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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W . N. DOAK, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
CHARLES E. BALDWIN, Acting Commissioner

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES I
BUREAU OF LABOR STA TIST IC S/
WAGES

AND

HOURS

OF

LABOR

•* •No.571
SERIES

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
IN THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY
1910 TO 1931

/

y

\

NOVEMBER, 1932

UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1932

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.




Price 10 cents




CONTENTS
Page

Trend of hours and earnings, 1910 to 1931_____________________________
Hours and earnings, 1929 and 1931, by sex and State----------------------------Average and classified earnings per hour, 1929 and 1931, by occupation. Classified earnings per hour, 1931, by sex_______________________________
Average and classified full-time hours per week, 1910 to 1931, by occupation.
Changes in full-time hours per day and per week_______________________
Changes in wage rates_________________________________________________
Pay for overtime______________________________________________________
Bonus systems________________________________________________________
Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, 1923 to 1931___________
Importance of the industry____________________________________________
Scope and method_____________________________________ _______________
General tables--------------------------- ------------- --------------------------------------------Table A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked,
average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average
earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by occu­
pation, sex, and State___________________________________________
Table B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in seven specified
occupations, 1931, by sex and State_____________________________
Table C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in seven
specified occupations, 1931, by sex and State____________________
Appendix.— Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classifica­
tion by the Bureau of Labor Statistics_______________________________




h i

1
4
6
8
9
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14
16
17
20
21
23
24

25
35
41
47




BULLETIN OF THE

U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
WASHINGTON

n o . S7i

N o v e m b e r , 1932

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE FURNITURE
INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931
This report presents the results of the study made in 1931 by the
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics of hours and earnings and
other wage conditions in the furniture industry in the United States.
Studies of this industry were also made in each of the years 1910 to
1913 and in 1915 and 1929.
TREND OF HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1910 TO 1931

Summaries of earnings per hour and average full-time hours and
earnings per week for 1931 and for each of the years from 1910 to
1929 in which studies have been made by the bureau are presented
in Table 1. Averages for the industry and index numbers therefor,
with the 1913 average as the base or 100 per cent, are given at the
beginning of the table. Similar figures follow for the wage earners in
each of the important occupations in the industry. The group of
“ other employees” near the end of the table includes wage earners
in all occupations other than those referred to as important occupa­
tions, because no occupation in the group had a sufficient number of
wage earners to warrant the tabulation of averages and index
numbers for it.
Full-time hours per week for the 30,659 wage earners included in
the 1931 study of the industry averaged 51.8 in that year, as compared
with 51.9 in 1929, or a decrease of 0.2 per cent. Earnings per hour
averaged 41.1 cents in 1931, as against 49.0 cents in 1929, or a decrease
of 16.1 per cent, while full-time earnings per week averaged $21.29 in
1931, as against $25.43 in 1929, a decrease of 16.3 per cent.
Average earnings per hour for males in each of the 19 occupations
shown in Table 1 and in the group of “ other employees” were less in
1931 than in 1929. Those for females were less m 12 occupations
and the group of “ other employees” and more in 3 occupations in
1931 than in 1929. Average earnings per hour of males ranged, by
occupations, in 1929 from 30.4 cents for helpers to 95.6 cents for hand
carvers and in 1931 from 23.1 cents for helpers to 74.5 cents for hand
carvers, and of females ranged in 1929 from 22.4 cents for helpers to
47.5 cents for spring setters and in 1931 from 19.5 cents for helpers to
40.5 cents for spring setters.
The industry averages in the table for each of the years 1910 to
1913 and 1915 are for a combination of the wage earners in selected
occupations only and are directly comparable one year with another.




1

2

“WAGJhJS AND HOUKS OF LABOli

Those for 1915, 1929, and 1931 are for a combination of the wage
earners in all occupations in the industry and likewise are comparable
one year with another. The latter figures, however, should not be
compared with those for the years 1910 to 1915.
The index numbers in Table 1 are for the purpose of making the
figures for one year comparable with another over the entire period
from 1910 to 1931. The index for any year from 1910 to 1913 and
1915 for the selected occupations is the per cent that the average
for the year is of the average for 1913. Those for all occupations
for 1929 or 1931 were computed by increasing or decreasing the 1915
index for selected occupations in proportion to the increase or decrease
in the averages for 1929 or in 1931 as compared with the averages for
all occupations in 1915.
Thus it will be seen that average full-time hours per week for the
industry increased from an index of 101.4 in 1910 to 101.7 in 1911,
then decreased to 101.4 in 1912, and continued to drop to an index of
89.8 in 1931. Average earnings per hour decreased from an index of
98.6 in 1910 to 97.3 in 1912, increased to 100.0 in 1913, to 103.2 in
1915, and to 236.3 in 1929, then dropped to 198.2 in 1931. Although
it is noted that average full-time earnings per week followed the same
general trend as earnings per hour, they did not increase or decrease
m the same proportion because of the changes from year to year in
full-time hours per week.
T

able

1*— Average hours and earnings, with index numbers, 1910 to 1981, by
occupation, sex, and year
THE INDUSTRY

AverAver­
Aver­ . age
Num­
age
full­
Num ­
age
full­
ber of ber of
time earn­ time
Year estab­ wage
earn­
ings
lish­
hours
per
ings
ments earners per
per
week hour
week

Occupation and sex

Selected occupations only................ 1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1915
1929
1931

All occupations...................................

128
199
231
232
1 240
1240
312
299

9,398
13.299
16,390
16,723
16,691
25,576
44,870
30,659

58.2 $0.217 $12.56
58.4
.216 12.50
.214 12.41
58.2
.2 2 0
12.58
57.4
57.1
.227 1 2 .8 8
57.4
.214 12.24
51.9
.490 25.43
.411 21.29
51.8

Index numbers
(1913=100)

Full­
time
hours
per
week

101.4
101.7
101.4
1 0 0 .0

Full­
Earn­ time
ings earn­
per
ings
hour
per
week
98.6
98.2
97.3

ICO.O

99.8
99.4
98.6
1 0 0 .0

99.5

103.2

102.4

89.9
89.8

236.3
198.2

2 1 2 .8

101.4
101.9

100.4
101.3
98.2

178.1

!I

BY OCCUPATIONS
Assemblers and cabinetmakers:
Male >...................................................

1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
1931
Female.......................... ....................... 1929
1931

112

169
199
171
203
302
289
13
16

1,966
2,682
3,392
3,373
3,767
5,735
4,207
54
52

58.0 $0,228 $13.22
58.3
.230 13.41
58.1
.223 12.96
57.2
.227 12.98
57.1
.235 13.42
52.1
.560 29.18
51.9
.445 23.10
50.7
.317 16.07
49.7
.283 14.07

1 0 1 .8

103.3
99.8

1 0 1 .6
1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

99.8
91.1
90.7

103.5
246.7
196.0

103.4
224.8
178.0

i T w o sets of averages are shown for this year—1 for selected occupations and 1 for all occupations in the
industry. T he 1910 to 1915 averages for selected occupations are comparable 1 year with another, as are
those for all occupations 1 year with another for 1915, 1929, and 1931.
* In reports prior to 1929 data were published separately for “ cabinetmakers” and “ chair assemblers.”
In this report the figures are for the 2 occupations combined because of the similarity of the work and the
failure of some factories to make a clear-cut distinction between the work of a cabinetmaker and of an
assembler.




3

FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931
T

able

1,—-Average hours and earnings, with index numbers, 1910 to 1981, by
occupation, sex, and year— Continued
B Y O C C U P A T IO N S —Continued

Occupation and sex

Num­
ber of
Year estab­
lish­
ments

Carvers, hand:
M ale..................................................... 1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
1931
Carvers,*macbine:
1915
1929
1931
Craters and packers:
M ale..................................................... 1929
1931
Female____ ______________________ 1929
1931

Index numbers
(1913=100)
Aver­ Aver­ Aver­
age
age
N um ­
full­
age
full­
earn­ time
ber of time
Full­
Full­
ings
Earn­ time
earn­
wage
time
hours
earners
per
ings hours ings earn­
per
per
per
ings
week hour week
per
per
week hour
week

65
76
82
80
97
91
75

315
367
350
352
321
295
161

56.1 $0,313 $17.36
.312 17.28
56.2
.313 17.44
53.3
.317 17.32
55.2
.322 17.73
55.5
.956 46.46
48.6
.745 37.03
49.7

55
138
140

91
394
342

56.6
51.1
51.7

.286
.765
.576

16.12 ............1
39.09
29.78

288
249
34
29

1,931
1,242
132
95

52.8
52.4
50.3
50.6

.435
.365
.331
.252

22.97
19.13
16.65
12.75

1929
1931
1929
1931

68

184
126
57
47

50.0
49.8
50.6
49.1

.571
.514
.353
.334

28.55
25.60
17.86
16.40

1929
1931
Female___________________________ 1929
1931
Finishers:
M ale.................................................... 1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
1931
Female_______________ ___________ 1929
1931
Qluers, rough stock:
Male ___________________________ 1929
1931
Helpers, excluding apprentices:
M ale___________ _________ _______ 1929
1931
Female___________________________ 1 1929
j 1931
Laborers:
Male .... .......................... ................. 1929
1931
Machine hands:
M ale..................................................... 1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
1931
Female......... ............ - ............ - ........ - 1929
1931
Polishers and rubbers : 8
M ale............................. ...................... 1929
1931
Female............. .............................. . 1929
1931
Sanders, hand:
M ale........................ ........................... 1929
1931
Female___________________________ 1929
1931

72
67
42
30

253
178
135
111

50.0
50.3
50.1
49.6

.647
.566
.409
.383

32.35
28.47
20.49
19.00

128
192
228
219
238
297
269
59
32

3,132
4,407
5,290
5,132
5,300
3,164
2,191
251
90

58.5
58.5
58.2
57.3
56.9
52.0
51.6
50.5
50.2

.195
.194
.197
.206
.208
.505
.414
.371
.319

11.40
11.31
11.44
11.79
11.80
26.26
21.36
18.74
16.01

206
178

583
364

52.5
52.3

.460
.379

24.15
19.82

288
236
30
16

3,658
2,322
153
72

52.4
52.6
52.0
51.2

.304
.231
.224
.195

15.93
12.15
11.65
9.98

281
224

2,693
1,505

52.2
52.2

.378
.317

19.73
16.55

121

3,151
4,855

.2 1 2
.2 1 1
.2 1 1

5,817
8,567
6,355
30
16

58.7
58.8
58.5
57.8
57.5
52.4
52.1
51.1
52.4

.217
.223
.512
.428
.293
.310

12.39
12.35
12.30
12.49
12.74
26.83
22.30
14.97
16.24

11

1,897
1,194
33
31

52.7
52.8
52.5
50.9

.507
.403
.300
.259

26.72
21.28
15.75
13.18

249
199
61
45

2,283
1,189
653
301

52.5
52.8
51.6
50.1

.419
.331
.268
.226

2 2 .0 0

Cushion and pad makers:
Female.................................................

58
17
20

Cutters, upholstering materials:
Maie .................. .......................— .

192
226
223
232
296
284
13
8

247
208
14

* Included with finishers, 1910 to 1915, inclusive.




6 ,2 1 2
6 ,6 8 6

17.48
13.83
11.32

1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .8
1 0 2 .0
1 0 0 .0

100.5

98.7
98.4
98.7

1 0 0 .2

1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .6

1 0 0 .0

i

i

99.3
90.8
90.1

1 0 1 .6

101.7
1 0 1 .2
1 0 0 .0

99.5
90.7
90.1

102.4
268.2
213.8

301.6
235.0

8 8 .0

90.0

1 0 2 .1
1 0 2 .1
1 0 1 .6
1 0 0 .0

99.8
100.7

94.7
94.2
95.6

96.7
95.9
97.0

1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .0

1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .1

245.1
2 0 1 .0

222.7
181.2

97.7
97.2
97.2

99.2
98.9
98.5

1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .8

1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .0

235.9
197.2

214.8
178.5

4
T

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

able

1.— Average hours and earnings, with index numbers, 1910 to 1981, by
occupation, sex, and year— Continued
B Y O C C U P A T IO N S —Continued
I

Occupation and sex

Aver­
Aver­
age
Aver­
N um ­
age
Num­
age
full­
ber of ber of
full­
earn­
time
Year estab­
time
wage
earn­
ings
lish­
earners hours
per
ings
per
ments
per
hour
week
week

Sewers:
M ale...................................... .............. 1929
1931
Female.. _......... - ................ ................ 1929
1931
Sprayers: 3
M ale............................. .......... ............ 1929
1931
Female....... ............
............... 1929
1931
Spring setters:
M ale...................... .......... .......... ........ 1929
1931
Female................ ............ ........... ....... 1929
1931
Trimmers:
M ale.................................................... 1929
1931
Female................................................. 1929
1931
Upholsterers:
M ale.................................................... 1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
1931
Female............................. .......... ........ 1929
1931
Veneerers:
M ale..................................................... 1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
1931
Female......................... ............. ......... 1929
1931
Other employees:
M ale.................................................... 1915
1929
1931
Female. _________ ________________ 1915
1929
1931

19
16
92

40
27
932
681

270
235

1,155
813

10
10

22

71
67
5
5

100

Index numbers
(1913=100)

Full­
time
hours
per
week

49.3 $0.670 $33.03
50.5
.578 29.19
49.4
.408 20.16
.374 18.33
49.0

16

52.8
52.4
52.0
48.2

.527
.445
.386
.324

27.83
23.32
20.07
15.62

557
396
57
42

50.0
50.2
49.7
50.1

.507
.444
.475
.405

25.35
22.29
23.61
20.29

215
176
18
7

991
610
89
19

52.2
61.9
50.9
52.1

.506
.432
.314
.205

26.41
22.42
15.98

38
49
54
43
62
151
138
13
16

501
558
583
493
755
2,523
2,119
49
71

55.0
55.8
56.4
56.2
55.3
50.1
50.3
50.3
52.2

.297
.300
.291
.295
.312
.724
.538
.403
.296

16.20
16.55
16.33
16.46
17.12
36.27
27.06
20.27
15.45

97.9
99.3
100.4

58
94
123
117
124
145
135

58.8
58.7
58.3
57.3
57.0
52.5
52.5
51.5
50.4

.2 0 0

18

333
430
563
687
640
1,165
729
107
41

.206
.213
.217
.218
.454
.376
.290
.296

12.36
12.43
12.34
23.84
19.74
14.94
14.92

240
292
281
33
53
33

8,560
3,844
2,806
325
204
98

58.2
51.6
51.5
54.1
50.3
50.1

.191
.516
.489
.145
.343
.297

11.14
26.63
25.18
7.83
17.25
14.88

22

Full­
Earn­ time
ings earn­
per
ings
per
hour
week

1 0 .6 8

100.7
101.7
98.6

98.4
100.5
99.2

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

98.4
89.1
89.5

105.8
245.4
182.4

104.0
220.4
164.4

11.75

1 0 2 .6

1 2 .1 0

102.4
101.7

92.2
94.9
98.2

94.5
97.3
99.4

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

99.5
91.6
91.6

100. 5
209.2
173.3

99.3
191.8
158.8

d e lu d e d with finishers, 1910 to 1915, inclusive.

HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1929 AND 1931, BY SEX AND STATE

Table 2 shows average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour,
and full-time earnings per week for the wage earners included in the
studies of the industry in 1929 and 1931. The averages are for males
and females separately, also for both sexes combined, in each State
and in all States, or the industry.
Average full-time hours per week of males ranged by States in
1929 from a low of 47.0 to a high of 56.9, and in 1931 from 47.4 to




FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931

55.0; those of females ranged in 1929 from 45.4 to 55.0 and in 1931 from
44.8 to 55.0; and those of both sexes combined, or the industry, ranged
in 1929 from 46.9 to 57.0, and in 1931 from 47.2 to 55.0. The average
for all males in all the States was 52.1 in 1929 and 51.9 in 1931; and
for females, 50.5 in 1929 and 49.8 in 1931.
Average earnings per hour of males ranged by States in 1929 from
29.0 to 64.6 cents, and in 1931 from 23.6 to 59.4 cents; those of females
ranged in 1929 from 14.5 to 49.2 cents, and in 1931 from 14.1 to 47.0
cents. The average for males in all States was 49.9 cents in 1929 and
41.6 cents in 1931; and for females, 34.5 cents in 1929 and 31.4 cents
in 1931. The 1931 average for males in each State and for females,
except in two States, was less than the 1929 average. The 1931
average for males in all States was 16.6 per cent, and for females 9
per cent, less than the 1929 average.
T able %.— Average hours and earnings in the f urniture industry, 1929 and 1981,
by sex and State

Number of N um ber of
establish­ wage earners
ments

Sex and State

Males:
California....................
Georgia........................
Illinois..........................
Indiana........................
Kentucky....................
M aryland....................
Massachusetts............
Michigan................. .
Missouri......................
New Jersey.................
N ew Y ork ...................
North Carolina--------Ohio.............................
Pennsylvania________
Tennessee....................
Virginia-......................
Wisconsin.............. .
T otal.........................
Females:
California....................
Georgia........................
Illinois..........................
Indiana........................
Kentucky....................
Maryland....................
Massachusetts.......... .
M ic h ig a n .............. .
Missouri......................
N ew Jersey.................
New Y ork ........ ..........
North Carolina--------Ohio........... .................
Pennsylvania........ .
Tennessee................ .
Virginia.......................
Wisconsin....................

Average
earnings
per hour

1931

1929

1931

1929

1931

15
5
30
39
4

15
5
30
31
5

1,606
643
4,947
4,701
708
763
1,904
5,158
642
509
6,526
3,951
2,266
2,978
716
1,351
2,543

1,264
722
3,297
3,125
516
498
1,151
2,856
476
511
3,917
3,206
1,381
2,026
423
1,605
1,902

47.0
55.1
50.0
52.6
56.9
51.1
48.3
51.2
51.9
49.0
51.4
55.0
53.6
53.2
54.4
55.0
53.7

47.4 $0,599 $0.525 $28.15
55.0
.290
.244 15.98
50.1
.608
.498 30.40
51.6
.443
.399 23.30
.389 25.78
54.3
.453
49.5
.516
.482 26.37*
48.6
.646
.594 31.20
51.0
.555
.461 28.42
50.8
.432 24.76
.477
49.0
.619
.589 30.33
51.3
.475 29.09
.566
54.2
.333
.288 18.32
53.8
.493
.435 26.42
.474
53.3
.418 25.22
52.7
.348
.289 18.93
55.0
.298
.236 16.39
.459
53.6
.430 24.65

299 41,912’ 28,876

52.1

51.9

.499

.416

26.00

21.59

132

44.8
55.0
50.1
61.1
52.9
49.0
46.4
51.8
49.8
45.5
48.6
49.4
49.7
50.6
50.7

.470
.208
.375
.233
.232
.350
.436
.295
.277
.434
.336
.176
.314
.241
. 141

22.34
(l)
21.35
14.39
0)
19.35
16.98
17.48
15.95
18.66
18.98
10.40
18.63
18.44

21.06
11.44
18.79
11.91
12.27
17.15
20.23
15.28
13.79
19.75
16.33
8.69
15.61
12.19
7.15

60.0

.492
(l)
.427
.272
0)
.387
.356
.340
.319
.404
.389
.189
.374
.363
.161
.145
.315

.297

7. &8
15.75

14.85
15.64

12

11

18
23
13

16
23
13
5
55
17
23
25
4

55
17
24
26
4
8

8

13

13

312
10
1
12
21
1

11

3
8

16
4

9
15
17

14
17

8

8

3
32
5
14
16
3

3
28
5
13
9

8

0)

462
255
0)
71
201

563
49
11

326
54
184
101

99
65
319

177

45.4
0)
50.0
52.9
0)
50.0
47.7
51.4
50.0
46.2
48.8
55.0
49.8
50.8
55.0
55.0
50.0

121

24
47
115
256
25
28
187
52
121

58
89

1929

Average full­
time earn­
ings per week

1929

6

i

Average
full-time
hours per
week

1931

1929

1931

$24.89
13.42
24.95
20.59
2 1 .1 2

23.86
28.87
23.51
21.95
28.86
24.37
15.61
23.40
22.28
15.23
12.98
23.05

2
11

13

165
26
333

T o ta l-......................

180

162

2,958

1,783

50.5

49.8

.345

.314

17.42

Males and females:
California....................
Georgia........................
Illinois.........................
Indiana.................... . .
Kentucky....................

15
5
30
39
4

15
5
30
31
5

1,738
663
5,409
4,956
713

1,363
787
3,616
3,246
540

46.9
55.1
50.0
52.6
57.0

47.2
56.0
50.1
51.5
54.2

.591
.289
.593
.434
.453

.521
.241
.488
.394
.383

27.72 24.59
15.92 13.26
29.65 24.45
22.83 20.29
25.82 | 20.76

1 Data included in total,




2

8 .8 6

0

WAGES ANl) HOUBS OF LABOK

T able 2*— Average hours and earnings in the furniture industry, 1929 and 1981,
by sex and State— Continued

Sex and State

Number of N um ber of
establish­
wage earners
ments

Average
full-time
hours per
weeK

Average
earnings
per hour

Average full­
time earn­
ings per week

i

Males and females—Continued.
M aryland......................................
Massachusetts..............................
Michigan................... ..................
Missouri................................. .......
New Jersey........................ ......... :
N ew Y ork ..................................... 1
North Carolina- ........... ............. !
Ohio................................... — ..... 1
Pennsylvania..............................
Tennessee_______ ______ ______
Virginia............................. ........... !
Wisconsin............................ ........
Total............................ ........... -

1929

1931

12

11

18
23
13

16
23
13
5
55
17
23
25
4

6

55
17
24
26
4

1929

1931

1929

1931

834
2,105
5,721
691
520
6,852
4,005
2,450
3,079
881
1,377
2,876

545
1,266
3,112
501
539
4,104
3,258
1,502
2,084
512
1,605
2,079

51.0
48.2
51.2
51.8
48.9
51.2
55.0
53.3
53.1
54.5
55.0
53.3

49.5 $0,505 $0,471 $25.76 $23.31
48.4
.620
.581 29.88 28.12
.535
51.0
.449 27.39 22.90
50.8
.467
.425 24.19 21.59
.615
48.8
.580 30.07 28.30
51.2
.558
.469 28.57 24.01
54.1
.331
.286 18.21 15.47
53.5
.485
.425 25.85 22.74
53.2
.471
.413 25.01 21.97
52.3
.313
.266 17.06 13.91
55.0
.296
.236 16.28 12.98
.445
53.3
.420 23.72 22.39

299 44,870 30,659

51.9

51.8

8

8

13

13

312

1929

.490

1931

.411

1929

25.43

1931

21.29

AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR, 1929 AND 1931, BY
OCCUPATION

Table 3 shows average earnings per hour and the per cent of wage
earners at each classified group of such earnings for males and for
females in each of seven representative occupations in 1929 and 1931.
The percentage distribution of the wage earners in these occupations
illustrates the spread and the high and low average earnings per hour
of the wage earners in all occupations in the industry. Average earn­
ings per hour and the number of wage earners at each classified group
of such averages are shown in Table B (p. 35), by States, for the wage
earners covered in these occupations in 1931.
In 1929 the 22,210 males employed in these occupations represent
53 per cent of the males in all occupations; the 1,858 females, 63 per
cent of the females; and the 24,068 for both sexes combined, 54 per
cent of the wage earners included in the study in that year. In 1931
the 15,820 males covered in these occupations represent 55 per cent
of the males; the 1,193 females, 67 per cent of the females; and the
17,013 for both sexes combined, 55 per cent of the total of all wage
earners included in the study in that year.
In the occupation of assemblers and cabinetmakers the males
earned an average of 56.0 cents per hour in 1929 and 44.5 cents in 1931,
and the females an average of 31,7 cents per hour in 1929 and 28.3
cents in 1931. The percentage distribution of these wage earners, by
average earnings, shows that there was no change in the high average
from one year to the other for either sex, but that the low average
dropped from 14 and under 16 cents in 1929 to 12 and under 14 cents
in 1931 for males, and from 16 and under 18 cents in 1929 to under 12
cents in 1931 for females.




T able 3,— Average and classified earnings per hour in seven specified occupations, 1929 and 1981, by occupation, sex, and year
Per cent of wage earners whose earnings per hour w ereN um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
estab­ wage
lish, earn­
ers
ments

Occupation and sex

Female_____________

Female................. .......
Polishers and rubbers:
M a le..........................
Female............... ........
Sanders, hand:
M a le................. ..........
Female................... .

Upholsterers:
M ale............................
Female............... ........
Veneerers:
M a le..................... .......
Female........................

* Less than

1

per cent.




$0,560
.445
.317
.283

1929
1931
1929
1931

296
284
13

8

8,567
6,355
30
16

.512
.428
.293
.310

1929
1931
1929
1931

247
208
14
11

1,897
1,194
33
31

.507
.403
.300
.259

1929
1931
1929
1931

199
61
45

2,283
1,189
653
301

.419
.331
.268
.226

1929
1931
1929

100
92

40
27
932
681

.670
.578
.408
.374

1929
1931
1929
1931

151
138
13
16

2,523
2,119
49
71

.724
.538
.403
.296

1929
1931
1929
1931

145
135

1,165
729
107
41

.454
.376
.290
.296

19
16

22

18

0 0
2 02

0

00

1

10

0 0 0
0
0

0

)
1

6
3
1
6

0
4
2

10

0

1

0

. ...
1

3

2

02

)

0

0
0

6
9

0

1

......

02 02
5

1

12

5

0

)

0

0

0

5

20
0

0

0

16

1

3

03
4
14
3
7
15
7

11

8

0
0
0

14
5

0 0

1931

Female...... ............ .

5,735
4,207
54
52

TO

Sewers:
M a le -—......................

302
289
13
16

INDUSTRY, 1910

Machine hands:
M ale............................

1929
1931
1929
1931

$

40
45
20
25
30
50
70
12
16
14
18
35
80
90
Un- and
$1 1.20 $1.40
and and and and and and and and and and and and and cents and
der unaer under
and and
under under under under under under under under under under under under and under under
12
80
14
60
over
18
25
35
40
45
50
70
90 under $1.20
16
20
cents cents cents
$1.40
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents
cents cents cents
$1

FURNITURE

Assemblers and cabinet­
makers:
M a le -—......................

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

8

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR, 1931, BY SEX

Table 4 shows the number and the per cent of male laborers, of
males and of females separately, and of both sexes combined in all
occupations, found in the study of the industry in 1931, at each
classified group of average earnings per hour.
For the 1,505 male laborers, average earnings per hour ranged by
classified groups from 10 and under 11 cents to $1 and under $1.10
per hour. Of this number 167, or 11.1 per cent, earned less than 20
cents per hour and 24, or 1.6 per cent, earned 60 cents or more per
hour. The largest number in any one group was 200, or 13 per cent,
at 35 and under 37K cents.
The average earnings per hour of the 28,876 males in all occupations
ranged by classified groups from 5 and under 6 cents to $2 and under
$2.25. Of this number, 1,682, or 5.8 per cent, earned less than 20
cents per hour and 4,399, or 15.2 per cent, earned 60 cents or more per
hour. The largest number in any one group was 2,911, or 10 per cent,
at 50 and under 55 cents per hour.
For the 1,783 females in all occupations, average earnings per hour
ranged by classified groups from 7 and under 8 cents to $1.40 and under
$1.50 per hour. Of this number, 261, or 14.6 per cent, earned less
than 20 cents per hour and 66, or 3.7 per cent, earned 60 cents or
more. The largest number in any one group was 194, or 10.9 per cent,
at 25 and under 27K cents per hour.
T

4.— Number and per cent of male laborers, of males and of females in all
occupations, and of both sexes combined, at each classified group of earnings per
hour in 19S1

able

Number

Classified earnings per hour

(

Labor­
ers,
male

5 and under 6 cents__________ ______ I.............
6 and under 7 cents________ ________ i_______
7 and under 8 cents............. ................. ;..............
8 and under 9 cents..............................L ............
9 and under 10 cents
. !
1 0 and under 11 cents............................ i
3
11 and under 1 2 cents..........................- j
1
4
12 and under 13 cents........................... :
13 and under 14 cents
- ___
14 and under 15 cents______ _______ '
2
54
15 and under 16 cents........... .............. i
16 and under 17 cents............... ............ I
11
38
17 and under 18 cents........................... !
34
18 and under 19 cents.......................... 1
20
19 and under 20 cents...........................
104
2 0 and under 21 cents..........................
9
21 and under 2 2 cents........................
66
22 and under 23 cents........................ . !
10
23 and under 24 cents...........................
13
24 and under 25 cents.......................... I
153
25 and under 27H cents........................
43
27H and under 30 cents........................
167
30 and under 32H cents........................ !
54
32H and under 35 cents........................ ;
2
00
35 and under 37H cents........................
72
3 7^ and under 40 cents........................
:
195
40 and under 42M cents........................
33
42H and under 45 cents.................... — I
1 Less

than 1 per cent.




Per cent

Employees in all occu­
pations—
Male 'Female
i
1
1
1
10

2

5
57
6
37
4
9
17

109
21

122

382
230
123
898
132
618
169
203
1,735
970
1,993
1,316
2.148
1,415
2,480
1,192

Total

20
22

48
25
92
52
46
31
40
194
161
164
124
113
76
92
66

19
25
7
166
27
177
38
48
462
142
404
278
148
990
184
664
200

243
1,929
1,131
2,157
1,440
2,261
1,491
2,572
1,258

Employees in all occu­
pations—
Male

1
1

18
15

140
34
39
445

Labor­
ers,
male

Female

)
(!)
0)
(0
(0
0)
0)
0

0)
0)
(l)
0

)

0

)

0)

0)
4
1

1
1

4
1

i
10

3
11

13
5
13
2

2

)
1
1

0

)

1
2
1
1

fi
3
7
5

)
1
1
1
1

3
5
3
3
2
2
11

9
9
7
6

5
9
4 ,

1

0)

1

3

(i)
(i)
0)
0)
0)

2
0

(0
0

3

(0
1

3

1

Total

4
5
4

1

(l)
0)
2
1
1
1
1

3
1

o
1
1

fi
4
7
5
7
5
8

4

9

FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931

T a b le 4.— Number and per cent of male laborers, of males and of females in all
occupations, and of both sexes combined, at each classified group of earnings per
hour in 19S1— Continued
Number

Classified earnings per hour

Labor­
ers,
male

Employees in all occu­
pations—
Male

45 and under 47M cents_____________
4 7^ and under 50 cents_____________
50 and under 55 cents_______________
55 and under 60 cents_______________
60 and under 65 cents_______________
65 and under 70 cents_________ _____
70 and under 75 cents_______________
75 and under 80 cents__________ ____
80 and under 85 cents______________
85 and under 90 c e n t s _____________
90 and under 95 c e n t s _____________
95 cents and under $1.00
$1 .0 0 and under $1 .1 0 _______ ____ __
$1 .1 0 and under $1 .2 0 _ .
$1.20 and under $1.30 _ _
$1.30 and under $1.40_______________
$1.40 and under $1.50__________ ____
$1.50 and under $1.60
$1.60 and under $1.70_______________
$1.90 and under $2.00_______________
$2.00 and under $2.25 ______________

73
23
83
16
9

Total_____ ___________________

1,50.5

6

4
3

o

Per cent

1,869
1,014
2,911
1,732
1,537
878
569
402
298
146
185
57
125

Female

Total

60
40
76
29
42

1,929
1,054
2,987
1,761
1,579
889
572
405
301
149
185
57
125

11

3
3
3
3

112
21

112
21

35
16

35
17

1

12

12

4

4

1
1

1
1

28,876

1, 783

30,659

Labor­
ers,
male

Employees in all occu­
pations—
M ale

0
0
0

5

6

2
6
1
1

4

2

10
6

4

2

I
1
1
1

0
0

5
3
2
1
1

<l)

I

(l)

1

)
)
(l)
0
0

8

(»)
0

)

)
<*)
0)
0)

1 0 0 .0

3

)
)

)

1 0 0 .0

6
10
6

2
2
1

)

8
0

Total

3

5
3

)
)
)

0
0

Female

1 0 0 .0

(l)
)
)
)
(l)
0)

0
0
0

1 0 0 .0

!___
1

Less than

1

per cent.

AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1910 TO
1931, BY OCCUPATION

The regular or customary full-time hours per week of an estab­
lishment, or of an employee, are the hours of elapsed time between
the regular time of beginning and of quitting work on each day of
the week, less the regular time off duty for meals, and with no over­
time and no short time from any cause. Full-time hours per week
do not indicate the amount of employment or unemployment in any
week. They are the hours that would have been worked had each
wage earner in each occupation worked no more nor less than his estab­
lished full-time hours in the week, for which figures are shown in this
report.
Table 5 shows average full-time hours per week and the per cent of
wage earners of each sex at each specified number or group of hours
per week in each of seven representative occupations in the industry
for each of the specified years, 1910 to 1931, in which studies have been
made by the bureau. For a similar classification, by number, of the
wage earners in each of these occupations in each States in 1931,
see Table C (p. 41).
Average full-time hours per week of assemblers and cabinetmakers,
males, as shown at the beginning of the table, increased from 58.0
in 1910 to 58.3 in 1911 and then decreased from year to year to
51.9 per week in 1931.
The percentage distribution of assemblers and cabinetmakers,
males, by full-time hours per week, shows that the hours of only 6




10

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

per cent of those covered in 1910,1911,1912, of 4 per cent in 1913, and
of 7 per cent in 1915 were less than 54 per week, as compared with
54 per cent in 1929 and 55 per cent in 1931; also that those at 60 or
more hours per week decreased from 57 per cent in 1911 to 52 per cent
in 1912, to 41 per cent in 1913, to 40 per cent in 1915, to 1 per cent in
1929, and to less than 1 per cent in 1931.
For female assemblers and cabinetmakers, full-time hours per week
averaged 50.7 in 1929 and 49.7 in 1931, and for all except 9 per cent
in 1929 and 2 per cent in 1931 were less than 52% per week. No
figures are shown in the table for females for any year prior to 1929.




T able 5.— Average full-time hours per week and per cent of employees at each classified number of hours, in seven specified occupations,
1910 to 1981, by sex and year

Occupation and sex

N um ­
ber of
Year estab­
lish­
ments

192
226
223
232
296
284
13

58.0
58.3
58.1
57.2
57.1
52.1
51.9
50. 7
49.7

3,151
4,865

58.7

11

1,897
1,194
33
31

52.7
52.8
52.5
60.9

249
199
61
46

2,283
1,189
653
301

52.5
52.8
51.6
50.1

19
16

40
27
932
681

49.3
50.5
49.4
49.0

8

1 00

92

as “ under 64” in previous reports.

4

2

2

6
6
2
2

4
4

(3)
<3)

2
6

34
34
74
71

Over
Over
52^,
50,
under 52K under
64
52H

5
4

1
1

13

<*)

1

I

3

2

5
5

3
2
1

1
1

3

4
4
3

4
4

(3)
(3)

<*>

1
1

cot
2

8

13
4
1

6

16

(*)
15
7
4
4

7
6

4
9

2

3
13

10

1

3

<*>
<3)

2
2

7
2

3

3

21

3

16

1

15
15

34
32
60
31
29
27
27
48
30
24
48
62
50
56
36
34

54

16

8

*6
*6
14
i7
<9

4
3
27
24
g
8

0

Over
54,
under
55

55

215
14
2 19

16
19

29
*12
1
1

19
17
30
34

3
3

2

7

5
5
3

6

12

1

4
4

1

2

6

x

9

1
2
1

5

7
1

* Grouped as “ over 64 and under 67” in previous reports.

2

5
5

4

*3
»2
*3

3
23

2

22

<*>
3

9
7
13
44

(*)

14

1

0

(3)
(3)
?3)
(3)

11

* 13
2 13
2 17
2g
a 14
1
1

21
20

32
38

4
3

1

(»)

2
2
12
*2

55
57
52
41
40

20

12

(3)

55,
60
under un<fer and
67
over
60

26
19
15

60
62
52
48
46

1

1
1

10
6
1
1

34
44

4

3

48
29
9

1

8
12

1

33
45
20
8

7
3
4
2
1

* Less than

13
15
5
6
1

4

4
5
3
4
2
1

per cent.

i

3
3
2

(3)

1931

5,817
8,567
6,355
30
16

247
208
14

(3)

1
2

50

6 8 .8

68.5
57.8
57.5
52.4
52.1
51.1
52.4

6 ,2 1 2
6 ,6 8 6

3
4

Over
48,
under 49M
49H

48

TO




121

1,966
2,682
3,392
3,373
3,767
5,736
4,207
54
52

Over
44,
under
48

44

INDUSTRY, 1010

1 G rouped

112

169
199
171
203
302
289
13
16

Per cent o f wage earners whose full-time hours per week were—

FURNITURE

Assemblers and cabinetmakers:
M ale—____. . . ....................... ........................... 1910
1911
1912
1913
1916
1929
1931
Female................ ............ ................................ 1929
1931
M achine hands.
M ale.................. ....................... ..................... 1910
1911
1912
1913
1916
1929
1931
Female......................... .............. ..................... 1929
1931
Polishers and rubbers:
M ale.............................
1929
1931
Fem ale........................... ......................... ......... 1929
1931
Sanders, hand:
M ale_________________ _
1929
1931
F e m a le .-_____ __________________________ 1929
1931
Sewers:
M ale______ ______________________________ 1929
1931
Fem ale............................................................. 1929
1931

N um ­ Aver­
ber of age full­
time
wage
earn­ hours Un­
per der 44
ers
week

1
1

4

T able 5.— Average full-time hours per week and per cent of employees at each classified number of hours, in seven specified occupations,
1910 to 1931, by sex and year— Continued

Occupation and sex

Female .

Female.

1

94
123
117
124
145
135

22

18

Grouped as “ under 54” in previous reports.




55.0
55.8
56.4
56.2
55.3
50.1
50.3
50.3
52.2

333
430
563
687
640
1,165
729
107
41

58.8
58.7
58. 3
57.3
57.0
52.5
52.5
51.5
50.4

Over
44,
under
48

48

Over
48,
under 49H
49M

50

Over
50,
under 52X
52J*

Over
52^,
under
54

54

Over
54,
under
55

55

55,
under umfer and
57
60
over

2 16
212

i7
18
18
(3)

2
1

4

(3)

2

15

2 11

16
(3)
(3)

2

15
15

1
1
10

18

4

7
18
31
31
15
(a)

20

20
15
16
13
(3)

220

i
i

2
1
12

(3)

(3)

56
53
43
37

*21
2 28

29
2 12
1

76

J Grouped as “ over 54 and under 57” in previous reports.

3
5
7
> Less than

8

1

per cent.

'

OF LABOR

1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
1931
1929
1931

501
558
583
493
755
2,523
2,119
49
71

44

HOURS

Veneerers:
M a le ...

38
49
54
43
62
151
138
13
16

Per cent of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were—

AND

1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1929
1931
1929
1931

Aver­
N um ­ age
full­
ber of time
wage
hours
Un­
earn­
per der 44
ers
week

WAGES

Upholsterers:
M ale.........

N um ­
ber of
Year estab­
lish­
ments

J-*

13

FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931

The full-time hours per week and per day, Monday to Friday, and
on Saturday, as shown in Table 6, were the regular or customary
hours of the wage earners in the 299 establishments covered in 1931.
In a few establishments in which there was a variation of hours as
between different groups of wage earrers or occupations, the pre­
vailing hours (those of the majority of the wage earners) of such
establishments were used in compiling this table.
Hours per week ranged from 43% in 1 establishment to 60 in
another. In 19 establishments the hours were 44 per week; in 27, 48;
in 90, or 30 per cent, 50; in 79, or 26 per cent, 55; and in 10, over 55
per week.
Hours per day, Monday to Friday, ranged from 8 to 10)e. The
10-hour day, Monday to Friday, was in effect in 89, or 30 per cent, of
the 299 establishments covered by the study in 1931. Hours on
Saturday in the 292 establishments that were on the 6-day-week
basis ranged from 4 to 10 per day. Seven establishments were on the
5-day-week basis with no work on Saturday.
T

able

6.— Number of establishments in each State in which the full-time hours
per week and per day of the wage earners were as specified, 1981
Full-time
hours per day

50—

m i-..

5 2 ...
52J4----5 3
5 4
5 4^ —
5 5
55J4— _
55f t — _

8

1

m

3
3

4h

m
m

m
9Ho
m
m
10
10
10
10
10 ft
10 ft
10

Wisconsin

Virginia

1

Tennessee

1

Pennsylvania

Ohio

3
4

North Carolina

Jersey

Missouri

New

Maryland

| Massachusetts

K entucky

1

fc

1
l

19
3

l

2

1

1

2

1
1

1

38 %

9ft
9

1

&

2

4%

10

2

0

8?/4

9
9
9
9Mo
9Ma

....

M

1

ft J 1

m
m
8
m

3

....

1

1

1
1

a

7

....

1

---

1
1

7
17

1

1
1
1

1

m

*m
4 9
4 9^ — -

1

5
4
5

8 ft

;

2

1

i

0
0

47...........

56ft----60..........

7

5

Michigan

4

47 H -----

56—

Indiana

0

43$i----4 4
4 5
45 ».......
50 *____

4 8

Illinois

California

Full­
time
hours
per
week

Georgia

j

Number of establishments i n -

1

4
4ft
5

2
21

1
12

1
1

'T

4Ho

4

18

10

2
1

1
1

5
8

1

3

4

1

4^2

1

2
1

1
1

0

5
4ft
5

3

3
3

8

5H
5
4H
5
5

5

....

6H
5H

!

1

4

1

1
1
1
1
1

6

5H
5H

4

9
3

14

9

10

1

3

10
2

—

5

2

....

1
1

1

....
....
....

2

1

5

36

1

2

1
2

15

1

30

2
1
2

8

9

5
1
1
1
1

1

15
18

5

30

31

months of year.

3 4 months of year.

136825°— 32


5

11

16

79
1

10

Total.

14
85

2
2

1

23

33

5

55

17

23

25

3 Friday, 8 ft hours.
* Thursday, 8 ft hours.

4

8

13

299

14

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
CHANGES IN FULL-TIME HOURS PER DAY AND PER WEEK

Between July 1, 1929, and the period of the 1931 study, only 10 of
the 299 factories included in the report made changes m regular or
customary full-time hours.
Table 7 shows for each of the factories in which changes were made
the hours per day, Monday to Friday, Saturday, and per week before
and after the change, the wage earners affected, and the date of the
change. It will be noted that there were reductions in hours per
week in each factory, which in nine factories affected all wage earners
and in one factory males only.
The hours of one factory were changed from 10K Monday to Friday
and 5K Saturday, or 58 per week, to 10 Monday to Friday, with no
work on Saturday, or 50 per week. In another factory the hours were
changed from 9 on five days and 4K on Saturday, or 4 9 per week, to
9% Monday to Friday, with no work on Saturday, or 47K per week.
T able 7.— Changes in full-time hours per day and per week between July 1, 1929,
and the period of the 1981 study
Change in hours—
Num ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

From—

T o—

Wage earners
affected

Date of change

All...............
50
5 m ........do...........
45 ........do...........
44 ........do...........
49H ........do......... .
52H ........do...........
48 ........do......... .
47Vi ........do______
44 ........d o ..........
.50
Males______

February» 1930.
M ay, 1930.
March, 1930.
April, 1930.
November, 1929.
March, 1931.
D o.
April, 1930.
June, 1930.
January, 1931.

M onday
M onday
to Friday Saturday Per week to Friday Saturday Per week

1

l
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

10H
10X
10
10

m
m
9
9
8*4

m

m
5
5
5
m
5
m
4M
5

68

55%
55
55
54
53^4
49 V2
49li
48
52K*

10

0

9H
8
8

9
9H
m\
PA :
8

i

9 !

5
5
4
4H
5
m
o

45

CHANGES IN WAGE RATES

The 1931 study covered 299 furniture factories. Between July 1,
1929, and the period of the 1931 study wage rates were reduced one
or more times in all but 62 factories.
Kates were reduced once only in each of 148 factories; twice in 73;
three times in 9; four times in 1 factory; in 1 factory were reduced 10
per cent, increased 5 per cent, and then reduced twice— 10 and 10 per
cent; and in 5 factories the number of changes was not definitely
reported. In those factories in which one change only was made
reductions ranged from 5 to 40 per cent; in those in which two changes
were made they ranged from 5 and 5 per cent to 10 and 33K per cent;
in those in which three were made, from 10, 10, and 10 per cent to 10,
10, and 25 per cent; and in one the reductions were 10, 5,12, and 12
per cent. The most frequent change was 10 per cent.
The increase reported affected all wage earners in one factory only,
while the decreases affected all the wage earners in 212 factories and a
certain part (such as time workers, piece workers, those in specified
occupations, or those earning more or less than a specified amount
per week) in 25 factories.




FUBNITUJEtB INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931

15

number of changes in rates by years were 4 in 1929, 96 in 1930,
5 in 1931, with 7 not definitely reported as to years,
e 8 shows the number of factories in which wage rates were
d, the wage earners affected, and the amount of the change.
>.— Changes in wage rates between July 1, 1929, and period of the 1981
study

Am ount of decreases

Wage earners affected b y the decreases

1

2
2
1
2
1
1
1

73

1

4

1

28
5

1
1
1
1
1
1

3
3

1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

16
11

3

1

2
1
2

1
1
1
1

1

1
1

1

All........
___ do..
___ d o..
___ d o..
. . . . d o..
-d o..
-d o..
.d o ..
.d o ..
.d o ..
.d o ..
.d o ..
.d o ..
.d o ..
.d o ..
.d o ..
.d o ..
.d o ..
.d o ..
..d o..
..d o „
-d o ..
..d o..
-d o..
.d o ..
.d o..
.d o ..
..d o ....
..d o ....
..d o __
..d o ....
.d o ..
.d o ..
.d o ..
.d o ..
-d o..
.d o ..
-d o..
___ do..
..d o..
— do............ ....................................... ...............
___ <io....... ................. ........ ...................................
.— do..................... ............. ............................... .
___d o ................... - ................................................
___do....... ......... ...................................................
All piece workers..................................................
All time workers...................................................
rhose at under $ 2 0 per week...............................
rhose at $20 and undei $30 per week............... .
rhose over $30 per we 9 k.......................................
All except piece workers and those at 35 cents
and over per hour.
A.11 piece workers, and those at 35 cents and
over per hour,
il l except piece workers and those at over 60
cents per hour.
All piece workers, and those at over 60 cents
per hour.
All except piece workers.......................................
Piece workers..........................................................
All except those earning 50 cents or more per
houri
rhose earning 50 cents and over per hour.........
All except cabinetmakers, machine operators,
and finishers.
Daoinetmakers, machine operators and finish­
ers.




5 per cent.
5 to 10 per ce n t
5 and 5 per cent.
5 and 6 .6 per cent.
5 and 8 per cent.
7 and 7 per cent.
7.5 per cent.
7.5 and 7.5 per cent.
8 and 8 per cent.
8 and 7 per cent.
8 and 8 per cent.
9 per cent.
10 per cent.
10 per cent, a slight change by readjustment,
and 5 per cent.
10 and 5 per cent.
10 and 8.5 per cent.
1 0 and 1 0 per cent.
10 . 10 , and 10 per cent.
10 , 5,i 10 , and 10 pei cent.
10 , 5 , 12 , and 12 per cent.
1 0 . 10 , and 12 per cent.
10.10, and 13 per cent.
10.10, and 25 per cent.
10 and 13 per cent.
10 and 15 per cent.
1 0 and 2 0 per cent.
10 and 33.5 per cent.
10 per cent and 25 cents per day.
1 0 per cent and bonus eliminated.
12 per cent.
12 and 10 per cent.
12 and 2 0 per cent.
12 .5 and 10 per cent.
12.5 and 12.5 per cent.
14 and 10 per cent.
15 and 10 per cent.
15 per cent.
19.8 per cent.
2 0 per cent.
25 per cent.
25 and 10 per cent.
30 per cent.
40 per cent.
5 cents per hour twice.
Premium eliminated.
5 and 12.5 per cent.
5 and 10 per cent.
10 and 3 per cent.
10 and 5 per cent.
10 and 7.5 per cent.
1 0 per cent.
10 and 9 per cent.
10

per cent.

10

and

10
10
10

per cent.
and 1 0 per cent.
per cent.

10
10

and 1 0 per cent.
per cent.

10

10

per cent.

per cent; and changed from time-work to
piece-work rates.

16

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

T a b l e 8 *— Changes

Number
of estab­
lish^
ments

in wage rates between July 1, 1929, and period of the 1981
study— Continued

Wage earners affected b y the decreases

All except those in the finishing department...
Piece workers in finishing department..............
All except piece workers in finishing depart­
ment.
11 per cent of wage earners...................................
2 0 per cent of wage earners...................................
25 per cent of wage earners...................................
43 per cent of wage earners...................................
60 per cent of wage earners...................................
75 per cent of wage earners...................................
80 per cent of wage earners...................................
95 per cent of wage earners...................................
____do.......................................................................
Hourly workers............... ............. ........................
H ourly workers at 3 2 to 35 cents, inclusive-.
Hourly workers at 35 cents and over.................
All except hourly workers at Z2\i cents per
. hour or more.
Hourly workers........ ........ ....................................
[Piece workers................................................. ........
do.
/ - . . d o .......................................................................
\Hourly workers......................................................
/P iece workers.........................................................
\Hourly workers......................................................
eekly salaried workers.....................................
(W
Piece workers.........................................................

Amount of decreases

per cent.
12,12.5, and 15 per cent.
12 and 15 per cent.
12

per cent.
D o.
D o.
25 per cent.
8 per cent.
10 per cent.
D o.
D o.
5 per cent.
10 per cent.
5 and 10 per cent.
10 and 10 per cent.
1 0 per cent.
10

per cent.
25 per cent.
10 per cent.
17 per cent.
8 per cent.
2 0 per cent.
10 per cent.
1 0 and 10 per cent,
2 0 per cent.
10 per cent.
Hourly workers...................................................... $ 2 0 per month.
2
0 per cent.
M onthly salaried employees...............................
All except working foremen................................. 10 per cent.
----- d o ....................................................... .............. 12.5 per cent.
Cabinetmakers, packers, porters, apprentices,
6 per cent.
and finishers.
Cutters, sewing-machine operators, and cush­
5.5 to 12.5 per cent.
ion stuffers.
2 0 per cent.
.Upholsterers............................................................
Finishers................................................................. 10 per cent.
D o.
/M achine and cabinet-room workers..................
\AU except machine and cabinet-room workers. 3.75 per cent.
Machine workers................................................... 10 per cent.
D o.
7 per cent of machine department......................
80 per cent of machine hands and cabinet­
33 per cent.
makers.
35 per cent.
U pholsterers...........................................................
/ . . . . d o ......................... .......... ................................... 12.5 per cent.
\One working supervisor-finisher.................. ...... 6% per cent.
50 per cent of upholsterers_________ __________ 2 0 per cent.
/Piece workers in upholstery department.......... 10 per cent from hourly base rates and piece
work abolished.
\Those in sewing and cutting department.........
20

PAY FOR OVERTIME

Overtime is any time worked before or after the regular established
time of beginning and of quitting work on each day of the week
(including Sunday and holidays for those whose schedules provide
for work on those days) or any time worked during the regular estab­
lished time for meals regardless of the rate of pay or amount of time
credited for such extra work. Work on Sunday or on holidays is
overtime when done by employees who are not expected to work
regularly on those days.
Part of the employees in 191 of the 299 establishments covered in
the study worked some overtime during the week for which figures
are shown in this report, and part of those in 34 establishments did
some work on Sunday and holidays. The same rate was paid for
overtime as for regular working time in 176 of the 191 establishments




17

FTJBN1TTJEE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931

and for work on Sunday and holidays in 19 of the 34 establishments,
while in only 15 establishments was a higher rate paid for such
work.
Table 9 shows for each of the 15 establishments the wage earners
who were paid a higher rate for overtime and for work on Sunday and
holidays and the rates for such work.
T

able

9.— Number of establishments, wage earners entitled, and times regular rate
for overtime and work on Sunday and holidays, 1931

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Times regular rate
for—
Wage earners entitled
Over­
time

1 A ll................................................................................................................................
1 ____ do___ _____ _______________ _____ _______ ____________ __________ _____
5 ____ do___________________________________________________________________
2
___ do..........................................................................................................................
f A ll time workers_________________________________________________________
1 \A11
piece workers_________ _____ _________________________________________
/A ll except maintenance workers__________________________________________
1
(Maintenance w ork ers___________________________________________________
1
A ll except working forem en__________________________________________ __
1
A ll except piece workers_________________________________________________
1
A ll time w ork ers________________________________________________________
1
All on hourly rates___ ___________________________________________________

W ork on
Sunday
and
holidays

m
m
ix

IH

1X
1X

1X

2

IX

IH
(2)
IK

IX
IX
IX
IX

ix

lX
ix

IX

ix

0

1 N o provision.
2 Straight piecework earnings plus one-half of their time rate.

BONUS SYSTEMS

A bonus is compensation in addition to earnings at time or piece
rates.
Of the 299 establishments covered in the study, 39 had bonus
systems in operation when wage figures were collected by the bureau
in 1931. Table 10 shows the kind and amount of bonus, the wage
earners entitled to participate, and the conditions or requirements
necessary to earn it.
A production bonus system was in operation in each of 24 estab­
lishments. A specified part of the wage earners could earn the bonus
by the completion of a certain unit of work in less than the time
allotted to it. The amount of the bonus was equal to all of the time
saved at the basic rates of pay in 17 establishments, to one-half of
the time saved in 4, and to three-quarters of the time saved in 2 estab­
lishments. In one the amount was not reported.
A production bonus system providing for a bonus to be earned
when the work was accomplished in less, or a penalty to be assessed
when completed in more, than the time allotted to it was in opera­
tion in 12 establishments.
A production and economy bonus system was in operation in one
establishment and a bonus based on a set standard of labor cost for
certain units of work in two establishments. The labor-cost bonus
m two establishments provided for a bonus when labor cost at basic
rates was less than the set standard and a penalty when more than
the standard.




18

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

T a b l e 1 0 .— B o n u s sy stem s o f 8 9 esta blish m en ts in the fu r n itu r e in d u s tr y , 1981

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

K ind of
bonus

Production.

____d o.........

Wage earners entitled

Productive workers.

Am ount of bonus

Bonus earned or penalty

A ll of time saved at basic
rates.

Bonus earned b y saving
time b y com pletion of
specified unit o f work
in less than the time
allotted to it.
D o.

Productive workers on time
-d o..
rates.
Productive workers in ma­
.d o..
chine, cabinet, finishing,
r u b b i n g , upholstering,
and packing departments.
.d o ..
A ll except laborers, craters,
-d o..
and packers.
.d o.
A ll except laborers, polish­
.d o .
ers and rubbers, stock­
men, inspectors, mill­
wrights, and elevator op­
erators.
A ll except maintenance, ve­
.do.
........d o.........
neer, carving and com po­
sition departments, un­
skilled laborers, foremen,
and craters and packers.
-d o..
. — d o........... Assemblers and cabinet­
makers, machine carvers,
craters and packers, fin­
ishers, heavy-stock gluers,
helpers, machine hands,
polishers and rubbers,
hand sanders, sewers,
sprayers, trimmers, up­
holsterers, hand scrapers,
and chair cleaners.
.d o ..
.d o ........... Assemblers and cabinet­
makers, craters and pack­
ers, stainers, fillers, heavystock gluers, machine help­
ers, machine hands, rub­
bers, hand sanders, spray­
ers, and veneerers, when
on time rates.
-do..
Assemblers and cabinet­
.do..
makers, craters and pack­
ers, finishers, heavy-stock
gluers, helpers, machine
hands, polishers and rub­
bers, hand sanders, and
sprayers.
do..
........do........... Assemblers, machine carv­
ers, finishers, heavy-stock
gluers, helpers, machine
hands, hand sanders, and
sprayers.
Production workers in cabi­
.d o..
net and machine depart­
ments.
Cabinetmakers and machine
.d o..
hands.
Machine operators, off-bear.d o ..
ers, and rough gluers.
Machine operators and ma­
.d o ..
chine off-bearers.
Craters and packers, rub­
.d o ..
bers and trimmers.
Assemblers and cabinet­ One-half of time saved
.d o .
at basic rates.
makers, craters and pack­
ers, finishers, gluers, help­
ers, lumber-yard men, ma­
chine hands, polishers and
rubbers, hand sanders, and
sprayers.
...d o ...
Assemblers and cabinet­
. . . do.
makers, hand sanders,
sprayers and their helpers,
craters, trimmers, and rip­
saw and cut-off operators
and their helpers.
____d o.........




D o.

D o.
D o.

D o.

D o.

D o.

D o.

D o.

D o.
D o.
D o.
D o.
D o.
D o.

Do.

19

FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931
T a b le

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

10.— Bonus systems of 39 establishments in the furniture industry> 1981Continued

Kind of
bonus

Wage earners entitled

Amount of bonus

Bonus earned or penalty

Production..

Finishing and shipping de­
partments, stockman, and
a part of the cabinet de­
partment.

One-half of time saved
at basic rates.

Bonus earned b y saving
time b y completion of
specified unit of work
in less than the time
allotted to it.
D o.

____d o.
........d o—
........do.......

____do.........

____do.........
( . . . . d o .........
[E conom y...

Machine hands and uphol­
sterers.
Productive workers...............
Assemblers and cabinet­
makers, machine carvers,
craters, and packers, fin­
ishers, heavy-stock gluers,
helpers, machine hands,
polishers and rubbers,
hand sanders, sprayers,
trimmers, veneerers, ve­
neer driers, and glue sizers.
Heavy-stock gluers, ma­
chine hands, and machine
helpers, when on time

.d o .
N ot reported.................. .
Three-fourths of time
saved at basic rates.

.d o..

A ll except laborers, upfit- All of time saved at basic
ters, and cabinet patchers.
rates.
A ll for whom time studies ____do................................
can be made.
Stock sawyers......................... Value of lumber saved,
distributed
among
sawyers according to
earnings.

Production— Productive workers.

A ll except inspectors and
working foremen.
A ll except working foremen
and unskilled labor.
All except foremen, shipping
........d o .—
clerks, craters, rubbers,
and lumber stackers.
........do........... A ll except foremen and work­
ing foremen, cushion and
pad makers, sewers, spring
setters, and upholsterers,
when on piece work; cut­
ters, laborers, 3 assem­
blers and cabinetmakers,
and 1 stockman.
A
ll
except hand and ma­
____ do...........
chine carvers, mainte­
nance inspectors, foremen,
straw
bosses,
cabinet
patchers, stripers, pattern­
makers, stock keepers,
and unskilled labor.
Assemblers and cabinetma­
........do.........
kers, machine carvers,
craters and packers, fin­
ishers, heavy-stock giuers,
machine helpers, machine
hands, polishers and rub­
bers, hand sanders, spray­
ers, trimmers, and veneer­
ers.
Assemblers, machine hands,
..d o ..
machine helpers, and up­
holsterers, on time rates.
........do..
Assemblers, cabinetmakers,
and machine hands.

Bonus: All of time saved
at basic rates. Penal­
ty: All of time lost at
basic rates.

D o.
D o.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Bonus earned b y saving
lumber in reducing
waste in cutting below
a predetermined stand­
ard.
Bonus earned b y saving
time b y completion of
specified unit of work:
in less than the time al­
lotted to it. Penalty
assessed for loss of time
b y completion of speci­
fied unit of work in
more than the time
allotted to it.
Do.

........ do—

.d o..

........do___

-d o..

Do.

.d o ..

Do.

_do..

D o.

.d o..

D o.

.d o ­

D o.

do.

Do.

do

Do.




20
T

able

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR
10.— Bonus systems of 39 establishments in the f urniture industry, 1981Continued

Kind of
bonus

Wage earners entitled

Production.. Machine operators and ma­
chine helpers.

Polishers and rubbers, cra­
ters and packers, and up­
holsterers.
packing, veneer,
(Machine,
and hand-carving depart­
____do______
ments.

........do.........

Labor cost

.do..

Am ount of bonus

Bonus earned or penalty

Bonus: All of time saved
at basic rates. Penal­
ty: All of time lost at
basic rates.

Bonus earned by saving
time b y completion of
specified unit of work
in less than the time
allotted to it. Penalty
assessed for loss of ti’r e
b y completion of speci­
fied unit of work in
more than the time
allotted to it.
Do.

.d o..
.d o ..

. . . . d o ................................
Milling department............. Bonus: One-half of the
standard labor cost
' All except unskilled labor
saved prorated among
and miscellaneous work­
workers in proportion
ers.
to their individual ba­
sic earnings.

Packers.

Penalty: All labor cost
above standard de­
ducted from earnings
of workers in propor­
tion to earnings at
basic rates.
Bonus: A ll labor cost
saved divided among
workers in proportion
to their individual
basic earnings.
Penalty: All labor cost
above standard de­
ducted from earnings
of workers in propor­
tion to earnings at
basic rates.

Do.
D o.
Bonus earned when labor
cost of job or quantity
of work
for time
worked at basic rates is
less than standard of
cost set for the job or
work.
Penalty assessed when
labor cost at basic rates
exceeds standard of
cost set for job or quan­
tity of work.
Bonus earned when labor
cost of job or quantity
of work for time
worked at basic rates is
less than standard of
cost set for the job or
work.
Penalty assessed when
labor cost at basic rates
exceeds standard o
cost set for job or quan­
tity of work.

INDEX NUMBERS OF EMPLOYMENT AND OF PAY ROLLS, 1923 TO 1931

Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls in the furniture
industry are presented in Table 11 for each month and year, January,
1923, to December, 1931. These numbers were computed from the
number of employees and the amount of the pay rolls for each month
and the average for each year, with the 1926 average taken as the
base, or 100 per cent, and are as published by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics in its monthly reports on “ Trend of employment.”
It will be noted from Table 11 that both monthly and yearly em­
ployment and pay rolls were lowest in 1931. The index numbers for
monthly employment were highest (104.8) in November, 1925, and
lowest (56.9) in December, 1931, and for pay rolls were highest
(111.5) in October, 1929, and lowest (38.6) in December, 1931. By
years the index numbers show that employment was highest (100.4)
in 1923 and lowest (61.0) in 1931, and that pay rolls were highest
(100.0) in 1926 and lowest (46.6) in 1931.




21

FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931
T a b l e 1 1 . — Index

numbers of employment and of pay rolls, January, 1928, to
December, 1981, by month and year
[Average for 1926=100]
Employment.

Pay-roll totals

M onth
1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931
January........
February, _.
M arch..........
April.............
M a y .............
June.............
July..............
August.........
Septem ber..
October........
N ovem ber..
D ecem b er-

99.8 96.5 100.4 100.9 97.4 92.4 94.2 85.5 62.7 89.7 8 8 .6 93.5 96.8 96.1
101.4 99.0 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .6 97.7 93.2 95.4 83.3 63.7 92.4 96.0 98.5 102.4 1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .8 99.1 1 0 2 .0 102.4 97.3 93.5 94.6 81.7 63.4 94.8 95.0 99.5 102.5 101.5
1 0 1 .1 97.2 99.2 100.3 94.8 90.7 92.9 78.7 62.2 95.1 93.5 93.4 99.2 98.3
100.4 93.7 95.4 96.3 92.7 87.7 91.7 75.6 61.5 94.8 8 8 .2 90.4 94.1 95.0
99.2 89.8 93.1 94.4 92.0 87.1 92.0 74.4 60.4 93.1 83.9 87.6 93.1 93.0
99.4 88.3 92.3 93.9 92.0 87.3 94.3 70.7 58.5 92.1 77.4 83.9 88.4 90.1
100.5 89.5 95.3 96.8 94.5 90.5 98.2 71.6 60.5 92.1 84.4 91.0 96.6 96.3
99.4 93.1 98.3 1 0 1 .0 97.5 94.1 1 0 2 .1 71.9 61.4 93.5 88.5 94.3 101.7 99.5
1 0 0 .8 96.7 1 0 2 .2 104.7 1 0 0 .1 97.7 104.3 72.8 61.5 98.0 95.6 103.7 108.4 104.6
1 0 1 .1 98.5 104.8 104.1 1 0 0 .1 98.4 99.9 70.0 59.4 98.1 96.3 106.4 109.8 103.1
99.6 1 0 1 .2 103.7 1 0 2 .6 96.6 97.5 91.7 6 6 .2 56.9 96.1 1 0 0 .8 105.4 107.3 99.5

Average— 100.4 95.2 99.1

1 0 0 .0

96.1 92.5 95.9 75.2 61.0 94.2 90.7 95.6

1 0 0 .0

89.1 92.0 78.4 48.4
95.5 97.0 77.2 52.2
94.8 96.7 75.3 52.4
88.9 94.9 70.8 49.7
85.6 93.0 6 8 .2 48.7
87.1 92.9 65.6 45.8
83.4 90.6 58.7 43.6
90.4 1 0 0 .0 62.7 45.6
96.3 105.6 64.5 46.9
103.3 111.5 6 6 .0 46.3
103.6 1 0 1 .1 58.6 40.8
99.8 88.4 53.6 38.6

98.2 93.2 97.0 6 6 .6 46.6

IMPORTANCE OF THE INDUSTRY

The basic figures in Table 12 were drawn from the United States
Census of Manufactures, 1929, and show the importance of the
furniture industry in the United States as a whole in each of the
specified years from 1919 to 1929 in numbers of establishments,
average number of wage earners, amount paid in wages, cost of ma­
terials, value of products, and in value added by manufacture. Like
figures are also shown in the table for each of the 17 principal furni­
ture manufacturing States and for “ All other States. ” Averages per
wage earner for each item and each year, and the per cent that wages
were of the value added by manufacture, computed by the bureau
from the basic figures, are also presented in the table.
Average annual wages of employees in all States combined in­
creased from $1,021 to $1,159, or $138, between 1919 and 1921; from
$1,159 to $1,217, or $58, between 1921 and 1923; from $1,217 to
$1,245, or $28, between 1923 and 1925; from $1,245 to $1,267/ or
$22, between 1925 and 1927; and decreased from $1,266 1 to $1,256,
or $10, between 1927 and 1929. Averages ranged by States in 1927
from $775 to $1,572, and in 1929 from $791 to $1,647.
Wages formed 45.6 per cent of the value added by manufacture in
1919; 48.6 per cent in 1921; 47.1 per cent in 1923; 46.6 per cent in
1925; 48.2 per cent in 1927; and 46.6 per cent in 1929. The per cent
that wages were of the value added by manufacture ranged by States
in 1929 from 38.1 to 52.1 per cent.
* See footnote 1, Table

12 ,




p. 22.

T able 12.— Number of establishments, wage earners, wages, cost of materials, value of products, and vaZwe added by manufacture in the furniture
industry, 1919 to 1929
Value Percent
Value of added
wages
products b y man­ are of
per wage ufacture value
earner per wage added
earner

3,279
3,038
3,047
3,239
3,222
3,228
3,778

140,252
124,362
168,157
181,016
186,302
188,143
193,399

$143,152,217
144,148,061
204,566,063
225,297,743
236,109,312
238,240,167
242,832,096

$265,725,010
253,706,187
342,442,530
384,875,068
389,389,595
392,098,519
426,454,169

$579,906,396
550,413,020
776,846,732
868,719.971
879,706,306
885,204,300
948,116,358

$314,181,386
296,706,833
434,404,202
483,844,903
490,316,711
493,105,781
521,662,189

$1 ,0 2 1
1,159
1,217
1,245
1,267
1,266
1,256

$1,895
2,040
2,036
2,126
2,090
2,084
2,205

$4,135
4,426
4,620
4,799
4,722
4,705
4,902

$2,240
2,386
2,583
2,673
2,632
2,621
2,697

45.6
48.6
47.1
46.6
48.2
48.3
46.6

339
43
375
199
39

7,931
2,307
23,767
18,700
2,890

12,165,336
1,824,235
32,453,867
20,344,735
2,934,773

2a 135,828
3,816,297
58,781,026
41,167,483
5,289,141

44,996,183
7,611,219
130,535,112
83,495,716
11,524,491

24,860,355
3,794,922
71,754,086
42,328,233
6,235,350

1,534
791
1,366
1,088
1,015

2,539
1,654
2,473
1,830

5,673
3,299
5,492
4,465
3,988

3,135
1,645
3,019
2,264
2.158

48.9
48. 1
45.2
48. i
47.0

M aryland----------- ---------- -----------------------------Massachusetts___ ______________ ______________
Michigan_________________ _____ ____________
Missouri____________ _____________ ___________

64
217
209
98

2,409
8,598
20,941
3,117

2,804,551
11,926,867
27,908,837
4,134,838

6,138,614
19,029,630
38,989,939
7,265,116

12,206,890
41,921,577
99,714,641
16,179,054

6,068,276
22,891,947
60,724,702
8,913,938

1,164
1,387
1,333
1,327

2,548
2,213
1,862
2,331

5,067
4,876
4,762
5,191

2,519
2,662
2,900
2,860

46.2
52.3
46.0
46.4

N ew Jersey___________ __________________ ____
N ew Y ork ......... .................... .............................. i!
N orth Carolina. ................. ...............- .............. i!
Ohio_________________________________________ i
i
Pennsylvania____ __________________________
Tennessee_________ _________ _______________ I
Virginia....................................................................
W isconsin..................................................... ............

82
772
146

2,568
25,220
15,609
10,707

4,009,902
41,538,136
12,822,796
14,067,942

5,970,187
67,973,232
29,724,868
26,268,180

14,439,179
159,771,994
56,737,489
60,576,681

8,468,992
91,798,762
27,012,621
34,308,501

1,561
1,647
822
1,314

2,325
2,695
1,904
2,453

5,623
6,335
3,635
5,658

3,298
3,640
1,731
3,204

47.3
45.2
47.5
41.0

111

12,159
3,410
6,285
8,714

15,622,933
2,723,445
5,309,999
9,836,433

24,746,416
4,673,591
14,299,501
15,153,368

55,511,926
10,164,720
28,221,183
36,639,762

30,765,510
5,491,129
13,921,682
21,486,394

1,285
799
845
1,129

2,035
1,371
2,275
1,739

4,566
2,981
4,490
4,205

2,530
1,610
2,215
2,466

50.8
49.6
38.1
45.8

504

18,067

20,402,471

37,031,752

77,868,541

40,836,789

1,129

2,050

4,310

2,260

5a 0

Annual Cost of
Value added b y wages material
manufacture per wage per wage
earner
earner

1929 2
C alifornia......... .
Georgia................ .
I llin o is ............... . .
I n d ia n a ..............
K en tu cky_____ _

...........................
.
................. ............. . .
- ..... . . . .......... - ___
. ________ __________
_______________ _____ |

A ll other States.........................................................

211

265
50
54

2 ,2 0 1

1 This heading used has been revised from the previous heading, “ Cost of materials” (see U . S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. N o. 526, p. 17, T able 11), for the purpose of more
clearly enumerating the composition of the totals used. Reference: Biennial Census of Manufactures, 1927, U. S. Department of Commerce, p. 521, T able 1, note 2.
2 The United States totals for the year 1927 have been adjusted for comparison with 1929 b y adding the figures for “ sewing-machine cases, cabinets, and tab les/’ figures for which
data are not included in this study, but it was impracticable to add them for earlier years. (See U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, “ Manufactures: 1929,” Furniture,
p. 1 , paragraph “ Comparison w ith earlier years.” )




OF LABOK

United States:
1919......................................... ........ ............
1921....................... ............................ ........ .........
1923....................... ................................... ..........
1925____ _______
_______________________
1927_________ __________________________
1927*.......................... .....................................
1929 2 ______ _______________________________

Value of
products

HOXJKS

Amount paid
in wages

AND

Average
number
of wage
earners

WAGES

State and year

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Cost of mate­
rials, fuel, and
purchased
electric energy 1

£0

FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931

23

SCOPE AND METHOD

The wage figures used in compiling this bulletin were obtained
from representative furniture factories in 17 States. The principal
products of the factories were wooden household furniture, including
bedroom, dining-room, sitting-room, and parlor suites, library and
hall pieces, tables, chairs, radio cabinets, and office furniture, such
as desks, tables, chairs, etc. Data were not taken from factories
whose principal products were metallic, reed, or fiber furniture, mat­
tresses, bed springs, refrigerators, furniture for schools, churches,
theaters, etc., nor from those engaged in the manufacture of expensive
made-to-order pieces of furniture.
The figures were for one representative pay period in the fall of 1931,
mainly in August, September, and October, and were taken directly
from pay rolls or other records of the factories by agents of the Bureau
of Labor Statistics.
Both large and small plants were included in the study. A few of
the large factories are represented in the report by only a part of their
total number of wage earners, as the inclusion of data for all would
have tended to overweight and possibly impair the representative
character of the averages for the States in which such large factories
are located.
On the whole, the data for 1931 are from the same establishments
as in 1929. There were a few of the establishments included in the
1929 study, however, that were permanently out of business in 1931.
For each establishment so lost, a new one, as nearly comparable in
product and as near the same general locality as possible, was covered.
Wage figures are presented in this bulletin for each occupation in
the furniture industry in which wage earners are of enough importance
in number to warrant showing separately. Wage figures for em­
ployees in other occupations have been combined and are included in
the miscellaneous group of “ other employees.” The occupations as
published in the tables in this bulletin are as follows:
Assemblers and cabinetmakers.
Carvers, hand.
Carvers, machine.
Craters and packers.
Cushion and pad makers.
Cutters (upholstering materials).
Finishers.
Gluers, rough stock.
Helpers (excluding apprentices).
Laborers.

Machine hands.
Polishers and rubbers.
Sanders, hand.
Sewers.
Sprayers.
Spring setters.
Trimmers.
Upholsterers.
Veneerers.

All occupations found in the industry are defined in the Appendix
(p. 47).
A very large per cent of the factories in the industry pay employees
every week. Data for those that pay every two weeks or half month
were so taken as to make it possible to show wage figures for all
employees in all factories for one week.
The average earnings per hour for employees in each occupation
were computed by dividing the total earnings of all employees in the
occupation, during the period covered in the study, by the total hours
worked by such employees.
Average full-time hours per week for employees in each occupation
were computed by dividing the total full-time hours per week of all




24

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

employees in the occupation by the total employees in the occupation
during the pay period covered.
Average full-time earnings per week for employees in each occupa­
tion were computed by multiplying the average earnings per hour of
all employees in the occupation by the average full-time hours per
week. It is assumed that the earnings for full time would have been
at the same average rate per hour as for the time that was actually
worked in the week covered by this study.
Table 13 shows the number of wage earners in the furniture industry
in each State in 1929, as reported by the Census of Manufactures, and
the number for which 1931 wages and hours of labor are presented in
this study. Based on the 1929 census figures, the wage earners in the
17 States represent 90.7 per cent of the total number in the industry
in that year. The 30,659 wage earners included in the 1931 study
represent 17.5 per cent of the total number employed in the 17 States,
and 15.9 per cent of the total in the United States.
T

13.— Number of wage earners in the furniture industry in 1929 and number
of establishments and wage earners for which 1931 data are shown, by States

able

State

California_____________
Georgia_____ - ________
Illin o is _______________
Indiana_______________
K e n tu c k y .___________ j
Maryland. . _________ '
Massachusetts________
Michigan
_________
M issouri....................... .
N ew Jersey.....................

Number
of wage
earners
reported
by
United
States
Census
Bureau
for 1929

7,931
2,307
23,767
18,700
2,890
2,409
8,598
20,941
3,117
2,568

Establishments
and wage earn­
ers for which
1931 data are
shown in this
report
State
N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num ­
ber of
wage
earners

15
5
30
31
5

1,363
787
3,616
3,246
540
545
1,266
3,112
501
539

11

16
23
13
5

Number
of wage
earners
reported
by
United
States
Census
Bureau
for 1929

Establishments
and wage earn­
ers for which
1931 data are
shown in this
report
N um ­ N um ­
ber of
of
estab­ ber
wage
lish­
ments earners

New Y o rk _______ ____
North Carolina_______
Ohio............. ...................
Pennsylvania_________
Tennessee___________ Virginia_______________
Wisconsin_____________
Other States__________

25,220
15,609
10,707
12,159
3,410
6,285
8,714
18,067

55
17
23
25
4
13

4,104
3,258
1,502
2,084
512
1,605
2,079

T otal.....................

193,399

299

30,659

8

GENERAL TABLES

In addition to the text tables already shown, wage figures are also
presented by occupation, sex, and State in three general tables as
follows:
Table A shows the average number of days on which wage earners
worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week,
average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by
occupation, sex, and State.
The 510 male assemblers and cabinetmakers of the 30 establish­
ments in Illinois for which data are shown on the third line in this
table worked an average of 4.6 days or parts of days in one week in
1931. Their average full-time hours per week were 50. In one week
they actually worked an average of 34.5 hours, or 69 per cent of their
average full-time hours per week. They earned an average of 52.8
cents per hour and $18.18 in one week. Had they worked their full
time of 50 hours per week at the same average earnings per hour as




25

FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931

were earned in the 34.5 hours, they would have earned $26.40 in the
week. This explanation applies to all data in this and other occupa­
tions for males and for females in this and other States.
Average full-time hours per week and average hours actually
worked in one week are showrn in parallel columns in the table, thus
making easy comparison of the hours that were worked in one week
with those that would have been worked in the week had all employees
in the occupation and State worked no more nor less than full time
in the week.
Table B shows the average and classified earnings per hour of
employees in seven specified occupations, by sex and State.
Table C shows, by sex and State, the average and classified full­
time hours per week in seven specified occupations. (See definitions,
p. 47.)
T

A . — Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per
cent of full time worked, 1931, by occupation, sex, and State

able

Occupation, sex, and State

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

N um ­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

15
5
30
29
5

160
71
510
505
97
56
191
409
82
89
568
391

Assemblers and cabinetmakers,
male:
California..............................
Georgia..................................
Illinois...................................
Indiana..................................
Kentucky..............................
M a ry lan d..- ......................
Massachusetts-----------------M ichigan.
Missouri................
N ew Jersey
.................. .!
.....................ji
N ew Y ork
North C arolina............... ..j
Ohio....................... ..............
Pennsylvania....................... j
Tennessee....................... .j
Virginia............... .................
Wisconsin____ ______ ____

10

13
23
13
5

--- _ ----i
.... j
.
..
5
4
17
.
! 21
24
—
4
i 8
! 33

Total...................................
Assemblers and cabinetmakers,
female:
California..............................
Indiana...........................—
Kentucky............................
Michigan...............................
N ew York................ ............ |
Ohio............ .....................
Pennsylvania. .................
Tennessee........................
Wisconsin............................. !

.

1
-i
j!
...iI

Total.................................. 1

Carvers,hand,male:

289

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in i
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

43.1
42.6
34.5
41.1
41.4
47.2
38.9
42.5
41.2
31.8
41.7
45.9
43.9
48.4
49.6
52.0
38.3

91.9
77.5
69.0
79.5
77.0
94.8
80.4
83.2
80.5
64.8
80.2
85.0
81.4
90.6
94.5
94.5
71.5

$0,559
.257
.528
.429
.411
.500
.660
.455
.465
.618
.492
.334
.435
.422
.278
.275
.425

$26.22
14.14
26.40
22.18

332
51
186
297

46.9
55.0
50.0
51.7
53.8
49.8
48.4
51.1
51.2
49.1
52.0
54.0
53.9
53.4
52.5
55.0
53.6

24.90
31.94
23.25
23.81
30.34
25.58
18.04
23.45
22.53
14.60
15.13
22.78

$24.05
10.95
18.18
17.62
17.05
23.59
25.66
19.34
19.15
19.62
20.51
15.35
19.10
20.41
13.79
14.30
16.27

4,207

5.0

51.9

42.0

80.9

.445

23.10

18.68

)
2.3

0

0

0

15.3

31.3

0
.2 2 0

10.76

0

0

0
6 6 .0

0

212

0)3

0

J

0

0

3

8

4.0
3.6
5.8
5.6
0)
3.8

16

52

4.6

2

4

4

10

1

16

4

1

0

48.9
)
50.0
48.8
50.0
50.0
50.0

33.0
28.7
48.7
47.3
0)
26.6

49.7

37.2

0

.351
.340
.298
.208

58.8
97.4
94.6
0)
53.2

0
.291

74.8

.283

2 2 .1 1

0




0

3.37

0

0

0

0

17.55
16.59
14.90
10.40
14.55
14.07

3
6
45.3
94.4
.728 34.94
48.0
5.5
1 0
0
0
0
0
0
18 53 04.7 49.6 36.5 73.6 .750 37.20
5 11 5.2 48.9 44.3 90.6 .573 28.02
1 0
0
0
0
0)
0
2
2 03.5 49.0 28.7 58.6 .696 34.10
5 16 3.6 45.5 24.4 53.6 1.269 57.74
11 23 5.7 50.9 46.0 90.4 .695 35.38
1 0
0
0
0)
0
0
0
1Forlessthan3wageearnersin lestiablishmLent, datia include$d in totsil.
California.............................
Georgia..................................
Illinois...................................
Indiana..................................
K entucky.............................
M aryland............. ................
Massachusetts.....................
Michigan...............................
Missouri................................

Aver­
age
actual
earn­
ings
in 1
week

5.5
5.0
4.6
4.8
4.9
5.5
5.1
5.2
5.2
3.9
4.8
5.2
5.2
5.4
5.5
5.7
4.8

1
2

1

Per
cent
Aver­
Aver­
o f full­
age
age
hours
time
full­
actual­ hours
time
actual­
ly
hours worked
ly
per
in 1 worked
week
in 1
week
week

11.57
9.79
14.52
9.83
7.72

10.53
32.94

0
27.37
25.37
0
19.94
30.92
31.95

0

26
T

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

A * — Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per
cent of full time worked, 1931, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued

able

Occupation, sex, and State

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

N um ­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

14

28

Carvers, hand, male—Contd.
N ew York........................... .
Ohio.......................................
Pennsylvania.......................
Wisconsin.............................
Total.... ............ ................
Carvers, machine, male:
California..............................
Georgia......................... ........
Illin o is ........................ ........
Indiana...................
.....
Kentucky.............................
M aryland........................... Massachusetts.............. .......
Michigan...............................
Missouri.............. ........... .
N ew Y ork ___________ —
North Carolina----------------Ohio.....................................
Pennsylvania.....................
Tennessee______ _________
Virginia............. .................
Wisconsin.........................

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

Per
Aver­
cent
age
of full­
hours
time
actual­ hours
actually
worked
!y .
in 1 worked
week
in 1
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

Aver­
age
actual
earn­
ings
in
week

2

2

10
2

13
3

4.3
2.5
4.8
5.3

49.2
56.3
53.7
55.0

34.6
19.9
42.3
46.3

70.3
35.3
78.8
84.2

$0,824
.809
.591
.550

$40.54
45.55
31.74
30.25

$28.50
16.10
24.99
25.48

75

161

4.7

49.7

38.0

76.5

.745

37.03

28.33

11
1

15

23
14

85
39
3
7

5.4
4.0
4.7
5.5
2.7
5.9
5.0
5.3

48.0
55.0
50.0
51.7
55.0
49.9
47.7
51.3

45.5
30.3
39.6
49.0

94.8
55.1
79.2
94.8
40.0

.801
.565
.639
.531
.607

38.45
31.08
31.95
27.45
33.39
34.23
43.88
28.98

36.41
17.13
25.33
26.00
13.35
34.60
32.60
25.06

0

0

6

2

4
4
13
1

6

50
0

0

2 2 .0

50.4
35.4
44.4

1 0 1 .0

.6 8 6

74.2
86.5

.920
.565

0

0

0

0

9
14

40
18
18
23

2
6
8

13
16

5.0
5.6
5.0
5.3
5.5
5.5
5.3

140

342

5.1

51.7

44.1

85.3

.576

29.78

25.40

12

5.7
5.8
4.6
4.6
4.6
5.6
5.5
5.1
5.6
4.3
4.9
5.6
5.4
5.1
5.3
5.7
4.7

46.1
55.0
50.3
51.3
54.3
50.1
49.2
51.2
51.8
49.4
51.9
54.4
54.8
53.5
52.5

.503

23.19

23.04
9.68
16.06
14.49
14.43
18.36

53.1

45.8
48.0
32.1
36.9
40.9
49.2
42.9
40.2
48.6
35.2
42.5
48.3
44.5
43.2
45.5
52.1
33.5

99.3
87.3
63.8
71.9
75.3
98.2
87.2
78.5
93.8
71.3
81.9

12

23
36
104
147
27
19
41
117
19
18
160
175
48
97
30
104
77

Total.................................. \ 249

1,242

5.1

52.4

2

9

3
3
3

6
10

5.4
3.5
4.9
5.1
5.8
4.8
5.6

17
11

Total............................. .
Craters and packers, male:
California..............................
Georgia..................................
Illinois...................................
Indiana.................................
K entucky................. ..........
M aryland............................
Massachusetts_______ ____
Michigan.........................
Missouri................................
N ew Jersey........................ . i
N ew Y ork......... .......... ........ i
North C arolin a.................. i
Ohio...................................... !
Pennsylvania..... ................. 1
Tennessee............................
Virginia.................................
Wisconsin............................. 1

i

4
23
26
5
7
13
23
8

3
48
17
13
23

4

2

i

Craters and packers, female:
Georgia.................................. !
Illinois................................... ;
Indiana.................................. !
Massachusetts......... ..........
Michigan.................. ............
Missouri.............................. •
N ew Y ork.........................
N orth Carolina.................
Ohio....................................
Pennsylvania_____ ____ _
Tennessee..........................
Wisconsin...................... .

i

!

Total.......................... .

]

Cushion and pad makers, male: |
California...................
Georgia.............. ........... .... 1
Illinois.......... .................... __l
Indiana.................................

j

7

2
2

8

4
7

3
0

0

44.3
54.7
39.2
48.3
48.5
53.0
42.2

85.4
99.5
72.2
92.4
92.4
96.4
78.0

28. 51
24.69
2 2 .2 1

1 1 .1 1

81.2
80.7
86.7
94.7
63.1

12.18
12.05
21.29

16.66
17.30
19.26
19.29
13.34
16.08
16.23
10.55
11.43
13.43

42.3

80.7

.365

19.13

15.44

55.0
52.0
49.5
48.0
54.0
53.8
48.3

36.1
24.8
38.2
39.2
43.4
36.4
44.5

65.6
47.7
77.2
81.7
80.4 !
67.7
92.1

.165
.293

9.08
15.24
9.90
16.22
10.96
17.97

0

0

0

5.94
7.26
7.65
13.26
8.80
12.15
10.34
0)

55.0

29

95

4.9

50.6

35.8

8
2

18
7
31
7

5.6
5.0
5.5
4.0 I

46.7
55.0
49.9
50.6

44.8
35.6
39.3
30.6

50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0

8 8 .8

36.2
4*. 5
45.0
28.2

72.4
89.0
90.0
52.4

i For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total.




18.70
33.65

28.41
21.89
20.55
22.83
20.50
18.02
26.21

2 2 .0 0

25.15
20.16
19.17
18.69
23.17
21.25
18.44
27.02
23.56
15.01
19.78

4

7
4

33.27

.500
.393
.353
.373
.471
.415
.356
.547
.454
.276
.361
.376
.232
.219
.401

3
24

10

.641
.400
.525
.472
.423
.340
.622

.2 0 2

4.2
5.7
5.0
4.1

2
1

5

51.9
55.0
54.3
52.3
52.5
55.0
54.1

.2 0 0

.338
.203
.334
.232
0

2 0 .1 2

1 1 .2 1
0

2 0 .2 2

.317

17.80
12.50
5.00
15.85

70.8

.252

12.75

90.1

95.9
64.7
78.8
60. 5

.451
.297
.617
.426

21.06
16.34
30. 79
21.56

2 0 .2 2

. 356
.250
.1 0 0

1 2 .8 8
1 1 .1 2

4.50
8.32

10.57
24.20
13.03

27

FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931
T

A , — Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per
cent of full time worked, 1981, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued

able

Occupation, sex, and State

C u s h i o n and pad makers,
male—Continued.
Kentucky............................
M aryland............................
Massachusetts....................
Michigan.............................
N ew Jersey..........................
N ew York............................
North Carolina...................
Ohio......................................
Pennsylvania......................
W isconsin............................
Total..
Cushion and pad makers,
male:
California.......................
Georgia......................... Illinois............................
Maryland.......................
Massachusetts............
Michigan______ _______
Missouri_____________
N ew Y o r k ...................
Pennsylvania............
Tennessee................. . . .
Wisconsin......................
Total..
Cutters
(upholstering ma­
terials), male:
California............................
Georgia................................
Illinois..................................
Indiana................................
Kentucky............................
M aryland............................
Massachusetts....................
Michigan.............................
Missouri____________ ___
N ew Jersey..........................
N ew Y ork...........................
North Carolina...................
Ohio......................................
Pennsylvania......................
Wisconsin............................
Total.
Cutters (upholstering ma­
terials), female:
California............................
Georgia.................................
Illinois..................................
Indiana................................
M aryland............................
Massachusetts....................
M ichigan.............................
New Jersey..........................
N ew York...... .....................
Ohio......................................
Tennessee_______ ________
W isconsin............................
Total..

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

1

7
4
2
2
10

3
4
1

3

Aver­
age
days
N um ­
on
ber of which
wage wage
earn­
earners
ers worked
in i
week

0

)

(0

11
8
2

7
16
4
9

0)

4

58

126

3

6
0)
9
0)

1
2
1
2
2
1

4
1
1

3
5

0)

5.4

6 .0

5.0
5.9
3.7
5.3
5.9

<*)

5.3
5.2

5.3

)
49.2
49.5
50.0
47.0
48.6
51.3
52.3

0

4.3

25.60

20.93

.510

22.44

.324

16.36

49.8

40.7

81.7

44.0

34.0

77.3

50.5

(0
25.1
0)

0)

0)

<»)

0)

48.0
52.4

49.7

36.0
30.6

75.0
58.4

. 269
.307

48.4

34.3

0)

(»)

(>)

(ll
(1)

W
0)

(1}
0)

<l)

70.9

.360

(l)

0)

12.91
16.09

0)

V)

17.01

17.37
)
8.14
0)
9.67
9.40

0

0)
0)

0)
12.32
0)
0)

17.42

6

5.0

50.0

ft
<
*> „
34.3

6 8 .6

.276

13.80

20

47

4.4

49.1

32.0

65.2

.334

16.40

10.70

7
3

16
5
51

6 .6

47.5
55.0
50.1
51.7
55.0
48.7
49.2

44.5
45.1
34.8
41.8
38.0
45.8
47.7

93.7
82.0
69.5
80.9
69.1
94.0
97.0

.531
.321
.556
.386
.449
.566
.947

25.22
17.66
27.86
19.96
24.70
27.56
46.59

23.61
14.49
19.36
16.13
17.06
25.92
45.12

28.0
54.1
50.8
40.0
37.4

(l)
77.3
57.0
99.4
77.7
79.1
72.3

.824
.658
.328
.572
.599
.479

(l)
40.21
32.31
17.84
30.03
30.31
24.76

2

8

5

12

1

4

5
6

12
10

1
1
2
12

(0
0)

5.6
5.0
5.0
5; 0
5.4
5.8

0)
0)

0)

0)
(l>
37.7

0)
0)

0)

0)
0)

4
5
4
3

8
11
6

67

178

4.9

50.3

38.2

75.9

.566

28.47

21.64

14

5.1
5.4
5.4
4.4
4.0

44.0
55.0
50.0
51.4
51.0

37.0
38.3
33.7
31.6
28.5

84.1
69.6
67.4
61.5
55.9

0)

.494
.232
.394
.298
.403

21.74
12.76
19.70
15.32
20.55

(0

<0

0)

18.28
8.87
13.29
9.41
11.49

5
2
2

3
2
1

4
2

4
3
1
1

30
—a = .

34
4

8

40
7
2

0)

0)

3
9
7
3
4

5.3
5.3
5.1
5.1
5.0
4.0

111

5.2

12

48.8
49.1
54.4
52.5
50.6
51.7

9.46

4.5
3.7
5.6
4.8
5.8
4.7

2

51.0
45.3
49.8
50.0
50.0
50.0

49.6

42.8
40.5
44.3
42.3
44.0
21.4
36.8

83.9
89.4
89.0
84.6
8 8 .0

42.8
74.2
s=.g:a.a.:

1 For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total.




.514

0)

6 8 .8

0)

(1}
0)

.472

0)

96.2

Aver­
age
actual
earn­
ings
in
week

0)
$18.34
33.84
20.23
30.86
16.63
16.50
23.06

(1)
36.1,

1 0 0 .0

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

0)
$20.47
32.32
24. 35
28.67
28.53
16.50
23.95
(l)
24.78

0)
$0. 416
. 653
.487
.610
.587
.322
.458

52.5

0)

0)

4.7
3.8

(0

89.6
104.6
83.0
107.7
54.7

0)

3.6

(9

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

44.1
51.8
41.5
50.6
26.6
51.3
50.3

0)

0)

10

(9
(>)

Per
Aver­ Aver­ ofcent
full­
age
age
time
hours
full­
actual- hours
time
actual­
hours worked
ly
per
worked
in
1
week
in i
week
week

(0

.391
.424
.362
.298
.375
.264

19.94
19.21
18.03
14.90
18.75
13.20

.383

19.00
- ——

31.03
18.44
17.73
23.34
23.95
17.90

0)

16.73
17.18
16.06
12.62
16.50
5.64
14.10

28
T

W AGES

AND

HOURS

OF

LABOR

A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per
cent of full time worked, 1981, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued

able

Occupation, sex, and State

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

N um ­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

13
5
29
25
4

71
46
197
194
37
18

Finishers, male:
California..............................
Georgia..................................
Illinois....................................
Indiana..................................
Kentucky..............................
M aryland..............................
Massachusetts.................... .
Michigan...............................
Missouri................................
New Jersey...........................
N ew Y ork.............................
North Carolina....................
Ohio.......................................
Pennsylvania.............. ........
Tennessee..............................
Virginia.................................
Wisconsin.............................
Total...................................

i

Total.................................. !
Gluers, rough-stock, male:
California.............................. !
Georgia.................................. 1
Illinois.................................... 1
Indiana................................. I
K entucky.............................. i
M aryland........................ .
Massachusetts.................. i
;
Missouri............................ j
New Y ork........................... !
North Carolina................. i
Ohio.......... — .......................
Pennsylvania..................... !
Tennessee________ _______ '
Virginia.................................
Wisconsin.............................

Per
cent
Aver­
Aver­
of full­
age
age
time
hours
full­
actual­ hours
time
actually
hours worked
per
worked
in l
week
in 1
week
week

41.5
45.1
34.2
39.0
43.7
42.3
38.1
37.0
42.8
36.4
43.0
48.7
39.0
46.1
48.5
50.1
39.8

88.3
82.0
68.7
76.3
80.6
84.9
80.2
73.4
81.8
74.3
82.9
93.3
71.7
87.1
90.7
91.1
73.6

$0.52S
.175
.484
.395
.381
.563
.652
.465
.413
.593
.458
. 269
.428
. 132

41.7

15

88

22
12

4
49
17
17
25
4
7
13

281
51
69
374
254
73
181
31
103
123

259

2,191

5.0

51.6

5.8
)
4.6
4.7
5.0
4.7
0)
0)
3.6

48.0

44.7

0

0

1
1

3
1

3
7
1
1

5
0

)

5
3
5
26
0)
0)
5
(*)

0

49.1
55.0
48.0
51.5

34.2
27.0
39.5
36.4

.250
.416

80.8

.414

21.36

17.26

93.1
0)
69.7
49.1
82.3
70.7

.486
0)
.238
.241
.532
.362

23.33

0
0

0

0

<0

0)

4

48.5
37.8
41.5

0

9
16

5.6
4.8
4.9

0

97.0
75.6
83.0

32

90

4.9

50.2

38.3

17

48.2
55.0
49.9
51.9
53.3
51.0
48.1
51.2
51.6
51.3
54.8
54.2
52.9
52.7
55.0
54.0

4
l

10

0

24.0

$24.82

Aver­
age
actual
earn­
ings
in
week

$21.89
7.90
16.57
15.40
16.62
23.80
24.85
17.22
17.68
21.63
19.69
13.11
16.70
19.94
10.69
12.51
16.58

0)
48.0
(l)
50.0
50.0
50.0

1

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

9.63
24.10
20.18
20.65
28.04
30.97
23.44
21.60
29.06
23.77
14.04
23.28
22.85
11.82
13.75
22.51

0
0

4

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

47.0
55.0
49.8
51.1
54.2
49.8
47.5
50.4
52.3
49.0
51.9
52.2
54.4
52.9
53.5
55.0
54.1

5.3
5.0
4.3
4.7
5.5
4.9
5.1
4.9
5.2
4.5
4.9
5.4
4.7
5.2
5.3
5.6
5.1

8

Finishers, female:
California..............................
Georgia..................................
Indiana..................................
Kentucky.............................
Massachusetts....... ..........
Michigan.............................
Missouri................................
New Jersey...........................
N ew Y ork...........................
O h io -..................................
Pennsylvania................ ......
Tennessee............................. !
Wisconsin.............................

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week

50.0

.2 2 1

.449

0

11.69
13.26
25.54
18.64
(0

21.73
)
8.13
6.50

0

2 1 .0 2

13.17
0)

0

0

0

0

21.55

10.78

.227
.107
.309

11.35
5.35
15.45

76.3

.319

16.01

1 2 .2 2

44.4
45.7
32.6
41.2
48.3
51.3
38.0
40.9
40.1
37.6
52.2
43.5
42.3
44.8
54.6
34.5

92.1
83.1
65.3
79.4
90.6
100 . C
79.0
79.9
77.7
73.3
95.3
80.3
80.0
85.0
99.3
63.9

.472
.258
.552
.348
.328
.352
.511
.440
.411
.465
.255
.414
.374
.254
.270
.416

22.75
14.19
27.54
18.06
17.48
17.95
24.58
2 2 .53
23.85
13.97
22.44
19.78
13.39
14.85
22.46

20.95
11.80
17.98
14.33
15.86
18.04
19.42
17.98
16.47
17.47
13.34
18.02
15.82
11 . 3fi
14.74
14.34

10.99
4.04
12.83

1j

4

12

6
12

19
34

5.6
5.6
4.8
4.7
5.3
5.8
5.0
5.2
4.9
4.7
5.4
5.3
4.7
4.9
5.8
4.4

Total.................................. !

178

364

5.0

52.3

42.3

80.9

.379

19.82

16.02

10

86

5

64
167
279
36
40

5.4
4.9
4.5
4.4
4.9
5.0
5.4
4.9
5.0
4.0
4.9

48.7
55.0
50.0
51.2
54.3
49.6
48.8
51.3
51.3
49.1
52.7

45.1
41.3
36.0
37.8
42.0
43.6
42.8
38.1
39.0
31.8
42,4

92.6
75.1
72.0
73.8
77.3
87.9
87.7
74.3
76.0
8
80.5

.331
.126
.285
.241
.250
.250
.278
.274
.290
.378
.283

16.12
6.93
14.25
12.34
13.58
12.40
13.57
14.06
14.88
18.56
14.91

14.93
5.22
10.25
9.13
10.48
10.90
11.91
10.4^
11.33
12.00
12.01

Helpers, male:
California...........................
Georgia..................................
Illinois...................................
Indiana................... - ............
K entucky............................ 1
M aryland............................. 1
Massachusetts...................... !
Michigan............................. 1
Missouri................................
New Jersey...........................
New Y ork............................. 1

1
i
;
i

io
5
®
23
3
3
w
20

7
30
15
9
12

2284

4
9
9
23
10

*

35

10

16
44
3
4
16
41
8

56
46
19
19

m

204
25
33
216

* For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total.




2 1 .2 1

29

FUKNITTmE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931

T a b le A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per
cent of full time worked, 1981, by occupation, sex, aw<2
— Continued

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Occupation, sex, and State

Helpers, male—Continued.
North rifvrnlina
.......................................

N um ­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week

47.9
40.6
43.9
42.9
50.1
35.4

8a

7
74.2
82.1
80.8
91.1
66.3

$0.176
.267
.249
.168
.161
.292

$9.50
14.60
13.32
8.92
15.59

$8.45
10.82
10.95
7.22
8.07
10.33

2,322

5.0

52.6

42.5

80.8

.231

12.15

9.82

236
2
1
6
1
1
2
1
2

. ,

Laborers, male:
C aliforn ia._______________
G eorgia__________________
Illinois __________________
Indiana.
_
K e n tu c k y _______________
Maryland _______________
Massachusetts____________
Missouri__________________
New Jersey_______________
New Y ork________________
North Carolina ,
Ohio .
— ........................Pennsylvania.
Tennessee _______________
Virginia. ________________
Wisconsin________________
T ota l______ ___ _____
Machine hands, male:
California ______________
G e o r g ia ..___
„ _ _ __
Illinois.............................. .....
Indiana___________________
Kentucky________________
M aryland________________
Massachusetts____________
Michigan
Missouri__________________
N ew Jersey_______________
N ew Y ork________________
N orth Carolina___________
Ohio_____________________
Pennsylvania_____________
Tennessee________________
Virginia.................................
W isconsin________________

Aver­
age
actual
earn­
ings
in
week

54.0
54.7
53.5
53.1
55.0
53.4

T otal..................................

Total

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

5.4
5.0
5.1
4.8
5.5
4.7

Helpers, female:
Indiana. Kentucky________________
Michigan _
____ _
Missouri N ew York________________
Ohio ,
______ _________
Pennsylvania
T$nnA&<u»A

_

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

17
435
88
13 Ohio
143
49
4
282
8
12
119

21

Tennessee.
__ - Virginia _________________

Per
cent
Aver­ Aver­
age
of
full­
age
hours
time
full­
actualhours
time
ly ^ actual­
hours worked
ly
per
in 1 worked
week
week
in 1
week

3.7

6
0

0

50.0

32.2

64.4

.188

0

0

0

0

39.5

8 .8 6

9.40

6.05

0

0

0
0

0
0
1 2 .8 6

0

0

52.1
0)
(i)
50.0

0
0

46.7

75.8
0)
0)
93.4

0

0

0

0

5.0

51.2

40.7

79.5

.195

9.98

7.93

5.3
5.0
4.8
4.2
5.2
11
4.8
11
60
5.3
142
21 Michigan
5.1
8
19
4.9
2
30
5.2
36
138
4.9
16
226
5.5
13
67
5.0
18
79
5.2
4
29
4.7
8
94
5.5
128
12
4.7

48.1
55.0
50.1
51.3
55.2
49.1
48.9
50.8
50.0
49.5
51.2
54.5
54.7
52.9
52.6
55.0
53.4

43.3
41.3
37.2
34.9
44.9
39.5
43.2
39.6
41.1
44.3
40.9
48.6
43.1
44.5
40.8
49.7
35.3

90.0
75.1
74.3

18.28
9.79
19.69
16.42
17.11
14.53
19.12
18.03
16.05
22.03
21.50

16.42
7.34
14.61
11.17
13.94
11.72
16.87
14.09
13.20
19.71
17.18

1 2 .2 1

1 0 .8 6

19.09
17.40
9.99
10.07
19.22

15.06
14.64
7.75
9.10
12.70

16

21

)
(i)
16

0
0

0

0

0

25
72

5.3
5.6
4.8

51.2

40.7

79.5

.237
0)
0

.275
.099

12.35
13.75
5.07

9.38

4.01

6 6 .1

.380
.178
.393
.320
.310
.296
.391
.355
.321
.445
.420
.224
.349
.329
.190
. 183
.360

224

1,505

5.0

52.2

41.4

79.3

.317

16.55

13.13

15
5
29
30
5
9
14
23

5.4
5.1
4.5
4.7
5.0
5.7
5.2
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.8
5.4
5.0
5.4
5.0
5.6
4.8

48.5
55.0
50.2
51.6
54.1
50.1
48.9
51.2
50.6
49.1
50.9
54.2
54.6
53.4
52.4
55.0
53.8

43.5
42.5
33.3
39.7
43.7
49.0
41.1
39.4
40.3
31.8
40.2
48.2
42.0
47.1
43.7
51.3
37.8

89.7
77.3
66.3
76.9
80.8
97.8
84.0
77.0
79.6
64.8
79.0
88.9
76.9
83.4
93.3
70.3

.546
.264
.524
.408
.415
.479
.564
.474
.433
.601
.479
.316
.446
.417
.328
.269
.430

26.48
14.52
26.30
21.05
22.45
24.00
27.58
24.27
21.91
29.51
24.38
17.13
24.35
22.27
17.19
14.80
23.13

23.76
11.23
17.44
16.18
18.15
23.49
23.15
18.67
17.43
19.09
19.22
15.23
18.75
19.62
14.33
13.81
16.26

11

5
25
27
4
3

48
44
152
206
32

6 8 .0

81.3
80.4
88 .3
78.0
82.2
89.5
80.0
89.2
78.8
84.1
77.6
90.4

13

239
158
673
651
93
77
243
648
116
128
903
718
337
479
96
336
460

Total............................. . . .

284

6,355

5.0

52.1

41.5

79.7

.428

22.30

17.77

Machine hands, female:
Indiana__________________
Michigan...............................

3
2

5
7

4.2
5.7

50.2
54.0

34.6
40.0

68.9
74.1

.325
.259

16.32
13.99

11.26
10.37

*For less than 3 wage earners in
136825°— 32------ 3




11

5
52
17
21

23
4
8

1 establishment, data included in tota l

8 8 .2

30

WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR

A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per
cent of full time worked, 1981, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued

T a b le

Occupation, sex, and State

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

M achine hands, female—Con.
Missouri
Pftnnsyl vania
W isconsin________________

1
1
1

Total...................................

8

.......

Polishers and rubbers, male:
California..............................
Georgia___________________
Illinois___________________
Indiana__________________
K entucky________________
M aryland________________
Massachusetts____________
Michigan_________________
Missouri_________________
N ew Y ork________________
North Carolina___________
Ohio.......................................
Pennsylvania_____________
Tennessee________________
Virginia__________________
W isconsin________________

N um ­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

0)
0)
0)

Aver­
Per
age
Aver­ Aver­ ofcent
days
full­
age
age
on
hours
time
full­
which
actual­ hours
time
wage
actually
hours worked
earners
per
worked week
in i
worked
week
in i
in 1
week
week

(*)

0

(i)

)
(i)
)

0
0

(*)
)
)

0
0

0

0)

)
)
(l)

$0,310

$16.24

$11.53

31

47.4
55.0
50.3
52.5
54.5
51.7
48.7
50.6
53.1
52.7
55.0
54.5
53.6
54.4
55.0
54.3

43.0
50.8
29.1
35.3
41.0
47.5
43.3
38.1
39.2
40.4
45.7
36.7
40.7
40.9
47.7
36.2

90.7
92.4
57.9
67.2
75.2
91.9
88.9
75.3
73.8
76.7
83.1
67.3
75.9
75.2
86.7
66.7

.511
.196
.468
.367
.405
.493
.550
.463
.386
.496
.305
.462
.423
.253
.229
.466

24.22
10.78
23.54
19.27
22.07
25.49
26.79
23.43
20.50
26.14
16.78
25.18
22.67
13.76
12.60
25.30

21.95
9.96
13.62
12.96
16.62
23.42
23.84
17.67
15.14
20.03
13.95
16.95
17.20
10.35
10.91
16.85

40.2

76.1

.403

21.28

16.21

19.0
)
41.5
42.8

38.0
0)
76.9
86.5
43.1

.275
)
.215

13.75
0)
11.61
10.94
20.04
15.82
12.80

8
8

17
113
60

Total...................................

208

1,194

4.9

52.8

Polishers and rubbers, female:
Indiana__________________
Massachusetts____________
Michigan ____ ___________
Missouri_________________
New Y ork______ ____ ____
Ohio.......................................
W isconsin________________

1
1

4

3.0

3

(1>9
4
4
3

50.0
42.5

1 0 0 .0

Total____________ ______
Sanders, hand, male:
California________________
Georgia___________________
Illinois___________________
Indiana__________________
K en tu cky________________
M aryland________________
Massachusetts____________
M ichigan_________________
Missouri_________________
N ew Y ork _____ __________
North Carolina___________
Ohio_____________________
Pennsylvania_____________
Tennessee________________
Virginia__________________
W isconsin________________
T otal...................................
Sanders, hand, female:
Illinois___________________
In d ia n a __________________
K en tu cky________________
M assachusetts___________
M ichigan_________________
Missouri__________________
N ew Y ork________________
North Carolina___________
Ohio........................................

6

10

24
3

6

42
156
11
201

174
39
111

6

4.8

60.0
0)
54.0
49.5
49.0
50.0
50.0

85.0

.409
.316
.256

11

31

4.6

50.9

36.7

72.1

.259

13.18

9.53

11

62
46
74
154
24

47.3
55.0
50.3
52.1
55.0
52.0
49.8
51.0
52.2
52.1
55.0
54.5
53.7
53.3
55.0
54.2

41.1
40.6
31.9
41.6
44.7
42.3
41.1
37.2
41.3
41.5
47.6
41.7
44.1
45.5
49.8
37.2

86.9
73.8
63.4
79.8
81.3
81.3
82,5
72.9
79.1
79.7
86.5
76.5
82.1
85.4
90.5

20.34
8.36
22.74
16.05
18.76
19.03
23.95
18.87
22.45
20.42
14.74
21.04
18.74

17.65
6.17
14.42
12.82
15.25
15.49
19.74
13.76
17.76
16.23
12.78
16.07
15.38
10.33

11.99
20.87

1 0 .8 6

6 8 .6

.430
.152
.452
.308
.341
.366
.481
.370
.430
.392
.268
.386
.349
.227
.218
.385

1
2
1
2

(})

5.2
5.3
3.0
6 .0

0

2 1 .1

0

.2 2 1

5.23
)
8.92
9.43
8.62
15.82
0

1 0 .8 8

7

19
107
36

5.3
4.4
4.2
5.0
5.5
5.0
5.5
4.8
5.3
4.8
5.4
5.1
5.0
5.0
5.5
5.0

199

1,189

5.0

52.8

42.4

80.3

.331

17.48

14.03

1

5
22
10
2

3.8
4.0
5.8
5.5
4.7
5.8
5.2
5.6
5.3

49.5
50.1
50.0
48.0
50.9
54.5
48.1
48.0
50.0

28.4
34.2
47.8
42.0
32.9
49.0
42.5
43.9
38.6

57.4
68.3
95.6
87.5
64.6
89.9
88.4
91.5
77.2

.464
.203
.183
.331
.252
.223
.270
.119
.304

2 2 .97

3

13.19
6.93
8.73
13.92
8.30
10.90
11.45
5.25
11.73

5
21
22

3
4
8

19
5
36
14
13
19
4
8

1
2
12
2
6
2
211

12

32
89
8

187
175
64
100

72
4
27
36
6

1 For less than 3 wage earners In 1 establishment, data included in total.




)
)
(i)

0
0

71.0

12

40
14

)
)
)

37.2

106
83
32

23

0
0
0

52.4

4
4

)
)
)

Aver­
age
actual
earn­
ings
in
week

4.9

22
22
2
12

0
0
0

A ver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

16

5.5
5.9
4.0
4.4
5.6
5.7
5.5
5.2
4.6
4.8
5.3
4.5
4.7
4.4
5.3
5.0

6

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

1 2 .1 0

10.17
9.15
15.89
12.83
12.15
12.99
5.71
15.20

14.33

31

FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931

A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, ana per
cent of full time worked, 1931, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued

T a b le

| Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in i
week

Per
ver­
cent
Aver­ Aage
of
full­
age
hours
time
full­
time actual- hours
actualhours
worked
per
in
1
worked
week
week
in i
week

A ver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

A ver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

93.8
83.4

$0,215

$11.07

.1 2 1

6 .2 1

6 8 .8

.296

14.80

$10.38
5.18
10.18

38.3

76.4

.226

11.32

8.67

0)
33.2
30.9
43.7
57.3

(9
66.4
58.1
91.4
114.6
0)
0)
(9
65.7
(9
77.3

0)
.647
.371
.445
.794

(9
(9
.531
(9
.658

76.8

.578

(9
32.35
19.74
21.27
39.70
(9
(9
( 1)
27.88
(9 *
36.19
29.19

(9
21.48
11.48
19.45
45.46
(9
(9
(9
18.31
(9
27.98
22.40

.365
.275
.345
.363
.470
.363
(9
.437
.351
.300
.333
(9
.235
.303
.374

21.06
12.16
18.29
14.25
18.98
17.86
21.48
18.73
(9
19.45
16.99
16.17
16.42
(9
11.75
15.15
18.33

18.60
8.69
11.79
8.76
12.15
14.84
18.40
14.07
(9
17.15
16.13
12.84
(9
8.49
9.33
13.32

28.23
12.93
25.05
22.62
20.35
29.37
28.06
24.57
23.45
32.47
26.57
19.08
23.96
23.29
15.35
15.29
25.77
23.32

25.78
9.93
17.63
17.37
16.71
31.66
24.00
18.16
21.09
21.65
22.56
17.39
18.60
19.91
13.65
14.36
19.38
19.12

(9
20.85
12.63
18.90
(9

(9
13.39
11.03
16.07
(9
(9
(9
12.92

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num ­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

Sanders, hand, female—Contd.
Pennsylvania_____ _______
Tennessee________________
W isconsin________________

4
3
7

26
69

5.6
4.7
4.7

51.5
51.3
50.0

48.3
42.8
34.4

Total...................................

45

301

4.9

50.1

<9
4.6
4.7
5.0

<9
50.0
53.2
47.8
50.0
0)

Occupation, sex, and State

Sewers, male:
California________________
Illinois
____ . ......... .
Indiana___. ______________
M aryland_________ ______
Massachusetts____________
N ew Jersey_______________
New Y ork .............................
N orth Carolina___________
Ohio.............. ........................
Pennsylvania_____________
Wisconsin________________
Total___________________
Sewers, female:
California________________
Georgia___ _______________
Illinois..... .............................
Indiana__________________
K en tu cky________________
M aryland_____________
M assachusetts____________
Michigan_________________
Missouri__________________
New Jersey_______________
New Y ork________________
North Carolina___________
Ohio.......... ...........................
Pennsylvania_____________
Tennessee________________
W isconsin________________
Total____ ______________
Sprayers, male:
California________________
Georgia____________ __
Illinois______ _____ ______
Indiana............
Kentucky________________
M aryland_____ __________
Massachusetts____________
M ic h ig a n .... .............. .........
Missouri_________________
N ew Jersey_______________
New York______ _________
N orth Carolina___________
Ohio......................................
Pennsylvania_____________
Tennessee________________
Virginia_______ ____ _____
W isconsin.............................

1
1

22

<9
8

3
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2

3
3
3
<9
(i)
(l)

2
(9
2

16

27

10
2
8
6
1
8
8
8
1

64
23
230
29
5
40
75
23
(9

6 .0

(l)
)
)
4.0
(9
4.5
4.7

(9
52.5
0)
55.0
50.5

34.5
0)
42.5
38.8

44.8
55.0
50.1
51.8
55.0
49.2
45.7
51.6
(9
44.5
48.4
53.9
49.3
(9
50.0
50.0
49.0

39.6
39.3
32.3
31.8
35.2
40.9
39.2
38.7
(9
39.3
31.6
53.7
38.6
(9
36.2
30.8
35.6

88.4
71.5
64.5
61.4
64.0
83.1
85.8
75.0
0)
88.3
65.3
99.6
78.3
(9
72.4
61.6
72.7

47.2
55.0
49.9
51.4
54.4
51.8
49.4
51.3
52.1
49.2
52.3
54.2
54.7
53.3
52.4
55.0
53.8
52.4

43.1
42.3
35.1
39.5
44.6
55.8
42.3
37.9
46.9
32.8
44.4
49.4
42.4
45.5
46.6
51.6
40.5

.598
.235
.502
.440
.374
.567
.568
.479
.450
.660
.508
.352
.438
.437
.293
.278
.479

43.0

91.3
76.9
70.3
76.8
82.0
107.7
85.6
73.9
90.0
66.7
84.9
91.1
77.5
85.4
88.9
93.8
75.3
82.1

(9
52.0
44.0
50.0
(9
<9
<9
48.2

(9
33.4
38.4
42.5
(9
(9
(9
39.9

(9
64.2
87.3
85.0
(9
O
0)
82.8

(9
.401
.287
.378
(9
o
(9
.324

0
0

5
92

19
681

5.3
5.3
4.5
4.4
4.4
5.1
5.3
4.9
(9
5.3
4.1
5.8
4.8
(9
4.2
4.6
4.8

11

36
14
46
108
16

5.5
4.9
4.8
4.8
5.4

3
18
3
9
1
1

5

21
29
5
4
10
22

9
3
38
17
14
23
4

20

85
14
45
(9
6

8

6 .0

17
84

5.5
4.9
5.6
4.1
4.9
5.6
5.2
5.4
5.1
5.6
5.0
5.1

21

17
115
1 02

8
12

48
63
17
36
65

Total...................................
Sprayers, female:
Indiana
___
Michigan_________________
Missouri__________________
Ohio............ ........................
Pennsylvania_____________
Tennessee________________
W isconsin.............................

235

813

Total........... .......................

10

1
2
2
2
1
1
1

<9
2

(i)

5
4

i
(9
16

(9
4.5
5.2
5.5
(i)
(9
(0

5.2

1

)n

* For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total.




.470
.2 2 1

.445

\l)

(9
15.62

A ver­
age
actual
earn­
ings
in
week

1 1 .1 2

32

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

Table A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full•
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per houry and per
cent of full time worked, 1981} by occupationy sex, and State— Continued

Occupation, sex, and State

Spring setters, male:
C a lifo rn ia ,.,..
„ .
Georgia___________________
Illinois___________________
Indiana.,.,-.................... _ _
K entucky________________
M aryland________________
Massachusetts____________
Michigan _______
„
N ew Jersey_______________
N ew York......... .......... ........
N orth Carolina.
O h io ......................................
W isconsin________ _____
T otal____ _______ ______

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num ­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

36
9
117
31
4

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week

Per
cent
Aver­ Aver­
of
full­
age
age
hours
time
full­
actual­
hours
time
actual­
ly
hours worked
ly
per
in 1 worked
week
week
in 1
week

37.4
39.8
37.0
32.7
40.0
36.5
41.8
31.4
36.2

46.3
55.0
50.0
51.5
55.0
49.1
49.8
51.7
48.0
49.0
55.0
52.4
53.0

49.7
40.4
28.9

80.8
72.4
74.0
63.5
72.7
74.3
83.9
60.7
75.4
41.2
90.4
77.1
54.5

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

$0,509
.359
.414
.294
.518
.556
.562
.385
.895
.529
.292
.416
.317

$23.57
19.75
20.70
15.14
28.49
27.30
27.99
19.90
42.96
25.92
16.06
21.80
16.80

$19.06
14.30
15.31
9.61
20.71
20.28
23.45

Aver­
age
actual
earn­
ings
in
week

2

8

4
4

35
27

5.0
5.2
5.1
4.5
5.0
5.2
5.0
5.3
4.8
3.2
5.5
4.8
4.4
4.6

50.2

34.0

67.7

.444

22.29

15.11

38.7
30.2
41.8
33.3

8 8 .0

.494
.444
.255
.386

21.74

60.4
77.4
67.3

13.77
19.11

19.09
13.40
10.69
1 2 .8 6

10
2

6
7
1

6
5
2
2

18

21

29
3
4
72

2 0 .2

1 2 .1 0

32.40
10.72
14.49
16.81
9.17

67

396

Spring setters, female:
California________________
Illinois_____ ______ ______
Michigan_________________
N ew York________________

1
2
1
1

3
27

6 .0

6
6

6 .0

4.2

44.0
50.0
54.0
49.5

Total...................................

5

42

5.3

50.1

32.9

65.7

.405

20.29

13.34

9

35
9
64
87
19
9
58
18

45.3
55.0
49.5
51.5
54.7
45.3
50.7
48.9
49.4
52.3
54.8
54.6
53.0
52.5
55.0
53.9

41.5
47.7
33.0
38.6
31.3
39.6
36.0
23.9
43.1
40.5
48.2
50.0
42.8
50.2
52.6
37.7

91.6
86.7
66.7
75.0
57.2
87.4
71.0
48.9
87.2
77.4

27.27
10.73
24.40

91.6
80.8
95.6
95.6
69.9

.602
.195
.493
.412
.332
.938
.467
.586
.552
.490
.315
.465
.434
.261
.247
.451

18.16
42.49
23.68
28.66
27.27
25.63
17.26
25.39
23.00
13.70
13.59
24.31

24.95
9.31
16.27
15.88
10.38
37.18
16.84
14.00
23.80
19.83
15.16
23.25
18.58
13.11
13.00
17.01

51.9

40.6

78.2

.432

22.42

17.52

Trimmers, male:
California________________
Georgia__________________
Illinois___________________
Indiana__________________
K entucky____ ___________
M assachusetts____________
Michigan_________________
Missouri_________________
N ew Jersey_______________
N ew Y ork ._____ _________
N orth Carolina___________
Ohio.......................................
Pennsylvania_____________
Tennessee..........................—
Virginia.................................
Wisconsin________________
Total..................................
Trimmers, female:
Indiana._______________ _
K entucky____ ___________
Massachusetts____________
Michigan _____ ____ ___
Total...................................
Upholsterers, male:
California________________
Georgia______________ ___

Illinois______________
Indiana______ _______
K en tu cky________________
M aryland________________

Massachusetts_________
M ichigan_______ ____ ____
Missouri________________ _

New Jersey___________
New York__________ _____

North Carolina___________

Ohio..............................
Pennsylvania___. . . ____
Tennessee......................

5.3

36
14
9
15
3

64
30
34

6
8

39
37

5.3
4.9
4.3
4.7
4.2
5.1
4.9
3.0
5.0
4.8
5.5
5.5
4.8
5.5
5.7
5.0

176

610

4.9

3
19
22

3
4
19
5
1

3
1
1
2

11
88

8

12

(0
0)

3

3.9

0)
0)

3.0

65.3

.184

9.72

0)
0)

0)
0)

0)
0)

.246

0)
C1)

12.30

29.1

55.9

.205

1 0 .6 8

5.96

38.1
35.0
32.4
30.6
39.8

82.1
63.6
64.3
59.6
72.4

.576
.405
.470
.410
.424
.601

26.73
22.28
23.69
21.03
23.32
29.39

21.97
14.17
15.22
12.56
16.86

52.8
50.0

7

19

3.5

10

214
95
501
131
15
153
156

5.1
4.7
4.9
4.5
5.0

46.4
55.0
50.4
51.3
55.0

10
1

8
10
9
4
4
22
8
10
9
2

79
17
32
307
107
150
52
14

4.7
5.3
5.2
3.1

4.9
3.2
5.3
4.7
5.3
5.1

48.9
49.2
50.5
48.1
48.2
49.0
53.9
51.8
52.0
50.4

34.5
24.2

35.8
44.7
37.7

23.1
37.1

22.2
49.5
36.8
42.4
43.8

i For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total.




2 1 .2 2

0)
(0

52.1

4
19

8 8 .0

2 2 .2 0

48.4

73.2
90.9
74.7
48.0
77.0
45.3
91.8

71.0
81.5
86.9

.721
.625
.720
.793
.651
.363
.536

.548
.407

35.47

31.56
34.63

38.22
31.90
19.57
27.76

28.50
20.51

6.35

(0
0)

5.96

21.48
32.23
23.59
16.62
29.46
14.44
17.99
19.74
23.23

17.84

FURNITURE INDUSTRY,
T

1910

TO 1931

33

A,— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per
cent of full time worked, 1931, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued

able

Occupation, sex, and State

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Upholsterers, male—Contd.
Virginia
Wisconsin________________

2
6

N um ­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

3
93

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in 1
week

6 .0

4.6
4.7

Per
cent
Aver­ Aver­
of
full­
age
age
hours
time
full­
actual­ hours
time
actual­
ly
hours worked
ly
per
in 1 worked
week
week
in 1
week

55.0
52.4
50.3

Total...................................
138 2,119
Upholsterers, female:
6
California . ......... ...........
2
44.3
4.3
Georgia_____
2
4.3
55.0
12
3
Indiana
.... .............
2
55.3
5.3
1
K entucky________________
0
0
2
48.0
Massachusetts,. . . . . _
4.5
P )4
Michigan______ __________
4
53.9
58
31
1
N ew Y ork_________ ______
49.5
4.9
10
1
Tennessee_________ ______
0)
0)
............. ................
5.0
50.0
(,\
1 Wisconsin
Total............................. .
52.2
5.1
71
16
Veneerers, male:
g
California..............................
2
5.3
48.0
Illinois...................................
19
85
4.6
50.0
Indiana
...
___
4.2
52.0
16
90
K entucky...... .......................
3
5.8
53.7
23
1
M a r y la n d ,..........................
0
0
0)
3
4
Massachusetts____________
2.5
46.0
5.2
Michigan_________ _______
16
50.6
131
5
Missouri................................
2
5.4
52.8
1
New Jersey........_.................
0
0)
0)
.............................N ew Y23
ork 1 02
5.1
52.4
N orth C arolina...................
5.3
55.0
10
70
O h io .....................................
8
5.0
54.3
21
Pennsylvania.............. ........
5.7
53.5
17
88
2
2
Tennessee______________ *.
6.5
52.5
7
Virginia__________________
55.0
72
5.7
5
Wisconsin________________
55.0
6 .1
26
Total..................................
135
5.1
52.5
729
Veneerers, female:
1
Illinois__________ ________
0
0
Indiana__________________
4
52.6
3.6
W7
7
Michigan_________________
50.0
5.2
13
1
3
N ew Jersey_______________
49.5
3.0
Ohio..................................... .
2
6
50.0
5.3
1
Pennsylvania_____________
0)
0
Wisconsin________________
2
50.0
5.5
0 )8
T otal..................................
50.4
18
41
4.8
Other employees, male:
47.5
California______ _________
15
142
5.6
Georgia__________________
55.0
5
89
5.4
Illinois.......... ........................
5.2
50.0
29
257
31
51.5
Indiana_____________ ____
343
5.1
Kentucky.............................
5
5.6
54.6
48
9
M aryland________________
49.0
37
5.3
Massachusetts____________
5.3
48.2
124
16
Michigan......... .....................
22
5.5
50.9
337
Missouri_________________
49.5
13
73
5.3
5
New Jersey..................... .....
69
5.0
48.7
N ew Y ork.................. ..........
48
311
4.7
49.9
North Carolina—.................
17
5.6
54.7
230
Ohio.......................................
17
108
5.5
50.6
25
53.0
Pennsylvania....... ............-.
205
5.6
4
Tennessee_____ _____ ____
5.7
52.6
46
8
55.0
Virginia___________ ____
98
5.7
12
W iscon sin...........................
53.8
289
5.1
Total..................................
281 2,806
5.3
51.5
Other employees, female:
2
11
3.5
Georgia.............. ..................
55.0
4
Indiana......... ........................
6
2.7
52.1
K entucky.............................
1
0
0
0)
1 For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included

136825°— 32------ 4



53.3
32.9
34.5

96.9
62.8

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

$0,409
.474

$22.50
24.84

$21.84
15.62

Aver­
age
actual
earn­
ings
in
week

6 8 .6

.538

27.06

18.53

27.6
26.4
38.3

62.3
48.0
69.3

.319
.189
.273

14.13
10.40
15.10

8.81
4.98
10.45

0

0

0

31.8
42.9
36.6
30.8
36.4

66.3
79.6
73.9
0)
61.6
69.7

49.2
37.3
36.8
54.7

102.5
74.6
70.8
101.9

0

0

17.3
39.0
43.8
0

43.5
45.7
43.3
52.6
62.0
51.6
38.6
43.4

0

30.5
35.5
24.0
40.2
0)
45.4
37.0
45.8
48.0
38.7
43.8
50.1
43.9
42.8
44.1
42.7
40.5
38.6
50.1
45.8
49.7
51.8
52.4
41.0
44.2

0

37.6
77.1
83.0

0

83.0
83.1
79.7
98.3
118.1
93.8
70.2
82.7

.251
.329
.300

0

.241

20.64
21.80
17.21
20.73

(0

.928
.470
.398
0)
.428
.291
.403
.363
.350
.230
.390
.376

0

0

86.3
83.2
77.4
91.6
90.5
93.8
98.5
95.3
76.2
85.8

0

42.69
23.78
2 1 .0 1
0

22.43
16.01
2 1 .8 8

19.42
18.38
12.65
21.45
19.74
0

.283
.296

9.05
15.50
19.80
15.85
0)
14.15
14.92

.546
.244
.584
.526
.461
.320
.573
.546
.441
.578
.495
.352
.489
.554
.467
.286
.491
.489

25.94
13.42
29.20
27.09
25.17
15.68
27.62
27.79
21.83
28.15
24.70
19.25
24.74
29.36
24.56
15.73
26.42
25.18
11.77
11.41

.172
.310
.400
.317

19.8
19.4

36.0
37.2

.214
.219

0

0

0

in total.

0

.430
.436
.331
.386

0

8 8 .8
8 6 .6

0

.296

)
58.0
71.0
48.5
80.4

96.4
87.3
77.4
85.0
91.8
89.6

0

12.05
15.45

0

90.8
73.4

0

12.05
17.73
14.85

0

7.99
14.10
10.97
7.41

10.78
21.16
16.26
12.18
2 1 .1 0
0

16.08
18.33
17.42
(i)
18.63
13.31
17.42
19.10
21.70
11.89
15.07
16.32
(i)
5.25
10.99
9.60
12.73
0
1 2 .8 6

10.93
25.00
11.71
22.61
23.06
23.09
14.04
24.52
24.03
18.86
23.40
19.10
17.63
22.40
27.51
24.16
14.98
20.17
21.57
4.24
4.25
0

W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

34

A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per
cent of full time worked, 1981, by occupation, sex, and State— Continued

T a b le

Occupation, sex, and State

N um ­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Other employees, female—Con.
____
Massachusetts____________
Michigan_________________
Missouri_________________
N ew Y ork.................... ........
Ohio.......................................
Tennessee...... ............ ..........
Wisconsin— ........................
Total.................................
All occupations, male:
California..........................
Georgia................................ Illinois............................ . .
Indiana................ ........... ..
Kentucky.............................
M aryland______ ______ ..
Massachusetts......... . ......
Michigan.................... ..........
Missouri..................... ..........
N ew Jersey.................... —
New Y ork......... .........
N orth Carolina ..................;!
Ohio................. ....................
Pennsylvania_____________!
.
Tennessee...........
Virginia.................
— !
W isconsin............................. !
Total...................................
A ll occupations, female:
C a lifo r n ia -.__ ____ _____
Georgia___- ___

1

5
6

I

2
5
1

5
33

K entucky________________
M aryland.............................
Massachusetts
.. _ . __
Michigan...............................
Missouri_____ ____ ______
New Jersey......... . ...........
N ew Y ork..................... .. .
_______
North Carolina
Ohio...................... . . —
Pennsylvania.- .................
Tennessee....................
W isconsin........... ..................
Total........ — .....................
All occupations, male and fe­
male:
California________________
Georgia_____ ______ ______
Illinois________ _______ ___
Indiana.......... .......................
Kentucky.............................
M aryland______ _______ _
Massachusett s......................
Michigan......... .....................
M issouri.- ...................... .
N ew Jersey.— ......... ........
N ew Y ork......... ...................
N orth Carolina....................
O hio.......................................
Pennsylvania.
Tennessee...... .......................
Virginia.................................
W isconsin.... ......................
Total...................................

4
14
14
0)
13
11
11
12

98

4.3
5.4
4.5
(0

3.7
5.0

2 .8

5.1
4 2

46.7
47.4
51.4

0)

48.2
49.8
5o! o
50.0

37.9
42.1
35.1
0)
28.9
38.2
2 2 .2

50.1

37.1
32.0

Aver­
age
full­
time
earn­
ings
per
week

68.3
(*)
60.0
76.7
44.4
74.2

$0,231
.345
.277
0)
.415
.308
. 198
.304

$10.79
16.35
14.24
0)

63.9

.297

14.88

.525
.244
.498
.399
.389
.482
.594
.461
.432
.589
.475
.288
.435
.418
.289
.236
.430
.416

24.89
13.42
24.95
20.59

8 8 .8

2 0 .0 0

15.34
9.90
15.20

Aver­
age
actual
earn­
ings
in
week

$8.76
14.51
9.71
0)
11.98
11.76
4.40
11.26
9.51
22.33
10.34
17.18
15.65
16.90
20.55
24.56
18.43
17.48
20.83
18.56
13.85
18.23
19.36
13.23
11.98
16.19
17.22

5.4
5.0
4.7
4.7
5.1
5.2
5.2
5.1
5.0
4.4
4.6
5.4
5.0
5.3
5.1
5.6
4.8
5.0

47.4
55.0
50.1
51.6
54.3
49.5
48.6
51.0
50.8
49.0
51.3
54.2
53.8
53.3
52.7
55.0
53.6
51.9

42.5
42.4
34.5
39.2
43.4
42.6
41.3
39.9
40.5
35.4
39.1
48.1
41.9
46.4
45.8
50.9
37.7
41.4

89.7
77.1
68.9
76.0
79.9

99
65
319

5.3
4.8
4.7
4.1
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.0
4.7
4.9
4.3
5.6
5.2
5.6
4.5
4.6
4.8

44.8
55.0
50.1
51.1
52.9
49.0
46.4
51.8
49.8
45.5
48.6
49.4
49.7
50.6
50.7
50.0

85.7
59.5
63.7
62.8
70.5
82.2
83.8
71.8
74.7
81.8
70.0
93.7
83.5
92.7
76.5
67.2

49.8

38.4
32.7
31.9
32.1
37.3
40.3
38.9
37.2
37.2
37.2
34.0
46.3
41.5
46.9
38 8
33.6
36.3

.470
.208
.375
.233
.232
.350
.436
.295
.277
.434
.336
.176
.314
.241
. 141
.297
72.9 __ .314

18.04
21.06
11.44
6.79
18.79
11.95
11.91
7.47
8 .6 6
12.27
17.15
14.08
20.23
16.97
15.28
10.95
13.79
10.28
19.75
16.15
11.42
16.33
8.69
8.16
15.61
13.05
12.19
11.30
7.15
5.46
14.85
9.98
15.64 __ 11.40

1,363
787
3,616
3,246
540
545
1,266
3,112
501
539
4,104
3,258
1,502
2,084
512
1,605
2,079

5.4

47.2
55.0
50.1
51.5
54.2
49.5
48 4
51.0
50.8
48.8
51.2
54.1
53.5
53.2
52.3
55.0
53.3

42.2
41.6
34.2
39.0
43.1
42.4
41.1
39.7
40.3
35.5
38.9
48.0
41.9
46.4
44.6
50.9
37.3

89.4
75.6
68.3
75.7
79.5
85.7
84.9
77.8
79.3
72.7
76.0
88.7
78.1
87.2
85.3
92.5
70.0

.521
.241
.488
.394
.383
.471
.581
.449
.425
.580
.469
.286
.425
.413
.266
.236
.420

24.59
13.26
24.45
20.29
20.76
23.31
28.12
22.90
21.59
28.30
24.01
15.47
22.74
21.97
13.91
12.98
22.39

2 2 .0 1

4.7
4.7
5.1
5.1
5.2
5.1
5.0
4.4
4.6
5.4
5.0
5.3
5.0
5.6
4.8

299 30.659

5.0

51.8

41.1

79.3

.411

21.29

16.88

11

16
23
13
5
55
17

1

13
299 28.876
11

3
8
16

4

g
14
17
8

3
28
5
13
9
3
13
163

15
5
30
31
5
11

16
23
13
5
55
17
23
25
4
8

13

121

24
47
115
256
25
28
187
52
121

58
89
177
1.783

5.0

* For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total.




81.2

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

1,264
722
3,297
3,125
516
498
1,151
2,856
476
511
3,917
3,206
1,381
2,026
423
1,605
1.902

15
5
30
31
5

I 2

Illinois--............. .......... ... 1
Indiana...... ........ .................

N um ­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

i Per
Aver- !
cent
age i
Aver­
Aver­
days
of full­
age
age
on
time
hours
full­
which
actual­ hours
time
wage
actually
earners hours worked
per
worked
worked
i
n
l
week
in l
in 1
week
week
week

8 6 .1

85.0
78.2
79.7
72.2
76.2
88.7
77.9
87.1
86.9
92.5
70.3
79.8

2 1 .1 2

23.86
28.87
23.51
21.95
28.86
24.37
15.61
23.40
22.28
15.23
12.98
23.05
2 1 .59

10.04
16.72
15.34
16.53
19.99
23.87
17.82
17.12
20.59
18.23
13.76
17.82
19.13
1 1 .8 8

11.98
15.66

T

able

B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in seven specified occupations, 1931, by sex and State
Num ber of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—

Occupation, sex, and State

N um ­ N um ­
ber
ber
of
. of
estab­ wage
lish­ earn­
ments
ers

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

160
71
510
505
97
56
191
409
82

332
51
186
297

$0.559
257
528
429
.411
.500
.660
.455
.465
.618
.492
.334
.435
.422
.278
.275
.425

1

2

2

i
4

2
2

6

3

1
2

4,207

.445

6

7

33

0)

(*)
.220
0)

289

T o ta l-

4

10
16
7
(0

16

(*)

.283

4

1

1
8

4
3

4
19
13
30

11

17
33
67
13

15

47

21

10

7

10

4

6

1

52
134
18
9

65
40
15

140
70
19

88

45

14

5

34

11

6

3
4

6

10

22

26
67

38
115
14

11

5

35

2

10 2

19

11
1
1

2

25
7

39
3

23
72

46
85
33
79
14

556

6
8

10

22

27
76
31
47
14
48
18

13

168

322

458

1

2

10

49
4
9
7
49

11

17
9
57

15

16
42

1
1

3

8

9
34

83
18

12
1

10

40

648

41
7
59

4
9
3
3

0

1
1

0

(»)

1
2

2

5

3

3

3
5

4

2

1
6

2

5

9

16

10

1

2
1

3

2

2

4

1

6

1

6

1
1

io i”
34

176

68
1

33

14

2

11

20

38

35
42

17
30

7
4

2
2

1

3
48

71

16

3

490

814

412

138

58

27

12

22

62~
51
53
61
4
7
58

1
6
22

i

47

4

;

)
1

1
1

1

2

1

)
2

i For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total.




13
6

.351
.340

.291

52

1

l

1931

Assemblers and cabinetmakers,
female:
California................................
Indiana______ _____________
K entucky........... - .............. .
M ichigan____ _____________
N ew Y ork_________________
Ohio..................... ............. —
Pennsylvania...... ..................
Tennessee.......................... .
Wisconsin— .........................

12

TO

212

1

INDUSTRY, 1910

T ota l.

391

1

FUKNITXJBE

Assemblers and cabinetmakers,
male:
California........ .............. .........
Georgia.............................. ......
Illinois----------- -------------------Indiana________ ___________
K entucky......................
....
Maryland......................... ......
Massachusetts................. ......
M ich igan-............................ .
M issouri..................... .........
N ew Jersey ............... ..........
N ew Y o r k -------------------------N orth Carolina____________
O hio.......................... ...............
Pennsylvania---------------------Tennessee------------ -------------Virginia............. ............... ......
W iscon sin-..........................

12
14
35
40
16
18
20
25
30
50
70
45
60
80
90
$1 .2 0
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and cents $1
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
tin­
un­
un­ and and and $1.40
un­ and
un­
12
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
un­
der over
16
cents 14
18
20
40
60
25
35
45
50
80
30
70
90
der $der
1 .2 0 $1.40
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents
$1

Un­
der

5

2

=r-----

CO

Cn

T

able

B . — Average

and classified earnings per hour in seven specified occupations, 1981} by sex and State— Continued
Num ber of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—

Occupation, sex, and State

N um ­ N um ­
ber
ber
of
of
estab­ wage
lish­ earn­
ments
ers

A ver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

i
90
80
70
50
60
45
30
40
35
25
20
14
16
18
12
$1 .2 0
$1
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and cents and and $1.40
un­
un­ and
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­ un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­ and
un­
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
12
der
der
der over
90
70
der $1 .2 0 $1.40
80
60
45
50
40
30
35
25
16
20
18
cents 14
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1
U n­
der

Total
Polishers and rubbers, male:
California
Georgia
_
Illinois
-• - . . . .
!
Indiana
..
!
Kentucky................................. t




284

6,355

.428
.325
.259
(»)
0)
<*)

11

ij
52
17
21

23
4
8

3

16
1

11

2

2
1
11
1

2

3
7

8
2

83
5

3

6

38

69

29

266

16

.310 ______ _____ _____

31

.511
.196
.468
.367
.405

4

27

30
10

10

8

27
13

34
95
15

60
168

84
89

1

12

11
8

72
114
19
11

3
24
5

14
35
16

17
59
15

120
22

9
25
106
24

13
137
17
45
23
103

61
155
60

8

18
71
53

91
123
62
96
27
29
84

133
84
37
84
7
17
128

459

737

889

1

3

1

3

5
3

1

8

12

2

2

5

106
83
32

2

19

8
22

10

1
11
1
2
2

3

(i) 7
0)
0)

6

3

26

5
25

35

45

12

1

3

4

1

1

103
4
5

9

2
1
1
1

22
22

24

6

1

3
0

4

3

3

3

1

1
12

1
2

1

2

5

5

33

19

128
34
4

52
9

12

7
18
16

8

9

5

19

5

2

1

1

2
10

9

15

4

3

2

25

6

1

24
93
3
53
108

1

6

3
3

19
39

13

5

1

1
1

2

1

21

1

64
83

28
30

13
4

16

3

2

771 1,258
929
567
207
_____ —__..._
-____

63

6

2

73

(9

(*)

1

68

160
47
52
55
5

77
3
206
97
17
13
55
187
15
54
275

85

31

2

0

3

____ - 1

„

1

7

2

1

3

5

12

11

30
4

18
4

17
5

25
7

1

8

21
10
10

_

I
!

______ _____ - ■■ -- -1— __ _____ _____
8

4

9

5

1

4

OF LABOR

M achine hands, female:
1udiana
Michigan
Missouri
Pennsylvania
W isconsin

13

$0,546
.264
.524
.408
. 415
.479
.564
.474
.433
.601
.479
.316
.446
.417
.328
.269
.430

HOURS

T otal.....................................

239
158
673
651
93
77
243
648
116
128
903
718
337
479
96
336
460

AND

Illinois - - - - - - - - Indiana - - . . . _____ __ .
Kentucky
M aryland
M assachusetts
M ichigan
Missouri
N ew Jersey
N ew Y ork
_ _
N orth Carolina
Ohio
Pennsy 1vania
Tennessee
Virginia
Wisconsin

15
5
29
30
5
9
14
23

WAGES

M achine hands, male:

6

M aryland______
Massachusetts - M ichigan............
M issouri.......... ..
N ew Y o r k ..........
N orth Carolina,
O hio.....................
P enn sylvania.-.

42
156
11

201
174
39
111

17
113
60

Virginia—
Wisconsin..
208

4

23

1
7

1
2
4

1

6
1
60

10

14

7

95

149

1

=====

2

4
4

31
62
46
74
154
24

12

109

1

= =

=
4

7

1

1
5
39
1
32
1
6
24

3
12
41
2
82 ;
1
5
18

17
2
15
7
4

9
5

9

8

15

21

2

136

124

161

167

231

65

2
1
1
4

2

2

2

1

19

3
i

2

3

8

3

1

2

1

5

9

11

16

9

1
6

4

3

23
1
1
2

3

2

5

11

3
7

2

2
1
9

3
3
7

2

.349
.227
.218
.385

2

19
107
36
1,189

.331

9

11

1

2

--------- ---------

(9
1
1
3
5

1

1

1

1

1

_____

:...

33

.464
.203
.183

i For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total.




2
4
29
1
33
36
2
22

1

7
46
2
6
7
66

5

12

12

5

29
7
1
3
9

7
44
6
5
1
16

13
14
3

21
40
7
25
7
17
4

28
23
22
15
1
5
20

13
31
6
2
1
31
3
33
29
7
12

5
15
3
32
8
9
10

5

1
2

205

185

120

33

23

165

175

2
1

2
8

15
1

3

2

7
15
2
2
2
9
9
1
22
1
6
8

84
1

13

4

18
8

5

1

1

34

4
1
1
5

10
10

1
4

1
7
5

1

2
1

1

1
1

1

1931

100

.430
.152
.452
.308
.341
.366
.481
.370
.430

22
2
15
13
11
15
2

TO

32
89
8
187
175
64

8

.215
.221
.409
.316
.256

.259

1
11
3
12
27
4
11

4

.275

Total..

Sanders, hand, female:
Illinois............. .........
Indiana.....................
K en tu cky......... .......
Massachusetts____

5

2
63
2
10
11
32

0)

Sanders, hand, male:
C alifornia.............
Georgia..................
Illinois...................
Indiana____ _____
Kentucky............. .
M aryland—...........
Massachusetts___
M ichigan..............
Missouri...............
N ew Y ork ______
North C arolina-O h io .i__________
Pennsylvania___
Tennessee_______
Virginia.................
Wisconsin.............
T ota l-

.403

1

1
6

INDUSTRY, 1910

Polishers and rubbers, female:
Indiana..................................
Massachusetts____________
M ichigan.................. - ...........
Missouri................................
N ew Y ork ............................
O hio.......................................
W isconsin........... - ................

1.194

1

FUENITXTEB

T otal.

.493
.550
.463
.386
.496
.305
.462
.423
.253
.229

3

1

1

109

26

4

5

1

1

2
........I

1

1

__
CO

T able B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in seven specified occupations, 1931, by sex and State— Continued
N um ber of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—

Occupation, sex, and State

N um ­ N um ­
ber
ber
of
of
estab­ wage
earn­
lish­
ments
ers

Pennsylvania.___________ -

A
%

Ohin

...................

Sewers, male:

0

3
7

99
26
69

45
1

x

301
0)

1

PanncxflTTQTiio

1
1
1
2
1

W isconsin......... - ...................

2

(,)2

16

27

10
2

64
23
230
29

Ohio

Total
Sewers, female:

p.ojifftrnift

TIHnnta
TnHiono
ITAnfnnlrv
Maryland.......................... .....




8

6
1

8

0

10

25

2
1

9

3

x

21

2

2
2

.296
.226

37

30

9
5
.... —"

4

31

1

2
1

5

)

(l’i
h)
2

5

40

24
X
4
4

2

x

7

2

8

4

1

1

5

X

3
1

8

27

19

12

1

1

21

63

64

41

23

3

3

'.

)
.647
.371
.445
.794

:: =====~

■
0

X
X

)
X

x
0)

2

1

1

1

0)
1

CO

1

1

3

.578

.365
.275
.345
.363

4

1
1
1

2

.658

.470

2

=

0)

0)
(9
.531
(0

.2 2 1

1
2

x

x

X

2

3

2

1
2

4
4

1

20
6

4
4
51
9

10

3

9

1

5

2

6

1

l

6

3

3

1

2

9

15

8

15

5

30
5

27

20

21
1

9

5

2

2

44
4
3
5

1

2

5

5

LABOR

3
3
3

2

2

0
8

3

.1 2 1

X

4

OF

THinnfe
TnHiono
lVTooco/>Viiioofffl
Moor
KTaht

2

$0,252
223
1270
•110
11<
7
.304
OIR |
•ZlD

HOURS

W isconsin-........................ —

4

27
36

ANI)

N orth Carolina--------------------

g
o
A

Total

72

12
2

TV^iocAiii*}

90
80
70
60
50
45
40
30
35
20
25
18
16
14
12
$1 .2 0
$1
and and and and and and and and and and and and and and cents and and $1.40
un­ and un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­ un­
un­
un­
un­
un­ and
un­
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
12
der
der over
der $1 .2 0 $1.40
90
80
70
60
50
45
40
30
35
25
20
18
16
cents 14
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents $1
Un­
der

WAGES

Sanders, hand, female—Oontd.

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

1 1

£

1

!

92

681

.374

10

2
2
6

214
95
501
131
15
153
156
79
17
32
307
107
150
52
14
3
93

.576
.405
.470
.410
.424
.601
.721
.625
.720
.793
.651
.363
.536
.548
.407
.409
.474

138

2,119

.538

2
2
2
1

6
12

.319
.189
.273

4

31

1
1
1

10

W3

.329
.300
(*>
.241

16

71

.296

Upholsterers, male:
California.......... .
Georgia................
Illinois_________
Indiana________
K en tu ck y...........
M aryland...........
M assachusetts..
M ichigan............
Missouri..............
N ew Jersey.........
N ew Y ork _____
N orth Carolina .
O hio.....................
Pennsylvania. _ _
Tennessee-..........
Virginia...............
W isconsin...........
T ota l................
Upholsterers, female:
California............
Georgia................
Indiana...............
K en tu ck y...........
M assachusetts. .
M ichigan______
N ew Y ork ______
Tennessee______
W isconsin...........
T otal................

4
19
10
1
8
10

9
4
4
22
8
10

9

1
2

1

.437
.351
.300
.333

(9

%

3

7
3

4
1

3
7

5
8

(0

5

8

2

28
5

16

14

1

1

1

17

12

3

4

3

3

18

2
1
2

(,)3
4
4

10

2

3

1

117

92

83

58

73

5

1
10

29
4
62
17
3
16
7

44
13

46

19
4

17
13
75
23
4

14

1
1

3
18
38

14

2

86

47

29
4

6

22

53
26
28

11

11
1

2
2

1
1

12

7

1

1

2

5

10

3

9

12
6

18
17
3

2
1
2

4
3

2

5

1
10

3

14

56

113

3

3

5

1

1
2

5

6

8
2
1

9
27
13

22

1
1

5
3

23
13
18
3

19
20

1

2

30
14
2
6

62

17
5

15
17

9
59

18
23
16
4
3
44

4
7
5
4
4
24

16

j

1

6

31
14
3

11
1

6

11

7

22

16

1

218

216

388

325

168

4

1

2
11

1

3
4

14

1
6
1

5

1

22

8

6

3

22
2

6

9

0
1

6
1

4

211

0)
2

19

34

10

1

(>)

1
12

1

169

1

2.251

6

60
19

1

<9

130

64
17

1

1

1

1

1

4

63

1

1

18

10

I

1

17

1

7

1
2

2

3
5
3

18

(9

9

5

6

2

1

7
5

5
9

19

2
1

3

1

3
1

8

30

15

9
4

10

1

96 '

69

48

1

20

i

1931

19

T o t a l-..............

20

85
14
45

.470
.363

TO

5

.235
.303

1
1

75
23
0)

INDUSTRY, 1010

3
18
3
9

8
8
1

FUENITUKE

M assachusetts..
M ichigan............
Missouri..............
N ew Jersey.........
N ew Y ork ..........
N orth Carolina.
Ohio................... Pennsylvania-. .
Tennessee______
Wisconsin...........

1

)

2
10

12

1

*For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total.




00
CD

Table B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in seven specified occupations, 1931, by sex and State— Continued

O

Num ber of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—

Occupation, sex, and State

135

729

.376

2
1

23
10
8

17

Veneerers, female:
Illinois...............
Indiana..............
M ichigan..........
N ew Jersey-----O hio---------------Pennsylvania
W isconsin..........
T ota l..............

102

70

(° 7
13
3

6

(9
18

41

)
.172
.310
.400
.317

1
1

3

12

1
11
21

3

3

17
9

1

8
1

22
1

5

10

2

4

13

19

13

22

20
1

10

9
14

3

19

14

2

9

6

28

i9
1

6
6

8

13

13

51

87

105

1

3

2

1
1

5

2

3

3

1

2

===== =

0

.283
1

5

3

1
10
10
1

26

33

12
11

)

7

24

13

1
1

2

10

4

1

1

1

2

1

7

3

15

2
1

10

13

25

4
5
14

5

1

8

7

3

1

2
2

7

8

1

3

122

99

82

100

34

7

3
<>)

(»)
4

1

1

2
0

2

28
5
3
0)

(0

2

0)

.296

1
6
1

5

* For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total.




6

7

4
1

4

=

3

1

LABOK

72
26

1

3
16

1
1

OF

7
5

8

85
90
23
0)
4
131
5
(')

90
80
$1 .2 0
$1
and cents and
and $1.40
and
unun- and
un­
under
over over
der
der $1 .2 0 $1.40
90
cents $1

HOURS

2

21
88
2

$0.430
.436
.331
.386
0)
.928
.470
.398
0)
.428
.291
.403
.363
.350
.230
.390

2

19
16
3

70
45
60
40
50
35
25
30
16
18
20
12
14
and and and and and and and and and and and and and
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­ un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
der
12
der
70
80
45
50
60
35
40
25
18
20
30
14
16
cents
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents
Un­
der

AND

T o t a l-............

A ver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

WAGES

Veneerers, male:
California_____
Illinois...............
Indiana..............
K en tu cky..........
M aryland___ .
Massachusetts
M ichigan........ .
M issouri............
N ew Jersey___
N ew Y o r k . . .
N orth Carolina
O hio..............—
Pennsylvania - .
Tennessee..........
Virginia.............
W isconsin.........

N um ­ N um ­
ber
ber
of
of
estab­ wage
lish­ earn­
ers
ments

T

able

C.— Average and classified f ull-time hoars per week in seven specified occupations, 1931, by sex and State

Occupation, sex, and State

21

212

24
4
13

332
51
186
297

46.9
55.0
50.0
51.7
53.8
49.8
48.4
51.1
51.2
49.1
52.0
54.0
53.9
53.4
52.5
55.0
53.6

289

4,207

51.9

10

8

der
44

43

Over
48,
un­
der
49H

48

3

114

20

5

35
13
2
6

27
16
15

3
19

9
47

Over
50,
un­
der

50

3

7
17
57

12
68

1

8

16
7

Over
52H,
un­
54
der
54 !i

Over
54,
un­
der
55

Over
55, I
un­
der
57

55

57,
un­
der
60

60,
and
over

71
405
259
23
28
109
321
3

35
16

40
1

.

I........

io 2
74
7

56

88

5

27

15

289

59
354
113
138

2

13

98
2

3

52H

52H

45
7

25
8

49H

7
51

i
9

18
81

7

9

8

22

21

43

13

21

186
86
6

151

81

257

3

163

1,416

211

25

156

12

325

40

3,439

120

13

0)
0)

3
4

(')

0)

48.9
0)
50.0
48.8
50.0
50.0

4

10

1
1
1

16
7

3

(1 > 8

50.0

16

52

49.7

1

2
0

4
2

16
7

0)

)

4

3

1

1931

1
2
1
2

1 For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total.




Over
44,
un­
der
48

44

TO

T otal_____ . . . ____________________________

13
23
13
5
54
17

160
71
510
505
97
56
191
409
82
89
568
391

Num ber of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were—

INDUSTRY, 1910

T otal_________________ ___________________
Assemblers and cabinetmakers, female:
California_____________—.......................... .......
Indiana......... ....................... ................................
K en tu cky............................................................_
M ichigan............................................................. .
N ew Y ork...... ............ —......................................
O hio........................................................................
Pennsylvania.......................................................
Tennessee—.................................................... .
W isco n s in ...........................................................

15
5
30
29
5

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

FURNITURE

Assemblers and cabinetmakers, male:
California.............................................................
Georgia____________ ________________________
Illinois....................................................................
Indiana______________ ______________________
K en tu cky__________________________________
M a r y la n d ..____ ___________________________
Massachusetts...................... .............................
M ichigan..............................................................
M issouri___________________________________
N ew Jersey____________ ___________________
N ew Y ork ............................................................
N orth Carolina....................... ..........................
Ohio........................................................................
Pennsylvania........... ........................................
Tennessee___________________________ _______
Virginia_________ __________________________
W isco n sin -..—____________________________

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
estab­
wage
lish­
ments earners

_ 1___

0)
8
2

1

1

1

=====

3

37

6

= =

= =

===== =====

1

===== ===== = =

T

able

C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in seven specified occupations, 1981, by sex and Stale— Continued

Occupation, sex, and State




52.1

0)
(*>
0)

T ota l.
Polishers and rubbers, male:
C aliforn ia --................. ...
Georgia...................... .........
I llin o is ..................... ........
Indiana....... ....................
K en tu cky..................... .
M aryland.......... ...............

6,355

6
4
22
22
4
2

48

Over
48,
un­
der

49H

Over
50,
un­
der

50

Over

52^,
un­
der
54

52^j

49^

31
12
106
83
32
6

47.4
55.0
50.3
52.5
54.5
51.7

55

Over
55,
un­
der
57

57,
un­
der
60

60,
and
over

1(5
158

35
16
114

485
365
16
45
175
497
6

50

13

10
42

294

279

4
33

658
197
192

28
109
16

111

100

79

34

192
5

190

108
77
9
151
25

33

2

349
23

10

50.2
54.0

52.4

Over
54,
un­
der
55

167

0)
0)
0)

16

54

(*)

<9
26

10

21

458

173

50

0)

12
18

53

OF LABOR

M achine hands, female:
Indiana...................... M ichigan...................
M issouri.................. .
Pennsylvania...........
W isconsin...................

48.5
55.0
50.2
51.6
54.1
50.1
48.9
51.2
50.6
49.1
50.9
54.2
54.6
53.4
52.4
55.0
53.8

Over
44,
un­
der
48

Un­
der
44

HOURS

284

239
158
673
651
93
77
243
648
116
128
903
718
337
479
96
336
460

N um ber of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were—

AND

T ota l.

15
5
29
30
5
9
14
23
11
5
52
17
21
23
4
8
13 ii

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

WAGES

M achine hands, male:
C a liforn ia -.............
Georgia___________
Illinois......................
Indiana______ ____
K en tu cky.......... .
M arylan d................
Massachusetts____
M ichigan........... .....
M issouri................
N ew Jersey.............
N ew Y ork .............
N orth C arolin a...
Ohio........................
Pennsylvania.......
Tennessee................
Virginia...................
W isconsin................

N um ­ N um ­
ber of ber of
estab­
wage
lish­ earners
ments

Massachusetts..
M ichigan...........
M issouri............
N ew Y ork _____
N orth Carolina.
Ohio................ .
Pennsylvania...
Tennessee_____
Virginia........ .
W isconsin_____

1,194

52.8

201
174
39

111

208

Polishers and rubbers, female:
Indiana........................ ..........
Massachusetts......................
M ichigan...............................
M issouri.................................
N ew Y ork .............................
Ohio........................................
W isconsin..............................

0

62
46
74
154
24

12
32
89

8

19
107

2

10

21

0

117

2

‘ l4’

19
4

326

50

48

15

21

127

53
13
113
51

17

526

35

)

50.9
47.
55.
50.
52.
55.
52.
49.
51.
52.
52.
55.
54.
53.
53.
55.
54.
52.8

JFor less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total.




37

10

46

3

29
71

_ 20’

29

10
1

10

2

SO'
24
5
4
90

175
33
38

3
30

8

26

9
17

107
0

74

26

287

64

96

8 i

538

52

1931

100

18
23
174

TO

187
175
64

199

15

0

31

VirginiaW iseonsin.

12

50.0
)
54.0
49.5
49.0
50.0
50.0

)

19
138
1

INDUSTRY, 1910

Total..
Sanders, hand, male:
C a liforn ia ..........
G eorgia.._______
I llin o is -.............
Indiana...............
K e n tu ck y -........
M a ry la n d -........
MassachusettsM ichigan.............
Missouri_______
N ew Y ork ______
N orth Carolina.
Ohio....................
Pennsylvania—

Total-

17
113
60

48.7
50.6
53.1
52.7
55.0
54.5
53.6
54.4
55.0
54.3

FURNITURE

T otal.

42
156
11

T

able

C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in seven specified occupations, 1981, by sex and State— Continued

N um ­ N um ­
ber of
estab­ ber of
wage
lish­
ments earners

Occupation, sex, and State

____
.. ___
_

_____

__ _ ____

Total...................................................................

N ew Jersey
N ew York
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Wisconsin
Total
Sewers, female:
California
Georgia
Illinois

_ _ _
_

_

___
_______
___
___
_ _ ________

___
................................
- . . . _ _ ______
.......................................

- - - -. . _ _ ______

K entucky.............................................................




26
69

45

301

50.1

)

(0

1
1

72
4
27
36
6
22

0

8

3
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2

3
3
3
0

)

50.0
53.2
47.8
50.0

Over
44,
un­
der
48

48

Over
48,
un­
der
49^

m i

Over
50,
un­
der
52^

50

52H

Over
52H,
un­
der
54

54

Over
54,
un­
der
55

Over
55,
un­
der
57

55

57,
un­
der
60

60,
and
over

5
3

19
10
2

16

56

3

1

26

1

13

23
6

9
19
69

1

23

1

28

6

6

6

7

188

3

6

1

23

22

OF LABOR

Sewers, male:
iforyi ift
Illinois
Indiana
M aryland

4
3
7

2
12
2
6
2
2

44

HOURS

_

_

5
22
10
2

Un­
der
44

AND

_

49.5
50.1
50.0
48.0
50.9
54.5
48.1
48.0
50.0
51.5
51.3
50.0

1

3
1

N um ber of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were—

WAGES

Sanders, hand, female:
Illinois
Indiana .
■Kentucky
Massachusetts
Michigan
_
_
Missouri
N ew Y ork
N orth Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
_ _ _
Tennessee
Wisconsin

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

(0
8
1
1

2

1

1

3
(0

(0

(0
(0

(>)

8

2

52.5
0)
55.0

16

27

50.5

1

2

10
2
8
6
1

64
23
230
29
5

44.8
55.0
50.1
51.8
55.0

44

8

2
(0

1

1
(0

2

15

2

1

4

1

12

23
4

72
4

124
15

30
2

5

8

1

M aryland______
Massachusetts...
M ich ig a n ...........
M issouri.............
N ew Jersey.........
N ew Y ork______
N orth Carolina..
Ohio................
Pennsylvania___
Wisconsin..

5

19

T otal— .

92

681

49.0

109

10

46.4
55.0
50.4
51.3
55.0
48.9
49.2
50.5
48.1
48.2
49.0
53.9
51.8
52.0
50.4
55.0
52.4

83

2
2
6

214
95
501
131
15
153
156
79
17
32
307
107
150
52
14
3
93

138

2,119

50.3

120

103

2
2
2
1
2

6
12

44.3
55.0
55.3

2

4

10
1
8
10

9
4
4
22
8
10

9

(0
6

(0

4
1
1
1
1 fi

4
31
10

(0

3
71

1

8
1
0

9

)
1

1

49

24

2
1

6

1

35

3

1
12

)
6

19
26

111

8

103

229

43
15

389
54

3

53

36

9

42

8

13
42
15

7
19

37

95

50
3

1

19
15

28
7

6
2

122

14
28
136

1
2

2

35

55

7

31
4
13

8
1

26

12

90
32
9

10

25
4

10

42
23

37

106

852

7

1

3
45

48
372

26

11

71
I
15

8

131
11

11

138

1

26

3

317

26

12

3
0)

4

48.0
53.9
49.5

1

30

10
0

(0

50.0

..i
■"
i For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total.




0

18

(0

52.2

5

14

2

4

7

4

10

)

3
5

30

13

3

1931

3

13

1

TO

Total-.

4
19

85
14
45

8

INDUSTRY, 1910

Total-.
Upholsterers, female:
California............ .
Georgia..................
Indiana..................
Kentucky............ .
Massachusetts___
Michigan............. .
N ew Y ork _______
Tennessee............ .
W isconsin.............

1
1

20

4
32

43

FURNITURE

Upholsterers, male:
California.......... .
Georgia.............. .
I llin o is -............ .
Indiana-............. .
K entucky.......... .
M aryland______
Massachusetts...
M ichigan........... .
Missouri............ .
N ew Jersey.........
N ew Y ork ..........
N orth Carolina.
Ohio..............
Pennsylvania__
Tennessee.......... .
Virginia________
W isconsin______

3
18
3
9

40
75
23
0)

9

49.2
45.7
51.6
0)
44.5
48.4
53.9
49.3
0)
50.0
50.0

8
8
8
1

T a b le

C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in seven specified occupations, 1931, by sex and State— Continued

Occupation, sex, and State

Total.................
Veneerers. female:
Illinois_________
Indiana_________
M ichigan.............
N ew Jersey_____
Ohio.................... .
Pennsylvania___
W isconsin............
Total.................

2

8

19
16
3

85
90
23

1

3
16
2
1

(0

4
131
5
0)

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

'

46.0
50.6
52.8
(0

2

7
5

72
26
729

52.5

17

0)

(0

7
13
3
6

Over
48,
un­ 49H
der
49^

48

75
38

6

52^

Over
52H,
un­
der
54

54

Over
54,
un­
der
55

3
3

21

6
0

7

57,
un­
der
60

60,
and
over

9
17

13

)
17
3

J14
2

5

Over
55,
un­
der
57

55

2

2

(0

3

1

58

25

2

4

11
1

io
70 -------13
8
43

3

2
22

---

.

1

72
26
7

13

=====

16

271

3

<9

52.6
50.0
49.5
50.0
<9
50.0
50.4

Over
50,
un­
der
52J/2

50

8
1
6

(0

i For less than 3 wage earners in 1 establishment, data included in total.




Over
44,
un­
der
48

44

(0

52.4
55.0
54.3
53.5
52.5
55.0
55.0

70

11

U n­
der
44

48.0
50.0 .......... .........
52.0
53.7

21
88
2

102
10
8

N um ber of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were—

2

27

J—

61

21

281

21

1

—

1

3

1

1

3

1

13
3
6

(0s
!

5

31

_

WAGES AND HOXJJiS OF LiABOK

Veneerers, male:
California............
Illinois_________
Indiana................
K entucky______
M aryland............
Massachusetts..
M ichigan_______
M issouri..............
N ew Jersey_____
N ew Y ork ...........
N orth Carolina.
Ohio..................
Pennsylvania___
Tennessee........
V irginia...............
W isconsin............

N um ­ N um ­
ber of
of
estab­ ber
wage
lish­
earners
ments

APPENDIX

FACTORY TERMS OF OCCUPATIONS, WITH DEFINITIONS, AND CLASSIFI­
CATION BY BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Factory term

Definition

(See Scooping-machine operator).............................................
Uses a hand brush or spray gun, to apply stains in a
special process to produce on new furniture shadings
which would appear on antiques.
Apprentice.................. . Learns the work of a particular occupation or trade under a
contract to serve a specified number of years.
Assembler and cabi­ Assembles various parts of wood, which have been cut and
netmaker.
dressed in the machine department, to form sections or
completed units of furniture. The joints of the various
pieces are usually coated with hot glue, driven up tightly
and clamped to hold in place until dry. Nails and
screws are also used to fasten the joints. The term also
includes those who fit and adjust uneven joints and
repair broken or damaged parts.
(See Back maker)........................................................................
Assembler, backs..
(See Chair assembler)................................................................
Assembler, chairs.,
(See Back maker)........................................................................
Back assembler.. .
____d o............................................................................................
Back driver..
Assembles parts to form backs of chairs or of other pieces of
Back maker..
furniture. Coats joints with hot glue, drives them up
tightly, and uses nails, screws, or clamps to hold them in
place.
Operates a band saw in the form of a narrow endless steel
Band sawyer.— —
belt running over pulleys, which m ay be used to make
curved or angle cuts. It is faster than a jig saw.
Uses pencil or other device, with or without a pattern, to
Band-saw marker.
mark, trace, or describe work to be done b y band sawyer.
Tracings, etc., are usually made on stock which is to be
cut.
Assembles b y gluing, nailing, or screwing together the
Bed maker.............
various parts to form sections or complete beds. In­
cludes head, end, and rail makers of wooden beds.
(See Belt repairer).......................................................................
Belt fixer.......
Fits, adjusts, replaces, and repairs belting of factory ma­
Belt repairer.
chinery. This work is sometimes done b y the mill­
wright.
(See Sander, machine).......................................... ....................
Belt sander. .
W orks at bench to assemble b y gluing, nailing, or screwing
Bench hand..
together various pieces to form a section or complete unit
of furniture.
Bends b y hand to desired form light pieces of wood, such
Bender, hand.
as are used for backs of chairs. The pieces, which have
previously been steamed to soften the fiber and give
flexibility, are placed in clamps to dry, thus giving them
permanent form.
Operates machine or power press to bend pieces of wood,
Bender, machine..
such as are used for backs of chairs or other bent work.
The pieces, which have previously been steamed to
soften the fiber and give flexibility, are placed in clamps
and when dry retain the curved form.
(See Machinist; also Tool grinder)..........................................
Bit sharpener.,
Does light or medium forging and general anvil repair work
Blacksmith___
on wagons, trucks, or other equipment around factory,
and often some tool making.
Paints color designs of blended shades on pieces of furniture
Blender.
b y hand, using a brush.
Applies glue with a brush to surface of pieces of lumber
Blocker..
which are used to build up blocks or sections to approxi­
mate size of desired parts, such as table legs, pedestals,
etc., and places them in clamps until glue dries. The
built-up sections are later converted into pedestals, etc.,
b y lathe turners.
Operates wood-boring machines of either single or multiple
Boring - m a c h i n e
type
to cut holes in stock parts for the reception of screws,
operator.
bolts, etc., used in fastening parts together.
Joins together with hammer and nails parts which form
Box maker..
boxes used in shipping the product.
Box nailer..
Uses hammer and nails to fasten covers on boxes which
have been packed for shipment.
(See Carving gluer or taeker)....................................................
Bradder, carvings.,
Bricklayer..............
Uses brick and mortar to repair or construct walls, flues,
foundations, etc., about the plant.
Adzer operator..
Antiquer______




Classified b y bureau
under—
Machine hands.
Finishers.
Other employees.
Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Machine hands.
Other employees.

Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Other employees.
Do.
Machine hands.
Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Other employees.

Machine hands.

Other employees.
Do.
Finishers.
Gluers, rough-stock.

Machine hands.
Other employees.
Do.
Trimmers.
Other employees.

47

48

WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR

Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classification by Bureau of Labor
Statistics

—Continued

Brushman___
Bull w orker,..
Burlaper..........
Bum er-in........
Cabinet gluer.
Cabinetmaker

Uses a hand brush to apply stain, varnish, shellac, etc.,
to surface of furniture parts in process of finishing.
Carries frames or pieces of furniture from one depart­
ment to another; handles bales of excelsior, hair, moss,
etc., and does other heavy work about factory.
Fastens burlap over cushion springs, using hammer and
tacks, when this work is not done b y spring setters.
Uses a torch to burn decorative design for the purpose of
finishing certain classes of furniture.
(See Gluer, cabinets)..................................................................

Finishers.
Laborers.
Other employees.
Do.
Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Do.

Assembles parts that have been cut and dressed in machine
department. Sometimes designated as 4*bench hand,”
“ case fitter,” etc. W ork consists in fitting together
parts that form sections or complete units of furniture.
H ot glue is applied with a brush to joints, and clamps or
other devices are used for forcing them up tight and
holding them in place until glue hardens. Bolts,
screws, and nails are also used to fasten parts together.
Car loader..............
Assists in loading and properly arranging the various Laborers.
boxes or crates of furniture in railroad cars or trucks for
j transportation.
Carpenter...............
Does general carpentry repair work around factory and Other employees.
yard.
Carpenter’s helper
Does unskilled work under supervision of carpenter...........
Do.
Carver, hand.........
Uses highly tempered steel chisels and gouges b y hand to Carvers, hand.
carve and fashion ornamental designs on such parts as
arms and backs of chairs, panels, table legs, feet, etc.
Machine-carved pieces are usually finished b y hand
carvers.
Carver, machine Buns wood-carving machine which usually holds several Carvers, machine.
new pieces and the pattern. Operator traces the pattern
with an attachment of the machine, thus reproducing
several carved pieces of the same design with one opera­
tion of the macnine. Spindle-wood carving is done one
piece at a time b y free hand tracing of the marked
patterns.
Carving
gluer
or Uses hot glue or hammer and nails to fasten thin com po or Trimmers.
tacker.
carved parts to doors, drawers, panels, or other parts of
furniture for decorative purposes.
Case-clamp man.......... Applies hot glue with hand brush to parts which are to be Assemblers and cab­
united to form a section or case, forces these parts to­
inetmakers.
gether, and fixes clamps to hold in proper place until dry.
Case cleaner (before (See Cleaner, sanding)................................................................ Sanders, hand.
finishing).
Case fitter.................... Shaves or trims the uneven stock parts which are to be Assemblers and cab­
assembled so that when united the joints will fit properly.
inetmakers.
Case gluer.................... (See Cabinetmaker).................................................................. .
Do.
Case m ak er................
(See Case-clamp m an).............................................................. .
Do.
Caul-board scraper__ (See Cleaner, caul boards).............. ......................................... Other employees.
Chair assembler......... . Assembles and puts together various parts to form com- Assemblers and cab­
chair, the parts having already been shaped and
inetmakers.
Slete
tted in the machine department; dips dowel pins and
other end parts in hot glue, drives tnem up, and then
places them in a press or clamp which holds them in
position until glue sets firmly. Screws and bolts may
also be used to fasten these parts together. Flush joints
are trimmed or sanded smooth.
Chair blocker............... (See Chair assembler)........................ ...................................... .
Do.
Chair cleaner, sand­ (See Cleaner, sanding)............................................................... Sanders, hand.
ing.
Chair driver................. (See Chair assembler)................................................................. Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Chair paperer............. . (See W rapper)............................................................................ . Craters, packers, and
wrappers.
Chaser, stock.............. . (See Stock chaser)....................................................................... Other employees.
Checker....................... . Makes comparison of order with that of materials or parts
Do.
to ascertain if specified quantity is in each order.
Chopper, veneer........
(See Cutter, veneer)................................................................... Veneerers.
C h u c k in g -m a c h in e Operates machine which cuts dowel on end of a stock part, Machine hands.
operator.
instead of using dowel as a separate piece.
Clamp man................. . (See Case-clamp m an)................................................................ Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Clamp remover.......... . Loosens clamps and removes them from around veneer Laborers.
piles, cases, or other pieces of furniture on which they
were used to hold parts together Until glue hardened.
Clean-up worker........ . (See Sweeper)..............................................................................
Do.




49

FUENITUEE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931

,

,
—Continued

Factory terms of occupations with definitions and classification hy Bureau of Labor
Statistics
Definition

Factory term

Cleaner, caul b oard s.. Uses a dull instrument b y hand to scrape from caul
boards accumulated glue which was squeezed out of
veneered panels in the press. Boards are used between
veneered panels to prevent sticking and to distribute
pressure in the press properly. After scraping, cauls
are coated with a mixture of soap and water, allowed to
dry, and are then ready for use again.
Cleaner, floors___
Uses blunt knife to remove excess glue, or emery paper to
Cleaner, sanding.
smooth rough joints or surfaces.
Nails or screws cleats (extra pieces) on crates or furniture
Cleater..................
where necessary, for added strength and protection dur­
ing shipment.
(See Cutter, veneer)...................................................................
Clipper, veneer.
Applies with a hand brush any of the various coats of filler,
Coater.................
stain, lacquer, or varnish in the process of finishing fur­
niture.
Prepares paints, stains, and lacquers with specific quan­
Color mixer.
tities of pigments, oil, etc., which are used for finishing
processes on furniture.
Coinpo gluer or tacker. (See Carving gluer or tacker)...................... ........... .................
.do
Compo mounter..........
.d o .
Compo tacker..............
Compo worker............. (See Composition worker).........................................................
Composition w ork er.. Presses into molds pastelike mixture of glue and other
materials to form designs of carvings, which when dry
are known as “ overlays” or “ compo carving.”
Works at mechanical conveyor, places materials or parts
Conveyor man..
on, or takes them off, at specified places in the factory.
System is used to replace trucks.
Core patcher, veneer.. (See Repairer, veneer)................................................................
Uses hammer and nails to build crates around pieces of
Crate builder..............
furniture for shipment.
Crate marker............... (See Marker, shipping crates)....................................................
Crater, packer, and Assembles and nails together parts which form crates
about pieces of furniture and arranges burlap, excelsior,
wrapper.
or paper around them for shipment; also may wrap ana
pack small parts or pieces in boxes for transportation.
Crating sawyer............ Operates power saw to trim boards to specified dimensions.
These pieces are used for building crates.
Cushion
and
pad Stuffs moss, hair, or other filling into various pads and
cushions used in upholstered furniture. M ay also sew
maker.
b y hand or machine the seams which form these pads
and cushions.
(See Cushion and pad maker).................................................
Cushion filler.. .
(See Sewer)..................................................................................
Cushion sewer..
(See Cushion and pad m aker)............................. ....................
Cushion stuffer.
Cut-off sawyer.............
Cutter, glass.................
Cutter, upholstering
materials.
Cutter, veneer .
Deck hand........
Decorator, fastens..
Decorater, paints..
Dipper....................
Disk sander..
Door fitter...
D oor framer..
D oor hanger.
Door maker. .

Dovetailer operator. . .
Dowel driver...........

passes material over saw table with grain at right angles to
saw, gauging one end at each cut.
(See Glass cutter)........................................................................
Cuts b y hand or machine leather or fabric materials which
are used for making cushions, pads, etc., and for uphol­
stering furniture.
Uses hand shears or band or circular saw to cut pieces of
veneer to specified lengths or widths.
Handles furniture on loading platform and assists in plac­
ing it on trucks or freight cars for shipment.
(See Carving gluer or tacker)....................................................
Paints with a hand brush floral or other designs on special
pieces of furniture.
Dips low-grade chairs and other small pieces into a vat or
tank of paint, stain, or varnish for finishing coat.
(See Sander, machine)................................................................
Uses a plane b y hand to shave or smooth the edges of doors
or door posts, and makes other adjustments to permit the
doors to open and close easily.
(See Door maker).......................................................................
Fits and puts on hinges and locks, and makes adjustments
of doors so they will open and close easily.
Assembles various parts to form a complete door. Uses
hand brush to apply coat of hot glue to parts which are to
be joined, drives them up tightly, and adjusts clamps to
hold them securely until dry. The doors may be rein •
forced with screws or nails.
Feeds stock parts into woodworking machine which makes
cuts for a dovetail joint on each.
Dips point of dowel in hot glue and drives it into dowel
socket or hole. A dowel is a small round piece of wood
used to join two other pieces and m ay be used as a sub­
stitute for mortise asd tenon.

136825°— 32------ 5



Classified b y bureau
under­
Other employees.

Laborers.
Sanders, hand.
Craters, packers, and
wrappers.
Veneerers.
Finishers.
Other employees.
Trimmers.
Do.
Do.
Other employees.
Do.
Do.
Veneerers.
Craters, packers,and
wrappers.
Other employees.
Craters, packers, and
wrappers.
Machine hands.
Cushion and
makers.

pad

Do.
Sewers.
Cushion and pad
makers.
Machine hands.
Other employees.
Cutters (upholster
ing materials).
Veneerers.
Laborers.
Trimmers.
Finishers.
Do.
Machine hands.
Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Machine hands.
Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.

50

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

,

,
—Continued

Factory terms of occupations with definitions and classification by Bureau of Labor
Statistics

Dowel-machine opera­
tor.
Drawer fitter...............
Drawer liner.

Drawer maker.

Drier, veneer..

Driver-up........
Drum sander.

Dry-house tender.
Dry-kiln boss........
Dry-kiln laborer.

Dry-kiln man..
D uller...............

Edge roller..

Electrician..
Electrician’s helper....
Elevator operator____
End-clamp man..
End maker..........
Equalizing sawyer.
Feeder, glue spreader
(veneer).
Fiber picker................
Filer.............................
Filler......................

Feeds square stock into dowel-making machine which cuts Machine hands.
it into round rods of desired diameter.
Uses hand plane or scraper to smooth edges, to true up Assemblers and cabangles, and otherwise to adjust the drawers so that they
binetmakers.
slide easily.
Glues velveteen, or other lining material, to inside bottoms Trimmers.
and sometimes to entire inside, of buffet, bureau, or
dresser drawers which are to be used for storage of silver,
etc. H ot glue is applied with a hand brush and the lin­
ing pressed down smoothly over it.
Assembles various parts to form a complete drawer, applies Assemblers and cab­
hot glue with a brush to parts which are to be united,
inetmakers.
forces joints up tightly, using nails or screws to reinforce
these parts; also uses clamps when necessary to hold parts
in place until glue hardens.
Veneer is redried to eliminate any moisture which m ay Other employees.
have accumulated while waiting to be used. Sheets of
veneer are placed one at a time between steam-heated
metal plates of drying machine, which is mechanically
operated. This process is to prevent veneer from check­
ing.
(See Cabinetmaker).................................................................. . Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Operates machine having a cylinder covered with sand­ Machine hands.
paper. Stock parts are fed one at a time under the cyl­
inder or are held b y hand over the top of it to produce a
smooth surface.
(See Dry-kiln boss).................................................................... Other employees.
Supervises loading of lumber on kiln trucks, placing of
Do.
trucks into dry kiln, removal of contents when dry, and
also watches temperature of kiln.
Stacks lumber on trucks, so arranging it as to leave air Laborers.
spaces between the pieces, pushes trucks into drying
kilns, and removes lumber when dry. All work is di­
rected b y kiln boss.
(See Dry-kiln laborer)..............................................................
D o.
Surfaces of pieces of furniture on which dull effect is de­ Finishers.
sired are gone over with a rag and crude oil, or ordinary
wax m ay t>e applied b y hand with fine sandpaper to pro­
duce the effect. This work is done as a final operation.
Uses cotton or other stuffing material over which pieces of Cushion and pad
canvas or burlap are pulled and tacked in place to form
makers.
arm rests for chairs, sofas, davenports, etc. These parts
are later covered with upholstery.
Repairs defects or makes necessary changes in wiring of Other employees.
lights or ignition about the factory.
W orks un ier supervision of electrician................. ................
Do.
Operates
elevator for hoisting or lowering employees or
D o.
materials from one floor to another.
(See Case-clamp m an)......................................................... ...... Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Assembles and fits together parts to form a section of a
D o.
piece of furniture, and uses nails, screws, or glue with
clamps to fasten them securely.
Passes material over saw table with grain at right angles to Machine hands.
two saws running at the same speed. Used for making
large lots of short pieces of specified lengths.
(See Glue spreader, veneer)................................... ................. Veneerers.

Fitter, cases,.

(See Moss picker)....................................................................
(See Saw filer)...................................................... ............... ....
Uses hand brush to apply a solution of pyrite, rottenstone,
or pulverized lava and burnt oil or other mineral filling,
and before “ setting" rubs it with soft shavings or burlap
crosswise of the grain, removing the surplus filler; then
rubs it lengthwise with a felt or soft cloth until the sur­
face is entirely clean.
After filler has been applied, always with a surplus, and is
about to “ set,” the wiper uses soft wood shavings, rags,
waste, etc., to wipe off the surplus and rubs surface until
clean.
Applies with hand brush filler, varnish, lacquer, and stains
of various kinds to finished surface of parts or completed
pieces; also does high lighting, dull finishings, graining,
dipping, etc.
(See Case fitter)......... ........................................................ ........

Fitter, doors___
Fitter, drawers..

(See Door fitter).........................................................................
(See Drawer fitter)............. ........... .......... .............................

Filler wiper.

Finisher..




Other employees.
D o.
Finisheis.

D o.

D o.

Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
D o.
Do.

51

FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931

Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classification by Bureau of Labor
Statistics— Continued

Fitter, glass.................
Fitter-up......................
Fluting-machine oper­
ator.
Frame maker _

Framer................. .
Furniture m over..
Gimp tacker.
Glass cutter..
Glass fitter..
Glass setter.................
Glue-machine feeder,
veneer.
Glue mixer..................

Glue sizer..
Glue spreader, roughstock.
Glue spreader, veneer.

(See Glass fitter)........................................................................ .
(See Upfitter)...............................................................................
Operates a woodworking machine which cuts either chan­
nels or beads parallel and lengthwise, such as are seen on
table and chair legs, columns, and bed posts. This
operation can be and often is done on an upright molder.
Assembles skeleton or frame of a case, door, mirror, or
chair or other piece. Uses a brush to coat ends or joints
with hot glue, drives them up tightly, and fastens in
place with nails, screws, or clamps.
(See Frame maker) .....................................................................
Transfers, b y hand truck, furniture to any part of the fac­
tory where needed.
Uses hammer and small nails to fasten a narrow strip of
leather or cloth tape over the raw edge where the uphol­
stering materials join.
Uses a diamond or other glass-cutting device to cut such
glass parts as are used for mirrors, cabinets, china closets,
etc., which are not of stock size.
Fits, adjusts, and fastens glass into china closets or other
cabinets, mirrors into frames, and also attaches hardware
which unites the mirror frame to its frame holders.
(See Glass fitter)..........................................................................
(See Glue spreader, veneer)......................................................
Prepares glue for use. Heated glue is almost universally
used in furniture making, and is bought in either flake,
chip, thin cakes, or powder. This is usually soaked in
cold water for about 2 0 minutes and then heated in a
double boiler or glue pot, after hot water has been added.
Am ount of hot water varies with desired consistency.
Applies coat of glue with a hand brush to designated parts
which are later to be covered b y pasting on cloth, leather,
or paper.
(See Gluer, rough- stock)...........................................................

Trimmers.
D o.
M achine hands.

Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Do.
Laborers.
Trimmers.
Other employees.
Trimmers.
Do.
Veneerers.
Other employees.

D o.
Gluers, rough-stock.
Veneerers.

Gluer, carvings___
Gluer, cases...........

Feeds pieces of veneer into machine between two revolving
rollers set one above the other, the lower roller revolving
in a pan of glue, thus coating one side of each piece as it
passes through the machine.
Spreads hot glue with a hand brush on the edge of each
board which has already been planed to fit. These
boards are then placed edge to edge in the clamps of the
slowly revolving glue wheel to form wide sections, such
as are used for table and desk tops or other similar parts.
Glue hardens sufficiently in one revolution of wheel so
that when it is full a dry section is taken off and replaced
with a wet one. These replacements are repeated. T he
face of the wheel is several feet wide and each set of pieces
is spokewise from the “ hub.”
Applies hot glue with a hand brush to small blocks of wood
and sticks these on inside corners of bureaus, tables, etc.,
to give added strength and support; also glues on drawer
guides or slides.
Applies hot glue with a hand brush to joints of various
parts or sections which form a cabinet, drives them up,
and clamps or nails them in place.
(See Carving gluer or tacker)............................................... .
(See Gluer, cabinets)................................................. .................

Gluer, clamps........
Gluer, com po_____
Gluer, heavy-stock
Gluer, joints..........

(See
(See
(See
(See

Gluer, overlays___
Gluer, rough-stock.

(See Carving gluer or tacker).....................................................
Spreads hot glue with a brush on edges of boards or parts
which are to be joined and draws them tightly together
with clamps in which they are left until dry.
W orks at bench, using a hand brush to apply hot glue to Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers..
joints of small parts or sections which are to be assembled,
and presses them firmly together and, if necessary, uses
clamps to hold them until dry.
(See Glue spreader, veneer)................... ......................... ......... Veneerers.
(See Lumber grader)^................................................................ Other employees.

Glue-wheel hand..

Gluer, blocks_____

Gluer, cabinets___

Gluer, small parts.

Gluer, veneer........
Grader, lu m b e r...




Glue-wheel hand)...............................................................
Carving gluer or tacker)....................................................
Gluer, rough-stock).............................................................
Gluer, cabinets)...................................................................

Gluers, rough-stock.

Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Do.
Trimmers.
Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Gluers, rough-stock.
Trimmers.
Gluers, rough-stock.
Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Trimmers.
Gluers, rough-stock.

52

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

,

,
—Continued

Factory terms of occupations with definitions and classification by Bureau of Labor
Statistics

Grainer, hand..

Grainer, machine _

Grinder, knife_______
Grinder, tools.............
Groove-machine oper­
ator.
Hair p ic k e r ...............

Hand g lu e r ...............
Hand-press operator,
veneer.
Handy man................

Applies with a brush a coat of stain (usually lighter than
previous color) and while still wet draws simulation of
grain ofwood on surface with a tool called a graining com b;
then blends these colors b y brushing gently with the tip
of a soft, clean brush; or permits undercoat to dry, then
covers it with a darker color, draws false grain free hand
with a folded cloth, and finishes it b y brushing it lightly.
Sometimes a rubber roller containing the grain pattern
is used.
Feeds pieces which are to be grained into machine con­
sisting of two rollers, one of which is made of gelatin with
its surface so prepared that it prints an imitation grain
upon the part coming in contact with it. Irregular sur­
faces and edges are grained b y being held against the
roller.
(See Knife grinder).................................................................... .
(See Tool grinder)...................................................................... .
Feeds, adjusts, and controls machine which cuts grooves
of desired width and depth, with grain of wood, such as
m ay be seen in sides of a bureau drawer where the bottom
is placed.
Takes hair from bales and feeds it into machine which
tears or pulls it apart and removes any sticks, burrs, or
other foreign substances that would cause unevenness in
cushions or upholstered parts.
(See Gluer, cabinets)......... ...................................................... .
(See Pressman, veneer)..............................................................

A n employee of some degree of skill who has no regular
specified duties, but does work in various positions as
required, often substituting for absentees.
Heavy-stock gluer___
(See Gluer, rough-stock)...........................................................
Helper..........................
Assists in spray booth or around machines b y passing
materials to operator or removing parts from machines.
Includes such workers as off-bearers, tail boys, and other
general helpers throughout factory, handling parts of
product. (Does not include real apprentices or laborers.)
Uses steel wool, cloth, or other material to scrape or reduce
High-lighter.
color in specified sections of freshly stained pieces of fur­
niture which are to receive this process. Removal of
part of the stain is done without showing sharp contrast,
thus creating a shadowy or clouded finish. Shadows are
thus produced when the next coat of transparent stain or
varnish is applied. Another method is to spray portions
of light-colored wood with dark stains to produce the
desired color tones.
Hog-machine feeder... Feeds waste lumber into machine which grinds it into small
pieces for fuel purposes.
(See Putty m an)..........................................................................
Hole filler..
Examines parts at various stages of manufacture, and also
Inspector..
assembled and finished product to see that proper mate­
rial has been used, parts assembled correctly, drawers
slide easily, doors open and shut without binding, and
that various coats of finish are up to specifications.
Instructor...................... Teaches new employees in the performance of their duties,
especially the operation of machines.
Jig sawyer. ................... Operates very narrow, thin, vertical saw which works rap­
idly up and down through table of machine. It is used
for cutting thin material, may cut patterns of scroll, and
makes curves and sharp angles without binding the saw.
Joiner, veneer............... (See Taper, veneer)................................................................... .
Joint gluer..................... (See Gluer, cabinets)................................................................. .
Jointer operator...........
Knife grinder................
Laborer..........................
Lacer, springs...............
Lacquer mixer..............
Lacquerer, brush work.
Lacquerer, spray.........
Lathe sander.................




Finishers.

D o.

Other employees.
D o.
Machine hands.

Other employees.

Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Veneerers.
Other employees.
Gluers, rough-stock.
Helpers.

Finishers.

Laborers.
Finishers.
Other employees.

D o.
M achine hands.

Veneerers.
Assemblers and cabi­
netmakers.
Machine hands.

Feeds boards or other pieces of lumber into machine which
dresses or cuts edge of each to a straight even surface so
that any two pieces placed together will fit evenly.
Operates grinding devices, such as emery or sandstone Other employees.
wheels, and m ay use oilstones to sharpen blades and
cutting tools of various woodworking machines.
Performs com m on unskilled work about plant or yard, Laborers.
such as trucking or carrying materials, loading and un­
loading cars, sweeping, etc.
(See Spring tier)........................................................................... Spring setters.
(See Color m ixer)......................................................................... Other employees.
Applies lacquer with a hand brush to finished surface of Finishers.
parts of completed pieces.
(See Sprayer).............................................................................. . Sprayers.
(See Sander, m achine)................................................................ M achine hands,

53

FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931

Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classification by Bureau of Labor
Statistics— Continued

Lathe turner..

Layout man, pattern.
Layout man, routing.

Layer-on, veneer........

Linderman operator—

Loader..........................
Lock-machine opera­
tor.
Lugger.................
Lumber grader. _
Lumber handler
Lumber piler___
Lumber scaler.
Lumber stacker.
M&chine carver.
Machine h a n d ..

Machine repairman...
Machine repairman’s
helper.
Machine sander...........
Machine setter........... .
Machinist.....................

Machinist 's helper. . .
Marker, for band saw..
Marker, s h i p p i n g
crates.
Marker, veneer............
Marquetry worker___

Operates wood-turning lathe. Hand turner places stock
Detween chucks of lathe and runs it at high speed while
design is worked out free hand b y tilting the skew gouge
or chisel over a rest. Machine turning, however, is
chiefly automatic; cutting devices are set in position and
stock placed in chucks of lathe which is operated at high

Machine hands.

Another method is known as “ back-knife” or full auto­
matic, which produces a specific design b y automatic
control.
Uses specifications as guide to draw a layout, which is a Other employees.
pattern or design o f the work to be followed b y the
workmen.
Lays out a plan of sequence of operations to be followed in
Do.
course of manufacture, what machines are to be used to
perform each operation and sometimes which workman
shall perform certain operations.
Stands back of glue-spreading machine, receives each Veneerers.
piece of glue-coated veneer as it comes from the machine,
and places it on stock to which it is to be glued. The
next base (cheap wood to be veneered) is then placed on
top of this, ready to receive the next piece of veneer.
Operates machine known as Linderman. Pieces of wood Machine hands.
stock are fed into the machine which cuts a lock or wedge
tongue on one piece, while on another is cut a matched
groove. These parts are automatically coated with glue
and, m oving in opposite directions toward center, the
tongue is slipped into the groove, thus building a wider
piece. This operation is repeated to form much wider
pieces.
(See Car loader; also Truck loader).......................................... . Laborers.
Runs machine which cuts out section of wood from part of Machine hands.
drawer or cabinet into which the lock is later fitted.
Sometimes a dado or mortising machine m ay be used,
this being governed b y the lock used.
Transfers pieces of furniture b y hand or truck to various Laborers.
parts of factory where needed or to shipping platform.
Examines lumber to determine b y fixed rules its standard Other employees.
of quality.
Performs general work about yard, such as unloading lum­ Laborers.
ber from railroad cars, stacking it in yard or sheds, and
getting out stocks of lumber for machine department.
Do.
(See Stacker, lumber)..................................................................
Estimates quantity of lumber needed for various parts, Other employees.
finished pieces, or a given number of articles.
(See Stacker, lum ber)................................................................. Laborers.
(See Carver, machine)................................................................ Carvers, machine.
Operates any of various woodworking machines used for Machine hands.
boring, lathe turning, planing, ripping, sanding, sawing,
etc., of wood parts which go into the product or into crates
or boxes. Operation of each of these machines is defined
and arranged alphabetically in this glossary.
Tears down, makes necessary repairs, sets up, and adjusts Other employees.
any machine tool needing repair.
A workman with some mechanical skill who helps in hand­
Do.
ling heavy tools or parts, and assists in making repairs,
under supervision of repairman.
(See Sander, m achine)................................................................ Machine hands.
Sets up and adjusts cutting tools, regulates guides and Other employees.
other parts about machines which are to be operated b y
other workmen.
A skilled and experienced workman who repairs, adjusts,
Do.
or sets machine tools to be operated b y other workmen;
maintains machinery in proper running order and some­
times grinds tools and files and sets saws.
An employee with some mechanical skill who assists in
Do.
making repairs, setting up or adjusting machines, or
other similar work, under supervision of machinist.
(See Band-saw marker)..............................................................
Do.
Prints name and address of consignee on shipping crates,
Do.
using paint cup, brush, and stencil.
Uses a pattern to draw diagrams on pieces of rough veneer Veneerers.
to show specified shapes or sizes into which it is to be cut.
Inlays ornamental woods of different tints so as to form
Do.
designs or shapes, these small pieces being fixed in with
glue. Designs are usually built up of wide pieces ve­
neered together, the outer edge forming the design. This
is sliced on with a thin saw into many repeats of the same




54

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

,

,
—Continued

Factory terms of occupations with definitions and classification by Bureau of Labor
Statistics

Matcher-up..

Matches colors, tints, shades, and grains of various pieces
or completed furniture belonging in a group or suite, or
of lumber or parts which are to be united to produce a
uniform appearance in the finish of completed pieces.
Matcher, veneer.
Selects and arranges pieces of veneer so that when cut and
fitted together the color and grain in the several pieces
will match and form figures and designs of the wood.
These designs are used on drawer fronts, panels, and tops
of various pieces.
(See Machine repairman).........................................................
M echanic...
Millwright..
A n experienced power-transmission man who is capable of
setting up and aligning machinery under unfavorable
conditions. In small plants m ay also set and file saws,
sharpen tools, and frequently repair machines.
Millwright’s helper. - . A person with some mechanical skill who assists in setting
up and aligning machinery, repairing tools, etc., under
supervision of millwright.
Mirror-frame maker.. (See Frame maker).................................................................... .
Miter sawyer..............

Mixer, glue___
Mixer, lacquer.
Mixer, p a in ts..
Molding-machine op­
erator.
M ortiser___
Moss picker..

M ov er.................
M ultiple carver.
Nash sander------

Off-bearer, m achine..
O ff-b e a r e r , s p r a y
booth.
Oiler, finishing............
Oiler, machinery........
Other employees.

Overlay gluer or tacker.
Packer..........................

Pad m aker..

Operates cross-cut saw, making angles or miters on ends of
lumber. Edge miters are ripped on a universal saw.
(See Glue mixer)..........................................................................
(See Color m ixer)........................................................................
___ do.............................................................................................
Sticks strips of lumber, one at a time, into machine which
trims its edges to designated form or shape.
Operates machine which cuts a recess called a mortise into
a piece of wood for reception of tenon of another piece.
Feeds moss used for cushions, pads, etc., into special gin­
ning machine which combs it and removes dirt, leaves,
sticks, and other materials that would cause unevenness j
in cushions or upholstered parts.
(See Furniture m over)...............................................................
(See Carver, machine)............................................................ .
Operates sanding machine used for smoothing surfaces of
round parts. A special device on this machine is con­
structed of narrow strips of sandpaper which form a
brashlike mass under which the spindle or round stock
is revolved at high speed; thus strips of sandpaper find
and smooth the curved surfaces and beads of these parts.
Stands back of woodworking machines, receives stock
parts as they com e from machine, and piles them on
trucks for transfer later to other workmen.
M oves away from sprayer pieces of furniture which have
been sprayed.
(See Filler)......................................... .......................................
Cleans and oils shaft bearings, pulleys, motors, and other
working parts of factory power-transmission equipment,
or the machines themselves.
This group includes all occupations in the industry other
than the classified occupations. Each occupation had
too few workers in number to warrant separate tabula­
tion, and is defined and arranged alphabetically in this
glossary.
(See Carving gluer or tacker)....................................................
Arranges burlap, excelsior, or paper around pieces of furni­
ture and puts them in crates, or wraps and packs small
parts or sections in boxes for shipment. M a y also build
crates around large pieces of futniture.
(See Cushion and pad maker)................................................. .

Panel framer...............

(See Color m ixer).......................................................................
Applies with a hand brush paint or stains to pieces of fur­
niture.
(See Frame maker)................ ............. — ................................

Paperer, chairs..........

(See W rapper)..........................

Paint mixer.
Painter........

Patcher, cabinet work. (See Repairer, cabinet w ork).
Patcher, up h olstery... (See Repairer, upholstery)..................
Patcher, varnish, shel­ (See Repairer, varnish, shellac, etc.)..
lac, etc.
Patcher, veneer.......... (See Repairer, veneer)..............................................— ..........
Patternmaker............. Operates any of the woodworking machines necessary to
fashion and shape wood patterns used in cutting or as­
sembling pieces of furniture and, when necessary, as­
sembles parts to form patterns.




Other employees.

Veneerers.

Other employees.
D o.

D o.
Assemblers and cabi­
netmakers.
Machine hands.
Other employees.
D o.
D o.
Machine hands.
D o.
Other employees.

Laborers.
Carvers, machine.
Machine hands.

Helpers.
Laborers.
Finishers.
Other employees.
D o.

Trimmers.
Craters, packers, and
wrappers.
Cushion and pad
makers.
Other employees.
Finishers.
Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Craters, packers, and
wrappers.
Assemblers and cabi­
netmakers.
Upholsterers.
Finishers.
Veneerers.
Other employees.

55

FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931

Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classification by Bureau of Labor
Statistics— Continued

Assists patternmakers in preparing and cutting patterns..
(See Stacker, lum ber).................................................................
(See Stock piler)..........................................................................
Makes necessary repairs and adjustments in gas, steam, or
water supply and waste systems of factory.
Pipe fitter’s helper___ Helps in handling heavy tools and pipe, cutting and thread­
ing pipes, screwing ends, etc., as directed b y pipe fitter.
Planer operator___
Feeds rough lumber into machine which, with revolving
knives, dresses or smoothes it to an even, clean surface
and specified thickness.
Stitches, b y hand or machine, pleats which form parts of
Pleat sewer.
tops or sides of cushions, pads, or other sections of uphol­
stery.
Installs and repairs gas or water supply and waste systems
P lum ber..
about factory.
Plumber’s helper__
(See Pipe fitter’s helper)............................................................
Polisher and rubber.. . Rubs b y hand or machine each coat of dry finish to smooth
the surface of pieces of furniture, using a cloth, felt brush, j
or rottenstone with pumice and water, crude oil and
pumice, or similar preparation, and, to produce desired
finish, last coat is given a polish.
Post gluer-.................... (See Glue-wheel hand)..............................................................
Pressman, veneer------ Places piles of freshly glued veneer panels in hand or power
press, closes press tightly against them, and fastens
clamps to hold them in position. These clamped piles
are then removed from press and stacked until thorough­
ly dry.
Uses fingers and putty knife to fill with putty small holes,
P utty man...........
dents, and like imperfections in the surface of parts to be
finished. This treatment is closely confined to cheaper
grades of furniture.
Runs woodworking machine which cuts recesses in the
Rabbet operator.
edge of pieces of stock for reception of the lip of other
pieces. These pieces are fed one at a time into the ma­
chine and m ay be made to fit at an angle or straight.
(See Bed maker)............................................................ ........... .
Rail maker...........
Patternmaker’s helper.
Piler, lum ber...............
Piler, stock...................
Pipe fitter-....................

Other employees.
Laborers.
Do.
Other employees.
Do.
Machine hands.
Sewers.
Other employees.
Do.
Polishers and rub­
bers.

Gluers, rough-stock.
Veneerers.

Finishers.

Machine hands.

Assemblers and cabi­
netmakers.
Checks materials received on invoices, noting shortages, Other employees.
substitutions, or any other irregularities.
(See Drier, veneer)......................................................................
Do.
Redrier, veneer__
Uses hand brush or spray gun to apply varnish, shellac, or Finishers.
Refinisher.............
other stains to refinish pieces of furniture after cabinet
repair work has been done, or changes the finish b y sand­
papering the surface and refinishing it b y applying new
coats of varnish, lacquer, etc. (See also Finisher).
Repairer, cabinetwork. Repairs broken or defective parts rejected b y inspectors Assemblers and cabi­
and which require cabinetwork.
netmakers.
Repairer, m achines.... (See Machine repairman).......................................................... Other employees.
Repairer, u ph olstery.. Repairs torn, damaged, or defective sections of upholster­ Upholsterers.
ing rejected b y inspectors.
R ep airer, va rn ish , Uses hand brush or spray gun to apply varnish, shellac, or Finishers.
shellac, etc.
other stains for repair of defective or marred surfaces or
pieces of furniture rejected b y inspectors.
Repairer, veneer.
Repairs broken, cracked, blistered, or mismatched ve­ Veneerers.
neered parts rejected by inspectors.
Operates thin-blade band saw filed and set to cut a narrow Machine hands.
Resaw sawyer___
kerf, splitting 1 -inch or heavier lumber into thin boards
as it is fed on edge over the saw table between two up ­
right rollers placed immediately before the saw so as to
hold the board steady as the saw passes through.
Retoucher...................
(See Repairer, varnish, shellac, etc.)...................................... . Finishers.
Revolving-press oper­ (See Glue-wheel hand)............................................................... Gluers, rough-stock.
ator.
Rip sawyer................. . Feeds lumber over saw table to a saw which cuts with the M achine hands.
grain of the wood, gauging one dimension or section at a
time.
Rough-stock gluer___ (See Gluer, rough-stock) _ .......................................................... Gluers, rough-stock.
Routing-machine op­ Runs woodworking machine with rapidly revolving verti­ Machine hands.
cal spindle and cutter, used for scooping out the surface
erator.
of pieces of wood.
(See Polisher and rubber)......................................................... Polishers and rub­
R ubber.............
bers.
Sample maker ..
Assembles with extreme care complete pieces of furniture Assemblers and cabi­
netmakers.
to be used in sample rooms.
Sander, belt.........
(See Sander, m achine)................................................................ Machine hands.
Do.
Sander, disk.........
do.
Sander, drum ............... | (See Drum sander) .
Do.
Receiving clerk. _




50

WAGKS ANJ) HUUKS OF LABOK

,

,
—Continued

Factory terms of occupations with definitions and classification by Bureau of Labor
Statistics

Sander, hand..

Sander, lathe..............
Sander, machine........

Sander, spindle..........
Saw filer......................
Saw filer’s helper.......
Sawyer, band.............
Sawyer, cratings........
Sawyer, cut-off...........
Sawyer, equalizing...
Sawyer, jig..................
Sawyer, miter.............
Sawyer, resaw............
Sawyer, rip.................
Sawyer, swing. .........
Sawyer, trimmer.......
Sawyer, universal___
Sawyer, veneer....... .
Sealer, lum ber. .........
Scoopmg-machine op­
erator.
Scraper, caul boards..
Scraper, hand.............

Scraper, machine........
Seat maker, uphol­
stery.
Seat scooper, hand___
Seat scooper, machine.
Set-up m an...................
Setter, machine...........
Setter, springs..............
Setter, tools...................
Sewer.............................
Sewing-machine oper­
ator.
Shader..................
Shaper operator..

S h e lla e k e r , b r u s h
work.
Shellaeker, spray.........
Shipping clerk.............
Shipping-crate marker
Shipping laborer..........
Side-rail maker..
Slasher................
Spindle carver.

Spindle sander..




t’ ses sand or emery paper or steel wool b y hand, in cabinet
department, to smooth rough joints or surfaces, sanding
of which has been omitted in the machine room. In fin­
ishing department, surfaces are sanded after they have
been filled and stained, and sometimes after other coats,
depending on the finish desired.
(See Sander, machine) ..............................................................
Operates any of the sanding machines, as belt, disk, drum,
lathe, spindle, etc., used for smoothing the surface of
various stock parts. These parts are fed one at a time
into the machine.
(See Sander, machine)................................................................
Sharpens, b y hand with a file, teeth of saws for various
woodworking machines. Also sets cutting width of saw s.
Works under supervision of saw filer......................................
(See Band sawyer)......................................................................
(See Crating sawyer)...................................................................
(See Cut-off sawyer)............................................ ......................
(See Equalizing sawyer)........................................................... .
(See Jig sawyer)................................................................... .......
(See M iter sawyer)......................................................................
(See Resaw sawyer)...................................................... ..............
(See R ip sawyer).........................................................................
(See Swing sawyer)................. ..................... .............................
(See Trimmer sawyer)................................................................
(See Universal sawyer)...............................................................
(See Cutter, veneer)....................................................................
(See Lumber scaler)................................ ............. ....................
Operates woodworking machine which cuts out saddle
form of wooden chair seats. This scooping operation is
usually completed later by hand.
(See Cleaner, caul boards).........................................................
Uses special hand tool, known as “ spokeshave,” which
consists of a curved-edge cutting knife with end handles
for dressing and smoothing sharply curved parts, as chair
seats, legs, etc.
(See Scooping-machine operator).................................. ..........
Adjusts hair, moss, or other stuffing material in place over
springs to form seat, pulls leather or tapestry evenly over
these materials and uses hammer and small tacks to
fasten them in place.
Uses special hand tool to scoop or cut out saddle form of
wooden chair seats or complete the work on seats partly
scooped b y machine.
(See Scooping-machine operator)................ ............................
(See Machine s e t t e r ) ________________ __________________
.d o ..
(See Spring setter)......................................................................
(See Machine setter)..................................................................
Stitches, b y hand or machine, seams of cushions and pads;
also false pleats that form part of the fronts of various
articles of upholstered furniture.
Runs power sewing machine to stitch seams of cushions
and pads; also false pleats that form part of the fronts
of various articles of upholstered furniture.
(See High-lighter)...................................................................... .
Runs woodworking machine, especially used for moldings
and other work with curved edges, which has revolving
cutting knives on the head of a spindle upright in the
center of the machine bed, the work being fed b y hand.
This machine is often termed “ variety m older.”
Applies shellac with a hand brush to finished surface of
parts or complete pieces.
(See Sprayer).............................................................................. .
Supervises shipment of finished product b y truck or train,
maintains records of quantity and dates of shipments,
destinations, etc.
(See Marker, shipping crates)................................................. .
Handles furniture in shipping room or on loading platform
and assists in placing it on trucks or freight cars for
shipment.
(See Bed m aker)........................................................................ .

Sanders, hand

Machine hands.
Do.

T)o.
Other employees.
Do.
Machine hands.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
D o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Veneerers.
Other employees.
Machine hands.
Other employees.
Assemblers and cabi­
netmakers.
Machine hands.
Upholsterers.

Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Machine hands.
Other employees.
Do.
Spring setters.
Other employees.
Sewers.
D o.
Finishers.
Machine hands.

Finishers.
Sprayers.
Other employees.
Do.
Laborers.

Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Operates saw which cuts long boards into sizes of roughly Machine hands.
desired lengths. This is first operation in conversion of
lumber into furniture.
Object to be carved is marked and held free hand against Carvers, machine.
revolving tools of high-speed spindle while the marked
designs are being traced. It is highly skilled, free-hand
carving.
(See Sander, machine).......................... ......... .......... ............... Machine hands.

57

FURNITURE INDUSTRY, 1910 TO 1931

,
—Continued

Factory terms of occupations, with definitions and classification by Bureau of Labor
Statistics
Definition

Factory term

Sprayer..........

Spring lacer..
Spring setter.

Operates spray gun to apply paint, shellac, varnish, etc.,
to finished surface of parts or completed pieces. This
work is usually done In a booth specially designed for
this purpose.
(See Spring tier)..........................................................................
Places springs in proper position in frame; uses cord, espe­
cially prepared for this purpose, to lace and tie them
firmly ana securely in place so that they will form an
even surface. A canvas covering is then stretched over
them and fastened around the edges with small tacks.
The proper lacing of these springs is the most difficult
part of the work.

Spring tier...........

Uses cord especially prepared for this purpose to lace and
tie springs firmly and securely in place so that they will
form an even surface. This work is usually done by
spring setters.

Stacker, lum ber-.

Unloads lumber from railroad cars or trucks and piles it
in sheds under cover, or, if in open yard, arranges it with
an incline so that the top of the stack will shed water.
Also places cross strips for ventilation purposes between
each layer of lumber. These ventilating strips are also
sometimes used in storage sheds, depending on condition
of lumber.
Bemoves tightly clamped piles of veneered panels from
presses and stacks them m a dry place until glue thor­
oughly hardens.
Dips stock pieces into a vat of stain, or uses a hand brush
to apply it to finished surface of parts or completed
pieces.
(See Pipe fitter)............................................................................
Feeds strips of lumber into woodworking machine which
dresses its two sides with one operation to form pieces of
moldings.

Stacker, veneer.—
Stainer......... ........
Steam fitter.........
Sticker operator..
Stitcher........... .
Stock assembler .

Stock chaser...............

Stock-elerk helper___
Stock cutter........ ......

(See Sewer)

•-

Gets out of storage racks or piles required number of cut
parts for various jobs and brings them together for
assembler, or selects stocks of lumber from storage sheds
as needed for machine department.
Maintains a check on orders as to number of pieces being
made, stages of progress of work, and when product is
expected to be finished. Also looks up delayed parts
for orders.

Assists in handling supplies for various departments_____

Stool maker................

Operates swing or other saw in cutting to length or to
width stock parts of specified dimensions.
Piles stock parts or pieces of furniture on trucks or removes
them from loaded trucks.
Uses truck to transfer parts or completed pieces o f furniture
wherever needed about the factory.
Arranges lumber or stock parts in stacks or piles, grouped
b y sizes, lengths, grade, kinds of lumber, etc.
Has charge of supplies, such as paints, stains, etc., trim­
mings, hardware, ana upholstery materials. Gives out
these supplies when needed, maintains records of quan­
tities on hand, and when and where used.
(See Chair assembler)............................. ..................................

Striper, hand............ .
Stuner, cushions____

(See Decorator, paints)................ ........................ ....................
(See Cushion and pad maker).................................................

Stock handler.........
Stock mover...............
Stock piler..................
Stock-room m an____

Surfacing-m achine
operator.
Sweeper..................

Classified b y bureau
under—
Sprayers.

Spring setters.
Do.

Do.

Laborers.

Veneerers.
Finishers.
Other employees.
Machine hands.
Sewers.
Laborers.

Other employees.

Do.
Machine hands.
Laborers.
Do.
Do.
Other employees.

Assemblers and cab­
inetmakers.
Finishers.
Cushion and pad
makers.
(See Planer operator)................................................................. Machine hands.

Uses a broom or brush to clean factory floors under and Laborers.
around machines and removes refuse.
Places material on saw table in a fixed position; the saw, Machine hands.
which is suspended, is pulled forward b y hand, cutting
cross grain, either at right angles or on a miter.
Assembles various parts to form sections or complete tables Assemblers and cab­
Table maker............. .
and uses glue, screws, or nails to fasten them securely
inet makers.
together.
(See Carving gluer or tacker).................................................... Trimmers.
Tacker, carvings.. .
Do.
.......do................................................................................
Tacker, com po........
Do.
(See Gimp tacker).......................................................................
Tacker, gim p..........
(See Carving gluer or tacker)....................................................
Do.
Tacker, overlays.. .
(See Off-bearer, machine).......................................................... Helpers.
Tail b oy...................
Tallym an................
Measures and records amount and grades of lumber stacked Other employees.
and taken from stacks or railroad cars.
Taper, veneer............... Feeds edges of matched veneer into taping machine, which Veneerers.
| joins them with a gummed paper tape fastened to outer
. or face side. This gummed paper is removed after the
I veneer has been cemented to its base.
Swing sawyer........... .




58

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR

Factory terms of occupations, with definitions, and classification by Bureau of Labor
Statistics— Continued
Factory term

Definition

(See Clamp remover).........................................................
Runs machine which cuts tenon on end of a wood-stock
part to fit into the mortise of another part.
Operates grinding machines to sharpen cutting edges of
Tool grinder.............
bits, blades, cutters, etc., both for hand and machine
use, throughout factory. This work is sometimes done
by a machinist.
Tool setter................ (See Machine setter)..........................................................
Tow picker............... Opens bales of tow and feeds it into a machine which
loosens it to a uniform condition and removes any foreign
substances that would cause unevenness in cushions or
upholstered parts.
Trim-table operator... (See Trimmer sawyer).......................................................
Trimmer.................... ruts on metal parts, such as handles, knobs, locks, con­
necting parts for beds and mirrors (which do not require
wood fitting), sets glass, pastes linings in drawers, tacks
gimp or leather binding on upholstering, and tacks or
glues carvings, overlays, or compo parts to fronts of
pieces of furniture.
Operates saw which trims ends of boards or other pieces to
Trimmer sawyer..
a true square by feeding them on a movable table at
right angles to saw.
(See Cutter, veneer)..........................................................
Trimmer, veneer..
Places furniture, stock parts, lumber, or other materials on
Truck loader........
trucks for transfer to other parts of factory or for ship­
ment.
Removes furniture, stock parts, lumber, or other materials
Truck unloader...
from loaded trucks and stores where needed.
Pushes loaded or empty trucks about factory. May also
Trucker, hand___
load and unload them.
(See Lathe turner).............................................................
Turner, automatic.
do
Turner, hand.......
Operates a saw which, with slight adjustments, may be
Universal sawyer..
used to rip, crosscut, miter, groove, or otherwise cut
stock parts.

Tearer down, clamps.
Tennoner hand........

Universal woodwork­
ing-machine opera­
tor.

Unloader, trucks..
Upfitter.............. .
Upholsterer..

Utility man..............
Variety molder.........
Varnisher, brushwork
Vamisher, spray..
Veneer cutter___
Veneer drier.........
Veneer joiner...... .
Veneer matcher...
Veneer pressman..
Veneer sawyer__
Veneer stacker__
Veneer taper....... .
Veneerer............. .

Waxer..
Welt sewer....
Wrapper........
Yard laborer..




Operates machine known as “ Universal,” which will saw
crosscut or rip, joint, shape, bore, or straight mortise
stock parts. These operations may be performed singly
b y a lone operator or several at a time b y as many
operators.
(See Truck unloader)........................................................... ......
Puts on metal parts, such as handles, knobs, connecting
parts for beds, mirrors, etc., which do not require any
cutting or fitting to wood parts.

Adjusts hair, moss, or other materials in place over springs
which have already been set in the frame and covered
with canvas, or over arms, backs, etc.; pulls leather or
tapestry evenly over these materials and uses a hammer
and small tacks to fasten them in place. Some uphol­
sterers specialize on certain parts, as arms or backs of
chairs.
(See Handy man)..............................................................
(See Shaper operator)........................................................
Applies varnish with a hand brush to finished surface of
parts or complete pieces.
(See Sprayer).....................................................................
(See Cutter, veneer)..........................................................
(See Brier, veneer).............................................................
See Taper, veneer)...........................................................
See Matcher, veneer)........................................................
See Pressman, veneer)......................................................
Bee Cutter, veneer)...........................................................
See Stacker, veneer).........................................................
See Taper, veneer)...........................................................
This group includes those who perform various kinds of
work about the veneer department, as cutters, joiners,
glue spreaders, layers-on, markers, matchers, marquetry
workers, pressmen, tapers, and repairers of veneer.
Each occupation had too few workers in number to war­
rant separate tabulation, and is defined and arranged
alphabetically in this glossary.
Applies specially prepared wax with a cloth or felt pad
and, when it is about “ set,” rubs it until smooth and
dry to produce a highly polished wax finish.
Operates power sewing machine to stitch welts or false
pleats in cushions for upholstered furniture.
Arranges paper or burlap around polished surfaces of pieces
of furniture for shipment.
Unloads and stacks lumber and gets out stocks of lumber
for machine department.

Classified b y bureau
under—

Laborers.
Machine hands.
Other employees.

Do.
D o.

Machine hands.
Trimmers.

Machine hands.
Veneerers.
Laborers.
Do.
Do.
Machine hands.
Do.
Do.
D o.

Laborers.
Trimmers.
Upholsterers.

Other employees.
Machine hands.
Finishers.
Sprayers.
Veneerers.
Other employees.
Veneerers.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Polishers and rub­
bers.
Sewers.
Craters, packers, and
wrappers.
Laborers.