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U. S. D E PA R TM E N T OF LA BO R
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ROYAL MEEKER, Commissioner
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES f
( WHOLE
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS f * ’ * } NUMBER I J T
W AGES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR
S E R IE S :
N o.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE
BOOT AND SHOE AND HOSIERY AND
KNIT GOODS INDUSTRIES: 1890 TO 1912
AUGUST 26, 1913
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1913
4
C O N T E N T S .
Page.
Boot and shoe manufacturing.........................................................................
5-69
General summary......................................................................................
5-20
Explanation of scope and method............................................................
20-22
Description of the principal productive occupations...............................
22-31
Explanation of tables...............................................................................
3i-33
Table I.—Average rates of wages per hour and average and classified
nominal full-time hours of work per week in the United States, by
years, 1907 to 1912.................................................................................
34-43
Table II.—Average rates of wages per hour and average and classified
nominal full-time hours of work per week in each year, by States, 1910
to 1912....................................................................................................
44-58
Table III.—Average rates of wages per hour and average and classified
nominal full-time hours of work per week in each State, by years, 1910
to 1912...................................................................................................
59-69
Hosiery and knit goods manufacturing........................................................... 70-112
General summary......................................................................................
70-80
Explanation of scope and method............................................................
80-82
Description of the principal productive occupations...............................
82-88
Explanation of tables...............................................................................
88-90
Table I.—Average rates of wages per hour and average and classified
nominal full-time hours of work per week in the United States, by
years, 1907 to 1912.................................................................................
91-97
Table II.—Average rates of wages per hour and average and classified
nominal full-time hours of work per week in each year, by States, 1910
to 1912................................................................................................... 98-106
Table III.—Average rates of wages per hour and average and classified
nominal full-time hours of work per week in each State, by years, 1910
to 1912................................................................................................... 107-112
3
The field work for 1907 to 1911 in connection with the report on
boot and shoe manufacturing and on hosiery and knit goods manu
facturing was done under the immediate charge of Eugene A. Logan,
and that for 1912 was done under the immediate charge of Frank W .
Bird. The reports were prepared and the field work directed by
Fred C. Croxton.
4
BULLETIN OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
WHOLE NO. 134.
W A S H IN G T O N .
AUGUST 26* 1913.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE BOOT AND
SHOE AND HOSIERY AND KNIT GOODS INDUSTRIES:
1890 TO 1912.
BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING.
GENERAL SUMMARY.
This s tu d y of wages and hours of labor in boot and shoe manufac
turing shows rates of wages per hour and nominal full-time hours of
work per week for the years 1907 to 1912, inclusive, and in addition
it summarizes data published in previous reports 1 of the Bureau
of Labor Statistics and thus furnishes a comparison for the 23-year
period, 1890 to 1912, inclusive.
The present report and also previous reports show wages and hours
of labor for each of the most important productive occupations in
boot and shoe manufacturing, but do not show data for all the occu
pations in the industry. The occupations for which data are pre
sented in this report are given in the table below. These occupa
tions include a large proportion of the total employees on productive
work and approximately thirty per cent of the total employees
engaged in productive and nonproductive work.
Comparing 1912 with certain other years the changes in nominal
full-time hours per week, as shown by combining the principal occu
pations, were as follows:
1912 compared with 1890......................................... 6.4 per cent decline.
1912 compared with 1895......................................... 6.1 per cent decline.
1912 compared with 1900.........................................5. 4 per cent decline.
1912 compared with 1905......................................... 3. 0 per cent decline.
1912 compared with 1910.........................................1. 7 per cent decline.
i Previous investigations of wages and hours of labor in boot and shoe manufacturing have been made
and published by the Bureau, as follows: Nineteenth Annual Report, covering 1890 to 1903; Bulletin No. 59
(July, 1905), covering 1903 and 1904; Bulletin No. 65 (July, 1906), covering 1904 and 1905; Bulletin No. 71 (July,
1907), covering 1905 and 1906; and Bulletin No. 77 (July, 1908), covering 1906 and 1907.
5
6
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
The changes in nominal full-time hours per week for each of the
principal occupations of the industry during the period from 1907 to
1912, inclusive, as far as data are available, are shown in the table
which follows:
PER CENT OF DECREASE IN NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K : 1912 COMPARED
W IT H EACH OF THE 5 Y E A R S PRECEDING.
Per cent lower in 1912 than i n Occupation.
1907
Cutting department:
Cutters, lining, cloth, male......................................................
Cutters, vamp and wnole shoe, hand, male.............................
Cutters', vamp and whole shoe, machine, male.....................
Skivers, upper, machine, male.................................................
Skivers, upper, machine, female............................................
Sole-leather department:
Channelers, insole and outsole, m ale......................................
Cutters, outsole, male..............................................................
Fitting or stitching department:
Backstay stitchers, female.......................................................
Button fasteners, female..........................................................
Buttonhole makers, female.....................................................
Closers-on, female.....................................................................
Tuning makers, female.............................................................
Tip stitchers, female................................................................
Top stitchers or undertrimmers, female................................
Vampers, male.........................................................................
V ampers, female.......................................................................
Lasting department:
Assemblers, for pulling-over machine, male.........................
Bed-machine operators, male..................................................
Hand-method lasting machine operators, male.....................
Pullers-over, hand, male..........................................................
Pullers-over, machine, male....................................................
Bottoming department:
Buffers, male............................................................................
Edge setters, male....................................................................
Edge trimmers, male...............................................................
Goodyear stitchers, male.........................................................
Goodyear welters, male...........................................................
Heel breasters, male................................................................
Heel burnishers, male..............................................................
Heelers, male............................................................................
Heel scourers, male..................................................................
Heel-seat nailers, male.............................................................
Heel sluggers, male..................................................................
Heel trimmers or shavers, male..............................................
Levelers, male...........................................................................
McKay sewers, male................................................................
Rough rounders, male.............................................................
Finishing department:
Treers or ironers, hand, male..................................................
Treers or ironers, hand, female...............................................
T o ta l.....................................................................................
i No data.
2 No change.
1908
1909
1910
1911
(*)
2.7
C1)
(i)
3.0
C1)
2.5
(1)
0)
3.7
C1)
2.3
0)
0)
3.3
C1)
2.3
3.6
.4
2.8
1.1
2.1
2.6
.4
3.3
2.3
1.2
2.3
.7
1.6
.7
1.6
.5
1.4
.3
3.0
(*)
(*)
4.0
3.2
(!)
3.8
1.6
3.1
2.8
C1)
0)
3.7
3.0
2.5
O)
C1)
3.7
2.8
3.8
2.1
3.5
3.8
.9
2.8
2.3
C1)
C1)
3.5
2.6
C1)
3.3
.7
2.8
2.3
.9
1.6
3.5
2.6
1.1
3.1
1.0
2.5
(1)
1.0
4.1
3.1
C1)
1.2
3.2
3.1
(*)
(i)
1.2
3.4
2.4
C1)
0)
1.6
2.3
1.9
2.5
1.1
1.1
2.1
1.6
.9
C1)
1.1
1.1
.7
1.3
0)
0)
0)
(*)
(l)
C1)
.8
0)
1.1
1.9
(? .5
.7
.4
1.5
C1)
C1)
C1)
C1)
(i)
(x)
1.1
C1)
1.3
1.9
(?.3
.9
.7
1.0
m
i1)
(*)
(1).9
.6
.5
.8
(!>.9
.3
1.0
(9) .2
.8
.2
.3
.7
.3
C1)
3.1
(*)
.1
3.1
- 6 .7
.2
6.5
1.9
1.7
1.5
2.2 1
2.1
C1)
1.3
0)
2.0
1.5
0)
m
(l)
i1)
(n
C1)
1.1
(h
( , ) .4
.7
.4
.2
31.3
3 Increase.
Comparing 1912 with certain other years the changes in rates of
wages per hour, as shown by combining the principal occupations,
were as follows:
1912 compared with 1890.......................................34.8 per cent advance.
1912 compared with 1895........................................31.0 per cent advance.
1912 compared with 1900........................................27.6 per cent advance.
1912 compared with 1905........................................10.8 per cent advance.
1912 compared with 1910........................................2.5 per cent advance.
7
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
The changes in rates of wages per hour for each of the principal
occupations of the industry during the period from 1907 to 1912,
inclusive, as far as data are available, are shown in the table which
follows:
PE R CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR: 1912 COM
PA RE D W ITH EACH OF THE FIVE Y EA R S PRECEDING.
Per cent higher ( + ) or lower ( —) in 1912
than in—
Occupation.
Cutting department:
Cutters, lining, cloth, male.................................
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, hand, male.......
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, machine, male.
Skivers, upper, machine, male...........................
Skivers, upper, machine, female........................
Sole-leather department:
Channelers, insole and outsole, male..................
Cutters, outsole, male..........................................
Fitting or stitching department:
Backstay stitchers, female..................................
Button fasteners, female................. .................
Buttonhole makers, female.................................
Closers-on, female................................................
Lining makers, female.........................................
Tip stitchers, female............................................
Top stitchers or undertrhnmers, female............
Vampers, male.....................................................
Vampers, female...................................................
Lasting department:
Assemblers, for pulling-over machine, male___
Bed-machine operators.......................................
Hand-method lasting machine operators, male
Pullers-over, hand, male.....................................
Pullers-over, machine, male...............................
Bottoming department:
Buffers, male........................................................
Edge setters, male...............................................
Edge trimmers, m ale..........................................
Goodyear stitchers, male.....................................
Goodyear welters, male.......................................
Heel breasters, male.............................................
Heel burnishers, male................: ........................
Heelers, male........................................................
Heel scourers, male..............................................
Heel-seat nailers, male........................................
Heel sluggers, male..............................................
Heel trimmers or shavers, male...........................
Levelers, male.......................................................
McKay sewers, male.............................................
Rough rounders, male..........................................
Finishing department:
Treers or ironers, hand, male...............................
Treers or ironers, hand, female............................
Total.
1907
1908
1909
1910
C1)
+8.8
C1)
C1)
+14.0
C1)
+6.3
0)
0)
+11.4
C1)
+3.9
0)
(*)
+11.7
C1)
+2.5
+1.5
+7.8
+ 9.4
+3.7
+3.1
+1.9
- 1 .2
+8.9
+12.0
+2.2
+ 7.0
+4.5
+3.6
+4.8
+5.5
+4.0
+2.3
+2.7
.
.
+9.3
0)
0)
+2.1
-5 .1
C1)
+12.2
-5 .5
+2.3
+ .5
0)
C1)
+7.6
+ .6
(l)
+9.3
+4.7
+4.0
+5.5
C1)
0)
-1 .3
-3 .8
0)
+5.9
+4.8
- .2
+4.2
0)
C1)
+3.3
+1.9
C1)
+3.6
+2.1
-1 .9
+2.1
+16.5
+2.5
+3.8
+3.2
+5.3
+1.9
-1 .5
- 2 .1
-
0)
-9 .5
+7.3
+16.9
C1)
0)
-5 .1
+8.7
+20.1
C1)
(C1)
- 7 .6
+8.1
+4.4
(l)
C1)
- 1 .5
+3.6
+8.3
- 4 .5
-3 .4
- 5 .2
+2.5
+2.2
- 4 .0
.
.
C1)
+ .5
+ .3
- .9
+10.1
C1)
C1)
C1)
C1)
(!)
0)
+2.3
0)
-6 .4
+15.1
(l)
+14.5
+5.0
+6.3
+10.1
C1)
0)
(l)
(l)
0)
C1)
+2.2
C1)
-1 3.5
+21.0
C1)
+5.6
+2.1
+1.3
+1.5
C1)
0)
(!)
0)
0)
(l)
+ .5
(0
- 1 .6
+2.7
0)
+4.3
+1.2
+3.1
+6.6
C1)
0)
0)
0)
0)
C1)
+1.2
(!)
- 3 .4
+8.4
+4.4
+2.4
- .9
- .5
+ .5
+3.8
+2.1
-3 .2
+ 1.1
-9 .4
+1.9
- .2
+4.1
-3 .5
+ .5
-7 .1
C1)
-3 .7
0)
- 3 .2
0)
- 1 .6
+7.0
- 1 .9
+6.5
+3.8
+5.8
+1.8
+ 2.5
+0.8
-
•
.
.
-
■
1911
1 No data.
The next table shows for the industry the course of nominal full
time hours per week and the rates of wages per hour during the 23year period from 1890 to 1912. The occupations combined and the
sex for which data are shown each year are indicated in the table
on pages 9 to 15.
The figures of the table are relative hours of labor and relative
wages computed from the actual hours and wages in the establish
ments furnishing data. They also show the per cent of change from
year to year as measured by the average from 1890 to 1899.
8
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
By nominal full-time hours per week is meant the usual full work
ing time, such as prevails when there is no industrial depression or
other unusual factor affecting the industry.
In combining the relatives for the principal occupations to deter
mine the relatives for the industry shown in the table which follows,
the relatives for each occupation were weighted according to the
number of employees reported each year. This weighting causes the
figures for 1890 to 1907 to differ slightly from those shown for the
industry in Bulletin No. 77 (July, 1908), where the relative for
the industry was a simple average of occupation relatives. Under
these two methods, the difference in relative hours does not exceed 0.4
per cent in any of the 18 years, and the difference in relative wages
does not exceed 1 per cent in 8 of the 18 years, the greatest difference
being about 3.7 per cent. The base used in computing the relatives in
this table is the average for the 10-year period, 1890 to 1899.
R E LA TIV E NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS PE R W E E K AND R E LA TIV E R ATES OF
W AGES P E R HOUR IN BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING, 1890 TO 1912.
[Data are included from 46 establishments, 1890-1903; 50 establishments, 1903, 1904; 52 establishments,
1904, 1905; 52 establishments, 1905, 1906; 54 establishments, 1906, 1907; 26 establishments, 1907-1910; 60
establishments, 1910,1911; and 81 establishments, 1911,1912.]
Year.
Relative
nominal
full-time
hours per
week.
Relative
rate of
wages per
hour.
Average, 1890-1899...............................
100.0
100.0
1890........................................................
1891........................................................
1892........................................................
1893........................................................
1894........................................................
100.3
100.6
100.2
100.0
100.0
98.5
97.5
99.3
100.6
99.8
1895........................................................'
1896........................................................
1897........................................................
1898........................................................
1899..............................................
!
!
1900........................................................
1901........................................................
1902........................................................
1903........................................................
1904........................................................
100.0
100.0
99.8
99.7
99.6
101.4
100.5
100.7
100.5
101.8
99.3
99.6
98.4
97.0
97.1
104.1
104.1
108.0
113.2
116.9
1905........................................................
1906........................................................
1907........................................................
1908........................................................
1909........................................................
96.8
96.3
96.0
95.9
95.7
119.9
121.8
128.0
125.5
130.4
1910........................................................
1911........................................................
1912........................................................
95.5
95.3
93.9
129.6
131.7
132.8
The table which follows shows, for each of the principal occupa
tions in the industry, relative nominal full-time hours per week and
relative rates of wages per hour during the 23-year period 1890 to 1912.
As indicated in this table many changes in the occupations included
have been made from time to time during the period covered. The
base used for computing the relatives for each occupation, except as
noted, is the average of the 10-year period, 1890 to 1899.
WAGES AND HOURS OF* LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
9
R E LA T IV E NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K AND R E LA TIV E RATES OF
W AGES PE R HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE MANU
FACTURING, 1890 TO 1912.
[Data are included from 46 establishments, 1890-1903; 50 establishments, 1903, 1904; 52 establishments,
1904, 1905; 52 establishments, 1905, 1906; 54 establishments, 1906, 1907; 26 establishments, 1907-1910; 60
establishments, 1910,1911; and 81 establishments, 1911,1912.]
C uttin g departm ent.
Cutters, vamp Cutters, vamp
Cutters, lining, and
whole shoe, and whole shoe,
cloth, male.
hand,1 male.
machine, male.
Year.
Rela
tive
nomi
nal
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate of
wages
per
hour.
Average:
1890-1899
100.0
100.0
1890...................
1891...................
1892...................
1893...................
1894...................
100.1
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.0
99.9
99.4
99.8
100.4
98.0
1895...................
1896...................
1897...................
1898...................
1899...................
99.8
100.0
99.9
100.0
99.7
100.0
99.1
101.0
99.7
102.8
1900...................
1901...................
1902...................
1903...................
1904...................
99.7
99.8
98.4
96.6
96.9
103.3
102.6
107.4
110.8
114.2
Rela
tive
nomi
nal
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate of
wages
per
hour.
1905...................
1906...................
1907...................
1909...................
1910...................
1911................... 4100.0 4 100.0
1912................... 498.9 4103.7
Skivers, upper,
machine, male.
Rela
tive
Relative
Relative
nomi Relative nominal
Relative nominal
Relative
rate of
nal
rate of full-time rate of
full-time
wages
full
wages
wages
hours
hours
per
per
time
per
per
per
hour.
hour.
hours
hour.
week.
week.
per
week.
1
96.2
117.3
95.8
118.8
126.8
95.5
95.3
129.7
1908...................
95.1
132.7
95.1
94.9
92.9
Skivers, upper,
machine, female.
134.6 3 100.0
133.8 399 .0
137.9 3 96.4
3 100.0
399 .6
3101.5
3 100.0
3 100.0
3 99 .6
3 100.0
3 109.1
3 107.8
2 100.0
2 100.7
2 100.3
2 100.0
2102.3
2 102.1
2 99.8
2104.2
2 104.7
2 114.0
2 100.3
2 97.0
* Employees in this occupation were reported as cutters, upper, for 1890 to 1907.
2 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
3 Data for 1890 to 1909 not available; computed with 1910=100.0.
^ Data for 1890 to 1910 not available; computed with 1911=100.0.
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
10
RE LATIVE NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K AND R E LATIVE RATES OF
WAGES PER HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE MANU
FACTURING, 1890 TO 1912—Continued.
Sole-leather departm en t, j
Channelers,
Cutters,
insole and
outsole, male. outsole. male.
Year.
Rela
tive
nomi
nal
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive Rela
Rela nomi
tive
tive
nal rate
of
rate of full
wages time
per hours per
hour.
per hour.
week.
Average:
1890-1899.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1100.0 1100.0
1100.0 1104.7
199.3 1108.1
1910.
1911.
1912.
199.3 U06.2
199.1 U09.5
197.7 1112.0
Rela
tive Rela
Rela nomi
tive
tive
nal rate
rate of full
of
wages time wages
per hours per
hour.
per hour.
week.
Buttonhole
makers,
female.
Rela
tive
nomi
nal
full
time
hours
per
week.
Closers-on,
female.
Rela
tive Rela
Rela nomi
tive
tive
nal rate
of
rate of full
wages time wages
per hours per
hour.
per hour.
week.
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.0
101.7
99.5
99.1
100.1
96.8
100.3
100.5
99.9
100.1
90.7
96.8
98.3
100.4
103.6
99.6
99.7
99.7
98.4
103.3
105.2
100.4
100.1
99.7
102.9
99.5
99.3
99.4
102.4
105.5
103.4
108.4
106.1
99.7
99.6
99.7
99.7
1905.
1906.
1907.
1908.
1909.
Rela
tive
nomi
nal
full
time
hours
per
week.
Button
fasteners,
female.
100.2
99.8
99.7
1900.
1901..
1902.
1903.
1904.
Backstay
stitchers,
female.
100.0
100.2
1895.
1896.
1397.
Fitting or stitchin g departm ent.
LOO. 2
98.8
101.2
101.4
100.6
100.1
99.8
99.6
99.6
98.2
98.6
102.2
100.5
103.5
106.0
109.2
98.5
98.0
98.0
97.5
97.5
109.9
111.9
114.3 1100.0 1100.0
111.8 199.8 1108.8
111.4 199.5 i 103.6
96.6
109.0
111.1
112.3
106.6
116.2
97.3
97.1
112.3 199.3 1104.9
113.7 199.3 1107.1 2100.0 100.0 2100.0 2100.0
116.8 197.0 1109.3 2 99.1 2116.5 2 98.4 102.5
96.4
96.4
93.0
111.0
110.5
114.7
1 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
2 Data for 1890 to 1910 not available; computed with 1911=100.0.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
11
R E LA TIV E NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K AND R E LA T IV E RATES OF
W AGES PER HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE MANU
FACTURING, 1890 TO 1912—Continued.
Fitting o r stitchin g departm en t—Concluded.
Year.
Lining makers,
female.
Tip s -itchers,
female.
Top stitchers or
undertrimmers,
female.
Rela
tive
nomi
nal
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
nomi
nal
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
Relative
nomi Relative nominal Relative
rate of
rate of
nal
full-time
wages
wages
full
hours
per
per
time
per
hour.
hour.
hours
wee!:.
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate of
wages
per
hour.
Rela
tive
rate of
wages
per
hour.
Vampers, male.
Vampers, female.
Relative Relative
nominal rate of
full-time wages
hours
per
per
hour.
week.
Average:
1890-1899..J
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1890...................i . ...
1891...................; ...........
1892...................1
1893...................1.............
1894...................!.............
95.8
101.9
102.4
100.2
99.7
112.3
97.3
92.4
95.6
89.4
100.4
100.2
100.4
100.1
99.9
99.9
93.7
98.3
101.6
102.3
1895...................i.............
1896...................1.............
1897...................|.............
1898...................!.............
1899...................*_______
99.8
100.0
100.2
100.3
99.5
90.7
101.5
111.4
103.0
106.7
99.9
99.6
99.5
100.1
99.8
103.2
102.0
100.8
99.4
98.5
1900...................
1901...................
1902...................
1903...................
1904...................
100.5
100.1
99.4
93.9
96.3
110.6
106.0
114.7
127.1
124.4
99.7
99.6
99.2
98.5
98.5
103.0
103.9
104.5
110.5
110.7
1905...................
1906...................
1907................... i 100.0 1100.0
1908................... 199.8 194.3
1909................... 1 99.6 1 98.6
1910...................
1911...................
1912...................
i 99.4
1 99.4
196.8
193.1
1 92.0
194.9
2 100.0 2 100.0
2 98.9 2 105.3
1100.0
1100.0
1100.0
1100.0
1102.7
1 105.9
96.5
96.1
96.4
96.9
95.8
120.4
127.5
128.2
115.8
115.7 i
98.6
98.2
97.8
98.2
97.5
115.4
120.9
124.9
122.9
128.1
1 99.5
199.3
196.2
1 108.3
1 110.1
1 112.2
95.6
95.9
94.9
118.7
123.0
121.2
97.5
97.2
94.8
130.3
130.5
127.8
i Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907= 100.0.
a Data for 1890 to 1910 not available; computed with 1911= 100.0
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
12
RELA TIV E NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K AND R E LATIVE RATES OF
WAGES PER HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE MANU
FACTURING, 1890 TO 1912—Continued.
L asting departm ent.
Year.
Assemblers, Bed-machine Hand-method
for pullingLasters, ma
lasting ma
operators,
over machine,
chine opera chine,1male.
male.
tors, male.
male.
Pullers-over,
hand, male.
Rela
Rela
tive
tive
nomi Rela
nomi Rela
tive
tive
nal
nal rate
of full rate of
full
time
time
per hours per
hours hour.
per hour.
per
week.
week.
Rela
Rela
tive
tive
nomi Rela nomi Rela
tive
tive
nal rate
nal
rate of
of full
full
time
time
per hours per
hours hour.
per hour.
per
week.
Rela
Rela
tive
tive
nomi Rela nomi Rela
tive
tive
nal
nal
full rate of full rate of
wages
time
time
hours per hours per
per hour.
per hour.
week.
week.
Average:
1890-1899.
100.0
100.0
1890..
1891..
1892..
1893..
1894..
99.5
100.2
100.6
96.1
101.3
1895..
1896..
1897..
1898..
1899..
100.5
100.5
100.0
98.6
100.3
101.1
103.9
97.6
103.9
1900..
1901..
1902.
1903..
1904.
98.5
97.8
98.0
100.0
99.8
97.3
98.1
101.2
100.6
103.0
106.6
114.4
120.1
125.4
98.0 128.0
....I 97.6 132.4
2100.0 2100.0 2100.0 2100.0! 96.6 135.2 2100.0 2100.0
2100.2 2 95.4 2 99.1
2100.0 2 97.3
8.7 j..........
9.3 I........
2112.0
2100.2 2 97.9 2 99.3
1905.
1906.
1907.
1908.
1909.
1910.
1911.
1912.
Pullers-over,
machine,
female.
2100.6 2 91.9 2 98.2 s 103.6 i
<100.0 <100.0 2100.1 2 95.5 2 98.0 2 104.7
2 99.0 2 90.5 2 95.9 2107.3
>8.9
2107.9 3100.0 3 100.0
18.5 2114.4 3 98.4 8 99.5
2116.9 j &97.5 3 95.5
1 Employees reported as lasters, machine, for 1890 to 1907, are reported for subsequent years as bedmachine operators and hand-method lasting machine operators.
2 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
3 Data for 1890 to 1909 not available; computed with 1910=100.0.
<Data for 1890 to 1910 not available; computed with 1911=100.0.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
13
RELATIVE NOMINAL tfULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K AND R E LA T IV E RATES OF
WAGES PE R HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE MANU
FACTURING, 1890 TO 1912—Continued.
B o tto m in g departm ent.
Buffers,
male.
Year.
Rela
tive
nomi
nal
full
time
hours
per
week.
Edge setters,
male.
Rela
tive Rela
Rela nomi
tive
tive
nal rate
of
rate of full
wages time wages
per hours per
hour.
per hour.
week.
Average:
Edge trim
mers, male.
Goodyear
stitchers,
male.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.8
97.7
97.2
99.2
105.1
99.2
101.3
100.6
100.5
100.7
99.5
93.9
96.5
96.4
1895.
1896.
1897.
99.5
99.7
100.8
101.0
100.8
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
100.9
98.6
108.4
106.6
110.4
103.1
99.2
100.4
99.9
99.0
97.3
95.8
95.7
105.3
105.0
110.1
114.7
116.4
98.7
95.1
94.4
94.6
115.6
117.3
121.7
131.0
133.2
1909.
;i 100.0 1100.0
jilOO.4 187.8
|l 100.2 195.2
95.6
94.9
95.1
94.8
95.0
118.7
118.9
127.1
121.4
124.9
94.9
94.2
94.0
93.7
94.0
130.2
128.1
132.2 i 100.0 1100.0
123.2 U00.2 1100.0
129.3 i 99.7 1108.5
1910.
1911.
1912.
199.8 196.4
2100.0 2100.0 199.8 198.1
2100.0 U04.4 198.9 1100.5
94.7
94.4
94.1
126.0
128.7
127.5
93.3
93.3
127.0
131.7
131.0
1905.
1906.
1907.
1908.
1103.3
1109.5 2100.0 2 100.0
1110.1 2 99.3 2 103.8
1 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
2 Data for 1890 to 1910 not available; computed with 1911=100.0.
Heel breasters, male.
Rela
Rela
Rela
Rela
tive Rela tive Rela tive
tive
Rela
nomi
nomi Rela
nomi
nomi
tive
tive
tive
tive
nal
nal
nal
nal
full rate of full rate of full rate of full rate of
time
time
time
time
per hours
per hours
per hours
per
hours hour.
per
per hour.
per hour.
per hour.
week.
week.
week.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1890-1899.
Goodyear
welters,
male.
14
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
R E LA TIV E NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS PE R W E E K AND R E LA T IV E RA TE S OF
WAGES PE R HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE MANU
FACTURING, 1890 TO 1912—Continued.
B o tto m in g d epartm en t—Continued.
Heel-seat
nailers,
male.
Heel burnish Heel scourers,
male.
ers, male.
Year.
Rela
tive
nomi
nal
full
time
hours
per
week.
Heel sluggers,
male.
Rela
Rela
tive Rela tive Rela
Rela nomi
nomi
tive
tive
tive
nal rate of nal rate of
rate of full
full
wages time wag es time wages
per hours per hours per
hour.
per hour.
per hour.
week.
week.
Rela
tive
nomi
nal
full
time
hours
per
week.
Heel trim
mers or
shavers,1
male.
Rela
tive Rela
Rela nomi
tive
tive
nal rate
rate of full
of
wages time wages
per hours per
hour.
per hour.
week.
Average:
1890-1899
100.0
100.0
1890 .................
1891.................
1892...................
1893...................
1894...................
101.6
100.7
100.7
100.4
99.7
91.9
90.8
97.0
104.7
102.3
99.4
99.4
99.3
99.6
99.1
103.6
101.0
102.3
105.0
101.5
97.7
97.6
96.7
96.2
95.7
104.8
105.5
106.9
115.7
122.0
96.1
95.0
94.7
94.9
95.1
125.1
127.4
129.6
129.7
132.0
.......i.......
i
.......... i...........
1895...................
1896 .................
1897...................
1898 .................
1899 .................
!
i
!
i
i
1900...................
1901...................
1902...................
1903...................
1904...................
1905...................
1906...................
1907...................
1908...................
1909...................
1
*
i
* 94.9
1910...................
1911................... 2100.0 2100.0 2100.0 2100.0 2 100.0 2100.0 2100.0 2 100.0
94.7
93.9
1912...................
2101.1 2100.0 2 90.6 2 99.8 2101.9
2 99.6 2102.1 2101.3
Heelers,
male.
Rela
tive
nomi
nal
full
time
hours
per
week.
131.0
132.8 2100.0 2100.0
132.6 2 99.8 296.8
1 Employees in this occupation were reported as heel trimmers for 1890 to 1907.
2 Data for 1890 to 1910 not available; computed with 1911=100.0.
Rela
tive
rate of
wages
per
hour.
15
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
R E LA T IV E NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K AND R E LA TIV E R ATES OF
W AGES PE R HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE MANU
FACTURING, 1890 TO 1912—Concluded.
B o tto m in g departm en t—Concluded.
Levelers,
male.
Year.
Rela
tive
nomi
nal
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate of
per
hour.
McKay sewers, Rough rounders, Treers or ironers, Treers or ironers,
hand, male.
hand, female.
male.
male.
Rela
tive
nomi
nal
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate of
wages
per
hour.
100.0
100.0
101.6
95.0
94.1
99.3
104.4
Rela
tive
Relative
nomi Relative Relative
nominal Relative
nominal Relative
nal
rate of full-time
rate of full-time
rate of
wages
full
wages
hours
hours
per
per
per
time
per
per
hour.
hour.
hour.
hours
week.
week.
per
week.
Average:
1890-1899.
1890..
1891..
1892..
1893..
1894..
101.5
100.4
100.4
99.8
1895..
1896..
1897..
100.2
99.8
99.1
98.5
98.6
100.6
104.3
98.9
101.2
102.6
99.1
100.7
103.6
103.5
1905..
1906..
1907..
1908..
1909..
95.7
95.2
95.4
96.1
102.2
104.3
101.0 1100.0
109.2 1 100.0
96.0 199.6
199.1
198.8
198.1
3 100.0
3 104.1
95.2
94.5
94.2
100.0
100.1
101.4
97.4
98.8
100.4
101.4
100.9
100.3
99.9
100.3
100.9
101.6
97.9
97.7
102.6
96.4
98.0
96.7
96.6
96.3
100.0
100.0
100.7
99.4
99.0
99.7
1900.
1901..
1902..
1903..
1904..
1910..
1911..
1912..
Finish ing d epartm en t.
97.8
97.9
94.5
99.8
98.2
96.0
95.9
107.9
105.5
110.0
123.4
123.3
1 100.0
195.1
i 112.1
95.9
95.2
95.5
95.1
95.3
126.0
122.3
135.6
130.9
130.2
1 106.2
1 114.5
i 115.1
95.1
95.4
95.2
128.0
128.4
126.0
2 100.0
2 99.8
293.3
2 100.0
2 100.5
2 107.0
1 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
2 Data for 1890 to 1909 not available; computed with 1910=100.0.
8 Data for 1890 to 1910 not available; computed with 1911=100.0.
The most significant facts concerning nominal full-time working
hours per week and rates of wages per hour in each of the principal
occupations of the industry are shown for 1907 to 1912, or for such
of those years as data are available, in the table which follows.
The data for the several years 1907 to 1911 were secured in 1911.
Owing to the difficulty of finding records for past years and also
owing to the great amount of work involved, data for 1907 to 1909
were secured from only a limited number of establishments. Data
for 1910 and 1911 were obtained from a larger number of establish
ments.
In 1912 data were gathered for the year 1912 from the establish
ments that furnished data for 1911, and at the same time some
additional data relating to 1911 and 1912 were gathered from a few
new establishments, the scope of the work being enlarged to include
a greater number of establishments.
16
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
To permit a comparison of data from year to year the data for
identical establishments are grouped together. A true comparison
can be made, of course, only of data from the same establishments.
Data for 1912 from new establishments are included in this tabulation
only when it was possible to get like data for 1911 from the same
establishments. The data are for the pay-roll period ending nearest
February 15 each year, except for a very few establishments in which
conditions in February were particularly abnormal.
A V E RAG E NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K AND AV E R AG E R A TE
OF WAGES P E R HOUR IN EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND
SHOE MANUFACTURING, 1907 TO 1912.
[The establishments set opposite each bracketed group of years are identical.]
Occupation, sex, and number of establishments.
Year.
Number
of em
ployees.
Average
nominal
full-time
hours per
week.
Average
rate of
wages per
hour.
Cutting department.
Cutters, lining, cloth, male:
/
31 establishments........................................................ \
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, hand, male:
1911
1912
115
128
55.4
54.8
$0.2701
.2800
20 establishments........................................................
1907
1908
1909
1910
919
907
907
852
54.9
54.8
54.7
54.7
.3250
.3323
.3399
.3448
48 establishments........................................................ /
\
1910
1911
1,650
1,602
56.3
56.2
.3188
.3169
/
64 establishments........................................................ \
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, machine, male:
/
17 establishments........................................................ \
1911
1912
2,066
1,906
56.2
55.0
.3127
.3222
1910
1911
235
226
57.8
57.2
.3013
.3000
20 establishments........................................................ /
\
Skivers, upper, machine, male:
12 establishments........................................................ /
\
1911
1912
270
300
57.0
55.5
.3126
.3186
1910
1911
74
79
54.7
54.7
.2878
.3139
28 establishments....................................................... /
\
1911
1912
136
146
54.8
54.6
.2921
.2885
13 establishments........................................................
1907
1908
1909
1910
74
70
79
85
56.1
56.5
56.3
56.0
.1875
.1918
.1914
.1954
49 establishments......................................... .............. /
\
1910
1911
338
314
57.0
57.3
.1749
.1757
60 establishments........................................................ /
\
Sole-leather department.
1911
1912
374
345
57.0
55.1
.1758
.1914
f
10 establishments........................................................ I
1
I
1907
1908
1909
1910
23
23
23
23
55.1
55.1
54.7
54.7
.2829
.2962
.3057
.3004
/
44 establishments........................................................ \
1910
1911
138
140
56.3
56.2
.2963
.3056
57 establishments........................................................ /\
1911
1912
157
149
56.3
55.5
.2889
.2956
1907
1908
1909
1910
1910
1911
1911
1912
50
47
49
54
143
129
146
161
54.8
54.5
54.5
54.4
56.6
56.5
56.6
56.4
.3144
.3075
.3065
.3080
.2735
.2770
.2784
.2861
Skivers, upper, machine, female:
Channelers, insole and outsole, male:
Cutters, outsole, male:
1
10 establishments........................................................
/
31 establishments........................................................ \
!
36 establishments........................................................ j /\
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912----BOOTS AND SHOES.
17
A VERAG E NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K AND A V E R AG E R A TE
OF W AGES P E R HOUR IN EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND
SHOE MANUFACTURING, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
Year.
Occupation, sex, and number of establishments.
Number
of em
ployees.
Average
nominal
full-time
hours per
week.
Average
rate of
wages per
hour.
Fitting or stitching department.
Backstay stitchers, female:
[
16 establishments........................................................ 1I
I
1907
1908
1909
1910
81
78
91
95
56.6
56.5
56.3
56.2
$0.1708
.1858
.1770
.1793
/
49 establishments......................... ............................. \
1910
1911
307
299
56.6
56.6
.1765
.1802
/
\
1911
1912
392
378
56.5
55.2
.1854
.1893
/
\
1911
1912
55
70
56.4
55.9
.1572
.1831
/
\
1911
1912
108
168
56.3
55.4
.1757
.1801
18 establishments........................................................
1907
1908
1909
1910
104
100
101
95
55.3
55.1
55.1
55.0
.2003
.1901
.2072
.1979
49 establishments........................................................
1910
1911
262
277
57.1
57.1
.1784
.1776
65 establishments........................................................
1911
1912
350
331
56.9
54.9
.1796
. 1865
19 establishments........................................................
1907
1908
1909
1910
124
112
122
154
56.2
56.1
56.0
55.9
.1754
.1654
.1730
.1634
53 establishments........................................................
1910
1911
585
576
56.5
56.5
.1639
.1619
1911
1912
721
706
56.5
55.0
.1656
.1709
1911
1912
134
137
55.8
55.2
.2049
.2157
17 establishments........................................................
1907
1908
1909
1910
151
144
156
164
56.3
56.3
56.3
56.0
.1849
.1898
.1957
.2002
53 establishments........................................................
1910
1911
721
742
56.9
56.8
.1884
.1915
73 establishments........................................................
1911
1912
911
950
56.7
54.9
.1941
.1978
33 establishments........................................................
1907
1908
1909
1910
167
99
150
134
54.9
55.2
54.6
54.5
.3175
.2869
.2867
*.2941
33 establishments........................................................
1910
1911
263
249
55.5
55.7
.2927
.3034
51 establishments........................................................
1911
1912
343
435
55.5
54.9
.3147
.3100
1907
1908
1909
1910
1910
1911
1911
1912
351
321
391
366
863
909
1,124
1,019
55.7
55.9
55.5
55.5
56.9
56.7
56.5
55.1
.2463
.2424
.2526
.2570
.2378
.2382
.2384
.2334
67 establishments................ .....................................
Button fasteners, female:
26 establishments........................................................
Buttonhole makers, female:
33 establishments........................................................
Closers-on, female:
Lining makers, female:
72 establishments........................................................
Tip stitchers, female:
36 establishments........................................................
Top stitchers or undertrimmers, female:
Vampers, male:
Vampers, female:
22 establishments........................................................
53 establishments........................................................
71 establishments........................................................
7446°—Bull. 134—13----- 2
18
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
AVERAGE NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF W O R K PE R W E E K AND AV E R AG E R A T E
OF WAGES P E R HOUR IN EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND
SHOE MANUFACTURING, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
Occupation, sex, and number of establishments.
Year.
Number
of em
ployees.
Average
nominal
full-time
hours per
week.
Average
rate of
wages per
hour.
Lasting department.
Assemblers, for pulling-over machine, male:
17 establishments........................................................ /\
1911
1912
218
228
55.4
54.8
$0.2739
.2645
15 establishments........................................................
1907
1908
1909
1910
246
300
307
300
54.7
54.8
54.8
55.0
.3497
.3336
.3424
.3214
/
35 establishments........................................................ \
1910
1911
513
568
56.4
56.1
.3108
.3229
54 establishments..................................... /\
1911
1912
793
1,004
56.1
55.5
.3210
.3042
f
6 establishments.......................................................... 1I
I
1907
1908
1909
1910
99
89
75
80
57.1
56.6
56.7
56.1
.3111
.3070
.3088
.3223
33 establishments........................................................ j\
1910
1911
325
352
57.4
57.3
.3062
.3094
39 establishments........................................................ /\
Pullers-over, hand, male:
f
13 establishments........................................................ 1
|
1
1911
1912
477
478
57.0
55.8
.3164
.3242
1907
1908
1909
1910
345
330
366
384
56.6
56.6
56.2
55.9
.2558
.2490
.2867
.2763
35 establishments........................................................ /\
1910
1911
784
784
56.4
56.2
.2913
.3089
f
\
1911
1912
897
899
56.3
55.4
.3121
.3190
/
\
1910
1911
251
266
57.4
56.5
.3204
.3188
43 establishments........................................................ /\
Bottoming department.
Buffers, male:
f
36 establishments........................................................ \
1911
1912
328
305
56.1
55.6
.3253
.3124
1911
1912
174
170
55.8
55.8
.2940
.3068
Edge setters, male:
f
18 establishments........................................................ 1
|
{
1907
1908
1909
1910
134
142
150
163
o6.0
56.2
56.1
55.9
.3999
.3509
.3806
.3852
54 establishments....................................................... /\
1910
1911
560
573
56.3
56.3
.3733
.3800
68 establishments........................................................ /\
Edge trimmers, male:
f
23 establishments........................................................ iI
I
1911
1912
722
698
56.3
55.8
.3800
.3892
1907
1908
1909
1910
283
302
287
305
55.3
55.1
55.2
55.0
.4043
.3863
.3975
.4010
55 establishments....................... .............................. /
\
1910
1911
573
615
56.4
56.2
.3818
•3899
71 establishments........................................................ /
\
1911
1912
765
751
56.1
55.9
.3890
.3855
Bed-machine operators, male:
Hand-method lasting machine operators, male:
45 establishments........................................................
Pullers-over, machine, male:
31 establishments........................................................
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
19
A V ERAG E NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K AND A V E RAG E RA TE
OF WAGES PE R HOUR IN EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND
SHOE MANUFACTURING, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
Occupation, sex, and number of establishments.
Year.
Number
of em
ployees.
Average
nominal
full-time
hours per
week.
Average
rate of
wages per
hour.
Bottoming department—Concluded.
Goodyear stitchers, male:
21 establishments........................................
1907
1908
1909
1910
215
214
221
224
55.3
55.1
55.3
55.2
$0.4034
.3759
.3944
.3875
45 establishments.
1910
1911
366
398
56.3
56.0
.3739
.3879
61 establishments___
1911
1912
529
562
55.9
55.9
.3868
.3847
14 establishments___
1907
1908
1909
1910
67
70
74
81
55.9
56.0
55.7
55.6
.4087
.4087
.4435
.4222
45 establishments.
1910
1911
275
289
56.2
56.0
.4373
.4637
1911
1912
392
411
56.0
55.8
.4520
.4544
1911
1912
76
77
56.1
55.7
.2906
.3017
1911
1912
106
108
55.6
55.4
.3062
.3127
1911
1912
125
154
54.8
55.5
.2908
.2940
1911
1912
43
43
55.8
55.8
.2987
.2706
1911
1912
77
79
55.9
55.8
.2848
.2901
23 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
99
84
82
91
55.1
55.2
55.3
55.2
.4382
.4387
.4465
.4430
55 establishments.
1910
1911
189
193
56.6
56.5
.4096
.4152
71 establishments.
Heelers, male:
31 establishments.
Levelers, male:
36
establishments.
McKay sewers, male:
1911
1912
246
239
56.5
56.0
.4154
.4148
1911
1912
115
124
55.8
55.7
.4034
.3906
1911
1912
102
102
55.8
55.7
.2968
.3090
5 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
34
25
28
26
55.2
55.3
55.7
55.2
.2880
.3113
.2737
.2787
28 establishments.
1910
1911
95
107
57.1
56.7
.2897
.2900
1911
1912
129
128
56.5
56.3
.2956
.2854
15 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
48
49
54
56
56.0
56.0
55.8
55.5
.3874
.3683
.4342
.4115
44 establishments.
1910
1911
165
167
56.7
56.5
. 4056
. 4375
60 establishments.
1911
1912
221
248
56.3
55.0
.4888
Goodyear welters, male:
60 establishments..................
Heel breasters, male:
35 establishments..................
Heel burnishers, male:
33 establishments..................
Heel scourers, male:
35 establishments..................
Heel-seat nailers, male:
28 establishments..................
Heel sluggers, male:
34 establishments..................
Heel trimmers or shavers, male:
30 establishments. . .
Rough rounders, male:
.4364
20
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
A VERAGE NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF W O R K P E R W E E K AND A V ERAG E R A TE
OF WAGES P E R HOUR IN EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND
SHOE MANUFACTURING, 1907 TO 1912—Concluded.
Year.
Occupation, sex, and number of establishments.
Number
of em
ployees.
Average
nominal
full-time
hours per
week.
Average
rate of
wages per
hour.
Finishing department.
Treers or ironers, hand, male:
17 establishments.........................................................
1907
1908
1909
1910
381
364
377
444
54 7
54.5
54.6
54.5
$0.3047
.2941
.2925
.2876
44 establishments........................................................ /\
1910
1911
832
786
55.9
56.1
.2594
.2602
/
\
1911
1912
1,006
1,076
56.0
55.9
.2668
.2618
/
\
1910
1911
74
70
57.8
57.7
.1432
.1439
11 establishments...................................... , ................ /\
1911
1912
85
105
58.1
54.3
.1446
.1539
63 establishments........................................................
Treers or ironers, hand, female:
8 establishments..........................................................
EXPLANATION OF SCOPE AND METHOD.
This report on boot and shoe manufacturing includes establishments
whose principal or only products are shoes made by the welt, McKay,
or turn process. Men's, women’s, and children's shoes are included
in the product of these factories. No data are included from estab
lishments whose main or sole products are nailed, screwed, or pegged
shoes, or specialties such as slippers, leggings, felt boots, etc., nor
from establishments doing only fitting or making sole stock.
The number of establishments for which data concerning rates of
wages per hour and nominal full-time hours of work per week were
secured has varied considerably during the 23-year period, as follows:
1890 to 1903................................................. 46 identical establishments.
1903 and 1904.............................................. 50 identical establishments.
1904 and 1905.............................................. 52 identical establishments.
1905 and 1906............................................... 52 identical establishments.
1906 and 1907.............................................. 54 identical establishments.
1907 to 1910................................................. 26 identical establishments.
1910 and 1911.............................................. 60 identical establishments.
1911 and 1912.............................................. 81 identical establishments.
As before stated, the data for . 1907 to 1911 were secured in 1911,
and the number of establishments included for the full period 1907 to
1910 was limited owing to the difficulty in finding establishments
which had preserved complete records for those years.
In order that the data from year to year may be entirety compara
ble it is necessary that information be secured from identical estab
lishments; therefore when in 1912 the number of establishments was
increased to 81 the Bureau secured data for 1911 also from all estab
lishments added, thus providing for an exact comparison of the two
years 1911 and 1912.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
21
In selecting the establishments from which to secure data the
Bureau undertook to represent all States in which boot and shoe
manufacturing is of material importance, the measure of importance
being the number of employees as reported by the United States
Census of Manufactures, 1905. In selecting establishments in 1912
every State having 1,725 or more employees in the industry, accord
ing to the United States Census of Manufactures in 1905, is repre
sented. The table which follows shows by States the number of
employees in the boot and shoe manufacturing industry, as given in
the reports of the United States Census Office for 1910 and 1905; the
total number on the pay roll in the establishments from which the
Bureau secured data in 1912, and the number in the selected occu
pations and for whom data were secured in 1912. Data were secured
from the pay roll ending nearest February 15, except for a few estab
lishments where conditions in February were particularly abnormal.
The census figures for 1910 were not available at the time the work
for 1911 and 1912 was planned, and therefore the establishments
selected, as already stated, were distributed by States according to
the census of 1905. The relative importance, however, of the various
States, as measured by the number of employees in this industry, did
not change materially— except in the case of Missouri, Wisconsin, and
Illinois— during the five years from 1905 to 1910.
TOTAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING AND NUMBER
OF EMPLOYEES IN ESTABLISHMENTS FROM WHICH DATA W ER E SECURED IN 1912.
Number of employees
reported by United
States Census Office.
Establishments furnishing informa
tion to the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics in 1912.
Number of employees—
State.
1910
1905
Number of
establish
ments.
°roGay
For whom
data were
secured.
Missouri.........................................................
74,710
20,545
15,693
16,336
62,633
16,556
13,890
10,428
24
11
5
11
21,214
7,170
4,459
5,480
6,628
1,854
1,162
1,132
New Hampshire............................................
Pennsylvania.................................................
Maine.............................................................
New Jersey....................................................
13,042
10,576
6,508
4,084
10,415
8,878
5,775
4,192
7
7
4
4
5,373
3,348
2,523
1,327
1,474
845
649
429
Illinois............................................................
Wisconsin......................................................
Virginia.........................................................
Other States1................ ...............................
5,588
5,081
2.677
10,276
3,947
3,226
1,738
8,246
4
2
2
2,630
1,224
498
668
274
203
Total....................................................
185,116
149,924
81
55,246
15,318
Massachusetts................................................
New York......................................................
i Includes States having less than 2,675 employees in 1910 and less than 1,725 in 1905.
According to both the census of 1905 and the census of 1910 more
than 94 per cent of the total number of employees in the industry
22
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
are found in the States in which the establishments furnishing in
formation to the Bureau of Labor Statistics are located.
The number of employees on the pay rolls of the establishments
from which the Bureau secured 1912 data was equal to 29.8 per cent
of the total in the industry in 1910, as reported by the United States
Census Office, and the number of employees for whom the Bureau
secured detailed information in 1912 was equal to 8.3 per cent of the
total in the industry in 1910.
All information included in this report was secured from pay rolls
of the various establishments by agents of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL PRODUCTIVE OCCUPATIONS.
The kinds of boots and shoes manufactured by the establishments
furnishing data for this report are given on page 20.
So far as the staple products covered by this report are concerned,
the processes of manufacture are practically standardized, and the
operations are highly specialized. In a modern shoe factory there
are more than 100 separate operations, each generally performed by
a different person.
Of the 100 or more operations of a modern factory, more than 50
may be performed by machines. The number of operations, both
hand and machine, varies with the process and product and the
equipment of the factory.
A shoe factory usually has the following departments: Cutting,
sole leather, fitting or stitching, lasting, bottoming, finishing, and
packing.
In the cutting department are cut the several parts of the uppers,
the lining, and the trimmings. These parts pass to the fitting or
stitching department, where they are sewed together, forming the
whole upper.
In the sole-leather department the soles are cut, and heels, counters,
and boxes made. Frequently these parts are bought ready-made
from factories making a specialty of such manufacture.
In the lasting department the upper, insole, counter, and box are
assembled and fitted together on the shoe last. From this depart
ment the lasted shoe is sent to the bottoming department, where the
welt (in welt shoes) is sewed on, the outer sole sewed on, the heel
attached, and the heel and the edge of the sole trimmed to shape and
finished.
In the finishing department the shoe is smoothed with a hot iron,
scratches rubbed down, stains removed, and the shoe given a final
cleaning and inspection. From this department the shoes go to the
packing department, where they are boxed and cased for shipment.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
23
Figures as to wages and hours of labor are presented in this report
for 35 of the principal occupations of the industry. Hand and machine
work on the same process are presented as separate occupations,
except in lining cutting, in which occupation they are combined,
The sex of the employees is shown for each occupation. Some occu
pations include both males and females in such numbers that data
are presented for both sexes. Other occupations are filled largely or
entirely by one sex; the few employees of the other sex in such occu
pations are not reported. Of the 35 occupations tabulated, data are
shown for males only in 25 occupations, for females only in 7 occu
pations, and for both males and females in 3 occupations.
The occupations represented by females only are all machinesewing operations. Of all the employees reported for 1912, 27 per
cent were females.
The occupations for which data are shown are here listed in alpha
betical rather than process order, under each department. The
departments, however, are listed in process order.
Cutting department:
Cutters, lining, cloth, male.
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, hand,
male.
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, ma
chine, male.
Skivers, upper, machine, male.
Skivers, upper, machine, female.
Sole-leather department:
Channelers, insole and outsole, male.
Cutters, outsole, male.
Fitting or stitching department:
Backstay stitchers, female.
Button fasteners, female.
Buttonhole makers, female.
Closers-on, female.
Lining makers, female.
Tip stitchers, female.
Top stitchers or undertrimmers, fe
male.
Vampers, male.
Vampers, female.
Lasting department:
Assemblers, for pulling-over machine,
male.
Lasting department—Concluded.
Bed-machine operators, male.
Hand-method lasting machine oper
ators, male.
Pullers-over, hand, male.
Pullers-over, machine, male.
Bottoming department:
Buffers, male.
Edge setters, male.
Edge trimmers, male.
Goodyear stitchers, male.
Goodyear welters, male.
Heel breasters, male.
Heel burnishers, male.
Heelers, male.
Heel scourers, male.
Heel-seat nailers, male.
Heel sluggers, male.
Heel trimmers or shavers, male.
Levelers, male.
McKay sewers, male.
Rough rounders, male.
Finishing department:
Treers or ironers, hand, male.
Treers or ironers, hand, female.
CU TTIN G D E P A R T M E N T.
All operations of the cutting department here shown are usually
performed by men, except skiving, on which operation women also
are employed.
24
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
CUTTERS, LINING, CLOTH.
Included in this occupation are the men who cut the cloth lining
of the upper of the shoe. The work may be performed by hand or
machine. The hand cutter receives the cloth folded 8 to 12 thick.
He lays his patterns on the cloth and draws a knife along the edge
of the pattern, cutting through the several thicknesses of cloth. The
machine operator uses a die which, under the pressure of a power
machine cuts 24 to 32 thicknesses at one time.
CUTTERS, VAMP AND WHOLE SHOE, HAND.
This occupation includes the men who cut by hand the entire top
or outside of the shoe. It covers the men who cut the vamp and
possibly some or all of the other part of the top also, but does not
include cutters of minor parts only. The vamp is the most important
part of the upper and requires the greatest skill in cutting. It con
sists of the part or parts of the upper attached to the sole. The
upper, according to the style of the shoe, may have other parts also,
as quarters, tongue, tip, backstay, and foxing. The operator has
a bench upon which he spreads the skin; he lays the pattern in the
desired place and draws a knife along the edge of the pattern, cutting
the part to the desired shape. For each different part of the upper
there is a separate pattern. Incidental to the outside cutting care
must be exercised in selecting like qualities and weights of stock for
the same parts in a pair of shoes.
CUTTERS, VAMP AND WHOLE SHOE, MACHINE.
These operators cut the same part or parts as the hand cutters
described above. Instead of patterns and a knife they use dies
operated by a power press. Different dies are required for each
part of each style and size of shoe. The cutting board is similar to
that used by the hand worker, with a beam over it which can be
swung either to the left or right and any position over the board.
The cutter places the die in the desired position on the leather,
grasps the handle of the beam of the clicking machine and swings it
over the die, with a downward pressure. A clutch is placed in opera
tion, which brings the beam downward, pressing the die through the
leather. After the cut the beam automatically returns to its full
height and remains there until the handle is pressed again.
SKIVERS, UPPER, MACHINE.
Skiving consists of cutting away, on the flesh side, the edge of a
piece of leather, so that the edge may be turned and pasted back,
thus giving a finished rather than a raw edge of the same thickness as
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912----BOOTS AND SHOES.
25
the other parts of the leather. The machine used has a sharp-edged
revolving disk so shaped as to cut the desired bevel or shoulder on
the leather fed to it.
S O L E -L E A T H E R D E P A R T M E N T .
The two operations of this department for which data are shown
are performed by men.
CHANNELERS, INSOLE AND OUTSOLE.
The operator has a machine that cuts a slit near the edge of a
welt insole or a McKay outsole. The slit extends only part way
through the sole and is cut at an acute angle. The lip or lid of the
channel is turned back by a channel turner. The channel in the
outsole of the welt shoe is cut by the rough rounder. The channel
in the welt insole avoids a seam inside the shoe and permits the insole,
the welt, and the upper to be stitched together while on the last.
In the outsole the channel permits the seam to be countersunk or
embedded in the sole. After the outsole is stitched on, the lip of the
channel is cemented down on the thread, protecting it from wear.
CUTTERS, OUTSOLE.
The operator cuts the outsole from a side of leather by means of a
die and a heavy descending power beam. The leather is laid upon
the cutting table, the cutter places the die, and with his foot presses
a lever, releasing the beam, which comes down upon the die with
sufficient force to press it through the leather. The operator sets
the die to have as little waste leather as possible, and to have the
same quality of leather in a sole.
FITTIN G O R S T IT C H IN G D E P A R T M E N T.
Women are employed so generally in this part of the manufacture
of a shoe that data are shown for females only in all occupations
reported except vamping, in which occupation wages are shown for
both sexes. All of these are machine operations.
BACKSTAY STITCHERS.
The back of the shoe is usually strengthened by an additional strip
running all or part of the way from the top to the sole of the shoe.
This stay is sewed on over the back seam. This work is also called
back stripping.
BUTTON FASTENERS.
This is an automatic machine operation. The buttons are fastened
on the shoe by either thread or wire. The upper comes to the oper
ator with the position marked for each button. The operator has
26
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
only to put the top of the shoe in position and start and stop her
machine.
BUTTONHOLE MAKERS.
The upper is received by the operator with the position of each
buttonhole marked. The machine cuts and works the buttonhole
automatically. The operator has only to hold the upper in position
and control the machine.
CLOSERS-ON.
This operation consists of stitching the lining to the top of the
upper, both of these parts having been made previously. The work
is also called inseaming. This operation is not performed on all
shoes. In some shops it is omitted entirely; in others the lining is
pasted on, which holds it to the top until the upper is top-stitched.
LINING MAKERS.
These employees are sewing-machine operators who sew together
the several parts of the shoe lining. In some shops the work is sub
divided, two or more persons doing a part of the work on each lining.
This operation of sewing the cloth lining requires less skill than the
leather-sewing operations, to which lining makers are usually ad
vanced as they acquire skill.
TIP STITCHERS.
The tip is a separate piece of leather generally put over the toe of
the shoe. It is stitched to the vamp by machine.
TOP STITCHERS OR UNDERTRIMMERS.
When the lining has been closed on to the top of the upper, it is
folded inside of the upper covering the closing-on seam and passed
to the top stitcher who stitches, by machine, the edge of the folded-in
seam. This operation is also called undertrimming. In some shops
this top stitching is done without a previous closing-on, the lining
being held in position or previously pasted.
VAMPERS.
The vamp is the part of the upper to which the sole is attached.
Vamping is the process of sewing together the lower part of the shoe,
or vamp, and the upper part, known as top or quarter. Pumps or
slippers having no tops or quarters do not require vamping. Vamp
ing is the most important and best-paid operation in the fitting room.
The operator uses either a single or double needle power vamp sew
ing machine. Either males or females may operate the machine;
women’s shoes being light can be vamped by females, but men’s shoes
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912----BOOTS AND SHOES.
27
being heavier require male vampers usually; however, in many plants
making men’s shoes only, there are women vampers.
LA ST IN G D E P A R T M E N T.
Men are employed almost exclusively in the operations of the last
ing room.
ASSEMBLERS, FOR PULLING-OVER MACHINE.
The assembler receives the last with the insole tacked on it. He
wets the leather, shellacs the toe box or the tip or both, places the
toe box and counter between the lining and the upper, and then puts
the last inside the upper. Having centered the upper on the last,
he places the last on the spindle of the assembling machine. By
pressing a lever the machine automatically drives small tacks through
the upper and insole into the bottom of the last at the toe, the heel,
and either side, the tacks holding the upper in place temporarily.
The shoe goes from the assembler to the machine puller-over. When
the pulling-over is a hand operation, the assembling is done by the
hand puller-over.
BED-MACHINE OPERATORS.
Lasting is the next operation after the shoe has been pulled over
the last. The bed-machine operator places the shoe on the ma
chine and by levers moves a series of wipers (friction pullers) which
draw the upper over the edge of the insole at the toe and heel.
Some factories designate this as toe and heel lasting. The shoe is
placed with the sole up and the operator determines whether the shoe
is properly lasted by placing his hand under the toe or heel. The
wipers are kept in motion until the operator is satisfied that the upper
has been wiped into the desired position. Under the welt system, the
operator drives a tack through the upper and insole and partly into
the last at one side and passes a fine wire from it around the drawn-in
upper at the toe to the opposite side of the last and drives a tack,
around which he winds the wire. The wire holds the toe of the upper
in position as drawn in over the last. Under the McKay system,
instead of the wire used on the toe of welt shoes, tacks are used. The
upper at the heel is fastened by tacks driven in by hand. In case the
side is lasted by the bed-machine laster the side or instep is lasted
by hand with pincers. The operator draws the upper tightly over the
last so that there are no wrinkles and tacks it down by hand. Last
ing is one of the most important operations in the making of a shoe.
HAND-METHOD LASTING-MACHINE OPERATORS.
In this method of lasting, which is done on a machine known either
as “ consolidated” or “ niggerhead,” the operator holds the edge of
the shoe so that the pincers of the machine grasp the upper and draw
28
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
it evenly and closely about the last. Immediately following the
pincers as fast as the upper is drawn into position, there is a device on
the machine that drives tacks automatically into the last to hold the
upper in its proper place. In case any part of the shoe has not been
properly lasted, the operator pulls the tacks and does the work over.
Under the welt system this machine is often used to last only the side
or instep while the bed machine lasts the toe and heel, thus cutting
out the operation of hand lasting the side or instep, which is necessary
in plants using only the bed machines.
P U L L E R S -O V E R , H A N D .
The hand puller-over is his own assembler, which occupation is
described above. With the parts assembled, he takes hand pincers
and draws the upper over the last and insole, taking care that the
upper keeps its proper position, and drives a tack at the toe and two
on either side to hold the upper in position for the laster.
P U L L E R S -O V E R , M A C H IN E .
Where shoes are pulled over by machine, they are first assembled
and put over the last by the assembler. The machine-puller places
the shoe in the machine and the pincers of the machine grasp the
leather at different points on each side of the shoe. The operator
stands so that he can see when the upper is properly centered. He
presses a foot lever closing the pincers, which draw the leather securely
against the last. The machine stops at this point and the operator
can start or stop the machine at will. The operator now examines
the shoe to see whether all the parts have been evenly pulled over the
last. Where a part has not been properly pulled over it can be
adjusted to the desired point by levers. When satisfied that the shoe
is properly adjusted, the operator presses a foot lever, the pincers
move toward each other, drawing the leather around the last, and
at the same time the machine automatically drives two tacks on each
side and one at the top through the upper and insole into the last to
hold the upper in position.
BO T TO M IN G DEPA RTM E N T.
All operations in the bottoming department are usually performed
by men.
BUFFERS.
After the shoe has been bottomed, the buffer removes stains from
the sole and gives it a smooth, finished appearance by holding it
against a revolving roll or wheel covered with sandpaper or emery
paper.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
29
EDGE SETTERS.
The edge setter holds the edge of the sole against a machine having
hot irons shaped to fit the edge of the sole, which irons vibrate rapidly
and give a lasting polish to the edge.
EDGE TRIMMERS.
The operator holds the edge of the sole against a machine having
a series of revolving knives that trim the edge smooth and to the
desired shape. This operation comes after the bottom has been
sewed on and precedes edge setting.
GOODYEAR STITCHERS.
The operator uses a Goodyear outsole lock-stitch machine to stitch
the outsole to the welt. The seam is run in the channel in the out
sole through both outsole and welt on the outside of the shoe. The
stitches show on the upper surface of the welt and are covered on the
under surface of the sole by cementing down the lip of the channel.
GOODYEAR WELTERS.
The welt is a narrow strip of leather to which the outsole is to be
stitched. It extends around the edge of the shoe as far back as the
breast of the heel. By one operation of the machine both the upper
and the welt are sewed to the insole, the thread passing through the
lip of the channel in the insoles. The outsole is stitched to the welt
in a later operation.
HEEL BREASTERS.
The heel breaster operates a machine having a knife which cuts to
shape and trims evenly the breast or front surface of the heel, cutting
down to the outsole, but not cutting into it.
HEEL BURNISHERS.
The final operation on the heel is the burnishing. The operator
holds the shoe with his hand in such position that the heel comes in
contact with a wheel on the burnishing machine, which gives it a hard,
smooth surface. Hot wax is carried to the heel by a small disk and
applied by a series of rubbing blows, which beat the wax thoroughly
into the heel. A revolving brush on the same machine brings the
heel to a perfectly smooth surface.
HEELERS.
The heels come to the heeler ready-made, except for the top lift or
last layer of leather. A helper sticks nails in a steel plate. The
heeler places the shoe on a jack or metal last, puts the heel in position,
30
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
swings the nail plate into position over the heel when the nails are
dropped into another plate over the heel. By operating a foot lever
another part of the machine drives the nails down through the heel,
the insole, and the upper folded between the insole and the heel, and
clinches the nails back into the leather of the insole. The nails pro
trude slightly above the unfinished heel. The top lift, coated with
cement, is then pressed down by the machine on the protruding nails,
HEEL SCOURERS.
This operator holds the shoe by hand so the heel, trimmed but yet
not smooth, comes in contact with rolls covered with sandpaper,
which smooth the heel. The next operation on the heel is burnishing.
HEEL-SEAT NAILERS.
The heel seat is the heel end of the sole. The insole, the outsole,
and the part of the upper brought in between them are nailed together
by machine. Small brass nails are driven automatically through the
parts and clinched on the insole side. The shoe is placed on a jack
and the work of the operator is to guide it during the nailing.
HEEL SLUGGERS.
The slugger operates a machine which drives small pieces of brass
or other metal, called “ slugs,” into the toplift of the heel to protect
it from wear. The operator of this machine adjusts the plate so as
to place accurately the desired number of slugs, and the machine
automatically cuts off and drives the slugs as they &re drawn from a
coil of wire.
HEEL TRIMMERS OR SHAVERS.
The heel, when the shoe is received from the heeler, is rough and
larger than the required size. This operator holds the shoe by hand
in such position that the heel comes in contact with a series of revolv
ing knives on his machine which cut away the heel to conform to the
desired contour, as indicated by the top lift, which top lift is of exact
size when put on by the heeler. The machine has two sets of knives.
With the first set the trimmer shaves that part of the heel from the
top lift to the sole, then with the other set he trims the edge of the
sole, taking care not to cut the upper.
LEVELERS.
The operation of leveling to correct any unevenness in the bottom
of the shoe is done with an automatic sole-leveling machine. The
operator places the shoe on a jack or metal last, which he attaches to
the machine, where it is securely held by the spindle and a toe rest.
He presses a foot lever and the shoe passes automatically beneath a
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
31
roll under heavy pressure. This roll moves with a vibrating motion
over the middle of the sole of the shoe from the toe down to and into
the shank and passes back again to the toe. The roll then cants to
the right and repeats the operation on that side of the sole, returning
to the toe as before. It then cants to the left, repeating the operation
on that side, after which the shoe automatically drops forward and
is relieved from the pressure. While one shoe is under pressure the
operator is preparing another shoe for the operation.
MCKAY SEWERS.
This operator uses a McKay sewing machine to sew together the
outsole, the upper, and the insole— the three parts being sewed
together in the one operation, except the heel seat, which is nailed.
No welt is used in the McKay process, the seam being embedded in
the channel of the outsole; the opposite side of the seam is on the
inside of the shoe instead of on the top of the welt outside the shoe,
as in the welt process of manufacture.
ROUGH ROUNDERS.
This operation consists of trimming by machine the edge of the
outsole and welt so that they will extend a uniform distance from
the upper. It is the first operation on the edge of the sole in the
Goodyear process. The machine also cuts a channel in the outsole,
in which the thread is embedded, when the Goodyear stitching is
done later.
FIN ISH IN G D E PA RTM E N T.
TREERS OR IRONERS, HAND.
The treer places the shoe on a form, the shape of a last, supported
on a frame. By pressing a foot lever the form is expanded so that
the shoe fits tight over it. The tools of the treer are a hot iron,
brush, cloth, etc. The treer brushes the shoe, cleans spots and dis
colorations, remedies any slight cut or blemish, and rubs the upper
with a hot iron to take out wrinkles and produce a smooth surface.
As females are engaged in this occupation to a considerable extent,
data are shown for both sexes.
EXPLANATION OF TABLES.
This report includes one general table covering the 6-year period,
1907 to 1912, and two general tables covering the 3-year period, 1910
to 1912, as follows:
Table I.— Average rates of wages per hour and average and classi
fied nominal full-time hours of work per week, in the United States,
by years, 1907 to 1912.
32
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
Table II.— Average rates of wages per hour and average and classi
fied nominal full-time hours of work per week, in each year, by States,
1910 to 1912.
Table III.— Average rates of wages per hour and average and classi
fied nominal full-time hours of work per week, in each State, by years,
1910 to 1912.
Table / . — Average rates of wages per hour and average and classified
nominal full-time hours of work per weeTc in the United States, by years,
1907 to 1912 (pp. 34 to 4$)-— This table summarizes the data concern
ing rates of wages and nominal full-time hours of work secured from
the whole number of establishments furnishing information. For
each of the principal occupations enumerated on page 6 data are
shown, as far as available, for each of the six years, 1907 to 1912.
The first section of the table shows for each occupation the number
of establishments from which data were secured, number of employ
ees, average rate of wages per hour, average nominal full-time hours
per week, and number of employees under each classified number of
nominal full-time working hours per week. The data as to time worked
by individual employees paid on a piece basis were not sufficiently satis
factory in many establishments to warrant the presentation of classi
fied rates of wages per hour. The second section of the table shows
the per cent of employees under each classified number of nominal
full-time working hours per week.
The data for years grouped together by brackets in the table are
from identical establishments. As previously explained, exact com
parison can be made from year to year only when the establishments
compared are identical.
The relative nominal full-time hours per week and the relative
rates of wages per hour for 1907 to 1912, shown on pages 9 to 15,
are computed from the averages shown in this table. The method of
computing the relatives can best be explained by using an illustra
tion, thus: For outsole cutters the average nominal full-time hours per
week in 10 establishments was 54.8 in 1907 and 54.5 in the same 10
establishments in 1908. The average in 1908 (54.5) was 99.45 per
cent of the average (54.8) in 1907. Bulletin No. 77 (July, 1908) shows
that, for nominal full-time hours per week for outsole cutters, the rela
tive was 98.0 in 1907 (average for 1890-1899=100.0). The average
nominal full-time hours for 1908 were then reduced to a comparison
with the base period (average for 1890-1899 = 100.0) by computing
99.45 percent of 98.0, which is 97.5. The same method was followed
in computing the relative rate of wages per hour; the average in 1908
($0.3075) was 97.81 per cent of the average in 1907 ($0.3144); the
relative (average for 1890-1899 = 100.0) for 1907 as shown in Bulletin
No. 77 was 114.3; and 97.81 per cent of 114.3 is 111.8, or the relative
rate of wages per hour in 1908 if the average for 1890 to 1899 is the
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912----BOOTS AND SHOES.
33
base or 100.0. In computing for this occupation the relatives for
1911, comparison was made of the data for 31 identical establishments
and in computing the relatives for 1912 comparison was made of the
data from 36 identical establishments.
Table II.— Average rates of wages per hour and average and classified
nominal full-time hours of work per week, in each year, by States, 1910
to 1912 (pp. 44 to 58).— This table affords an easy comparison of rates
of wages per hour and nominal full-time hours of work per week in
the several States. It shows for each of the principal occupations the
average rate of wages per hour and the classified nominal full-time
hours of work per week. Under each year, 1910 to 1912, or for such
of those years as data are available, the data are shown for each of
the States represented by any considerable number of employees.
Table III.— Average rates of wages per hour and average and classified
nominal full-time hours of worlc per weelc in each State, by years, 1910
to 1912 {pp. 59 to 69).— This table affords an easy comparison of rates
of wages per hour and nominal full-time hours of work per week in
the several years, 1910 to 1912. It shows for each of the principal
occupations the average rate of wages per hour and the classified
nominal full-time hours of work per week. For each of the more
important States in this industry the data are shown for each of the
three years, 1910 to 1912, or for such of these years as data are
available.
7446°—Bull. 134—13----- 3
34
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912.
T able
B O O T A N D SH O E M A N U F A C T U R IN G .
[The establishments set opposite each bracketed group of years are identical.]
NUM BER.
Occupation, sex, and number of
establishments.
j
! Numi berof
Year.! employ-
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver nom
age
inal
rate of
full Over 51
Over 57
wages time
48
54
per
and
and
and
54.
hours
and under
60.
hour.
per under under
under
54.
60.
week. 51.
57.
Cutting department.
Cutters, lining, cloth, male:
i/1911 :
31 establishments...........
\1912 i
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, hand,
male:
1907 i
1908
20 establishments.............
1909 I
1910 |
115 $0.2701
.2800
128
55.4
54.8
919
907
907
852
.3250
.3323
.3399
.3448
54.9
54.8
54.7
54.7
;/19i0
111911
1,650
1,602
.3188
. 3169
o(i
!/1911
64 establishments.
............ ;\i9i2
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, ma- i
chine, male:
17 establishments........................ i{i 9i?
2,066
1,906
.3127
.3222
56.2
55.0
48 establishments.
1
56.2
217
27
43
17
14
45
34
3
5
157
175
159
176
343
331
346
278
252
283
286
291
156
112
102
94
176
158
405
425
395
398
319
311
342
296
158
162
589
720
587
272
384
323
348
212
13
15
70
75
98
102
54
34
59
113
69
87
85
55
49
49
52
13
21
12
6
92
100
24
11
20
24
235
226
.3013 j 57.8
.3000 | 57.2
270
300
.3126
.3186
57.0
55.5
74
79
.2878
.3139
54.7
54.7
/1911
*\1912
136
146
.2921
.2885
54.8
54.6
1907
1908
1909
1910
74
70
79
85
.1875
.1918
.1914
.1954
56.1
56.5
56.3
56.0
8
7
11
8
37
27
31
35
29
36
37
42
/1910
■\1911
338
314
.1749
.1757
57.0
57.3
40
25
81
84
86 :
94 ;
100
84
60 establishments....................... i/1911
\,1912
1'
374
345
.1758
.1914
57.0
55.1
33
158
113
50
108
91 j
95
11
20 establishments........................ {1912
Skivers, upper, machine, male:
12 establishments........................ {1911
28 establishments.
Skivers, upper, machine, female:
13 establishments...................
29
24
10
1
Sole-leather department.
Channelers, insole and outsole, male:
10 establishments.......................
1907
1908
1909
1910
23
23
23
23
.2829
.2962
.3057
.3004
55.1
55.1
54.7
54.7
8
8
10
10
44 establishments.
fl910
L1911
138
140
.2963
.3056
56.3
56.2
39
37
22
31
48
48
18
13
/1911
\1912
157
149
.2956
56.3
55.5
46
61
38
30
45
39
21
7
1907
1908
1909
1910
50
47
49
54
.3144
.3075
.3065
54.8
54.5
54.5
54.4
38
35
37
42
5
10
10
10
7
2
2
2
n 9 io
[1911
143
129
.2735
.2770
56.6
56.5
48
40
29
34
46
39
20
16
)1911
\1912
146
161
.2784
.2861
56.6
56.4
43
56
43
34
39
48
21
21
57 establishments..
Cutters, outsole, male:
10 establishments..
31 establishments.
36 establishments.
1
2
2
2 :
2
9
9
7
7
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
35
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
N U M B E R —Continued.
Occupation, sex, and number of
establishments.
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver
nom
Num
age
inal
ber of rate
of full Over
Year. em
Over 57
51
time
54
ploy wages
48
per
and
54.
and and
60.
ees. ' hour. hours and under
per under 54.
under under
60.
week. 51.
57.
Fitting or stitching department.
Backstay stitchers, female:
81 $0.1708
.1858
78
.1770
91
.1793
95
56.6
56.5
56.3
56.2
307
299
.1765
.1802
56.6
56.6
1
1
/1911
‘ \1912
392
378
.1854
.1893
56.5
55.2
11
/1911
\1912
55
70
.1572
.1831
/1911
\1912
108
168
18 establishments...........
(1907
1908
’ ‘ 1909
11910
49 establishments. ..
16 establishments................
(1907
11908
■11909
(1910
49 establishments...........
/1910
•\1911
15
13
21
16
18
23
25
25
48*
42
45
54
32
28
35
36
88
79
84
99
67
56
28
8
69
203
110
41
121
97
64
18
56.4
55.9
5
6
9
28
12
2
26
34
3
.1757
.1801
56.3
55.4
2
17
29
79
23
8
48
64
6
104
100
101
95
.2003
.1901
.2072
.1979
55.3
55.1
55.1
55.0
17
20
19
23
25
21
19
19
34
41
45
34
28
18
18
19
J1910
' \1911
262
277
.1784
. 1776
57.1
57.1
1
1
23
5
34
36
57
89
60
72
87
74
/1911
\1912
350
331
.1796
.1865
56.9
54.9
15
5
16
62
178
108
36
88
71
87
15
(1907
1908
‘ 1909
11910
124
112
122
154
.1754
.1654
.1730
.1634
56.2
56.1
56.0
55.9
24
24
28
33
44
42
46
55
56
46
48
66
/1910
53 establishments........................ \1911
585
576
.1639
.1619
56.5
56.5
2
3
88
81
76
75
145
162
141
154
133
101
/1911
72 establishments........................ \1912
Tip stitchers, female:
*1911
36 establishments........................ \1912
Top stitchers or undertrimmers, fe
male:
(1907
J1908
17 establishments........................ 11909
11910
721
706
.1656
.1709
56.5
55.0
21
81
39
136
373
190
85
189
161
125
27
134
137
.2049
.2157
55.8
55.2
10
12
38
68
32
17
49
40
5
151
144
156
164
.1849
.1898
.1957
.2002
56.3
56.3
56.3
56.0
30
31
31
32
45
41
47
49
76
72
78
83
53 establishments.
/1910
\1911
721
742
.1884
.1915
56.9
56.8
3
4
64
63
111
109
148
169
192
232
203
165
73 establishments.
Vampers, male:
/1911
\1912
911
950
.1941
.1978
56.7
54.9
29
63
81
183
521
212
80
268
212
185
27
13 establishments.
(1907
11908
11909
11910
167
99
150
134
.3175
.2869
.2867
.2941
54.9
55.2
54.6
54.5
7
18
58
48
119
41
51
46
9
15
21
18
32
25
20
22
33 establishments.
/1910
\1911
263
249
.2927
.3034
55.5
55.7
48
21
67
69
63
81
57
53
28
25
51 establishments.
/1911
\1912
343
435
.3147
.3100
55.5
54.9
21
56
138
199
94
57
61
93
29
15
67 establishments...........
Button fasteners, female:
26 establishments...........
Buttonhole makers, female:
33 establishments...........
Closers-on, female:
65 establishments...
Lining makers, female:
19 establishments. . .
is
36
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I . — AVERAGE BATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
N U M B E R —Continued.
Occupation, sex, and number of
establishments.
Year.
Num
ber of
employ-
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver- nom
age
inal
rate of full Over
Over 57
51
wages time 48
54
and
and
%per
54.
and under
and under
60.
hour. hours under
under
per
54.
60.
week. 51.
57.
Fitting or stitching department—Con.
Vampers, female:
1907
1908
1909
.1910
351 $0.2463
.2424
321
.2526
391
.2570
366
55.7
55.9
55.5
55.5
4
3
5
6
54
18
77
39
56
60
66
67
105
119
123
129
132
121
120
125
53 establishments.
/1910
\1911
.2378
.2382
56.9
56.7
20
26
39
45
125
138
206
229
241
268
232
203
71 establishments.
/1911
\1912
1,124
1,019
. 2384
.2334
56.5
55.1
21
15
45
66
191
546
291
107
315
237
261
48
Assemblers, for pulling-over machine,
male:
/1911
17 establishments...................
\1912
Bed-machine operators, male:
218
228
.2739
.2645
55.4
54.8
31
93
102
69
37
49
47
7
11
22 establishments........................
Lasting department.
15 establishments.
1909
1910
246
300
307
300
.3497
.3336
.3424
.3214
54.7
54.8
54.8
55.0
54
23
31
15
126
194
189
169
22
31
34
36
44
52
53
80
35 establishments.
<1910
\1911
513
568
.3108 56.4
.3229 i 56.1
15
26
169
172
77
159
153
113
99
98
(1911
793
54 establishments....................... \1912
1,004
Hand-method lasting machine oper
ators, male:
1907
1908
6 establishments.
1909
80
^ 1910
. 3210 : 56.1
. 3042 55.5
26
99
263
438
201
151
183
218
120
98
39
48
39
51
60
41
36
29
1
.3111
.3070
. 3088
.3223
57.1
56.6
56.7
56.1
33 establishments.
i/1910
-;\1911
325
352
. 3062
.3094
57.4
57.3
4
5
39
45
90
94
86
107
106
101
39 establishments........
Pullers-over, hand, male:
1/1911
' \1912
477
. 3164
.3242
57.0
55.8
26
94
184
137
86
112
97
134
85
13 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
345
330
384
.2558
.2490
.2867
.2763
56.6
56.6
56.2
55.9
77
74
111
105
73
63
82
99
195
193
173
180
35 establishments.
1/1910
‘ \1911
784
784
.2913
.3089
56.4
56.2
5
7
19
27
207
204
178
206
228
234
147
106
!(1911
*;\1912
897
.3121
.3190
56.3
55.4
24
27
111
263
297
234
188
219
212
154
67
! (1910
' ;\1911
251
266
.3204
.3188
57.4
50
77
36
91
85
47
80
51
i/19U
-!\1912
328
305
.3253
.3124
56.1
55.6
110
113
120
43
52
47
46
53
45 establishments............
Pullers-over, machine, male:
31 establishments............
43 establishments.
i
15
34
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
37
I .—AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
N U M B E R —Continued.
Occupation, sex, and number of
establishments.
Num
ber of
Year. em
ploy-
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver nom
age
inal
rate of full
Over 51
Over 57
time 48
54
per
and
and
54.
and
and under
hours
60.
hour.
per under under
under
54.
60.
week. 51.
57.
Bottoming department.
Buffers, male:
36 establishments............
Edge setters, male:
/1911
\1912
174 $0.2940
170
.3068
55.8
55.8
il!
1909
f1'907
134
142
150
163
.3999
.3509
.3852
56.0
56.2
56.1
55.9
ri9io
[1911
560
573
.3733
.3800
56.3
56.3
/1911
\1912
722
.3800
.3892
(1907
11908
11909
[1910
283
302
287
305
.4043
23 establishments.,
55 establishments.
/1910
\1911
573
615
.3818
56.4
56.2
/1911
\1912
765
751
.3890
21 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
[1910
215
214
221
224
45 establishments.
fl910
[1911
18 establishments.
54 establishments..
68 establishments..
Edge trimmers, male:
71 establishments____
Goodyear stitchers, male:
I1'
1910
ll!
51
52
49
48
67
58
31
29
35
34
50
48
53
58
53
65
62
71
72
60
97
113
142
148
146
147
100
101
56.3
55.8
60
52
191
257
170
149
177
142
124
98
55.3
55.1
55.2
55.0
46
48
46
58
93
113
93
97
67
79
83
83
77
62
65
67
58
55
117
139
137
175
137
140
121
102
56.1
55.9
55
51
220
264
200
146
174
192
116
98
.4034
.3759
.3944
.3875
55.3
55.1
55.3
55.2
23
21
26
21
93
92
76
77
45
59
66
70
54
42
53
56
.3739
.3879
56.3
56.0
21
28
88
106
96
118
89
81
69
62
28
38
184
221
133
103
110
105
74
95
22
23
27
29
19
18
21
20
26
29
26
32
19
27
79
78
62
79
61
52
52
51
.3975
.4010
5
5
3
4
3
4
3
3
2
7
/1911
\1912
562
.3868
.3847
55.9
55.9
14 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
.1910
67
70
74
.4087
.4087
.4435
.4222
55.9
56.0
55.7
55.6
, 45 establishments.
/1910
\1911
275
.4373
.4637
56.2
56.0
fl911
[1912
392
411
.4520
.4544
56.0
55.8
27
40
132
162
93
68
77
84
63
57
.2906
.3017
56.1
55.7
2
8
20
23
20
19
31
23
3
4
61 establishments___
Goodyear welters, male:
60 establishments...
Heel breasters, male:
35 establishments...
Heel burnishers, male:
33 establishments...
Heelers, male:
31 establishments...
Heel scourers, male:
35 establishments...
Heel-seat nailers, male:
28 establishments. . .
Heel sluggers, male:
34 establishments...
/1911
\1912
3.
2
/1911
\1912
106
108
.3062
.3127
55.6
55.4
2
5
42
45
27
25
34
30
1
3
/1911
\1912
115
124
.4034
.3906
55.8
55.7
10
8
33
46
26
25
44
39
2
6
/1911
i\1912
125
154
.2940
54.8
55.5
7
15
44
59
30
24
42
52
2
4
/1911
\1912
.2987
.2706
55.8
55.8
17
19
10
9
15
13
1
2
J1911
\1912
.2848
.2901
55.9
55.8
27
31
19
17
28'
27
3
4
38
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I .—AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R E D G —Continued.
N U M B E R —Concluded.
Occupation, sex, and number of
establishments.
Year.
Num
ber of
employ-
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver- nom
age
inal
rate of full Over
Over 57
51
wages time 48
54
per
and
and
54.
and
and under
hours
hour.
per under under
under
54.
week. 51.
57.
Bottoming department—Concluded.
Heel trimmers or shavers, male:
1.907
1
1908
1«
1909
U
1910
1-
$0.4382
.4387
.4465
.4430
55.1
55.2
55.3
55.2
193
.4096
.4152
56.6
56.5
ri911
246
239
.4154
.4148
56.5
56.0
ri911
11912
102
102
.2968
.3090
55.8
55.7
1907
1903
1909
1910
34
25
28
26
.3113
.2737
.2787
55.2
55.3
55.7
55.2
/1910
28 establishments....................... \1911
95
107
.2897
.2900
57.1
56.7
30 establishments....................... /1911
\1912
Rough rounders, male:
1907
15 establishments....................... 1908
1909
,1910
129
128
.2956
.2854
56.5
56.3
48
49
54
56
.3874
.3683
.4342
.4115
56.0
56.0
55.8
55.5
44 establishments....................... \1911
/1910
165
167
.4056
.4375
56.7
56.5
/1911
221
248
.4388
56.3
55.9
1907
1908
1909
1910
381
364
377
444
.3047
.2941
.2925
.2876
54.7
54.5
54.6
54.5
107
107
105
173
153
132
124
110
72
102
113
114
ri9io
.2594
[1911
832
786
55.9
56.1
173
100
140
156
225
250
63 establishments.......................
Treers or ironers, hand, female:
8 establishments........................
fl911
11912
1,006
1,076
.2668
.2618
56.0
55.9
100
115
265
334
311
fl910
[1911
74
70
.1432
.1439
57.8
57.7
11 establishments......................
ri9ii
11912
85
105
.1446
.1539
58.1
54.3
23 establishments.......................
55 establishments.......................
71 establishments.......................
Levelers, male:
36 establishments.......................
McKay sewers, male:
5 establishments........................
{
fl910
[1911
[1912
60 establishments....................... \1912
10
13
50
Finishing department.
Treers or ironers, hand, male:
17 establishments.......................
44 establishments.......................
1
22
23
11
23
67
13
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOB, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
39
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
P E R C ISN'T.
Occupation, sex, and number of
establishments.
Num
ber of
Year. em
ploy
ees.
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
Aver age
nom
age
inal
1
rate of full Over
Over 57 1
51
wages time 48
54
per
and
and
54.
and and , 60.
hour. hours
per under under
under under
54.
60.
week. 51.
57.
Cutting department.
Cutters, lining, cloth, male:
/1911
..........
31 establish ™«Tits
\1912
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, hand,
male:
fl907
11908
11909
11910
115 $0.2701
128
.2800
55.4
54.8
13.9
15.6
6.1
9.4
23.5
33.6
14.8
10.9
39.1
26.6
919
907
907
852
.3250
.3323
.3399
.3448
54.9
54.8
54.7
54.7
1.2
.7
1.5
1.5
17.1
19.3
17.5
20.7
37.3
36.5
38.1
32.6
27.4
31.2
31.5
34.2
17.0
12.3
11.2
11.0
......
/1910
\1911
1,650
1,602
.3188
.3169
56.3
56.2
.8
.9
10.7
9.9
24.5
26.5
23.9
24.8
19.3
19.4
20.7
18.5
/1911
64 establishments.............
\1912
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, ma
chine, male:
/1910
17AciethliditnAnfQ
\1911
2,066
1,906
.3127
. 3222
56.2
55.0
......
7.6
8.5
28.5
37.8
28.4
14.3
18.6
16.9
16.8
11.1
235
226
.3013
.3000
57.8
57.2
5.5
6.6
29.8
33.2
41.7
45.1
23.0
15.0
/1911
\1912
270
300
.3126
.3186
57.0
55.5
21.9
37.7
25.6
32.2
28.3
20.4
16.3
lOAofohlicTiiYiAnfc
/1910
\1911
74
79
.2878
.3139
54.7
54.7
66.2
65.8
17.6
26.6
16.2
7.6
OQAcfoWicTiTiiftn+c
/1911
\1912
136
146
.2921
.2885
54.8
54.6
67.6
68.5
17.6
7.5
14.7
16.4
(1907
11908
11909
11910
74
70
79
85
.1875
.1918
.1914
.1954
56.1
56.5
56.3
56.0
10.8
10.0
13.9
9.4
50.0
38.6
39.2
41.2
39.2
51.4
46.8
49.4
49 establishments........................ /1910
\1911
338
314
.1749
.1757
57.0
57.3
.3
.6
8.9
'8.0
11.8
8.0
24.0
26.8
25.4
29.9
29.6
26.8
/1911
60 establishments........................ \1912
374
345
.1758
.1914
57.0
55.1
2.6
6.7
7.5
8.8
45.8
30.2
14.5
28.9
26.4
25.4
3.2
fl907
J1908
11909
11910
23
23
23
23
.2829
.2962
.3057
.3004
55.1
55.1
54.7
54.7
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
34.8
34.8
43.5
43.5
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
39.1
39.1
30.4
30.4
44 establishments......................... /1910
\l911
138
140
.2963
. 3056
56.3
56.2
2.9
2.9
5.1
5.0
28.3
26.4
15.9
22.1
34.8
34.3
13.0
9.3
/1911
\1912
157
149
.2889
.2956
56.3
55.5
......
4.5
8.1
29.3
40.9
24.2
20.1
28.7
26.2
13.4
4.7
10 establishments
fl907
11908
11909
11910
50
47
49
54
.3144
.3075
.3065
.3089
54.8
54.5
54.5
54.4
76.0
74.5
75.5
77.8
10.0
21.3
20.4
18.5
14.0
4.3
4.1
3.7
31 establishments
/1910
\1911
143
129
.2735
.2770
56.6
56.5
33.6
31.0
20.3
26.4
32.2
30.2
14.0
12.4
/1911
U912
146
161
.2784
.2861
56.6
56.4
29.5
34.8
29.5
21.1
26.7
29.8
14.4
13.0
4ft establishiripiTit,??___ ____
OAac+aT\1'ic4
hina<
n+cj
Skivers, upper, machine, male:
Skivers, upper, machine, female:
10AQfahlkhmpntQ
11.4
9.7
8.0
6.8
2.6
3.9
.7
Sole-leather department.
Channelers, insole and outsole, male:
10 establishments
57 establishments
Cutters, outsole, male:
36 establishments
*
i.2
40
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I .—AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
P E R C E N T —Continued.
Num
ber of
Year. employ-
Occupation, sex, and number of
establishments.
Average
rate of
wages
per
hour.
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
nom
inal
full Over 51
Over 57
time 48
54
and
54.
and and
60.
hours and under
per under 54.
under under
week. 51.
57.
Fitting or stitching department.
Backstay stitchers, female:
16 establishments.....................
1907
1908
1909
1910
49 establishments.
/1910
\1911
81 $0.1708
.1858
78
91
.1770
.1793
95
56.6
56.5
56.3
56.2
307
299
.1765
.1802
56.6
56.6
0.3
ri911
392
378
.1854
U912
56.5
55.2
2.9
/1911
\1912
55
70
.1572
.1831
/1911
\1912
108
168
18 establishments...........
[1907
1908
1909
1910
49 establishments.
18.5
16.7
23.1
16.8
22.2
29.5
27.5
26.3
59.3
53.8
49.5
56.8
10.4
9.4
11.4
12.0
28.7
26.4
27.4
33.1
21.8
18.7
2.1
7.1
17.6
53.7
28.1
30.9
25.7
16.3
4.8
56.4
55.9
9.1
8.6
16.4
40.0
21.8
47.3
48.6
5.5
2.9
.1757
.1801
56.3
55.4
1.9
10.1
26.9
47.0
21.3
4.8
44.4
38.1
5.6
104
100
101
.2003
.1901
.2072
.1979
55.3
55.1
55.1
55.0
16.3
20.0
18.8
24.2
24.0
21.0
18.8
20.0
32.7
41.0
44.6
35.8
26.9
18.0
17.8
20.0
/1910
\1911
262
277
.1784
.1776
57.1
57.1
13.0
13.0
21.8
32.1
22.9
26.0
33.2
26.7
/1911
\1912
350
331
.1796
.1865
56.9
54.9
17.7
53.8
30.9
10.9
25.1
21.5
24.9
4.5
1907
1908
1909
1910
124
112
122
154
. 1754
.1654
.1730
.1634
56.2
56.1
56.0
55.9
19.4
21.4
23.0
21.4
35.5
37.5
37.7
35.7
45.2
41.1
39.3
42.9
585
576
.1639
.1619
56.5
56.5
15.0
14.1
13.0
13.0
24.8
28.1
24.1
26.7
22.7
17.5
721
706
.1656
.1709
56.5
55.0
11.2
5.5
18.9
52.8
26.4
12.0
26.2
22.8
17.3
3.8
134
137
.2049
.2157
55.8
55.2
7.5
28.4
49.6
23.9
12.4
36.6
29.2
3.7
1909
|11910
151
144
156
164
.1849
.1898
. 1957
.2002
56.3
56.3
56.3,
56.0
19.9
21.5
19.9
19.5
29.8
28.5
30.1
29.9
50.3
50.0
50.0
50.6
j/1910
-!\1911
721
742
.1884
.1915
56.9
56.8
15.4
14.7
20.5
22.8
26.6
31.3
28.2
911
950
.1941
.1978
56.7
54.9
20.1
54.8
23.3
8.4
29.4
22.3
20.3
2.8
167
99
150
134
.3175
.2869
.2867
.2941
54.9
55.2
54.6
54.5
5.4
15.2
14.0
13.4
19.2
25.3
13.3
16.4
263
249
.2927
.3034
55.5
55.7
4.1 71.3
18.2 41.4
38.7 34.0
35.8 34.3
1910
18.3 25.5
8.4 27.7
24.0
32.5
21.7
21.3
10.6
343
435
.3147
.3100
55.5
54.9
6.1
12.9
27.4
13.1
17.8
21.4
8.5
3.4
67 establishments...........
Button fasteners, female:
26 establishments...........
Buttonhole makers, female:
33 establishments...........
Closers-on, female:
65 establishments..
Lining makers, female:
19 establishments..
53 establishments.........................
72 establishments
Tip stitchers, female:
rrni
11912
36 establishments........................."(1912
Top stitchers or undertrimmers,
female:
1907
53 establishments.
(
73 establishments.........................!{i9i2
Vampers, male:
j
1907
!
1909
33 establishments.
51 establishments.
/1910
\191i
/1911
\1912
4.5
.3
3.0
3.1
3.4
1.4
4.8
8.5
40.2
45.7
10.8
22.2
10.0
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
41
I .—AVERAGE KATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I F G —Continued.
P E R C E N T —Continued.
Occupation, sex, and number of
establishments.
Aver-| Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver nom
age
inal
rate of full Over
Over 57
51
wages time 48
54
per
and
and
54.
and
and under
60.
hours
hour.
per under under
under
54.
week. 51.
57.
Year.
Fitting or stitching department—Con.
Vampers, female:
22 establishments........................
1907
1908
1909
.1910
351 10.2463
321
.2424
391
.2526
366
.2570
55.7
55.9
55.5
55.5
1.1
.9
1.3
1.6
15.4
5.6
19.7
10.7
16.0
18.7
16.9
18.3
37.1
31.5
35.2
37.6
37.7
30.7
34.2
53 establishments.
/1910
\1911
909
.2378
.2382
56.9
56.7
2.3
2.9
4.5
5.0
14.5
15.2
23.9
25.2
27.9
29.5
26.9
22.3
71 establishmenta.......................
/19U
11912
1,124
1,019
.2384
.2334
56.5
55.1
1.9
1.5
4.0
6.5
17.0
53.6
25.9
10.5
28.0
23.3
23.2
4.7
13.6
42.7
44.7
31.7
16.2
22.5
20.6
3.2
4.8
10.3
Lasting department.
Assemblers, for pulling-over ma
chine, male:
/1911
17 establishments....................... \1912
Bed-machine operators, male:
1907
1908
15 establishments.
1909
1910
218
228
.2739
.2645
55.4
54.8
246
300
307
300
.3497
54.7
54.8
54.8
55.0
22.0
.3424
.3214
7.7
10.1
5.0
51.2
64.7
61.6
56.3
12.0
17.9
17.3
17.3
26.7
/1910
\1911
513
568
.3108
.3229
56.4
56.1
2.9
4.6
32.9
30.3
15.0
28.0
19.9
19.3
17.3
/1911
54 establishments....................... \1912
Hand-method lasting machine op
erators, male:
1907
1908
6 establishments.
1909
1910
793
1,004
.3210
.3042
56.1
55.5
3.3
9.9
33.2
43.6
25.3
15.0
23.1
21.7
15.1
9.8
.3111
.3070
75
80
.3223
57.1
56.6
56.7
56.1
39.4
53.9
52.0
63.8
60.6
46.1
48.0
36.3
33 establishments.
[1910
1,1911
325
352
.3094
57.4
57.3
1.2
1.4
27.7
26.7
26.5
30.4
32.6
28.7
39 establishments........
Pullers-over, hand, male:
J1911
\1912
477
478
.3164
.3242
57.0
55.8
5.4
19.7
28.7
18.0
23.5
20.3
28.1
17.8
1907
1908
1909
1910
345
330
366
384
.2558
.2490
.2867
.2763
56.6
56.6
56.2
55.9
22.3
22.4
30.3
27.3
21.2
19.1
22.4
25.8
56.5
58.5
47.3
46.9
/1910
|1911
784
784
.2913
56.4
56.2
2.4
3.4
26.4
26.0
22.7
26.3
29.1
29.8
18.7
13.5
/1911
\1912
897
.3121
.3190
56.3
55.4
3.0
*2*7' 12.3
29.3
33.0
26.1
20.9
24.4
23.6
17.2
7.5
/1910
\1911
251
266
.3204
.3188
57.4
56.5
19.9
28.9
14.3
34.2
33.
17.7
31.9
19.2
/1911
\1912
328
305
.3253
.3124
56.1
55.6
11.1
33.5
37.0
36.6
14.1
15.9
15.4
14.0
17.4
/1911
\1912
174
170
.2940
.3068
55.8
55.8
2.9
2.9
29.3
30.6
28.2
28.2
38.5
34.1
4.1
35 establishments.
13 establishments.
35 establishments.
45 establishments.............
.Pullers-over, machine, male;
31 establishments.............
43 establishments.
Bottoming department.
Buffers, male:
36 establishments..............
{
.9
4.9
12.0
12.8
11.1
1.1
42
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I .—AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
P E R C E N T —Continued.
!
Occupation, sex, and number of
establishments.
Num
ber of
Year. empioy-
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver- nom
age
inal
rate of full
Over
51
wages time Over
57
54
48
per
and
and
horns
54.
and
and under
60.
hour.
per under under
under
54.
60.
week. 51.
57.
Bottoming department—Continued
Edge setters, male:
134 $0.3999
.3509
142
.3806
150
.3852
163
56.0
56.2
56.1
55.9
560
573
.3733
.3800
56.3
56.3
fl911
[1912
722
.3800
.3892
23 establishments.....................
1907
1908
1909
1910
283
302
287
305
.3975
.4010
55 establishments.....................
(1910
\1911
573
615
.3818
71 establishments.....................
Goodyear stitchers, male:
/1911
\1912
765
751
21 establishments.....................
1907
1908
1909
,1910
215
214
45 establishments.....................
(1910
\1911
61 establishments.....................
Goodyear welters, male:
(1911
\1912
14 establishments.....................
45 establishments...................
23.1
20.4
23.3
20.9
37.3
33.8
35.3
35.6
39.6
45.8
41.3
43.6
12.9
10.5
17.3
19.7
25.4
25.8
26.1
25.7
17.9
17.6
56.3
55.8
8.3
7.4
26.5
36.8
23.5
21.3
24.5
20.3
17.2
14.0
55.3
55.1
55.2
55.0
16.3
15.9
16.0
19.0
32.9
37.4
32.4
31.8
23.7
26.2
28.9
27.2
27.2
20.5
22.6
22.0
56.4
56.2
10.1
20.4
22.6
23.9
28.5
23.9
22.8
21.1
.3890
.3855
56.1
55.9
7.2
6.8
28.8
35.2
26.1
19.4
22.7
25.6
15.2
13.0
.4034
.3759
.3944
.3875
55.3
55.1
55.3
55.2
10.7
9.8
11.8
9.4
43.3
43.0
34.4
34.4
20.9
27.6
29.9
31.3
25.1
19.6
24.0
25.0
.3739
.3879
56.3
56.0
5.7
7.0
24.0
26.6
26.2
24.3
20.4
18.9
15.6
529
562
.3847
55.9
55.9
6.8
5.3
34.8
39.3
25.1
18.3
20.8
18.7
14.0
16.9
1907
1908
1909
1910
67
70
72
81
.4087
.4435
.4222
55.9
56.0
55.7
55.6
32.8
32.9
36.5
35.8
28.4
25.7
28.4
24.7
38.8
41.4
35.1
39.5
(1910
\lfill
275
.4373
.4637
56.2
56.0
6.9
9'. 3
28.7
27.0
22.5
27.3
22.2
18.0
18.9
17.6
non
60 establishments.....................
[1912
Heel breasters, male:
(1911
35 establishments.....................
\1912
Heel burnishers, male:
(1911
33 establishments.....................
\1912
Heelers, male:
(1911
31 establishments.....................
\1912
Heel scourers, male:
(1911
35 establishments.....................
\1912
Heel-seat nailers, male:
28 establishments....................... (1911
\1912
Heel sluggers, male:
34 establishments..................... . fl911
[1912
392
411
. 4520
.4544
56.0
55.8
6.9
9.7
33.7
39.4
23.7
16.5
19.6
20.4
16.1
13.9
.2906
.3017
56.1
55.7
10.4
2.6
20.3
29.9
26.3
24.7
40.8
29.9
3.9
5.2
106
108
.3062
.3127
55.6
55.4
1.9
4.6
39.6
41.7
25.5
23.1
32.1
27.8
.9
115
124
.4034
.3906
55.8
55.7
8.7
. 6.5
28.7
37.1
22.6
20.2
38.3
31.5
1.7
4.8
125
154
.2940
54.8
55.5
5.6
35.2
38.3
24.0
15.6
33.6
33.8
2.6
.2987
.2706
55.8
55.8
39.5
44.2
23.3
20.9
34.9
30.2
2.3
4.7
.2848
.2901
55.9
55.8
35.1
39.2
24.7
21.5
36.4
34.2
3.9
5.1
18 establishments..................... .
1907
1908
1909
,1910
54 establishments.....................
(1910
\1911
68 establishments.....................
Edge trimmers, male:
221
224
0.5
.7
8.9
9.7
16.6
1.6
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
43
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912—Concluded.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
P E R C E N T —Concluded.
Occupation, sex, and number of
establishments.
Num
ber of
Year. em
ploy-
Aver- Employees whose nominal full-time
age
working hours per week were—
Aver nom
age
inal
rate of full Over
Over 57
51
wages time 48
54
per
and
and
and
54.
hour
and under
60.
hour.
per under under
under
54.
60.
week. 51.
57.
Bottoming department—Concluded.
Heel trimmers or shavers, male:
25.3
17.9
14.6
18.7
24.2
26.2
26.8
23.1
29.3
34.5
34.1
34.1
21.2
21.4
24.4
24.2
9.0
8.3
14.3
15.0
28.6
30.6
26.5
26.9
21.2
18.7
56.5
56.0
6.5
7.5
19.1
29.3
32.5
23.4
24.4
26.4
17.5
13.4
.2968
.3090
55.8
55.7
6.9
6.9
31.4
36.3
22.5
21.6
36.3
29.4
2.9
5.9
34
25
28
26
.3113
.2737
.2787
55.2
55.3
55.7
55.2
41.2
36.0
32.1
38.5
32.4
36.0
28.6
26.9
26.5
28.0
39.3
34.6
fl910
[1911
95
107
.2900
57.1
56.7
/1911
\1912
129
128
.2956
.2854
56.5
56.3
15 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
48
49
54
56
.3874
.3683
.4342
.4115
44 establishments.
/1910
\1911
165
167
60 establishments...............
/1911
\1912
$0.4382
.4387
.4465
.4430
55.1
55.2
55.3
55.2
.4152
56.6
56.5
246
.4154
.4148
:/1911
j\l&12
i
1907
1908
1909
1910
102
102
1907
1908
1909
1910
84
82
91
55 establishments........................ ",:/1910
11911
189
/1911
:\1912
23 establishments.......................
71 establishments.
Levelers, male:
36 establishments.
McKay sewers, male:
5 establishments.
28 establishments.
30 establishments...
Rough rounders, male:
0.5
.5
1.1
.9
10.5
12.1
5.3
6.5
25.3
27.1
31.6
40.2
26.3
13.1
10.1
2.3
7.0
18.8
38.0
31.3
33.3
39.1
11.6
8.6
56.0
56.0
55.8
55.5
27.1
26.5
33.3
33.9
31.2
32.7
29.6
28.6
41.7
40.8
37.0
37.5
.4056
.4375
56.7
56.5
.6 ......... 24.8
23.4
.6
24.2
35.3
26.7
19.8
23.6
21.0
221
248
.4364
.4388
56.3
55.9
.9
9.3
2&. 4
35.5
30.8
20.2
19.5
20.2
19.5
14.9
1907
1908
1909
1910
381
364
377
444
.3047
.2941
.2925
.2876
54.7
54.5
54.6
54.5
28.1
29.4
27.9
39.0
40.2
6.3
32.9
24.8
18.9
28.0
30.0
25.7
12.9
6.3
9..3
10.6
/1910
\1911
832
.2594
.2602
55.9
56.1
20.8
12.7
16.8
19.8
27.0
31.8
18.0
17.9
17.3
17.7
ri911
[1912
1,006
1,076
.2618
56.0
55.9
9.9
10.7
26.3
31.0
30.9
22.2
18.0
22.2
14.8
13.8
/1910
U911
74
70
.1432
.1439
57.8
57.7
43.2
35.7
27.0
31.4
1911
1912
85
105
.1446
.1539
58.1
54.3
29.4
13.3
43.5
Finishing department.
Treers or ironers, hand, male:
17 establishments...............
44 establishments.
63 establishments...............
Treers or ironers, hand, female:
8 establishments................
11 establishments.
{
29.7
32.9
10.5
27.1
63.8
12.4
44
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I .—AVERAGE BATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
CUTTING- DEPARTMENT.
Occupation, year, and State.
Employees whose nominal full-time
Aver
working hours per week were—
Aver
age
Num | Numage
nomi
ber of J berof rate
of nal full Over
Over 57
estab
51
em
time
lish ployees.
48
54
per
and
and
hours and
ments.
and under
54.
60.
hour.
per under under
under
week.
60.
54.
51.
57.
Cutters, lining, cloth, male.
1911.
$0.2984
.2413
53.3
57.6
.2701
55.4
.3059
.2488
53.2
56.8
20
128
.2800
54.8
20
12
43
193
27
205
137
336
.3414
.2594
.2179
. 3586
.2921
. 2969
54.3
60.0
57.4
56.1
59.9
57.2
13
176
323
48 | 1,050
.3188
56.3
13
22 ;
177
30
267
206
419
.3337
. 2844
. 2258
. 3395
.2944
.2742
64 : 2,066
812
118
32
296
186
462
Massachusetts............................
Other States...............................
Total.................................
31 I
115
16
27
17
45
1912.
Massachusetts............................
Other States...............................
14 ;
17 I
Total.................................
31 |
34
34
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe,
hand, male.
1910.
Massachusetts............................
Missouri......................................
New Hampshire.........................
New Y ork..................................
Ohio............................................
Other States...............................
Total.................................
14 !
4 I
13 i
228
12
118
22
70
40
175
193
20
97
176
405
395
319
54.4
59.8
57.4
55.5
59.9
158
45
337
154
22
29
24
25
54
230
24
152
24
. 3127
56.2
158
589
587
384
348
.3400
. 3042
.2424
. 3467
.3241
. 2847
53.1
59.4
58.0
54.6
56.3
56.8
217
100
428
9
62
160
112
11
194
257
64 ! 1,906 i .3222
55.0
217
720
272
323
.3323
.2690
. 2842
. 1172
.2594
55.2
60.0
56.9
55.9
58.7
342
1911.
Massachusetts.............................
Missouri......................................
New Hampshire.....................
New York...................................
Ohio............................................
Other States................................
Total.................................
4I
ii i
5 :
20
148
1912.
Massachusetts............................ .
Missouri......................................
New Hampshire........................ .
New Y ork....................................
Ohio.............................................
Other States................................
Total................................. .
22
*
4 :
2 ;
11
5'
20 1
162
13
94
31
74
212
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe,
machine, male.
1910.
Massachusetts............................ .
Missouri.......................................
New Hampshire..........................
New Y ork....................................
Other States................................
Total..................................
17 |
235 ! .3013
57.8 I
28
13
13
26
54
45
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
CUTTING DEPARTMENT—Continued.
j Employees whose nominal full-time
Aver j
working hours per week were—
Aver
age
Num Num
nomi
age
i
ber of ber of rate of nalfull
!
! Over 1
estab
wages time Over
em
51
| 57
48
lish ployees.
|
54
per
hours and
and i
and
and |
ments.
hour.
per under under 54. 1under
junderj 60.
I
week.
54.
60. |
51.
57.
Occupation, year, and State.
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe,
machine, male—Concluded.
1911.
Massachusetts___
Missouri...............
New Hampshire.
New Y ork...........
Other States.......
8
3
2
4
3
Total..
20
3 1
16 |
37 !
79 $0.3589
.2536
55
.2944
54
.4007
35
.2590
47
54.6
59.7
57.1
55.0
59.0
42
34
17
17
18
270
.3126
57.0
59
69 |
8
3
2
4
3
95
50
63
52
40
.3571
.2579
.3019
.3736
.2576
52.8
57.7
57.3
53.2
59.2
29
20
300
. 3186
55.5
29
39
31
16
87 1
55
1912.
Massachusetts__
Missouri..............
New Hampshire.
New Y ork...........
Other States.......
Total...............................
|
66
19
24
28
24
113 1
63 '
!
22 •
18
| 85 s
49
1
Skivers, upper, machine, male.
1910.
1
I
I
9
4 i1
!
!
!
7
5
58
16
.2754
.3331
54.2
56.8
49
12
74
.2878
54.7
49
1
18 |
1
12 !'
16
12
104
32
.2975
.2747
54.2
56.9
92
10
14
2 !
IS
28
136
.2921
54.8
92
24
20 i.
16
12
110
36
.2954
.2675
54.1
56.1
10
100
28
146
.2885
54.6
10
100
11
12
8
6
6
4
13
106
58
42
32
20
80
.1812
.1591
.1794
.1931
.1794
.1671
54.6
60.0
57.1
56.6
59.9 !
57.4 j
1
28
25
49
49
338
.1749
57.0 j
1
Massachusetts........ .
Missouri..................
New Hampshire___
New York...............
Ohio.........................
Other States............
16
5
6
8
5
20
107
52
48
38
32
97
.1969
.1551
.1716
.1925
.1661
.1622
Total..............
60
374
.1758
Massachusetts..
Other States.. .
Total.
31
!
12
1911.
Massachusetts.
Other States...
Total.
j
1913.
Massachusetts..
Other States...
Total.................................
Skivers, upper, machine, female.
.!
2 1
24 !.
24 1
1
1
i
i
1910.
Massachusetts....
Missouri..............
New Hampshire.
New Y ork...........
Ohio....................
Other States.......
Total.............
1911.
2
13
2
3
53
2
3 !
40 :
6 :
27 | 37 !
14
14
14
30
40
81 1
j
86 I
100
54.9
59.9
57.1
56.2
59.9
57.2
24
12
66 1
5
6 i
44 ;
46
19
4 1
5 •
57.0
25
i
1
2
38 | 46
13
25
11
33
113 j 108 ;
95
46
B U L L E T IN OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
C U T T I N G D E P A R T M E N T —Concluded.
|
Occupation, year, and State.
Skivers, upper, machine,female—
Concluded.
Employees whose nominal full-time
Aver
working hours per week were—
Aver
age
Num- i IN
xt„
uuiage
nomi
berof 1
rate of nalfull Over
Over 57
estab ! berof
em
51
wages time
lish- 1ployees.
48
54
per
and
and
hours and
j ments. j
and under 60.
hour.
per under under 54. under
54.
week.
60.
51.
57.
I
1
1912.
16
5
6
8
5
20
Massachusetts..............................
.........................
Missouri
.
New Hampshire
...................
New York....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States
......................
Total..................................
60
96 $0.2028
. 1779
31
48
.1827
43
.2173
.1696
35
92
.1849
53.5
54.0
57.3
55.3
54.0
56.4
9
.1914
55.1
9
345
20
67
31
6
24
35
1
1
48
1
49
42
26
158
50
91
11
7
29
8
2
10
3
9
6
42
5
13
7
39
22
48
18
7
33
11
2
18
7
13
1
3
41
5
16
i
11
SOLE-LEATHER DEPARTMENT.
Channelers, insole and outsole,
male.
1910.
Massachusetts..............................
New Y ork....................................
Other States.................................
11
9
24
Total...................................
44
1911.
Massachusetts...............................
N ew Y ork....................................
50 $0.3427
.2993
22
.2601
66
138
.2963
53.9
56.6
58.1
4
56.3
4
.3146
59
54.4
17
.2980
56.1
10
26
.2645
72
Other
30 States.................................
58.0
57
157
.2889
56.3
7
46
38
45
21
Massachusetts..............................
New Y ork ....................................
Other States.................................
17
10
30
60
25
64
.3105
.3038
.2784
54.4
54.3
56.9
5
7
38
12
11
16
2
12
1
38
1
3
3
Total..................................
57
149
.2956
55.5
12
61
30
39
7
Cutters, outsole, male.
1910.
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
Other States.................................
10
3
18
60
29
54
.3023
.3086
.2228
54.6
59.2
57.5
40
17
8
12
3
22
21
7
13
Total...................................
31
143
.2735
56.6
48
29
46
20
36
27
7
16
2
20
17
6
15
43
43
39
21
17
4
24
20
14
7
34 . 48
21
Total...................................
1912.
1911.
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
Total...................................
1912.
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
Total...................................
.2974
12
54.8
65
26
.3066
3
59.2
Other
.2425
21 States.................................
55
57.4
36
146
.2784
56.6
12
65
.3071
54.7
38
.2943
59.4
3
58
Other
21 States.................................
.2571
56.4
36
161
.2861
56.4
44
17
2
56
2
1
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912----BOOTS AND SHOES.
47
I I .—AVERAGE KATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
PITTING OR STITCHING DEPARTMENT.
Occupation, year, and State.
Employees whose nominal full-time
Aver
working hours per week were—
Aver
age
Num Num
nomi
age
ber of ber of rate of nal fifllOver 51
Over 57
estab
wages time
em
lish ployees.
48
54
per
and
hours
and
and under
54.
and under
ments.
60.
hour.
per under
under
week.
54.
60.
51.
57.
Backstay stitchers, female.
1910.
Massachusetts...............................
Missouri........
N T T a m p sh ire ..........................
New Y ork....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States.................................
14
8
6
6
4
11
118 $0.1968
.1657
30
54
.1671
.1577
32
.1423
24
49
.1737
54.7
58.8
57.1
56.9
59.9
57.7
1
Total...................................
49
307
. 1765
56.6
1
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
N ew Hampshire..........................
New Y ork....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States.................................
21
8
6
8
5
19
154
24
63
43
31
77
.2109
.1631
.1745
.1718
.1539
.1704
Total...................................
67
392
21
8
6
8
5
19
28
23
4
9
3
5
61
7
5 ‘ *’ 49*
2
4
7
13
19
13
17
14
23
32
35
88
84
67
54.8
59.4
57.0
56.1
59.9
57.4
21
52
7
16
70
2
8
3
1
27
11
4
55
2
8
41
15
23
8
.1854
56.5
28
69
110
121
64
138
25
58
51
27
79
.2116
.1708
.1647
.1719
.1739
.1906
53.7
54.0
57.2
56.2
54.0
56.4
11
4
123
25
4
26
27
2
58
3
18
41
36
67
378
.1893
55.2
11
8
203
41
97
18
Massachusetts..............................
Other States.................................
13
20
38
70
.2102
.1570
54.8
57.1
2
19
10
14
9
3
45
6
Total...................................
33
108
.1757
56.3
2
29
23
48
6
13
20
60
108
.2113
.1628
53.9
56.3
17
43
36
8
64
33
168
.1801
55.4
17
79
8
64
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri.......................................
New Hampshire.
..
. .
New Y ork....................................
Ohio.............................................
Other States................................
11
7
6
8
3
14
75
44
27
44
19
53
.2112
.1595
.1830
.1747
.1670
.1525
54.4
60.0
57.0
56.5
59.9
58.0
1
23
15
35
1
18
5
4
1
13
22
12
3
22
10
16
17
Total..................................
49
262
.1784
57.1
1
34
57
60
87
1 9 11.
18
1912.
Massachusetts...............................
Missouri
.....................
.................
New Hampshire........................ .
New Y ork....................................
Ohio.............................................
Other States.................................
Total..................................
Buttonhole makers, female.
1911.
1913.
Massachusetts..............................
Other States.................................
Total...................................
Closers-on, female.
1910.
23
44
48
BULLETIN" OF T H E BU REA U OP LABOR STATISTICS.
I I .—AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
FITTING OR STITCHING DEPARTMENT—Continued.
Occupation, year, and State.
Employees whose nominal full-time
Aver
working hours per week were—
Aver
age
Num Num
nomi
age
ber of ber of rate
of nal full Over
estab
Over 57
em
wages
time
51
lish ployees.
48
54
per
hours and
and
and
ments.
and under
60.
hour.
per under under 54.
under
week.
54.
60.
51.
57.
Closers-on, female—Concluded.
1911.
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
N ew Hampshire..........................
New Y ork....................................
Ohio.............................................
Other States................................
18
7
6
11
3
20
107 $0.2107
44
.1628
29
.1675
63
.1732
.1573
35
72
.1649
54.8
59.7
56.9
55.9
59.9
57.8
5
Total..................................
65
350
.1796
56.9
18
7
6
11
3
20
103
27
24
69
28
80
.2070
.1644
.1879
.1839
.1774
.1727
53.7
54.0
57.5
54.5
54.0
56.7
65
331
. 1865
54.9
15
14
7
6
9
4
13
211
75
60
93
30
116
.1870
.1262
.1489
.1693
.1387
.1563
54.3
60.0
56.8
56.5
59.8
57.2
2
53
585
.1639
56.5
2
22
6
11
5
21
269
66
46
109
58
173
.1932
.1267
.1539
.1644
.1480
.1473
72
721
22
7
6
29
71
32
6
13
1
18
2
12
23
5
6
40
5
62
108
88
87
7
3
93
27
8
13
29
28
1
2
24
2
15
34
45
16
178
36
71
80
43
81
8
29
14
8
4
42
5
75
46
22 ‘ ’ *26
13
17
55
lo
88
76
145
54.4
59.7
57.0
56.3
59.8
57.2
77
89
95,
4
42
8
27
5
. 1656
56.5
81
136
.1938
. 1528
.1302
. 1661
. 1738
.1643
53.7
54.0
57.3
54.9
54.0
56.5
13
. 18
205
57
8
21
5
21
236
• 57
73
95
71
174
34
71
6
72
706
.1709
55.0
21
39
Massachusetts..............................
Other States................................
15
21
66
68
.2298
.1807
54.4
57.2
Total..................................
36
134
.2049
55.8
32
13
29
13
1913.
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri T, _____
New Hampshire..........................
New Y ork....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States.................................
Total.................................. !i
15
Lining makers, female.
1910.
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri.......................................
New Hampshire..........................
New Y ork....................................
Ohio............................................. i
Other States................................ '1
Total..................................
141
133
60
8
20
38
5
22
96
31
36
12
190
189
125
2
73
3
27
83
85
373
85
161
27
10
35
3
19
13
2
47
5
10
38
32
49
5
1911.
Massachusetts.............................. !
Missouri.......................................
New Hampshire .
__
New Y ork....................................
Ohio
........................................
Other States................................
Total..................................
j
Massachusetts.............................. j
.......................................
Missouri
i
New Hampshire.......................... •
New Y ork....................................
Ohio............................................. I
Other States................................
46
1912.
Total..................................
u
Tip stitchers, female.
1911.
WAGES AN D H OU KS OF LABOK,
1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AN D SHOES.
49
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
Table
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
FITTING OR STITCHING DEPARTMENT—Continued.
Occupation, year, and State.
Employees whose nominal full-time
Aver
working hours per week were—
age
Num Num Aver
nomi
age
ber of
of rate of nalfull Over
Over 57
estab ber
51
wages time
em
54
48
lish
and
and
per
hours and
54.
60.
and under
ments. ployees. hour.
per under under
under
54.
week.
60.
57.
51.
Tip stitchers,female—Concluded.
1912.
15
21
69 $0.2383
.1927
68
54.0
56.4
12
54
14
3
14
40
12
68
17
40
64
79
93
15
27
9
5
5
41
71
7
19
80
20
37
24
64
111
148
192
?03
133
47
131
12
14
4
17
23
78
9
26
115
36
137
.2157
55.2
15
8
6
6
4
14
254
116
80
65
56
150
.2067
.1774
.1690
.1876
.1639
.1858
54.6
60.0
57.0
57.0
59.8
57.5
3
New Hampshire..........................
New Y ork....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States.................................
Total...................................
53
721
.1884
56.9
3
22
8
6
11
5
21
344
111
92
88
86
190
.2202
.1718
.1753
.2084
.1588
.1785
54.6
59.3
56.9
56.5
59.9
57.6
63
3
51
73
911
.1941
56.7
63
183
212
268
185
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
New Hampshire..........................
New Y ork....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States.................................
22
8
6
11
5
21
378
88
106
114
78
186
.2156
.1786
.1640
.2097
.1854
.1880
53.7
54.0
57.2
54.9
54.0
56.7
24
63
291
88
5
18
61
78
3
1
106
2
27
79
104
Total...................................
73
950
.1978
54.9
29
81
521
80
212
27
Massachusetts..............................
New Hampshire..........................
New York....................................
Other States.................................
10
5
5
13
134
33
35
61
.3152
.2365
.3019
.2683
54.1
56.6
56.2
57.9
48
61
6
25
7
16
15
26
19
12
28
Total..................................
33
263
.2927
55.5
48
67
63
57
28
Massachusetts..............................
New Hampshire..........................
New York....................................
Other States.................................
17
6
8
20
186
47
36
74
.3388
.2482
.3238
.2920
54.2
56.7
55.6
57.8
21
133
5
29
9
34
22
3
38
2
18
29
Total..................................
51
343
.3147
55.5
21
138
94
61
29
Top stitchers or undertrimmers,
female.
1910.
110
1911.
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
New Hampshire..........................
New York....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States.................................
Total..................................
76
28
60
21
1912.
Vampers, male.
1910.
1911.
7446°—Bull. 134—13------4
50
B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I , —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
FITTING OR STITCHING DEPARTMENT—Concluded.
Occupation, year, and State.
Employees whose nominal full-time
Aver
working hours per week were—
age
Num Num Aver
nomi
age
ber of
of rate of nal full Over
Over 57
estab ber
51
wages time
em
lish
48
54
and
and
per
hours and
and under
60.
54.
ments. ployees. hour.
per under under
under
60.
54.
week.
51.
57.
Vampers, male—Concluded.
1913.
17
6
8
20
277 $0.3254
54
.2401
.3325
38
66
.2899
53.9
57.2
54.6
57.2
15
New York....................................
Other States
.................
Total...................................
51
435
.3100
54.9
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
New Hampshire..........................
New Y ork....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States.................................
15
8
6
6
4
14
287
120
117
94
74
171
.2681
.2226
.2242
.2448
.2035
.2179
54.5
60.0
57.1
56.4
59.8
57.5
14
Total...................................
53
863
.2378
56.9
20
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
New Hampshire.........................
New Y ork....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States.................................
22
8
6
9
5
21
385
127
134
130
140
208
.2759
.2403
.2120
.2349
.2033
.2105
54.8
59.3
57.0
55.6
59.9
57.4
21
Total...................................
71
1,124
.2384
56.5
21
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
New Hampshire..........................
New Y ork....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States.................................
22
8
6
9
5
21
309
105
100
141
118
246
.2466
.2322
.2138
.2506
.2174
.2233
53.7
54.0
57.2
55.6
54.0
56.8
Total...................................
71
1,019
.2334
55.1
15
Massachusetts............. ...... ..........
4
40
191
27
16
4
4
7
23
54
11
28
11
15
56
199
57
93
15
6
39
94
141
27
10
5
Vampers, female.
1910.
7
120
107
10 '* "3 8
47
27
90
27
4
50
39
125
206
241
45
133
55
191
15
14
5
3
66
16
18
120
11
35
115
38
105
24
45
191
291
315
261
14
43
252
105
1
23
68
118
3
106
137
546
107
237
48
232
1911.
94
1913.
100
66
1
48
LASTING DEPARTMENT.
Assemblers, for pulling-over ma
chine, mule.
1911.
Massachusetts............................
Other States...............................
9
8
148 $0.2932
70
.2332
54.6
57.2
78
15
68
1
2
47
Total.................................
7
17
218
.2739
55.4
93
69
49
7
Massachusetts............................
Other States...............................
9
8
148
80
.2807
.2346
53.6
56.9
31
78
24
36
1
47
3
8
Total.................................
17
228
.2645
54.8
31
102
37
47
11
1912.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912----BOOTS AND SHOES.
51
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
LASTING DEPARTMENT—Continued.
Occupation, year, and State.
Employees whoso nominal full-time
Aver
working hours per week were—
Aver
age
Num
age
nomi
ber of ber of rate of nal full
Over
estab
wages time Over 51
em
57
48
lish
54
per
and
and
and
and under
54.
ments. ployees. hour. hours
60.
per under under
under
week.
54.
60.
51.
57.
Bed-machine operators, male.
1910.
207 $0.3429
.2924
41
.2464
67
.3286
73
42
.2983
.2823
83
54.2
60.0
56.9
57.9
59.8
56.9
15
Ohio. . ..
...........................
Other States. . . ............. ., ___
7
7
3
5
3
10
Total.................................. .
35
513
.3108
56.4
Ohio.............................................
Other States.................................
14
6
3
9
5
17
331
50
72
96
72
172
.3523
.3068
.2465
.3442
.2977
.2927
Total...................................
54
793
14
6
3
9
5
17
161
31
4
5
5
4
15
54.3
58.7
56.6
56.5
59.9
56.9
26
.3210
56.1
26
263
201
470
54
91
131
87
171
.3054
.2778
.2403
.3458
.3080
.3093
54.3
59.6
57.2
54.7
56.6
56.9
58
339
60
41
54
1,004
.3042
55.5
99
8
8
5
3
3
6
114
75
58
26
21
31
.3481
.2746
.2521
.3427
.3239
.2875
* 55.3
60.0
57.1
55.4
59.9
58.8
4
33
325
.3062
57.4
4
Massachusetts___• .....................
Missouri........................................
New Hampshire..........................
New Y ork....................................
Ohio.............................................
Other States................................
12
7
4
3
5
8
204
85
59
35
48
46
.3682
.2884
.2222
.3226
.2870
.2855
Total...................................
39
477
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
New Hampshire..........................
New York....................................
Ohio.............................................
Other States................................
12
7
4
3
5
8
Total...................................
39
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri__ .,
_______ ___
New Hampshire...... ...............
41
36
62
45
17
29
19
25
14
169
77
153
99
246
46
13
13
14 ” *58’
52
15
17
76
80
1911.
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri....
........................
New Hampshire...................... .
14
3
183
37
i5
55
13
120
1912.
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
New Hampshire..........................
New York....................................
Ohio.............................................
Other States................................
Total...................................
'
19
91
11
46
20
50
3 ***7i* ” *97’
13
35
i§
37
438
151
19
78
13
10
48
2
6
19
6
15
10
39
90
86
106
55.0
59.8
57.2
55.6
59.9
58.8
76
115
13
18
49
67
18
10
9
.3164
57.0
94
137
221
73
60
46
42
36
.3473
.2808
.2633
.3529
.3476
.3078
54.1
58.8
57.5
55.9
55.9
57.6
26
116
14
72
478
.3242
55.8
26
218
98
Hand-method lasting machine
operators, male.
1910.
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
New Hampshire..........................
New York....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States.................................
Total....................
20
75
1911.
3
......
....... 8
43
16
27
112
134
1913.
25
29
184
7
59
8
60
6
30
86
97
*’ **13
13
85
52
B U L L E T IN OF T H E BU REAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I .—AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
L A S T IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Concluded.
i
Occupation, year, and State.
Employees whose nominal full-time
Aver
working hours per week were—
age
Num Num Aver
age
nomi
ber of
of rate of nalfull Over
estab ber
Over 57
em
wages
time
51
48
lish ployees.
54
per
and
hours and
ments.
54.
and and
60.
hour.
per
under
under under
week. under
54.
60.
51.
57.
Pullers-over, hand, male.
1910.
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
New Hampshire..........................
New York....................................
Ohio.............................................
Other States................................
Total.................................
11
5
5
4
2
8
341 $0.3227
.3074
57
.2244
152
42
.3233
.2594
70
.2868
122
54.6
60.0
56.8
57.7
59.9
56.9
5
35
784
.2913
56.4
5
12
359
4
47
2
65
7
76
5
133
Other
15 States
217
.3483
.3206
.2495
.3166
.2869
.2829
19
187
110
20
2
18
10
18
40
134
30
10
34
19
207
178
228
54.5
57.1
57.0
56.4
60.0
56.6
27
216
99
27
17
28
14
19
94
65
34
13
90
120
14
27
263
234
219
154
111
216
59
19
25
70
2
15
57
60
30
147
1911.
Massachusetts.............................
Missouri.........................
New Hampshire.........................
New Y ork....................................
Ohio........................................
...........................
45
897
.3121
56.3
12
4
2
7
5
15
429
40
70
73
65
222
.3283
.2754
.2620
.3355
.3232
.3202
54.0
59.4
57.0
54.2
58.8
56.4
24
45
899
.3190.
55.4
24
7
7
4
13
75
33
73
70
.3264
.3719
.3400
.2694
31
251
Massachusetts.............................
Missouri......................................
New York...................................
Other States.................................
13
7
6
17
Total...................................
Total...................................
20
1912.
Massachusetts.............................
Missouri...................................
New Hampshire..........................
New Y ork....................................
Ohio...............................
Other States............................
Total..............................
59
12
13
9 ” il7 ' ‘ *'96*
111
212
52
297
188
54.7
60.0
57.4
59.0
41
33
1
3
54
30
33
10
37
.3204
57.4
50
36
85
80
150
28
75
75
.3499
.2820
.3476
.2700
54.5
59.6
55.8
58.3
93
54
1
52
13
3
6
43
21
6
19
43
328
.3253
56.1
110
120
52
46
Massachusetts.............................
Missouri........................................
New York.....................................
Other States.................................
13
7
6
17
140
37
60
68
.3036
.2993
.3594
.2962
54.1
59.1
54.8
57.4
15
30
34
89
5
12
7
13
3
2
2
40
3
30
12
8
Total...................................
43
305
.3124
55.6
15
34
113
43
47
53
67
PuUers-over, machine, male.
1910.
Massachusetts.........................
Missouri...................................
New York...................................
Other States................................
Total.....................
9
1911.
17
1912.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1800 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
53
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
Table
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
BOTTOMING DEPARTMENT.
Occupation, year, and State.
Employees whose nominal full-time
Aver
working hours per week were—
age
Num Num Aver
nomi
age
ber of
of rate of nal full Over
Over 57
estab ber
51
wages
time
em
lish ployees.
48
54
per
hours and
and
and and
ments.
60.
54.
hour.
per
under
under under
week. under
54.
60.
51.
57.
Buffers, male.
1911.
92 $0.3128
42
.2276
40
.3209
54.7
57.1
56.7
5
47
33
4
16
7
42
18
.2940
55.8
2
5
51
49
67
2
89
39
42
.3306
.2489
.3101
54.9
57.0
56.5
5
45
32
7
16
4
39
15
4
36
170
.3068
55.8
5
52
48
58
7
Massachusetts...............................
Missouri.......................................
New Hampshire...........................
New York....................................
Ohio................. ............................
Other States............
.........
15
8
6
7
4
14
238
54
67
64
35
102
.4165
.3605
.2877
.3726
.3542
.3426
54.4
59.2
56.9
57.2
59.8
57.1
3
72
79
9
75
9
45
9 ‘ **58*
26 " " i e
7
11
24
42
42
15
Total...................................
54
560
.3733
56.3
3
22
7
6
9
5
19
324
. 56
74
78
59
131
.4209
.3483
.2758
.4086
.3297
.3569
68
722
22
7
6
9
5
19
Massachusetts...............................
New Hampshire___
Other States.................................
16
4
16
Total...................................
36
174
Massachusetts,. .,
.....
New Hampshire..........................
Other States.................................
16
4
16
Total...................................
1912.
*
3
Edge setters, male.
191Q.
15
3
72
97
142
146
54.4
59.9
56.9
56.2
59.9
57.3
60
158
90
30
10
25
3
45
16
8
64
7
11
71
.3800
56.3
60
191
170
177
124
295
52
70
94
62
125
.4218
.3445
.3026
.4104
.3614
.3768
54.5
59.5
57.2
54.7
57.1
56.7
32
168
4
83
7
5
48
20
68
698
.3892
55.8
52
257
149
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
New Hampshire..........................
New Y ork....................................
Ohio.............................................
Other States................................
15
8
6
8
4
14
255
61
70
68
39
80
.4038
.3495
.3155
.4342
.3349
.3723
54.4
60.0
56.8
57.0
59.9
57.2
3
58
98
85
11
16
12
11
3
29
58
23
9
36
Total...................................
55
573
.3818
56.4
3
117
137
137
100
1911.
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
New Hampshire..........................
New York....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States.................................
Total................................
48
i6
48
12
1912.
Massachusetts...............................
Missouri..................
New Hampshire...........................
New York........... .........................
Ohio............................................
Other States.................................
Total.............
. . .
’ *‘ 70*
52
30
3
“ *‘ i3
32
9
*57* **'65*
142
98
Edge trimmers, male.
1910.
58
61
18
30
12
121
54
T
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PEI! HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
B O T T O M I N G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued.
Occupation, year, and State.
Num
ber of
establishi ments.
Employees whose nominal full-time
Aver
working hours per week were—
Average
nomi
age
rate of nal full Over
Over 57
time
51
wages
48
54
hours and
per
and
and
54.
and under
60.
per
hour.
under
under
under
54.
week.
60.
51
57.
Num
ber of
em-
Edge trimmers, male—Concluded.
1911.
Massachusetts.............................. I
Missouri........................................\
New Hampshire..........................!
New Y ork.................................... ;
Ohio...............................................
Other States................................
Total..
367 $0.4179
54
.3311
.2997
84
.4202
91
52
.3819
.3682
117
54.5
59.9
56.8
56.1
59.9
57.3
55
765
.3890
56.1
55
220
332
48
97
92
53
129
.3946
.3391
.3283
.4178
.3917
.3967
54.6
59.3
57.4
55.3
57.3
57.1
30
190
.3855
55.9
184
113
46
19
41
10
40
174
200
116
1912.
Massachusetts___
Missouri...............
New Hampshire.
New Y ork...........
Ohio....................
Other States.......
Total..............................
71
42
6
21
82
19
29
146
Goodyear stitchers, male.
1910.
Massachusetts___
Missouri...............
New Hampshire.
New Y ork...........
Ohio.....................
Other States.......
158
34
49.
39
25
61
.4012
.3232
.2756
.4259
.3026
.4065
54.4
60.0
56.6
57.6
59.9
56.5
21
Total..
366
.3739
56.3
21
258
33
58
55
39
.4101
.3705
.2650
. 4064
.3494
.4087
54.4
59.1
56.5
56.7
59.9
56.8
28
529
.3808
55.9
28
184
245
52
43
69
52
101 |
.3989
.3486
.2865
.4479
.2961
!4129
54.4
59.9
57.3
55.4
57.0
56.6
21
166
562
.3847
55.9
38
103
.4857
.4583
.3335
.4075
.3773
' .4339
54.3
60.0
56.5
56.3
59.9
56.6
19
24
.4373
56.2
. 19
49
34
io
18
7
96
1911.
Massachusetts___
Missouri...............
New Hampshire.
New Y ork...........
Ohio.....................
Other States. . : . .
Total..
61
165
44
27
13
30
4
37
110
133
74
1912.
Massachusetts___
Missouri...............
New H ampshire.
New Y ork...........
Ohio.....................
Other States.......
Total..
61
6
46
if
17
51
105
26
95
Goodyear welters, male.
1910.
Massachusetts.................... .
Missouri...............................
New Hampshire.................
New Y ork...........................
Ohio....................................
Other States.......................
Total.........................
45
111
24
31
40
22
47
!
I
I
!
275
i
j
24
79
5 ;
*4
25 *
17
7
62 !
61
52
55
WAGES AND HOTJES OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
I I .—AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
B O T T O M IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued.
i
i
i
1 Aver-
Occupation, year, and State.
Employees whose nominal full-time
Aver
working hours per week were—
age
Num
ber of ber of rate of nomi
1
nal full
estab
Over
em
wages time Over 51
57
lish ployees.
48
54
per
hours and and
and
ments.
and under
60.
hour.
per under under 54.
under
week.
54.
60.
51.
57.
|
Goodyear welters, male—Concld.
1911.
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
New Hampshire..........................
New Y ork ....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States................................
18
6
3
9
5
19
179 $0.4989
30
.4696
33
.3313
45
.4492
32
.3691
73
.4226
54.3
59.2
56.5
56.1
59.9
57.2
27
Total...................................
119
11
28
5
9
23
2
28
24
5
6
37
5
25
6
26
6
60
392
.4520
56.0
27
132
93
77
63
1912.
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
New Hampshire..........................
New Y ork....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States................................
18
6
3
9
5 ;
19 |
192
39
31
40
35
74
.4767
.4481
.3723
.5218
.3823
.4319
54.4
59.8
57.3
54.8
56.9
56.7
30
126
28
4
6
31
5
4
33
Total...................................
60 |
411 | .4544
55.8
40
162
68
84
57
Heel breasters, male.
10
15
7
18
3 **’ 33' " '3 8 '
3
17
!!
!
1911.
Massachusetts..............................
16
19
................................
Other States
38
38
.3353
.2559
54.8
57.4
2
18
2
15
5
3
28
3
Total...................................
35
76
.2906
56.1
2
20
20
31
3
1912.
Massachusetts..............................
Other States................................
16
19
44
i .3196
33 | .2777
54.7
57.0
8
19
4
14
.5
2
21
1
3
Total...................................
35
77
.3017
55.7
8
23
19
23
4
1911.
Massachusetts..............................
16
................................
Other States
17
66
40
.3298
.2674
54.6
57.1
2
38
4
23
4
3
31
1
33
106
.3062
55.6
2
42
27
34
1
1912.
Massachusetts..............................
Other States................................
18
17
69
39
.3357
.2720
54.7
56.8
5
39
6
21
4
2
28
2
1
Total...................................
33
108
.3127
55.4
5
45
25
30
3
1911.
Massachusetts..............................
Other States................................
14
17
65
50
.4435
.3513
54.7
57.2
10
29
4
20
6
6
38
2
Total...................................
31
115
.4034
55.8
10
33
20
44
2
1912.
Massachusetts..............................
Other States................................
14
17
69
55
.4079
.3690
54.9
56.8
8
36
10
19
6
3
36
3
3
Total...................................
31
124
.3906
55.7
8
.46
25
39
6
/Teel burnishers, male.
Total..'..........................
Heelers, male.
56
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOB STATISTICS.
I I .—AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
BOTTOMING DEPARTMENT—Continued.
Occupation, year, and State.
Employees whose nominal full-time
Aver
working hours per week were—
age
Num Num Aver
age
nomi- •
ber of ber of rate
of nal full Over
estab
Over
em
wages
time
51
57
lish ployees.
48
54
per
hours and
and
and
ments.
54.
and under
60.
hour.
per under under
i
under
week.
54.
60.
51.
57.
Heel scourers, male.
1911.
76 10.3060
49
.2671
Massachusetts..............................
Other States.................................
20
Total...................................
35
125
15
15
54.7
55.0
7
.2908
54.8
38
6
25
5
36
2
7
44
30
42
2
6
1912.
Massachusetts..............................
Other States.................................
89
65
.3134
.2675
54.5
56.8
15
20
50
9
19
5
3
49
2
2
Total...................................
35
154
.2940
55.5
15
59
24
52
4
Massachusetts..............................
Other States.................................
15
19
44
33
.3401
54.8
57.3
25
.2112
2
16
3
3
25
3
Total...................................
34
77
.2848
55.9
27
19
28
3
Massachusetts..............................
Other States.................................
15
19
45
34
.3241
.2452
54.9
57.0
27
4
14
3
2
25
2
2
Total...................................
34
79
.2901
55.8
31
17
27
4
54.5
56.6
58.0
1
20
6
1
27
6
21
3
* 11
36
4
36
56.6
1
17
27
54
50
40
37
9
1
42
14
24
3
51
3
40
Heel sluggers, male.
1911.
1912.
Heel trimmers or shavers, male.
1910.
Massachusetts..............................
New Y ork....................................
Other States.................................
15
68
8
32
27
94
. 4555
.4890
.3536
Total...................................
55
189
.4096
1911.
17
1
Massachusetts..............................
New Y ork....................................
Other States.................................
22
10
29
116
.4533
.4816
.3058
54.7
55.9
58.1
10
39
Total...................................
71
246
.4154
56.5
16
47
80
60
43
Massachusetts..............................
New Y ork....................................
Other States.................................
22
10
89
31
119
.4417
.4705
.3801
54.7
55.0
57.3
11
7
39
44
13
13
2S
4
24
3
3
57
3
4
25
Total...................................
71
239
.4148
56.0
18
70
56
63
32
Massachusetts..............................
Other States.................................
10
20
54
48
.3353
.2535
54.6
57.1
27
5
16
7
4
33
3
Total...................................
36
102
.2968
55.8
32
23
37
3
101
6
1912.
Levelcrs, male.
1911.
_
7
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912----BOOTS AND SHOES.
57
I I . — AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
BOTTOMING DEPARTMENT—Concluded.
Occupation, year, and State.
Employees whose nominal full-time
Aver
working hours per week were—
Aver
age
Num Num
age
nomi
ber of ber of rate of nalfull
Over 57
estab
wages
51
time Over
em
48
lish
54
per
and
and
54.
and under
and under
ments. ployees. hour. hours
60.
per under
under
week.
54.
60.
51.
57.
Levelers, male—Concluded.
1912.
16
MassacJi usetter.......... ..................
Other States.................................
20
Total...................................
36
7
53 10.3338
49
.2773
54.8
56.7
7
102
.3090
55.7
7
26
16
2
2
11
6
28
4
37
22
30
6
23
McKay sewers, male.
1910.
Massachusetts..............................
Other States.................................
38
57
.3272
.2647
54.9
58.5
1
21
Total...................................
28
95
.2897
57.1
1
9
5
1
4
26
2
5
24
30
25
43
6
3
40
15
9
49
43
15
8
34
10
10
1911.
Massachusetts..............................
Other States.................................
59
70
.3450
.2540
55.0
57.8
13
21
Total...................................
30
129
.2956
56.5
13
9
9
1912.
Massachusetts..............................
Other States............................... .
47
81
.2997
.2770
55.0
57.0
3
21
Total...................................
30
128
.2854
56.3
3
16
2
6
48
11
24
40
50
11
35
3
3
15
14
28
33
41
40
44
39
59
4
21
Bough rounders, male.
1910.
Massachusetts..............................
New Y ork....................................
Total...................................
54.6
.4671
57
57.2
.4171
7
29
58.0
25 States.................................
79
.3571
Other
12
44
165
.4056
56.7
1
1
19
6
2
6
1911.
Massachusetts..............................
New York....................................
Total...................................
54.6
88
.4781
18
56.1
9
28
.4627
57.8
105
.3945
Other
33 States.................................
2
6
2
2
18
29
35
4
39
43
43
60
221
.4364
56.3
2
65
68
Massachusetts..............................
New York....................................
Other States................................
18
9
33
98
35
115
.4747
.4663
.3999
54.5
54.9
57.3
11
12
61
22
2
2
10
17
5
23
3
45
5
30
Total...................................
60
248
.4388
55.9
23
88
50
50
37
1912.
58
BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB STATISTICS.
I I . -AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK INEACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
FINISHING DEPARTMENT.
|
Employees whose nominal full-time
Aver- 1 working hours per week were—
Aver
age J
Num Num
age
nomi
ber of ber of rate of nal full
| 51
Over
estab
time Over
em
wages
57
48
54
lish ployees. per
and
and
hours and
54.
60.
and under
ments.
hour.
per under under
under
54.
week.
60.
57.
51.
!
Occupation, year, and State.
Treers or ironers, hand, male.
1910.
..................................
2
10
448 $0.2834
92
.2339
99
.1893
51
.2158
.1962
25
.2791
117
Total...................................
44
832
.2594
55.9
173
140
225
Massachusetts
........................
Missouri........................................
New Hampshire..........................
New Y ork
....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States.................................
19
7
.2935
.2304
.1995
.2054
.2043
.2839
54.4
59.9
56.8
57.4
59.9
56.9 1
100
255
184
10
24
27
5
18
539
92
98
71
45
161
76
76
24
35
9
Total...................................
63
1,006
.2668
56.0 I
100
265
311
181
149
19
7
.2852
.2164
.1935
.2679
94
305
3
143
21
13
13
7
.2787
54.3
59.8
57.7
55.5
58.7
56.7
Massachusetts.... ____________
13
8
6
5
Ohio
54.2
60.0
56.8
58.3
60.0
56.8
173
140
135
92
24
4
75
31
62
44
150
16
25
11
144
1911.
6
8
11
74
10
10
81
1912.
Massachusetts..............................
Missouri........................................
New Hampshire..........................
New Y ork....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States.................................
5
18
542
89
134
59
60
192
Total...................................
63
1,076
.2618
55.9
1910.
New Y ork...................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States ...............................
3
22
32
3
20
.1997
.1194
.1190
54.0
59.7
59.0
22
2
Total...................................
8
74
.1432
57.8
22
1911.
New Y ork....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States.................................
4
23
39
23
.1942
. 1287
.1218
54.0
59.8
59.3
23
5
Total...................................
11
85
.1446
58.1
23
4
.1651
.1591
.1423
52.9
54.0
55.6
11
5
29
33
43
18
33
16
13
14
11
105
.1539
54.3
11
67
13
14
6
8
.2112
115
334
86
134
2
**’89* *‘ io3*
239
16
47
239
149
22
10
10
10
32
20
17
22
Treers or ironers, hand, female.
1912.
New' Y ork....................................
Ohio..............................................
Other States.................................
Total...................................
2
2
8
15
25
37
WAGES AN D HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912---- BOOTS AND SHOES.
59
Table I I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912.
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
[The establishments set opposite each bracketed group of years are identical.]
CUTTING DEPARTMENT.
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver nomi
Num
age
nal
Occupation, State, and number of Year. ber of rate of fuH- Over
Over
em
wages time
51
establishments.
57
48
54
ployees. per
and
and
hours
and
54.
and under
60.
hour.
per under under
under
54.
60.
week. 51
57.
CUTTERS, LINING, CLOTH, MALE.
Massachusetts:
(1911
14 establishments..................... \1912
$0.2984
.3059
53.3
53.2
CUTTERS, VAMP AND WHOLE SHOE,
HAND, MALE.
Massachusetts:
(1910
14 establishments..................... \1911
752
712
.3414
.3405
54.3
54.2
(1911
\1912
967
812
.3337
.3400
54.4
53.1
Missouri:
(1910
6 establishments....................... \1911
193
177
.2594
.2844
60.0
59.9
177
118
.2844
.3042
59.8
59.4
.2179
.2258
57.4
57.4
.2258
.2424
57.4
58.0
205
214
.3586
56.1
55.8
(1911
11 establishments..................... \1912
Ohio:
(1910
4 establishments....................... \1911
267
.3395
.3467
55.5
54.6
137
154
.2921
.2946
>9.8
(1911
5 establishments....................... \1912
206
186
.2944
.3241
22 establishments.....................
(1911
4 establishments....................... \1912
New Hampshire:
(1910
2 establishments....................... \1911
(1911
2 establishments....................... \1912
New York:
(1910
9 establishments....................... \1911
217
176
158
323
228
196
158
100
450
428
337
54
13
29
193
148
148
94
20
24
62
128
160
24
31
97
100
54
112
152
74
CUTTERS, VAMP AND WHOLE SHOE,
MACHINE, MALE.
Massachusetts:
(1910
4 establishments....................... \1911
.3323
55.2
55.4
(1911
\l912
.3589
.3571
54.6
52.8
.2901
60.0
59.5
28
18
(1911
3 establishments....................... \1912
New Hampshire:
/1910
2 establishments.......................
\1911
.2536
.2579
59.7
57.7
39
31
.2842
.2944
56.9
57.1
(1911
2 establishments.......................
\1912
New York:
3 establishments....................... /1910
11911
.2944
. 3019
57.1
57.3
.4172
.4110
55.9
55.1
1911
[1912
.4007
.3736
55.0
53.2
8 establishments.......................
Missouri:
(1910
3 establishments....................... \1911
4 establishments.......................
34
34
29
17
37
15
24
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
60
I I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
C U T T I N G D E P A R T M E N T —Concluded.
Num
Occupation, State, and number of Year. ber of
emestablishments.
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver- nomi
age
nal
rate of fuH- Over
Over
wages time
51
57
48
54
per
and
hours
and
and and
54.
hour.
under
per under under
under
54.
60.
week. 51.
57.
SKIVERS, UPPER, MACHINE, MALE.
Massachusetts:
/1910
7 establishments........................ \1911
(1911
16 establishments....................... \1912
58 $0.2754
.3102
61
104
.2975
110
.2954
54.2
54.1
54.2
54.1
.1812
.2057
.1969
.2028
54.6
55.8
54.9
53.5
.1591
.1548
.1551
.1779
60.0
59.4
59.9
54.0
.1794
.1716
.1716
.1827
57.1
57.1
57.1
57.3
.1931
.1880
.1925
.2173
56.6
56.6
56.2
55.3
.1794
.1670
.1661
.1696
59.9
54.0
52
92
100
SKIVERS, UPPER, MACHINE, FEMALE.
Massachusetts:
/1910
12 establishments....................... \1911
J1911
16 establishments....................... \1912
Missouri:
/1910
8 establishments........................
\1911
106
78
107
/1911
5 establishments........................ \i912
New Hampshire:
fl910
6 establishments........................ \1911
J1911
6 establishments........................ \1912
New York:
/1910
6 establishments........................
\1911
/1911
8 establishments........................ \1912
Ohio:
4 establishments........................ /1910
\1911
,0911
5 establishments........................ 1l912
31
35
S O L E -L E A T H E R D E P A R T M E N T .
CHANNELERS, INSOLE AND OUTSOLE,
MALE.
Massachusetts:
fl910
11 establishments...................... [1911
ri9ii
17 establishments...................... [1912
New York:
fl910
9 establishments........................ [1911
10 establishments......................
ri9ii
[1912
50 $0.3427
52
.3449
59
.3146
.3105
60
53.9
54.0
54.4
54.4
22
22
26
25
.2993
.3025
.2980
.3038
56.6
56.4
56.1
54.3
60
53
65
65
.3023
.3051
.2974
.3071
54.6
54.7
54.8
54.7
29
26
26
38
.3086
.3066
.3066
.2943
59.2
59.2
59.2
59.4
4
4
7
7
7
5
29
28
33
38
8
7
7
11
12
10
13
18
16
1
1
3
7
7
3
3
2
1
17
19
27
17
2
2
6
5
5
5
3
CUTTERS, OUTSOLE, MALE.
Massachusetts:
ri9io
10 establishments...................... [1911
ri9ii
12 establishments......................
[1912
Missouri:
fl910
3 establishments........................ [1911
fl911
3 establishments........................ [1912
40
32
36
44
3
4
22
20
20
24
7
6
6
14
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912----BOOTS AND SHOES.
61
I I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
FITTIN G OR STITCHING DEPARTMENT.
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver nomi
age
nal
Occupation, State, and number of
of rate of fuH- Over
Year. ber
Over
establishments.
em
wages time
51
57
48
54
and
ployees. per
and
and under
and under
60.
54.
hour. hours under
under
per
54.
60.'
week. 51.
57.
BACKSTAY STITCHERS, FEMALE.
Massachusetts:
Missouri:
New Hampshire:
New York:
6 establishments
8 establishments
Ohio:
4 establishments........... .
KocfohlicliniATifc!
/1910
\1911
118 $0.1968
101
.2037
54.7
54.7
1
1
28
21
23
26
61
47
5
6
/1911
\1912
154
138
.2109
.2116
54.8
53.7
21
4
52
123
70
11
11
(1910
\1911
30
24
.1657
.1631
58.8
59.4
7
2
4
23
18
(1911
\1912
24
25
.1631
.1708
59.4
54.0
2
4
18
/1910
\1911
54
63
. 1671
.1745
57.1
57.0
5
8
49
55
/1911
\1912
63
58
. 1745
. 1647
57.0
57.2
8
55
58
/1910
\1911
32
37
.1577
.1682
56.9
56.6
4
7
9
9
2
2
/1911
\1912
43
51
.1718
.1719
56.1
56.2
7
16
26
3
4
/1910
\1911
24
23
.1423
.1492
59.9
59.8
/1911
\1912
31
27
.1539
.1739
59.9
54.0
/19U
\1912
38
60
.2102
.2113
54.8
53.9
/1910
\1911
75
78
.2112
.2103
54.4
54.8
/19U
\1912
107
103
.2107
.2070
54.8
53.7
/1910
\1911
44
44
.1595
.1628
60.0
59.7
/1911
\1912
44
27
.1628
.1644
59.7
54.0
/1910
\1911
27
29
. 1830
.1675
57.0
56.9
5
6
22
23
/1911
\1912
29
24
.1675
.1879
56.9
57.5
6
23
24
/1910
\1911
44
47
.1747
.1667
56.5
56.4
18
19
4
12
12
3
10
13
/1911
\1912
63
69
.1732
.1839
55.9
54.5
32
29
13
2
5
2
13
15
/1910
\1911
19
22
.1670
.1601
59.9
59.9
3
6
16
16
/1911
\1912
35
28
.1573
.1774
59.9
54.0
6
29
25
4
4
13
15
2
3
15
18
7
8
17
15
8
23
27
BUTTONHOLE MAKERS, FEMALE.
Massachusetts:
13 Astahlkhinpnts
2
17
19
43
14
3
1
1
23
5
15
16
35
55
1
1
5
3
29
93
71
2
7
CLOSERS-ON, FEMALE.
Massachusetts:
11 establishments
18 establishments
Missouri:
7 flcfflhllcllTTIDTlfC!
7 octahi ich monf c
New Hampshire:
A oc+qWicli monf c
A
h i iqTi TYionfq
New York:
fi fistahl l'sh m p n ts
11 establishments
Ohio:
o c t a h l lcTimon+c
5 p s ta h l l
m ptit <3
12
44
32
12
32
27
8
13
28 1.........
62
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS.
I I I — AVERAGE RATES OP WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
FITTIN G OB STITCHING DBFABTMENT-Continued.
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver nomi
Num
age
nal
Occupation, State, and number of Year. ber of rate of full Over
Over
em
wages time
establishments.
51
57
54
48
ployees. per
and
and
54.
and under
and under
60.
hour. hours
per under 54.
under
60.
week. 51.
57.
LINING MAKERS, FEMALE.
Massachusetts:
(1910
\ (911
211 $0.1870
199
.1881
54.3
54.3
2
3
80
77
43
43
81
71
5
5
77
18
89
205
95
8
13
8
20
75
43
20
46
/1911
22 Astablishmfvnts. . ...........
11912
Missouri:
/1910
7 establishments........................ 1911
269
236
.1932
. 1938
54.4
53.7
75
71
.1262
.1275
60.0
59.2
/1911
11912
66
57
.1267
. 1528
59.7
54.0
(1910
60
46
.1489
.1539
56.8
57.0
14
8
46
38
46
73
. 1539
.1302
57.0
8
38
73
\1911
93
91
.1693
.1615
56.7
flOll
109
.1644
7 establishments.....................
New Hampshire:
{ m x
/1911
\1912
New York:
9 establishments
11 establishments.......................
Ohio:
4 establishments........................
/1910
\1912
/1910
95
57
57.3
56.5
56.3
.1661
54.9
\1911
30
37
.1387
59.8
. 1442
59.7
5 establishments........................ /1911
\1912
58
.1480
71
.1738
59.8
54.0
66
69
.2298
.2383
54.4
54.0
\1911
254
252
.2067
.2196
54.6
54.5
/1911
344
\1912
378
.2202
.2156
54.6
53.7
/1910
116
.1774
.1718
60.0
111
\1912
111
88
.1718
.1786
/1910
80
.1690
.1753
.1753
.1640
57.0
.1876
.2078
.2084
.2097
57.0
57.2
. 1639
.1566
. 1588
. 1854
59.8
8
8
4
29
27
8
24
22
5
26
31
4
21
42
34
27
2
5
3
31
27
13
22
17
15
22
36
71
TIP STITCHERS, FEMALE.
Massachusetts:
15 establishments
/1911
\1912
10
12
35
54
19
3
2
TOP STITCHERS OR UNDERTRIMMERS,
FEMALE.
Massachusetts:
15 establishments
2 2 psts)hlishmPTit<:
Missouri:
ft
hi icli TY1O
/1910
\1911
/1911
New Hampshire:
fi
l'sh
A ocfcihHQhm/iTifQ
New York:
\1911
/1911
\1912
/1910
11
hi ishmAnt <<
Ohio:
\1911
/1911
\1912
4o c f o V\11 q}i m on f c
/ 1910
\1911
5 establishments........................ /1911
\1912
I
92
92
106
65
67
88
114
56
66
86
78
4
64
63
79
80
93
94
15
11
63
63
133
291
131
24
17
12
23
. 116
76
12
23
76
9
71
78
78
3
59.3 |
59.3 :
54.0
88
56.9
56.9
14
14
57.2
106
27
5 6 .5
54.9
5 9 .8
50 0
54.0
5
18
5
26
4
7
9
26
28
47
4
1
9
2
28
27
19
26
26 i
37
40
61
1
78 ........
60
WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOB, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
T
63
I I I ___ AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
F I T T I N G O R S T I T C H I N G D E P A R T M E N T —Concluded.
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver nomi
age
Num
nal
Occupation, State, and number of Year. ber of rate of fuH- Over
Over 57
wages time
em
51
establishments.
54
48
and
ployees. per
and and
and under
54.
hour. hours
under under
per under 54.
60.
week. 51.
57.
VAMPERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
10 establishments........
/1910
\1911
134 $0.3152
110
.3259
54.1
54.2
/1911
\1912
186
277
.3254
54.2
53.9
1910
1911
.2365
.2482
56.6
56.7
6 establishments.........
New York:
5 establishments.........
/1911
\1912
.2482
.2401
56.7
57.2
/1910
\1911
.3019
56.2
55.6
8 establishments.........
/1911
\1912
36
.3238
.3325
55.6
54.6
ri9io
1.1911
287
299
.2681
.2759
/1911
\1912
385
309
.2759
.2466
/1910
\1911
120
127
.2403
8 establishments......... .
New Hampshire:
6 establishments......... .
1911
L1912
127
105
.2403
.2322
1910
,1911
117
134
.2242
6 establishments......... .
New York:
6 establishments...........
1911
1912
134
100
.2120
.2138
/1910
\1911
94
104
.2448
.2378
9 establishments......... .
Ohio:
4 establishments........ .
/1911
\1912
130
141
.2349
.2506
5 establishments......... .
/1911
\1912
17 establishments........
New Hampshire:
5 establishments.........
21
133
191
27
26
16
VAMPERS, FEMALE,
Massachusetts:
15 establishments.........
22 establishments........
Missouri:
8 establishments......... .
/1910
\1911
45
94
106
141
134
133
252
191
120
94
94
105
107
120
.2120
14
55.1
55. (
55
59.!
.2033
.2174
120
100
10
11
38
38
11
38
48
27
35
47
47
35
105
23
.2035
140
118
16
59.!
54. (
118
L A S T IN G D E P A R T M E N T .
ASSEMBLERS, FOR PULLING-OVER
MACHINE, MALE.
Massachusetts:
9 establishments
/1911
\1912
148 $0.2932
148
.2807
54.6 i
53.6 J
31
78
78
68
36
2
3
64
B U L L E T IN OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOE STATISTICS.
I I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH STATE? BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
L A S T I N G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued.
Aver
age
Num
Occupation, State, and number of Year. ber of rate of
em
wages
establishments.
ployees. per
hour.
I
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
nomi; nal
Over 57
! full- Over 51
I time
48
54
and
; hours and under
and and
60.
under under
: per under 54.
60.
Iweek. 51.
57.
BED-MACHINE OPERATORS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
7 establishments....................... /1910
\1911
207 SO. 3429
226
3633 |
331
470
.3523 j
.3054
14 establishments.
Missouri:
7 establishments..
/1911
\1912
(1910
[1911
.2924 j
.3024 j
6 establishments.
New Hampshire:
3 establishments.
/1911
\1912
.3068 I
.2778 I
/1910
\1911
.2464 1
.2465
3 establishments.
New York:
5 establishments.
J1911
\1912
.2465
.2403
/1910
\1911
.3286
.3454
9 establishments.
Ohio:
3 establishments.
5 establishments.
J1911
\1912
96
131
15
161
165
246
339
46
13
13
41
40
19
37
35
14
57. <
57. (
.3442
.3458
19
15
15
13
41
/1910
\1911
.3057
59J
59.1
/1911
\1912
.2977
59. <
56. (
25
17
50
55
37
HAND-METHOD LASTING MACHINE
OPERATORS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
8 establishments........................ /1910
\1911
114
118
.3481
.3697
55.3
55.2
(1911
\1912
204
221
.3682
.3473
55.0
54.1
!J1910
•\1911
.2746
.2871
60.0
59.6
7 establishments..
New Hampshire:
5 establishments.
/1911
- \1912
.2884
59.8
58.8
T1910
* \1911
.2521
.2222
57.1
57.2
4 establishments.
New York:
3 establishments.
(1911
- \1912
.2222
.2633
57.2
57.5
^(1910
' ;\1911
.3427
.3478
55.4
55.5
3 establishments.
Ohio:
3 establishments.
Ui911
-1)1912
.3226
.3529
o o. b
55.9
13
71910
•;\1911
.3239
59.9
15
10
.2870
.3476
59.9
55.9
12 establishments.
Missouri:
8 establishments.
59
76
116
115
72
75
67
67
14
49
10
i
5 establishments.
1(1911
*11912
29
43
13
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1390 TO 1912----BOOTS AND SHOES.
65
I I I .—AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
L A S T IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Concluded.
Occupation, State, and number
of establishments.
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver
nomi
age
nal
of rate of full
Year. ber
Over
em
wages time Over
51
57
54
48
and
ployees. per
and
54.
and under
and
hours
60.
hour.
under
under
under 60.
per
54.
week. 51.
57.
PULLERS-OVER, HAND, MALE.
Massachusetts:
11 establishments...................
T1910
1911
341 10.3227
333
.3513
54.6
54.5
5
7.
19
27
187
183
110
99
20
17
24
27
111
216
216
99
59
17
19
12 establishments....................
Missouri:
5 establishments.....................
/1911
\1912
359
429
.3483
.3283
54.5
54.0
/1910
\1911
57
53
.3074
.3216
60.0
57.5
27
4 establishments.....................
New Hampshire:
5 establishments.....................
1911
1912
47
40
.3206
.2754
57.1
59.4
27
1910
i.1911
152
125
.2244
.2235
56.8
57.1
18
1
2 establishments.....................
New York:
4 establishments.....................
/1911
\1912
65
70
.2495
.2620
57.0
57.0
1910
1911
42
45
.3233
.3268
57.7
57.9
2
2
10
9
30
34
7 establishments.....................
Ohio:
2 establishments.....................
1911
1912
76
73
.3166
.3355
56.4
54.2
28
59
14
12
34
2
/1910
\1911
70
79
.2594
.2830
59.9
59.9
5 establishments.....................
1911
1912
133
65
.2869
.3232
60.0
58.8
13
/1910
\1911
75
105
.3264
.3311
54.7
54.5
41
65
33
39
1
1
13 establishments....................
Missouri:
7 establishments.....................
/1911
\1912
150
140
.3499
.3036
54.5
54.1
93
89
54
30
3
3
3
1910
[1911
33
28
.3719
.2820
60.0
59.6
1
6
33
21
7 establishments.....................
New York:
4 establishments.....................
1911
1912
28
37
.2820
.2993
59.6
59.1
1
5
6
2
21
30
/1910
\1911
73
65
.3400
.3548
57.4
56.0
9
12
54
10
6
/1911
\1912
75
60
.3476
.3594
55.8
54.8
2
6
12
4
%
57
26
25
20
IS
134
124
65
70
10
13
60
66
13
120
52
PULLERS-OVER, MACHINE, MALE
Massachusetts:
7 establishments....................
6 establishments.....................
is
47
17
12
52
34
5
5
47
45
33
32
B O T T O M IN G D E P A R T M E N T .
BUFFERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
16 establishments.......
New Hampshire:
4 establishments.........
7446°—Bull. 134-13
/1911
\1912
92 $0.3128
89
.3306
54.7
54.9
J1911
\1912
42
39
57.1
57.0
.2276
.2489
42
39
66
T
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I I .—AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued,
B O T T O M I N G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued.
Occupation, State, and number
of establishments.
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver nomi
Num
age
nal
of rate of fuH- Over
Year. ber
Over
em
wages time
51
54
48
ployees. per
and
54.
and and
and under
hour. hours
under under
per under 54.
week. 51.
57.
EDGE SETTERS, MALE.
238 $0. 4165
4211
233
54.4
54.3
324
295
.4209
.4218
54.4
54.5
/1910
\1911
.3605
59.2
1911
[1912
.3483
.,3445
59.9
59.5
(1910
\1911
.2877
.2758
56.8
56. fl
6 establishments..............
New York:
7 establishments..............
/1911
\1912
.2758
56.9
57.2
10
1910
,1911
.3726
.4173
57.2
56.6
23
9 establishments..............
Ohio:
4 establishments..............
1911
,1912
.4086
.4104
56.2
54.7
/1910
\1911
.3542
. 3410
59.8
5 establishments..............
(1911
11912
.3297
.3614
57.1
15 establishments.............
22 establishments.............
Missouri:
8 establishments..............
7 establishments..............
New Hampshire:
6 establishments..............
/1910
\1911
1911
[1912
62
70
158
168
20
30
EDGE TRIMMERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
15 establishments.............
/1910
\1911
255
.4038
.4174
58
268
22 establishments.............
Missouri:
8 establishments..............
(1911
\1912
367
.4179
.3946
30
(1910
\1911
.3495
.3440
7 establishments..............
New Hampshire:
6 establishments..............
(1911
\1912
.3311
.3391
59.3
(1910
\1911
.3155
.2997
56. 1
56.!
6 establishments..............
New York:
8 establishments..............
(1911
\1912
.2997
.3283
10 establishments............
Ohio:
4 establishments..............
1911
[1912
(1910
\1911
5 establishments..............
(1911
\1912
(1910
\1911
78
.4342
.4252
115
85
86
184
190
113
15
60.
57.0
58
16
23
.4202
.4178
39
.3349
.3778
.3819
.3917
24
It 1
30
27
11
41
29
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOK, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
67
T able ILL—AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
B O T T O M I N G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued.
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver nomi
Num
age
nal
of rate of full Over
Over
Year.* ber
em
wages time
51
57
48
54
and
ployees. per
and
and
54.
hours
and . imder
, 60.
under
hour.
per under 54.
under 60.
week. 51.
57.
Occupation, State, and number
of establishments.
GOODYEAR STITCHERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
14 establishments....................
/1910
\1911
158 $0.4012
.4121
178
54.4
54.3
/1911
\1912
258
245
.4101
.3989
54.4
54.4
/1910
\1911
34
33
.3232
.3705
60.0
59.1
/1911
\1912
33
52
.3705
.3486
59.1
59.9
6
/1910
\1911
49
58
.2756
.2650
56.6
56.5
10
14
39
44
1911
L1912
43
.2650
.2865
56.5
57.3
14
44
43
/1910
>1911
39
45
.4259
.4211
57.6
57.3
4
6
19
10
6
18
8
13
/1911
\1912
55
69
.4064
.4479
56.7
55.4
14
25
20
10
8
13
17
/1910
\1911
25
27
.3026
.3488
59.9
59.8
7
9
18
18
1911
.1912
39
52
.3494
.2961
59.9
57.0
9
30
26
/1910
\1911
111
115
. 4857
.5199
54.3
54.2
/1911
\1912
179
192
.4989
.4767
54.3
54.4
/1910
\1911
24
30
.4583
.4696
60.0
59.2
/1911
\1912
30
39
.4696
.4481
59.2
59.8
0
/1910
\1911
31
33
.3335
.3313
56.5
56.5
8
9
23
24
3 establishments.
New York:
7 establishments.
i/1911
•\1912
33
31
.3313
.3723
56.5
57.3
9
24
31
i/1910
' 1.1911
40
41
.4075
.4497
56.3
56.1
5
16
5
4
6
9 establishments.
Ohio:
4 establishments.
/1911
\1912
45
40
.4492
.5218
56.1
54.8
5
5
6
3
/1910
\1911
22
20
.3773
. 3875
59.9
59.9
5
6
17
14
32
35
.3691
.3823
59.9
56.9
6
26
17
38
44
.3353
.3196
54.8
54.7
20 establishments.
Missouri:
6 establishments..
establishments.
New Hampshire:
3 establishments.
6
3 establishments.
New York:
6 establishments.
8
establishments.
Ohio:
4 establishments.
5 establishments.
3
3
28
80
95
49
49
5
3
28
165
166
56
47
9
21
21
5
6
6
17
26
6
34
27
27
46
GOODYEAR WELTERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
12 establishments..................
18 establishments.
Missouri:
6 establishments - .
6 establishments.
New Hampshire:
3 establishments.
5 establishments........................ {1912
HEEL BREASTERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
19
27
62
62
21
3
27
30
119
126
28
28
5
4
24
4
5
6
10
15
14
16
11
23
15
7
18
4
24
25
25
33
!
>
16 establishments.......................j{l912
2
2
2
8
18
19
15
14
3
2
1
B U L L E T IN OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.
68
I I I , — AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
B O T T O M I N G D E P A R T M E N T —Concluded.
Occupation, State, and number
of establishments.
Aver Employees whose nominal fuU-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver nomi
Num
age
nal
of rate of fuU- Over
Year. ber
Over 57
em
wages time
51
48
54
ployees. per
and
and
hours
and
54.
and under
60.
hour.
per under under
under
54.
60.
week. 51.
57.
I
HEEL BURNISHERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
16 establishments................
1911
,1912
66 $0.3298
.3357
54.6
54.7
2
5
38
39
23
21
3
2
2
/1911
\1912
65
. 4435
.4079
54.7
54.9
10
8
29
36
20
19
6
3
3
/1911
\1912
.3060
.3134
54.7
54.5
15
38
50
25
19
6
3
2
U911
11912
. 3401
.3241
54.8
54.9
25
27
16
14
3
2
2
17
16
20
22
27
26
3
3
16
11
37
44
42
28
6
3
3
6
6
6
13
11
3
4
3
7
9
13
14
4
3
3
3
4
7
27
26
16
16
4
2
2
23
27
4
3
43
34
3
2
HEELERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
14 establishments..............
HEEL SCOURERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
15 establishments..............
HEEL SLUGGERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
15 establishments...........
HEEL TRIMMERS OR SHAVERS,
MALE.
Massachusetts:
15 establishments.
/1910
\1911
6S
. 4555
.4655
54.5 j|
54.5 I;
22 establishments.
/1911
\1912
101
.4533
.4417
54.7
54.7 |
New York:
8 establishments..
(1910
\1911
.4890
.4750
56.6
56.1
.4816
.4705
55.9
55.0
.3353
.3383
54.6
54.8
.3272
.3485
54.9
54.7
.3450
.2997
55.0
55.0
10 establishments..............
/1911
\1912
31
11
i
|
LEVELERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
16 establishments..............
MCKAY SEWERS, MALE.
/1911
\1912
•
Massachusetts:
!
7 establishments.........................
9 establishments................ .
1(1911
-j\19ll2
l
l
10
13
13
3
8
ROUGH ROUNDERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
12 establishments.............. .
18 establishments..............
New York:
7 establishments................
9 establishments.
|
i
i
l
35
35
19 !
18 1
2
3
59
61
21 S
22 I
6
2
If!910
*j\1911
57
57
.4671
.4700
54.6
54.6
J1911
\1912
88
98
.4781
.4747
54.6
54.5
ftfio
U911
29
25
.4171
.4759
57.2
56.3
3
2
6 ;
17 i
14
2 ;
t
/1911
U912
28
35
.4627
.4663
56.1
54.9
4
10
18 !
5
!
2 !
3
4
5
2
11
12
!
i
2
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— BOOTS AND SHOES.
69
T able I I I . —AVERAGE RATES OP WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
B O O T A N D S H O E M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Concluded.
F IN IS H IN G D E P A R T M E N T .
Aver Employees whose nominal full-time
working hours per week were—
age
Aver nom
Num
age
inal
Occupation, State, and number of Year. ber of rate of full
Over 57
em
wages time Over 51
establishments.
54
48
ployees. per
and
and
and
and under
hours
hour.
per under under
under
54.
60.
57.
week. 51.
TREERS OR IRONERS, HAND, MALE.
Massachusetts:
13 establishments.....................
(1910
\1911
448 $0.2834
.2900
385
54.2
54.3
173
100
140
156
135
129
100
94
255
305
184
143
19 establishments.
1(1911
*j\1912
539
542
.2935
.2852
54.4
54.3
Missouri:
8 establishments..
j/1910
*j\l911
92
100
.2339
.2316
60.0
59.5
.2304
.2164
59.6
7 establishments.
I/1911
\1912
New Hampshire:
6 establishments.
/1910
\1911
6 establishments.
fl911
\1912
New York:
5 establishments.
98
134
56.8
57.7
/1910
\1911
.2158
.2118
58.3
58.0
8 establishments.
/1911
\1912
.2054
.2679
57.4
55.5
Ohio:
2 establishments.
fl910
\1911
.1962
.2096
60.0
60.0
.2043
.2112
59.9
58.7
.1997
.1942
54.0
54.0
.1942
.1651
54.0
52.9
1911
1912
.81
56.8
56.8
.1995
.1935
5 establishments........................
92
81
45
24
74
134
16
24
10
24
16
25
25
10
13
35
47
TREERS OR IRONERS, HAND, FEMALE.
New York:
3 establishments........................ /1910
\1911
4 establishments........................ /1911
\1912
Ohio:
2 establishments........................ /1910
\1911
2 establishments...................... /1911
\1912
.1194
.1170
33
.1287
.1591
10
7
59.8
54.0
17
33
22
HOSIERY AND KNIT GOODS MANUFACTURING.
GENERAL SUMMARY.
This study of wages and hours of labor in hosiery and knit goods
manufacturing shows rates of wages per hour and nominal full-time
hours of work per week for the years 1907 to 1912, inclusive, and in
addition it summarizes data published in previous reports1 of the
Bureau of Labor Statistics and thus furnishes a comparison for the
23-year period, 1890 to 1912, inclusive.
The present report and also previous reports show wages and hours
of labor for each of the most important productive occupations in
hosiery and knit goods manufacturing, but do not show data for all
occupations in the industry. The occupations for which data are
presented in this report are given in the table below. These occupa
tions include a very large proportion of the total employees on pro
ductive work and more than half of the total employees engaged in
productive and nonproductive work.
Comparing 1912 with certain other years the changes in nominal
full-time hours per week, as shown by combining the principal occu
pations, were as follows:
1912 compared with 1890.......................................
1912 compared with 1895.......................................
1912 compared with 1900.......................................
1912 compared with 1905.......................................
1912 compared with 1910.......................................
7. 9 per cent decline.
7. 3 per cent decline.
5. 9 per cent decline.
4. 7 per cent decline.
1. 8 per cent decline.
The changes in nominal full-time hours per week for each of the
principal occupations of the industry during the period from 1907 to
1912, inclusive, as far as data are available, are shown in the table
which follows:
P E R CENT OF DECREASE IN NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K : 1912 COMPARED
W ITH EACH OF THE 5 Y EA R S PRECEDING.
Per cent lower in 1912 than i n Occupation.
1907
1908
Boarders, mala................................................................................
Buttonhole makers, underwear, female.......................................
Button sewers, underwear, female................................................
Cutters, hand, underwear, male....................................................
Cutters, hand, underwear, female.................................................
4.4
(2)
( 2)
( 2)
6.5
3.9
(2)
(2)
(2)
5.4
Finishers, underwear, female........................................................
Folders, female...............................................................................
Inspectors and menders, underwear, female................................
Knitters, footers or toppers, hosiery, m ale..................................
Knitters, footers or toppers, hosiery, female................................
3.5
4.2
3.3
3.9
85.3
5.3
1909
1910
1911
4.1
(*>
(2)
(2)
5.6
2.3
1.4
1.5
.7
3.0
2.3
1.6
1.7
<*>
3.0
3.5
4.4
(3)
(2)
5.3 i
1.9
2.2
1.0
.8
2.0
1.7
2.0
1.0
2*. 0
1 Previous investigations of wages and hours of labor in hosiery and knit goods manufacturing have been
made and published by the Bureau, as follows: Nineteenth Annual Report, covering 1890 to 1903; Bulletin
No. 59 (July, 1905) covering 1903 and 1904; Bulletin No. 65 (July, 1906), covering 1904 and 1905; Bulletin
No. 71 (July, 1907), covering 1905 and 1906; and Bulletin No. 77 (July, 1908), covering 1906 and 1907.
2 No data.
8 No change.
70
71
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— KNIT GOODS.
PER CENT OF DECREASE IN NOMINAL F U LL -T IM E HOURS PE R W E E K : 1912 COM
P A R E D W ITH EACH OF TH E 5 Y E A R S PRECEDING—Concluded.
Per cent lower in 1912 than in Occupation.
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
“ lady hose/’ male.................... .
“ lady hose,” female...................
rib, hosiery, male......................
rib, hosiery, fem ale....................
web or tube, underwear, male..
(l)
0)
4.4
0)
(l)
4.1
(l)
(i)
(l)
(i)
4.4
2.7
1.6
1.8
3.1
1.8
2.4
1.6
1.6
3.5
1.5
Knitters, web or tube, underwear, female
Loopers, female...........................................
Menders, fine, hosiery, female....................
Menders, rough, hosiery, female................
Pressers, male........................................... .
5.7
3.3
4.5
2.4
2.4
5.9
3.0
3.5
2.2
2.2
6.1
3.0
3.3
2.4
2.0
3.4
1.8
2.8
.9
1.7
2.7
1.8
2.8
.9
1.5
Press hands, female................................... .
Seamers, underwear, female......................
Welters, female.......................................... .
Winders, female..........................................
5.0
3.2
0)
5.2
5.0
3.0
0)
5.0
5.0
3.2
0)
4.8
1.6
.8
2.3
3.0
1.3
.8
2.3
2.5
Total...................................................
3.8
3.5
3.6
1.8
1.7
Knitters,
Knitters,
Knitters,
Knitters,
Knitters,
(l>
(')
&
1 No data.
Comparing 1912 with certain other years the changes in rates of
wages per hour, as shown by combining the principal occupations,
were as follows:
1912 compared with 1890....................................
1912 compared with 1895....................................
1912 compared with 1900.....................................
1912 compared with 1905....................................
1912 compared with 1910....................................
36.1 per cent advance.
39. 8 per cent advance.
50. 6 per cent advance.
19. 8 per cent advance.
6.1 per cent advance.
The changes in rates of wages per hour for each of the principal
occupations of the industry during the period from 1907 to 1912,
inclusive, as far as data are available, are shown in the table which
follows:
PE R CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN RATES OF WAGES PE R HOUR:
COMPARED W ITH EACH OF THE 5 Y EA R S PRECEDING.
1912
Per cent higher ( + ) or lower ( —) in 1912
than i n Occupation.
1907
1908
Boarders, male.......................................................................
Buttonhole makers, underwear, female...............................
Button sewers, underwear, female.......................................
Cutters, hand, underwear, male...........................................
Cutters, hand, underwear, female........................................
+13.2
0)
(1)
0)
+16.9
0)
0)
0)
+ 1.9
+13.0
+ 4.4
.4
- 1.9
+11.4
+14.9
+ 2.0
+ .9
- 4.8
+ 10.1
Finishers, underwear, female................................................
Folders, female.......................................................................
Inspectors and menders, underwear, female.......................
Knitters, footers or toppers, hosiery, m ale..........................
Knitters, footers or toppers, hosiery, female........................
+
+ 11.2
+ 5.7
+15.7
0)
(0
+ 3.0
+ 3.4
+ 1.7
+ 4.2
+ 10.8
+ 3.7
+
+
+
+
+
0)
(l)
0)
0)
8
8
+17.9
+ 8.3
+15.9
+ 6.1
+14.4
+15.2
+ 7.9
+14.6
+ 5.9
- 2.2
+ 7.7
Knitters, “ lady hose,” male.................................................
Knitters, “ lady hose,” female..............................................
Knitters, rib, hosiery, male...................................................
Knitters, rib, hosiery, female.............. .................................
Knitters, web or tube, underwear, male..............................
i No data.
+ 11.1
•9
0)
(0
+11.7
+12.1
1909 I 1910
1911
3.7
2.4
3.2
7.6
2.1
72
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
PE R CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN R A TE S OF W AGES P E R H O U R : 1912
COMPARED W IT H EACH OF THE 5 Y E A R S PRECEDING—Concluded.
Percent higher ( + ) or lower ( —) in 1912
than i n Occupation.
1907
1908
1909
Knitters, web or tube, underwear, female,
Loopers, female....................... ...................
Menders, fine, hosiery, female.................. .
Menders, rough, hosiery, female................
Pressers, male............................................ .
-18.1
-I- 4.9
.6
+17.8
+ 5.3
-1 9 .0
+ lo. 0
+ 8.5
+ 3.6
+20.4
-1 0.9
+ 6.3
+ 9.5
+ 2.3
+17.2
+
+
+
+
6.0
4.5
7.4
8.6
-1 6.4
+ 8.6
+ 2.8
+ 6.9
+ 3.8
Press hands, female................................... .
Seamers, underwear, female..................... .
Welters, female..........................................
Winders, female..........................................
+13.0
+ 5.0
0)
+16.7
+13.6
- 3.1
)o
+ (1 .8
+27.3
- 3.8
0)
+ 8.1
+ 4.8
+ 5.5
+17.1
+ 9.7
+ 5.1
+ 6.4
+12.9
+ 7.6
+ 7.7
+ 7.5
+ 7.2
+ 6.1
+ 5.8
Total.................................................
1910
-
20.6
1911
1 No data.
The next table shows for the industry the course of nominal full
time hours per week and the rates of wages per hour during the 23year period from 1890 to 1912. The occupations combined and the
sex for which data are shown during 1890 to 1907 are boarders, male;
finishers, underwear, female; knitters, male andfemale; loopers, female;
menders, female; pressers, male and female; 1 and ribbers, female. For
1907 to 1910 the occupations, and the sex for which data are shown,
are boarders, male; cutters, hand, underwear, female; finishers, under
wear, female; folders, female; knitters, footers or toppers, female;
knitters, web or tube, underwear, male and female; loopers, female;
menders, fine, hosiery, female; menders, rough, hosiery, female;
pressers, male; press hands, female; seamers, underwear, female;
and winders, female. For 1910 to 1912 the occupations and the sex
for which data are shown are boarders, male; buttonhole makers,
underwear, female; button sewers, underwear, female; cutters, hand,
underwear, male and female; finishers, underwear, female; folders,
female; inspectors and menders, underwear, female; knitters, footers
or toppers, hosiery, male and female; knitters, “ lady hose,” male
and female; knitters, rib, hosiery, male and female; knitters, web or
tube, underwear, male and female; loopers, female; menders, fine,
hosiery, female; menders, rough, hosiery, female; pressers, male;
press hands, female; seamers, underwear, female; welters, female;
and winders, female.
Data are not given for knitters of full-fashioned hosiery because
such knitters in many instances pay their own helpers, which makes
it difficult to ascertain the net earnings of the knitters. An effort
will be made to get such data for future reports.
The figures of the table are relative hours of labor and relative
wages computed from the actual hours and wages in the establish
ments furnishing data. They also show the per cent of change from
year to year as measured by the average from 1890 to 1899.
1 Press hands, female, were classed as pressors in the earlier reports.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— KNIT GOODS.
73
By nominal full-time hours per week is meant the usual full work
ing time, such as prevails when there is no industrial depression or
other unusual factor affecting the industry.
In combining the relatives for the principal occupations to deter
mine the relatives for the industry shown in the table which follows,
the relatives for each occupation were weighted according to the
number of employees reported each year. This weighting causes the
figures for 1890 to 1907 to differ slightly from those shown for the in-,
dustrjr in Bulletin No. 77 (July, 1908), where the relative for the indus
try was a simple average of occupation relatives. Under these two
methods, the difference in relative hours does not exceed 1 per cent
in any of the 18 years, and the difference in relative wages does not
exceed 1 per cent in 10 of the 18 years, the greatest difference being
about 2.7 per cent. The base used in computing the relatives in this
table is the average for the 10-year period, 1890 to 1899.
RELA TIV E NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS PE R W E E K AND R E LA T IV E R ATES 03?
WAGES PE R HOUR IN H OSIERY AND KN IT GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1890 TO
1912.
[Data are included from 8 establishments, 1890-1903; 9 establishments, 1903,1904; 22 establishments, 1904,
1905; 25 establishments, 1905,1906;. 30 establishments, 1906, 1907; 15 establishments, 1907-1910; 62 estab
lishments, 1910,1911; 62 establishments, 1911,1912.]
Relative
rate of
wages per
hour.
100.0
105.6
106.9
100.3
100.1
96.7
102.8
99.3
96.1
96.4
93.2
95.4
102.0
111.0
117.6
114.8
119.9
126.9
133.4
133.7
134.1
135.5
135.8
143.7
The table which follows shows, for each of the principal occupations
in the industry, relative nominal full-time hours per week and rela
tive rates of wages per hour during the 23-year period 1890 to 1912.
As already indicated, changes in the occupations included have been
made from time to time during the period covered. The base used for
computing the relatives for each occupation, except as noted, is the
average of the 10-year period, 1890 to 1899.
74
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
RELATIVE NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K AND RELATIVE RATES OF
WAGES PER HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN HOSIERY AND KN IT
GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1890 TO 1912.
[Data are included from 8 establishments, 1890-1903; 9 establishments, 1903, 1904; 22 establishments, 1904,
1905; 25 establishments, 1905,1906; 30 establishments, 1906, 1907; 15 establishments, 1907-1910; 62 estab
lishments, 1910,1911; and 62 establishments, 1911,1912-3
!
Boarders, male.
Relative Relative
nominal
rate of
full-time wages per
hours per hour.
week.
Year.
Buttonhole makers, Button sewers, un
underwear, female.
derwear, female.
Relative Relative
nominal rate of
full-time wages
hours per hour.per
week.
Relative Relative
nominal
rate of
full-time wages
hours per hour.per
week.
Cutters, hand, un
derwear, male.
Relative
nominal Relative
full-time rate of
hours per wages per
hour.
week.
!
IvAram . IftQA-lftM)
100.0
100.0
101.3
101.3
101.3
99.7
98.2
107.9
100.3
90.3
106.8
91.5
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
99.4
99.7
99.7
99.7
99.8
110.8
99.9
99.0
99.3
94.2
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
99.6
99.2
99.2
98.2
98.4
91.9
116.2
107.8
125.4
123.5
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
98.3
98.4
97.5
97.0
97.2
127.9
132.6
148.6
143.9
138.8
1910......................
1911......................
1912......................
95 4
95.4
93.2!
148.9
146.4
168.2
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
i
...............
...............
Cutters, hand, un
derwear, female.
AnaVQ
A T c I A gOfCk
O i
11 0fiQ9 fk
U —1
- X fiO
0 0 Q9
.-
i
1 100.0 1 1 100.0
1100.2 ! 1102.4
198.6 j 1104.4
Finishers, under
wear, female.
m
o
101.3
101.3
101.3
101.0
91.3
106.6
113.2
105.2
97.4
92.4
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
101.1
100.8
100.8
100.6
100.6
93.4
100.9
98.8
100.7
92.3
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
98.1
97.8
98.1
96.0
96.7
99.3
103.4
118.7
121.3
119.7
2
1910......................
1911......................
1912.....................
1100.0
198.7
199.6
Folders, female.
1100.0
1 99.3
199.3
1100.0
1 103.1
A98.1
I n s p e c t o r s and
menders, under*
wear, female.
100.0
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1905
1806
1907
1908
1909
1100.0
1100.2
198.5
100.0
8 98.8
2 99.0
*
100.0
2 109.0
2 100.5
96.2
94.4
95.0
94.8
95.0
128.0
137.0
145.8
139.2
136.6
2 96.4
2 96.4
*93.5
2 99.7
1 100.9
2 111.1
93.5
93.3
91.7
142.2
141.9
147.1
2
100.0
2 99.7
2 100.2
2 98.0
2 97.8
-95.8
100.0
96.1
*109.2
2
2
109.3
- 108.6
* 111.2
2
1 Data for 1890 to 1909 not available; computed with 1910=100.0.
2 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
A100.0
± 100.0
199.0
1100.0
* 101.0
«•104.2
75
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— KNIT GOODS.
R E LA T IV E NOMINAL FULL-TIM E HOURS PER W EEK AND R E L A T IV E RA TE S OF
W AGES P E R HOU R IN THE PR IN C IP A L OCCUPATIONS IN H O SIE R Y AND K N IT
GOODS M AN UFACTU RIN G, 1890 TO 1912—Continued.
Knitters,1 male.
Year.
Relative Relative
nominal rate of
full-time wages
hours per hour.per
week.
footers or Knitters, footers or
Knitters,1female. 1Knitters,
toppers,2 male.
toppers,2 female.
Relative Relative Relative
nominal
nominal Relative
full-time rate of full-time rate of
wages
per
per
hours per hour. hours per wages
hour.
week.
week.
Relative Relative
nominal rate of
full-time wages
hours per hour.per
week.
Average, 1890-1899..
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1890......................
1891....................
1892......................
3893......................
1894......................
102.8
102.8
102.8
100.5
91.3
107.7
118.6
99.8
113.4
110.0
100.5
100.6
100.6
100.5
95.7
104.9
104.8
99.0
97.4
101.1
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
100.3
100.1
99.9
99.8
99.8
112.2
90.4
81.8
85.4
80.7
100.4
100.5
100.5
100.5
100.5
104.6
98.5
98.7
96.2
94.5
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
98.7
98.7
98.7
97.4
97.6
90.9
92.3
95.7
123.9
115.4
99.3
99.6
99.3
98.6
98.2
91.5
103.1
112.4
116.6
111.4
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................
1908......................
1909......................
97.3
99.0
96.9
119.2
126.2
128.1
98.1
97.6
97.1
124.1
130.8
135.5
1910......................
1911......................
1912......................
'
Knitters, “ lady
hose,” 2 male.
Knitters, “ lady
hose,” 2 female.
3 100.4
3 108.0
3 108.0
3 100.0
3 100.0
3 100.0
4100.0
499.7
499.2
4100.0
4103.0
4 110.8
Knitters, rib, ho
siery,2 male.
3 96.6
3 96.6
3 94.7
.
3 107.7
3 109.4
3 111.7
Knitters, rib, ho
siery,2female.
Average, 1890-1899..
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................
1908......................
1909......................
1910......................
1911......................
1912......................
4 100.0
4 99.7
4 97.3
4 100.0
4 100.4
4 108.3
4 100.0
4 100.0
4 98.4
4 100.0
4 101.1
4 115.9
4 100.0
4 99.8
4 98.2
4 100.0
4 100.2
4 106.1
4 100.0
4 100.4
4 96.9
4 100.0
4 117.0
4 114.4
1 Employees reported as knitters for 1890 to 1907 are reported for subsequent years as knitters, footers or
toppers; kDitters, “ lady hose; ” knitters, rib, hosiery; and knitters, web or tube, underwear.
2 Employees in this occupation were reported as knitters for 1890 to 1907.
s Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
4 Data for 1890 to 1909 not available; computed with 1910=100.0.
76
B U L L E T IN OF T H E BU REAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
R E L A T IV E NOMINAL FULL-TIM E HOURS PER W E E K AND R E LA T IV E RA TE S OF
WAGES PE R HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN H O SIE R Y AND KNIT
GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1890 TO 1912—Continued.
Year.
Knitters, web or
tube, underwear,i
male.
Knitters, web or
tube, underwear,1
female.
Loopers, female.
Menders;,2 female.
Relative Relative
nominal rate of
full-time wages
hours per hour.per
week.
Relative
nominal Relative
rate of
full-time wages
hours per hour.per
week.
Relative
nominal Relative
rate of
full-time wages
hours per hour.per
week.
Relative
nominal Relative
full-time rate of
per
hours per wages
hour.
week.
Average, 1890-1899 ..
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.9
102.0
102.0
101.6
91.5
99.8
m 3
100.0
104.2
95.9
101.8
101.8
101.8
99.5
95.9
108.9
105.5
99.6
100.8
92.4
101.3
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
106.7
117.4
91.0
93.3
88.5
99.4
99.7
100.1
100.2
99.8
113.4
97.8
92.1
95.8
93.8
98.3
98.2
98.2
98.2
98.1
80.7
94.3
92.9
106.1
93.3
99.2
98.8
99.0
98.6
98.6
104.1
92.3
11.2.2
J10.5
106.1
100.0
3 101.1
* 91.9
98.4
97.8
97.0
96.7
96.7
99.4
105.5
110.2
100.5
108.8
98.2
98.0
97.4
113.7
117.2
122.1
s 103. i
3 97.6
3 96.9 1 3 98.0
3 94.3 | 3 81.9
95.5
95.5
93.8
109.1
106.4
115.6
i
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
i
;
i
1895......................
1896.......... • ..........
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
............................ i.............................
j
!
i
1
j
j
IQ ftO
1901 .................... i ................
1902...................... ' ................
...................... .................
1903
1904...................... i .............................
j
1905...................... ! ................
1906____________ 1 .............
3 100.0
190 7
i
3 99.7
190 8
!
1909...................... i 3 100.0
3 100.0
' 3 95.1
3 97.1
1910 ...................
1911......................
1912......................
* 97.3
3 104.1
3 112.1
1
3 97.4
3 97.1
3 95.6
3 100.0
3 100.2
3 100.4
Menders, fine, ho
siery,4 female.
»
1!
!
!i
!|
Menders, rough, ho
siery,4female.
i
Pressers, male.
Press hands, female.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.1
101.1
101.1
100.8
92.3
107.4
105.2
92.6
98.9
94.6
102.4
102.4
102.4
99.0
99.0
110.8
102.3
101.5
99.8
109.6
1895......................
1896......................
1897..... ................
1898......................
1899......................
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.7
94.4
100.9
100.8
103.9
101.4
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0 •
99.0
91.4
105.4
97.9
88.8
92.9
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
98.3
97.4
99.0
99.3
99.5
106.6
103.6
107.1
116.2
112.9
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
97.2
107.1
104.0
110.3
100.9
122.3
Average, 1890-1899
i
1890
1891
1892......................
1893......................
1894
.........
i
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................
1908......................
1909......................
3 100.0
3 99.0
3 98.8
3 100.0
3 91.6
3 90.8
3 100.0
3 99.8
3 100.0
3 100.0
3 113.7
3115.1
99.6
99.4
99.6
99.4
99.2
120.5
123.7
137.1
119.9
123.1
98.5
98.6
98.5
98.5
98.5
131.7
137.6
135.9
135.2
120.7
1910......................
1911......................
1912......................
3 98.3
3 98.3
3 95.5
3 95.1
3 96.7
3 99.4
3 98.5
3 98.5
3 97.6
3 109.7
3 110.2
3 117.8
98.9
98.7
97.2
132.9
139.0
144.3
95.1
. 94.8
93.6
146.6
146.2
153.6
1 Employees in this occupation were reported as knitters for 1890 to 1907.
2 Employees reported as menders for 1890 to 1907 are reported for subsequent years as menders, fine,
hosiery, and menders, rough, hosiery.
3 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
* Employees m this occupation were reported as menders for 1890 to 1907.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— KNIT GOODS.
77
R E LA T IV E NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS PE R W E E K AND R E LA T IV E R ATES OF
W AGES PE R HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN H OSIERY AND KN IT
GOODS MANUFACTURING* 1890 TO 1912—Concluded.
Year.
Average, 1890-1899..
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907...................
1908......................
1909......................
1910......................
1911......................
1912......................
Ribbers , female.
Seamers, underwear,
!
female.
Welters, female.
Winders, female.
Relative
nominal Relative
rate of
full-time wages
hours per hour.per
week.
Relative
nominal Relative
rate of
full-time wages
hours per hour.per
week.
Relative
nominal Relative
rate of
full-time wages
hours per hour.per
week.
Relative
nominal Relative
full-time rate of
per
hours per wages
hour.
week.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.7
100.0
100.5
112.3
103.1
103.4
91.8
98.8
87.2
92.0
96.4
114.4
110.1
112.8
120.9
119.0
117.3
122.6
127.0
137.6
(2)
( 2)
1
1100.0
1 99 .8
1100.0
197.6
197 .6
196.8
1100.0
U08.4
1109.2
199.5
198.7
1105.0
1100. 0
1 9 9 .8
1 9 9 .6
3 100.0
3 100.0
397.7
3 100.0
3 103.7
3 117.1
1 97 .7
1 97 .2
1 94 .8
1100.0
1115.8
1 108.0
1106.4
U08.5
1116.7
1 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
2 Occupation discontinued.
3 Data for 1890 to 1909 not available; computed with 1910=100.0.
The most significant facts concerning nominal full-time working
hours per week and rates of wages per hour in each of the principal
occupations of the industry are shown for 1907 to 1912, or for such
of those years as data are available, in the table which follows.
The data for the several years 1907 to 1911 were secured in 1911.
Owing to the difficulty of finding records for past years and also
owing to the great amount of wTork involved, data for 1907 to 1909
were secured from only a limited number of establishments. Data for
1910 and 1911 were obtained from a larger number of establishments.
In 1912 data were gathered for the year 1912 from the establish
ments that furnished data for 1911, and at the same time some addi
tional data relating to 1911 and 1912 were gathered from a few new
establishments, the scope of the work being enlarged to include a
greater number of establishments.
To permit a comparison of data from year to year the data for
identical establishments are grouped together. A true comparison
can be made, of course, only of data from the same establishments.
Data for 1912 from new establishments are included in this tabulation
only when it was possible to get like data for 1911 from the same
establishments. The data are for the pay-roll period ending nearest
May 15 each year, except for a very few establishments in which
conditions in May were particularly abnormal.
78
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
A V E R AG E NOMINAL FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K PER W EE K AND A V E R AG E
R A TE S OF WAGES PE R HOUR IN EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN
H O SIE R Y AN D KN IT GOODS M ANUFACTURING, 1907 T Q 1912.
[The establishments set opposite each bracketed group of years are identical.]
Year.
Number of
employees.
8 establishments......................................
1907
1908
1909
1910
203
210
220
33 establishments....................................
1910
1911
Occupation, sex, and number of establishments.
Boarders, male:
Average
nominal
full-time
hours per
week.
Average
rate of
wages per
hour.
58.4
58.1
58.2
57.1
$0.2180
.2111
.2037
.2186
57.0
57.0
.1926
1911
1912
959
56.9
55.6
.1891
.2173
1910
1911
178
167
57.8
58.0
.1624
.1663
27 establishments.....................................
1911
1912
191
194
58.0
57.1
.1640
. 1672
Button sewers, underwear, female:
21 establishments....................................
/ 1910
\ 1911
159
151
58.1
58.3
.1490
.1471
1911
1912
171
182
57.2
.1457
.1471
1910
1911
130
123
59.3
58.9
.2168
.2236
1911
1912
138
162
58.6
58.6
.2265
. 2156
4 establishments......................................
1907
1908
1909
1910
82
90
98
96
58.6
57.9
58.0
56.5
.1441
.1570
.1448
.1436
10 establishments....................................
/ 1910
\ 1911
182
154
56.5
56.5
.1374
.1391
f 1911
\ 1912
161
192
56.4
54.7
.1527
5 establishments......................................
1907
1908
1909
1910
555
.. 516
533
519
58.7
58.6
58.7
57.8
.1579
.1508
.1480
.1541
23 establishments.....................................
/ 1910
\ 1911
1,443
1,439
57.9
57.8
.1500
.1497
1911
1912
1,533
1,715
57.9
56.9
.1479
.1533
7 establishments................ •.....................
1907
1908
1909
1910
170
165
134
137
58.4
58.2
58.5
57.2
.1424
.1369
. 1556
.1557
45 establishments....................................
1910
1911
626
611
57.8
57.7
. 1275
.1267
1911
1912
653
730
57.6
56.4
.1283
.1314
1910
1911
615
615
57.6
57.8
.1237
.1249
32 establishments....................................
Buttonhole makers,.underwear, female:
21 establishments....................................
27 establishments....................................
Cutters, hand, underwear, male:
12 establishments.....................................
18 establishments....................................
Cutters, hand, underwear, female:
14 establishments....................................
Finishers, underwear, female:
27 establishments....................................
Folders, female:
51 establishments....................................
Inspectors and menders, underwear, female;
22 establishments....................................
24 establishments.....................................
Knitters, footers or toppers, male:
4 establishments......................................
1911
1912
658
624
57.6
57.0
.1239
.1278
/ 1910
i 1911
152
133
58.2
58.0
.1359
.1400
12 establishments....................... .............
/ 1911
\ 1912
172
209
57.8
57.5
.1465
.1576
WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— KNIT GOODS.
79
A V E R A G E NOMINAL FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W O R K PER W E E K AND A V E R A G E
RA TE S OF W AGES P E R HOUR IN EACH OF TH E PRIN CIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN
H O ISE R Y AND K N IT GOODS MANUFACTURING, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
Number of
Year. ;! employees.
Average
nominal
full-time
hours per
week.
1907
1908
1909
1910
154
175
145
116
58.1
58.1
58.1
56.1
$0.1234
.1337
.1332
.1328
1910
. 1911
1,851
1,740
57.5
57.5
.1213
.1232
1911
. 1912
2,174
2,208
57.2
56.1
.1348
.1376
1910
1911
235
220
57.6
57.4
.1746
.1753
1911
. 1912
215
278
57.4
56.0
.1757
.1895
1910
1911
277
260
56.2
56.2
.1540
.1557
1911
1912
252
269
55.8
54.9
.1615
.1852
1910
1911
55
47
56.6
56.5
.1992
.1996
21 establishments..............
Knitters, rib, hosiery, female:
14 establishments..............
1911
1912
92
57.3
56.4
.1892
.2004
1910
1911
49
38
57.4
57.6
.1299
.1520
13 establishments.................................
Knitters, web or tube, underwear, male:
1911
1912
45
52
57.1
55.1
.1473
.1440
4 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
101
107
110
100
58.5
58.3
58.5
57.0
.2194
.2087
. 2131
.2135
14 establishments.
1910
1911
212
209
58.0
58.1
.2153
1911
1912
253
261
57.9
57.0
.2111
1907
1908
1909
1910
101
113
109
58.3
58.4
58.5
56.9
.1433
.1448
.1316
.1477
16 establishments.
f 1910
\ 1911
245
205
57.4
57.0
.1721
.1636
19 establishments.
Loopers, female:
/ 1911
\ 1912
316
181
56.9
55.4
.1618
.1352
9 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
610
637
603
58.4
58.2
58.2
57.5
. 1403
.1279
.1385
43 establishments.
1910
1911
2,013
1,904
57.3
57.3
.1326
.1293
1911
1912
2,089
2,262
57.1
56.1
.1343
.1459
$ establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
112
132
115
110
58.5
57.9
57.8
57.5
.1446
.1324
.1313
.1375
30 establishments..
1910
1911
385
399
57.2
57.2
.1320
.1342
/ 1911
\ 1912
297
57.2
55.6
.1344
.1382
Occupation, sex, and number of establishments.
Knitters, footers or toppers, female:
3 establishments..........................
32 establishments .
33 establishments..............
Knitters, “ lady hose/’ male:
12 establishments...............
13 establishments................
Knitters, “ lady hose,” female:
12 establishments................
11 establishments........... .
Knitters, rib, hosiery, male:
17 establishments........... .
22 establishments...................................
Knitters, web or tube, underwear, female:
3 establishments.
44 establishments..............
Menders, fine, hosiery, female:
27 establishments.
Average
rate of
wages per
hour.
.2012
.2273
80
B U L L E T IN OF T H E BU REAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
A V E R A G E NOMINAL FULL-TIM E HOURS OF W ORK PE R W E E K AND A V E R AG E
R A TE S OF WAGES P E R HOUR IN EACH OF THE PRIN C IPA L OCCUPATIONS IN
HOSIERY AND K N IT GOODS M ANUFACTURING, 1907 TO 1912—Concluded.
Year.
Number of
employees.
Average
nominal
full-time
hours per
week.
1907
1908
1909
1910
147
134
123
122
58.4
58.3
58.4
57.5
$0.1108
.1260
.1276
.1216
29 establishments................
r 1910
I 1911
704
648
57.0
57.0
.1219
.1225
30 establishments................
Pressers, male:
r 1911
[ 1912
728
681
56.9
56.4
.1318
.1409
1907
1908
1909
, 1910
32
35
40
33
59.3
59.2
59.1
58.9
.1910
.1670
.1714
.1850
1910
155
151
58.0
58.0
.1774
.1856
151
157
57.7
56.8
.1874
.1946
Occupation, sex, and number of establishments.
Average
rate of
wages per
nour.
Menders, rough, hosiery, female:
5 establishments...................
7 establishments...................
34 establishments.................
33 establishments.................
Press hands, female:
f
I 1911
r
i9ii
l 1912
r 1907
2 establishments...................
1908
1909
1910
100
107
115
94
58.0
58.0
58.0
56.0
.1188
.1182
.1055
.1281
13 establishments.................
r 1910
L1911
207
208
57.7
57.5
.1186
.1183
12 establishments..................
Seamers, underwear, female:
L1912
1911
196
206
56.5
55.8
.1140
.1198
r
f 1907
5 establishments...................
1 1908
1 1909
1 1910
390
426
439
433
58.6
58.5
58.6
57.2
.1443
.1564
.1576
.1436
23 establishments.................
r 1910
t 1911
1,181
1,197
57.8
58.0
.1429
.1417
27 establishments.................
Welters, female:
23 establishments................ .
r 1911
I 1912
1,280
1,265
58.1
57.6
.1411
.1501
r 1910
I 1911
250
282
57.6
57.6
.1205
.1250
r 1911
L1912
288
303
57.4
56.1
.1272
.1437
6 establishments...................
r 1907
1908
1909
, 1910
266
276
262
276
58.8
58.7
58.6
57.5
.1403
.1625
.1515
.1492
38 establishments................ .
1910
, 1911
1,020
960
58.0
57.9
.1292
.1318
45 establishments.................
' 1911
1,001
982
57.8
56.4
.1302
.1400
23 establishments.................
Winders, female:
k1912
EXPLANATION OF SCOPE AND METHOD.
This report on hosiery and knit goods manufacturing includes estab
lishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of hosiery or under
wear. No data are included from establishments whose main prod
ucts are mittens, gloves, caps, mufflers, athletic goods, shawls, special
ties, etc.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— KNIT GOODS.
81
The number of establishments for which data concerning rates of
wages per hour and nominal full-time hours of work per week were
secured has varied considerably during the 23-year period, as follows;
1890 to 1903.................................................... 8 identical establishments.
1903 and 1904................................................. 9 identical establishments.
1904 and 1905................................................22 identical establishments.
1905 and 1906................................................25 identical establishments.
1906 and 1907............................................... 30 identical establishments.
1907 to 1910...................................................15 identical establishments.
1910 and 1911................................................62 identical establishments.
1911 and 1912................................................62 Identical establishments.
As before stated, the data for 1907 to 1911 were secured in 1911^
and the number of identical establishments included for the full period
1907 to 1910 was limited owing to the difficulty in finding establish
ments which had preserved complete records for those years.
In order that the data from year to year may be entirely compar
able, it is necessary that information be secured from identical
establishments; therefore when in 1911 the number of establishments
was increased to 62 the Bureau secured data for 1910 also from all
establishments added, thus providing for an exact comparison of the
two years 1910 and 1911.
In selecting the establishments from which to secure data the
Bureau undertook to represent all States in which hosiery and knit
goods manufacturing is of material importance, the measure of
importance being the number of employees as reported by the United
States Census of Manufactures, 1905. In selecting establishments in
1912 every State having 1,850 or more employees in the industry,
and two having less than that number, according to the United States
Census of Manufactures in 1905, is represented. The table which
follows shows by States the number of employees in the hosiery and
knit goods manufacturing industry, as given in the reports of the
United States Census Office for 1910 and 1905; the total number on
the pay roll in the establishments from which the Bureau secured
data in 1912; and the number in the selected occupations and for
whom data were secured in 1912. Data were secured from the pay
roll ending nearest May 15, except for a very few establishments
where conditions in May were particularly abnormal.
The census figures for 1910 were not available at the time the work
for 1911 and 1912 was planned, and therefore the establishments
selected, as already stated, were distributed by States according to the
census of 1905. The relative importance, however, of the various
States, as measured by the number of employees in this industry,
did not change materially during the five years from 1905 to 1910.
7446°—Bull. 134—13----- 6
82
B U L L E T IN OF T H E BU REAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
TOTAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN H OSIERY AND KN IT GOODS MANUFACTURING
AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN ESTABLISHMENTS FROM WHICH D ATA W ERE
SECURED IN 1912.
Number of employees
reported by United
States Census Office.
State.
1910
1905
Establishments furnishing infor
mation to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics in 1912.
Number of employees—
Number
of estab
lish
For whom
ments. On pay roll. data were
secured.
New York.........................................................
Pennsylvania....................................................
Massachusetts...................................................
W is c o n s in .....................................................
35,613
38,133
9,935
4,263
29,251
28,143
8,110
4,224
16
13
3
4
7,167
6,363
4,864
1,381
3,336
3,469
2,705
864
Connecticut.......................................................
Michigan...........................................................
North Carolina.................................................
New Hampshire...............................................
3,338
2,537
5,151
3,067
3,594
3,085
2,944
2,790
3
3
4
3
1,052
716
1,265
977
609
472
711
522
Ohio...................................................................
Illinois...............................................................
Georgia..............................................................
Other States1....................................... . .........
3,142
2,885
2,743
17,901
2,490
2,245
1,935
14,904
5
3
3
2
730
585
896
1,766
439
311
522
495
T ota l.,....................................................
128,708
103,715
62
27,762
14,455
* Includes States having less than 3,200 employees (except as entered in detail) in 1910 and less than 1,850
in 1905,
According to both the census of 1905 and the census of 1910, more
than 85 per cent of the total number of employees in the industry
are found in the States in which the establishments furnishing infor
mation to the Bureau of Labor Statistics are located.
The number of employees on the pay rolls of the establishments
from which the Bureau secured the 1912 data was equal to 21.6 per
cent of the total in the industry in 1910 as reported by the United
States Census Office, and the number of employees for whom the
Bureau secured detailed information in 1912 was equal to 11.2 per
cent of the total in the industry in 1910.
All information included in this report was secured from pay rolls
of the various establishments by agents of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL PRODUCTIVE OCCUPATIONS.
The data presented in this bulletin were obtained from establish
ments whose sole or main products are hosiery or underwear or both.
Data were not taken from factories whose main products are sweaters,
mittens, gloves, caps, mufflers, bathing suits, shawls, scarfs, or other
specialties. Figures are shown for 19 occupations: Seven are com
mon to the making of both hosiery and underwear; 5 pertain to
hosiery making only, and 7 to underwear making only. While some
of the mills do their own spinning and nearly all do dyeing, figures are
not shown for such departments. The wages of spinning and dyeing
are fairly covered in an earlier bulletin on the cotton and woolen
industries.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— KNIT GOODS.
83
The principal departments or subdivisions in order of work in a
hosiery mill are usually winding, knitting, looping, mending, board
ing, pressing, and folding. In an underwear mill the principal de
partments in order are usually winding, knitting, cutting, seaming,
finishing, boarding, pressing, and folding.
The occupations for which data are presented in this report are:
Boarders, male.
Buttonhole
makers,
underwear,
female.
Button sewers, underwear, female.
Cutters, hand, underwear, male.
Cutters, hand, underwear, female.
Finishers, underwear, female.
Folders, female.
Inspectors and menders, underwear,
female.
Knitters, footers or toppers, hosiery,
male.
Knitters, footers or toppers, hosiery,
female.
Knitters, “ lady hose,” male.
Knitters, ‘ •lady hose, ’ ’ female.
Knitters, rib, hosiery, male.
Knitters, rib, hosiery, female.
Knitters, web or tube, underwear,
male.
Knitters, web or tube, underwear,
female.
Loopers, female.
Menders, fine, hosiery, female.
Menders, rough, hosiery, female.
Pressers, male.
Press hands, female.
Seamers, underwear, female.
Welters, female.
Winders, female.
Hosiery and knit goods manufacturing is to a very gfeat extent a
woman’s industry. Many occupations are filled entirely or at least
mainly by females.
Of the 19 occupations reported, 12 are so largely filled by women
that wages are presented for females only. In 5 of the occupations
the number of each sex warrants the presentation for each sex sepa
rately. Two of the occupations, boarders and pressers, require such
heavy labor that men are employed almost exclusively.
B O A R D E R S.
While the occupation occurs in the manufacture of both hosiery
and underwear, it applies mainly to hosiery. Practically all hosiery
is boarded, while comparatively little underwear is boarded. The
hose boarder receives the hose damp from the dye house. He draws
the hose by hand, while yet damp, over a board shaped to the outline
of the human foot and leg. When he has drawn the hose smooth over
the board, he sets several boards in a rack and puts the rack in a hot
drying kiln. When the hose are dry he takes the rack from the kiln
and removes the hose from the boards. The hose keep the shape
given by the board. While racks of hose are drying others are being
filled. Underwear boarding is similar to hosiery boarding. The
board is shaped to the outline of the human body. Boarding is hard,
hot work, and is always done by men.
B U TTON H OLE M A K E R S, U N DERW EAR.
The operator uses a special power sewing machine which works and
also cuts the buttonhole. The operator usually marks the place
84
B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
for the buttonhole, but the marking may be done by another person.
Women are usually employed on this work.
BUTTON SEW ERS, UNDERW EAR.
The operator uses a special power machine. The button is placed
in position in the machine by hand, and the operation of the machine
sews the button on the garment. Usually the operator marks the
place for the button. The work is usually done by women.
C U TTE R S, HAND, UNDERW EAR.
The material comes to the cutter in the form of a long flat tube
or double thick web, or, in other words, a cylinder flattened down,
rolled in a bundle. A portion of the web is spread on a long table.
The cutter examines the material for defects, and then cuts off a
section of this web to garment length, lays a pattern on the section,
marks the pattern on the goods, and cuts out the garment with a
pair of shears.
Or the process may be varied. Several sections of garment length
may be put in a pile and all cut at one time with a large hand-operated
knife worked up and down vertically through a slot in the table.
Both men and women are employed on this work. In some mills
machines are used to cut several thicknesses at one time, but the
wage data shown in this report do not include the operators of such
machines.
FINISHERjS, UNDERW EAR.
After the garment has been sewed together by the seamer and the
seam has been covered by the cover seamer, the garment is ready
for the finisher. The finisher uses a power sewing machine. This
work consists in stitching straps, suspender tapes, and bands on
drawers, stitching facings on shirts, and also various reseaming
operations to strengthen or ornament the garment. Women are
employed at this operation.
FOLDERS.
The folder spreads the finished article on the worktable and folds
it to the size desired for packing in a box. It is a hand operation.
The work is usually done by women, who generally stand at their
work. The folder in some factories may also inspect and pack.
IN SPE C TO R S AND M EN DERS, UNDERW EAR.
The occupations of inspecting and mending underwear are here
combined, for the reason that in a considerable number of mills
employees are engaged on both interchangeably. Inspecting in this
case consists of looking the garment over for defects in work or for holes
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOB, 1890 TO 1912— KNIT GOODS.
85
in material, and cutting off threads or little pieces of material, such
as tapes and bands, etc. The mending done on underwear is very
similar to that on hosiery, except that no forms are used upon which
to place the garment. All imperfections— holes in the material, etc.—
are mended, so that the garment maybe salable as a “ first” and not
as a “ second.” Mending is done by hand with a needle and yarn.
Women are always employed at this work.
K N IT TE R S, F O O TE RS, OR T O P P E R S , H O SIE R Y.
This knitter is sometimes called a footer, a topper, or a transfer
knitter. The operator starts his work with a section of ribbing pre
viously knit on a rib machine. This section may be but 3 or 4 inchcs
long, as placed at the top of men's or children's hose, or it may be a
leg length of children's hose. The knitter first sets up the section of
ribbing stitch by stitch, by hand, on the quills of a cylinder fitted to
his machine, and transfers the stitching from the quills to the needles
of his machine. The machine is then started. Automatically it
knits onto the ribbing the remainder of the leg and the foot of the
hose. The setting of the rib top on the quills preparatory to knitting
is done in some instances by a boy or girl helper. A knitter can
operate from six to nine machines when the quilling is done by a
helper; doing both the transferring and the knitting, the knitter can
operate from one to three machines. The machine knits the hose
complete and seamless, except an opening across the toe, which must
be looped together by another operation. Women greatly outnumber
men in this occupation. This occupation is not found in the making
of women's hose.
All knitters in this and other operations receive their yarn on cones.
Their duties are to prepare the machines for work and see that they
run properly and produce a perfect fabric, to tie broken yarn, and to
replace empty cones, etc.
K N IT TE R S , “ LADY H O SE .”
This is a term quite generally applied to persons operating machines
knitting women's seamless hosiery. The operation is also known
as string work. The operator can attend from 10 to 16 machines?
which knit the hose from the top to the toe, one hose after another,
automatically. The machine drops and picks up stitches to knit the
heel, and, after knitting the foot, again drops and picks up stitches to
form the toe. The machine knits the hose complete and seamless,
except an opening across the toe, which must be looped together by
another operation. Men and women are found in this occupation
in about equal numbers.
86
B U L L E T IN OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.
K N IT TE R S, RIB H O SIE R Y .
This knitter operates a machine which knits the rib that is used later
as the top of men’s and children’s hose. One person can attend 20 or
more machines. The rib is knit as a long cylinder or tube. Stitches
are dropped at intervals to indicate where the rib is to be cut later
in lengths for hose tops. Both men and women are employed on these
machines. These tops when cut go to a knitter, known as a footer
or topper.
K N IT TE R S , WEB OR TU BE, UNDERW EAR.
The knitting machines are cylindrical in shape and vary in size
according to the size of garment to be made from the knit fabric.
They knit a tube or cylinder which, when laid flat, forms a continuous
piece of goods of double thickness and as wide as the garment to be
cut therefrom. The knitter attends from 10 to 15 machines. These
machines are either of the latch or spring needle type. The spring
needle is one used for light or what is known as flat work; the latch
needle is used for the heavier or rib work, which is more elastic and
will stretch more than the flat fabric. In all mills it was not possible
to separate the latch and spring needle knitters. Usually they do
not work interchangeably, but in several mills where they have a few
of each class of machines an operator can run either machine. Both
men and women are employed at these machines.
LO OPERS.
In hosiery mills this operation consists of looping together the open
edges at the toe of the hose as left to this extent unfinished by the
knitter. Each edge is set up, stitch by stitch, by hand, on the points
of a looping machine, stitches exactly opposite in the opening being
placed on the same point. The open edges are then fastened together
by the machine. This work requires care and nimble fingers and it
takes some time to learn to become an expert operator. Each ma
chine requires an operator. This operation is necessary whether the
hose was knit by a footer or topper or a “ lady hose” knitter.
Females are usually employed on this work.
In an underwear factory this operation consists of looping cuffs to
the sleeves of shirts and the ankles of drawers, and in a few cases
attaching sleeves to shirts. Mills generally, however, sew on these
parts rather than loop them.
M EN DERS, FINE, H O SIE R Y .
This work is performed after the hose has been dyed, boarded, and
pressed. It consists of examining the hose and correcting by hand
with needle and yarn the little faults disclosed by such inspection.
The work is done by women. Pairing is sometimes done in connection.
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOK, 1890 TO 1912— KNIT GOODS.
87
M ENDERS, ROUGH, H O SIE R Y.
This work; sometimes termed first mending or white mending, is
usually performed next after the hose has been looped. The hose is
first stretched over a board shaped like a leg and foot. The mender
examines the hose and corrects the defects found, by hand, using a
needle and yarn.
PRESSERS.
Both hosiery and underwear are pressed to give them a smooth
finished appearance. Generally the presser receives the hosiery or
underwear after they have been piled for pressing by a press hand.
The presser places the pile of garments in the press and removes the
pile of garments when sufficiently pressed and returns it to the press
hand. This is heavy work and is always done by men. In some
mills the presser also does the work of the press hand, which is
described below. The presses are of various kinds, running from the
old-style hand lever or screw press to the modern power steam or
hydraulic press.
PR E S S HAN DS.
Press hands, usually women, lay up the hose or underwear pre
paratory to pressing and strip out the garments after they have been
pressed.
In laying up hose several hose are spread on a large pasteboard,
and a pile built up of alternate layers of pasteboard and hose.
In laying up underwear the garment is put on a pasteboard,
another board is laid on and the protruding arms of the shirt or legs
of the drawers are folded over, and a pile made of alternate layers
of pasteboards and garments. The piles are laid up as jdgh as can
be handled by the presser, who receives the pile from the press hands
and puts it on the press.
After being pressed a sufficient time the piles of hosiery or under
wear are returned to the press hands, who remove the garments from
between the pasteboards.
SE A M E R S, UNDERW EAR.
This term is here used to include cover seamers also, as in many
mills the operators work interchangeably. The operators, usually
women, use power sewing machines. The seamer receives the parts
of the garment from the cutter and stitches them together. The
cover seamer then takes the garment and with a double-needle ma
chine runs over the same seams. This operation covers and strength
ens the seam. Other terms applied to this work are felling, cannon
ing, double needling, etc.
88
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E BU REAU
OF LABOR STATISTICS.
W E LTE R S.
This is a sewing machine operation also known as hemming. A
power machine is used. The tops of stockings and bottoms of under
shirts are turned back and stitched. This prevents raveling and gives
strength to the top of the stocking and a finish to the shirt. Women
usually do this work.
W IN D ERS.
Winders operate machines that wind yarn onto cones for the
knitting machines. The cones hold from 2 to 3§ pounds of yarn.
The winding machine brushes out knots and the tension reveals weak
spots in the yam by breaking it. From 18 to 24 cones are attended
by one person, who sees that the machines work properly, puts on
and removes bobbins and cones, and ties breaks in the yarn. Wind
ing is usually done by women.
EXPLANATION OF TABLES.
This report includes one general table covering the 6-year peiiod,
1907 to 1912, and two general tables covering the 3-year period,
1910 to 1912, as follows:
Table I.— Average rates of wages per hour and average and classi
fied nominal full-time hours of work per week, in the United States,
by years, 1907 to 1912.
Table II.— Average rates of wages per hour and average and classi
fied nominal full-time hours of work per week, in each year, by States,
1910 to 1912.
Table III.— Average rates of wages per hour and average and
classified nominal full-time hours of work per week, in each State, by
years, 1910 to 1912.
Table I .— Average rates of ivages per hour and average and classified
nominal jull-time hours of work per week in the United States, by years,
1907 to 1912 (pp. 91 to 97).— This table summarizes the data concern
ing rates of wages and nominal full-time hours of work secured from
the whole number of establishments furnishing information. For
each of the principal occupations— boarders; buttonhole makers, un
derwear; button sewers, underwear; cutters, hand, underwear; fin
ishers, underwear; folders-; inspectors and menders, underwear; knit
ters, footers or toppers, hosiery; knitters, “ lady hose” ; knitters, rib,
hosiery; knitters, web or tube, underwear; loopers; menders, fine
hosiery; menders, rough, hosiery; pressers; press hands; seamers,
underwear; welters; and winders— data are shown, as far as available,
for each of the six years, 1907 to 1912. Data are not shown for knit
ters of full-fashioned hosiery, for the reason given on page 72.
The first section of the table shows for each occupation the number
of establishments from which data were secured, number of employees,
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912----KNIT GOODS.
89
average rate of wages per hour, average nominal full-time hours per
week, and number of empk^ees under each classified number of
nominal full-time working hours per week. The data as to time
worked by individual employees paid on a piece basis were not suffi
ciently satisfactory in many establishments to warrant the presenta
tion of classified rates of wages per hour. The second section of the
table shows the per cent of employees under each classified number
of nominal full-time working hours per week.
The data for years grouped together by brackets in the table are
from identical establishments. As previously explained, exact com
parison can be made from year to year only when the establish
ments compared are identical.
The relative nominal full-time hours per week and the relative
rates of wages per hour for 1907 to 1912, shown 011 pages 74 to 77,
are computed from the averages shown in this table. The method
of computing the relatives can best be explained by using an illustra
tion, thus: For male boarders the average nominal full-time hours per
week in 8 establishments was 58.4 in 1907 and 58.1 in the same 8
establishments in 1908. The average in 1908 (58.1) was 99.49 per
cent of the average (58.4) in 1907. Bulletin No. 77 (July, 1908)
shows that, for nominal full-time hours per week for male boarders,
the relative was 97.5 in 1907 (average for 1890-1899 = 100.0). The
average nominal full-time hours for 1908 were then reduced to a
comparison with the base period (average for 1890 to 1899 = 100.0)
by computing 99.49 per cent of 97.5, which is 97.0. The same method
was followed in computing the relative rate of wages per hour; the
average in 1908 ($0.2111) was 96.83 per cent of the average in 1907
($0.2180); the relative (average for 1890-1899 = 100.0) for 1907 as
shown in Bulletin No. 77 was 148.6; and 96.83 per cent of 148.6 is
143.9, or the relative rate of wages per hour in 1908 if the average
for 1890 to 1899 is the base or 100.0. In computing for this occupa
tion the relatives for 1911, comparison was made of the data for 33
identical establishments and in computing the relatives for 1912 com
parison was made of the data from 32 identical establishments.
Table II.— Average rates oj wages 'per hour and average and classified
nominal jull-time hours of worlc per weeJc in each year, by States, 1910
to 1912 (pp. 98 to 106).— This table affords an easy comparison of rates
of wages per hour and nominal full-time hours of work per week in the
several States. It shows for each of the principal occupations the
average rate of wages per hour and the classified nominal full-time
hours of work per week. Under each year, 1910 to 1912, or for such
of those years as data are available, the data are shown for each of
the States represented by any considerable number of employees. As
only a limited amount of data was available for the years 1907 to
1909, a tabulation of such data by States was not deemed advisable.
90
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E BURE A V
OF
LABOR STATISTICS.
Table 111.— Average rates of wages per hour and average and classified
nominal juU-time hours of work per week in each State, by years, 1910
to 1912 (pp. 107 to 112).— This table affords an easy comparison of rates
of wages per hour and nominal full-time hours of work per week in
the years 1910 to 1912. It shows for each of the principal occupa
tions the average rate of wages per hour and the classified nominal
full-time hours of work per week. For each of the more important
States in this industry the data are shown for each of the three years,
1910 to 1912, or for such of these years as data are available. As
only a limited amount of data was available for the years 1907 to
1909, a tabulation of such data by States was not deemed advisable.
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— KNIT GOODS.
91
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912.
Table
H O S IE R Y A N D K N IT G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G .
[The establishments set opposite each bracketed group of years are identical.!
N U M BER.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
age
Num Aver nom
age
ber
inal
rate
Occupation, sex, and
of
Over 51
Over 57
fuUnumber of establish- j Year. em
Over
of
wages time Un
54
48
60
meats.
and
and
ploy
der
per
hours
54.
and
60.
and
and
ees.
per
hour.
48. under under
under under
under
54.
60.
week.
51.
57.
63.
Boarders, male:
(1907
J1908
8 establishments........ 11909
11910
203 $0.2180
210
.2111
220
.2037
.2186
237
J1910
33 establishments___ 11911
808
862
;1911
32 establishments___ \1912
Buttonhole makers un
derwear, female:
21 establishments___ /1910
\1911
27 establishments___ /1911
\1912
Button sewers, under
wear, female:
21 establishments___ /1910
\1911
58.4
58.1
58.2
57.1
. . . . . j . . ...
. 1926
. 1893
57.0
57.0
5
5
869
959
. 1891
. 2173
56.9
55.6
4
178
167
. 1624
. 1663
57.8
58.0
191
194
.1640
. 1672
58.0
57.1
159
151
.1490
.1471
58.1
58.3
27 establishments___ /1911
\1912
Cutters, hand, under
wear, male:
/1910
12 establishments___ \1911
171
182
.1457
.1471
58.2
57.2
130
123
.2168
. 2236
59.3
58.9
18 establishments___ /1911
\1912
under
fl907
4 establishments____ 1908
11909
11910
138
162
.2265
.2156
58.6
58.6
16 establishments. . . . /1910
\1911
182
154
. 1374
.1391
56.5
oQ. 5
14 establishments___ /1911
\1912
Finishers, underwear, fe
male:
fl907
5 establishments........ J1908
11909
11910
161
192
. 1387
.1527
56.4
54. 7
555
516
533
519
. 1579
. 1508
.1480
.1541
58. 7
58.6
58. 7
57.8
Cutters, hand,
wear, female:
82
90
98
96
1,443
23 establishments___ /1910
\1911 1,439
27 establishments___ (1911 1,533
11912 1,715
Folders, female:
(1907
170
165
7 establishments........ J1908
J1909
134
11910
137
4
5
35
14
14
14
29
38
397
428
239
239
138
152
38
307
435
454
266
66
123
126
6
5
65
29
27
56
61
10
9
5
45
72
44
30
24
75
77
9
2
4
65
52
26
25
58
59
8
11
4
38
57
38
28
26
71
75
11
32
37
15
14
56
58
27
14
48
34
19
17
57
106
14
59
7 I 75
7 ! 79
83 |
23
8
12
13
5
. 1441 58.6
. 1570 57.9
.1448 58.0
. 1436 56.5
7
118
. 1479
.1533
57.9 .........
56.9 .........
.1424
. 1369
. 1556
. 1557
58.2 .........
.1275
.1267
57.8 .........
57. 7 .........
(1911
51 establishments-. . . \1912
653
730
.1283
.1314
57.6 !.........
56.4 1 19
19
14
19
18
129
45 :
i
14
18
22
50
315 :
206
K56.
191
204
23
28
599 ; 263
615 ; 252
509
511
49
33
28
468
627 ' 295
301 | 313
550
583
33
136
145
102
89 ; 12
34
20
32
36
8
8
255 j 148
259 j 149
184
179
31
16
8
176
268 I 159
193 ! 75
198
244
16
57.2 :.........
626
611
144 1
122 !1Ii
349
350
342
.1500 57.9
.1497 i 57. 8
45 establishments.. . . (1910
\1911
2
127
168
1S6
206
96
6
4
17
92
T
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E BU REA U
OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
N U M B E R —Continued.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
age
Num Aver nom
age
ber
inal
rate
Occupation, sex, and
of
Over 51
Over
full
number of establish Year. em
of
Over
57
48
54
ments.
time Un
60
ploy wages
and
and
54.
der
per
and
hours
and
60.
and
under
ees.
hour.
per
48. under under
under
under
54.
60.
51.
week.
57.
Inspectors and menders,
underwear, female:
f1910
22 establishments___ ;j\1911
615 $0.1237
615
.1249
57.6
57.8
658
624
.1239
.1278
57.6
57. 0
152
133
. 1359
.1400
58.2
58.0
172
209
.1465
.1576
57.8
57.5
154
175
145
116
. 1234
.1337
.1332
.1328
58.1
58.1
58.1
56.1
312
(1910 1,851
32 establishments___ \1911
1,740
.1213
.1232
57.5
57.5
89 ; 577
86 i 510
2,171
33 establishments___ /ion
\1912 2,208
Knitters, “ lady hose,”
male:
235
12 establishments___ /1910
\1911
220
. 1348
.1376
£)t. 2
56.1
86 • 729
294 1,114
.1746
.1753
57.6
57.4
• 13 establishments___ /1911
\1912
Knitters, “ lady hose,”
female:
12 establishments___ /1910
\1911
215
278
. 1757
.1895
57. 4
56.0
67
110
277
260
.1540
. 1557
56.2
56.2
111
104
11 establishments___ /1911
\1912
Knitters, rib, hosiery,
male:
17 establishments___ /1910
\1911
252
269
.1615
.1852
55.8
54.9
104
183
55
47
.1992
.1996
56.6
56.5
!
21 establishments___ /1911
\1912
Knitters, rib, hosiery,
female:
14 establishments___ /1910
\1911
92
86
.1892 57.3
.2004 ; 56.4
49
38
.1299 57.4
.1520 j 57.6
/19U ;
13 establishments___ \1912
!
45
52
.1473
.1440
57.1
55.1
101
107
110
100
.2194
.2087
.2131
.2135
58.3
58.5
57,0
! 212
14 establishments___ 1.1911 I 209
.2012
.2153
58.0
58.1
! 253
22 establishments___ \1912 i 261
.2111
.2273
57.9
57.0
24 establishments___ ! H911
\1912
Knitters, footers or top2>ers. hosiery, male:
(1910
4 establishments....... \1911
/1911
12 establishments___ 11912
Knitters, footers or top
per-:, hosiery, female:
1907
1908
3 establishments.
1909
1910
Knitters, web or tube,
underwear, male:
1907 !
1
;
4 establishments........ 1908
1909 !
1910 |
!
{
16
11 ! 275
23 ! 263
90
212
221
23 1 266
171 ! I ll
106
99
241
227
54
145
166
136
463
465
925
532
400
231
128
122
115
11
j
74
106
16
74
105
58
72
26
24
90
104
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOB, 1890 TO 1912— KNIT GOODS.
93
Table I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
N U M B E R —Continued.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
age
Num Avernom
age
ber
inal
Occupation, sex, and
rate
of
Over 51
of
number of establish Year, emfull
Over
Over
57
48
wages time Un
54
ments.
60
and
and
ployper
54.
hours der and under
and under
and
under 54.
hour.
per
under 60.
under
51.
week.
5
Knitters, web or tube,
underwear, female:
3 establishments.
[1907
11908
11909
[1910
101 $0.1433
.1448
113
.1316
109
.1477
96
58.3
58.4
58.5
56.9
75
145
130
44
35
138
35
35
27
202
446
539
507
277
96
103
800
734
759
722
401
375
769
486 1,021
924
413
317
318
84
/1910
16 establishments----- \1911
245
205
.1721
.1636
57.4
57.0
/1911
19 establishments___ \1912
Loopers, female:
[1907
J1908
9 establishments........ 11909
11910
216
181
.1618
.1352
56.9
55.4
610
637
603
582
.1403
.1279
.1385
.1389
58.4
58.2
58.2
57.5
2,013
43 establishments___ /1910
\1911 1,904
.1326
.1293
57.3
57.3
/1911 2,089
\1912 2,262
.1343
.1459
57.1
56.1
.1446
.1324
. 1313
.1375
58.5
57.9
57.8
57.5
22
130
113
87
.1320
.1342
57.2
57.2
136
156
181
155
127
125
151
13
31
22
23
27
44 establishments.. .
Menders, fine, hosiery,
female:
8 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
{
112
132
115
110
30 establishments___ /1910
\1911
14
48
12
14
4
164
27 establishments___ /1911
\1912
Menders, rough, hosiery,
female:
1907
1908
5 establishments.
1909
1910
359
297
. 1344
.1382
57.2
55.6
147
134
123
122
.1108
.1260
.1276
.1216
58.4
58.3
58.4
57.5
55
116
112
100
40
29 establishments___ /1910
!\1911
704
648
. 1219
.1225
57.0
57.0
357
325
145
147
171
148
/1911
\1912
728
681
.1318
.1409
56.9
56.4
332
273
252
174
107
108
7 establishments..
fl907
J1908
11909
11910
32
35
40
33,
.1910
.1670
.1714
.1850
59.3
59.2
59.1
58.9
12
16
19
18
20
19
21
15
34 establishments.
/1910
\1911
155
151
.1774
.1856
58.0
58.0
39
36
60
60
33 establishments.
/1911
\1912
151
157
.1874
.1946
57.7
56.8
29
10
54
55
1907
1908
1909
1910
100
107
115
94
.1188
.1182
.1055
.1281
58.0
58.0
58.0
56.0
94
100
107
115
1910
13 establishments___ k1911
207
208
.1186
57.7
57.5
100
111
)
30 establishments.
Pressers, male:
Press hands, female:
2 establishments..
lO establishments-----j /1912
19H
12
^
2Q6
.1183
.................................
*1198
U 40 55
56.5
g ................................
15
105
23
114
5
95
108
49
13
7
94
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOB STATISTICS.
I . — AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WTEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
N U M B E R —Concluded.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
Aver age
Num age
nom
ber
inal
Occupation, sex, and
rate
of
number of establish Year. em
of
full
Over
Over
Over
51
57
Un
time
48
wages
54
ments.
60
ploy
and
der and and
hours
54.
per
60.
and
and
ees. hour.
under
per
48. under under
under
under
54.
60.
51.
week.
57.
Seamers, underwear, fe
male:
(1907
J1908
5 establishments.
11909
11910
390 10.1443
426
.1564
439
.1576
433
.1436
58.6
58.5
58.6
57.2
23 establishments.
/1910 1,181
\1911 1,197
.1429
.1417
57.8
58.0
27 establishments.
298
323
307
121
103
132
135
22
28
524
508
163
149
408
453
64
59
28
330
514
162
170
205
509
554
59
/1911 1,280
\1912 1,265
.1411
.1501
58.1
57.6
Welters, female:
23 establishments.
/1910
\1911
250
282
.1205
.1250
57.6
57.6
2
3
107
122
76
80
65
77
23 establishments.
/1911
\1912
288
303
.1272
.1437
57.4
56.1
3
110
135
99
92
25
58
67
6 establishments..
fl907
J1908
11909
11910
266
276
262
276
.1403
. 1625
.1515
.1492
58.8
58.7
58.6
57.5
172
166
177
177
100
99
85
104
38 establishments.
/1910 1,020
960
\1911
.1292
. 1318
58.0
57.9
411
411
243
217
246
254
119
77
45 establishments.
/1911 1,001
\1912 j '982
.1302
.1400
57.8
56.4
408
311
250
115
252
274
77
17.2
6:7
6.4
5.9
Winders, female:
14
15
12
265
PER CENT.
Boarders, male:
8 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
1
33 establishments___ /1910
\1911
203 $0.2180
210
.2111
220
.2037
237
.2186
58.4
58.1 I
58.2 i
57.1 !
808
. 1926
.1893
57.0 !
57.0 I
. 1891
. 2173
56.9 !
55.6 j
53.6
82.8
93.3
93.6
40.5
0.6 i 3.6
•6 ! 4.4
49.1
49.7
29.6
27.7
17.1
17.6
4.4
32.0
50.1
47.3
30.6
6.9
14.2
13.1
3.4
3.0
43.3
38.9
16.3
16.2
31.5
36.5
5.6
5.4
2.6
23.2
37.7
22.7
15.7
12.4
39.3
39.7
4.7
32 establishments___
Buttonhole makers, fe
male:
21 establishments___
/1911
\1912
/1910
\1911
178
167
.1624
.1663
57.8
58.0
27 establishments___
Button sewers, female:
21 establishments___
/1911
\1912
191
194
.1640
.1672
58.0 !.........
57.1
/1910
\1911
159
151
.1490
.1471
58.1
58.3
1.3
2.6
40.9
34.4
16.4
16.6
36.5
39.1
5.0
7.3
/1911
27 establishments___ \1912
Cutters, hand, under
wear, male:
12 establishments___ /1910
\1911
171
182
.1457
.1471
58.2
57.2
2.3
2.7 ......... 20.9
33.3
20.9
16.4
14.3
41.5
41.2
6.4
130
123
.2168
.2236
59.3
58.9
24.6
30.1
11.5
11.4
43.1
47.2
20.8
11.4
/1911
18 establishments___ \1912
138
162
. 2265
.2156
58.6
58.6
34.8
21.0
13.8
10.5
41.3
10.1
65.4 i.........
0.2
2.1
95
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— KNIT GOODS.
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
Table
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued.
P E R C E N T —Continued.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
age
Num Aver
age
nom
ber
inal
Occupation, sex, and
rate
of
Over 51
Over
Over
of
full
number of establish Year. em
57
54
48
time Un
60
ments.
ploy wages
and
der and and
54.
hours
and
60.
per
and
under
ees.
hour.
under
per
48. under under
under
54.
60.
week.
51.
63.
57.
Cutters, hand,
wear, female:
under
<1907
4 establishments........ iJ1908
1909
11910
82 SO. 1441
90
.1570
98
.1448
96
.1436
182
154
.1374
.1391
56.5
56.5
H911
14 establishments___ (1912
Finishers, underwear, fe
male:
fl907
5 establishments........ 1908
1909
1910
161
192
.1387
.1527
56.4
54.7
516
533
519
.1508
.1480
.1541
58.7
58.6
58.7
57.8
/1910 1,443
23 establishments___ \1911
1,439
.1500
.1497
57.9
57.8
1,533
27 establishments___ /1911
\1912 1,715
Folders, female:
T1907
170
165
7 establishments........ J1908
11909
134
[l910
137
.1479
. 1533
57.9
56.9
.1424
. 1369
. 1556
.1557
58.4
58.2
58.5
57.2
45 establishments___ /1910
\1911
626
611
. 1275
. 1267
57.8
57.7
/1911
51 establishments___ \1912
Inspectors and menders,
underwear, female:
/1910
22 establishments.. . . \1911
653
730
.1283
. 1314
57.6
56.4
615
615
.1237
.1249
57.6
57.8
/1911
\1912
658
624
.1239
.1278
57.6
57.0
/1910
\1911
152
133
.1359
.1400
58.2
58.0
/1911
12 establishments___ \1912
Knitters, footers or top
pers, female:
fl907
J1908
3 establishments........ 11909
11910
172
209
. 1465
.1576
57.8
57.5
154
175
145
116
.1234 58.1
.1337 ■58.1
. 1332 58.1
.1328 56.1
1,851
32 establishments___ /1910
\1911 1,740
. 1213
.1232
2,174
33 establishments___ /1911
\1912 2,208
Knitters, “ lady hose/’
male:
235
12 establishments___ /1910
\1911
220
/19U
13 establishments.. . . \1912
215
278
28 0
89
12.2
13.5
79.1
79.2
10.4
9.1
10.4
11 7
80.1
23.4
8.7
11.2
11.5
62.9
67.8
64.2
37.1
32.2
35.8
39.3
7.8
7.1
86.5
10 establishments----- /1910
\1911
24 establishments___
Knitters, footers or top
pers, male:
4 establishments........
72 0
83.3
80.6
58.6
57.9
58.0
56.5
3.6
61.5
60.7
2.9
2.6
.8
.6
2.3
” 2.‘ 6'
1.6
1.9
41.5
42.7
18.2
17.5
1.8
27.3
40.9
17.6
19.2
18.3
35.3 !
35.5 !
i
35.9 i
34.0 !
20.0 i
12.1
23.9
26.3
3.4
2.3
2.2
65.0
80.0
87.9
76.1
8.8
1.3
1.3
40.7
42.4
23.6
24.4
29.4
29.3
5.0
2.6
1.2
24.1
41.0
26.4
24.3
10.3
30.3
33.4
2.5
1.8
3.7
44.7
42.8
14.6
14.0
34.5
35.9
4.4
3.6
3.5
27.4
40.4
17.8
16.1
15.9
36.6
36.4
3.3
44.1
48.9
18.2
44.8
19.6
55.9
51.1
23.8
23.0
31.4
39.2 i
94.2
94.9
93.8
5.8
5.1
6.2
3.4
96.6
1
!
1
!
I
57.5
1.4
1.5
4.8
4.9
31.2
29.3
37.7
37.5
25.0
26.7 j
.1348
.1376
57.2
56.1
1.6
1.7
4.0
13.3
33.5
50. 5
42.5
24.1
18.4 !
10.5 j
.1746
.1753
57.6
57.4
3.4
3.6
26.0
29.5
54.5
55.5
16.2 |
11.4
. 1757
.1895
57.4
56.0 .........i.........
3.7
30.9
31.2
39.6
53.5
19.8
11.6
9.7 ;
96
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E BU BEAU
OF
LABOR STATISTICS.
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
P E R C E N T —Continued.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
Num Aver age
nom
age
ber
inal
rate
Occupation, sex, and
of
Over 51
full
of
|Over 57
number of establish Year. em
Over
54
48
time Un
60
ments.
ploy wages
and
and
per
54.
j
and
der
and
hours
60.
and
under
ees. hour.
•under under
per
under
48. under 54.
60.
week.
51.
57.
63.
Knitters “ lady hose,”
female:
12 establishments. . . /1910
\1911
277 $0.1540
260
1557
56.2
56.2
252
269
.1615
.1852
55.8
54.9
17.0 : 40.1
18.8 j 40.0
34.7
31.5
8.3
9.6
19.4 ! 41.3
23.4 i 68.0
32.5
1.9
2.8
3.0
11 establishments___
Knitters, rib, hosiery,
male:
17 establishments___
(1911
\1912
/1910
\1911
.1992
.1996
56.6
56.5
7.3 |56.4
10.6 i 53.2
16.4
19.1
20.0
17.0
21 establishments___
Knitters, rib, hosiery,
female:
14 establishments___
/1911
\1912
.1892
.2004
57.3
56.4
5.4 25.0
12.8 j 38.4
58.7
40.7
10.9
8.1
/1910
\1911
.1299
.1520
57. 4
57.6
2.0
2.6
! 34.7
31.6
36.7
34.2
26.5
31.6
13 establishments___ /1911
\1912
Knitters, web or tube,
underwear, male:
1907
1908
4 establishments.
1909
1910
.1473
.1443
57.1
55.1
6.7
25.0
26.7
57.7
51.1
7.7
15.6
7.7
73.3
83.2
76.4
26.7
16.8 !
23.6 ........
26.0
4-0
3.7
1.9
101
107
110
100
.2194 : 58.5
.2087 ! 58.3
. 2131 58.5
.2135 57.0
.........\......... |74.0
14 establishments. . .
1910
[1911
212
.2012
58.0
58.1
50.0
47.4
10.8
10.5
32.5
34.4
6.6
7.7
22 establishments. . .
H911
11912
253
261
.2111
o/.9
57.0
6.3 : 41.5
18.4 i 22.2
10.3
9.2
35.6
39.8
6.3
. 2273
1907
1908
1909
1910
101
113
109
.1433
.1448
. 1316
.1477
58.3
58.4
58.5
56.9
85.1
78.8
77.1
14.9
21.2
22.9
21.9
16 establishments___ /1910
\1911
245
205
.1721
.1636
57.4
57.0
18.0
17.1
17.1
17.6
5.7
2.0
1911
19 establishments.. . \1912
Loopers, female:
1907
1908
9 establishments___
1909
1910
216
181
.1618
.1352
56.9
55.4
16.2
14.9
16.7
15.5
1.9
610
637
603
582
.1403
. 1279
.1385
58.4
58.2
58.2
57.5
34.7
73.1 26.9
84.6 15.4
84.1 15.9
47.6 | 17.7
2,013
43 establishments... /1910
\1911 1,904
.1326
.1293
57.3
57.3
2.4
3.5
39.7
38.6
37.7
37.9
19.9
19.7
2,089
44 establishments. . . /1911
\1912 2,262
Menders, fine, hosiery,
female:
112
1907
132
1908
1909
115
1910
110
.1343
. 1459
57.1
56.1
3.2
21.5
36.8
45.1
44.2
18.3
15.2
14.1
.1446
.1324
.1313
.1375
58.5
57.9
57.8
57.5
0.0
71.4
98.5
98.3
79.1
28.6
1.5
1.7
.9
1910
[1911
385
399
.1320
.1342
57.2
57.2
1.3
1.3
3.6
3.8
35.3
39.1
47.0
38.8
12.7
17.0
27 establishments.. . /1911
\1912
359
297
. 1344 57.2
. 1382 : 55.6
1.9
1.7
4.2
35.4
35.4
42.1
42.1 16.4
4. 1
Knitters, web or tube,
underwear, female:
3 establishments___
30 establishments. . .
.2153
0.4
78.1
1.4 : 63.9
42.5 19.3
WAGES AND HOUKS OF LABOK, 1890 XO 1913— KNIT GOODS.
97
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1912—Concluded.
T able
H O I S E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
P E R C E N T —Concluded.
Employees whose nominal fuU-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
age
Num Aver
age
nom
ber
rate
Occupation, sex, and
inal
of
Over
of
number of establish Year. em
fuU- •
Over
51
° , T l 57
48
time j Un
ments.
60
and 54.
ploy- wages
per
hours der and under
60.
and
hour. per
under
48. under 54.
under
week.
51
57.
bU’
63.
Menders, rough, hosiery,
female:
5 establishments.
29 establishments..
1907
1908
1909
1910
147 $0.1108
134
.1260
123
.1276
122
.1216
58.4
58.3
58.4
57.5
/1910
\1911
.1219
.1225
57.0
57.0
3.6
3.5
3.2
16.7
21.1
78.9
83.6
81.3
32.8
16.4
18.7
22.1
50.7
50.2
20.6
22.7
24.3
22.8
45.6
40.1
34.6
25.6
14.7
15.9
37.5
45.7
47.5
54.5
62.5
54.3
52.5
45.5
/1911
\1912
728
681
.1318
.1409
56.9
56.4
1907
1908
1909
1910
32
35
40
33
.1910
.1670
.1714
. 1850
59.3
59.2
59.1
58.9
/1910
\1911
155
151
. 1774 ; 58.0
. 1856 ; 58.0
1.3
1.3
31.6
31.8
25.2
23.8
38.7
39.7
3.2
3.3
33 establishments.. . /1911
\1912
Press hands, female:
1907
2 establishments____ 1908
1909
1910
151
157
. 1874 j 57.7
. 1946 ! 56.8
1.3
6.4
40.4
47.8
19.2
6.4
35.8
35.0
3.3
.§
100
107
115
94
.1188
.1182
.1055
.1281
58.0
58.0
58.0
56.0
1910
1911
207
208
.1186
.1183
57.7
57.5
1.9
2.4
48.3
53.4
21.7
15.9
21.7
25.0
6.3
3.4
12 establishments___ /1911
\1912
196
206
.1140
.1198
56.5
55.8
2.6
46.1
55.1
23.8
11.2
27.6
24.3
3.6
390
426
.1443
.1564
.1576
58.6
58.5
58.6
57.2
68.8
/1910 1,181
\19U 1,197
.1429
.1417
57.8
58.0
/1911 1,280
\1912 1,265
.1411
.1501
/1910
\1911
250
282
/1911
\1912
1907
1908
1909
1910
30 establishments. .
Pressers, male:
7 establishments.
34 establishments. . .
13 establishments___
Seamers, underwear, fe
male:
(
1907
1908
1909
1910
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
5.8
69.0
75.8
31.0
24.2
30.1
31.2
1.9 ! 44.4
2.3 i 42.4
13.8
12.4
34.5
37.8
5.4
4.8
58.1
57.6
2.2 i 40.2
26.1 i 12.8
13.3
16.2
39.8
43.8
4.6
.1205
.1250
57.6
57.6
42.8
43.3
30.4
28.4
26.0
27.3
288
303
.1272
.1437
57.4
56.1
46.9
32.7
31.9
8.3
20.1
22.1
266
276
262
276
.1403
.1625
.1515
.1492
58.8
58.7
58.6
57.5
62.4
64.1
67.6
37.6
35.9
32.4
37.7
38 establishments___ /1910 1,020
960
\1911
.1292
.1318
58.0
57.9
40.3
42.8
23.8
22.6
24.1
26.5
11.7
45 establishments___ /1911 1,001
\1912
. 1302
.1400
57.8
56.4
40.8
31.7
25.0
11.7
25.2
27.9
7.7
5 establishments___
23 establishments.
27 establishments.
Welters, female:
23 establishments.
23 establishments.
Winders, female:
6 establishments.
(
7446°—Bull. 134—13----- 7
1.0
36.3
1.5
1.2
27.0
98
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912.
T able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G — Continued.
BOARDERS, MALE.
Year and State.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
age.
Num Num Aver
age nomi
nal
ber of ber of rate
of
estab em
full
Over 51
Over 57
Over
48
lish ployees. wages
time Un
54
60
per
and
and
and under
54.
ments.
and under
60.
and
hour. hours der under
per
48.
under
under
54.
60.
week.
51.
57.
63.
1910.
3
3
4
8
2
13 j
41 $0.1428
223
. 1906
81
.1465
213
.2204
49
.2318
. 1848 ;
201
33 |
808
3 |
3
4
8
2
12
58.5
56.0
60.0
57.6
55.0
56.5
29
30
49
83
183
5
56
28
. 1926
57.0
5
29
397
239
138
58
227
83
224
64
213
. 1321
.1870
. 1516
.2142
. 2377
.1806
58.5
56.0
59.5
57.8
55.0
55.8
22
27
208
7
38
9
227
8
16
64
111
36
21
32
869
. 1891
56.9
7
38
435
266
123
Georgia........................
Massachusetts..............
North Carolina............
Pennsylvania..............
Wisconsin....................
Other States................
3
3
4
8
2
12
62
273
89
280
69
186
.1456
.2164
.1669
.2492
.2589
.2032
58.5
54.0
59.7
§5.2
55.0
55.9
8
27
2
4
Total..................
32
959
.2173
55.6
2
4
Georgia........................
Massachusetts..............
North Carolina............
Pennsylvania..............
Wisconsin....................
Other States................
Total..................
12
223
29
81
!
1911.
i
Georgia........................
Massachusetts..............
North Carolina............
Pennsylvania..............
Wisconsin....................
Other States................
Total..................
75
1912.
273
27
84
34
5
280
69
92
39
15
307
454
66
126
BUTTONHOLE MAKERS, UNDERWEAR: FEMALE.
|
1910.
New Y o r k .................
Other States................
11
10
88 $0.1632
.1616
90
14
63
14
15
50
6
10
6
Total..................
21
178
.1624
57.8
6
77
29
56
10
16
11
107
84
. 1658
.1616
59.5
56.2
13
59
15
15
70
5
9
5
191
.1640 ] 58.0
5
72
30
75
9
59.4
56.3
i
1011.
New Y ork...................
Other States................
Total..................
1912.
27 I
I
New York
Other States................
16 j
11 j
108
86
.1712
.1622
58.8
54.8
4
45
22
22
9
15
77
Total..................
27 !
194
. 1672
57.1
4
45
44
24
77
i
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— KNIT GOODS.
99
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
B U T T O N S E W E R S , UNDERW EAR*. F E M A LE .
Year and State.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
age
nom
Num Num Aver
age
inal
ber of
of rate of full
Over 57
Over
estab ber
51
wages time Un Over
em
48
54
60
lish ployees.
and 54.
and
per
60.
and
hours der and under
and under
ments.
hour. per
under 60.
48. under 54.
under
51.
57.
63.
week.
1910.
82 $0.1539
77
.1437
59.6
56.5
2
11
54
9
17
54
4
8
.1490
58.1
2
65
26
58
8
102
69
.1461
.1452
59.6
56.4
4
12
45
11
17
68
3
11
27
171
.1457
58.2
4
57
28
71
11
New Y ork ...................
Other States................
16
11
111
71
.1499
.1427
58.7
54.8
5
38
26
12
10
16
75
Total..................
27
182
.1471
57.2
5
38
38
26
75
New York
. .
Other States................
11
10
Total..................
21
159
N ew Y ork...................
Other States................
16
11
Total..................
1911.
1912.
C U T T E R S , H A N D , U N D E R W E A R : M A LE,
1910.
126 $0.2118
.3734
4
59.4
58.5
32
12
3
55
1
27
12
130
.2168
59.3
32
15
56
27
New Y ork...................
Other States................
11
7
123
15
.2236
.2508
59.0
55.9
37
11
16
3
56
1
14
Total..................
18
138
.2265
58.6
48
19
57
14
New Y ork...................
Other States................
11
7
140
22
.2072
.2283
59.1
55.5
5
22
12
13
4
105
1
Total..................
18
162
.2156
58.6
5
34
17
106
39
109
110
5
4
470
23
41
68
97
393
23
599
263
509
New Y ork...................
Other States
9
3
Total..................
1911.
1912.
F IN IS H E R S , U N D E R W E A R : FE M A L E .
1910.
Connecticut.................
New Y ork...................
Penns vl vania..............
Other States................
3
12
2
6
Total..................
23
84 SO.1625
696
.1632
207
.1340
456
.1347
1,443
. 1500
56.6
59.5
56.6
56.2
57.9
=
=
49
35
49
100
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E BU REA U
OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
F IN IS H E R S , U N D E R W E A R : F E M A L E —Concluded.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
age
Aver
nom
Num Num
age
inal
ber of ber of rate
of full
Over 51
estab em
Over 57
Over
wages time
Un
lish
48
54
60
and
per
ployees.
and
der and under
54.
ments.
60.
and
and under
hour. hours
per
48. under 54.
under 60.
under
week.
51.
63.
57.
Year and State.
j
1911.
Connecticut.................
New Y ork...................
Pennsylvania..............
Other‘States................
3
15
3
6
Total..................
27
1,533
.1479
57.9
3
15
3
6
123
852
224
516
.1552
. 1597
.1258
.1540
54.8
58.9
56.6
54.2
50
27
1,715
.1533
56.9
50 I
i
97 $0.1644
.1590
716
.1365
208
.1340
512
56.6
59.6
56.5
56.2
1
.........i.........
1
i
1
39
141
107
8
501
28
51
41
101
434
28
627
295
550
67
114
120
12
6
577
468
161
104
36
468
301
313
583
112
18
53
86
38
4
16
31
48
47
184
31
33
42
33
1912.
Connecticut.................
New Y ork...................
Pennsylvania..............
Other States................
Total........... .
!
i
1
F O L D E R S : F E M A LE .
1
1910.
2
Georgia........................
3
Massachusetts..............
....................
New York 12
4
North Carolina............
8
Pennsylvania..............
16
Other States...............
40 $0.0951
112
.1597
188
.1235
38
.1197
86
. 1364
162
.1149
60.0
56.0
59.5
60.0
57.1
56.5
8
34
91
8
255
148
19
29
45
8
61
34
102
49
3
15
16
4
11
123
21
1
31
81
4
8
268
159
198
16
9
21
38
57
1
77
49
13
135
48
45
626
.1275
57.8
Georgia........................
Massachusetts..............
New York....................
North Carolina............
Pennsylvania..............
Other States...............
3
3
16
4
9
16
59
123
184
50
95
142
.1093
.1408
.1302
.1085
.1356
.1251
58.4
56.0
59.3
59.9
57.3
56.3
Total..................
51
653
.1283
57.6
Georgia........................
Massachusetts..............
New York....................
North Carolina............
Pennsylvania..............
Other States...............
3
3
16
4
9
16
68 '.1009
143
.1370
205
.1427
49
.1271
86
. 1300
179
.1246
58.7
54.0
58.5
59.9
55.5
54.5
19
6
17
33
Total..................
51
730
.1314
56.4
19
6
17
176
Total..................
40
1911.
1
1912.
143
1
193 j
9
32
23
75
244
IN S P E C T O R S A N D M E N D E R S , U N D E R W E A R : F E M A L E .
1910.
i
|
65 | 46
210 ! 44
186
26
27
212
27
New York....................
Other States...............
12
10
324 $0.1288
.1180
291
59.2
55.8
11
Total..................
22
615
57.6
11 j 275 | 90
.1237
101
WAGES AND HOUR£ OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— KNIT GOODS.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
IN S P E C T O R S A N D M E N D E R S , U N D E R W E A R : F E M A L E —Continued.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
houns per week were—
age
nom
Nuin- Num Aver
age
inal
bec of
of rate of full
estab ber
Over
1Over 57
em
wages time Un Over
51
lish ployees.
48
54
60
per
and
and
hours
der
54.
j
and
60.
and
ments.
and
under
hour. per
'under
48. under under
under
54.
60.
week.
51.
57.
63.
Year and. State.
i
1911.
New York....................
Other States...............
15
9
358 10.1298
300
.1168
59.3
56.3
Total..................
24
658
57.6
.1239
!
„
211
66
40
215
26
22
23 j 266
106
241
22
23
i
.........I.........
1912.
j
j
!
New York....................'
Other States............... |
15
9
333
291
.1296 | 58.9
.1258 |55.0
i6
i
___ | 59
171 j 52
50
49
224
3
Total.................. !
1
24
624
.1278
16 !
171 | 111
99
227
*
j
i
57.0
i
i
K N IT T E R S , F O O T E R S O R T O P P E R S, H O S IE R Y : F E M A L E .
1910.
Connecticut.................
Georgia........................
Illinois ........................
Massachusetts..............
Michigan......................
3
3
3
3
2
189 $0.1358
.0931
166
140
.1097
.1322
121
114
.1318
58.9
57.8
59.4
56.0
53.7
New Hampshire..........
North Carolina............
Pennsylvania.............
Wisconsin....................
Other States................
2
3
7
2
4
71
170
601
165
114
.1431
.0715
.1273
.1414
.1312
58.0
60.0
57.7
55.0
56.4
Total..................
32
1,851
.1213
57.5
Connecticut.................
Georgia........................
Illinois.........................
Massachusetts..............
Michigan......................
2
3
3
3
2
106
107
164
84
112
.1528
.1051
.1034
.1211
.1414
58.9
57 5
59.5
56.0
53.7
New Hampshire..........
North Carolina............
Pennsylvania..............
Wisconsin....................
Other States................
3
3
8
2
5
114
160
1.005
175
147
.1402
.0832
.1503
.1396
.1209
58.0
59.2
57.3
55.0
56.1
Total..................
34
2,174
.1348
57.2
1911.
1912.
Connecticut...............................
Georgia........................
Illinois.........................
Massachusetts.............
Michigan......................
New Hampshire.........
North Carolina.! .........
Pennsylvania..............
Wisconsin....................
Other States...............
Total..................
72
25
121
89
142
82
47
94
58
71
.......
1
i
i
. ..
25
89
170
90
143
165
76
368
34
4
577
697
463
37
58
42
78
48
28
86
i
j
2 !
3 j
3
3 I
2 j
|
3 |
3 !
8
2 I
5 !
84
26
86
114
591
8
25
311
175
97
34
86 | 729
925
400
54
46
101
62
27
43
|
|
116
. 1476
127
.1161
144
.1029
152 | .1353
127 i .1487
!
134 ! .1371
120 1 .1027
919 , . 1470
219 ; .1474
150 | .1306
59.1 i
57.1 i
59.0 !
54.0 i
53.7 !
58.0 |
59.1 1
55.7
55.0
54.7 1
10
21
| 722
219
42 ! 98
34 I 2,208
.1376
! '
!
56.1 j
37
294 !1,114
54
27
152 i
100
i
i35
103
42
134
99
197
532
231
102
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
II ___ AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued.
K N IT T E R S , “ L A D Y H O S E ” : M A LE.
Year and State.
Num Num
ber of
of
estab ber
em
lish
ments. ployees.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
age
Avea- nom
age
inal
rate of full
Over
Over 51
Over
wages
57
Un
48
54
time
60
and
per
and
der
54.
and
and
60.
hours
and
hour.
under
48. under under
under
per
under
54.
60.
51.
week.
57.
63.
i
1910.
!
2 j
2 ;
8
63 $0.1733
65
.1843
.1695
107
58.0
57.8
57.1
8
61
235
. 1746
57.6
8
61
New Hampshire......... '
2
57
2
58
Pennsylvania
..............i
100
Other States............... j
9
.1810
.1880
.1666
58.0
57.9
56.7
8
67
215
.1757
57.4
8
67
New Hampshire.........
Pennsylvania..............
Other States...............
Total..................
12
63
65
38
128
38
1911.
Total..................
13
.........!
j
1912.
New Hampshire......... I
Pennsvlvania..............j
Other States............... 1
2
2
9
55
90
133
.1650
.2193
. 1795
Total.................. 1
j
13
278
. 1895
57
58
i
115
25
25 j.........
j
|
58.0
i
55.6 .........j.........
55.4
... . ! 86
|
I
56.0
86
.........j.........
1
90
20
110
55
55
!
27 |
j ..
.
27
K N IT T E R S , “ L A D Y H O S E ” : FE M A L E .
1910.
Pennsylvania..............
Wisconsin....................
Other States...............
2
2
8
91 SO.1427
91
. 1643
95
. 1550
57.6
55.0
56.1
47
Total..................
12
277
.1540
56.2
47
Pennsvlvania............
Wisconsin...............
Other States...............
3
2
6
77
80
95
. 1357
.1656
.1791
57.7
55.0
54.9
Total..................
10
49
11
252
. 1615
55.8
10
49 ! 104
3
2
6
86
97
86
.2045
.1729
.1796
55.1
55.0
54.6
11
269
9i
20
91
5
111 | 96
23 1.........
23 .........
1911.
80
24
—i
i
77
5
82
7 .........
7 i
....
1913.
j
Pennsylvania .
W isconsin..
Other States...............
Total.................. !
.
1852
!
1
54.9 ........... ! .............1
10
io
63
86
97
1
63 j 183
5
8 j.........
5
8 :.........
K N IT T E R S , W E B OR T U B E , U N D E R W E A R : M A LE .
i
i1
1910.
New York.
Other States
........
Total...........
9
5
14
103 10.2129
.1902
109
59.7
56.3
212
58.0
.2012
!
i
.........j
.........I
9
97
19
4
61
8
.........j 106
23
69
I
-------- •,--------
14
14
i
W AGES
103
AND H O U RS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— K N IT GOODS.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
K N IT T E R S , W E B O R T U B E , U N D E R W E A R : MAL jE—Concluded.
Year and State.
Num Num
ber of
of
estab ber
em
lish ployees.
ments.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
age
Aver nom
age
inal
rate of full
Over 57
Over
51
wages time Un Over
48
54
60
and
per
and
der
and
54.
and
60.
and
under
hour. hours
under
48. under under
under
per
54.
60.
51.
week.
57.
63.
1011.
New Y ork...................
Otlier States................
14
8
122 10.2141
131
.2083
59.9
56.1
Total..................
22
253
.2111
57.9
New Y ork...................
Other States................
14
8
142
119
.2296
.2245
59.2
54.4
Total..................
22
261
.2273
57.0
|
16 ! 98
16 j 105
22
4
77
13
16
26
90
16
74 |
40
20
4
104
1
1
74 j
5*
24
104
1913.
L O O P E R S : F E M A LE .
1
j
1910.
Connecticut.................
Georgia........................
Massaehusetts.............
New Hampshire.
New Y ork...................
4
3
3
2
5
North Carolina............
Pennsylvania..............
Wisconsin....................
Other States ...............
4
11
3
8
Total..................
48
137 | 558
138
118 i 46
an 1
71 i
I .........
I
104 i.........
I
145 ;
22 1.........
i ____
23
48
800
759
401
57.9
58.9
56.0
58.0
59.0
22
2
363
52
28
29
31
.1073
.1388
.1455
.1265
59.5
57.6
55.2
55.6
659
13
66
15
90
136
123
55
30
.1343
57.1
13
66
769
924
317
6
48
33
30
36
132 $0.1471
.0959
79
367
.1233
85
.1557
104
.1763
57.9
59.5
56.0
58.0
60.0
32 | 70
8
367
| 85
145
717
144
240
.1004
.1332
.1501
.1308
60.0
57.4
55.2
56.0
5
43
2,013
.1326
57.3
5
Connecticut.................
Georgia........................
Massachusetts.............
New Hampshire.........
New Y ork...................
3
3
3
3
3
103
61
363
130
93
.1632
.1134
.1172
.1511
.1686
North Carolina............
Pennsylvania..............
Wisconsin....................
Other States...............
4
12
3
10
140
769
143
287
Total..................
44
2,089
[
1911.
1912.
18
75
125
20
1
Connecticut.................
Georgia........................
Massachusetts.............
New Hampshire.........
New Y ork...................
3
3
3
3
3
90
75
404
129
89
. 1707
.1364
.1413
.1429
.1689
57.6
58.7
54.0
58.0
58.4
North Carolina............
Pennsylvania..............
Wisconsin....................
Other States...............
4
12
3
10
190
828
182
275
.1224
.1497
.1602
. 1362
59.6
55.6 ........
55.0 .........
55.8 |.........
Total..................
44
2,262
130
.1459 ! 56.1
i
12
404
28
i
!
!
!
.........1
12
12
12
129
61
16
688
182
101
140
63
17
486 1,021
413
318
82
174
i
104
B U L L E T IN O F T H E BU BEA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
M E N D E R S , F IN E , H O S IE R Y : FE M A LE .
Year and State.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
age
Aver
Num Num
nom
age
ber of ber of rate
inal
of full
estab em
Over
Over
Over
51
57
lish ployees. wages
time Un
48
54
60
per
and
and
ments.
and under
54.
and under
60.
and
hour. hours der
48. under 54.
per
under 60.
under
week.
51.
57.
63.
1910.
Massachusetts.............
Pennsylvania..............
Other States...............
3
9
18
73 $0.1405
171
.1409
141
.1168
56.0
57.6
57.3
5
14
73
17
46
150
31
4
45
Total..................
30
386
57.2
5
14
136
181
49
86
9
32
143
8
3
56 7
127
151
59
.1320
1911.
Massachusetts.............
Pennsylvania..............
Total..................
86
3
.1247 56.0
8
155
.1577 57.7
118
.1108 57.4
16
Other States..............-
i
27
359
.1344
57.2
Massachusetts.............
Pennsylvania..............
Other States...............
3
8
16
82
110
105
.1316
.1542
.1267
Total...... ...........
27
297
.1382
54.0
i
55.2
57.3 .........i.........
!
55.6
7
15
1913.
I
82
5
23
103
22
7
6
49
5
105
125
13
49
M E N D E R S , R O U G H , H O S IE R Y : FE M A L E .
1910.
65 10.0822
3
111
3
.1197
.1082
68
2
. 1372
4
75
Pennsylvania
74
.1288
2
. 1286
15
311
58.7
56.0
60.0
57.1
55.0
56.8
6
29
704
.1219
57.0
6
Georgia......................
Massachusetts.............
North Carolina.
Pennsylvania............
W isconsin
Other States...............
3
3
2
7
2
13
65
107
62
138
79
277
.1001
.1176
.1104
. 1686
.1210
. 1343
58.3
56.0
59.4
58.0
55.0
56.3
Total..................
30
728
. 1318
56.9
Georgia
Massachusetts . . .
North Carolina..........
Pennsylvania
Wisconsin....................
Other States...............
3
3
2
7
2
13
72
87
61
158
92
211
.1074
.1453
.1064
. 1739
.1327
. 1393
58. 4
54.0
59.4
56.2
55.0
56.5
12
Total..................
30
681
.1409
56.4
12
Georgia........................
Massachusetts.............
North Carolina............
..............
Wisconsin....................
Other States...............
Total..................
48
17
111
68
2
25
24
74
131
96
53
25
357
145
171
27
27
132
54
2
14
23
11
107
8
4
79
123
93
24
14
23
332
252
107
10
29
33
56
27
7
102
92
62
89
21
114
273
174
108
49
1911.
1912.
87
54
15
105
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— KNIT GOODS.
I I .—AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
SE A M E R S , U N D E R W E A R : F EM ALE.
Year and State.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
age
Num Num Aver
nom
age
ber of ber of rate
inal
of full
estab em
Over 51
Over
Over 57
lish ployees. wages
48
time Un
54
60
and
per
and
der and under
ments.
54.
and
and under
60.
hour hours
under
per
48. under 54.
under
60.
week.
57.
63.
51.
1910.
New York...................
Pennsylvania..............
Other States...............
12
2
9
Total..................
23
New York...................
Pennsylvania..............
Other States...............
Total..................
642 $0.1550
.1311
98
441
.1279
59.4
56.7
56.1
103
42
379
89
56
18
386
22
1,181
.1429
57.8
22
524
163
408
64
16
2
9
741
92
447
.1494
.1115
.1333
59.5
56.3
56.1
111
41
18
4S4
59
28
87
51
376
27
1,280
.1411
58.1
28
514
170
509
New Y ork...................
Pennsylvania..............
Other States...............
16
2
9
770
97
398
.1503
.1287
. 1550
59.1
59.3
54.2 I
330
134
48
23
550
14
86
49
27
Total..................
27
1,265
. 1501
57.6 ........
14
330
162
205
554
64
22
1911.
25
1912.
4
W E L T E R S : FE M A LE .
1910.
Massachusetts.............
Pennsylvania..............
Other States...............
2
6
15
Total..................
23
98 $0.1102
. 1362
76
.1182
76
56.0
58.1
59.3
2
9
98
76
65
250
.1205
57.6
2
107
76
65
Massachusetts.............
2
113
Pennsylvania..............
92
7
...............Other 14
States 83
.1172
.1405
. 1259
56.0
57.7
58.9
3
113
12
10
80
12
58
57.4
3
135
92
58
1911.
Total..................
23
288
.1272
Massachusetts.............
Pennsvl vania..............
Other "States..... .........
2
7
14
106
95
102
. 1452 54.0
.1560 55.5
. 1308 58.8
2
4
89
10
6
19
67
Total..................
23
303
.1437
2
110
99
25
67
1912.
56.1
1C6
59
106
B U L L E T IN
OF T H E BU REA U
OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE AND
CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN
EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1910 TO 1912—Concluded.
T able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
W IN D E R S : FE M A LE .
i
Year and State.
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
Aver age
nomi
Num
age
nal
ber of rate of full
Over 57
Over
wages time Un Over
em
51
54
48
60
ployees. per
and
and
der
and
54.
and
hours
60.
and
hour.
under
under
per
48. under under
under
54.
60.
week.
51.
57.
63.
1910.
Connecticut ..
Massachusetts.............
New York
..............
Pennsylvania
Other 'States.
4
3
11
8
12
Total..................
38
58 SO. 1331
233
. 1249
390
. 1416
.1225
177
162
.1113
57.2
50.0
60.0
57.5
57.1
1,020
.1292
58.0
3
3
13
10
16
47
233
348
188
185
.1310
.1259
.1465
.1167
.1185
45
1,001
.1302
Connecticut.................
Massachusetts.............
New York
. ..
Pennsylvania
Other "States...............
3
3
13
10
16
44
229
367
200
142
.1379 55.8
. 1356 54.0
.1518 58.4
.1328 55.7
.1276 56.3
15
Total..................
45
982
.1400
15
27
8
45
139
32
186
6
46
119
1
23
233
40
32
83
1
411
243
246
119
57.1
56.0
60.0
57.6
56.3
19
8
12
41
153
37
213
5
26
77
2
20
233
17
30
108
57.8
2
12
408
250
252
77
1911.
Connecticut.................
Massachusetts
New York
..............
Pennsylvania
. ..
Other States...............
Total
1913.
56.4
229
2
36
109
157
45
2
265
311
18
11
16
43
38
242
115
274
21
107
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— KNIT GOODS.
T
I I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE
AND CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK
IN EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912.
able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued.
[The establishments set opposite each bracketed group of years are identical.]
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Averhours per week were—
Num Aver
ber
age
nal
Occupation, State, and
rate of full
of
Over 51
Over 57
number of establish Year. em
Over
wages time Un
48
54
ments.
60
and
per hours der and
and
ploy54.
and
60.
and
under
hour.
per
under
48. under under
under
54.
60.
51.
week.
57.
63.
BOARDERS, MALE.
Georgia:
3 establishments----- /1910
\1911
$0.1428
.1304
58.5
59.1
12
9
.1321
.1456
58.5
58.5
9
8
223
227
/1911
3 establishments___ \1912
Massachusetts:
/1910
3 establishments----- \1911
223
227
.1906
.1870
56.0
56.0
fi9H
[1912
227
273
.1870
.2164
56.0
54.0
.1465
.1494
60.0
60.0
3 establishments___
North Carolina:
4 establishments___
4 establishments----Pennsylvania:
8 establishments-----
/1910
\1911
273
29
41
22
27
227
81
85
/1911
\1912
83
.1516
.1669
59.5
59.7
8
5
/1910
\1911
213
.2204
.2164
57.6
57.7
30
21
183
189
208
210
27
27
8 establishments___
Wisconsin:
2 establishments-----
/1911
\1912
.2142
.2492
57.8
55.2
16
280
/1910
\1911
.2318
.2377
55.0
55.0
49
64
2 establishments___
/1911
\1912
55.0
55.0
64
69
75
84
BUTTONHOLE MAKERS,
UNDERWEAR, FEMALE.
New York:
11 establishments. . .
/1910
\1911
87
.1632
.1691
59.4
59.4
14
10
14
12
50
56
10
9
16 establishments. . .
/1911
\1912
107
.1658
.1712
59.5
58.8
13
22
15
9
70
77
9
.1539
.1485
59.6
11
9
9
8
54
56
8
11
BUTTON SEWERS, UNDER
W EA R, FEMALE.
New York:
11 establishments.. . /1910
\1911
16 establishments. . .
/1911
\1912
102
.1461
.1499
59.6
58.7
12
26
11
10
68
75
11
111
/1910
\1911
126
119
.2118
.2198
59.4
59.0
32
37
12
11
55
57
27
14
ri911
L1912
123
140
.2236
.2072
59.0
59.1
37
22
16
13
56
105
14
CUTTERS, HAND, UNDER
W EA R, MALE.
New York:
9 establishments___
11 establishments. . .
108
T
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE
AND CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK
IN EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
age
Num Aver
nomi
age
ber
nal
rate
Occupation, State, and
of
full
Over 51
Over
of
Over
number of establish Year. em
57
wages time Un
48
54
60
ments.
and
and
ployper
der
hours
and under 54.
and under
60.
and
hour. per
48. under 54.
under 60.
under
week.
51.
57.
63.
FINISHERS, UNDERW EAR,
FEMALE.
Connecticut:
/1910
3 establishments....... \191l
$0.1625
.1644
56.6
56.6
41
51
39
39
4
7
51
39
67
7
6
/1911
\1912
97
123
.1644
.1552
56.6
54.8
/1910
\1911
633
.1632
.1643
59.5
59.7
68
40
109
98
470
462
49
33
/1911
15 establishments----- \1912
Pennsylvania:
/1910
2 establishments..
\1911
716
852
.1590
. 1597
59.6
58.9
41
161
141
114
501
577
33
207
197
. 1340
.1365
56.6
56.6
97
90
110
107
(1911
\1912
208
224
. 1365
.1258
56.5
56.6
101
104
107
120
3 establishments. .
New York:
12 establishments.
3 establishments. . .
50
FOLDERS, FEMALE.
Georgia:
2 establishments..,
3 establishments.
Massachusetts:
3 establishments.
fl910
\1911
.0951
.1095
11
/1911
\1912
.1009
11
9
112
123
40
29
19
21
29
38
1910
,1911
112
123
. 1597
.1408
/1911
\1912
123
143
.1408
.1370
/1910
\1911
188
153
.1235
.1260
18
12
53
42
86
83
31
16
16 establishments___ ri9ii
1.1912
North Carolina:
/1910
4 establishments........
\1911
184
205
.1302
.1427
21
57
45
13
102
135
16
38 ; .1197
.1050
9
38
49
4 establishments........ 1911
l1912
Pennsylvania: #
/1910
8 establishments........
\1911
.1085
.1271
1
1
49
48
. 1364
.1351
34
23
48
61
4
3
9 establishments........ 1911
[1912
.1356
.1360
31
77
61
9
3
55
3 establishments........
New York:
12 establishments___
143
123
INSPECTORS AND MEND
ERS, UNDERW EAR, FE
MALE.
New York:
12 establishments___ 1910
[1911
324
312
.1288
.1324
59.2
59.2
65
49
46
46
186
195
27
22
15 establishments. . . . ri9ii
[1912
358
333
.1298
.1296
59.3
58.9
55
59
66
50
215
224
22
109
W AGES A N D H O U RS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912---- K N IT GOODS.
I I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE
; AND CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK
IN EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Continued.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
age
Num Avernomi
age
ber
nal
rate
Occupation, State, and
of
Over 51
Over
full
Over
of
number of establish Year. em57
Un
48
time
54
wages
60
ments.
and
and
ploy54.
and under
per hours der and under
60.
and
under
48. under 54.
hour. per
under
60.
51.
week.
57.
63.
KNITTERS, FOOTERS OR TOP
PERS, HOSIERY, FEMALE.
Connecticut:
/1910
3 establishments------ \1911
189 $0.1358
179
1405
58.9
59.0
142
131
47
48
/1911
2 establishments------ \1912
Georgia:
1910
3 establishments------ [1911
106
116
.1528
.1476
58.9
59.1
58
54
48
62
166
81
.0931
.0957
57.8
57.7
72
37
3 establishments-----Illinois:
3 establishments____
/1911
\1912
107
127
.1051
.1161
o<. o
57.1
37
54
/1910
\1911
140
149
.1097
.1068
3 establishments____
Massachusetts:
3 establishments____
/1911
\1912
164
144
/1910
\1911
3 establishments____
Michigan:
2 establishments____
94
44
42
46
28
27
59.4
59.5
82
78
58
71
.1034
.1029
59.5
59.0
78
101
86
43
121
84
.1322
.1211
56.0
56.0
/1911
\1912
84
152
.1211
.1353
56.0
54.0
/1910
\1911
114
112
.1318
.1414
53.7
53.7
25
26
89
86
/1911
\1912
112
127
.1414
.1487
53.7
53.7
26
27
86
100
/1910
\1911
71
96
.1431
.1421
58.0
58.0
71
96
/1911
\1912
114
134
.1402
.1371
58.0
58.0
114
134
(1910
\1911
170
196
.0715
.0734
60.0
60.0
/1911
\1912
160
120
.0832
.1027
59.2
59.1
/1910
\1911
601
543
.1273
.1310
57.7
57.7
143
134
368
306
90
103
(1911
8 establishments------ \1912 1,005
919
Wisconsin:
/1910
165
2 establishments___ \1911
175
.1503
.1470
57.3
55.7
311
722
591
197
103
.1414
.1396
55.0
55.0
165
175
.1396
.1474
55.0
55.0
175
219
.1733
.1770
58.0
58.0
2 establishments____
New Hampshire:
2 establishments. . . .
3 establishments____
North Carolina:
3 establishments____
3 establishments____
Pennsylvania:
7 establishments___
/1911
2 establishments____ \1912
175
219
121
84
84
152
170
196
i
i
135
99
25
21
KNITTERS, “ LADY HOSE,”
MALE.
New Hampshire:
2 establishments___
2 establishments___
fl910
[1911
/1911
\1912
.1810
. 1650
58.0
58.0 j
63
64
j
s
i
57
55
110
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE
AND CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK
IN EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
age
Num Aver
nom
age
ber
inal
rate
Occupation, State, and
of
Over 51
Over 57
of
full
number of establish Year. em
Over
time Un
48
54
60
ments.
ploy wages
and
and
per hours der and under
54.
and
60.
and
ees. hour.
under under
per
48. under 54.
under
60.
51.
week.
57.
63.
KNITTERS, “ LADY HOSE,”
male—concluded.
Pennsylvania:
/1910
2 establishments........ \1911
65 $0 1843
58
1880
57.8
57.8
58
90
1880
.2193
57.9
55.6
91
1427
1357
57.6
57.7
(1911
3 establishments........ \1912
Wisconsin:
/1910
2 establishments. . . . . \1911
77
86
1357
2045
57.7
55.1
86
91
80
.1643
.1656
55.0
55.0
91
80
2 establishments........ /1911
\1912
KNITTERS, WEB OR TUBE,
UNDERWEAR, MALE.
80
97
.1656
.1729
55.0
55.0
80
97
103
100
.2129
.2179
59.7
59.3
9
7
19
18
61
59
14
16
122
142
.2141
.2296
59.9
59.2
7
18
22
20
77
104
16
Connecticut:
/1910
4 establishments........ \1911
132
127
.1471
.1551
57.9
58.1
32
22
70
76
30
29
/1911
\1912
103
90
.1632
.1707
57.9
57.6
22
52
48
29
30
/1910
\1911
79
64
.0959
.0817
59.5
59.8
M911
3 establishments........ \1912
Massachusetts:
3 establishments........ /1910
\1911
61
75
.1134
.1364
58.9
58.7
2
6
367
363
.1233
.1172
56.0
56.0
367
363
/1911
3 establishments........ \1912
New Hampshire:
2 establishments........ /1910
\1911
363
404
.1172 ! 56.0
.1413 54.0
85
93
.1557 ! 58.0
.1533 i 58.0
85
93
/1911
\1912
130
129
.1511
.1429
58.0
58.0
130
129
/1910
\1911
104
100
.1763
.1683
fl.911
3 establishments........ 11912
93
89
2 establishments........ /1911
\1912
“ ladyhose ,”
FEMALE.
65
58
58
90
knitters,
Pennsylvania:
/1910
2 establishments........ \1911
New York:
/1910
9 establishments........ \1911
/19U
14 establishments___ \1912
LOOPERS, FEMALE.
3 establishments........
Georgia:
3 establishments.......
3 establishments.......
New York:
5 establishments........
91
77
77
!
i
12
!
I
8
2
28
33
31
36
363
404
104
100
60.0
60.0
.1686 j 59.0
.1689 ! 58.4
71
62
18
28
75
61
I ll
WAGES A N D H O U RS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1912— K N IT GOODS.
I I I . -AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE
AND CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK
IN EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912—Continued.
T able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
A ver
hours per week were—
Aver age
Num age
nom
ber
inal
rate
Occupation, State, and
of
Over 51
Over 57
number of establish Year. em
of
full'
Over
54
48
time Un
60
ments.
and
ploy wages
and
per hours der and under
54.
60.
and
and
ees. hour.
under under
per
under
48. under 54.
60.
week.
51.
57.
63.
LOOPERS, f e m a l e — c o n
cluded.
North Carolina:
4 establishments........ /1910
\1911
145 $0.1004 $60.0
133
.1069 60.0
145
133
12*
174 :
/1911
\1912
140
190
.1073
.1224
59.5
59.6
15
16
/1910
\1911
717
616
.1332
.1283
57.4
57.5
137
98
558
498
/1911
\1912
769
828
.1388
.1497
57.6
55.6
90
688
659
140
/1910
\1911
144
143
.1501
.1455
55.2
55.2
138
136
6
7
/1911
3 establishments........ \1912
143
182
.1455
.1602
55.2
55.0
136
182
7
Massachusetts:
/1910
3 establishments........ \1911
73
86
.1405
.1247
56.0
56.0
73
86
/1911
\1912
86
82
.1247
.1316
56.0
54.0
/1910
\1911
171
163
.1409
.1521
57.6
57.6
17
20
150
140
4
3
<1911
8 establishments........ \1912
155
110
.1577
.1542
57.7
55.2
9
103
143
7
3
Georgia:
/1910
3 establishments........ \1911
65
46
.0822
.0908
58.7
58.8
17
11
(1911
\1912
65
72
.1001
.1074
58.3
58.4
11
10
/1910
\1911
111
107
.1197
.1176
56.0
56.0
111
107
/1911
3 establishments........ \1912
North Carolina:
2 establishments........ /1910
\1911
107
87
.1176
.1453
56.0
54.0
68
69
.1082
.0986
60.0
60.0
/1911
\1912
62
61
.1104
.1064
59.4
59.4
8
7
/1910
\1911
75
52
.1372
.1374
57.1
57.8
24
4
49
46
2
2
/1911
7 establishments........ \1912
Wisconsin:
2 establishments........ /1910
\1911
138
158
.1686
.1739
58.0
56.2
4
102
132
56
2
74
79
.1288
.1210
55.0
55.0
74
79
2 establishments........ /1911
11912
79
92
.1210
.1327
55.0
55.0
79
92
4 establishments........
Pennsylvania:
11 establishments___
12 establishments___
Wisconsin:
3 establishments........
22 '
20 1
!
20
MENDERS, FINE, HOSIERY,
FEMALE.
3 establishments........
Pennsylvania:
9 e s t a b l is h m e n t s ..........
82
86
MENDERS, ROUGH, HO
SIERY, FEMALE.
3 establishments........
Massachusetts:
3 establishments........
2 establishments........
Pennsylvania:
4 establishments........
87
48
35
27
29
27
33
107
68
69
54
54
112
T
BULLETIN
OF THE BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS.
I I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR AND AVERAGE
AND CLASSIFIED NOMINAL FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK
IN EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1910 TO 1912—Concluded.
able
H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S M A N U F A C T U R I N G —Concluded.
i
i
Num-! Aver
ber
age
Occupation, State, and
of
rate of
number of establish Year. em
wages
ments.
ploy
per
ees. hour.
Employees whose nominal full-time working
Aver
hours per week were—
age
inomi
nal
full
Over 51
Over
Over
57
54
time Un
48
60
and
and
54.
and under
60.
hours der and under
and
48. under 54.
per
under 60.
under
week.
51.
57.
63.
!
SEAMERS, UNDERW EAR,
FEMALE.
New York:
12 establishments___ /1910
\1911
642 $0.1550
658
.1517
59.4
59.5
103
81
89
90
386
428
64
59
/1911
\1912
741
770
.1494
.1503
59.5
59.1
87
86
111
134
484
550
59
/1910
\1911
98
92
.1311
.1115
56.7
56.3
42
51
56
41
2 establishments....... /1911
\1912
92
97
.1115
.1287
56.3
59.3
51
49
41
48
Massachusetts:
! 98
2 establishments........ J1910
113
\1911
.1102
.1172
56.0
56.0
98
113
/1911
\1912
113
106
.1172
.1452
56.0
54.0
J1910
\1911
76
80
. 1362
.1411
58.1
58.1
/1911
7 establishments....... \1912
92
95
.1405
.1560
57. 7
55.5
12
89
80
6
/1910
(1911
58
53
.1331
.1300
57.2
57.3
23
20
27
25
8
8
3 establishments........
Massachusetts:
3 establishments........
/1911
\1912
47
44
.1310
.1379
57.1
55.8
20
19
18
8
11
/1910
\1911
233
233
.1249
.1259
56.0
56.0
3 establishments........
New York:
11 establishments___
/1911
\1912
233
229
.1259
.1356
56.0
54.0
/1910
\1911
390
352
.1416
.1478
60.0
59.9
40
39
45
31
186
205
119
77
13 establishments___
Pennsylvania:
8 establishments........
/1911
\1912
348
367
.1465
.1518
60.0
58.4
17
109
41
16
213
242
77
/1910
\1911
177
166
.1225
.1189
57.5
57.5
32
30
139
131
6
5
10 establishments___ /1911
\1912
188
200
.1167
.1328
57.6
55.7
30
157
153
43
5
16 establishments___
Pennsylvania:
2 establishments........
WELTERS, FEMALE.
2 establishments........
Pennsylvania:
6 establishments........
106
113
76
80
WINDERS, FEMALE.
Connecticut:
4 establishments...
15
233
233
233
229
*
1
@FedFRASER