified unit of work in less than the time allotted to it. D o. ____d o. ........d o— ........do....... ____do......... ____do......... ( . . . . d o ......... [E conom y... Machine hands and uphol sterers. Productive workers............... Assemblers and cabinet makers, machine carvers, craters, and packers, fin ishers, heavy-stock gluers, helpers, machine hands, polishers and rubbers, hand sanders, sprayers, trimmers, veneerers, ve neer driers, and glue sizers. Heavy-stock gluers, ma chine hands, and machine helpers, when on time .d o . N ot reported.................. . Three-fourths of time saved at basic rates. .d o.. A ll except laborers, upfit- All of time saved at basic ters, and cabinet patchers. rates. A ll for whom time studies ____do................................ can be made. Stock sawyers......................... Value of lumber saved, distributed among sawyers according to earnings. Production— Productive workers. A ll except inspectors and working foremen. A ll except working foremen and unskilled labor. All except foremen, shipping ........d o .— clerks, craters, rubbers, and lumber stackers. ........do........... A ll except foremen and work ing foremen, cushion and pad makers, sewers, spring setters, and upholsterers, when on piece work; cut ters, laborers, 3 assem blers and cabinetmakers, and 1 stockman. A ll except hand and ma ____ do........... chine carvers, mainte nance inspectors, foremen, straw bosses, cabinet patchers, stripers, pattern makers, stock keepers, and unskilled labor. Assemblers and cabinetma ........do......... kers, machine carvers, craters and packers, fin ishers, heavy-stock giuers, machine helpers, machine hands, polishers and rub bers, hand sanders, spray ers, trimmers, and veneer ers. Assemblers, machine hands, ..d o .. machine helpers, and up holsterers, on time rates. ........do.. Assemblers, cabinetmakers, and machine hands. Bonus: All of time saved at basic rates. Penal ty: All of time lost at basic rates. D o. D o. Do. Do. Do. Bonus earned b y saving lumber in reducing waste in cutting below a predetermined stand ard. Bonus earned b y saving time b y completion of specified unit of work: in less than the time al lotted to it. Penalty assessed for loss of time b y completion of speci fied unit of work in more than the time allotted to it. Do. ........ do— .d o.. ........do___ -d o.. Do. .d o .. Do. _do.. D o. .d o.. D o. .d o D o. do. Do. do Do. 20 T able N um ber of estab lish ments WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR 10.— Bonus systems of 39 establishments in the f urniture industry, 1981Continued Kind of bonus Wage earners entitled Production.. Machine operators and ma chine helpers. Polishers and rubbers, cra ters and packers, and up holsterers. packing, veneer, (Machine, and hand-carving depart ____do______ ments. ........do......... Labor cost .do.. Am ount of bonus Bonus earned or penalty Bonus: All of time saved at basic rates. Penal ty: All of time lost at basic rates. Bonus earned by saving time b y completion of specified unit of work in less than the time allotted to it. Penalty assessed for loss of ti’r e b y completion of speci fied unit of work in more than the time allotted to it. Do. .d o.. .d o .. . . . . d o ................................ Milling department............. Bonus: One-half of the standard labor cost ' All except unskilled labor saved prorated among and miscellaneous work workers in proportion ers. to their individual ba sic earnings. Packers. Penalty: All labor cost above standard de ducted from earnings of workers in propor tion to earnings at basic rates. Bonus: A ll labor cost saved divided among workers in proportion to their individual basic earnings. Penalty: All labor cost above standard de ducted from earnings of workers in propor tion to earnings at basic rates. Do. D o. Bonus earned when labor cost of job or quantity of work for time worked at basic rates is less than standard of cost set for the job or work. Penalty assessed when labor cost at basic rates exceeds standard of cost set for job or quan tity of work. Bonus earned when labor cost of job or quantity of work for time worked at basic rates is less than standard of cost set for the job or work. Penalty assessed when labor cost at basic rates exceeds standard o cost set for job or quan tity of work. INDEX NUMBERS OF EMPLOYMENT AND OF PAY ROLLS, 1923 TO 1931 Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls in the furniture industry are presented in Table 11 for each month and year, January, 1923, to December, 1931. These numbers were computed from the number of employees and the amount of the pay rolls for each month and the average for each year, with the 1926 average taken as the base, or 100 per cent, and are as published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in its monthly reports on “ Trend of employment.” It will be noted from Table 11 that both monthly and yearly em ployment and pay rolls were lowest in 1931. The index numbers for monthly employment were highest (104.8) in November, 1925, and lowest (56.9) in December, 1931, and for pay rolls were highest (111.5) in October, 1929, and lowest (38.6) in December, 1931. By years the index numbers show that employment was highest (100.4) in 1923 and lowest (61.0) in 1931, and that pay rolls were highest (100.0) in 1926 and lowest (46.6) in 1931. 21 FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 T a b l e 1 1 . — Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, January, 1928, to December, 1981, by month and year [Average for 1926=100] Employment. Pay-roll totals M onth 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 January........ February, _. M arch.......... April............. M a y ............. June............. July.............. August......... Septem ber.. October........ N ovem ber.. D ecem b er- 99.8 96.5 100.4 100.9 97.4 92.4 94.2 85.5 62.7 89.7 8 8 .6 93.5 96.8 96.1 101.4 99.0 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .6 97.7 93.2 95.4 83.3 63.7 92.4 96.0 98.5 102.4 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .8 99.1 1 0 2 .0 102.4 97.3 93.5 94.6 81.7 63.4 94.8 95.0 99.5 102.5 101.5 1 0 1 .1 97.2 99.2 100.3 94.8 90.7 92.9 78.7 62.2 95.1 93.5 93.4 99.2 98.3 100.4 93.7 95.4 96.3 92.7 87.7 91.7 75.6 61.5 94.8 8 8 .2 90.4 94.1 95.0 99.2 89.8 93.1 94.4 92.0 87.1 92.0 74.4 60.4 93.1 83.9 87.6 93.1 93.0 99.4 88.3 92.3 93.9 92.0 87.3 94.3 70.7 58.5 92.1 77.4 83.9 88.4 90.1 100.5 89.5 95.3 96.8 94.5 90.5 98.2 71.6 60.5 92.1 84.4 91.0 96.6 96.3 99.4 93.1 98.3 1 0 1 .0 97.5 94.1 1 0 2 .1 71.9 61.4 93.5 88.5 94.3 101.7 99.5 1 0 0 .8 96.7 1 0 2 .2 104.7 1 0 0 .1 97.7 104.3 72.8 61.5 98.0 95.6 103.7 108.4 104.6 1 0 1 .1 98.5 104.8 104.1 1 0 0 .1 98.4 99.9 70.0 59.4 98.1 96.3 106.4 109.8 103.1 99.6 1 0 1 .2 103.7 1 0 2 .6 96.6 97.5 91.7 6 6 .2 56.9 96.1 1 0 0 .8 105.4 107.3 99.5 Average— 100.4 95.2 99.1 1 0 0 .0 96.1 92.5 95.9 75.2 61.0 94.2 90.7 95.6 1 0 0 .0 89.1 92.0 78.4 48.4 95.5 97.0 77.2 52.2 94.8 96.7 75.3 52.4 88.9 94.9 70.8 49.7 85.6 93.0 6 8 .2 48.7 87.1 92.9 65.6 45.8 83.4 90.6 58.7 43.6 90.4 1 0 0 .0 62.7 45.6 96.3 105.6 64.5 46.9 103.3 111.5 6 6 .0 46.3 103.6 1 0 1 .1 58.6 40.8 99.8 88.4 53.6 38.6 98.2 93.2 97.0 6 6 .6 46.6 IMPORTANCE OF THE INDUSTRY The basic figures in Table 12 were drawn from the United States Census of Manufactures, 1929, and show the importance of the furniture industry in the United States as a whole in each of the specified years from 1919 to 1929 in numbers of establishments, average number of wage earners, amount paid in wages, cost of ma terials, value of products, and in value added by manufacture. Like figures are also shown in the table for each of the 17 principal furni ture manufacturing States and for “ All other States. ” Averages per wage earner for each item and each year, and the per cent that wages were of the value added by manufacture, computed by the bureau from the basic figures, are also presented in the table. Average annual wages of employees in all States combined in creased from $1,021 to $1,159, or $138, between 1919 and 1921; from $1,159 to $1,217, or $58, between 1921 and 1923; from $1,217 to $1,245, or $28, between 1923 and 1925; from $1,245 to $1,267/ or $22, between 1925 and 1927; and decreased from $1,266 1 to $1,256, or $10, between 1927 and 1929. Averages ranged by States in 1927 from $775 to $1,572, and in 1929 from $791 to $1,647. Wages formed 45.6 per cent of the value added by manufacture in 1919; 48.6 per cent in 1921; 47.1 per cent in 1923; 46.6 per cent in 1925; 48.2 per cent in 1927; and 46.6 per cent in 1929. The per cent that wages were of the value added by manufacture ranged by States in 1929 from 38.1 to 52.1 per cent. * See footnote 1, Table 12 , p. 22. T able 12.— Number of establishments, wage earners, wages, cost of materials, value of products, and vaZwe added by manufacture in the furniture industry, 1919 to 1929 Value Percent Value of added wages products b y man are of per wage ufacture value earner per wage added earner 3,279 3,038 3,047 3,239 3,222 3,228 3,778 140,252 124,362 168,157 181,016 186,302 188,143 193,399 $143,152,217 144,148,061 204,566,063 225,297,743 236,109,312 238,240,167 242,832,096 $265,725,010 253,706,187 342,442,530 384,875,068 389,389,595 392,098,519 426,454,169 $579,906,396 550,413,020 776,846,732 868,719.971 879,706,306 885,204,300 948,116,358 $314,181,386 296,706,833 434,404,202 483,844,903 490,316,711 493,105,781 521,662,189 $1 ,0 2 1 1,159 1,217 1,245 1,267 1,266 1,256 $1,895 2,040 2,036 2,126 2,090 2,084 2,205 $4,135 4,426 4,620 4,799 4,722 4,705 4,902 $2,240 2,386 2,583 2,673 2,632 2,621 2,697 45.6 48.6 47.1 46.6 48.2 48.3 46.6 339 43 375 199 39 7,931 2,307 23,767 18,700 2,890 12,165,336 1,824,235 32,453,867 20,344,735 2,934,773 2a 135,828 3,816,297 58,781,026 41,167,483 5,289,141 44,996,183 7,611,219 130,535,112 83,495,716 11,524,491 24,860,355 3,794,922 71,754,086 42,328,233 6,235,350 1,534 791 1,366 1,088 1,015 2,539 1,654 2,473 1,830 5,673 3,299 5,492 4,465 3,988 3,135 1,645 3,019 2,264 2.158 48.9 48. 1 45.2 48. i 47.0 M aryland----------- ---------- -----------------------------Massachusetts___ ______________ ______________ Michigan_________________ _____ ____________ Missouri____________ _____________ ___________ 64 217 209 98 2,409 8,598 20,941 3,117 2,804,551 11,926,867 27,908,837 4,134,838 6,138,614 19,029,630 38,989,939 7,265,116 12,206,890 41,921,577 99,714,641 16,179,054 6,068,276 22,891,947 60,724,702 8,913,938 1,164 1,387 1,333 1,327 2,548 2,213 1,862 2,331 5,067 4,876 4,762 5,191 2,519 2,662 2,900 2,860 46.2 52.3 46.0 46.4 N ew Jersey___________ __________________ ____ N ew Y ork ......... .................... .............................. i! N orth Carolina. ................. ...............- .............. i! Ohio_________________________________________ i i Pennsylvania____ __________________________ Tennessee_________ _________ _______________ I Virginia.................................................................... W isconsin..................................................... ............ 82 772 146 2,568 25,220 15,609 10,707 4,009,902 41,538,136 12,822,796 14,067,942 5,970,187 67,973,232 29,724,868 26,268,180 14,439,179 159,771,994 56,737,489 60,576,681 8,468,992 91,798,762 27,012,621 34,308,501 1,561 1,647 822 1,314 2,325 2,695 1,904 2,453 5,623 6,335 3,635 5,658 3,298 3,640 1,731 3,204 47.3 45.2 47.5 41.0 111 12,159 3,410 6,285 8,714 15,622,933 2,723,445 5,309,999 9,836,433 24,746,416 4,673,591 14,299,501 15,153,368 55,511,926 10,164,720 28,221,183 36,639,762 30,765,510 5,491,129 13,921,682 21,486,394 1,285 799 845 1,129 2,035 1,371 2,275 1,739 4,566 2,981 4,490 4,205 2,530 1,610 2,215 2,466 50.8 49.6 38.1 45.8 504 18,067 20,402,471 37,031,752 77,868,541 40,836,789 1,129 2,050 4,310 2,260 5a 0 Annual Cost of Value added b y wages material manufacture per wage per wage earner earner 1929 2 C alifornia......... . Georgia................ . I llin o is ............... . . I n d ia n a .............. K en tu cky_____ _ ........................... . ................. ............. . . - ..... . . . .......... - ___ . ________ __________ _______________ _____ | A ll other States......................................................... 211 265 50 54 2 ,2 0 1 1 This heading used has been revised from the previous heading, “ Cost of materials” (see U . S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. N o. 526, p. 17, T able 11), for the purpose of more clearly enumerating the composition of the totals used. Reference: Biennial Census of Manufactures, 1927, U. S. Department of Commerce, p. 521, T able 1, note 2. 2 The United States totals for the year 1927 have been adjusted for comparison with 1929 b y adding the figures for “ sewing-machine cases, cabinets, and tab les/’ figures for which data are not included in this study, but it was impracticable to add them for earlier years. (See U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, “ Manufactures: 1929,” Furniture, p. 1 , paragraph “ Comparison w ith earlier years.” ) OF LABOK United States: 1919......................................... ........ ............ 1921....................... ............................ ........ ......... 1923....................... ................................... .......... 1925____ _______ _______________________ 1927_________ __________________________ 1927*.......................... ..................................... 1929 2 ______ _______________________________ Value of products HOXJKS Amount paid in wages AND Average number of wage earners WAGES State and year N um ber of estab lish ments Cost of mate rials, fuel, and purchased electric energy 1 £0 FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 23 SCOPE AND METHOD The wage figures used in compiling this bulletin were obtained from representative furniture factories in 17 States. The principal products of the factories were wooden household furniture, including bedroom, dining-room, sitting-room, and parlor suites, library and hall pieces, tables, chairs, radio cabinets, and office furniture, such as desks, tables, chairs, etc. Data were not taken from factories whose principal products were metallic, reed, or fiber furniture, mat tresses, bed springs, refrigerators, furniture for schools, churches, theaters, etc., nor from those engaged in the manufacture of expensive made-to-order pieces of furniture. The figures were for one representative pay period in the fall of 1931, mainly in August, September, and October, and were taken directly from pay rolls or other records of the factories by agents of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Both large and small plants were included in the study. A few of the large factories are represented in the report by only a part of their total number of wage earners, as the inclusion of data for all would have tended to overweight and possibly impair the representative character of the averages for the States in which such large factories are located. On the whole, the data for 1931 are from the same establishments as in 1929. There were a few of the establishments included in the 1929 study, however, that were permanently out of business in 1931. For each establishment so lost, a new one, as nearly comparable in product and as near the same general locality as possible, was covered. Wage figures are presented in this bulletin for each occupation in the furniture industry in which wage earners are of enough importance in number to warrant showing separately. Wage figures for em ployees in other occupations have been combined and are included in the miscellaneous group of “ other employees.” The occupations as published in the tables in this bulletin are as follows: Assemblers and cabinetmakers. Carvers, hand. Carvers, machine. Craters and packers. Cushion and pad makers. Cutters (upholstering materials). Finishers. Gluers, rough stock. Helpers (excluding apprentices). Laborers. Machine hands. Polishers and rubbers. Sanders, hand. Sewers. Sprayers. Spring setters. Trimmers. Upholsterers. Veneerers. All occupations found in the industry are defined in the Appendix (p. 47). A very large per cent of the factories in the industry pay employees every week. Data for those that pay every two weeks or half month were so taken as to make it possible to show wage figures for all employees in all factories for one week. The average earnings per hour for employees in each occupation were computed by dividing the total earnings of all employees in the occupation, during the period covered in the study, by the total hours worked by such employees. Average full-time hours per week for employees in each occupation were computed by dividing the total full-time hours per week of all 24 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR employees in the occupation by the total employees in the occupation during the pay period covered. Average full-time earnings per week for employees in each occupa tion were computed by multiplying the average earnings per hour of all employees in the occupation by the average full-time hours per week. It is assumed that the earnings for full time would have been at the same average rate per hour as for the time that was actually worked in the week covered by this study. Table 13 shows the number of wage earners in the furniture industry in each State in 1929, as reported by the Census of Manufactures, and the number for which 1931 wages and hours of labor are presented in this study. Based on the 1929 census figures, the wage earners in the 17 States represent 90.7 per cent of the total number in the industry in that year. The 30,659 wage earners included in the 1931 study represent 17.5 per cent of the total number employed in the 17 States, and 15.9 per cent of the total in the United States. T 13.— Number of wage earners in the furniture industry in 1929 and number of establishments and wage earners for which 1931 data are shown, by States able State California_____________ Georgia_____ - ________ Illin o is _______________ Indiana_______________ K e n tu c k y .___________ j Maryland. . _________ ' Massachusetts________ Michigan _________ M issouri....................... . N ew Jersey..................... Number of wage earners reported by United States Census Bureau for 1929 7,931 2,307 23,767 18,700 2,890 2,409 8,598 20,941 3,117 2,568 Establishments and wage earn ers for which 1931 data are shown in this report State N um ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earners 15 5 30 31 5 1,363 787 3,616 3,246 540 545 1,266 3,112 501 539 11 16 23 13 5 Number of wage earners reported by United States Census Bureau for 1929 Establishments and wage earn ers for which 1931 data are shown in this report N um N um ber of of estab ber wage lish ments earners New Y o rk _______ ____ North Carolina_______ Ohio............. ................... Pennsylvania_________ Tennessee___________ Virginia_______________ Wisconsin_____________ Other States__________ 25,220 15,609 10,707 12,159 3,410 6,285 8,714 18,067 55 17 23 25 4 13 4,104 3,258 1,502 2,084 512 1,605 2,079 T otal..................... 193,399 299 30,659 8 GENERAL TABLES In addition to the text tables already shown, wage figures are also presented by occupation, sex, and State in three general tables as follows: Table A shows the average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by occupation, sex, and State. The 510 male assemblers and cabinetmakers of the 30 establish ments in Illinois for which data are shown on the third line in this table worked an average of 4.6 days or parts of days in one week in 1931. Their average full-time hours per week were 50. In one week they actually worked an average of 34.5 hours, or 69 per cent of their average full-time hours per week. They earned an average of 52.8 cents per hour and $18.18 in one week. Had they worked their full time of 50 hours per week at the same average earnings per hour as 25 FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 were earned in the 34.5 hours, they would have earned $26.40 in the week. This explanation applies to all data in this and other occupa tions for males and for females in this and other States. Average full-time hours per week and average hours actually worked in one week are showrn in parallel columns in the table, thus making easy comparison of the hours that were worked in one week with those that would have been worked in the week had all employees in the occupation and State worked no more nor less than full time in the week. Table B shows the average and classified earnings per hour of employees in seven specified occupations, by sex and State. Table C shows, by sex and State, the average and classified full time hours per week in seven specified occupations. (See definitions, p. 47.) T A . — Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by occupation, sex, and State able Occupation, sex, and State N um ber of estab lish ments N um ber of wage earn ers 15 5 30 29 5 160 71 510 505 97 56 191 409 82 89 568 391 Assemblers and cabinetmakers, male: California.............................. Georgia.................................. Illinois................................... Indiana.................................. Kentucky.............................. M a ry lan d..- ...................... Massachusetts-----------------M ichigan. Missouri................ N ew Jersey .................. .! .....................ji N ew Y ork North C arolina............... ..j Ohio....................... .............. Pennsylvania....................... j Tennessee....................... .j Virginia............... ................. Wisconsin____ ______ ____ 10 13 23 13 5 --- _ ----i .... j . .. 5 4 17 . ! 21 24 — 4 i 8 ! 33 Total................................... Assemblers and cabinetmakers, female: California.............................. Indiana...........................— Kentucky............................ Michigan............................... N ew York................ ............ | Ohio............ ..................... Pennsylvania. ................. Tennessee........................ Wisconsin............................. ! . 1 -i j! ...iI Total.................................. 1 Carvers,hand,male: 289 Aver age days on which wage earners worked in i week Aver age earn ings per hour Aver age full time earn ings per week 43.1 42.6 34.5 41.1 41.4 47.2 38.9 42.5 41.2 31.8 41.7 45.9 43.9 48.4 49.6 52.0 38.3 91.9 77.5 69.0 79.5 77.0 94.8 80.4 83.2 80.5 64.8 80.2 85.0 81.4 90.6 94.5 94.5 71.5 $0,559 .257 .528 .429 .411 .500 .660 .455 .465 .618 .492 .334 .435 .422 .278 .275 .425 $26.22 14.14 26.40 22.18 332 51 186 297 46.9 55.0 50.0 51.7 53.8 49.8 48.4 51.1 51.2 49.1 52.0 54.0 53.9 53.4 52.5 55.0 53.6 24.90 31.94 23.25 23.81 30.34 25.58 18.04 23.45 22.53 14.60 15.13 22.78 $24.05 10.95 18.18 17.62 17.05 23.59 25.66 19.34 19.15 19.62 20.51 15.35 19.10 20.41 13.79 14.30 16.27 4,207 5.0 51.9 42.0 80.9 .445 23.10 18.68 ) 2.3 0 0 0 15.3 31.3 0 .2 2 0 10.76 0 0 0 6 6 .0 0 212 0)3 0 J 0 0 3 8 4.0 3.6 5.8 5.6 0) 3.8 16 52 4.6 2 4 4 10 1 16 4 1 0 48.9 ) 50.0 48.8 50.0 50.0 50.0 33.0 28.7 48.7 47.3 0) 26.6 49.7 37.2 0 .351 .340 .298 .208 58.8 97.4 94.6 0) 53.2 0 .291 74.8 .283 2 2 .1 1 0 0 3.37 0 0 0 0 17.55 16.59 14.90 10.40 14.55 14.07 3 6 45.3 94.4 .728 34.94 48.0 5.5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 53 04.7 49.6 36.5 73.6 .750 37.20 5 11 5.2 48.9 44.3 90.6 .573 28.02 1 0 0 0 0 0) 0 2 2 03.5 49.0 28.7 58.6 .696 34.10 5 16 3.6 45.5 24.4 53.6 1.269 57.74 11 23 5.7 50.9 46.0 90.4 .695 35.38 1 0 0 0 0) 0 0 0 1Forlessthan3wageearnersin lestiablishmLent, datia include$d in totsil. California............................. Georgia.................................. Illinois................................... Indiana.................................. K entucky............................. M aryland............. ................ Massachusetts..................... Michigan............................... Missouri................................ Aver age actual earn ings in 1 week 5.5 5.0 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.5 5.1 5.2 5.2 3.9 4.8 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.7 4.8 1 2 1 Per cent Aver Aver o f full age age hours time full actual hours time actual ly hours worked ly per in 1 worked week in 1 week week 11.57 9.79 14.52 9.83 7.72 10.53 32.94 0 27.37 25.37 0 19.94 30.92 31.95 0 26 T WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR A * — Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued able Occupation, sex, and State N um ber of estab lish ments N um ber of wage earn ers 14 28 Carvers, hand, male—Contd. N ew York........................... . Ohio....................................... Pennsylvania....................... Wisconsin............................. Total.... ............ ................ Carvers, machine, male: California.............................. Georgia......................... ........ Illin o is ........................ ........ Indiana................... ..... Kentucky............................. M aryland........................... Massachusetts.............. ....... Michigan............................... Missouri.............. ........... . N ew Y ork ___________ — North Carolina----------------Ohio..................................... Pennsylvania..................... Tennessee______ _________ Virginia............. ................. Wisconsin......................... Aver age days on which wage earners worked in 1 week Aver age full time hours per week Per Aver cent age of full hours time actual hours actually worked !y . in 1 worked week in 1 week Aver age earn ings per hour Aver age full time earn ings per week Aver age actual earn ings in week 2 2 10 2 13 3 4.3 2.5 4.8 5.3 49.2 56.3 53.7 55.0 34.6 19.9 42.3 46.3 70.3 35.3 78.8 84.2 $0,824 .809 .591 .550 $40.54 45.55 31.74 30.25 $28.50 16.10 24.99 25.48 75 161 4.7 49.7 38.0 76.5 .745 37.03 28.33 11 1 15 23 14 85 39 3 7 5.4 4.0 4.7 5.5 2.7 5.9 5.0 5.3 48.0 55.0 50.0 51.7 55.0 49.9 47.7 51.3 45.5 30.3 39.6 49.0 94.8 55.1 79.2 94.8 40.0 .801 .565 .639 .531 .607 38.45 31.08 31.95 27.45 33.39 34.23 43.88 28.98 36.41 17.13 25.33 26.00 13.35 34.60 32.60 25.06 0 0 6 2 4 4 13 1 6 50 0 0 2 2 .0 50.4 35.4 44.4 1 0 1 .0 .6 8 6 74.2 86.5 .920 .565 0 0 0 0 9 14 40 18 18 23 2 6 8 13 16 5.0 5.6 5.0 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.3 140 342 5.1 51.7 44.1 85.3 .576 29.78 25.40 12 5.7 5.8 4.6 4.6 4.6 5.6 5.5 5.1 5.6 4.3 4.9 5.6 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.7 4.7 46.1 55.0 50.3 51.3 54.3 50.1 49.2 51.2 51.8 49.4 51.9 54.4 54.8 53.5 52.5 .503 23.19 23.04 9.68 16.06 14.49 14.43 18.36 53.1 45.8 48.0 32.1 36.9 40.9 49.2 42.9 40.2 48.6 35.2 42.5 48.3 44.5 43.2 45.5 52.1 33.5 99.3 87.3 63.8 71.9 75.3 98.2 87.2 78.5 93.8 71.3 81.9 12 23 36 104 147 27 19 41 117 19 18 160 175 48 97 30 104 77 Total.................................. \ 249 1,242 5.1 52.4 2 9 3 3 3 6 10 5.4 3.5 4.9 5.1 5.8 4.8 5.6 17 11 Total............................. . Craters and packers, male: California.............................. Georgia.................................. Illinois................................... Indiana................................. K entucky................. .......... M aryland............................ Massachusetts_______ ____ Michigan......................... Missouri................................ N ew Jersey........................ . i N ew Y ork......... .......... ........ i North C arolin a.................. i Ohio...................................... ! Pennsylvania..... ................. 1 Tennessee............................ Virginia................................. Wisconsin............................. 1 i 4 23 26 5 7 13 23 8 3 48 17 13 23 4 2 i Craters and packers, female: Georgia.................................. ! Illinois................................... ; Indiana.................................. ! Massachusetts......... .......... Michigan.................. ............ Missouri.............................. • N ew Y ork......................... N orth Carolina................. Ohio.................................... Pennsylvania_____ ____ _ Tennessee.......................... Wisconsin...................... . i ! Total.......................... . ] Cushion and pad makers, male: | California................... Georgia.............. ........... .... 1 Illinois.......... .................... __l Indiana................................. j 7 2 2 8 4 7 3 0 0 44.3 54.7 39.2 48.3 48.5 53.0 42.2 85.4 99.5 72.2 92.4 92.4 96.4 78.0 28. 51 24.69 2 2 .2 1 1 1 .1 1 81.2 80.7 86.7 94.7 63.1 12.18 12.05 21.29 16.66 17.30 19.26 19.29 13.34 16.08 16.23 10.55 11.43 13.43 42.3 80.7 .365 19.13 15.44 55.0 52.0 49.5 48.0 54.0 53.8 48.3 36.1 24.8 38.2 39.2 43.4 36.4 44.5 65.6 47.7 77.2 81.7 80.4 ! 67.7 92.1 .165 .293 9.08 15.24 9.90 16.22 10.96 17.97 0 0 0 5.94 7.26 7.65 13.26 8.80 12.15 10.34 0) 55.0 29 95 4.9 50.6 35.8 8 2 18 7 31 7 5.6 5.0 5.5 4.0 I 46.7 55.0 49.9 50.6 44.8 35.6 39.3 30.6 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 8 8 .8 36.2 4*. 5 45.0 28.2 72.4 89.0 90.0 52.4 i For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total. 18.70 33.65 28.41 21.89 20.55 22.83 20.50 18.02 26.21 2 2 .0 0 25.15 20.16 19.17 18.69 23.17 21.25 18.44 27.02 23.56 15.01 19.78 4 7 4 33.27 .500 .393 .353 .373 .471 .415 .356 .547 .454 .276 .361 .376 .232 .219 .401 3 24 10 .641 .400 .525 .472 .423 .340 .622 .2 0 2 4.2 5.7 5.0 4.1 2 1 5 51.9 55.0 54.3 52.3 52.5 55.0 54.1 .2 0 0 .338 .203 .334 .232 0 2 0 .1 2 1 1 .2 1 0 2 0 .2 2 .317 17.80 12.50 5.00 15.85 70.8 .252 12.75 90.1 95.9 64.7 78.8 60. 5 .451 .297 .617 .426 21.06 16.34 30. 79 21.56 2 0 .2 2 . 356 .250 .1 0 0 1 2 .8 8 1 1 .1 2 4.50 8.32 10.57 24.20 13.03 27 FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 T A , — Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued able Occupation, sex, and State C u s h i o n and pad makers, male—Continued. Kentucky............................ M aryland............................ Massachusetts.................... Michigan............................. N ew Jersey.......................... N ew York............................ North Carolina................... Ohio...................................... Pennsylvania...................... W isconsin............................ Total.. Cushion and pad makers, male: California....................... Georgia......................... Illinois............................ Maryland....................... Massachusetts............ Michigan______ _______ Missouri_____________ N ew Y o r k ................... Pennsylvania............ Tennessee................. . . . Wisconsin...................... Total.. Cutters (upholstering ma terials), male: California............................ Georgia................................ Illinois.................................. Indiana................................ Kentucky............................ M aryland............................ Massachusetts.................... Michigan............................. Missouri____________ ___ N ew Jersey.......................... N ew Y ork........................... North Carolina................... Ohio...................................... Pennsylvania...................... Wisconsin............................ Total. Cutters (upholstering ma terials), female: California............................ Georgia................................. Illinois.................................. Indiana................................ M aryland............................ Massachusetts.................... M ichigan............................. New Jersey.......................... N ew York...... ..................... Ohio...................................... Tennessee_______ ________ W isconsin............................ Total.. N um ber of estab lish ments 1 7 4 2 2 10 3 4 1 3 Aver age days N um on ber of which wage wage earn earners ers worked in i week 0 ) (0 11 8 2 7 16 4 9 0) 4 58 126 3 6 0) 9 0) 1 2 1 2 2 1 4 1 1 3 5 0) 5.4 6 .0 5.0 5.9 3.7 5.3 5.9 <*) 5.3 5.2 5.3 ) 49.2 49.5 50.0 47.0 48.6 51.3 52.3 0 4.3 25.60 20.93 .510 22.44 .324 16.36 49.8 40.7 81.7 44.0 34.0 77.3 50.5 (0 25.1 0) 0) 0) <») 0) 48.0 52.4 49.7 36.0 30.6 75.0 58.4 . 269 .307 48.4 34.3 0) (») (>) (ll (1) W 0) (1} 0) <l) 70.9 .360 (l) 0) 12.91 16.09 0) V) 17.01 17.37 ) 8.14 0) 9.67 9.40 0 0) 0) 0) 12.32 0) 0) 17.42 6 5.0 50.0 ft < *> „ 34.3 6 8 .6 .276 13.80 20 47 4.4 49.1 32.0 65.2 .334 16.40 10.70 7 3 16 5 51 6 .6 47.5 55.0 50.1 51.7 55.0 48.7 49.2 44.5 45.1 34.8 41.8 38.0 45.8 47.7 93.7 82.0 69.5 80.9 69.1 94.0 97.0 .531 .321 .556 .386 .449 .566 .947 25.22 17.66 27.86 19.96 24.70 27.56 46.59 23.61 14.49 19.36 16.13 17.06 25.92 45.12 28.0 54.1 50.8 40.0 37.4 (l) 77.3 57.0 99.4 77.7 79.1 72.3 .824 .658 .328 .572 .599 .479 (l) 40.21 32.31 17.84 30.03 30.31 24.76 2 8 5 12 1 4 5 6 12 10 1 1 2 12 (0 0) 5.6 5.0 5.0 5; 0 5.4 5.8 0) 0) 0) 0) (l> 37.7 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 4 5 4 3 8 11 6 67 178 4.9 50.3 38.2 75.9 .566 28.47 21.64 14 5.1 5.4 5.4 4.4 4.0 44.0 55.0 50.0 51.4 51.0 37.0 38.3 33.7 31.6 28.5 84.1 69.6 67.4 61.5 55.9 0) .494 .232 .394 .298 .403 21.74 12.76 19.70 15.32 20.55 (0 <0 0) 18.28 8.87 13.29 9.41 11.49 5 2 2 3 2 1 4 2 4 3 1 1 30 —a = . 34 4 8 40 7 2 0) 0) 3 9 7 3 4 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.0 111 5.2 12 48.8 49.1 54.4 52.5 50.6 51.7 9.46 4.5 3.7 5.6 4.8 5.8 4.7 2 51.0 45.3 49.8 50.0 50.0 50.0 49.6 42.8 40.5 44.3 42.3 44.0 21.4 36.8 83.9 89.4 89.0 84.6 8 8 .0 42.8 74.2 s=.g:a.a.: 1 For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total. .514 0) 6 8 .8 0) (1} 0) .472 0) 96.2 Aver age actual earn ings in week 0) $18.34 33.84 20.23 30.86 16.63 16.50 23.06 (1) 36.1, 1 0 0 .0 Aver age full time earn ings per week 0) $20.47 32.32 24. 35 28.67 28.53 16.50 23.95 (l) 24.78 0) $0. 416 . 653 .487 .610 .587 .322 .458 52.5 0) 0) 4.7 3.8 (0 89.6 104.6 83.0 107.7 54.7 0) 3.6 (9 Aver age earn ings per hour 44.1 51.8 41.5 50.6 26.6 51.3 50.3 0) 0) 10 (9 (>) Per Aver Aver ofcent full age age time hours full actual- hours time actual hours worked ly per worked in 1 week in i week week (0 .391 .424 .362 .298 .375 .264 19.94 19.21 18.03 14.90 18.75 13.20 .383 19.00 - —— 31.03 18.44 17.73 23.34 23.95 17.90 0) 16.73 17.18 16.06 12.62 16.50 5.64 14.10 28 T W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued able Occupation, sex, and State N um ber of estab lish ments N um ber of wage earn ers 13 5 29 25 4 71 46 197 194 37 18 Finishers, male: California.............................. Georgia.................................. Illinois.................................... Indiana.................................. Kentucky.............................. M aryland.............................. Massachusetts.................... . Michigan............................... Missouri................................ New Jersey........................... N ew Y ork............................. North Carolina.................... Ohio....................................... Pennsylvania.............. ........ Tennessee.............................. Virginia................................. Wisconsin............................. Total................................... i Total.................................. ! Gluers, rough-stock, male: California.............................. ! Georgia.................................. 1 Illinois.................................... 1 Indiana................................. I K entucky.............................. i M aryland........................ . Massachusetts.................. i ; Missouri............................ j New Y ork........................... ! North Carolina................. i Ohio.......... — ....................... Pennsylvania..................... ! Tennessee________ _______ ' Virginia................................. Wisconsin............................. Per cent Aver Aver of full age age time hours full actual hours time actually hours worked per worked in l week in 1 week week 41.5 45.1 34.2 39.0 43.7 42.3 38.1 37.0 42.8 36.4 43.0 48.7 39.0 46.1 48.5 50.1 39.8 88.3 82.0 68.7 76.3 80.6 84.9 80.2 73.4 81.8 74.3 82.9 93.3 71.7 87.1 90.7 91.1 73.6 $0.52S .175 .484 .395 .381 .563 .652 .465 .413 .593 .458 . 269 .428 . 132 41.7 15 88 22 12 4 49 17 17 25 4 7 13 281 51 69 374 254 73 181 31 103 123 259 2,191 5.0 51.6 5.8 ) 4.6 4.7 5.0 4.7 0) 0) 3.6 48.0 44.7 0 0 1 1 3 1 3 7 1 1 5 0 ) 5 3 5 26 0) 0) 5 (*) 0 49.1 55.0 48.0 51.5 34.2 27.0 39.5 36.4 .250 .416 80.8 .414 21.36 17.26 93.1 0) 69.7 49.1 82.3 70.7 .486 0) .238 .241 .532 .362 23.33 0 0 0 0 <0 0) 4 48.5 37.8 41.5 0 9 16 5.6 4.8 4.9 0 97.0 75.6 83.0 32 90 4.9 50.2 38.3 17 48.2 55.0 49.9 51.9 53.3 51.0 48.1 51.2 51.6 51.3 54.8 54.2 52.9 52.7 55.0 54.0 4 l 10 0 24.0 $24.82 Aver age actual earn ings in week $21.89 7.90 16.57 15.40 16.62 23.80 24.85 17.22 17.68 21.63 19.69 13.11 16.70 19.94 10.69 12.51 16.58 0) 48.0 (l) 50.0 50.0 50.0 1 Aver age full time earn ings per week 9.63 24.10 20.18 20.65 28.04 30.97 23.44 21.60 29.06 23.77 14.04 23.28 22.85 11.82 13.75 22.51 0 0 4 Aver age earn ings per hour 47.0 55.0 49.8 51.1 54.2 49.8 47.5 50.4 52.3 49.0 51.9 52.2 54.4 52.9 53.5 55.0 54.1 5.3 5.0 4.3 4.7 5.5 4.9 5.1 4.9 5.2 4.5 4.9 5.4 4.7 5.2 5.3 5.6 5.1 8 Finishers, female: California.............................. Georgia.................................. Indiana.................................. Kentucky............................. Massachusetts....... .......... Michigan............................. Missouri................................ New Jersey........................... N ew Y ork........................... O h io -.................................. Pennsylvania................ ...... Tennessee............................. ! Wisconsin............................. Aver age days on which wage earners worked in 1 week 50.0 .2 2 1 .449 0 11.69 13.26 25.54 18.64 (0 21.73 ) 8.13 6.50 0 2 1 .0 2 13.17 0) 0 0 0 0 21.55 10.78 .227 .107 .309 11.35 5.35 15.45 76.3 .319 16.01 1 2 .2 2 44.4 45.7 32.6 41.2 48.3 51.3 38.0 40.9 40.1 37.6 52.2 43.5 42.3 44.8 54.6 34.5 92.1 83.1 65.3 79.4 90.6 100 . C 79.0 79.9 77.7 73.3 95.3 80.3 80.0 85.0 99.3 63.9 .472 .258 .552 .348 .328 .352 .511 .440 .411 .465 .255 .414 .374 .254 .270 .416 22.75 14.19 27.54 18.06 17.48 17.95 24.58 2 2 .53 23.85 13.97 22.44 19.78 13.39 14.85 22.46 20.95 11.80 17.98 14.33 15.86 18.04 19.42 17.98 16.47 17.47 13.34 18.02 15.82 11 . 3fi 14.74 14.34 10.99 4.04 12.83 1j 4 12 6 12 19 34 5.6 5.6 4.8 4.7 5.3 5.8 5.0 5.2 4.9 4.7 5.4 5.3 4.7 4.9 5.8 4.4 Total.................................. ! 178 364 5.0 52.3 42.3 80.9 .379 19.82 16.02 10 86 5 64 167 279 36 40 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.4 4.9 5.0 5.4 4.9 5.0 4.0 4.9 48.7 55.0 50.0 51.2 54.3 49.6 48.8 51.3 51.3 49.1 52.7 45.1 41.3 36.0 37.8 42.0 43.6 42.8 38.1 39.0 31.8 42,4 92.6 75.1 72.0 73.8 77.3 87.9 87.7 74.3 76.0 8 80.5 .331 .126 .285 .241 .250 .250 .278 .274 .290 .378 .283 16.12 6.93 14.25 12.34 13.58 12.40 13.57 14.06 14.88 18.56 14.91 14.93 5.22 10.25 9.13 10.48 10.90 11.91 10.4^ 11.33 12.00 12.01 Helpers, male: California........................... Georgia.................................. Illinois................................... Indiana................... - ............ K entucky............................ 1 M aryland............................. 1 Massachusetts...................... ! Michigan............................. 1 Missouri................................ New Jersey........................... New Y ork............................. 1 1 i ; i io 5 ® 23 3 3 w 20 7 30 15 9 12 2284 4 9 9 23 10 * 35 10 16 44 3 4 16 41 8 56 46 19 19 m 204 25 33 216 * For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total. 2 1 .2 1 29 FUKNITTmE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 T a b le A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by occupation, sex, aw<2 — Continued N um ber of estab lish ments Occupation, sex, and State Helpers, male—Continued. North rifvrnlina ....................................... N um ber of wage earn ers Aver age days on which wage earners worked in 1 week 47.9 40.6 43.9 42.9 50.1 35.4 8a 7 74.2 82.1 80.8 91.1 66.3 $0.176 .267 .249 .168 .161 .292 $9.50 14.60 13.32 8.92 15.59 $8.45 10.82 10.95 7.22 8.07 10.33 2,322 5.0 52.6 42.5 80.8 .231 12.15 9.82 236 2 1 6 1 1 2 1 2 . , Laborers, male: C aliforn ia._______________ G eorgia__________________ Illinois __________________ Indiana. _ K e n tu c k y _______________ Maryland _______________ Massachusetts____________ Missouri__________________ New Jersey_______________ New Y ork________________ North Carolina , Ohio . — ........................Pennsylvania. Tennessee _______________ Virginia. ________________ Wisconsin________________ T ota l______ ___ _____ Machine hands, male: California ______________ G e o r g ia ..___ „ _ _ __ Illinois.............................. ..... Indiana___________________ Kentucky________________ M aryland________________ Massachusetts____________ Michigan Missouri__________________ N ew Jersey_______________ N ew Y ork________________ N orth Carolina___________ Ohio_____________________ Pennsylvania_____________ Tennessee________________ Virginia................................. W isconsin________________ Aver age actual earn ings in week 54.0 54.7 53.5 53.1 55.0 53.4 T otal.................................. Total Aver age full time earn ings per week 5.4 5.0 5.1 4.8 5.5 4.7 Helpers, female: Indiana. Kentucky________________ Michigan _ ____ _ Missouri N ew York________________ Ohio , ______ _________ Pennsylvania T$nnA&<u»A _ Aver age earn ings per hour 17 435 88 13 Ohio 143 49 4 282 8 12 119 21 Tennessee. __ - Virginia _________________ Per cent Aver Aver age of full age hours time full actualhours time ly ^ actual hours worked ly per in 1 worked week week in 1 week 3.7 6 0 0 50.0 32.2 64.4 .188 0 0 0 0 39.5 8 .8 6 9.40 6.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 .8 6 0 0 52.1 0) (i) 50.0 0 0 46.7 75.8 0) 0) 93.4 0 0 0 0 5.0 51.2 40.7 79.5 .195 9.98 7.93 5.3 5.0 4.8 4.2 5.2 11 4.8 11 60 5.3 142 21 Michigan 5.1 8 19 4.9 2 30 5.2 36 138 4.9 16 226 5.5 13 67 5.0 18 79 5.2 4 29 4.7 8 94 5.5 128 12 4.7 48.1 55.0 50.1 51.3 55.2 49.1 48.9 50.8 50.0 49.5 51.2 54.5 54.7 52.9 52.6 55.0 53.4 43.3 41.3 37.2 34.9 44.9 39.5 43.2 39.6 41.1 44.3 40.9 48.6 43.1 44.5 40.8 49.7 35.3 90.0 75.1 74.3 18.28 9.79 19.69 16.42 17.11 14.53 19.12 18.03 16.05 22.03 21.50 16.42 7.34 14.61 11.17 13.94 11.72 16.87 14.09 13.20 19.71 17.18 1 2 .2 1 1 0 .8 6 19.09 17.40 9.99 10.07 19.22 15.06 14.64 7.75 9.10 12.70 16 21 ) (i) 16 0 0 0 0 0 25 72 5.3 5.6 4.8 51.2 40.7 79.5 .237 0) 0 .275 .099 12.35 13.75 5.07 9.38 4.01 6 6 .1 .380 .178 .393 .320 .310 .296 .391 .355 .321 .445 .420 .224 .349 .329 .190 . 183 .360 224 1,505 5.0 52.2 41.4 79.3 .317 16.55 13.13 15 5 29 30 5 9 14 23 5.4 5.1 4.5 4.7 5.0 5.7 5.2 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.8 5.4 5.0 5.4 5.0 5.6 4.8 48.5 55.0 50.2 51.6 54.1 50.1 48.9 51.2 50.6 49.1 50.9 54.2 54.6 53.4 52.4 55.0 53.8 43.5 42.5 33.3 39.7 43.7 49.0 41.1 39.4 40.3 31.8 40.2 48.2 42.0 47.1 43.7 51.3 37.8 89.7 77.3 66.3 76.9 80.8 97.8 84.0 77.0 79.6 64.8 79.0 88.9 76.9 83.4 93.3 70.3 .546 .264 .524 .408 .415 .479 .564 .474 .433 .601 .479 .316 .446 .417 .328 .269 .430 26.48 14.52 26.30 21.05 22.45 24.00 27.58 24.27 21.91 29.51 24.38 17.13 24.35 22.27 17.19 14.80 23.13 23.76 11.23 17.44 16.18 18.15 23.49 23.15 18.67 17.43 19.09 19.22 15.23 18.75 19.62 14.33 13.81 16.26 11 5 25 27 4 3 48 44 152 206 32 6 8 .0 81.3 80.4 88 .3 78.0 82.2 89.5 80.0 89.2 78.8 84.1 77.6 90.4 13 239 158 673 651 93 77 243 648 116 128 903 718 337 479 96 336 460 Total............................. . . . 284 6,355 5.0 52.1 41.5 79.7 .428 22.30 17.77 Machine hands, female: Indiana__________________ Michigan............................... 3 2 5 7 4.2 5.7 50.2 54.0 34.6 40.0 68.9 74.1 .325 .259 16.32 13.99 11.26 10.37 *For less than 3 wage earners in 136825°— 32------ 3 11 5 52 17 21 23 4 8 1 establishment, data included in tota l 8 8 .2 30 WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued T a b le Occupation, sex, and State N um ber of estab lish ments M achine hands, female—Con. Missouri Pftnnsyl vania W isconsin________________ 1 1 1 Total................................... 8 ....... Polishers and rubbers, male: California.............................. Georgia___________________ Illinois___________________ Indiana__________________ K entucky________________ M aryland________________ Massachusetts____________ Michigan_________________ Missouri_________________ N ew Y ork________________ North Carolina___________ Ohio....................................... Pennsylvania_____________ Tennessee________________ Virginia__________________ W isconsin________________ N um ber of wage earn ers 0) 0) 0) Aver Per age Aver Aver ofcent days full age age on hours time full which actual hours time wage actually hours worked earners per worked week in i worked week in i in 1 week week (*) 0 (i) ) (i) ) 0 0 (*) ) ) 0 0 0 0) ) ) (l) $0,310 $16.24 $11.53 31 47.4 55.0 50.3 52.5 54.5 51.7 48.7 50.6 53.1 52.7 55.0 54.5 53.6 54.4 55.0 54.3 43.0 50.8 29.1 35.3 41.0 47.5 43.3 38.1 39.2 40.4 45.7 36.7 40.7 40.9 47.7 36.2 90.7 92.4 57.9 67.2 75.2 91.9 88.9 75.3 73.8 76.7 83.1 67.3 75.9 75.2 86.7 66.7 .511 .196 .468 .367 .405 .493 .550 .463 .386 .496 .305 .462 .423 .253 .229 .466 24.22 10.78 23.54 19.27 22.07 25.49 26.79 23.43 20.50 26.14 16.78 25.18 22.67 13.76 12.60 25.30 21.95 9.96 13.62 12.96 16.62 23.42 23.84 17.67 15.14 20.03 13.95 16.95 17.20 10.35 10.91 16.85 40.2 76.1 .403 21.28 16.21 19.0 ) 41.5 42.8 38.0 0) 76.9 86.5 43.1 .275 ) .215 13.75 0) 11.61 10.94 20.04 15.82 12.80 8 8 17 113 60 Total................................... 208 1,194 4.9 52.8 Polishers and rubbers, female: Indiana__________________ Massachusetts____________ Michigan ____ ___________ Missouri_________________ New Y ork______ ____ ____ Ohio....................................... W isconsin________________ 1 1 4 3.0 3 (1>9 4 4 3 50.0 42.5 1 0 0 .0 Total____________ ______ Sanders, hand, male: California________________ Georgia___________________ Illinois___________________ Indiana__________________ K en tu cky________________ M aryland________________ Massachusetts____________ M ichigan_________________ Missouri_________________ N ew Y ork _____ __________ North Carolina___________ Ohio_____________________ Pennsylvania_____________ Tennessee________________ Virginia__________________ W isconsin________________ T otal................................... Sanders, hand, female: Illinois___________________ In d ia n a __________________ K en tu cky________________ M assachusetts___________ M ichigan_________________ Missouri__________________ N ew Y ork________________ North Carolina___________ Ohio........................................ 6 10 24 3 6 42 156 11 201 174 39 111 6 4.8 60.0 0) 54.0 49.5 49.0 50.0 50.0 85.0 .409 .316 .256 11 31 4.6 50.9 36.7 72.1 .259 13.18 9.53 11 62 46 74 154 24 47.3 55.0 50.3 52.1 55.0 52.0 49.8 51.0 52.2 52.1 55.0 54.5 53.7 53.3 55.0 54.2 41.1 40.6 31.9 41.6 44.7 42.3 41.1 37.2 41.3 41.5 47.6 41.7 44.1 45.5 49.8 37.2 86.9 73.8 63.4 79.8 81.3 81.3 82,5 72.9 79.1 79.7 86.5 76.5 82.1 85.4 90.5 20.34 8.36 22.74 16.05 18.76 19.03 23.95 18.87 22.45 20.42 14.74 21.04 18.74 17.65 6.17 14.42 12.82 15.25 15.49 19.74 13.76 17.76 16.23 12.78 16.07 15.38 10.33 11.99 20.87 1 0 .8 6 6 8 .6 .430 .152 .452 .308 .341 .366 .481 .370 .430 .392 .268 .386 .349 .227 .218 .385 1 2 1 2 (}) 5.2 5.3 3.0 6 .0 0 2 1 .1 0 .2 2 1 5.23 ) 8.92 9.43 8.62 15.82 0 1 0 .8 8 7 19 107 36 5.3 4.4 4.2 5.0 5.5 5.0 5.5 4.8 5.3 4.8 5.4 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.5 5.0 199 1,189 5.0 52.8 42.4 80.3 .331 17.48 14.03 1 5 22 10 2 3.8 4.0 5.8 5.5 4.7 5.8 5.2 5.6 5.3 49.5 50.1 50.0 48.0 50.9 54.5 48.1 48.0 50.0 28.4 34.2 47.8 42.0 32.9 49.0 42.5 43.9 38.6 57.4 68.3 95.6 87.5 64.6 89.9 88.4 91.5 77.2 .464 .203 .183 .331 .252 .223 .270 .119 .304 2 2 .97 3 13.19 6.93 8.73 13.92 8.30 10.90 11.45 5.25 11.73 5 21 22 3 4 8 19 5 36 14 13 19 4 8 1 2 12 2 6 2 211 12 32 89 8 187 175 64 100 72 4 27 36 6 1 For less than 3 wage earners In 1 establishment, data included in total. ) ) (i) 0 0 71.0 12 40 14 ) ) ) 37.2 106 83 32 23 0 0 0 52.4 4 4 ) ) ) Aver age actual earn ings in week 4.9 22 22 2 12 0 0 0 A ver age full time earn ings per week 16 5.5 5.9 4.0 4.4 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.2 4.6 4.8 5.3 4.5 4.7 4.4 5.3 5.0 6 Aver age earn ings per hour 1 2 .1 0 10.17 9.15 15.89 12.83 12.15 12.99 5.71 15.20 14.33 31 FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, ana per cent of full time worked, 1931, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued T a b le | Aver age days on which wage earners worked in i week Per ver cent Aver Aage of full age hours time full time actual- hours actualhours worked per in 1 worked week week in i week A ver age earn ings per hour A ver age full time earn ings per week 93.8 83.4 $0,215 $11.07 .1 2 1 6 .2 1 6 8 .8 .296 14.80 $10.38 5.18 10.18 38.3 76.4 .226 11.32 8.67 0) 33.2 30.9 43.7 57.3 (9 66.4 58.1 91.4 114.6 0) 0) (9 65.7 (9 77.3 0) .647 .371 .445 .794 (9 (9 .531 (9 .658 76.8 .578 (9 32.35 19.74 21.27 39.70 (9 (9 ( 1) 27.88 (9 * 36.19 29.19 (9 21.48 11.48 19.45 45.46 (9 (9 (9 18.31 (9 27.98 22.40 .365 .275 .345 .363 .470 .363 (9 .437 .351 .300 .333 (9 .235 .303 .374 21.06 12.16 18.29 14.25 18.98 17.86 21.48 18.73 (9 19.45 16.99 16.17 16.42 (9 11.75 15.15 18.33 18.60 8.69 11.79 8.76 12.15 14.84 18.40 14.07 (9 17.15 16.13 12.84 (9 8.49 9.33 13.32 28.23 12.93 25.05 22.62 20.35 29.37 28.06 24.57 23.45 32.47 26.57 19.08 23.96 23.29 15.35 15.29 25.77 23.32 25.78 9.93 17.63 17.37 16.71 31.66 24.00 18.16 21.09 21.65 22.56 17.39 18.60 19.91 13.65 14.36 19.38 19.12 (9 20.85 12.63 18.90 (9 (9 13.39 11.03 16.07 (9 (9 (9 12.92 N um ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers Sanders, hand, female—Contd. Pennsylvania_____ _______ Tennessee________________ W isconsin________________ 4 3 7 26 69 5.6 4.7 4.7 51.5 51.3 50.0 48.3 42.8 34.4 Total................................... 45 301 4.9 50.1 <9 4.6 4.7 5.0 <9 50.0 53.2 47.8 50.0 0) Occupation, sex, and State Sewers, male: California________________ Illinois ____ . ......... . Indiana___. ______________ M aryland_________ ______ Massachusetts____________ N ew Jersey_______________ New Y ork ............................. N orth Carolina___________ Ohio.............. ........................ Pennsylvania_____________ Wisconsin________________ Total___________________ Sewers, female: California________________ Georgia___ _______________ Illinois..... ............................. Indiana__________________ K en tu cky________________ M aryland_____________ M assachusetts____________ Michigan_________________ Missouri__________________ New Jersey_______________ New Y ork________________ North Carolina___________ Ohio.......... ........................... Pennsylvania_____________ Tennessee________________ W isconsin________________ Total____ ______________ Sprayers, male: California________________ Georgia____________ __ Illinois______ _____ ______ Indiana............ Kentucky________________ M aryland_____ __________ Massachusetts____________ M ic h ig a n .... .............. ......... Missouri_________________ N ew Jersey_______________ New York______ _________ N orth Carolina___________ Ohio...................................... Pennsylvania_____________ Tennessee________________ Virginia_______ ____ _____ W isconsin............................. 1 1 22 <9 8 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 3 <9 (i) (l) 2 (9 2 16 27 10 2 8 6 1 8 8 8 1 64 23 230 29 5 40 75 23 (9 6 .0 (l) ) ) 4.0 (9 4.5 4.7 (9 52.5 0) 55.0 50.5 34.5 0) 42.5 38.8 44.8 55.0 50.1 51.8 55.0 49.2 45.7 51.6 (9 44.5 48.4 53.9 49.3 (9 50.0 50.0 49.0 39.6 39.3 32.3 31.8 35.2 40.9 39.2 38.7 (9 39.3 31.6 53.7 38.6 (9 36.2 30.8 35.6 88.4 71.5 64.5 61.4 64.0 83.1 85.8 75.0 0) 88.3 65.3 99.6 78.3 (9 72.4 61.6 72.7 47.2 55.0 49.9 51.4 54.4 51.8 49.4 51.3 52.1 49.2 52.3 54.2 54.7 53.3 52.4 55.0 53.8 52.4 43.1 42.3 35.1 39.5 44.6 55.8 42.3 37.9 46.9 32.8 44.4 49.4 42.4 45.5 46.6 51.6 40.5 .598 .235 .502 .440 .374 .567 .568 .479 .450 .660 .508 .352 .438 .437 .293 .278 .479 43.0 91.3 76.9 70.3 76.8 82.0 107.7 85.6 73.9 90.0 66.7 84.9 91.1 77.5 85.4 88.9 93.8 75.3 82.1 (9 52.0 44.0 50.0 (9 <9 <9 48.2 (9 33.4 38.4 42.5 (9 (9 (9 39.9 (9 64.2 87.3 85.0 (9 O 0) 82.8 (9 .401 .287 .378 (9 o (9 .324 0 0 5 92 19 681 5.3 5.3 4.5 4.4 4.4 5.1 5.3 4.9 (9 5.3 4.1 5.8 4.8 (9 4.2 4.6 4.8 11 36 14 46 108 16 5.5 4.9 4.8 4.8 5.4 3 18 3 9 1 1 5 21 29 5 4 10 22 9 3 38 17 14 23 4 20 85 14 45 (9 6 8 6 .0 17 84 5.5 4.9 5.6 4.1 4.9 5.6 5.2 5.4 5.1 5.6 5.0 5.1 21 17 115 1 02 8 12 48 63 17 36 65 Total................................... Sprayers, female: Indiana ___ Michigan_________________ Missouri__________________ Ohio............ ........................ Pennsylvania_____________ Tennessee________________ W isconsin............................. 235 813 Total........... ....................... 10 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 <9 2 (i) 5 4 i (9 16 (9 4.5 5.2 5.5 (i) (9 (0 5.2 1 )n * For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total. .470 .2 2 1 .445 \l) (9 15.62 A ver age actual earn ings in week 1 1 .1 2 32 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR Table A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full• time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per houry and per cent of full time worked, 1981} by occupationy sex, and State— Continued Occupation, sex, and State Spring setters, male: C a lifo rn ia ,.,.. „ . Georgia___________________ Illinois___________________ Indiana.,.,-.................... _ _ K entucky________________ M aryland________________ Massachusetts____________ Michigan _______ „ N ew Jersey_______________ N ew York......... .......... ........ N orth Carolina. O h io ...................................... W isconsin________ _____ T otal____ _______ ______ N um ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers 36 9 117 31 4 Aver age days on which wage earners worked in 1 week Per cent Aver Aver of full age age hours time full actual hours time actual ly hours worked ly per in 1 worked week week in 1 week 37.4 39.8 37.0 32.7 40.0 36.5 41.8 31.4 36.2 46.3 55.0 50.0 51.5 55.0 49.1 49.8 51.7 48.0 49.0 55.0 52.4 53.0 49.7 40.4 28.9 80.8 72.4 74.0 63.5 72.7 74.3 83.9 60.7 75.4 41.2 90.4 77.1 54.5 Aver age earn ings per hour Aver age full time earn ings per week $0,509 .359 .414 .294 .518 .556 .562 .385 .895 .529 .292 .416 .317 $23.57 19.75 20.70 15.14 28.49 27.30 27.99 19.90 42.96 25.92 16.06 21.80 16.80 $19.06 14.30 15.31 9.61 20.71 20.28 23.45 Aver age actual earn ings in week 2 8 4 4 35 27 5.0 5.2 5.1 4.5 5.0 5.2 5.0 5.3 4.8 3.2 5.5 4.8 4.4 4.6 50.2 34.0 67.7 .444 22.29 15.11 38.7 30.2 41.8 33.3 8 8 .0 .494 .444 .255 .386 21.74 60.4 77.4 67.3 13.77 19.11 19.09 13.40 10.69 1 2 .8 6 10 2 6 7 1 6 5 2 2 18 21 29 3 4 72 2 0 .2 1 2 .1 0 32.40 10.72 14.49 16.81 9.17 67 396 Spring setters, female: California________________ Illinois_____ ______ ______ Michigan_________________ N ew York________________ 1 2 1 1 3 27 6 .0 6 6 6 .0 4.2 44.0 50.0 54.0 49.5 Total................................... 5 42 5.3 50.1 32.9 65.7 .405 20.29 13.34 9 35 9 64 87 19 9 58 18 45.3 55.0 49.5 51.5 54.7 45.3 50.7 48.9 49.4 52.3 54.8 54.6 53.0 52.5 55.0 53.9 41.5 47.7 33.0 38.6 31.3 39.6 36.0 23.9 43.1 40.5 48.2 50.0 42.8 50.2 52.6 37.7 91.6 86.7 66.7 75.0 57.2 87.4 71.0 48.9 87.2 77.4 27.27 10.73 24.40 91.6 80.8 95.6 95.6 69.9 .602 .195 .493 .412 .332 .938 .467 .586 .552 .490 .315 .465 .434 .261 .247 .451 18.16 42.49 23.68 28.66 27.27 25.63 17.26 25.39 23.00 13.70 13.59 24.31 24.95 9.31 16.27 15.88 10.38 37.18 16.84 14.00 23.80 19.83 15.16 23.25 18.58 13.11 13.00 17.01 51.9 40.6 78.2 .432 22.42 17.52 Trimmers, male: California________________ Georgia__________________ Illinois___________________ Indiana__________________ K entucky____ ___________ M assachusetts____________ Michigan_________________ Missouri_________________ N ew Jersey_______________ N ew Y ork ._____ _________ N orth Carolina___________ Ohio....................................... Pennsylvania_____________ Tennessee..........................— Virginia................................. Wisconsin________________ Total.................................. Trimmers, female: Indiana._______________ _ K entucky____ ___________ Massachusetts____________ Michigan _____ ____ ___ Total................................... Upholsterers, male: California________________ Georgia______________ ___ Illinois______________ Indiana______ _______ K en tu cky________________ M aryland________________ Massachusetts_________ M ichigan_______ ____ ____ Missouri________________ _ New Jersey___________ New York__________ _____ North Carolina___________ Ohio.............................. Pennsylvania___. . . ____ Tennessee...................... 5.3 36 14 9 15 3 64 30 34 6 8 39 37 5.3 4.9 4.3 4.7 4.2 5.1 4.9 3.0 5.0 4.8 5.5 5.5 4.8 5.5 5.7 5.0 176 610 4.9 3 19 22 3 4 19 5 1 3 1 1 2 11 88 8 12 (0 0) 3 3.9 0) 0) 3.0 65.3 .184 9.72 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) .246 0) C1) 12.30 29.1 55.9 .205 1 0 .6 8 5.96 38.1 35.0 32.4 30.6 39.8 82.1 63.6 64.3 59.6 72.4 .576 .405 .470 .410 .424 .601 26.73 22.28 23.69 21.03 23.32 29.39 21.97 14.17 15.22 12.56 16.86 52.8 50.0 7 19 3.5 10 214 95 501 131 15 153 156 5.1 4.7 4.9 4.5 5.0 46.4 55.0 50.4 51.3 55.0 10 1 8 10 9 4 4 22 8 10 9 2 79 17 32 307 107 150 52 14 4.7 5.3 5.2 3.1 4.9 3.2 5.3 4.7 5.3 5.1 48.9 49.2 50.5 48.1 48.2 49.0 53.9 51.8 52.0 50.4 34.5 24.2 35.8 44.7 37.7 23.1 37.1 22.2 49.5 36.8 42.4 43.8 i For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total. 2 1 .2 2 0) (0 52.1 4 19 8 8 .0 2 2 .2 0 48.4 73.2 90.9 74.7 48.0 77.0 45.3 91.8 71.0 81.5 86.9 .721 .625 .720 .793 .651 .363 .536 .548 .407 35.47 31.56 34.63 38.22 31.90 19.57 27.76 28.50 20.51 6.35 (0 0) 5.96 21.48 32.23 23.59 16.62 29.46 14.44 17.99 19.74 23.23 17.84 FURNITURE INDUSTRY, T 1910 TO 1931 33 A,— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued able Occupation, sex, and State N um ber of estab lish ments Upholsterers, male—Contd. Virginia Wisconsin________________ 2 6 N um ber of wage earn ers 3 93 Aver age days on which wage earners worked in 1 week 6 .0 4.6 4.7 Per cent Aver Aver of full age age hours time full actual hours time actual ly hours worked ly per in 1 worked week week in 1 week 55.0 52.4 50.3 Total................................... 138 2,119 Upholsterers, female: 6 California . ......... ........... 2 44.3 4.3 Georgia_____ 2 4.3 55.0 12 3 Indiana .... ............. 2 55.3 5.3 1 K entucky________________ 0 0 2 48.0 Massachusetts,. . . . . _ 4.5 P )4 Michigan______ __________ 4 53.9 58 31 1 N ew Y ork_________ ______ 49.5 4.9 10 1 Tennessee_________ ______ 0) 0) ............. ................ 5.0 50.0 (,\ 1 Wisconsin Total............................. . 52.2 5.1 71 16 Veneerers, male: g California.............................. 2 5.3 48.0 Illinois................................... 19 85 4.6 50.0 Indiana ... ___ 4.2 52.0 16 90 K entucky...... ....................... 3 5.8 53.7 23 1 M a r y la n d ,.......................... 0 0 0) 3 4 Massachusetts____________ 2.5 46.0 5.2 Michigan_________ _______ 16 50.6 131 5 Missouri................................ 2 5.4 52.8 1 New Jersey........_................. 0 0) 0) .............................N ew Y23 ork 1 02 5.1 52.4 N orth C arolina................... 5.3 55.0 10 70 O h io ..................................... 8 5.0 54.3 21 Pennsylvania.............. ........ 5.7 53.5 17 88 2 2 Tennessee______________ *. 6.5 52.5 7 Virginia__________________ 55.0 72 5.7 5 Wisconsin________________ 55.0 6 .1 26 Total.................................. 135 5.1 52.5 729 Veneerers, female: 1 Illinois__________ ________ 0 0 Indiana__________________ 4 52.6 3.6 W7 7 Michigan_________________ 50.0 5.2 13 1 3 N ew Jersey_______________ 49.5 3.0 Ohio..................................... . 2 6 50.0 5.3 1 Pennsylvania_____________ 0) 0 Wisconsin________________ 2 50.0 5.5 0 )8 T otal.................................. 50.4 18 41 4.8 Other employees, male: 47.5 California______ _________ 15 142 5.6 Georgia__________________ 55.0 5 89 5.4 Illinois.......... ........................ 5.2 50.0 29 257 31 51.5 Indiana_____________ ____ 343 5.1 Kentucky............................. 5 5.6 54.6 48 9 M aryland________________ 49.0 37 5.3 Massachusetts____________ 5.3 48.2 124 16 Michigan......... ..................... 22 5.5 50.9 337 Missouri_________________ 49.5 13 73 5.3 5 New Jersey..................... ..... 69 5.0 48.7 N ew Y ork.................. .......... 48 311 4.7 49.9 North Carolina—................. 17 5.6 54.7 230 Ohio....................................... 17 108 5.5 50.6 25 53.0 Pennsylvania....... ............-. 205 5.6 4 Tennessee_____ _____ ____ 5.7 52.6 46 8 55.0 Virginia___________ ____ 98 5.7 12 W iscon sin........................... 53.8 289 5.1 Total.................................. 281 2,806 5.3 51.5 Other employees, female: 2 11 3.5 Georgia.............. .................. 55.0 4 Indiana......... ........................ 6 2.7 52.1 K entucky............................. 1 0 0 0) 1 For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included 136825°— 32------ 4 53.3 32.9 34.5 96.9 62.8 Aver age earn ings per hour Aver age full time earn ings per week $0,409 .474 $22.50 24.84 $21.84 15.62 Aver age actual earn ings in week 6 8 .6 .538 27.06 18.53 27.6 26.4 38.3 62.3 48.0 69.3 .319 .189 .273 14.13 10.40 15.10 8.81 4.98 10.45 0 0 0 31.8 42.9 36.6 30.8 36.4 66.3 79.6 73.9 0) 61.6 69.7 49.2 37.3 36.8 54.7 102.5 74.6 70.8 101.9 0 0 17.3 39.0 43.8 0 43.5 45.7 43.3 52.6 62.0 51.6 38.6 43.4 0 30.5 35.5 24.0 40.2 0) 45.4 37.0 45.8 48.0 38.7 43.8 50.1 43.9 42.8 44.1 42.7 40.5 38.6 50.1 45.8 49.7 51.8 52.4 41.0 44.2 0 37.6 77.1 83.0 0 83.0 83.1 79.7 98.3 118.1 93.8 70.2 82.7 .251 .329 .300 0 .241 20.64 21.80 17.21 20.73 (0 .928 .470 .398 0) .428 .291 .403 .363 .350 .230 .390 .376 0 0 86.3 83.2 77.4 91.6 90.5 93.8 98.5 95.3 76.2 85.8 0 42.69 23.78 2 1 .0 1 0 22.43 16.01 2 1 .8 8 19.42 18.38 12.65 21.45 19.74 0 .283 .296 9.05 15.50 19.80 15.85 0) 14.15 14.92 .546 .244 .584 .526 .461 .320 .573 .546 .441 .578 .495 .352 .489 .554 .467 .286 .491 .489 25.94 13.42 29.20 27.09 25.17 15.68 27.62 27.79 21.83 28.15 24.70 19.25 24.74 29.36 24.56 15.73 26.42 25.18 11.77 11.41 .172 .310 .400 .317 19.8 19.4 36.0 37.2 .214 .219 0 0 0 in total. 0 .430 .436 .331 .386 0 8 8 .8 8 6 .6 0 .296 ) 58.0 71.0 48.5 80.4 96.4 87.3 77.4 85.0 91.8 89.6 0 12.05 15.45 0 90.8 73.4 0 12.05 17.73 14.85 0 7.99 14.10 10.97 7.41 10.78 21.16 16.26 12.18 2 1 .1 0 0 16.08 18.33 17.42 (i) 18.63 13.31 17.42 19.10 21.70 11.89 15.07 16.32 (i) 5.25 10.99 9.60 12.73 0 1 2 .8 6 10.93 25.00 11.71 22.61 23.06 23.09 14.04 24.52 24.03 18.86 23.40 19.10 17.63 22.40 27.51 24.16 14.98 20.17 21.57 4.24 4.25 0 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 34 A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued T a b le Occupation, sex, and State N um ber of estab lish ments Other employees, female—Con. ____ Massachusetts____________ Michigan_________________ Missouri_________________ N ew Y ork.................... ........ Ohio....................................... Tennessee...... ............ .......... Wisconsin— ........................ Total................................. All occupations, male: California.......................... Georgia................................ Illinois............................ . . Indiana................ ........... .. Kentucky............................. M aryland______ ______ .. Massachusetts......... . ...... Michigan.................... .......... Missouri..................... .......... N ew Jersey.................... — New Y ork......... ......... N orth Carolina ..................;! Ohio................. .................... Pennsylvania_____________! . Tennessee........... Virginia................. — ! W isconsin............................. ! Total................................... A ll occupations, female: C a lifo r n ia -.__ ____ _____ Georgia___- ___ 1 5 6 I 2 5 1 5 33 K entucky________________ M aryland............................. Massachusetts .. _ . __ Michigan............................... Missouri_____ ____ ______ New Jersey......... . ........... N ew Y ork..................... .. . _______ North Carolina Ohio...................... . . — Pennsylvania.- ................. Tennessee.................... W isconsin........... .................. Total........ — ..................... All occupations, male and fe male: California________________ Georgia_____ ______ ______ Illinois________ _______ ___ Indiana.......... ....................... Kentucky............................. M aryland______ _______ _ Massachusett s...................... Michigan......... ..................... M issouri.- ...................... . N ew Jersey.— ......... ........ N ew Y ork......... ................... N orth Carolina.................... O hio....................................... Pennsylvania. Tennessee...... ....................... Virginia................................. W isconsin.... ...................... Total................................... 4 14 14 0) 13 11 11 12 98 4.3 5.4 4.5 (0 3.7 5.0 2 .8 5.1 4 2 46.7 47.4 51.4 0) 48.2 49.8 5o! o 50.0 37.9 42.1 35.1 0) 28.9 38.2 2 2 .2 50.1 37.1 32.0 Aver age full time earn ings per week 68.3 (*) 60.0 76.7 44.4 74.2 $0,231 .345 .277 0) .415 .308 . 198 .304 $10.79 16.35 14.24 0) 63.9 .297 14.88 .525 .244 .498 .399 .389 .482 .594 .461 .432 .589 .475 .288 .435 .418 .289 .236 .430 .416 24.89 13.42 24.95 20.59 8 8 .8 2 0 .0 0 15.34 9.90 15.20 Aver age actual earn ings in week $8.76 14.51 9.71 0) 11.98 11.76 4.40 11.26 9.51 22.33 10.34 17.18 15.65 16.90 20.55 24.56 18.43 17.48 20.83 18.56 13.85 18.23 19.36 13.23 11.98 16.19 17.22 5.4 5.0 4.7 4.7 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.4 4.6 5.4 5.0 5.3 5.1 5.6 4.8 5.0 47.4 55.0 50.1 51.6 54.3 49.5 48.6 51.0 50.8 49.0 51.3 54.2 53.8 53.3 52.7 55.0 53.6 51.9 42.5 42.4 34.5 39.2 43.4 42.6 41.3 39.9 40.5 35.4 39.1 48.1 41.9 46.4 45.8 50.9 37.7 41.4 89.7 77.1 68.9 76.0 79.9 99 65 319 5.3 4.8 4.7 4.1 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.0 4.7 4.9 4.3 5.6 5.2 5.6 4.5 4.6 4.8 44.8 55.0 50.1 51.1 52.9 49.0 46.4 51.8 49.8 45.5 48.6 49.4 49.7 50.6 50.7 50.0 85.7 59.5 63.7 62.8 70.5 82.2 83.8 71.8 74.7 81.8 70.0 93.7 83.5 92.7 76.5 67.2 49.8 38.4 32.7 31.9 32.1 37.3 40.3 38.9 37.2 37.2 37.2 34.0 46.3 41.5 46.9 38 8 33.6 36.3 .470 .208 .375 .233 .232 .350 .436 .295 .277 .434 .336 .176 .314 .241 . 141 .297 72.9 __ .314 18.04 21.06 11.44 6.79 18.79 11.95 11.91 7.47 8 .6 6 12.27 17.15 14.08 20.23 16.97 15.28 10.95 13.79 10.28 19.75 16.15 11.42 16.33 8.69 8.16 15.61 13.05 12.19 11.30 7.15 5.46 14.85 9.98 15.64 __ 11.40 1,363 787 3,616 3,246 540 545 1,266 3,112 501 539 4,104 3,258 1,502 2,084 512 1,605 2,079 5.4 47.2 55.0 50.1 51.5 54.2 49.5 48 4 51.0 50.8 48.8 51.2 54.1 53.5 53.2 52.3 55.0 53.3 42.2 41.6 34.2 39.0 43.1 42.4 41.1 39.7 40.3 35.5 38.9 48.0 41.9 46.4 44.6 50.9 37.3 89.4 75.6 68.3 75.7 79.5 85.7 84.9 77.8 79.3 72.7 76.0 88.7 78.1 87.2 85.3 92.5 70.0 .521 .241 .488 .394 .383 .471 .581 .449 .425 .580 .469 .286 .425 .413 .266 .236 .420 24.59 13.26 24.45 20.29 20.76 23.31 28.12 22.90 21.59 28.30 24.01 15.47 22.74 21.97 13.91 12.98 22.39 2 2 .0 1 4.7 4.7 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.4 4.6 5.4 5.0 5.3 5.0 5.6 4.8 299 30.659 5.0 51.8 41.1 79.3 .411 21.29 16.88 11 16 23 13 5 55 17 1 13 299 28.876 11 3 8 16 4 g 14 17 8 3 28 5 13 9 3 13 163 15 5 30 31 5 11 16 23 13 5 55 17 23 25 4 8 13 121 24 47 115 256 25 28 187 52 121 58 89 177 1.783 5.0 * For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total. 81.2 Aver age earn ings per hour 1,264 722 3,297 3,125 516 498 1,151 2,856 476 511 3,917 3,206 1,381 2,026 423 1,605 1.902 15 5 30 31 5 I 2 Illinois--............. .......... ... 1 Indiana...... ........ ................. N um ber of wage earn ers i Per Aver- ! cent age i Aver Aver days of full age age on time hours full which actual hours time wage actually earners hours worked per worked worked i n l week in l in 1 week week week 8 6 .1 85.0 78.2 79.7 72.2 76.2 88.7 77.9 87.1 86.9 92.5 70.3 79.8 2 1 .1 2 23.86 28.87 23.51 21.95 28.86 24.37 15.61 23.40 22.28 15.23 12.98 23.05 2 1 .59 10.04 16.72 15.34 16.53 19.99 23.87 17.82 17.12 20.59 18.23 13.76 17.82 19.13 1 1 .8 8 11.98 15.66 T able B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in seven specified occupations, 1931, by sex and State Num ber of wage earners whose earnings per hour were— Occupation, sex, and State N um N um ber ber of . of estab wage lish earn ments ers Aver age earn ings per hour 160 71 510 505 97 56 191 409 82 332 51 186 297 $0.559 257 528 429 .411 .500 .660 .455 .465 .618 .492 .334 .435 .422 .278 .275 .425 1 2 2 i 4 2 2 6 3 1 2 4,207 .445 6 7 33 0) (*) .220 0) 289 T o ta l- 4 10 16 7 (0 16 (*) .283 4 1 1 8 4 3 4 19 13 30 11 17 33 67 13 15 47 21 10 7 10 4 6 1 52 134 18 9 65 40 15 140 70 19 88 45 14 5 34 11 6 3 4 6 10 22 26 67 38 115 14 11 5 35 2 10 2 19 11 1 1 2 25 7 39 3 23 72 46 85 33 79 14 556 6 8 10 22 27 76 31 47 14 48 18 13 168 322 458 1 2 10 49 4 9 7 49 11 17 9 57 15 16 42 1 1 3 8 9 34 83 18 12 1 10 40 648 41 7 59 4 9 3 3 0 1 1 0 (») 1 2 2 5 3 3 3 5 4 2 1 6 2 5 9 16 10 1 2 1 3 2 2 4 1 6 1 6 1 1 io i” 34 176 68 1 33 14 2 11 20 38 35 42 17 30 7 4 2 2 1 3 48 71 16 3 490 814 412 138 58 27 12 22 62~ 51 53 61 4 7 58 1 6 22 i 47 4 ; ) 1 1 1 1 2 1 ) 2 i For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total. 13 6 .351 .340 .291 52 1 l 1931 Assemblers and cabinetmakers, female: California................................ Indiana______ _____________ K entucky........... - .............. . M ichigan____ _____________ N ew Y ork_________________ Ohio..................... ............. — Pennsylvania...... .................. Tennessee.......................... . Wisconsin— ......................... 12 TO 212 1 INDUSTRY, 1910 T ota l. 391 1 FUKNITXJBE Assemblers and cabinetmakers, male: California........ .............. ......... Georgia.............................. ...... Illinois----------- -------------------Indiana________ ___________ K entucky...................... .... Maryland......................... ...... Massachusetts................. ...... M ich igan-............................ . M issouri..................... ......... N ew Jersey ............... .......... N ew Y o r k -------------------------N orth Carolina____________ O hio.......................... ............... Pennsylvania---------------------Tennessee------------ -------------Virginia............. ............... ...... W iscon sin-.......................... 12 14 35 40 16 18 20 25 30 50 70 45 60 80 90 $1 .2 0 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and cents $1 un un un un un un un un un un un tin un un and and and $1.40 un and un 12 der der der der der der der der der der der der der der un der over 16 cents 14 18 20 40 60 25 35 45 50 80 30 70 90 der $der 1 .2 0 $1.40 cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1 Un der 5 2 =r----- CO Cn T able B . — Average and classified earnings per hour in seven specified occupations, 1981} by sex and State— Continued Num ber of wage earners whose earnings per hour were— Occupation, sex, and State N um N um ber ber of of estab wage lish earn ments ers A ver age earn ings per hour i 90 80 70 50 60 45 30 40 35 25 20 14 16 18 12 $1 .2 0 $1 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and cents and and $1.40 un un and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and un der der der der der der der der der der der der der 12 der der der over 90 70 der $1 .2 0 $1.40 80 60 45 50 40 30 35 25 16 20 18 cents 14 cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1 U n der Total Polishers and rubbers, male: California Georgia _ Illinois -• - . . . . ! Indiana .. ! Kentucky................................. t 284 6,355 .428 .325 .259 (») 0) <*) 11 ij 52 17 21 23 4 8 3 16 1 11 2 2 1 11 1 2 3 7 8 2 83 5 3 6 38 69 29 266 16 .310 ______ _____ _____ 31 .511 .196 .468 .367 .405 4 27 30 10 10 8 27 13 34 95 15 60 168 84 89 1 12 11 8 72 114 19 11 3 24 5 14 35 16 17 59 15 120 22 9 25 106 24 13 137 17 45 23 103 61 155 60 8 18 71 53 91 123 62 96 27 29 84 133 84 37 84 7 17 128 459 737 889 1 3 1 3 5 3 1 8 12 2 2 5 106 83 32 2 19 8 22 10 1 11 1 2 2 3 (i) 7 0) 0) 6 3 26 5 25 35 45 12 1 3 4 1 1 103 4 5 9 2 1 1 1 22 22 24 6 1 3 0 4 3 3 3 1 1 12 1 2 1 2 5 5 33 19 128 34 4 52 9 12 7 18 16 8 9 5 19 5 2 1 1 2 10 9 15 4 3 2 25 6 1 24 93 3 53 108 1 6 3 3 19 39 13 5 1 1 1 2 1 21 1 64 83 28 30 13 4 16 3 2 771 1,258 929 567 207 _____ —__..._ -____ 63 6 2 73 (9 (*) 1 68 160 47 52 55 5 77 3 206 97 17 13 55 187 15 54 275 85 31 2 0 3 ____ - 1 „ 1 7 2 1 3 5 12 11 30 4 18 4 17 5 25 7 1 8 21 10 10 _ I ! ______ _____ - ■■ -- -1— __ _____ _____ 8 4 9 5 1 4 OF LABOR M achine hands, female: 1udiana Michigan Missouri Pennsylvania W isconsin 13 $0,546 .264 .524 .408 . 415 .479 .564 .474 .433 .601 .479 .316 .446 .417 .328 .269 .430 HOURS T otal..................................... 239 158 673 651 93 77 243 648 116 128 903 718 337 479 96 336 460 AND Illinois - - - - - - - - Indiana - - . . . _____ __ . Kentucky M aryland M assachusetts M ichigan Missouri N ew Jersey N ew Y ork _ _ N orth Carolina Ohio Pennsy 1vania Tennessee Virginia Wisconsin 15 5 29 30 5 9 14 23 WAGES M achine hands, male: 6 M aryland______ Massachusetts - M ichigan............ M issouri.......... .. N ew Y o r k .......... N orth Carolina, O hio..................... P enn sylvania.-. 42 156 11 201 174 39 111 17 113 60 Virginia— Wisconsin.. 208 4 23 1 7 1 2 4 1 6 1 60 10 14 7 95 149 1 ===== 2 4 4 31 62 46 74 154 24 12 109 1 = = = 4 7 1 1 5 39 1 32 1 6 24 3 12 41 2 82 ; 1 5 18 17 2 15 7 4 9 5 9 8 15 21 2 136 124 161 167 231 65 2 1 1 4 2 2 2 1 19 3 i 2 3 8 3 1 2 1 5 9 11 16 9 1 6 4 3 23 1 1 2 3 2 5 11 3 7 2 2 1 9 3 3 7 2 .349 .227 .218 .385 2 19 107 36 1,189 .331 9 11 1 2 --------- --------- (9 1 1 3 5 1 1 1 1 1 _____ :... 33 .464 .203 .183 i For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total. 2 4 29 1 33 36 2 22 1 7 46 2 6 7 66 5 12 12 5 29 7 1 3 9 7 44 6 5 1 16 13 14 3 21 40 7 25 7 17 4 28 23 22 15 1 5 20 13 31 6 2 1 31 3 33 29 7 12 5 15 3 32 8 9 10 5 1 2 205 185 120 33 23 165 175 2 1 2 8 15 1 3 2 7 15 2 2 2 9 9 1 22 1 6 8 84 1 13 4 18 8 5 1 1 34 4 1 1 5 10 10 1 4 1 7 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1931 100 .430 .152 .452 .308 .341 .366 .481 .370 .430 22 2 15 13 11 15 2 TO 32 89 8 187 175 64 8 .215 .221 .409 .316 .256 .259 1 11 3 12 27 4 11 4 .275 Total.. Sanders, hand, female: Illinois............. ......... Indiana..................... K en tu cky......... ....... Massachusetts____ 5 2 63 2 10 11 32 0) Sanders, hand, male: C alifornia............. Georgia.................. Illinois................... Indiana____ _____ Kentucky............. . M aryland—........... Massachusetts___ M ichigan.............. Missouri............... N ew Y ork ______ North C arolina-O h io .i__________ Pennsylvania___ Tennessee_______ Virginia................. Wisconsin............. T ota l- .403 1 1 6 INDUSTRY, 1910 Polishers and rubbers, female: Indiana.................................. Massachusetts____________ M ichigan.................. - ........... Missouri................................ N ew Y ork ............................ O hio....................................... W isconsin........... - ................ 1.194 1 FUENITXTEB T otal. .493 .550 .463 .386 .496 .305 .462 .423 .253 .229 3 1 1 109 26 4 5 1 1 2 ........I 1 1 __ CO T able B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in seven specified occupations, 1931, by sex and State— Continued N um ber of wage earners whose earnings per hour were— Occupation, sex, and State N um N um ber ber of of estab wage earn lish ments ers Pennsylvania.___________ - A % Ohin ................... Sewers, male: 0 3 7 99 26 69 45 1 x 301 0) 1 PanncxflTTQTiio 1 1 1 2 1 W isconsin......... - ................... 2 (,)2 16 27 10 2 64 23 230 29 Ohio Total Sewers, female: p.ojifftrnift TIHnnta TnHiono ITAnfnnlrv Maryland.......................... ..... 8 6 1 8 0 10 25 2 1 9 3 x 21 2 2 2 .296 .226 37 30 9 5 .... —" 4 31 1 2 1 5 ) (l’i h) 2 5 40 24 X 4 4 2 x 7 2 8 4 1 1 5 X 3 1 8 27 19 12 1 1 21 63 64 41 23 3 3 '. ) .647 .371 .445 .794 :: =====~ ■ 0 X X ) X x 0) 2 1 1 1 0) 1 CO 1 1 3 .578 .365 .275 .345 .363 4 1 1 1 2 .658 .470 2 = 0) 0) (9 .531 (0 .2 2 1 1 2 x x X 2 3 2 1 2 4 4 1 20 6 4 4 51 9 10 3 9 1 5 2 6 1 l 6 3 3 1 2 9 15 8 15 5 30 5 27 20 21 1 9 5 2 2 44 4 3 5 1 2 5 5 LABOR 3 3 3 2 2 0 8 3 .1 2 1 X 4 OF THinnfe TnHiono lVTooco/>Viiioofffl Moor KTaht 2 $0,252 223 1270 •110 11< 7 .304 OIR | •ZlD HOURS W isconsin-........................ — 4 27 36 ANI) N orth Carolina-------------------- g o A Total 72 12 2 TV^iocAiii*} 90 80 70 60 50 45 40 30 35 20 25 18 16 14 12 $1 .2 0 $1 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and cents and and $1.40 un and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 12 der der over der $1 .2 0 $1.40 90 80 70 60 50 45 40 30 35 25 20 18 16 cents 14 cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1 Un der WAGES Sanders, hand, female—Oontd. Aver age earn ings per hour 1 1 £ 1 ! 92 681 .374 10 2 2 6 214 95 501 131 15 153 156 79 17 32 307 107 150 52 14 3 93 .576 .405 .470 .410 .424 .601 .721 .625 .720 .793 .651 .363 .536 .548 .407 .409 .474 138 2,119 .538 2 2 2 1 6 12 .319 .189 .273 4 31 1 1 1 10 W3 .329 .300 (*> .241 16 71 .296 Upholsterers, male: California.......... . Georgia................ Illinois_________ Indiana________ K en tu ck y........... M aryland........... M assachusetts.. M ichigan............ Missouri.............. N ew Jersey......... N ew Y ork _____ N orth Carolina . O hio..................... Pennsylvania. _ _ Tennessee-.......... Virginia............... W isconsin........... T ota l................ Upholsterers, female: California............ Georgia................ Indiana............... K en tu ck y........... M assachusetts. . M ichigan______ N ew Y ork ______ Tennessee______ W isconsin........... T otal................ 4 19 10 1 8 10 9 4 4 22 8 10 9 1 2 1 .437 .351 .300 .333 (9 % 3 7 3 4 1 3 7 5 8 (0 5 8 2 28 5 16 14 1 1 1 17 12 3 4 3 3 18 2 1 2 (,)3 4 4 10 2 3 1 117 92 83 58 73 5 1 10 29 4 62 17 3 16 7 44 13 46 19 4 17 13 75 23 4 14 1 1 3 18 38 14 2 86 47 29 4 6 22 53 26 28 11 11 1 2 2 1 1 12 7 1 1 2 5 10 3 9 12 6 18 17 3 2 1 2 4 3 2 5 1 10 3 14 56 113 3 3 5 1 1 2 5 6 8 2 1 9 27 13 22 1 1 5 3 23 13 18 3 19 20 1 2 30 14 2 6 62 17 5 15 17 9 59 18 23 16 4 3 44 4 7 5 4 4 24 16 j 1 6 31 14 3 11 1 6 11 7 22 16 1 218 216 388 325 168 4 1 2 11 1 3 4 14 1 6 1 5 1 22 8 6 3 22 2 6 9 0 1 6 1 4 211 0) 2 19 34 10 1 (>) 1 12 1 169 1 2.251 6 60 19 1 <9 130 64 17 1 1 1 1 1 4 63 1 1 18 10 I 1 17 1 7 1 2 2 3 5 3 18 (9 9 5 6 2 1 7 5 5 9 19 2 1 3 1 3 1 8 30 15 9 4 10 1 96 ' 69 48 1 20 i 1931 19 T o t a l-.............. 20 85 14 45 .470 .363 TO 5 .235 .303 1 1 75 23 0) INDUSTRY, 1010 3 18 3 9 8 8 1 FUENITUKE M assachusetts.. M ichigan............ Missouri.............. N ew Jersey......... N ew Y ork .......... N orth Carolina. Ohio................... Pennsylvania-. . Tennessee______ Wisconsin........... 1 ) 2 10 12 1 *For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total. 00 CD Table B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in seven specified occupations, 1931, by sex and State— Continued O Num ber of wage earners whose earnings per hour were— Occupation, sex, and State 135 729 .376 2 1 23 10 8 17 Veneerers, female: Illinois............... Indiana.............. M ichigan.......... N ew Jersey-----O hio---------------Pennsylvania W isconsin.......... T ota l.............. 102 70 (° 7 13 3 6 (9 18 41 ) .172 .310 .400 .317 1 1 3 12 1 11 21 3 3 17 9 1 8 1 22 1 5 10 2 4 13 19 13 22 20 1 10 9 14 3 19 14 2 9 6 28 i9 1 6 6 8 13 13 51 87 105 1 3 2 1 1 5 2 3 3 1 2 ===== = 0 .283 1 5 3 1 10 10 1 26 33 12 11 ) 7 24 13 1 1 2 10 4 1 1 1 2 1 7 3 15 2 1 10 13 25 4 5 14 5 1 8 7 3 1 2 2 7 8 1 3 122 99 82 100 34 7 3 <>) (») 4 1 1 2 0 2 28 5 3 0) (0 2 0) .296 1 6 1 5 * For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total. 6 7 4 1 4 = 3 1 LABOK 72 26 1 3 16 1 1 OF 7 5 8 85 90 23 0) 4 131 5 (') 90 80 $1 .2 0 $1 and cents and and $1.40 and unun- and un under over over der der $1 .2 0 $1.40 90 cents $1 HOURS 2 21 88 2 $0.430 .436 .331 .386 0) .928 .470 .398 0) .428 .291 .403 .363 .350 .230 .390 2 19 16 3 70 45 60 40 50 35 25 30 16 18 20 12 14 and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der der 12 der 70 80 45 50 60 35 40 25 18 20 30 14 16 cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents Un der AND T o t a l-............ A ver age earn ings per hour WAGES Veneerers, male: California_____ Illinois............... Indiana.............. K en tu cky.......... M aryland___ . Massachusetts M ichigan........ . M issouri............ N ew Jersey___ N ew Y o r k . . . N orth Carolina O hio..............— Pennsylvania - . Tennessee.......... Virginia............. W isconsin......... N um N um ber ber of of estab wage lish earn ers ments T able C.— Average and classified f ull-time hoars per week in seven specified occupations, 1931, by sex and State Occupation, sex, and State 21 212 24 4 13 332 51 186 297 46.9 55.0 50.0 51.7 53.8 49.8 48.4 51.1 51.2 49.1 52.0 54.0 53.9 53.4 52.5 55.0 53.6 289 4,207 51.9 10 8 der 44 43 Over 48, un der 49H 48 3 114 20 5 35 13 2 6 27 16 15 3 19 9 47 Over 50, un der 50 3 7 17 57 12 68 1 8 16 7 Over 52H, un 54 der 54 !i Over 54, un der 55 Over 55, I un der 57 55 57, un der 60 60, and over 71 405 259 23 28 109 321 3 35 16 40 1 . I........ io 2 74 7 56 88 5 27 15 289 59 354 113 138 2 13 98 2 3 52H 52H 45 7 25 8 49H 7 51 i 9 18 81 7 9 8 22 21 43 13 21 186 86 6 151 81 257 3 163 1,416 211 25 156 12 325 40 3,439 120 13 0) 0) 3 4 (') 0) 48.9 0) 50.0 48.8 50.0 50.0 4 10 1 1 1 16 7 3 (1 > 8 50.0 16 52 49.7 1 2 0 4 2 16 7 0) ) 4 3 1 1931 1 2 1 2 1 For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total. Over 44, un der 48 44 TO T otal_____ . . . ____________________________ 13 23 13 5 54 17 160 71 510 505 97 56 191 409 82 89 568 391 Num ber of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were— INDUSTRY, 1910 T otal_________________ ___________________ Assemblers and cabinetmakers, female: California_____________—.......................... ....... Indiana......... ....................... ................................ K en tu cky............................................................_ M ichigan............................................................. . N ew Y ork...... ............ —...................................... O hio........................................................................ Pennsylvania....................................................... Tennessee—.................................................... . W isco n s in ........................................................... 15 5 30 29 5 Aver age full time hours per week FURNITURE Assemblers and cabinetmakers, male: California............................................................. Georgia____________ ________________________ Illinois.................................................................... Indiana______________ ______________________ K en tu cky__________________________________ M a r y la n d ..____ ___________________________ Massachusetts...................... ............................. M ichigan.............................................................. M issouri___________________________________ N ew Jersey____________ ___________________ N ew Y ork ............................................................ N orth Carolina....................... .......................... Ohio........................................................................ Pennsylvania........... ........................................ Tennessee___________________________ _______ Virginia_________ __________________________ W isco n sin -..—____________________________ N um N um ber of ber of estab wage lish ments earners _ 1___ 0) 8 2 1 1 1 ===== 3 37 6 = = = = ===== ===== 1 ===== ===== = = T able C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in seven specified occupations, 1981, by sex and Stale— Continued Occupation, sex, and State 52.1 0) (*> 0) T ota l. Polishers and rubbers, male: C aliforn ia --................. ... Georgia...................... ......... I llin o is ..................... ........ Indiana....... .................... K en tu cky..................... . M aryland.......... ............... 6,355 6 4 22 22 4 2 48 Over 48, un der 49H Over 50, un der 50 Over 52^, un der 54 52^j 49^ 31 12 106 83 32 6 47.4 55.0 50.3 52.5 54.5 51.7 55 Over 55, un der 57 57, un der 60 60, and over 1(5 158 35 16 114 485 365 16 45 175 497 6 50 13 10 42 294 279 4 33 658 197 192 28 109 16 111 100 79 34 192 5 190 108 77 9 151 25 33 2 349 23 10 50.2 54.0 52.4 Over 54, un der 55 167 0) 0) 0) 16 54 (*) <9 26 10 21 458 173 50 0) 12 18 53 OF LABOR M achine hands, female: Indiana...................... M ichigan................... M issouri.................. . Pennsylvania........... W isconsin................... 48.5 55.0 50.2 51.6 54.1 50.1 48.9 51.2 50.6 49.1 50.9 54.2 54.6 53.4 52.4 55.0 53.8 Over 44, un der 48 Un der 44 HOURS 284 239 158 673 651 93 77 243 648 116 128 903 718 337 479 96 336 460 N um ber of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were— AND T ota l. 15 5 29 30 5 9 14 23 11 5 52 17 21 23 4 8 13 ii Aver age full time hours per week WAGES M achine hands, male: C a liforn ia -............. Georgia___________ Illinois...................... Indiana______ ____ K en tu cky.......... . M arylan d................ Massachusetts____ M ichigan........... ..... M issouri................ N ew Jersey............. N ew Y ork ............. N orth C arolin a... Ohio........................ Pennsylvania....... Tennessee................ Virginia................... W isconsin................ N um N um ber of ber of estab wage lish earners ments Massachusetts.. M ichigan........... M issouri............ N ew Y ork _____ N orth Carolina. Ohio................ . Pennsylvania... Tennessee_____ Virginia........ . W isconsin_____ 1,194 52.8 201 174 39 111 208 Polishers and rubbers, female: Indiana........................ .......... Massachusetts...................... M ichigan............................... M issouri................................. N ew Y ork ............................. Ohio........................................ W isconsin.............................. 0 62 46 74 154 24 12 32 89 8 19 107 2 10 21 0 117 2 ‘ l4’ 19 4 326 50 48 15 21 127 53 13 113 51 17 526 35 ) 50.9 47. 55. 50. 52. 55. 52. 49. 51. 52. 52. 55. 54. 53. 53. 55. 54. 52.8 JFor less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total. 37 10 46 3 29 71 _ 20’ 29 10 1 10 2 SO' 24 5 4 90 175 33 38 3 30 8 26 9 17 107 0 74 26 287 64 96 8 i 538 52 1931 100 18 23 174 TO 187 175 64 199 15 0 31 VirginiaW iseonsin. 12 50.0 ) 54.0 49.5 49.0 50.0 50.0 ) 19 138 1 INDUSTRY, 1910 Total.. Sanders, hand, male: C a liforn ia .......... G eorgia.._______ I llin o is -............. Indiana............... K e n tu ck y -........ M a ry la n d -........ MassachusettsM ichigan............. Missouri_______ N ew Y ork ______ N orth Carolina. Ohio.................... Pennsylvania— Total- 17 113 60 48.7 50.6 53.1 52.7 55.0 54.5 53.6 54.4 55.0 54.3 FURNITURE T otal. 42 156 11 T able C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in seven specified occupations, 1981, by sex and State— Continued N um N um ber of estab ber of wage lish ments earners Occupation, sex, and State ____ .. ___ _ _____ __ _ ____ Total................................................................... N ew Jersey N ew York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin Total Sewers, female: California Georgia Illinois _ _ _ _ _ ___ _______ ___ ___ _ _ ________ ___ ................................ - . . . _ _ ______ ....................................... - - - -. . _ _ ______ K entucky............................................................. 26 69 45 301 50.1 ) (0 1 1 72 4 27 36 6 22 0 8 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 3 0 ) 50.0 53.2 47.8 50.0 Over 44, un der 48 48 Over 48, un der 49^ m i Over 50, un der 52^ 50 52H Over 52H, un der 54 54 Over 54, un der 55 Over 55, un der 57 55 57, un der 60 60, and over 5 3 19 10 2 16 56 3 1 26 1 13 23 6 9 19 69 1 23 1 28 6 6 6 7 188 3 6 1 23 22 OF LABOR Sewers, male: iforyi ift Illinois Indiana M aryland 4 3 7 2 12 2 6 2 2 44 HOURS _ _ 5 22 10 2 Un der 44 AND _ 49.5 50.1 50.0 48.0 50.9 54.5 48.1 48.0 50.0 51.5 51.3 50.0 1 3 1 N um ber of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were— WAGES Sanders, hand, female: Illinois Indiana . ■Kentucky Massachusetts Michigan _ _ Missouri N ew Y ork N orth Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania _ _ _ Tennessee Wisconsin Aver age full time hours per week (0 8 1 1 2 1 1 3 (0 (0 (0 (0 (>) 8 2 52.5 0) 55.0 16 27 50.5 1 2 10 2 8 6 1 64 23 230 29 5 44.8 55.0 50.1 51.8 55.0 44 8 2 (0 1 1 (0 2 15 2 1 4 1 12 23 4 72 4 124 15 30 2 5 8 1 M aryland______ Massachusetts... M ich ig a n ........... M issouri............. N ew Jersey......... N ew Y ork______ N orth Carolina.. Ohio................ Pennsylvania___ Wisconsin.. 5 19 T otal— . 92 681 49.0 109 10 46.4 55.0 50.4 51.3 55.0 48.9 49.2 50.5 48.1 48.2 49.0 53.9 51.8 52.0 50.4 55.0 52.4 83 2 2 6 214 95 501 131 15 153 156 79 17 32 307 107 150 52 14 3 93 138 2,119 50.3 120 103 2 2 2 1 2 6 12 44.3 55.0 55.3 2 4 10 1 8 10 9 4 4 22 8 10 9 (0 6 (0 4 1 1 1 1 fi 4 31 10 (0 3 71 1 8 1 0 9 ) 1 1 49 24 2 1 6 1 35 3 1 12 ) 6 19 26 111 8 103 229 43 15 389 54 3 53 36 9 42 8 13 42 15 7 19 37 95 50 3 1 19 15 28 7 6 2 122 14 28 136 1 2 2 35 55 7 31 4 13 8 1 26 12 90 32 9 10 25 4 10 42 23 37 106 852 7 1 3 45 48 372 26 11 71 I 15 8 131 11 11 138 1 26 3 317 26 12 3 0) 4 48.0 53.9 49.5 1 30 10 0 (0 50.0 ..i ■" i For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total. 0 18 (0 52.2 5 14 2 4 7 4 10 ) 3 5 30 13 3 1931 3 13 1 TO Total-. 4 19 85 14 45 8 INDUSTRY, 1910 Total-. Upholsterers, female: California............ . Georgia.................. Indiana.................. Kentucky............ . Massachusetts___ Michigan............. . N ew Y ork _______ Tennessee............ . W isconsin............. 1 1 20 4 32 43 FURNITURE Upholsterers, male: California.......... . Georgia.............. . I llin o is -............ . Indiana-............. . K entucky.......... . M aryland______ Massachusetts... M ichigan........... . Missouri............ . N ew Jersey......... N ew Y ork .......... N orth Carolina. Ohio.............. Pennsylvania__ Tennessee.......... . Virginia________ W isconsin______ 3 18 3 9 40 75 23 0) 9 49.2 45.7 51.6 0) 44.5 48.4 53.9 49.3 0) 50.0 50.0 8 8 8 1 T a b le C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in seven specified occupations, 1931, by sex and State— Continued Occupation, sex, and State Total................. Veneerers. female: Illinois_________ Indiana_________ M ichigan............. N ew Jersey_____ Ohio.................... . Pennsylvania___ W isconsin............ Total................. 2 8 19 16 3 85 90 23 1 3 16 2 1 (0 4 131 5 0) Aver age full time hours per week ' 46.0 50.6 52.8 (0 2 7 5 72 26 729 52.5 17 0) (0 7 13 3 6 Over 48, un 49H der 49^ 48 75 38 6 52^ Over 52H, un der 54 54 Over 54, un der 55 3 3 21 6 0 7 57, un der 60 60, and over 9 17 13 ) 17 3 J14 2 5 Over 55, un der 57 55 2 2 (0 3 1 58 25 2 4 11 1 io 70 -------13 8 43 3 2 22 --- . 1 72 26 7 13 ===== 16 271 3 <9 52.6 50.0 49.5 50.0 <9 50.0 50.4 Over 50, un der 52J/2 50 8 1 6 (0 i For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total. Over 44, un der 48 44 (0 52.4 55.0 54.3 53.5 52.5 55.0 55.0 70 11 U n der 44 48.0 50.0 .......... ......... 52.0 53.7 21 88 2 102 10 8 N um ber of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were— 2 27 J— 61 21 281 21 1 — 1 3 1 1 3 1 13 3 6 (0s ! 5 31 _ WAGES AND HOXJJiS OF LiABOK Veneerers, male: California............ Illinois_________ Indiana................ K entucky______ M aryland............ Massachusetts.. M ichigan_______ M issouri.............. N ew Jersey_____ N ew Y ork ........... N orth Carolina. Ohio.................. Pennsylvania___ Tennessee........ V irginia............... W isconsin............ N um N um ber of of estab ber wage lish earners ments APPENDIX FACTORY TERMS OF OCCUPATIONS, WITH DEFINITIONS, AND CLASSIFI CATION BY BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Factory term Definition (See Scooping-machine operator)............................................. Uses a hand brush or spray gun, to apply stains in a special process to produce on new furniture shadings which would appear on antiques. Apprentice.................. . Learns the work of a particular occupation or trade under a contract to serve a specified number of years. Assembler and cabi Assembles various parts of wood, which have been cut and netmaker. dressed in the machine department, to form sections or completed units of furniture. The joints of the various pieces are usually coated with hot glue, driven up tightly and clamped to hold in place until dry. Nails and screws are also used to fasten the joints. The term also includes those who fit and adjust uneven joints and repair broken or damaged parts. (See Back maker)........................................................................ Assembler, backs.. (See Chair assembler)................................................................ Assembler, chairs., (See Back maker)........................................................................ Back assembler.. . ____d o............................................................................................ Back driver.. Assembles parts to form backs of chairs or of other pieces of Back maker.. furniture. Coats joints with hot glue, drives them up tightly, and uses nails, screws, or clamps to hold them in place. Operates a band saw in the form of a narrow endless steel Band sawyer.— — belt running over pulleys, which m ay be used to make curved or angle cuts. It is faster than a jig saw. Uses pencil or other device, with or without a pattern, to Band-saw marker. mark, trace, or describe work to be done b y band sawyer. Tracings, etc., are usually made on stock which is to be cut. Assembles b y gluing, nailing, or screwing together the Bed maker............. various parts to form sections or complete beds. In cludes head, end, and rail makers of wooden beds. (See Belt repairer)....................................................................... Belt fixer....... Fits, adjusts, replaces, and repairs belting of factory ma Belt repairer. chinery. This work is sometimes done b y the mill wright. (See Sander, machine).......................................... .................... Belt sander. . W orks at bench to assemble b y gluing, nailing, or screwing Bench hand.. together various pieces to form a section or complete unit of furniture. Bends b y hand to desired form light pieces of wood, such Bender, hand. as are used for backs of chairs. The pieces, which have previously been steamed to soften the fiber and give flexibility, are placed in clamps to dry, thus giving them permanent form. Operates machine or power press to bend pieces of wood, Bender, machine.. such as are used for backs of chairs or other bent work. The pieces, which have previously been steamed to soften the fiber and give flexibility, are placed in clamps and when dry retain the curved form. (See Machinist; also Tool grinder).......................................... Bit sharpener., Does light or medium forging and general anvil repair work Blacksmith___ on wagons, trucks, or other equipment around factory, and often some tool making. Paints color designs of blended shades on pieces of furniture Blender. b y hand, using a brush. Applies glue with a brush to surface of pieces of lumber Blocker.. which are used to build up blocks or sections to approxi mate size of desired parts, such as table legs, pedestals, etc., and places them in clamps until glue dries. The built-up sections are later converted into pedestals, etc., b y lathe turners. Operates wood-boring machines of either single or multiple Boring - m a c h i n e type to cut holes in stock parts for the reception of screws, operator. bolts, etc., used in fastening parts together. Joins together with hammer and nails parts which form Box maker.. boxes used in shipping the product. Box nailer.. Uses hammer and nails to fasten covers on boxes which have been packed for shipment. (See Carving gluer or taeker).................................................... Bradder, carvings., Bricklayer.............. Uses brick and mortar to repair or construct walls, flues, foundations, etc., about the plant. Adzer operator.. Antiquer______ Classified b y bureau under— Machine hands. Finishers. Other employees. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Machine hands. Other employees. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Other employees. Do. Machine hands. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Other employees. Machine hands. Other employees. Do. Finishers. Gluers, rough-stock. Machine hands. Other employees. Do. Trimmers. Other employees. 47 48 WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classification by Bureau of Labor Statistics —Continued Brushman___ Bull w orker,.. Burlaper.......... Bum er-in........ Cabinet gluer. Cabinetmaker Uses a hand brush to apply stain, varnish, shellac, etc., to surface of furniture parts in process of finishing. Carries frames or pieces of furniture from one depart ment to another; handles bales of excelsior, hair, moss, etc., and does other heavy work about factory. Fastens burlap over cushion springs, using hammer and tacks, when this work is not done b y spring setters. Uses a torch to burn decorative design for the purpose of finishing certain classes of furniture. (See Gluer, cabinets).................................................................. Finishers. Laborers. Other employees. Do. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Do. Assembles parts that have been cut and dressed in machine department. Sometimes designated as 4*bench hand,” “ case fitter,” etc. W ork consists in fitting together parts that form sections or complete units of furniture. H ot glue is applied with a brush to joints, and clamps or other devices are used for forcing them up tight and holding them in place until glue hardens. Bolts, screws, and nails are also used to fasten parts together. Car loader.............. Assists in loading and properly arranging the various Laborers. boxes or crates of furniture in railroad cars or trucks for j transportation. Carpenter............... Does general carpentry repair work around factory and Other employees. yard. Carpenter’s helper Does unskilled work under supervision of carpenter........... Do. Carver, hand......... Uses highly tempered steel chisels and gouges b y hand to Carvers, hand. carve and fashion ornamental designs on such parts as arms and backs of chairs, panels, table legs, feet, etc. Machine-carved pieces are usually finished b y hand carvers. Carver, machine Buns wood-carving machine which usually holds several Carvers, machine. new pieces and the pattern. Operator traces the pattern with an attachment of the machine, thus reproducing several carved pieces of the same design with one opera tion of the macnine. Spindle-wood carving is done one piece at a time b y free hand tracing of the marked patterns. Carving gluer or Uses hot glue or hammer and nails to fasten thin com po or Trimmers. tacker. carved parts to doors, drawers, panels, or other parts of furniture for decorative purposes. Case-clamp man.......... Applies hot glue with hand brush to parts which are to be Assemblers and cab united to form a section or case, forces these parts to inetmakers. gether, and fixes clamps to hold in proper place until dry. Case cleaner (before (See Cleaner, sanding)................................................................ Sanders, hand. finishing). Case fitter.................... Shaves or trims the uneven stock parts which are to be Assemblers and cab assembled so that when united the joints will fit properly. inetmakers. Case gluer.................... (See Cabinetmaker).................................................................. . Do. Case m ak er................ (See Case-clamp m an).............................................................. . Do. Caul-board scraper__ (See Cleaner, caul boards).............. ......................................... Other employees. Chair assembler......... . Assembles and puts together various parts to form com- Assemblers and cab chair, the parts having already been shaped and inetmakers. Slete tted in the machine department; dips dowel pins and other end parts in hot glue, drives tnem up, and then places them in a press or clamp which holds them in position until glue sets firmly. Screws and bolts may also be used to fasten these parts together. Flush joints are trimmed or sanded smooth. Chair blocker............... (See Chair assembler)........................ ...................................... . Do. Chair cleaner, sand (See Cleaner, sanding)............................................................... Sanders, hand. ing. Chair driver................. (See Chair assembler)................................................................. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Chair paperer............. . (See W rapper)............................................................................ . Craters, packers, and wrappers. Chaser, stock.............. . (See Stock chaser)....................................................................... Other employees. Checker....................... . Makes comparison of order with that of materials or parts Do. to ascertain if specified quantity is in each order. Chopper, veneer........ (See Cutter, veneer)................................................................... Veneerers. C h u c k in g -m a c h in e Operates machine which cuts dowel on end of a stock part, Machine hands. operator. instead of using dowel as a separate piece. Clamp man................. . (See Case-clamp m an)................................................................ Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Clamp remover.......... . Loosens clamps and removes them from around veneer Laborers. piles, cases, or other pieces of furniture on which they were used to hold parts together Until glue hardened. Clean-up worker........ . (See Sweeper).............................................................................. Do. 49 FUENITUEE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 , , —Continued Factory terms of occupations with definitions and classification hy Bureau of Labor Statistics Definition Factory term Cleaner, caul b oard s.. Uses a dull instrument b y hand to scrape from caul boards accumulated glue which was squeezed out of veneered panels in the press. Boards are used between veneered panels to prevent sticking and to distribute pressure in the press properly. After scraping, cauls are coated with a mixture of soap and water, allowed to dry, and are then ready for use again. Cleaner, floors___ Uses blunt knife to remove excess glue, or emery paper to Cleaner, sanding. smooth rough joints or surfaces. Nails or screws cleats (extra pieces) on crates or furniture Cleater.................. where necessary, for added strength and protection dur ing shipment. (See Cutter, veneer)................................................................... Clipper, veneer. Applies with a hand brush any of the various coats of filler, Coater................. stain, lacquer, or varnish in the process of finishing fur niture. Prepares paints, stains, and lacquers with specific quan Color mixer. tities of pigments, oil, etc., which are used for finishing processes on furniture. Coinpo gluer or tacker. (See Carving gluer or tacker)...................... ........... ................. .do Compo mounter.......... .d o . Compo tacker.............. Compo worker............. (See Composition worker)......................................................... Composition w ork er.. Presses into molds pastelike mixture of glue and other materials to form designs of carvings, which when dry are known as “ overlays” or “ compo carving.” Works at mechanical conveyor, places materials or parts Conveyor man.. on, or takes them off, at specified places in the factory. System is used to replace trucks. Core patcher, veneer.. (See Repairer, veneer)................................................................ Uses hammer and nails to build crates around pieces of Crate builder.............. furniture for shipment. Crate marker............... (See Marker, shipping crates).................................................... Crater, packer, and Assembles and nails together parts which form crates about pieces of furniture and arranges burlap, excelsior, wrapper. or paper around them for shipment; also may wrap ana pack small parts or pieces in boxes for transportation. Crating sawyer............ Operates power saw to trim boards to specified dimensions. These pieces are used for building crates. Cushion and pad Stuffs moss, hair, or other filling into various pads and cushions used in upholstered furniture. M ay also sew maker. b y hand or machine the seams which form these pads and cushions. (See Cushion and pad maker)................................................. Cushion filler.. . (See Sewer).................................................................................. Cushion sewer.. (See Cushion and pad m aker)............................. .................... Cushion stuffer. Cut-off sawyer............. Cutter, glass................. Cutter, upholstering materials. Cutter, veneer . Deck hand........ Decorator, fastens.. Decorater, paints.. Dipper.................... Disk sander.. Door fitter... D oor framer.. D oor hanger. Door maker. . Dovetailer operator. . . Dowel driver........... passes material over saw table with grain at right angles to saw, gauging one end at each cut. (See Glass cutter)........................................................................ Cuts b y hand or machine leather or fabric materials which are used for making cushions, pads, etc., and for uphol stering furniture. Uses hand shears or band or circular saw to cut pieces of veneer to specified lengths or widths. Handles furniture on loading platform and assists in plac ing it on trucks or freight cars for shipment. (See Carving gluer or tacker).................................................... Paints with a hand brush floral or other designs on special pieces of furniture. Dips low-grade chairs and other small pieces into a vat or tank of paint, stain, or varnish for finishing coat. (See Sander, machine)................................................................ Uses a plane b y hand to shave or smooth the edges of doors or door posts, and makes other adjustments to permit the doors to open and close easily. (See Door maker)....................................................................... Fits and puts on hinges and locks, and makes adjustments of doors so they will open and close easily. Assembles various parts to form a complete door. Uses hand brush to apply coat of hot glue to parts which are to be joined, drives them up tightly, and adjusts clamps to hold them securely until dry. The doors may be rein • forced with screws or nails. Feeds stock parts into woodworking machine which makes cuts for a dovetail joint on each. Dips point of dowel in hot glue and drives it into dowel socket or hole. A dowel is a small round piece of wood used to join two other pieces and m ay be used as a sub stitute for mortise asd tenon. 136825°— 32------ 5 Classified b y bureau under Other employees. Laborers. Sanders, hand. Craters, packers, and wrappers. Veneerers. Finishers. Other employees. Trimmers. Do. Do. Other employees. Do. Do. Veneerers. Craters, packers,and wrappers. Other employees. Craters, packers, and wrappers. Machine hands. Cushion and makers. pad Do. Sewers. Cushion and pad makers. Machine hands. Other employees. Cutters (upholster ing materials). Veneerers. Laborers. Trimmers. Finishers. Do. Machine hands. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Do. Do. Do. Machine hands. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. 50 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR , , —Continued Factory terms of occupations with definitions and classification by Bureau of Labor Statistics Dowel-machine opera tor. Drawer fitter............... Drawer liner. Drawer maker. Drier, veneer.. Driver-up........ Drum sander. Dry-house tender. Dry-kiln boss........ Dry-kiln laborer. Dry-kiln man.. D uller............... Edge roller.. Electrician.. Electrician’s helper.... Elevator operator____ End-clamp man.. End maker.......... Equalizing sawyer. Feeder, glue spreader (veneer). Fiber picker................ Filer............................. Filler...................... Feeds square stock into dowel-making machine which cuts Machine hands. it into round rods of desired diameter. Uses hand plane or scraper to smooth edges, to true up Assemblers and cabangles, and otherwise to adjust the drawers so that they binetmakers. slide easily. Glues velveteen, or other lining material, to inside bottoms Trimmers. and sometimes to entire inside, of buffet, bureau, or dresser drawers which are to be used for storage of silver, etc. H ot glue is applied with a hand brush and the lin ing pressed down smoothly over it. Assembles various parts to form a complete drawer, applies Assemblers and cab hot glue with a brush to parts which are to be united, inetmakers. forces joints up tightly, using nails or screws to reinforce these parts; also uses clamps when necessary to hold parts in place until glue hardens. Veneer is redried to eliminate any moisture which m ay Other employees. have accumulated while waiting to be used. Sheets of veneer are placed one at a time between steam-heated metal plates of drying machine, which is mechanically operated. This process is to prevent veneer from check ing. (See Cabinetmaker).................................................................. . Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Operates machine having a cylinder covered with sand Machine hands. paper. Stock parts are fed one at a time under the cyl inder or are held b y hand over the top of it to produce a smooth surface. (See Dry-kiln boss).................................................................... Other employees. Supervises loading of lumber on kiln trucks, placing of Do. trucks into dry kiln, removal of contents when dry, and also watches temperature of kiln. Stacks lumber on trucks, so arranging it as to leave air Laborers. spaces between the pieces, pushes trucks into drying kilns, and removes lumber when dry. All work is di rected b y kiln boss. (See Dry-kiln laborer).............................................................. D o. Surfaces of pieces of furniture on which dull effect is de Finishers. sired are gone over with a rag and crude oil, or ordinary wax m ay t>e applied b y hand with fine sandpaper to pro duce the effect. This work is done as a final operation. Uses cotton or other stuffing material over which pieces of Cushion and pad canvas or burlap are pulled and tacked in place to form makers. arm rests for chairs, sofas, davenports, etc. These parts are later covered with upholstery. Repairs defects or makes necessary changes in wiring of Other employees. lights or ignition about the factory. W orks un ier supervision of electrician................. ................ Do. Operates elevator for hoisting or lowering employees or D o. materials from one floor to another. (See Case-clamp m an)......................................................... ...... Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Assembles and fits together parts to form a section of a D o. piece of furniture, and uses nails, screws, or glue with clamps to fasten them securely. Passes material over saw table with grain at right angles to Machine hands. two saws running at the same speed. Used for making large lots of short pieces of specified lengths. (See Glue spreader, veneer)................................... ................. Veneerers. Fitter, cases,. (See Moss picker).................................................................... (See Saw filer)...................................................... ............... .... Uses hand brush to apply a solution of pyrite, rottenstone, or pulverized lava and burnt oil or other mineral filling, and before “ setting" rubs it with soft shavings or burlap crosswise of the grain, removing the surplus filler; then rubs it lengthwise with a felt or soft cloth until the sur face is entirely clean. After filler has been applied, always with a surplus, and is about to “ set,” the wiper uses soft wood shavings, rags, waste, etc., to wipe off the surplus and rubs surface until clean. Applies with hand brush filler, varnish, lacquer, and stains of various kinds to finished surface of parts or completed pieces; also does high lighting, dull finishings, graining, dipping, etc. (See Case fitter)......... ........................................................ ........ Fitter, doors___ Fitter, drawers.. (See Door fitter)......................................................................... (See Drawer fitter)............. ........... .......... ............................. Filler wiper. Finisher.. Other employees. D o. Finisheis. D o. D o. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. D o. Do. 51 FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classification by Bureau of Labor Statistics— Continued Fitter, glass................. Fitter-up...................... Fluting-machine oper ator. Frame maker _ Framer................. . Furniture m over.. Gimp tacker. Glass cutter.. Glass fitter.. Glass setter................. Glue-machine feeder, veneer. Glue mixer.................. Glue sizer.. Glue spreader, roughstock. Glue spreader, veneer. (See Glass fitter)........................................................................ . (See Upfitter)............................................................................... Operates a woodworking machine which cuts either chan nels or beads parallel and lengthwise, such as are seen on table and chair legs, columns, and bed posts. This operation can be and often is done on an upright molder. Assembles skeleton or frame of a case, door, mirror, or chair or other piece. Uses a brush to coat ends or joints with hot glue, drives them up tightly, and fastens in place with nails, screws, or clamps. (See Frame maker) ..................................................................... Transfers, b y hand truck, furniture to any part of the fac tory where needed. Uses hammer and small nails to fasten a narrow strip of leather or cloth tape over the raw edge where the uphol stering materials join. Uses a diamond or other glass-cutting device to cut such glass parts as are used for mirrors, cabinets, china closets, etc., which are not of stock size. Fits, adjusts, and fastens glass into china closets or other cabinets, mirrors into frames, and also attaches hardware which unites the mirror frame to its frame holders. (See Glass fitter).......................................................................... (See Glue spreader, veneer)...................................................... Prepares glue for use. Heated glue is almost universally used in furniture making, and is bought in either flake, chip, thin cakes, or powder. This is usually soaked in cold water for about 2 0 minutes and then heated in a double boiler or glue pot, after hot water has been added. Am ount of hot water varies with desired consistency. Applies coat of glue with a hand brush to designated parts which are later to be covered b y pasting on cloth, leather, or paper. (See Gluer, rough- stock)........................................................... Trimmers. D o. M achine hands. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Do. Laborers. Trimmers. Other employees. Trimmers. Do. Veneerers. Other employees. D o. Gluers, rough-stock. Veneerers. Gluer, carvings___ Gluer, cases........... Feeds pieces of veneer into machine between two revolving rollers set one above the other, the lower roller revolving in a pan of glue, thus coating one side of each piece as it passes through the machine. Spreads hot glue with a hand brush on the edge of each board which has already been planed to fit. These boards are then placed edge to edge in the clamps of the slowly revolving glue wheel to form wide sections, such as are used for table and desk tops or other similar parts. Glue hardens sufficiently in one revolution of wheel so that when it is full a dry section is taken off and replaced with a wet one. These replacements are repeated. T he face of the wheel is several feet wide and each set of pieces is spokewise from the “ hub.” Applies hot glue with a hand brush to small blocks of wood and sticks these on inside corners of bureaus, tables, etc., to give added strength and support; also glues on drawer guides or slides. Applies hot glue with a hand brush to joints of various parts or sections which form a cabinet, drives them up, and clamps or nails them in place. (See Carving gluer or tacker)............................................... . (See Gluer, cabinets)................................................. ................. Gluer, clamps........ Gluer, com po_____ Gluer, heavy-stock Gluer, joints.......... (See (See (See (See Gluer, overlays___ Gluer, rough-stock. (See Carving gluer or tacker)..................................................... Spreads hot glue with a brush on edges of boards or parts which are to be joined and draws them tightly together with clamps in which they are left until dry. W orks at bench, using a hand brush to apply hot glue to Assemblers and cab inetmakers.. joints of small parts or sections which are to be assembled, and presses them firmly together and, if necessary, uses clamps to hold them until dry. (See Glue spreader, veneer)................... ......................... ......... Veneerers. (See Lumber grader)^................................................................ Other employees. Glue-wheel hand.. Gluer, blocks_____ Gluer, cabinets___ Gluer, small parts. Gluer, veneer........ Grader, lu m b e r... Glue-wheel hand)............................................................... Carving gluer or tacker).................................................... Gluer, rough-stock)............................................................. Gluer, cabinets)................................................................... Gluers, rough-stock. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Do. Trimmers. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Gluers, rough-stock. Trimmers. Gluers, rough-stock. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Trimmers. Gluers, rough-stock. 52 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR , , —Continued Factory terms of occupations with definitions and classification by Bureau of Labor Statistics Grainer, hand.. Grainer, machine _ Grinder, knife_______ Grinder, tools............. Groove-machine oper ator. Hair p ic k e r ............... Hand g lu e r ............... Hand-press operator, veneer. Handy man................ Applies with a brush a coat of stain (usually lighter than previous color) and while still wet draws simulation of grain ofwood on surface with a tool called a graining com b; then blends these colors b y brushing gently with the tip of a soft, clean brush; or permits undercoat to dry, then covers it with a darker color, draws false grain free hand with a folded cloth, and finishes it b y brushing it lightly. Sometimes a rubber roller containing the grain pattern is used. Feeds pieces which are to be grained into machine con sisting of two rollers, one of which is made of gelatin with its surface so prepared that it prints an imitation grain upon the part coming in contact with it. Irregular sur faces and edges are grained b y being held against the roller. (See Knife grinder).................................................................... . (See Tool grinder)...................................................................... . Feeds, adjusts, and controls machine which cuts grooves of desired width and depth, with grain of wood, such as m ay be seen in sides of a bureau drawer where the bottom is placed. Takes hair from bales and feeds it into machine which tears or pulls it apart and removes any sticks, burrs, or other foreign substances that would cause unevenness in cushions or upholstered parts. (See Gluer, cabinets)......... ...................................................... . (See Pressman, veneer).............................................................. A n employee of some degree of skill who has no regular specified duties, but does work in various positions as required, often substituting for absentees. Heavy-stock gluer___ (See Gluer, rough-stock)........................................................... Helper.......................... Assists in spray booth or around machines b y passing materials to operator or removing parts from machines. Includes such workers as off-bearers, tail boys, and other general helpers throughout factory, handling parts of product. (Does not include real apprentices or laborers.) Uses steel wool, cloth, or other material to scrape or reduce High-lighter. color in specified sections of freshly stained pieces of fur niture which are to receive this process. Removal of part of the stain is done without showing sharp contrast, thus creating a shadowy or clouded finish. Shadows are thus produced when the next coat of transparent stain or varnish is applied. Another method is to spray portions of light-colored wood with dark stains to produce the desired color tones. Hog-machine feeder... Feeds waste lumber into machine which grinds it into small pieces for fuel purposes. (See Putty m an).......................................................................... Hole filler.. Examines parts at various stages of manufacture, and also Inspector.. assembled and finished product to see that proper mate rial has been used, parts assembled correctly, drawers slide easily, doors open and shut without binding, and that various coats of finish are up to specifications. Instructor...................... Teaches new employees in the performance of their duties, especially the operation of machines. Jig sawyer. ................... Operates very narrow, thin, vertical saw which works rap idly up and down through table of machine. It is used for cutting thin material, may cut patterns of scroll, and makes curves and sharp angles without binding the saw. Joiner, veneer............... (See Taper, veneer)................................................................... . Joint gluer..................... (See Gluer, cabinets)................................................................. . Jointer operator........... Knife grinder................ Laborer.......................... Lacer, springs............... Lacquer mixer.............. Lacquerer, brush work. Lacquerer, spray......... Lathe sander................. Finishers. D o. Other employees. D o. Machine hands. Other employees. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Veneerers. Other employees. Gluers, rough-stock. Helpers. Finishers. Laborers. Finishers. Other employees. D o. M achine hands. Veneerers. Assemblers and cabi netmakers. Machine hands. Feeds boards or other pieces of lumber into machine which dresses or cuts edge of each to a straight even surface so that any two pieces placed together will fit evenly. Operates grinding devices, such as emery or sandstone Other employees. wheels, and m ay use oilstones to sharpen blades and cutting tools of various woodworking machines. Performs com m on unskilled work about plant or yard, Laborers. such as trucking or carrying materials, loading and un loading cars, sweeping, etc. (See Spring tier)........................................................................... Spring setters. (See Color m ixer)......................................................................... Other employees. Applies lacquer with a hand brush to finished surface of Finishers. parts of completed pieces. (See Sprayer).............................................................................. . Sprayers. (See Sander, m achine)................................................................ M achine hands, 53 FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classification by Bureau of Labor Statistics— Continued Lathe turner.. Layout man, pattern. Layout man, routing. Layer-on, veneer........ Linderman operator— Loader.......................... Lock-machine opera tor. Lugger................. Lumber grader. _ Lumber handler Lumber piler___ Lumber scaler. Lumber stacker. M&chine carver. Machine h a n d .. Machine repairman... Machine repairman’s helper. Machine sander........... Machine setter........... . Machinist..................... Machinist 's helper. . . Marker, for band saw.. Marker, s h i p p i n g crates. Marker, veneer............ Marquetry worker___ Operates wood-turning lathe. Hand turner places stock Detween chucks of lathe and runs it at high speed while design is worked out free hand b y tilting the skew gouge or chisel over a rest. Machine turning, however, is chiefly automatic; cutting devices are set in position and stock placed in chucks of lathe which is operated at high Machine hands. Another method is known as “ back-knife” or full auto matic, which produces a specific design b y automatic control. Uses specifications as guide to draw a layout, which is a Other employees. pattern or design o f the work to be followed b y the workmen. Lays out a plan of sequence of operations to be followed in Do. course of manufacture, what machines are to be used to perform each operation and sometimes which workman shall perform certain operations. Stands back of glue-spreading machine, receives each Veneerers. piece of glue-coated veneer as it comes from the machine, and places it on stock to which it is to be glued. The next base (cheap wood to be veneered) is then placed on top of this, ready to receive the next piece of veneer. Operates machine known as Linderman. Pieces of wood Machine hands. stock are fed into the machine which cuts a lock or wedge tongue on one piece, while on another is cut a matched groove. These parts are automatically coated with glue and, m oving in opposite directions toward center, the tongue is slipped into the groove, thus building a wider piece. This operation is repeated to form much wider pieces. (See Car loader; also Truck loader).......................................... . Laborers. Runs machine which cuts out section of wood from part of Machine hands. drawer or cabinet into which the lock is later fitted. Sometimes a dado or mortising machine m ay be used, this being governed b y the lock used. Transfers pieces of furniture b y hand or truck to various Laborers. parts of factory where needed or to shipping platform. Examines lumber to determine b y fixed rules its standard Other employees. of quality. Performs general work about yard, such as unloading lum Laborers. ber from railroad cars, stacking it in yard or sheds, and getting out stocks of lumber for machine department. Do. (See Stacker, lumber).................................................................. Estimates quantity of lumber needed for various parts, Other employees. finished pieces, or a given number of articles. (See Stacker, lum ber)................................................................. Laborers. (See Carver, machine)................................................................ Carvers, machine. Operates any of various woodworking machines used for Machine hands. boring, lathe turning, planing, ripping, sanding, sawing, etc., of wood parts which go into the product or into crates or boxes. Operation of each of these machines is defined and arranged alphabetically in this glossary. Tears down, makes necessary repairs, sets up, and adjusts Other employees. any machine tool needing repair. A workman with some mechanical skill who helps in hand Do. ling heavy tools or parts, and assists in making repairs, under supervision of repairman. (See Sander, m achine)................................................................ Machine hands. Sets up and adjusts cutting tools, regulates guides and Other employees. other parts about machines which are to be operated b y other workmen. A skilled and experienced workman who repairs, adjusts, Do. or sets machine tools to be operated b y other workmen; maintains machinery in proper running order and some times grinds tools and files and sets saws. An employee with some mechanical skill who assists in Do. making repairs, setting up or adjusting machines, or other similar work, under supervision of machinist. (See Band-saw marker).............................................................. Do. Prints name and address of consignee on shipping crates, Do. using paint cup, brush, and stencil. Uses a pattern to draw diagrams on pieces of rough veneer Veneerers. to show specified shapes or sizes into which it is to be cut. Inlays ornamental woods of different tints so as to form Do. designs or shapes, these small pieces being fixed in with glue. Designs are usually built up of wide pieces ve neered together, the outer edge forming the design. This is sliced on with a thin saw into many repeats of the same 54 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR , , —Continued Factory terms of occupations with definitions and classification by Bureau of Labor Statistics Matcher-up.. Matches colors, tints, shades, and grains of various pieces or completed furniture belonging in a group or suite, or of lumber or parts which are to be united to produce a uniform appearance in the finish of completed pieces. Matcher, veneer. Selects and arranges pieces of veneer so that when cut and fitted together the color and grain in the several pieces will match and form figures and designs of the wood. These designs are used on drawer fronts, panels, and tops of various pieces. (See Machine repairman)......................................................... M echanic... Millwright.. A n experienced power-transmission man who is capable of setting up and aligning machinery under unfavorable conditions. In small plants m ay also set and file saws, sharpen tools, and frequently repair machines. Millwright’s helper. - . A person with some mechanical skill who assists in setting up and aligning machinery, repairing tools, etc., under supervision of millwright. Mirror-frame maker.. (See Frame maker).................................................................... . Miter sawyer.............. Mixer, glue___ Mixer, lacquer. Mixer, p a in ts.. Molding-machine op erator. M ortiser___ Moss picker.. M ov er................. M ultiple carver. Nash sander------ Off-bearer, m achine.. O ff-b e a r e r , s p r a y booth. Oiler, finishing............ Oiler, machinery........ Other employees. Overlay gluer or tacker. Packer.......................... Pad m aker.. Operates cross-cut saw, making angles or miters on ends of lumber. Edge miters are ripped on a universal saw. (See Glue mixer).......................................................................... (See Color m ixer)........................................................................ ___ do............................................................................................. Sticks strips of lumber, one at a time, into machine which trims its edges to designated form or shape. Operates machine which cuts a recess called a mortise into a piece of wood for reception of tenon of another piece. Feeds moss used for cushions, pads, etc., into special gin ning machine which combs it and removes dirt, leaves, sticks, and other materials that would cause unevenness j in cushions or upholstered parts. (See Furniture m over)............................................................... (See Carver, machine)............................................................ . Operates sanding machine used for smoothing surfaces of round parts. A special device on this machine is con structed of narrow strips of sandpaper which form a brashlike mass under which the spindle or round stock is revolved at high speed; thus strips of sandpaper find and smooth the curved surfaces and beads of these parts. Stands back of woodworking machines, receives stock parts as they com e from machine, and piles them on trucks for transfer later to other workmen. M oves away from sprayer pieces of furniture which have been sprayed. (See Filler)......................................... ....................................... Cleans and oils shaft bearings, pulleys, motors, and other working parts of factory power-transmission equipment, or the machines themselves. This group includes all occupations in the industry other than the classified occupations. Each occupation had too few workers in number to warrant separate tabula tion, and is defined and arranged alphabetically in this glossary. (See Carving gluer or tacker).................................................... Arranges burlap, excelsior, or paper around pieces of furni ture and puts them in crates, or wraps and packs small parts or sections in boxes for shipment. M a y also build crates around large pieces of futniture. (See Cushion and pad maker)................................................. . Panel framer............... (See Color m ixer)....................................................................... Applies with a hand brush paint or stains to pieces of fur niture. (See Frame maker)................ ............. — ................................ Paperer, chairs.......... (See W rapper).......................... Paint mixer. Painter........ Patcher, cabinet work. (See Repairer, cabinet w ork). Patcher, up h olstery... (See Repairer, upholstery).................. Patcher, varnish, shel (See Repairer, varnish, shellac, etc.).. lac, etc. Patcher, veneer.......... (See Repairer, veneer)..............................................— .......... Patternmaker............. Operates any of the woodworking machines necessary to fashion and shape wood patterns used in cutting or as sembling pieces of furniture and, when necessary, as sembles parts to form patterns. Other employees. Veneerers. Other employees. D o. D o. Assemblers and cabi netmakers. Machine hands. Other employees. D o. D o. Machine hands. D o. Other employees. Laborers. Carvers, machine. Machine hands. Helpers. Laborers. Finishers. Other employees. D o. Trimmers. Craters, packers, and wrappers. Cushion and pad makers. Other employees. Finishers. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Craters, packers, and wrappers. Assemblers and cabi netmakers. Upholsterers. Finishers. Veneerers. Other employees. 55 FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classification by Bureau of Labor Statistics— Continued Assists patternmakers in preparing and cutting patterns.. (See Stacker, lum ber)................................................................. (See Stock piler).......................................................................... Makes necessary repairs and adjustments in gas, steam, or water supply and waste systems of factory. Pipe fitter’s helper___ Helps in handling heavy tools and pipe, cutting and thread ing pipes, screwing ends, etc., as directed b y pipe fitter. Planer operator___ Feeds rough lumber into machine which, with revolving knives, dresses or smoothes it to an even, clean surface and specified thickness. Stitches, b y hand or machine, pleats which form parts of Pleat sewer. tops or sides of cushions, pads, or other sections of uphol stery. Installs and repairs gas or water supply and waste systems P lum ber.. about factory. Plumber’s helper__ (See Pipe fitter’s helper)............................................................ Polisher and rubber.. . Rubs b y hand or machine each coat of dry finish to smooth the surface of pieces of furniture, using a cloth, felt brush, j or rottenstone with pumice and water, crude oil and pumice, or similar preparation, and, to produce desired finish, last coat is given a polish. Post gluer-.................... (See Glue-wheel hand).............................................................. Pressman, veneer------ Places piles of freshly glued veneer panels in hand or power press, closes press tightly against them, and fastens clamps to hold them in position. These clamped piles are then removed from press and stacked until thorough ly dry. Uses fingers and putty knife to fill with putty small holes, P utty man........... dents, and like imperfections in the surface of parts to be finished. This treatment is closely confined to cheaper grades of furniture. Runs woodworking machine which cuts recesses in the Rabbet operator. edge of pieces of stock for reception of the lip of other pieces. These pieces are fed one at a time into the ma chine and m ay be made to fit at an angle or straight. (See Bed maker)............................................................ ........... . Rail maker........... Patternmaker’s helper. Piler, lum ber............... Piler, stock................... Pipe fitter-.................... Other employees. Laborers. Do. Other employees. Do. Machine hands. Sewers. Other employees. Do. Polishers and rub bers. Gluers, rough-stock. Veneerers. Finishers. Machine hands. Assemblers and cabi netmakers. Checks materials received on invoices, noting shortages, Other employees. substitutions, or any other irregularities. (See Drier, veneer)...................................................................... Do. Redrier, veneer__ Uses hand brush or spray gun to apply varnish, shellac, or Finishers. Refinisher............. other stains to refinish pieces of furniture after cabinet repair work has been done, or changes the finish b y sand papering the surface and refinishing it b y applying new coats of varnish, lacquer, etc. (See also Finisher). Repairer, cabinetwork. Repairs broken or defective parts rejected b y inspectors Assemblers and cabi and which require cabinetwork. netmakers. Repairer, m achines.... (See Machine repairman).......................................................... Other employees. Repairer, u ph olstery.. Repairs torn, damaged, or defective sections of upholster Upholsterers. ing rejected b y inspectors. R ep airer, va rn ish , Uses hand brush or spray gun to apply varnish, shellac, or Finishers. shellac, etc. other stains for repair of defective or marred surfaces or pieces of furniture rejected b y inspectors. Repairer, veneer. Repairs broken, cracked, blistered, or mismatched ve Veneerers. neered parts rejected by inspectors. Operates thin-blade band saw filed and set to cut a narrow Machine hands. Resaw sawyer___ kerf, splitting 1 -inch or heavier lumber into thin boards as it is fed on edge over the saw table between two up right rollers placed immediately before the saw so as to hold the board steady as the saw passes through. Retoucher................... (See Repairer, varnish, shellac, etc.)...................................... . Finishers. Revolving-press oper (See Glue-wheel hand)............................................................... Gluers, rough-stock. ator. Rip sawyer................. . Feeds lumber over saw table to a saw which cuts with the M achine hands. grain of the wood, gauging one dimension or section at a time. Rough-stock gluer___ (See Gluer, rough-stock) _ .......................................................... Gluers, rough-stock. Routing-machine op Runs woodworking machine with rapidly revolving verti Machine hands. cal spindle and cutter, used for scooping out the surface erator. of pieces of wood. (See Polisher and rubber)......................................................... Polishers and rub R ubber............. bers. Sample maker .. Assembles with extreme care complete pieces of furniture Assemblers and cabi netmakers. to be used in sample rooms. Sander, belt......... (See Sander, m achine)................................................................ Machine hands. Do. Sander, disk......... do. Sander, drum ............... | (See Drum sander) . Do. Receiving clerk. _ 50 WAGKS ANJ) HUUKS OF LABOK , , —Continued Factory terms of occupations with definitions and classification by Bureau of Labor Statistics Sander, hand.. Sander, lathe.............. Sander, machine........ Sander, spindle.......... Saw filer...................... Saw filer’s helper....... Sawyer, band............. Sawyer, cratings........ Sawyer, cut-off........... Sawyer, equalizing... Sawyer, jig.................. Sawyer, miter............. Sawyer, resaw............ Sawyer, rip................. Sawyer, swing. ......... Sawyer, trimmer....... Sawyer, universal___ Sawyer, veneer....... . Sealer, lum ber. ......... Scoopmg-machine op erator. Scraper, caul boards.. Scraper, hand............. Scraper, machine........ Seat maker, uphol stery. Seat scooper, hand___ Seat scooper, machine. Set-up m an................... Setter, machine........... Setter, springs.............. Setter, tools................... Sewer............................. Sewing-machine oper ator. Shader.................. Shaper operator.. S h e lla e k e r , b r u s h work. Shellaeker, spray......... Shipping clerk............. Shipping-crate marker Shipping laborer.......... Side-rail maker.. Slasher................ Spindle carver. Spindle sander.. t’ ses sand or emery paper or steel wool b y hand, in cabinet department, to smooth rough joints or surfaces, sanding of which has been omitted in the machine room. In fin ishing department, surfaces are sanded after they have been filled and stained, and sometimes after other coats, depending on the finish desired. (See Sander, machine) .............................................................. Operates any of the sanding machines, as belt, disk, drum, lathe, spindle, etc., used for smoothing the surface of various stock parts. These parts are fed one at a time into the machine. (See Sander, machine)................................................................ Sharpens, b y hand with a file, teeth of saws for various woodworking machines. Also sets cutting width of saw s. Works under supervision of saw filer...................................... (See Band sawyer)...................................................................... (See Crating sawyer)................................................................... (See Cut-off sawyer)............................................ ...................... (See Equalizing sawyer)........................................................... . (See Jig sawyer)................................................................... ....... (See M iter sawyer)...................................................................... (See Resaw sawyer)...................................................... .............. (See R ip sawyer)......................................................................... (See Swing sawyer)................. ..................... ............................. (See Trimmer sawyer)................................................................ (See Universal sawyer)............................................................... (See Cutter, veneer).................................................................... (See Lumber scaler)................................ ............. .................... Operates woodworking machine which cuts out saddle form of wooden chair seats. This scooping operation is usually completed later by hand. (See Cleaner, caul boards)......................................................... Uses special hand tool, known as “ spokeshave,” which consists of a curved-edge cutting knife with end handles for dressing and smoothing sharply curved parts, as chair seats, legs, etc. (See Scooping-machine operator).................................. .......... Adjusts hair, moss, or other stuffing material in place over springs to form seat, pulls leather or tapestry evenly over these materials and uses hammer and small tacks to fasten them in place. Uses special hand tool to scoop or cut out saddle form of wooden chair seats or complete the work on seats partly scooped b y machine. (See Scooping-machine operator)................ ............................ (See Machine s e t t e r ) ________________ __________________ .d o .. (See Spring setter)...................................................................... (See Machine setter).................................................................. Stitches, b y hand or machine, seams of cushions and pads; also false pleats that form part of the fronts of various articles of upholstered furniture. Runs power sewing machine to stitch seams of cushions and pads; also false pleats that form part of the fronts of various articles of upholstered furniture. (See High-lighter)...................................................................... . Runs woodworking machine, especially used for moldings and other work with curved edges, which has revolving cutting knives on the head of a spindle upright in the center of the machine bed, the work being fed b y hand. This machine is often termed “ variety m older.” Applies shellac with a hand brush to finished surface of parts or complete pieces. (See Sprayer).............................................................................. . Supervises shipment of finished product b y truck or train, maintains records of quantity and dates of shipments, destinations, etc. (See Marker, shipping crates)................................................. . Handles furniture in shipping room or on loading platform and assists in placing it on trucks or freight cars for shipment. (See Bed m aker)........................................................................ . Sanders, hand Machine hands. Do. T)o. Other employees. Do. Machine hands. Do. Do. Do. Do. D o. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Veneerers. Other employees. Machine hands. Other employees. Assemblers and cabi netmakers. Machine hands. Upholsterers. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Machine hands. Other employees. Do. Spring setters. Other employees. Sewers. D o. Finishers. Machine hands. Finishers. Sprayers. Other employees. Do. Laborers. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Operates saw which cuts long boards into sizes of roughly Machine hands. desired lengths. This is first operation in conversion of lumber into furniture. Object to be carved is marked and held free hand against Carvers, machine. revolving tools of high-speed spindle while the marked designs are being traced. It is highly skilled, free-hand carving. (See Sander, machine).......................... ......... .......... ............... Machine hands. 57 FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931 , —Continued Factory terms of occupations, with definitions and classification by Bureau of Labor Statistics Definition Factory term Sprayer.......... Spring lacer.. Spring setter. Operates spray gun to apply paint, shellac, varnish, etc., to finished surface of parts or completed pieces. This work is usually done In a booth specially designed for this purpose. (See Spring tier).......................................................................... Places springs in proper position in frame; uses cord, espe cially prepared for this purpose, to lace and tie them firmly ana securely in place so that they will form an even surface. A canvas covering is then stretched over them and fastened around the edges with small tacks. The proper lacing of these springs is the most difficult part of the work. Spring tier........... Uses cord especially prepared for this purpose to lace and tie springs firmly and securely in place so that they will form an even surface. This work is usually done by spring setters. Stacker, lum ber-. Unloads lumber from railroad cars or trucks and piles it in sheds under cover, or, if in open yard, arranges it with an incline so that the top of the stack will shed water. Also places cross strips for ventilation purposes between each layer of lumber. These ventilating strips are also sometimes used in storage sheds, depending on condition of lumber. Bemoves tightly clamped piles of veneered panels from presses and stacks them m a dry place until glue thor oughly hardens. Dips stock pieces into a vat of stain, or uses a hand brush to apply it to finished surface of parts or completed pieces. (See Pipe fitter)............................................................................ Feeds strips of lumber into woodworking machine which dresses its two sides with one operation to form pieces of moldings. Stacker, veneer.— Stainer......... ........ Steam fitter......... Sticker operator.. Stitcher........... . Stock assembler . Stock chaser............... Stock-elerk helper___ Stock cutter........ ...... (See Sewer) •- Gets out of storage racks or piles required number of cut parts for various jobs and brings them together for assembler, or selects stocks of lumber from storage sheds as needed for machine department. Maintains a check on orders as to number of pieces being made, stages of progress of work, and when product is expected to be finished. Also looks up delayed parts for orders. Assists in handling supplies for various departments_____ Stool maker................ Operates swing or other saw in cutting to length or to width stock parts of specified dimensions. Piles stock parts or pieces of furniture on trucks or removes them from loaded trucks. Uses truck to transfer parts or completed pieces o f furniture wherever needed about the factory. Arranges lumber or stock parts in stacks or piles, grouped b y sizes, lengths, grade, kinds of lumber, etc. Has charge of supplies, such as paints, stains, etc., trim mings, hardware, ana upholstery materials. Gives out these supplies when needed, maintains records of quan tities on hand, and when and where used. (See Chair assembler)............................. .................................. Striper, hand............ . Stuner, cushions____ (See Decorator, paints)................ ........................ .................... (See Cushion and pad maker)................................................. Stock handler......... Stock mover............... Stock piler.................. Stock-room m an____ Surfacing-m achine operator. Sweeper.................. Classified b y bureau under— Sprayers. Spring setters. Do. Do. Laborers. Veneerers. Finishers. Other employees. Machine hands. Sewers. Laborers. Other employees. Do. Machine hands. Laborers. Do. Do. Other employees. Assemblers and cab inetmakers. Finishers. Cushion and pad makers. (See Planer operator)................................................................. Machine hands. Uses a broom or brush to clean factory floors under and Laborers. around machines and removes refuse. Places material on saw table in a fixed position; the saw, Machine hands. which is suspended, is pulled forward b y hand, cutting cross grain, either at right angles or on a miter. Assembles various parts to form sections or complete tables Assemblers and cab Table maker............. . and uses glue, screws, or nails to fasten them securely inet makers. together. (See Carving gluer or tacker).................................................... Trimmers. Tacker, carvings.. . Do. .......do................................................................................ Tacker, com po........ Do. (See Gimp tacker)....................................................................... Tacker, gim p.......... (See Carving gluer or tacker).................................................... Do. Tacker, overlays.. . (See Off-bearer, machine).......................................................... Helpers. Tail b oy................... Tallym an................ Measures and records amount and grades of lumber stacked Other employees. and taken from stacks or railroad cars. Taper, veneer............... Feeds edges of matched veneer into taping machine, which Veneerers. | joins them with a gummed paper tape fastened to outer . or face side. This gummed paper is removed after the I veneer has been cemented to its base. Swing sawyer........... . 58 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classification by Bureau of Labor Statistics— Continued Factory term Definition (See Clamp remover)......................................................... Runs machine which cuts tenon on end of a wood-stock part to fit into the mortise of another part. Operates grinding machines to sharpen cutting edges of Tool grinder............. bits, blades, cutters, etc., both for hand and machine use, throughout factory. This work is sometimes done by a machinist. Tool setter................ (See Machine setter).......................................................... Tow picker............... Opens bales of tow and feeds it into a machine which loosens it to a uniform condition and removes any foreign substances that would cause unevenness in cushions or upholstered parts. Trim-table operator... (See Trimmer sawyer)....................................................... Trimmer.................... ruts on metal parts, such as handles, knobs, locks, con necting parts for beds and mirrors (which do not require wood fitting), sets glass, pastes linings in drawers, tacks gimp or leather binding on upholstering, and tacks or glues carvings, overlays, or compo parts to fronts of pieces of furniture. Operates saw which trims ends of boards or other pieces to Trimmer sawyer.. a true square by feeding them on a movable table at right angles to saw. (See Cutter, veneer).......................................................... Trimmer, veneer.. Places furniture, stock parts, lumber, or other materials on Truck loader........ trucks for transfer to other parts of factory or for ship ment. Removes furniture, stock parts, lumber, or other materials Truck unloader... from loaded trucks and stores where needed. Pushes loaded or empty trucks about factory. May also Trucker, hand___ load and unload them. (See Lathe turner)............................................................. Turner, automatic. do Turner, hand....... Operates a saw which, with slight adjustments, may be Universal sawyer.. used to rip, crosscut, miter, groove, or otherwise cut stock parts. Tearer down, clamps. Tennoner hand........ Universal woodwork ing-machine opera tor. Unloader, trucks.. Upfitter.............. . Upholsterer.. Utility man.............. Variety molder......... Varnisher, brushwork Vamisher, spray.. Veneer cutter___ Veneer drier......... Veneer joiner...... . Veneer matcher... Veneer pressman.. Veneer sawyer__ Veneer stacker__ Veneer taper....... . Veneerer............. . Waxer.. Welt sewer.... Wrapper........ Yard laborer.. Operates machine known as “ Universal,” which will saw crosscut or rip, joint, shape, bore, or straight mortise stock parts. These operations may be performed singly b y a lone operator or several at a time b y as many operators. (See Truck unloader)........................................................... ...... Puts on metal parts, such as handles, knobs, connecting parts for beds, mirrors, etc., which do not require any cutting or fitting to wood parts. Adjusts hair, moss, or other materials in place over springs which have already been set in the frame and covered with canvas, or over arms, backs, etc.; pulls leather or tapestry evenly over these materials and uses a hammer and small tacks to fasten them in place. Some uphol sterers specialize on certain parts, as arms or backs of chairs. (See Handy man).............................................................. (See Shaper operator)........................................................ Applies varnish with a hand brush to finished surface of parts or complete pieces. (See Sprayer)..................................................................... (See Cutter, veneer).......................................................... (See Brier, veneer)............................................................. See Taper, veneer)........................................................... See Matcher, veneer)........................................................ See Pressman, veneer)...................................................... Bee Cutter, veneer)........................................................... See Stacker, veneer)......................................................... See Taper, veneer)........................................................... This group includes those who perform various kinds of work about the veneer department, as cutters, joiners, glue spreaders, layers-on, markers, matchers, marquetry workers, pressmen, tapers, and repairers of veneer. Each occupation had too few workers in number to war rant separate tabulation, and is defined and arranged alphabetically in this glossary. Applies specially prepared wax with a cloth or felt pad and, when it is about “ set,” rubs it until smooth and dry to produce a highly polished wax finish. Operates power sewing machine to stitch welts or false pleats in cushions for upholstered furniture. Arranges paper or burlap around polished surfaces of pieces of furniture for shipment. Unloads and stacks lumber and gets out stocks of lumber for machine department. Classified b y bureau under— Laborers. Machine hands. Other employees. Do. D o. Machine hands. Trimmers. Machine hands. Veneerers. Laborers. Do. Do. Machine hands. Do. Do. D o. Laborers. Trimmers. Upholsterers. Other employees. Machine hands. Finishers. Sprayers. Veneerers. Other employees. Veneerers. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Polishers and rub bers. Sewers. Craters, packers, and wrappers. Laborers.